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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luca_Patuelli	Luca Patuelli	["1 References","2 External links"]	Luca PatuelliBorn (1984-07-28) July 28, 1984 (age 39)Montreal, Quebec, CanadaCareerCurrent groupILL-AbilitiesFormer groupsIllmatic Styles Luca Patuelli (born July 28, 1984, in Montreal, Quebec), nicknamed Lazylegz, is a Canadian b-boy. He was born with Arthrogryposis (multiplex congenital), a muscle disorder which affects his legs. He graduated from Concordia University in Montreal with a BComm in 2009. Patuelli performed at the 2010 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony in Vancouver. In 2015, he was awarded a Meritous Service Decoration for his work making dance more accessible to those with physical disabilities. References ^ "Luca Patuelli". www.concordia.ca. Retrieved 2016-01-25. ^ "No excuses, no limits: 7 Questions with Luca Lazylegz Patuelli \| Rick Hansen Foundation". www.rickhansen.com. Retrieved 2018-11-26. ^ Biography of Luca "Lazylegz" Patuelli, citizenshift.org ^ Luca "Lazylegz" Patuelli And His Ill-Abilities Break-Dancing Crew Archived 2010-08-06 at the Wayback Machine, August 25, 2009 ^ "Luca Patuelli". www.concordia.ca. Retrieved 2016-03-09. ^ Games were life-changing experience for breakdancer, The Gazette (Montreal), March 24, 2010 ^ Governor General Presents 43 Meritorious Service Decorations (Civil Division) External links Official website vteHip hop danceHistory of hip hop dancePrimary influences Breaking Locking Popping Derivative styles Krumping Jerkin' Turfing Memphis Jookin' Lyrical hip-hop Film Balttle of the Year Beat Street Beat the World Breakin Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo Honey Honey 2 Honey 3: Dare to Dance Battlefield America Step Up Step Up 2: The Streets Step Up 3D Step Up Revolution Step Up: All In Bouncing Cats Planet B-Boy Rize Save the Last Dance Save the Last Dance 2 Feel the Noise StreetDance 3D StreetDance 2 Beat This: A Hip-Hop History Saigon Electric Neukölln Unlimited ABCD: Any Body Can Dance ABCD 2 Make Your Move B-Girl Wild Style You Got Served Television Soul Train The Grind The Party Machine with Nia Peeples Dance Fever Dance 360 The Wade Robson Project America's Best Dance Crew Dance on Sunset Shake It Up Step Up People Jeffrey Daniel Crazy Legs DJ Kool Herc Lil' C Ken Swift James Brown Salah Toni Basil Dave Scott Frosty Freeze Luca Patuelli Darrin Henson Ashley Banjo Hong 10 Mr. Wiggles Tabitha and Napoleon D'umo George Sampson Shane Sparks Mona Berntsen Harry Shum Jr. Laurieann Gibson Detlef Soost Fever One Alyson Stoner Adil Khan Jon M. Chu Haspop Nam Hyun-joon Sofia Boutella Adam G. Sevani Lilou Shaun Evaristo Columbus Short Les Twins Roxrite Lil Buck Akai Osei Cloud Twist and Pulse Sisco Gomez Shantanu Maheshwari Theater In the Heights Into the Hoods Hamilton Events Breakin' Convention Hip Hop International United Dance Organisation World of Dance Rock the Spot Urban Street Jam UK B-Boy Championships Red Bull BC One Related topics African-American dance Street dance House dance Funk Flexing (dance) Electro dance Hip-hop theater Bounce Streetdance Company So You Think You Can Dance The Legion of Extraordinary Dancers World of Dance The Hip Hop Dance Experience This article about a Canadian associated with the art of dance is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This Paralympics-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"b-boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-boy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Arthrogryposis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthrogryposis"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-easter-4"},{"link_name":"Concordia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_University"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2010 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Winter_Paralympics_opening_ceremony"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Luca Patuelli[1] (born July 28, 1984, in Montreal, Quebec),[2] nicknamed Lazylegz, is a Canadian b-boy.[3]He was born with Arthrogryposis (multiplex congenital), a muscle disorder which affects his legs.[4]\nHe graduated from Concordia University in Montreal with a BComm in 2009.[5]\nPatuelli performed at the 2010 Winter Paralympics opening ceremony in Vancouver.[6]In 2015, he was awarded a Meritous Service Decoration for his work making dance more accessible to those with physical disabilities.[7]","title":"Luca Patuelli"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Luca Patuelli\". www.concordia.ca. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Servilius_Caepio_(brother_of_Cato)	Servilia gens	["1 Origin","2 Praenomina","3 Branches and cognomina","4 Members","4.1 Servilii Prisci et Structi","4.2 Servilii Ahalae","4.3 Servilii Caepiones","4.4 Servilii Gemini","4.5 Servilii Vatiae","4.6 Servilii Rulli","4.7 Others","5 Descent of the Servilii of the late Republic","6 See also","7 Notes","8 References","9 Bibliography"]	Ancient Roman family The gens Servilia was a patrician family at ancient Rome. The gens was celebrated during the early ages of the Republic, and the names of few gentes appear more frequently at this period in the consular Fasti. It continued to produce men of influence in the state down to the latest times of the Republic, and even in the imperial period. The first member of the gens who obtained the consulship was Publius Servilius Priscus Structus in 495 BC, and the last of the name who appears in the consular Fasti is Quintus Servilius Silanus, in AD 189, thus occupying a prominent position in the Roman state for nearly seven hundred years. Like other Roman gentes, the Servilii of course had their own sacra; and they are said to have worshipped a triens, or copper coin, which is reported to have increased or diminished in size at various times, thus indicating the increase or diminution of the honors of the gens. Although the Servilii were originally patricians, in the later Republic there were also plebeian Servilii. Origin According to tradition, the Servilia gens was one of the Alban houses removed to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and enrolled by him among the patricians. It was, consequently, one of the gentes minores. The nomen Servilius is a patronymic surname, derived from the praenomen Servius (meaning "one who keeps safe" or "preserves"), which must have been borne by the ancestor of the gens. Praenomina The different branches of the Servilii each used slightly different sets of praenomina. The oldest stirpes used the praenomina Publius, Quintus, Spurius, and Gaius. The Servilii Caepiones used primarily Gnaeus and Quintus. The Servilii Gemini employed Gnaeus, Quintus, Publius, Gaius, and Marcus. The ancestors of the gens must have used the praenomen Servius, but the family no longer used it in historical times. Branches and cognomina The Servilii were divided into numerous families; of these the names in the Republican period are Ahala, Axilla, Caepio, Casca, Geminus, Glaucia, Globulus, Priscus (with the agnomen Fidenas), Rullus, Structus, Tucca, and Vatia (with the agnomen Isauricus). The Structi, Prisci, Ahalae, and Caepiones were patricians; the Gemini originally patrician, and later plebeian; the Vatiae and Cascae plebeians. Other cognomina appear under the Empire. The only surnames found on coins are those of Ahala, Caepio, Casca, and Rullus. The cognomen Structus almost always occurs in connection with those of Priscus or Ahala. The only two Structi who are mentioned with this cognomen are Spurius Servilius Structus, who was consular tribune in 368 BC, and Spurius Servilius Structus, consul in 476 BC. The fact that Structus appears in two of the oldest stirpes of the Servilii, neither of which clearly predates the other, could indicate that persons bearing this surname were ancestral to both great houses. The Prisci ("antique") were an ancient family of the Servilia gens, and filled the highest offices of the state during the early years of the Republic. They also bore the agnomen of Structus, which is always appended to their name in the Fasti, till it was supplanted by that of Fidenas, which was first obtained by Quintus Servilius Priscus Structus, who took Fidenae in his dictatorship, in 435 BC, and which was also borne by his descendants. Ahala, of which Axilla is merely another form, is a diminutive of ala, a wing. A popular legend related that the name was first given to Gaius Servilius, magister equitum in 439 BC, because he hid the knife with which he slew Spurius Maelius in his armpit (also ala). However, this does not appear to be the case, since the name had been in use by the family for at least a generation before that event. The surnames Caepio and Geminus appear almost simultaneously in the middle of the third century BC, with the consuls of 253 and 252. Each was the grandson of a Gnaeus Servilius, suggesting that the two cognomina belonged to two branches of the same family. Caepio, an onion, belongs to a large class of surnames derived from ordinary objects, while Geminus originally denoted a twin, and was typically given to the younger of two brothers. In a discussion concerning appearances, Cicero mentions a certain Quintus Servilius Geminus, who was frequently mistaken for his brother, Publius, the consul of 252 BC. The Servilii Vatiae ("cross-legged") seem to be descended from the Gemini. Members Servilii Prisci et Structi Publius Servilius Priscus Structus, consul in 495 BC, defeated the Sabines and the Aurunci. Quintus Servilius (Priscus Structus), magister equitum in 494 BC. Spurius (or Gaius) Servilius (P. f.?) Structus, consul in 476 BC, repulsed in his attempt to retake the Janiculum from the Etruscans. Quintus Servilius (Structus?) Priscus, consul in 468 and 466 BC. Publius Servilius Sp. f. P. n. Priscus, consul in 463 BC, was carried off in his consulship by the great plague which raged at Rome in this year. Quintus Servilius P. f. Sp. n. Priscus, dictator in 435 and 418 BC, captured the town of Fidenae, thereby obtaining the surname Fidenas. Quintus Servilius Q. f. P. n. Fidenas, consular tribune in 402, 398, 395, 390, 388, and 386 BC. Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Fidenas, consular tribune in 382, 378, and 369 BC. Spurius Servilius Priscus, censor in 378 BC. Gaius Servilius Structus, grandfather of the consular tribune in 368 BC. Gaius Servilius C. f. Structus, father of the consular tribune in 368 BC. Spurius Servilius C. f. C. n. Structus, consular tribune in 368 BC. Servilii Ahalae Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala, consul in 478 BC, died in his year of office. Gaius Servilius Ahala, allegedly magister equitum in 439 BC, slew Spurius Maelius. Quintus Servilius C. f. Ahala, father of Gaius Servilius Axilla, consular tribune from 419 to 417 BC. Gaius Servilius Q. f. C. n. Axilla, consul in 427 BC, consular tribune in 419, 418 and 417 BC, and magister equitum in 418. Publius Servilius Q. f. (C. n.) Ahala, father of Gaius, the magister equitum of 408 BC. Gaius Servilius P. f. Q. n. Ahala, consular tribune in 408, 407, and 402 BC, and magister equitum in 408. Gaius Servilius Ahala, magister equitum in 389 and 385 BC. Quintus Servilius Q. f. Ahala, father of Quintus Servilius Ahala, the consul of 365 BC. Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala, consul in 365 and 362 BC, and dictator in 360. Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala, magister equitum in 351 and consul in 342 BC. Servilii Caepiones Gnaeus Servilius, grandfather of the consul of 253 BC. Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f., father of the consul of 253 BC. Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 253 BC, during the First Punic War, sailed to the coast of Africa with his colleague, Gaius Sempronius Blaesus. Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, father of the consul of 203 BC. Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 203 BC, during the Second Punic War. Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 169 BC. Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Servilianus, son of Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, the consul of 169 BC, and brother of Gnaeus, consul in 141, and Quintus, consul in 140, was adopted by Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus. He was consul in 142 BC. Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 141 and censor in 125 BC. Servilia, wife of Quintus Lutatius Catulus. Servilia, wife of Marcus Livius Drusus. Quintus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 140 BC, during the Lusitanian War. Quintus Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 106 BC, during the Cimbrian War. His army was annihilated at the Battle of Arausio in 105. Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, quaestor around 105 BC, may have been the father of Servilia, the wife of Appius Claudius Pulcher, who died in a shipwreck while still young. Quintus Servilius (Q. f. Q. n.) Caepio, quaestor urbanus in 103 BC, was killed in an ambush at Asculum in Picenum, at the beginning of the Social War. Servilia Q. f. Q. n., mistress of Julius Caesar and mother of Marcus Brutus, the tyrannicide. Servilia Q. f. Q. n., married Lucullus, the conqueror of Mithridates. Quintus Servilius Caepio, adoptive father of Brutus. He probably married a daughter of the orator Hortensius. Servilius Caepio, military tribune during the war against Spartacus, in 72 BC. Servilius Caepio, a supporter of Caesar, to whose daughter, Julia, he was once betrothed. Quintus Servilius Q. f. Caepio Brutus, the name taken by Marcus Junius Brutus, the tyrannicide, when he was adopted by his uncle, the military tribune of 72 BC. Servilii Gemini Gnaeus Servilius, grandfather of Publius Servilius Geminus, the consul of 252 and 248 BC. Possibly the same Gnaeus Servilius who was the ancestor of the Caepiones. Quintus Servilius Cn. f., father of Quintus and Publius Servilius Geminus. Publius Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Geminus, consul in 252 and 248 BC, during the First Punic War. Quintus Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Geminus, twin brother of the consul Publius Servilius Geminus. Gnaeus Servilius P. f. Q. n. Geminus, consul in 217 BC, slain at the Battle of Cannae in 216. Gaius Servilius P. f. (Geminus), praetor before 218 BC, taken prisoner by the Boii that year. Either he or his sons went over to the plebeians. Gaius Servilius C. f. P. n. (Geminus), consul in 203 and dictator in 202 BC, and later pontifex maximus. Marcus Servilius C. f. P. n. Pulex Geminus, consul in 202 BC. Marcus Servilius M. f. (Geminus), consul in AD 3. Servilii Vatiae Marcus Servilius, grandfather of the consul of 79 BC. Gaius Servilius M. f. Vatia, father of the consul of 79 BC. Publius Servilius C. f. M. n. Vatia, surnamed Isauricus, consul in 79 and censor in 55 BC, triumphed over the Isauri. Publius Servilius P. f. C. n. Isauricus, consul in 48 and 41 BC. Servilia P. f. P. n., betrothed to Octavian until the formation of the second triumvirate in 43 BC. Servilii Rulli Publius Servilius M. f. Rullus, triumvir monetalis in 100 BC. Publius Servilius P. f. M. n. Rullus, tribune of the plebs in 63 BC, proposed an agrarian law. Publius Servilius (P. f. P. n.) Rullus, one of the generals of Octavian against Mark Antony after the Perusinian War, in 40 BC. Others Gaius Servilius Tucca, consul in 284 BC. Gaius Servilius Casca, tribune of the plebs in 212 BC, failed to intervene on behalf of his relative, Marcus Postumius Pyrgensis. The authenticity of his cognomen has been doubted. Gaius Servilius Glaucia, praetor in 100 BC, a supporter of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, with whom he perished. Quintus Servilius, praetor in 90 BC, was slain by the inhabitants of Asculum on the outbreak of the Social War. Servilius, praetor in 88 BC, tried to dissuade Sulla from marching onto Rome, only to be mistreated by Sulla's soldiers. Publius Servilius, an eques, magister of one of the companies that farmed the taxes in Sicilia during the administration of Verres. Publius Servilius Globulus, tribune of the plebs in 67 BC, and propraetor of Asia in 63. Gaius Servilius, a Roman citizen in Sicilia, publicly scourged by Verres. Marcus Servilius, accused of repetundae in 51 BC. Marcus Servilius, tribune of the plebs in 44 BC, praised by Cicero as a vir fortissimus. Publius Servilius Casca Longus, one of Caesar's assassins, died shortly after the Battle of Philippi, in 42 BC. (Servilius) Casca, brother of Publius Longus, and like him a conspirator against Caesar. Marcus Servilius Nonianus, consul in AD 35, and one of the most celebrated orators and historians of his time. Servilius Damocrates, a physician at Rome during the first century. Marcia Servilia, daughter of Barea Soranus, accused and condemned with her father in AD 66. Quintus Servilius Pudens, consul in AD 166. Marcus Servilius Silanus, consul in AD 188. Quintus Servilius Silanus, consul in AD 189. Descent of the Servilii of the late Republic This family tree depicts the Servilii Caepiones, Gemini, and Vatiae, from the third century BC to their known descendants in imperial times, extending down to the family of the emperor Galba. The chart is based on one by Friedrich Münzer. Stemma Caepionum et Geminorum Cn. Servilius Cn. ServiliusQ. Servilius Cn. ServiliusCaepiocos. 253 BCQ. ServiliusGeminusP. ServiliusGeminuscos. 252,248 BC Cn. ServiliusCaepioCn. ServiliusGeminuscos. 217 BCC. ServiliusGeminuspr. c. 220 BC Cn. ServiliusCaepiocos. 203 BCC. ServiliusGeminuscos. 203 BC,dict. 202M. ServiliusPulexGeminuscos. 202 BC Cn. ServiliusCaepiocos. 169 BCC. Servilius(Geminus)aed. pl. 173 BCM. Servilius(Geminus)trib. mil. 181 BCpont. 170 Q. FabiusMaximusServilianuscos. 142 BCCn. ServiliusCaepiocos. 141 BC,cens. 125Q. ServiliusCaepiocos. 140 BCM. ServiliusC. ServiliusVatiapr. after 146 BC Q. FabiusMaximusEburnuscos. 116 BCQ. ServiliusCaepiocos. 106 BCC. ServiliusIIIvir mon.93 BCC. Servilius(Vatia)pr. 102 BCP. ServiliusVatia Isauricuscos. 79 BCcens. 55M. ServiliusVatiaIIIvir mon. 89 BC Q. ServiliusCaepioq. 103 BCm. LiviaCn. ServiliusCaepiopr. 90 BCC. ServiliusIIIvir mon. 63 BCP. ServiliusIsauricuscos. 48, 41 BC Serviliam. (1) M. JuniusBrutusd. 77 BCm. (2) D. JuniusSilanuscos. 62 BCQ. ServiliusCaepiod. 59 BCServiliam. L. LiciniusLuculluscos. 74 BCP. ServiliusVatiapr. 25 BCServiliam. M. AemiliusLepidus M. JuniusBrutusd. 42 BCm. (1) Claudiam. (2) PorciaJuniaPrimaJuniaSecundam. M. AemiliusLepidusIIIvirJuniaTertiam. C. CassiusLonginusd. 42 BCL. LiciniusLucullus M. AemiliusLepidusd. 30 BCm. ServiliaC. CassiusLonginus M'. AemiliusLepiduscos. AD 11Aemilia Lepidaex. AD 20m. (1) Mam. Aemilius Scauruscos. suf. AD 21m. (2) P. Sulpicius Quiriniuscos. 12 BC Aemilia Lepidam. Ser. SulpiciusGalbacos. AD 33Imp. 68–69Aemilia C. LiviusOcella Galbad. c. AD 48Ser. LiviusOcella Galbad. c. AD 60 See also List of Roman gentes Tomb of Servilia Notes ^ The Fasti do not give him the surname Geminus, but do so for his brother, Marcus Servilius Pulex. Livy, however, refers to him as such several times. ^ T.J. Cadoux distinguishes the unnamed brother from Gaius Casca, tribune of the plebs in 44 BC, who was probably not a Servilius. Appian was only aware of Publius, but incorrectly referred to him as Gaius, probably in confusion with the tribune. Cadoux's arguments for the existence of 3 Cascae – the two conspirators and the tribune – were accepted by Shackleton Bailey and Broughton. References ^ a b Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 793 ("Servilia Gens"). ^ a b c d e f g h Fasti Capitolini, AE 1900, 83; 1904, 114; AE 1927, 101; 1940, 59, 60. ^ Gaius Plinius Secundus, Historia Naturalis, xxxiv. 13. s. 38. ^ Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita, i. 30. ^ George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII (1897). ^ Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum, v. p. 308 ff. ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 928 ("Structus"). ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. III, p. 528 ("Servilius Priscus"). ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 83 ("Ahala"), 448 ("Axilla"). ^ Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, vol. I, pp. 533–535 ("Caepio"), vol. II, p. 239 ("Geminus"), vol. III, pp. 1232, 1233 ("Vatia"). ^ Chase, pp. 111–113. ^ Cicero, Academica Priora, ii. 84. ^ CIL VI, 1279 ^ Dionysius, vi. 40. ^ RE, vol. II A (2), col. 1809 (Servilius 84). ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 27 (and note 1). ^ Livy, iii. 6, 7. ^ Dionysius, ix. 67, 68. ^ Orosius, ii. 12. ^ RE, vol. II A (2), col. 1803 (Servilius 73). ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 34. ^ RE, vol. II A (2), cols. 1803, 1804 (Servilius 75). ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 60, 61 (note 2). ^ Livy, vi. 22, 31, 36. ^ Livy, vi. 31. ^ Livy, vi. 38. ^ Diodorus Siculus, xv. 78. ^ Livy, ii. 49. ^ Livy, iv. 30; iv. 45, 46. ^ RE, vol. II A (2), cols. 1773–1775 (Servilius 37). ^ Broughton, vol. i, pp. 66 (and note 1), 71–73. ^ Livy, vii. 22, 38. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 5, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, ii. 16, In Verrem, i. 55. ^ Frontinus, De Aquaeductu, 8. ^ Velleius Paterculus, ii. 10. ^ Cicero, In Verrem, ii. 8. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum, xii. 20. ^ Broughton, vol. I, pp. 556, 558 (note 6). ^ Cicero, Pro Fonteio 14. ^ Livy, Epitome, 72. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, ii. 14. ^ Suetonius, "The Life of Caesar", 21. ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Caesar", 14, "The Life of Pompeius", 47. ^ Broughton, vol. I, p. 314 (note 1). ^ Valerius Maximus, i. 8. § 11. ^ Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, p. 329. ^ Cassius Dio, xlviii. 28. ^ Appian, Bellum Civile, v. 58. ^ Livy, xxv. 3. ^ Broughton, vol. 1, pp. 271–272 (note 5). ^ Plutarch, "The Life of Sulla", 9. ^ Cicero, In Verrem, iii. 71. ^ Cicero, In Verrem, v. 54. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, viii. 8 § 3, Epistulae ad Atticum, vi. 3. § 10. ^ Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares, xii. 7, Philippicae, iv. 6. ^ Cicero, Philippicae, 2.27 ^ Suetonius, Life of Caesar, 82.1 ^ Plutarch, Life of Caesar, 66.8 ^ Broughton, The Magistrates of the Roman Republic, vol. 3, pp. 194–195 ^ Aelius Lampridius, "The Life of Commodus", 11. ^ Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft, "Servilius", p. 1778. Bibliography Marcus Tullius Cicero, Academica Priora, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares, In Verrem, Philippicae, Pro Fonteio. Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History). Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia (Roman Antiquities). Titus Livius (Livy), History of Rome. Marcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History. Valerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings). Gaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History). Sextus Julius Frontinus, De Aquaeductu (On Aqueducts). Plutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans. Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars). Appianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War). Cassius Dio, Roman History. Aelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta (Augustan History). Paulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans). Joseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798). Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849). René Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present). August Pauly; Georg Wissowa; Wilhelm Kroll; Kurt Witte; Karl Mittelhaus; Konrat Ziegler, eds. (1894–1980). Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler. George Davis Chase, "The Origin of Roman Praenomina", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897). Broughton, T. Robert S. (1952–1986). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. American Philological Association. Michael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974).	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"ancient Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"gens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gens"},{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"consular Fasti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasti_consulares"},{"link_name":"imperial period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"consulship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_consul"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius Priscus Structus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Priscus_Structus_(consul_495_BC)"},{"link_name":"sacra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacra_(ancient_Rome)"},{"link_name":"plebeian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plebeian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Servilia_Gens-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The gens Servilia was a patrician family at ancient Rome. The gens was celebrated during the early ages of the Republic, and the names of few gentes appear more frequently at this period in the consular Fasti. It continued to produce men of influence in the state down to the latest times of the Republic, and even in the imperial period. The first member of the gens who obtained the consulship was Publius Servilius Priscus Structus in 495 BC, and the last of the name who appears in the consular Fasti is Quintus Servilius Silanus, in AD 189, thus occupying a prominent position in the Roman state for nearly seven hundred years.Like other Roman gentes, the Servilii of course had their own sacra; and they are said to have worshipped a triens, or copper coin, which is reported to have increased or diminished in size at various times, thus indicating the increase or diminution of the honors of the gens. Although the Servilii were originally patricians, in the later Republic there were also plebeian Servilii.[1][2][3]","title":"Servilia gens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alban_people"},{"link_name":"Tullus Hostilius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tullus_Hostilius"},{"link_name":"nomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_gentilicium"},{"link_name":"praenomen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"Servius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"According to tradition, the Servilia gens was one of the Alban houses removed to Rome by Tullus Hostilius, and enrolled by him among the patricians. It was, consequently, one of the gentes minores. The nomen Servilius is a patronymic surname, derived from the praenomen Servius (meaning \"one who keeps safe\" or \"preserves\"), which must have been borne by the ancestor of the gens.[4][5]","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"praenomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praenomen"},{"link_name":"Publius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Quintus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Spurius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Gaius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_(praenomen)"},{"link_name":"Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_(praenomen)"}],"text":"The different branches of the Servilii each used slightly different sets of praenomina. The oldest stirpes used the praenomina Publius, Quintus, Spurius, and Gaius. The Servilii Caepiones used primarily Gnaeus and Quintus. The Servilii Gemini employed Gnaeus, Quintus, Publius, Gaius, and Marcus. The ancestors of the gens must have used the praenomen Servius, but the family no longer used it in historical times.","title":"Praenomina"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cognomina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cognomen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DGRBM_Servilia_Gens-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"consular tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fidenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidenae"},{"link_name":"dictatorship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_dictator"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Ahala"},{"link_name":"magister equitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_equitum"},{"link_name":"Spurius Maelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_Maelius"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The Servilii were divided into numerous families; of these the names in the Republican period are Ahala, Axilla, Caepio, Casca, Geminus, Glaucia, Globulus, Priscus (with the agnomen Fidenas), Rullus, Structus, Tucca, and Vatia (with the agnomen Isauricus). The Structi, Prisci, Ahalae, and Caepiones were patricians; the Gemini originally patrician, and later plebeian; the Vatiae and Cascae plebeians. Other cognomina appear under the Empire. The only surnames found on coins are those of Ahala, Caepio, Casca, and Rullus.[1][6]The cognomen Structus almost always occurs in connection with those of Priscus or Ahala. The only two Structi who are mentioned with this cognomen are Spurius Servilius Structus, who was consular tribune in 368 BC, and Spurius Servilius Structus, consul in 476 BC. The fact that Structus appears in two of the oldest stirpes of the Servilii, neither of which clearly predates the other, could indicate that persons bearing this surname were ancestral to both great houses.[7]The Prisci (\"antique\") were an ancient family of the Servilia gens, and filled the highest offices of the state during the early years of the Republic. They also bore the agnomen of Structus, which is always appended to their name in the Fasti, till it was supplanted by that of Fidenas, which was first obtained by Quintus Servilius Priscus Structus, who took Fidenae in his dictatorship, in 435 BC, and which was also borne by his descendants.[8]Ahala, of which Axilla is merely another form, is a diminutive of ala, a wing. A popular legend related that the name was first given to Gaius Servilius, magister equitum in 439 BC, because he hid the knife with which he slew Spurius Maelius in his armpit (also ala). However, this does not appear to be the case, since the name had been in use by the family for at least a generation before that event.[9]The surnames Caepio and Geminus appear almost simultaneously in the middle of the third century BC, with the consuls of 253 and 252. Each was the grandson of a Gnaeus Servilius, suggesting that the two cognomina belonged to two branches of the same family. Caepio, an onion, belongs to a large class of surnames derived from ordinary objects, while Geminus originally denoted a twin, and was typically given to the younger of two brothers. In a discussion concerning appearances, Cicero mentions a certain Quintus Servilius Geminus, who was frequently mistaken for his brother, Publius, the consul of 252 BC. The Servilii Vatiae (\"cross-legged\") seem to be descended from the Gemini.[10][11][12]","title":"Branches and cognomina"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Servilius Priscus Structus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Priscus_Structus"},{"link_name":"Sabines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabine"},{"link_name":"Aurunci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurunci"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"magister equitum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magister_equitum"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Spurius (or Gaius) Servilius (P. f.?) Structus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_Servilius_Structus_(consul_476_BC)"},{"link_name":"Janiculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janiculum"},{"link_name":"Etruscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etruscan_culture"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''RE''vol._II_A_(2),_col._1809_([[s:de:RE:Servilius_84\|Servilius_84]])-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonvol._I,_p._27_(and_note_1)-16"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius (Structus?) Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Priscus_(consul_468_BC)"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius Sp. f. P. n. Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Priscus_(consul_463_BC)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''RE''vol._II_A_(2),_col._1803_([[s:de:RE:Servilius_73\|Servilius_73]])-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonvol._I,_p._34-21"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius P. f. Sp. n. Priscus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Priscus_Fidenas"},{"link_name":"Fidenae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidenae"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''RE''vol._II_A_(2),_cols._1803,_1804_([[s:de:RE:Servilius_75\|Servilius_75]])-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonvol._I,_pp._60,_61_(note_2)-23"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Q. f. P. n. Fidenas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quintus_Servilius_Fidenas_(consular_tribune_402_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"consular tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribuni_militum_consulari_potestate"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-2"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Servilii Prisci et Structi","text":"Publius Servilius Priscus Structus, consul in 495 BC, defeated the Sabines and the Aurunci.[13]\nQuintus Servilius (Priscus Structus), magister equitum in 494 BC.[14]\nSpurius (or Gaius) Servilius (P. f.?) Structus, consul in 476 BC, repulsed in his attempt to retake the Janiculum from the Etruscans.[15][16]\nQuintus Servilius (Structus?) Priscus, consul in 468 and 466 BC.\nPublius Servilius Sp. f. P. n. Priscus, consul in 463 BC, was carried off in his consulship by the great plague which raged at Rome in this year.[17][18][19][20][21]\nQuintus Servilius P. f. Sp. n. Priscus, dictator in 435 and 418 BC, captured the town of Fidenae, thereby obtaining the surname Fidenas.[22][23]\nQuintus Servilius Q. f. P. n. Fidenas, consular tribune in 402, 398, 395, 390, 388, and 386 BC.\nQuintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Fidenas, consular tribune in 382, 378, and 369 BC.[24]\nSpurius Servilius Priscus, censor in 378 BC.[25]\nGaius Servilius Structus, grandfather of the consular tribune in 368 BC.\nGaius Servilius C. f. Structus, father of the consular tribune in 368 BC.\nSpurius Servilius C. f. C. n. Structus, consular tribune in 368 BC.[2][26][27]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius Ahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Ahala"},{"link_name":"Spurius Maelius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spurius_Maelius"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius Q. f. C. n. Axilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Axilla"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-2"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''RE''vol._II_A_(2),_cols._1773%E2%80%931775_([[s:de:RE:Servilius_37\|Servilius_37]])-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonvol._i,_pp._66_(and_note_1),_71%E2%80%9373-31"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius P. f. Q. n. Ahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Ahala_(consular_tribune_408_BC)"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius Ahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaius_Servilius_Ahala_(magister_equitum_389_BC)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Ahala_(consul_365_BC)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Servilii Ahalae","text":"Gaius Servilius Structus Ahala, consul in 478 BC, died in his year of office.[2][28]\nGaius Servilius Ahala, allegedly magister equitum in 439 BC, slew Spurius Maelius.\nQuintus Servilius C. f. Ahala, father of Gaius Servilius Axilla, consular tribune from 419 to 417 BC.\nGaius Servilius Q. f. C. n. Axilla, consul in 427 BC, consular tribune in 419, 418 and 417 BC, and magister equitum in 418.[2][29][30][31]\nPublius Servilius Q. f. (C. n.) Ahala, father of Gaius, the magister equitum of 408 BC.\nGaius Servilius P. f. Q. n. Ahala, consular tribune in 408, 407, and 402 BC, and magister equitum in 408.\nGaius Servilius Ahala, magister equitum in 389 and 385 BC.\nQuintus Servilius Q. f. Ahala, father of Quintus Servilius Ahala, the consul of 365 BC.\nQuintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala, consul in 365 and 362 BC, and dictator in 360.\nQuintus Servilius Q. f. Q. n. Ahala, magister equitum in 351 and consul in 342 BC.[32]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Servilius_Caepio_(consul_253_BC)"},{"link_name":"First Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Gaius Sempronius Blaesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Sempronius_Blaesus_(consul_253_BC)"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Servilius_Caepio_(consul_203_BC)"},{"link_name":"Second Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Servilius_Caepio_(consul_169_BC)"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Servilianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Servilianus"},{"link_name":"Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Fabius_Maximus_Aemilianus"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Servilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilia_(wife_of_Catulus)"},{"link_name":"Quintus Lutatius Catulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Lutatius_Catulus_(consul_102_BC)"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Servilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilia_(wife_of_Drusus)"},{"link_name":"Marcus Livius Drusus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Livius_Drusus_(consul)"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Caepio_(consul_140_BC)"},{"link_name":"Lusitanian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusitanian_War"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Caepio_(consul_106_BC)"},{"link_name":"Cimbrian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimbrian_War"},{"link_name":"Battle of Arausio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Arausio"},{"link_name":"Appius Claudius Pulcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_Claudius_Pulcher_(consul_54_BC)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius (Q. f. Q. n.) Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Caepio_(quaestor_103_BC)"},{"link_name":"Asculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno"},{"link_name":"Picenum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picenum"},{"link_name":"Social War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Servilia Q. f. Q. n.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilia_(mother_of_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"Julius Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Marcus Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Brutus"},{"link_name":"Servilia Q. f. Q. n.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilia_(wife_of_Lucullus)"},{"link_name":"Lucullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucullus"},{"link_name":"Mithridates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mithradates_Eupator"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Caepio_(adoptive_father_of_Brutus)"},{"link_name":"Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brutus"},{"link_name":"Hortensius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Hortensius"},{"link_name":"military tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_tribune"},{"link_name":"war against Spartacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_against_Spartacus"},{"link_name":"Servilius Caepio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Servilius_Caepio_(fianc%C3%A9_of_Julia)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caesar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Caesar"},{"link_name":"Julia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julia_(daughter_of_Julius_Caesar)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Q. f. Caepio Brutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus"}],"sub_title":"Servilii Caepiones","text":"Gnaeus Servilius, grandfather of the consul of 253 BC.\nGnaeus Servilius Cn. f., father of the consul of 253 BC.\nGnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 253 BC, during the First Punic War, sailed to the coast of Africa with his colleague, Gaius Sempronius Blaesus.\nGnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, father of the consul of 203 BC.\nGnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 203 BC, during the Second Punic War.\nGnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 169 BC.\nQuintus Fabius Q. f. Q. n. Maximus Servilianus, son of Gnaeus Servilius Caepio, the consul of 169 BC, and brother of Gnaeus, consul in 141, and Quintus, consul in 140, was adopted by Quintus Fabius Maximus Aemilianus. He was consul in 142 BC.\nGnaeus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 141 and censor in 125 BC.[33][34][35]\nServilia, wife of Quintus Lutatius Catulus.[36]\nServilia, wife of Marcus Livius Drusus.\nQuintus Servilius Cn. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 140 BC, during the Lusitanian War.\nQuintus Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Caepio, consul in 106 BC, during the Cimbrian War. His army was annihilated at the Battle of Arausio in 105.\nGnaeus Servilius Caepio, quaestor around 105 BC, may have been the father of Servilia, the wife of Appius Claudius Pulcher, who died in a shipwreck while still young.[37][38]\nQuintus Servilius (Q. f. Q. n.) Caepio, quaestor urbanus in 103 BC, was killed in an ambush at Asculum in Picenum, at the beginning of the Social War.[39][40]\nServilia Q. f. Q. n., mistress of Julius Caesar and mother of Marcus Brutus, the tyrannicide.\nServilia Q. f. Q. n., married Lucullus, the conqueror of Mithridates.\nQuintus Servilius Caepio, adoptive father of Brutus. He probably married a daughter of the orator Hortensius.\nServilius Caepio, military tribune during the war against Spartacus, in 72 BC.\nServilius Caepio, a supporter of Caesar, to whose daughter, Julia, he was once betrothed.[41][42][43]\nQuintus Servilius Q. f. Caepio Brutus, the name taken by Marcus Junius Brutus, the tyrannicide, when he was adopted by his uncle, the military tribune of 72 BC.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Publius Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Geminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Geminus"},{"link_name":"First Punic War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Punic_War"},{"link_name":"Gnaeus Servilius P. f. Q. n. Geminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gnaeus_Servilius_Geminus"},{"link_name":"Battle of Cannae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cannae"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius P. f. (Geminus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Geminus_(praetor)"},{"link_name":"Boii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boii"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius C. f. P. n. (Geminus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Geminus_(consul)"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"pontifex maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifex_maximus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Servilius C. f. P. n. Pulex Geminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Servilius_Pulex_Geminus"},{"link_name":"Marcus Servilius M. f. (Geminus)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Servilius"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Servilii Gemini","text":"Gnaeus Servilius, grandfather of Publius Servilius Geminus, the consul of 252 and 248 BC. Possibly the same Gnaeus Servilius who was the ancestor of the Caepiones.\nQuintus Servilius Cn. f., father of Quintus and Publius Servilius Geminus.\nPublius Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Geminus, consul in 252 and 248 BC, during the First Punic War.\nQuintus Servilius Q. f. Cn. n. Geminus, twin brother of the consul Publius Servilius Geminus.\nGnaeus Servilius P. f. Q. n. Geminus, consul in 217 BC, slain at the Battle of Cannae in 216.\nGaius Servilius P. f. (Geminus), praetor before 218 BC, taken prisoner by the Boii that year. Either he or his sons went over to the plebeians.\nGaius Servilius C. f. P. n. (Geminus),[i] consul in 203 and dictator in 202 BC, and later pontifex maximus.\nMarcus Servilius C. f. P. n. Pulex Geminus, consul in 202 BC.\nMarcus Servilius M. f. (Geminus), consul in AD 3.[45]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius M. f. Vatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Vatia"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius C. f. M. n. Vatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Vatia_Isauricus"},{"link_name":"Isauri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isauria"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius P. f. C. n. Isauricus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Isauricus"},{"link_name":"Servilia P. f. P. n.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servilia_(wife_of_Lepidus)"},{"link_name":"Octavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"second triumvirate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Triumvirate"}],"sub_title":"Servilii Vatiae","text":"Marcus Servilius, grandfather of the consul of 79 BC.\nGaius Servilius M. f. Vatia, father of the consul of 79 BC.\nPublius Servilius C. f. M. n. Vatia, surnamed Isauricus, consul in 79 and censor in 55 BC, triumphed over the Isauri.\nPublius Servilius P. f. C. n. Isauricus, consul in 48 and 41 BC.\nServilia P. f. P. n., betrothed to Octavian until the formation of the second triumvirate in 43 BC.","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"triumvir monetalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triumvir_monetalis"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius P. f. M. n. Rullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Rullus"},{"link_name":"agrarian law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrarian_law"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius (P. f. P. n.) Rullus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Rullus_(cavalry_leader)"},{"link_name":"Octavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus"},{"link_name":"Mark Antony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Antony"},{"link_name":"Perusinian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perusine_War"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Servilii Rulli","text":"Publius Servilius M. f. Rullus, triumvir monetalis in 100 BC.[46]\nPublius Servilius P. f. M. n. Rullus, tribune of the plebs in 63 BC, proposed an agrarian law.\nPublius Servilius (P. f. P. n.) Rullus, one of the generals of Octavian against Mark Antony after the Perusinian War, in 40 BC.[47][48]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-2"},{"link_name":"tribune of the plebs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribune_of_the_plebs"},{"link_name":"Marcus Postumius Pyrgensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Postumius_Pyrgensis"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonvol._1,_pp._271%E2%80%93272_(note_5)-51"},{"link_name":"Gaius Servilius Glaucia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Servilius_Glaucia"},{"link_name":"Lucius Appuleius Saturninus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_Appuleius_Saturninus"},{"link_name":"Asculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascoli_Piceno"},{"link_name":"Social War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)"},{"link_name":"Sulla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulla"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Sicilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"Verres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verres"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius Globulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Publius_Servilius_Globulus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Publius Servilius Casca Longus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Servilius_Casca_Longus"},{"link_name":"Battle of Philippi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Philippi"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[ii]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"Marcus Servilius Nonianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Servilius_Nonianus"},{"link_name":"Servilius Damocrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damocrates"},{"link_name":"Marcia Servilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Servilia"},{"link_name":"Barea Soranus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barea_Soranus"},{"link_name":"Quintus Servilius Pudens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintus_Servilius_Pudens"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-2"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fasti_Capitolini-2"}],"sub_title":"Others","text":"Gaius Servilius Tucca, consul in 284 BC.[2]\nGaius Servilius Casca, tribune of the plebs in 212 BC, failed to intervene on behalf of his relative, Marcus Postumius Pyrgensis.[49] The authenticity of his cognomen has been doubted.[50]\nGaius Servilius Glaucia, praetor in 100 BC, a supporter of Lucius Appuleius Saturninus, with whom he perished.\nQuintus Servilius, praetor in 90 BC, was slain by the inhabitants of Asculum on the outbreak of the Social War.\nServilius, praetor in 88 BC, tried to dissuade Sulla from marching onto Rome, only to be mistreated by Sulla's soldiers.[51]\nPublius Servilius, an eques, magister of one of the companies that farmed the taxes in Sicilia during the administration of Verres.[52]\nPublius Servilius Globulus, tribune of the plebs in 67 BC, and propraetor of Asia in 63.\nGaius Servilius, a Roman citizen in Sicilia, publicly scourged by Verres.[53]\nMarcus Servilius, accused of repetundae in 51 BC.[54]\nMarcus Servilius, tribune of the plebs in 44 BC, praised by Cicero as a vir fortissimus.[55]\nPublius Servilius Casca Longus, one of Caesar's assassins, died shortly after the Battle of Philippi, in 42 BC.\n(Servilius) Casca, brother of Publius Longus, and like him a conspirator against Caesar.[56][57][58][ii][59]\nMarcus Servilius Nonianus, consul in AD 35, and one of the most celebrated orators and historians of his time.\nServilius Damocrates, a physician at Rome during the first century.\nMarcia Servilia, daughter of Barea Soranus, accused and condemned with her father in AD 66.\nQuintus Servilius Pudens, consul in AD 166.[2][60]\nMarcus Servilius Silanus, consul in AD 188.[2]\nQuintus Servilius Silanus, consul in AD 189.[2]","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galba"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Münzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_M%C3%BCnzer"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"text":"This family tree depicts the Servilii Caepiones, Gemini, and Vatiae, from the third century BC to their known descendants in imperial times, extending down to the family of the emperor Galba. The chart is based on one by Friedrich Münzer.[61]","title":"Descent of the Servilii of the late Republic"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBroughtonvol._I,_p._314_(note_1)-44"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-60"},{"link_name":"Appian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian"},{"link_name":"Shackleton Bailey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._R._Shackleton_Bailey"},{"link_name":"Broughton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton"}],"text":"^ The Fasti do not give him the surname Geminus, but do so for his brother, Marcus Servilius Pulex. Livy, however, refers to him as such several times.[44]\n\n^ T.J. Cadoux distinguishes the unnamed brother from Gaius Casca, tribune of the plebs in 44 BC, who was probably not a Servilius. Appian was only aware of Publius, but incorrectly referred to him as Gaius, probably in confusion with the tribune. Cadoux's arguments for the existence of 3 Cascae – the two conspirators and the tribune – were accepted by Shackleton Bailey and Broughton.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcus Tullius Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Finibus"},{"link_name":"Epistulae ad Atticum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Atticum"},{"link_name":"Epistulae ad Familiares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistulae_ad_Familiares"},{"link_name":"In Verrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_Verrem"},{"link_name":"Philippicae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippicae"},{"link_name":"Diodorus Siculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diodorus_Siculus"},{"link_name":"Bibliotheca Historica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_historica"},{"link_name":"Dionysius of Halicarnassus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus"},{"link_name":"Livy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livy"},{"link_name":"History of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ab_Urbe_Condita_Libri"},{"link_name":"Marcus Velleius Paterculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcus_Velleius_Paterculus"},{"link_name":"Valerius Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerius_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Pliny the Elder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder"},{"link_name":"Historia Naturalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)"},{"link_name":"Sextus Julius Frontinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Frontinus"},{"link_name":"De Aquaeductu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_aquaeductu"},{"link_name":"Plutarchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallel_Lives"},{"link_name":"Gaius Suetonius Tranquillus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"De Vita Caesarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars"},{"link_name":"Appian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appian"},{"link_name":"Cassius Dio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cassius_Dio"},{"link_name":"Historia Augusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Augusta"},{"link_name":"Paulus Orosius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orosius"},{"link_name":"Joseph Hilarius Eckhel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hilarius_Eckhel"},{"link_name":"Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology"},{"link_name":"William Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)"},{"link_name":"L'Année épigraphique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_%C3%A9pigraphique"},{"link_name":"Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft"},{"link_name":"Broughton, T. Robert S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton"}],"text":"Marcus Tullius Cicero, Academica Priora, De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum, Epistulae ad Atticum, Epistulae ad Familiares, In Verrem, Philippicae, Pro Fonteio.\nDiodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica (Library of History).\nDionysius of Halicarnassus, Romaike Archaiologia (Roman Antiquities).\nTitus Livius (Livy), History of Rome.\nMarcus Velleius Paterculus, Compendium of Roman History.\nValerius Maximus, Factorum ac Dictorum Memorabilium (Memorable Facts and Sayings).\nGaius Plinius Secundus (Pliny the Elder), Historia Naturalis (Natural History).\nSextus Julius Frontinus, De Aquaeductu (On Aqueducts).\nPlutarchus, Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans.\nGaius Suetonius Tranquillus, De Vita Caesarum (Lives of the Caesars, or The Twelve Caesars).\nAppianus Alexandrinus (Appian), Bellum Civile (The Civil War).\nCassius Dio, Roman History.\nAelius Lampridius, Aelius Spartianus, Flavius Vopiscus, Julius Capitolinus, Trebellius Pollio, and Vulcatius Gallicanus, Historia Augusta (Augustan History).\nPaulus Orosius, Historiarum Adversum Paganos (History Against the Pagans).\nJoseph Hilarius Eckhel, Doctrina Numorum Veterum (The Study of Ancient Coins, 1792–1798).\nDictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology, William Smith, ed., Little, Brown and Company, Boston (1849).\nRené Cagnat et alii, L'Année épigraphique (The Year in Epigraphy, abbreviated AE), Presses Universitaires de France (1888–present).\nAugust Pauly; Georg Wissowa; Wilhelm Kroll; Kurt Witte; Karl Mittelhaus; Konrat Ziegler, eds. (1894–1980). Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.\nGeorge Davis Chase, \"The Origin of Roman Praenomina\", in Harvard Studies in Classical Philology, vol. VIII, pp. 103–184 (1897).\nBroughton, T. Robert S. (1952–1986). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. American Philological Association.\nMichael Crawford, Roman Republican Coinage, Cambridge University Press (1974).","title":"Bibliography"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Roman gentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_gentes"},{"title":"Tomb of Servilia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_Servilia"}]	[{"reference":"August Pauly; Georg Wissowa; Wilhelm Kroll; Kurt Witte; Karl Mittelhaus; Konrat Ziegler, eds. (1894–1980). Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft. Stuttgart: J. B. Metzler.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realencyclop%C3%A4die_der_classischen_Altertumswissenschaft","url_text":"Paulys Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft"}]},{"reference":"Broughton, T. Robert S. (1952–1986). The Magistrates of the Roman Republic. American Philological Association.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Shannon_Broughton","url_text":"Broughton, T. Robert S."}]}]	[{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1900%2C+00083&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"1900, 83"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=AE+1927%2C+00101&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"1927, 101"},{"Link":"http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+06%2C+01279&r_sortierung=Belegstelle","external_links_name":"VI, 1279"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wordplay_(British_game_show)	Wordplay (British game show)	["1 Format","1.1 Main game","1.2 Final: Safe Cracker","2 See also","3 External links"]	British TV series or programme WordplayAlso known asWordplay ExtraGenreGame showDirected byDerek HallworthPresented byJenny PowellJenni FalconerComposerMusic 4Country of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of series1No. of episodes95ProductionRunning time50 minutes (including adverts)Production companiesLucky DayGroup M Productions / Motion Content GroupOriginal releaseNetworkChannel 5Release23 March (2009-03-23) –31 July 2009 (2009-07-31) Wordplay is a game show presented by Jenny Powell and sometimes Jenni Falconer. It aired live weekdays from 23 March to 31 July 2009 on Channel 5 and was axed after only one series. Format Four contestants competed through six rounds of word puzzles. The lowest scorer at the end of every second round was eliminated. If one of these rounds ended with a tie for low score, a tiebreaker puzzle was played; a correct answer allowed the contestant to advance, while a miss eliminated them. Scores were reset to zero after each elimination. Main game During each of the first five rounds, the contestants were given a category that hinted at the solution of the puzzle and had to buzz-in before responding. An incorrect answer froze the contestant out of the next puzzle. Each of these rounds continued until time was called. Word Jumble: Unscramble a set of letters to form a word or phrase (1 point each). A.K.A.: Figure out a word or term based on an alternative description of it (2 points each). Word Smuggle: Find a word hidden as consecutive letters within a phrase (1 point each). Hangman: Guess a phrase as the letters are gradually filled in (2 points each). Invisible Link: Find a common word that can be placed before or after each of three given words to create new words or phrases (1 point each). Word Ladder: Given a starting three-letter word, change or add one letter at a time as instructed by the host to create a new one fitting the given category (2 points each). Both contestants played this round separately and had 60 seconds to make as many changes as possible. Final: Safe Cracker The high scorer after the Word Ladder round had a chance to win a cash jackpot by finding the correct seven-digit combination to a safe that held a cheque. They had 90 seconds to solve one puzzle of each of the six types used in the main game, and could play them in any order. Passing was allowed, but the puzzle did not change if the contestant returned to it later. Each correct answer was worth £50. The Word Ladder puzzle required the contestant to make only one change to the given word. The combination used each of the digits 1 through 7 once. Every solved puzzle filled in the digit that corresponded to it (1 through 6, in the order that the rounds were played in the main game). If the contestant solved all six puzzles, the 7 was placed in the only still-empty slot and they won the jackpot automatically in addition to the £300 for the puzzles. If not, they had one chance to fill in the missing digits and open the safe. The jackpot began at £1,000 and increased by £500 per day until it was won. See also BrainTeaser Going for Gold External links Wordplay at UKGameshows.com. Wordplay at IMDb . This article relating to a television programme from the UK is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"game show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_show"},{"link_name":"Jenny Powell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Powell"},{"link_name":"Jenni Falconer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenni_Falconer"},{"link_name":"live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_television"},{"link_name":"Channel 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)"}],"text":"British TV series or programmeWordplay is a game show presented by Jenny Powell and sometimes Jenni Falconer. It aired live weekdays from 23 March to 31 July 2009 on Channel 5 and was axed after only one series.","title":"Wordplay (British game show)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Four contestants competed through six rounds of word puzzles. The lowest scorer at the end of every second round was eliminated. If one of these rounds ended with a tie for low score, a tiebreaker puzzle was played; a correct answer allowed the contestant to advance, while a miss eliminated them. Scores were reset to zero after each elimination.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hangman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangman_(game)"}],"sub_title":"Main game","text":"During each of the first five rounds, the contestants were given a category that hinted at the solution of the puzzle and had to buzz-in before responding. An incorrect answer froze the contestant out of the next puzzle. Each of these rounds continued until time was called.Word Jumble: Unscramble a set of letters to form a word or phrase (1 point each).\nA.K.A.: Figure out a word or term based on an alternative description of it (2 points each).\nWord Smuggle: Find a word hidden as consecutive letters within a phrase (1 point each).\nHangman: Guess a phrase as the letters are gradually filled in (2 points each).\nInvisible Link: Find a common word that can be placed before or after each of three given words to create new words or phrases (1 point each).\nWord Ladder: Given a starting three-letter word, change or add one letter at a time as instructed by the host to create a new one fitting the given category (2 points each). Both contestants played this round separately and had 60 seconds to make as many changes as possible.","title":"Format"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final: Safe Cracker","text":"The high scorer after the Word Ladder round had a chance to win a cash jackpot by finding the correct seven-digit combination to a safe that held a cheque. They had 90 seconds to solve one puzzle of each of the six types used in the main game, and could play them in any order. Passing was allowed, but the puzzle did not change if the contestant returned to it later. Each correct answer was worth £50. The Word Ladder puzzle required the contestant to make only one change to the given word.The combination used each of the digits 1 through 7 once. Every solved puzzle filled in the digit that corresponded to it (1 through 6, in the order that the rounds were played in the main game). If the contestant solved all six puzzles, the 7 was placed in the only still-empty slot and they won the jackpot automatically in addition to the £300 for the puzzles. If not, they had one chance to fill in the missing digits and open the safe. The jackpot began at £1,000 and increased by £500 per day until it was won.","title":"Format"}]	[]	[{"title":"BrainTeaser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrainTeaser"},{"title":"Going for Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Going_for_Gold"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.ukgameshows.com/ukgs/Wordplay","external_links_name":"Wordplay"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1409732/","external_links_name":"Wordplay"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wordplay_(British_game_show)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghab_valley	Al-Ghab Plain	["1 Fisheries","2 Ghab project","3 Al-Ruj Plain","4 References","5 Bibliography"]	Coordinates: 35°35′13″N 36°21′22″E / 35.587°N 36.356°E / 35.587; 36.356Al-Ghab Plain in northwest Syria The Ghab Plain (Arabic: سَهْلُ ٱلْغَابِ, romanized: Sahl al-Ġāb, literally: Forest Plain) is a fertile depression lying mainly in the Al-Suqaylabiyah District in northwest Syria. The Orontes River, flowing north, enters the Plain near Muhradah, around 25 km north-west of Hama. Sahl el Ghab The valley was flooded for centuries by the waters of the Orontes River, which rendered it a swamp. The "Ghab project", beginning in the 1950s, drained the valley to make it habitable, arable land, providing an extra 41,000 hectares (160 sq mi) of irrigated farmland. The valley separates the al-Ansariyah mountains in the west from the Zawiyah mountain range and the plateau region to the east. It is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long and 12.1 kilometres (7.5 mi) wide. Fisheries Before its drainage, the Ghab was the center of the catfish (Silurus glanis) (sallōr or samak aswad) fisheries of the Orontes valley. Ghab project Al-Ghab Plain and Syrian coastal mountains as seen from Apamea, Syria.The Ghab project began in 1953 and made the area suitable for agriculture, by deploying new irrigation systems. The system included barrages, canal networks for irrigation and canal networks for drainage. Large barrages were built in Mahardah, Zayzun, Qarqur and other villages. The dam at Mahardah, built in 1961, is 40 metres (130 ft) high, and 200 metres (660 ft) long and holds 65,000,000 cubic metres (85,000,000 cu yd) of water. The Zeyzoun Dam, built in 1996, was 32 metres (105 ft) high and held a maximum of 71,000,000 cubic metres (93,000,000 cu yd) of water; it failed in June 2002, leading to the deaths of 22 people and the displacement of over 2,000 as a large hole opened in the embankment and flooded 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi) of the countryside downstream. Other advantages of the Ghab project were the improvements in the systems of communication through the building of road and rail networks, previously not possible due to the swamps. In addition, malaria decreased because there was no longer stagnant water. Al-Ruj Plain Northeast of the Ghab Plain is found another smaller plain, known as al-Ruj Plain (Rouj basin). It is located between the Ghab Plain, and Amouk Plain. This is an agriculturally prosperous enclave just west of the town of Idlib. Many ancient archaeological sites are located there. References ^ a b Federal Research Division, 2004, p. 74. ^ a b Topography and Hydrology Map of the Orontes valley Archived 2017-04-13 at the Wayback Machine water-security.org ^ a b Sofer, 1999, p. 205. ^ South, Coleman. Syria. Tarrytown, N.Y.: Marshall Cavendish Benchmark, 2006. Print. ^ a b c de Miranda, 2007, p. 267. ^ Salman, 2009, p. 28. ^ J. Gaulmier, "Notes sur la pêche du silure dans la vallée du Ĝāb", Mélanges de l'Institut Français de Damas 1 (1929), p. 19-25 ^ Wikimapia location Bibliography Federal Research Division (2004), Syria a Country Study, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7 Sofer, Arnon (1999), Rivers of fire: the conflict over water in the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-8476-8511-0 de Miranda, Adriana (2007), Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels, L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER, ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7 Salman, Salman M. A. (2009), The World Bank Policy for Projects on International Waterways: An Historical and Legal Analysis, World Bank Publications, ISBN 978-0-8213-7953-0 35°35′13″N 36°21′22″E / 35.587°N 36.356°E / 35.587; 36.356	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geo_siria_ghab.png"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic"},{"link_name":"Al-Suqaylabiyah District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Suqaylabiyah_District"},{"link_name":"Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"},{"link_name":"Orontes River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orontes_River"},{"link_name":"Muhradah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mhardeh"},{"link_name":"Hama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-water-security.org-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sahl_el_Ghab.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sofer-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"arable land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arable_land"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miranda-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"al-Ansariyah mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Ansariyah_mountains"},{"link_name":"Zawiyah mountain range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zawiya_Mountain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-study-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sofer-3"}],"text":"Al-Ghab Plain in northwest SyriaThe Ghab Plain (Arabic: سَهْلُ ٱلْغَابِ, romanized: Sahl al-Ġāb, literally: Forest Plain) is a fertile depression lying mainly in the Al-Suqaylabiyah District in northwest Syria. The Orontes River, flowing north, enters the Plain near Muhradah, around 25 km north-west of Hama.[1][2]Sahl el GhabThe valley was flooded for centuries by the waters of the Orontes River, which rendered it a swamp.[3][4] The \"Ghab project\", beginning in the 1950s, drained the valley to make it habitable, arable land,[5] providing an extra 41,000 hectares (160 sq mi) of irrigated farmland.[6]The valley separates the al-Ansariyah mountains in the west from the Zawiyah mountain range and the plateau region to the east.[1] It is 63 kilometres (39 mi) long and 12.1 kilometres (7.5 mi) wide.[3]","title":"Al-Ghab Plain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Silurus glanis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silurus_glanis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Before its drainage, the Ghab was the center of the catfish (Silurus glanis) (sallōr or samak aswad) fisheries of the Orontes valley.[7]","title":"Fisheries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Al-Ghab_plain_and_Syrian_coastal_mountains,_Apamea,_Syria.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apamea, Syria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apamea,_Syria"},{"link_name":"barrages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrage_(dam)"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Mahardah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahardah"},{"link_name":"Zayzun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zayzun"},{"link_name":"Qarqur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qarqur"},{"link_name":"dam at Mahardah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahardah_Dam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miranda-5"},{"link_name":"Zeyzoun Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeyzoun_Dam"},{"link_name":"malaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miranda-5"}],"text":"Al-Ghab Plain and Syrian coastal mountains as seen from Apamea, Syria.The Ghab project began in 1953 and made the area suitable for agriculture, by deploying new irrigation systems. The system included barrages, canal networks for irrigation and canal networks for drainage. Large barrages were built in Mahardah, Zayzun, Qarqur and other villages. The dam at Mahardah, built in 1961, is 40 metres (130 ft) high, and 200 metres (660 ft) long and holds 65,000,000 cubic metres (85,000,000 cu yd) of water.[5] The Zeyzoun Dam, built in 1996, was 32 metres (105 ft) high and held a maximum of 71,000,000 cubic metres (93,000,000 cu yd) of water; it failed in June 2002, leading to the deaths of 22 people and the displacement of over 2,000 as a large hole opened in the embankment and flooded 80 square kilometres (31 sq mi) of the countryside downstream.Other advantages of the Ghab project were the improvements in the systems of communication through the building of road and rail networks, previously not possible due to the swamps. In addition, malaria decreased because there was no longer stagnant water.[5]","title":"Ghab project"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"al-Ruj Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Ruj_Plain&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Amouk Plain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amik_Valley"},{"link_name":"Idlib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idlib"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-water-security.org-2"}],"text":"Northeast of the Ghab Plain is found another smaller plain, known as al-Ruj Plain (Rouj basin).[8] It is located between the Ghab Plain, and Amouk Plain. This is an agriculturally prosperous enclave just west of the town of Idlib.[2] Many ancient archaeological sites are located there.","title":"Al-Ruj Plain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syria a Country Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=B9L9ZWtnYsgC&q=Homs+gap&pg=PA74"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4191-5022-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5022-7"},{"link_name":"Rivers of fire: the conflict over water in the Middle East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=ghab+syria&pg=PA205"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8476-8511-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8511-0"},{"link_name":"Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=D6rsB59RRZkC&q=ghab+syria&pg=PA267"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-8265-433-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-433-7"},{"link_name":"The World Bank Policy for Projects on International Waterways: An Historical and Legal Analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TP59T5gJBbsC&q=ghab+syria&pg=PA31"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8213-7953-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7953-0"},{"link_name":"35°35′13″N 36°21′22″E / 35.587°N 36.356°E / 35.587; 36.356","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Al-Ghab_Plain&params=35.587_N_36.356_E_"}],"text":"Federal Research Division (2004), Syria a Country Study, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7\nSofer, Arnon (1999), Rivers of fire: the conflict over water in the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-8476-8511-0\nde Miranda, Adriana (2007), Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels, L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER, ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7\nSalman, Salman M. A. (2009), The World Bank Policy for Projects on International Waterways: An Historical and Legal Analysis, World Bank Publications, ISBN 978-0-8213-7953-035°35′13″N 36°21′22″E / 35.587°N 36.356°E / 35.587; 36.356","title":"Bibliography"}]	[{"image_text":"Al-Ghab Plain in northwest Syria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Geo_siria_ghab.png/220px-Geo_siria_ghab.png"},{"image_text":"Sahl el Ghab","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sahl_el_Ghab.jpg/220px-Sahl_el_Ghab.jpg"},{"image_text":"Al-Ghab Plain and Syrian coastal mountains as seen from Apamea, Syria.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Al-Ghab_plain_and_Syrian_coastal_mountains%2C_Apamea%2C_Syria.jpg/220px-Al-Ghab_plain_and_Syrian_coastal_mountains%2C_Apamea%2C_Syria.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Federal Research Division (2004), Syria a Country Study, Kessinger Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4191-5022-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=B9L9ZWtnYsgC&q=Homs+gap&pg=PA74","url_text":"Syria a Country Study"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4191-5022-7","url_text":"978-1-4191-5022-7"}]},{"reference":"Sofer, Arnon (1999), Rivers of fire: the conflict over water in the Middle East, Rowman & Littlefield, ISBN 978-0-8476-8511-0","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=cpZ2q6e5hJUC&q=ghab+syria&pg=PA205","url_text":"Rivers of fire: the conflict over water in the Middle East"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-8511-0","url_text":"978-0-8476-8511-0"}]},{"reference":"de Miranda, Adriana (2007), Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels, L'ERMA di BRETSCHNEIDER, ISBN 978-88-8265-433-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=D6rsB59RRZkC&q=ghab+syria&pg=PA267","url_text":"Water architecture in the lands of Syria: the water-wheels"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-8265-433-7","url_text":"978-88-8265-433-7"}]},{"reference":"Salman, Salman M. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea_Delgado	Téa Delgado	["1 Background","1.1 Character creation and portrayal","1.2 Todd and Téa","2 Reception","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]	Soap opera character Téa DelgadoOne Life to Live characterPortrayed byFlorencia LozanoDuration 1997–2000 2002 2008–2013 First appearanceJanuary 27, 1997 (January 27, 1997)Last appearanceAugust 19, 2013 (August 19, 2013)ClassificationFinal, regularCreated byJean Passanante and Peggy SloaneIntroduced byMaxine Levinson (1997)Gary Tomlin (2002)Frank Valentini (2008)Jennifer Pepperman (2013)CrossoverappearancesGeneral HospitalIn-universe informationOther namesTéa ManningOccupationLawyerParentsLeon DelgadoAnna DelgadoSiblingsTomás DelgadoAnna Rosa DelgadoDelmonico DelgadoSpouseTodd Manning (1997–99)Ross Rayburn (2002–09)Victor Lord Jr. (2009–)ChildrenDanielle ManningVictor Lord III (stillborn)StepchildrenSam ManningGrandparentsMaria DelgadoNieces and nephewsRoseanne DelgadoBaz MoreauFirst cousinsEnrique Delgado Téa Delgado is a fictional character from the American daytime drama One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by Florencia Lozano from January 27, 1997, to March 2, 2000, and briefly in 2002. Lozano returned to the role once again on December 5, 2008, and remained through the original television finale aired January 13, 2012. In April 2012, Lozano become the latest One Life to Live actress to join General Hospital with her alter ego. Scheduled to premiere in May, with Roger Howarth (Todd Manning) returning with her, she premiered on the series on May 9, 2012, last appearing December 3, 2012. Lozano reprised the role when daily episodes of One Life to Live debuted on Hulu, iTunes, and FX Canada via The Online Network April 29, 2013. Téa was conceived as a character with a stern but passionate personality. She became one of the show's most popular characters and part of one of soap opera's most popular romances for her complex and volatile pairing with Todd Manning, a troubled and sometimes villainous character on the series. Soaps In Depth stated that Téa "set the small screen ablaze" during her time on One Life to Live. Background Character creation and portrayal Téa Delgado was designed as the "tough-talking, yet soft-hearted attorney" of the series. The writers gave her a fragile personality, layering her as someone capable of showing great love and who is also "dying to be loved herself". One moment, Téa is seen as fiery and enraged; the next, she is witnessed as being soft-spoken and understanding. Having perfected these aspects of the character when paired with Roger Howarth's Todd Manning, actress Florencia Lozano acknowledged Howarth's help. "He's not an actor who's in his own world," she said. Todd had been romantically involved with Blair Cramer for some time already, and his divorce from her and custody pursuit of his daughter, Starr, soon positioned Lozano's character as a new love interest for Todd. The pace of the soap opera was at times overwhelming for Lozano, and she looked for a way to manage this. "I try to keep feeding the fire, feeding some of the emotional stuff that Téa had to go through," she stated. "It's tiring because, on some level, I have to go there. I have to feel sad. I don't know any other way to do it." Detailing what she thinks about in order to produce onscreen tears, a query she often received from fans, Lozano stated, "Well...things that would make me cry. It's hard sometimes, but also it feels good when I feel like I portrayed something honestly." Having a good grasp on who Téa is provided Lozano with enough room to "make things up" even while keeping her character true to form. In addition, she looked to make each scene unique. "That's the thing about acting," she said. "When you're rehearsing over and over, how do you make it new every time? Well, it is new every time because it's the first time you've done it that time." Lozano saw each take as an opportunity to improve, rather than as something to be annoyed by, commenting, "I love it when we screw up, because we get another chance to do it, and every time it's a different scene." Lozano added, however, that she does enjoy perfecting her scenes. "It makes me really happy when I feel like I kicked ass in a scene," she stated. Not every character action was originally in the script. "A lot of the times," Lozano said, "someone make me laugh, and then my next line be about responding to that. Any number of things happen, which are usually the best moments. I to be open to that. But it's hard, too, because I want to screw up my lines." She further relayed, "There are many times when I think I didn't get a scene. When you don't feel anything, it's frustrating. I'm less hard on myself because I realize how difficult what we do is. But, as an actor, you hope that you go in there and get caught up in the moment. I think, self-indulgently, that's why we become actors in the first place — to feel things." Todd and Téa Roger Howarth as Todd Manning and Florencia Lozano as Téa Delgado. One Life to Live viewers originally resisted Todd being paired with anyone but Blair. Soap Opera Digest stated that Téa not only did not have any history with Todd, "she was breaking up One Life to Live's most popular (if unorthodox) duo". The magazine added that it was Lozano's "consistently strong and convincing portrayal" of Téa as the tough but soft attorney that won viewers over. Viewers saw immediate chemistry between Howarth and Lozano. Todd and Téa's marriage is at first nothing more than a business deal; Todd offers Téa to be his wife and lawyer for $5 million to ensure custody of his daughter (Starr). He is out for revenge against ex-wife Blair, feeling she ruined his chances at happiness when he returned to town after being presumed dead and discovered her having sex with Patrick Thornhart (Thorsten Kaye) on the floor of the penthouse he once shared with her. It is after this Todd shuts down emotionally, almost completely. He subsequently only shows kindness to his daughter and his sister (Victoria Lord), and occasionally to children. Soaps In Depth stated, "Téa being Todd's wife often put her in conflict with wife No. 1 and No. 2 — Blair." During one heated confrontation, the women's argument becomes physical. Lozano said "I'll never forget the time I crashed out the window. Kassie DePaiva (Blair) had to push me, and she was so nervous about really hurting me that I actually had to calm her down." With Téa in his life, the writers had the emotional walls Todd had built around himself slowly collapse. As Soaps In Depth described it, Téa is the one who made Todd's heart "grow at least two sizes bigger". While Todd's tough bravado and insensitivity are lessened in Téa's presence, his reluctance to be sexually intimate becomes a prominent obstacle for the couple. After having felt betrayed by Blair with Patrick, Todd not only has trouble letting another woman into his psyche but also into his bed. This factor often causes Téa to be sexually frustrated while near Todd. Although they have agreed to keep their relationship platonic, she finds him sexually attractive and starts to desire him romantically. The writers often emphasized this, at one point having Téa strip down naked in front of Todd and plead for him to have sex with her, to which Todd painfully and angrily throws her out of their penthouse into the cold. He explains his reaction as being more about not being ready than actually rejecting Téa. Todd and Téa's romance was written as tempestuous, star-crossed, loving, and abusive. The pairing would go from almost having sex one minute, to verbally abusing each other the next. Physical abuse takes place in one instance when Todd is on the run from the police and proceeds to kidnap Téa; he punches her out when she implies he will rape her as he had done to Marty Saybrooke (Susan Haskell) years earlier; Téa later knocks Todd out with a shovel to escape. However, during these scenes, the characters' love for each other continues to show; Todd releases a mournful, monstrous scream after having knocked Téa unconscious and relaxing her body on a chair in front of him, and Téa is seen to seemingly sexually desire Todd even while having tied him up after her attack on him. A disappointed Téa calls Todd a rapist after his kidnapping of her, which is a breaking point for Todd. She is one of the few people to believe that there is good in him. When she gives indication she now sees him as his enemies do, it is as much a slight to Todd's well-being as anything physical. "Téa called Todd a rapist," Lozano said. "By saying out loud that he's a rapist, it was the only way she could push him away. She needed those weapons, both verbal and emotional, to cut the tie because it had been so strong." When working alongside Howarth, Lozano never felt as though she was simply reciting lines. She said, "I feel like we're just talking, listening and responding to each other. And that makes it relatively easy to concentrate. I feel like we're connecting." She called on her imagination, adding, "I do a lot of substituting. I think, 'What if Todd were a real person in my life?' The situations are so dramatic that in some ways it's easy to feel worked up." Further differentiating Todd and Téa from other couples on the series was the application of theme music. Dark, sad but romantic theme music was applied to the pairing. Composer David Nichtern explained the emotion he wanted to convey. "This was kind of as close as we get to Todd 'romantic' music," he said. "It's still dark and mysterious, but has the possibility of a little sensuality and romance. I worked on these cues with my pal Kevin Bents (who does a lot of the keyboard work on the show) but when it came time for the demented variations, I just had to be alone (just kidding)." While characters on the series have struggled to understand Téa's love for Todd, the writers made the pairing's love story detailed enough in its complexity for viewers to comprehend. Reception Téa became one of One Life to Live's most popular characters. Her romantic pairing with Todd was described as "one of the hottest stories to hit daytime television". Fans enjoyed the union and dubbed them "TnT" (for Todd and Téa). The pairing's popularity was seen as equal to rival couple Todd and Blair. This created an intense rivalry between the two fanbases, which became known as the "T&B vs. TnT" wars, and were some of the genre's most notorious Internet battles. They left writers and producers with the task of deciding which couple would be the "true love" couple. In addition, viewers enjoyed the battles between Blair and Téa, which became one of soap opera's most entertaining rivalries. Although Todd and Téa were promoted as a dysfunctional pairing, they were prominently featured in commercials advertising their love story, voted "Best Couple" and "Best Romance" in soap opera magazines, and cited as "television at its best". Howarth left the role of Todd in 1998. When he later returned as the character in 2000 for a one-week stint to persuade Téa to leave with him, it was one of the show's most anticipated events. He returned again as Todd later that year without Téa. When the return was first reported, fans queried whether Téa would be returning with the character. An emphatic "No!" was issued by Lozano's agent in what was deemed "an angry statement" to magazine Soaps in Depth. The agent added, "Give it up, guys! Stop calling!" Viewers wondered how the show would explain Téa no longer being with Todd, and heavily campaigned for the series to reunite the pairing. The writers had Todd explain that Téa had left him in the middle of the night, with a letter saying that she could no longer be with him. Determined not to be alone, Todd is soon seen going after Blair, wanting the family he once had with her. This did not deter fans of the Todd and Téa romance from campaigning for the couple. In 2002, their campaign was successful when Lozano agreed to return to the series for a brief stint. The opportunity to work with Howarth again was one of the reasons Lozano decided to return. "It's a lot of fun to work opposite Roger," she said. "There is so much going on beneath the surface." The writers scripted Todd and Téa's reunion to take place following Blair, betrayed by Todd again, having left him; it was a live-week for the series, something that had not been done in almost twenty years in the history of soap opera. Soaps In Depth stated that with a shout-out to fans, Téa made her return entrance by stating, "I'm baaack!" with "a gleam in her eye" while interrupting Antonio and Carlotta Vega's bilingual bickering before visiting Todd. Not long after visiting Todd, the two are shipwrecked with one of Todd's employees after coming face to face for the first time in two years on a boat Todd had planned to use in order to kidnap his children from Blair. Regarding Todd and Téa being stranded together on a deserted island, former head writer Gary Tomlin, who was new to the series at the time, explained, "They both realize the mistakes they've made. Téa starts to see why she fell in love with him. The same thing for him. He's thinking that if they ever get off this island, they can go back and he can share his life with her — a life including his kids." While Todd does not declare his love for Téa, he "opens up" to Téa in "his own special way". Tomlin elaborated, "He makes the decision not to run away and deal with what he needs to deal with. we wanted to address Todd's relationship with the past." Tomlin further relayed, "It was also a way to finally satisfy Todd and Téa fans, who have been campaigning for a reunion since Florencia Lozano left the show in 2000. I don't know if Todd and Blair could have stayed together. Had he stayed in Llanview, it's possible that Téa would have come back, and we would have dealt with the situation in Llanview, with Blair being part of the dynamic." Though Tomlin reunited Todd and Téa, seemingly having the pair on the path to their happy ending and scripting their first time having sex together (a long-awaited event by fans of the love story), he chose Todd and Blair as being the actual "true love" couple. This decision angered Todd and Téa fans, who expressed their anger through e-mails to the ABC network over Tomlin describing Todd's love for Blair as "the most genuine thing he has ever felt". Tomlin said that he had his reasons for telling the summer story the way he did and that the Todd and Téa fans have "convenient memories". He added, "When I went back to screen the Todd/Téa relationship — which everybody had said was so wonderful, that it was so this and so that, and they were so much in love — the thing that stuck out for me was when Todd punched Téa in the face and knocked her out. As a female viewer, I would have trouble getting past that. When you delve into physical abuse...it's a tough thing." Todd being recast in 2003 with actor Trevor St. John after Howarth's departure from the series did not stop speculation that One Life to Live still planned to continue the Todd and Téa romance. In 2005, TV Guide reported the rumor, stating, "We recently came across an OLTL audition script for a scene between Todd and 'Lucia,' a woman who sounds a lot like his long-lost Latina legal eagle. So is a recast in the works? A show rep assures TVGuide.com that 'there are no plans to bring the character of Téa back to OLTL.'" It was surmised that if true, "Todd and Blair fans everywhere breathe a major sigh of relief". See also Supercouple Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines Notes ^ The first ceremony for Todd and Téa was on July 15, 1997. The marriage was annulled in 1998. The second marriage between them took place the same year until their divorce in 1999. However, they were married consecutively from 1997–99. ^ They have been married consecutively since 2009. References ^ a b Téa Delgado profile - SoapCentral.com ^ "Comings and Goings: Florencia Lozano (Téa Delgado)". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33. September 30, 2008. p. 17. ^ One Life to Live recap (12/5/08) - Soaps.com Retrieved on January 9, 2009. ^ TV Source Magazine (2012-04-08). "One Live to Live's Florencia Lozano Checks Into General Hospital". Retrieved April 8, 2012. ^ Soap Opera Digest (2012-04-09). "Florencia Lozano Joins GH Ranks". Retrieved April 9, 2012. ^ Soaps In Depth (2012-04-10). "Téa is Coming to Town". Retrieved April 10, 2012. ^ "Comings and Goings". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 37. May 14, 2012. p. 10. ^ Hal Boedeker (25 January 2013). "'All My Children,' 'One Live to Live' reborn via Hulu". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 26 January 2013. ^ Jolie Lash (25 January 2013). "One Life To Live, All My Children – New Episodes On The Way This Spring Via Hulu, iTunes". Access Hollywood. Retrieved 26 January 2013. ^ a b c d e f g "Téa, round two?". Soaps In Depth. 2002-01-08. pp. 98–101. ^ a b Thurston, Katherine (February 10, 2000). "Tough Man Todd Returns!". About.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g Thurston, Katherine (June 1, 2000). "prince of darkness returns". About.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2017. ^ a b c d "Performer of the week". Soap Opera Digest. 1998-01-13. ^ a b c d e f L. Sarney, Andrea (June 9, 1998). "The Calm Before The Storm". Soaps In Depth. pp. 79–80. ^ a b "REPEAT Performance". Soaps In Depth. 1998-11-03. ^ a b c d e f "THE YEAR IN SOAPS! THE BEST OF '98 PLUS PREVIEW '99". Soap Opera Update. 1998. ^ Gerry Waggett (2008). One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book, The: A Fun, Fact-Filled, Everything-You-Want-to-Know-Guide to Your Favorite Soap!. Hyperion. pp. 248 pages. ISBN 978-1401323097. ^ "Todd Finds True Love - With His Wife!". Daytime Digest. October 1998. ^ a b "Editor's Choice: After the Fall". Soap Opera Digest. 1997-11-18. ^ One Life to Live. April 4, 1998. ABC. ^ a b c "Star of the Week". Soap Opera Magazine. 1998. ^ L. Sarney, Andrea (June 9, 1998). "The Calm Before The Storm - continued, next page". Soaps In Depth. pp. 79–80. ^ In 1998, David Nichtern gave an exclusive interview via e-mail regarding his music compositions for One Life to Live. Harris, Marg (November 1998). "Making Music: Interview With OLTL Composer David Nichtern (Part I)". Archived from the original on 2006-10-28. Retrieved 2007-08-26. ^ a b c d e "Why Did Todd Choose Blair?". Soaps In Depth. 2002-11-12. ^ "'DC Interview: OLTL' s Florencia Lozano on Kassie DePaiva, Todd Manning's Girls and Soaps and Latinas'". Daytime Confidential. 2010-02-17. Archived from the original on 2010-02-21. Retrieved 2010-08-04. ^ "Todd Needs a Wife...", One Life to Live, Week of 07.07.97 ^ "She Knows What She Wants...", One Life to Live, Week of 12.15.97 ^ "Dial 'D' for Danger", One Life to Live, Week of 03.28.98 ^ Featured Couple of the Week: Todd and Téa, One Life to Live, Week of 11.16.98 ^ "Daytime's All-Time Most Romantic Couples — Whether they employed hearts and flowers or schemes and deception, these duos still discovered true love". Soaps In Depth. 2002-01-08. pp. 86–87. ^ "Hit: Todd and Téa's Tantalizing Two Step". Soap Opera Weekly. 1998-01-20. ^ a b c "Why They Came Back". Soap Opera Update. 2002-11-12. ^ "One Life to Live's "Live" Week - Cast Interviews". About.com. 2002. Retrieved 2008-07-20. ^ a b "Live Week Offers Up Several Surprises, Few Flubs!". Soaps In Depth. 2002-06-11. ^ a b c "Todd To Téa - Be Mine Forever". Soap Opera Weekly. 2002-08-27. ^ "Soaps News: Does One Life to Live plan to...". TV Guide. 2005-11-11. 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Quartermaine Alan Quartermaine Dillon Quartermaine Edward Quartermaine Emily Quartermaine Madeline Reeves Sabrina Santiago Jennifer Smith Bobbie Spencer Lucky Spencer Luke Spencer Lulu Spencer Valerie Spencer Cole Thornhart Justus Ward Mary Mae Ward Lesley Webber Steven Webber Nathan West Britt Westbourne Claudia Zacchara Johnny Zacchara Character lists Cast previous 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s 2020s Children Families Hardy/Webber Scorpio/Jones Spencer Quartermaine Cassadine Jerome Corinthos Lord Cramer Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"One Life to Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Life_to_Live"},{"link_name":"Florencia Lozano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia_Lozano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOD_33-40-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SC-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soaps_2008-12-05-5"},{"link_name":"General Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Roger Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Howarth"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Florencia-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OLTLInvasion-9"},{"link_name":"Hulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulu"},{"link_name":"iTunes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes"},{"link_name":"FX Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FX_Canada"},{"link_name":"The Online Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Online_Network"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapsInDepth.com-12"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About.com-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABout.com-14"},{"link_name":"Soaps In Depth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapsInDepth.com-12"}],"text":"Téa Delgado is a fictional character from the American daytime drama One Life to Live. The role was portrayed by Florencia Lozano from January 27, 1997, to March 2, 2000, and briefly in 2002.[1][2] Lozano returned to the role once again on December 5, 2008,[1][3] and remained through the original television finale aired January 13, 2012. In April 2012, Lozano become the latest One Life to Live actress to join General Hospital with her alter ego.[4] Scheduled to premiere in May, with Roger Howarth (Todd Manning) returning with her,[5][6] she premiered on the series on May 9, 2012, last appearing December 3, 2012.[7] Lozano reprised the role when daily episodes of One Life to Live debuted on Hulu, iTunes, and FX Canada via The Online Network April 29, 2013.[8][9]Téa was conceived as a character with a stern but passionate personality. She became one of the show's most popular characters and part of one of soap opera's most popular romances for her complex and volatile pairing with Todd Manning, a troubled and sometimes villainous character on the series.[10][11][12] Soaps In Depth stated that Téa \"set the small screen ablaze\" during her time on One Life to Live.[10]","title":"Téa Delgado"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOPeradigest-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOPeradigest-15"},{"link_name":"Roger Howarth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Howarth"},{"link_name":"Todd Manning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning"},{"link_name":"Florencia Lozano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florencia_Lozano"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindepth-16"},{"link_name":"Blair Cramer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Cramer"},{"link_name":"Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starr_Manning"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindepth-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindepth-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindepth-16"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindePth-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindePth-17"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindepth-16"}],"sub_title":"Character creation and portrayal","text":"Téa Delgado was designed as the \"tough-talking, yet soft-hearted attorney\" of the series.[13] The writers gave her a fragile personality, layering her as someone capable of showing great love and who is also \"dying to be loved herself\". One moment, Téa is seen as fiery and enraged; the next, she is witnessed as being soft-spoken and understanding.[13] Having perfected these aspects of the character when paired with Roger Howarth's Todd Manning, actress Florencia Lozano acknowledged Howarth's help. \"He's not an actor who's in his own world,\" she said.[14] Todd had been romantically involved with Blair Cramer for some time already, and his divorce from her and custody pursuit of his daughter, Starr, soon positioned Lozano's character as a new love interest for Todd.The pace of the soap opera was at times overwhelming for Lozano, and she looked for a way to manage this. \"I try to keep feeding the fire, feeding some of the emotional stuff that Téa had to go through,\" she stated. \"It's tiring because, on some level, I have to go there. I have to feel sad. I don't know any other way to do it.\"[14] Detailing what she thinks about in order to produce onscreen tears, a query she often received from fans, Lozano stated, \"Well...things that would make me cry. It's hard sometimes, but also it feels good when I feel like I portrayed something honestly.\"[14] Having a good grasp on who Téa is provided Lozano with enough room to \"make things up\" even while keeping her character true to form.[14] In addition, she looked to make each scene unique. \"That's the thing about acting,\" she said. \"When you're rehearsing over and over, how do you make it new every time? Well, it is new every time because it's the first time you've done it that time.\"[15] Lozano saw each take as an opportunity to improve, rather than as something to be annoyed by, commenting, \"I love it when we screw up, because we get another chance to do it, and every time it's a different scene.\" Lozano added, however, that she does enjoy perfecting her scenes. \"It makes me really happy when I feel like I kicked ass in a scene,\" she stated.[15]Not every character action was originally in the script. \"A lot of the times,\" Lozano said, \"someone [would] make me laugh, and then my next line [would] be about responding to that. Any number of things [could] happen, which are usually the best moments. I [wanted] to be open to that. But it's hard, too, because I [didn't] want to screw up my lines.\" She further relayed, \"There are many times when I think I didn't get a scene. When you don't feel anything, it's frustrating. I'm less hard on myself because I realize how difficult what we do is. But, as an actor, you hope that you go in there and get caught up in the moment. I think, self-indulgently, that's why we become actors in the first place — to feel things.\"[14]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Todd_and_T%C3%A9a_promotional.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soap Opera Digest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOPeradigest-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOPeradigest-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOperaDigest.com-18"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABout.com-14"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Waggett-19"},{"link_name":"Patrick Thornhart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Thornhart"},{"link_name":"Thorsten Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thorsten_Kaye"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABout.com-14"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapOperadigest-20"},{"link_name":"Victoria Lord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Lord"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapsInDepth.com-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soapoperadigest.Com-21"},{"link_name":"Kassie DePaiva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassie_DePaiva"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapsInDepth.com-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapsInDepth.com-12"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOperaDigest.com-18"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"star-crossed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star-crossed"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soapopeRamagazine.com-23"},{"link_name":"Marty Saybrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marty_Saybrooke"},{"link_name":"Susan Haskell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Haskell"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soapopeRamagazine.com-23"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soapopeRamagazine.com-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindepth-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapSindePTh-24"},{"link_name":"Composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"David Nichtern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Nichtern"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.geocities.com-25"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOperaDigest.com-18"}],"sub_title":"Todd and Téa","text":"Roger Howarth as Todd Manning and Florencia Lozano as Téa Delgado.One Life to Live viewers originally resisted Todd being paired with anyone but Blair. Soap Opera Digest stated that Téa not only did not have any history with Todd, \"she was breaking up One Life to Live's most popular (if unorthodox) duo\".[13] The magazine added that it was Lozano's \"consistently strong and convincing portrayal\" of Téa as the tough but soft attorney that won viewers over.[13] Viewers saw immediate chemistry between Howarth and Lozano.[16]Todd and Téa's marriage is at first nothing more than a business deal; Todd offers Téa to be his wife and lawyer for $5 million to ensure custody of his daughter (Starr).[12][17] He is out for revenge against ex-wife Blair, feeling she ruined his chances at happiness when he returned to town after being presumed dead and discovered her having sex with Patrick Thornhart (Thorsten Kaye) on the floor of the penthouse he once shared with her.[12] It is after this Todd shuts down emotionally, almost completely.[18] He subsequently only shows kindness to his daughter and his sister (Victoria Lord), and occasionally to children. Soaps In Depth stated, \"Téa being Todd's wife often put her in conflict with wife No. 1 and No. 2 — Blair.\"[10][19] During one heated confrontation, the women's argument becomes physical. Lozano said \"I'll never forget the time I crashed out the window. Kassie DePaiva (Blair) had to push me, and she was so nervous about really hurting me that I actually had to calm her down.\"[10]With Téa in his life, the writers had the emotional walls Todd had built around himself slowly collapse. As Soaps In Depth described it, Téa is the one who made Todd's heart \"grow at least two sizes bigger\".[10] While Todd's tough bravado and insensitivity are lessened in Téa's presence, his reluctance to be sexually intimate becomes a prominent obstacle for the couple. After having felt betrayed by Blair with Patrick, Todd not only has trouble letting another woman into his psyche but also into his bed. This factor often causes Téa to be sexually frustrated while near Todd. Although they have agreed to keep their relationship platonic, she finds him sexually attractive and starts to desire him romantically.[16] The writers often emphasized this, at one point having Téa strip down naked in front of Todd and plead for him to have sex with her, to which Todd painfully and angrily throws her out of their penthouse into the cold. He explains his reaction as being more about not being ready than actually rejecting Téa.[20]Todd and Téa's romance was written as tempestuous, star-crossed, loving, and abusive.[21] The pairing would go from almost having sex one minute, to verbally abusing each other the next. Physical abuse takes place in one instance when Todd is on the run from the police and proceeds to kidnap Téa; he punches her out when she implies he will rape her as he had done to Marty Saybrooke (Susan Haskell) years earlier; Téa later knocks Todd out with a shovel to escape.[21] However, during these scenes, the characters' love for each other continues to show; Todd releases a mournful, monstrous scream after having knocked Téa unconscious and relaxing her body on a chair in front of him, and Téa is seen to seemingly sexually desire Todd even while having tied him up after her attack on him. A disappointed Téa calls Todd a rapist after his kidnapping of her, which is a breaking point for Todd. She is one of the few people to believe that there is good in him. When she gives indication she now sees him as his enemies do, it is as much a slight to Todd's well-being as anything physical. \"Téa called Todd a rapist,\" Lozano said. \"By saying out loud that he's a rapist, it was the only way she could push him away. She needed those weapons, both verbal and emotional, to cut the tie because it had been so strong.\"[21]When working alongside Howarth, Lozano never felt as though she was simply reciting lines. She said, \"I feel like we're just talking, listening and responding to each other. And that makes it relatively easy to concentrate. I feel like we're connecting.\"[14] She called on her imagination, adding, \"I do a lot of substituting. I think, 'What if Todd were a real person in my life?' The situations are so dramatic that in some ways it's easy to feel worked up.\"[22]Further differentiating Todd and Téa from other couples on the series was the application of theme music. Dark, sad but romantic theme music was applied to the pairing. Composer David Nichtern explained the emotion he wanted to convey. \"This was kind of as close as we get to Todd 'romantic' music,\" he said. \"It's still dark and mysterious, but has the possibility of a little sensuality and romance. I worked on these cues with my pal Kevin Bents (who does a lot of the keyboard work on the show) but when it came time for the demented variations, I just had to be alone (just kidding).\"[23]While characters on the series have struggled to understand Téa's love for Todd, the writers made the pairing's love story detailed enough in its complexity for viewers to comprehend.[16]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapsInDepth.com-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABout.com-14"},{"link_name":"Todd and Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning_and_Blair_Cramer"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapsInDepth.com-26"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOperaDigest.com-18"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapsInDepth.com-26"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapsInDepth.com-12"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soapoperadigest.Com-21"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daytime_Confidential-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOperaDigest.com-18"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOAPsInDepth.com-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-soapoperaweekly.com-33"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoapOperaDigest.com-18"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About.com-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABout.com-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABout.com-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABout.com-14"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOApsInDepth.com-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOApsInDepth.com-34"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOApsInDepth.com-34"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABOUT.com-35"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOAPsInDepth-36"},{"link_name":"Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Vega_(character)"},{"link_name":"Carlotta Vega","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlotta_Vega"},{"link_name":"bilingual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilingual"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOAPsInDepth-36"},{"link_name":"head writer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_writer"},{"link_name":"Gary Tomlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary_Tomlin"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOAPSindepth.com-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOAPSindepth.com-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOAPSindepth.com-37"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapsInDepth.com-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapsInDepth.com-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SOapsInDepth.com-26"},{"link_name":"TV Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide"},{"link_name":"Latina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-www.tvguide.com-38"}],"text":"Téa became one of One Life to Live's most popular characters.[10] Her romantic pairing with Todd was described as \"one of the hottest stories to hit daytime television\". Fans enjoyed the union and dubbed them \"TnT\" (for Todd and Téa).[12] The pairing's popularity was seen as equal to rival couple Todd and Blair. This created an intense rivalry between the two fanbases,[24] which became known as the \"T&B vs. TnT\" wars, and were some of the genre's most notorious Internet battles.[16] They left writers and producers with the task of deciding which couple would be the \"true love\" couple.[24] In addition, viewers enjoyed the battles between Blair and Téa, which became one of soap opera's most entertaining rivalries.[10][19][25] Although Todd and Téa were promoted as a dysfunctional pairing, they were prominently featured in commercials advertising their love story,[26][27][28][29] voted \"Best Couple\" and \"Best Romance\" in soap opera magazines,[16][30][31] and cited as \"television at its best\".[16]Howarth left the role of Todd in 1998. When he later returned as the character in 2000 for a one-week stint to persuade Téa to leave with him, it was one of the show's most anticipated events.[11] He returned again as Todd later that year without Téa. When the return was first reported, fans queried whether Téa would be returning with the character.[12] An emphatic \"No!\" was issued by Lozano's agent in what was deemed \"an angry statement\" to magazine Soaps in Depth. The agent added, \"Give it up, guys! Stop calling!\"[12] Viewers wondered how the show would explain Téa no longer being with Todd,[12] and heavily campaigned for the series to reunite the pairing.[32] The writers had Todd explain that Téa had left him in the middle of the night, with a letter saying that she could no longer be with him. Determined not to be alone, Todd is soon seen going after Blair, wanting the family he once had with her. This did not deter fans of the Todd and Téa romance from campaigning for the couple. In 2002, their campaign was successful when Lozano agreed to return to the series for a brief stint.[32] The opportunity to work with Howarth again was one of the reasons Lozano decided to return. \"It's a lot of fun to work opposite Roger,\" she said. \"There is so much going on beneath the surface.\"[32]The writers scripted Todd and Téa's reunion to take place following Blair, betrayed by Todd again, having left him; it was a live-week for the series, something that had not been done in almost twenty years in the history of soap opera.[33][34] Soaps In Depth stated that with a shout-out to fans, Téa made her return entrance by stating, \"I'm baaack!\" with \"a gleam in her eye\" while interrupting Antonio and Carlotta Vega's bilingual bickering before visiting Todd.[34] Not long after visiting Todd, the two are shipwrecked with one of Todd's employees after coming face to face for the first time in two years on a boat Todd had planned to use in order to kidnap his children from Blair. Regarding Todd and Téa being stranded together on a deserted island, former head writer Gary Tomlin, who was new to the series at the time, explained, \"They both realize the mistakes they've made. Téa starts to see why she fell in love with him. The same thing for him. He's thinking that if they ever get off this island, they can go back and he can share his life with her — a life including his kids.\"[35] While Todd does not declare his love for Téa, he \"opens up\" to Téa in \"his own special way\". Tomlin elaborated, \"He makes the decision not to run away and deal with what he needs to deal with. [Todd and Téa were cast away in the first place because] we wanted to address Todd's relationship with the past.\"[35] Tomlin further relayed, \"It was also a way to finally satisfy Todd and Téa fans, who have been campaigning for a reunion since Florencia Lozano left the show in 2000. I don't know if Todd and Blair could have stayed together. Had he stayed in Llanview, it's possible that Téa would have come back, and we would have dealt with the situation in Llanview, with Blair being part of the dynamic.\"[35]Though Tomlin reunited Todd and Téa, seemingly having the pair on the path to their happy ending and scripting their first time having sex together (a long-awaited event by fans of the love story), he chose Todd and Blair as being the actual \"true love\" couple. This decision angered Todd and Téa fans, who expressed their anger through e-mails to the ABC network over Tomlin describing Todd's love for Blair as \"the most genuine thing he has ever felt\".[24] Tomlin said that he had his reasons for telling the summer story the way he did and that the Todd and Téa fans have \"convenient memories\".[24] He added, \"When I went back to screen the Todd/Téa relationship — which everybody had said was so wonderful, that it was so this and so that, and they were so much in love — the thing that stuck out for me was when Todd punched Téa in the face and knocked her out. As a female viewer, I would have trouble getting past that. When you delve into physical abuse...it's a tough thing.\"[24]Todd being recast in 2003 with actor Trevor St. John after Howarth's departure from the series did not stop speculation that One Life to Live still planned to continue the Todd and Téa romance. In 2005, TV Guide reported the rumor, stating, \"We recently came across an OLTL audition script for a scene between Todd and 'Lucia,' a woman who sounds a lot like his long-lost Latina legal eagle. So is a recast in the works? A show rep assures TVGuide.com that 'there are no plans to bring the character of Téa back to OLTL.'\" It was surmised that if true, \"Todd and Blair fans everywhere [could] breathe a major sigh of relief\".[36]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"^ The first ceremony for Todd and Téa was on July 15, 1997. The marriage was annulled in 1998. The second marriage between them took place the same year until their divorce in 1999. However, they were married consecutively from 1997–99.\n\n^ They have been married consecutively since 2009.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Roger Howarth as Todd Manning and Florencia Lozano as Téa Delgado.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Todd_and_T%C3%A9a_promotional.jpg/220px-Todd_and_T%C3%A9a_promotional.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Supercouple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercouple"},{"title":"Todd Manning and Marty Saybrooke rape storylines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Todd_Manning_and_Marty_Saybrooke_rape_storylines"}]	[{"reference":"\"Comings and Goings: Florencia Lozano (Téa Delgado)\". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 33. September 30, 2008. p. 17.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"}]},{"reference":"TV Source Magazine (2012-04-08). \"One Live to Live's Florencia Lozano Checks Into General Hospital\". Retrieved April 8, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://tvsourcemagazine.com/soaps/news/2505-one-life-to-live-s-florencia-lozano-checks-in-to-general-hospital","url_text":"\"One Live to Live's Florencia Lozano Checks Into General Hospital\""}]},{"reference":"Soap Opera Digest (2012-04-09). \"Florencia Lozano Joins GH Ranks\". Retrieved April 9, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://soapoperadigest.com/content/florencia-lozano-joins-gh-ranks","url_text":"\"Florencia Lozano Joins GH Ranks\""}]},{"reference":"Soaps In Depth (2012-04-10). \"Téa is Coming to Town\". Retrieved April 10, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://abc.soapsindepth.com/2012/04/tea-is-coming-to-town.html","url_text":"\"Téa is Coming to Town\""}]},{"reference":"\"Comings and Goings\". Soap Opera Digest. Vol. 37. May 14, 2012. p. 10.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hal Boedeker (25 January 2013). \"'All My Children,' 'One Live to Live' reborn via Hulu\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 26 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_tv_tvblog/2013/01/all-my-children-one-live-to-live-reborn-via-hulu.html","url_text":"\"'All My Children,' 'One Live to Live' reborn via Hulu\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel","url_text":"Orlando Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"Jolie Lash (25 January 2013). \"One Life To Live, All My Children – New Episodes On The Way This Spring Via Hulu, iTunes\". Access Hollywood. Retrieved 26 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.accesshollywood.com/one-life-to-live-all-my-children-new-episodes-on-the-way-this-spring-via-hulu-itunes_article_75634","url_text":"\"One Life To Live, All My Children – New Episodes On The Way This Spring Via Hulu, iTunes\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_Hollywood","url_text":"Access Hollywood"}]},{"reference":"\"Téa, round two?\". Soaps In Depth. 2002-01-08. pp. 98–101.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth","url_text":"Soaps In Depth"}]},{"reference":"Thurston, Katherine (February 10, 2000). \"Tough Man Todd Returns!\". About.com. Archived from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101210/http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/weekly/aa021000.htm","url_text":"\"Tough Man Todd Returns!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com","url_text":"About.com"},{"url":"http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/weekly/aa021000.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thurston, Katherine (June 1, 2000). \"prince of darkness returns\". About.com. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172356/http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/weekly/aa060100b.htm","url_text":"\"prince of darkness returns\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com","url_text":"About.com"},{"url":"http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/weekly/aa060100b.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Performer of the week\". Soap Opera Digest. 1998-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"}]},{"reference":"L. Sarney, Andrea (June 9, 1998). \"The Calm Before The Storm\". Soaps In Depth. pp. 79–80.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth","url_text":"Soaps In Depth"}]},{"reference":"\"REPEAT Performance\". Soaps In Depth. 1998-11-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth","url_text":"Soaps In Depth"}]},{"reference":"\"THE YEAR IN SOAPS! THE BEST OF '98 PLUS PREVIEW '99\". Soap Opera Update. 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Update","url_text":"Soap Opera Update"}]},{"reference":"Gerry Waggett (2008). One Life to Live 40th Anniversary Trivia Book, The: A Fun, Fact-Filled, Everything-You-Want-to-Know-Guide to Your Favorite Soap!. Hyperion. pp. 248 pages. ISBN 978-1401323097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1401323097","url_text":"978-1401323097"}]},{"reference":"\"Todd Finds True Love - With His Wife!\". Daytime Digest. October 1998.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Editor's Choice: After the Fall\". Soap Opera Digest. 1997-11-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Digest","url_text":"Soap Opera Digest"}]},{"reference":"One Life to Live. April 4, 1998. ABC.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Star of the Week\". Soap Opera Magazine. 1998.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Magazine","url_text":"Soap Opera Magazine"}]},{"reference":"L. Sarney, Andrea (June 9, 1998). \"The Calm Before The Storm - continued, next page\". Soaps In Depth. pp. 79–80.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth","url_text":"Soaps In Depth"}]},{"reference":"Harris, Marg (November 1998). \"Making Music: Interview With OLTL Composer David Nichtern (Part I)\". Archived from the original on 2006-10-28. Retrieved 2007-08-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061028091811/http://www.geocities.com/~onelifer/nichtern1.html","url_text":"\"Making Music: Interview With OLTL Composer David Nichtern (Part I)\""},{"url":"http://www.geocities.com/~onelifer/nichtern1.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Did Todd Choose Blair?\". Soaps In Depth. 2002-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth","url_text":"Soaps In Depth"}]},{"reference":"\"'DC Interview: OLTL' s Florencia Lozano on Kassie DePaiva, Todd Manning's Girls and Soaps and Latinas'\". Daytime Confidential. 2010-02-17. Archived from the original on 2010-02-21. Retrieved 2010-08-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221224437/http://daytimeconfidential.com/2010/02/17/dc-interview-oltl-s-florencia-lozano-on-kassie-depaiva-todd-mannings-girls-and-soaps-and-","url_text":"\"'DC Interview: OLTL' s Florencia Lozano on Kassie DePaiva, Todd Manning's Girls and Soaps and Latinas'\""},{"url":"http://daytimeconfidential.com/2010/02/17/dc-interview-oltl-s-florencia-lozano-on-kassie-depaiva-todd-mannings-girls-and-soaps-and-","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Daytime's All-Time Most Romantic Couples — Whether they employed hearts and flowers or schemes and deception, these duos still discovered true love\". Soaps In Depth. 2002-01-08. pp. 86–87.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soaps_In_Depth","url_text":"Soaps In Depth"}]},{"reference":"\"Hit: Todd and Téa's Tantalizing Two Step\". Soap Opera Weekly. 1998-01-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Weekly","url_text":"Soap Opera Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Why They Came Back\". Soap Opera Update. 2002-11-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_Opera_Update","url_text":"Soap Opera Update"}]},{"reference":"\"One Life to Live's \"Live\" Week - Cast Interviews\". About.com. 2002. Retrieved 2008-07-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/prm/bloltl_live_interviews.htm","url_text":"\"One Life to Live's \"Live\" Week - Cast Interviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/About.com","url_text":"About.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Live Week Offers Up Several Surprises, Few Flubs!\". 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TV Guide. 2005-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV_Guide","url_text":"TV Guide"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.soapcentral.com/oltl/whoswho/tea.php","external_links_name":"Téa Delgado profile - SoapCentral.com"},{"Link":"http://www.soaps.com/onelifetolive/update/5676/T%C3%A9a_Returns_To_Llanview","external_links_name":"One Life to Live recap (12/5/08) - Soaps.com"},{"Link":"http://tvsourcemagazine.com/soaps/news/2505-one-life-to-live-s-florencia-lozano-checks-in-to-general-hospital","external_links_name":"\"One Live to Live's Florencia Lozano Checks Into General Hospital\""},{"Link":"http://soapoperadigest.com/content/florencia-lozano-joins-gh-ranks","external_links_name":"\"Florencia Lozano Joins GH Ranks\""},{"Link":"http://abc.soapsindepth.com/2012/04/tea-is-coming-to-town.html","external_links_name":"\"Téa is Coming to Town\""},{"Link":"http://blogs.orlandosentinel.com/entertainment_tv_tvblog/2013/01/all-my-children-one-live-to-live-reborn-via-hulu.html","external_links_name":"\"'All My Children,' 'One Live to Live' reborn via Hulu\""},{"Link":"http://www.accesshollywood.com/one-life-to-live-all-my-children-new-episodes-on-the-way-this-spring-via-hulu-itunes_article_75634","external_links_name":"\"One Life To Live, All My Children – New Episodes On The Way This Spring Via Hulu, iTunes\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304101210/http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/weekly/aa021000.htm","external_links_name":"\"Tough Man Todd Returns!\""},{"Link":"http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/weekly/aa021000.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303172356/http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/weekly/aa060100b.htm","external_links_name":"\"prince of darkness returns\""},{"Link":"http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/weekly/aa060100b.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061028091811/http://www.geocities.com/~onelifer/nichtern1.html","external_links_name":"\"Making Music: Interview With OLTL Composer David Nichtern (Part I)\""},{"Link":"http://www.geocities.com/~onelifer/nichtern1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100221224437/http://daytimeconfidential.com/2010/02/17/dc-interview-oltl-s-florencia-lozano-on-kassie-depaiva-todd-mannings-girls-and-soaps-and-","external_links_name":"\"'DC Interview: OLTL' s Florencia Lozano on Kassie DePaiva, Todd Manning's Girls and Soaps and Latinas'\""},{"Link":"http://daytimeconfidential.com/2010/02/17/dc-interview-oltl-s-florencia-lozano-on-kassie-depaiva-todd-mannings-girls-and-soaps-and-","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://onelifetolive.about.com/library/prm/bloltl_live_interviews.htm","external_links_name":"\"One Life to Live's \"Live\" Week - Cast Interviews\""},{"Link":"http://abc.go.com/shows/one-life-to-live/bio/tea-delgado/165832","external_links_name":"Character profile"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_Weygel	Katarzyna Weiglowa	["1 Early life","2 Accusation of apostasy","3 Execution","4 Aftermath","5 Notes","6 References"]	Katarzyna WeiglowaBurning of Katarzyna Weiglowa (Malcherowa) by Jan Matejko 1859BornKatarzyna Zalasowskac.1460 (1460)Died19 April 1539 (1540) (aged 80)KrakówCause of deathburned at the stake for apostasyOther namesKatarzyna Waiglowa,Catherine VogelKnown forregarded by Unitarians and Jews as a martyrSpouseMelchior WeigelParentsStanisław Zalasowski (father)widow of Melchior Weigel (mother) Katarzyna Weiglowa (Wajglowa) (German: Katherine Weigel; given erroneously in a Polish source of 17c. as Vogel (c.1459-1539), and known in many English sources as Catherine Vogel; c. 1460 – 19 April 1539) was a Polish woman who was burned at the stake for apostasy by the Polish Inquisition. She converted from Roman Catholicism to Judaism or to Judaizing nontrinitarianism, and was executed in Kraków after she refused to call Jesus Christ the Son of God. She is regarded by Unitarians and Jews (among others) as a martyr. Early life She was born Katarzyna Zalasowska, a daughter of Stanisław Zalasowski and widow of Melchior Weigel, merchant and councilman of Kraków. In the Jewish Encyclopedia she appears under a variant spelling of her maiden name as Catherine Zelazowska. Little is known about her life before 1529–1530 when she appeared several times before an episcopal court in Kraków, and refused to abjure "mistakes of the Jewish faith". Accusation of apostasy Catherine probably started professing nontrinitarianism under the influence of writings by Martin Borrhaus, published in 1527. Jewish Encyclopedia suggested that she followed the example of a daughter of Mikołaj II Radziwiłł and embraced Judaism. She tried to promote her views during the Sejm debates in 1538–1539. At the age of 70, Catherine was imprisoned in Kraków under the charge of confessing "heresy" by the order of Piotr Gamrat, bishop of Kraków, who had accused her before Queen Bona. Execution She admitted professing the unity of God, and rejecting the notion of "Holy Trinity". She spent 10 years in prison, before she was burnt alive at the stake on the Little Market place in Kraków at the age of 80. According to written testimonies, even on the stake she refused to abjure her faith which she confessed loudly until the end. Because of her Nontrinitarian views Catherine was not defended by Polish Protestants. However, after her death believers from different branches of Protestantism have often referred to her as a victim of religious persecutions and a martyr. Aftermath The burning of Catherine was a surprising incident in Poland, which, in the 16th century, ranked among the countries with the highest degree of religious tolerance. After her death her fate faded into obscurity in Poland. The Sejm in 1539 did not take a stance on her execution, and mentions of her have been preserved mainly in Protestant polemical writings and in Judeophobic literature from the 17th century. Notes ^ "Vogel" appears in the 1995 Harvard edition of Stanisław Lubieniecki's History of the Polish Reformation and Nine Related Documents, translated and annotated by George Huntston Williams, but with a footnote stating that Lubieniecki had erroneously given "Vogel", and mentioning that Katarzyna, who had been born "Zalaszowska", had married Melchior Weigel, a city councillor; and that in the sources she was called Zalaszowska, Weiglowa, or Melcherowa (-owa meaning "wife of," -ówna meaning "daughter of" -owska not showing the difference); and that some of those sources, which had disappeared, had survived in excerpts from the acts of the trial in Polish translation: Julian Bukowski, Dzieje Reformacji w Polsce 1 (Kraków, 1883) 176-79. Wojciech (Adalbert) Węgierski, pastor of the Kraków District of the Reformed Church had preserved in Polish and Latin important documents in the archive of the Kraków congregation; Kronika zboru krakowskiego (Kraków, 1817): Harvard Theological Studies Vol. 37 (Minneapolis, 1995) p. 437, at footnote 162. References ^ a b Janusz Tazbir, Reformacja w Polsce, Książka i Wiedza, Warsaw 1993, p. 15 ^ Historia - Z dziejów Zalasowej... ^ a b "ZELAZOWSKA, CATHERINE", Jewish Encyclopedia, referring to Grätz, Gesch. 3d ed., ix. 454, Heinrich Graetz; Sternberg, Gesch. der Juden in Polen, p. 56. ^ a b Janusz Tazbir, op.cit. pp. 86–87 ^ August Sokołowski, "Dzieje Polski Ilustrowane", vol. 2, p 617 ^ Hélène Weigel (1459–1539) ^ Kazimierz Lepszy, Słownik biograficzny historii powszechnej do XVII stulecia, Warsaw 1968, p. 450. ^ Janusz Tazbir, op.cit. p. 87 Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"burned at the stake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burned_at_the_stake"},{"link_name":"apostasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostasy"},{"link_name":"Polish Inquisition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Inquisition"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholicism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholicism"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Judaizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaizers"},{"link_name":"nontrinitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt15-2"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Son of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Son_of_God"},{"link_name":"Unitarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitarianism"},{"link_name":"Jews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jews"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"}],"text":"Katarzyna Weiglowa (Wajglowa) (German: Katherine Weigel; given erroneously in a Polish source of 17c. as Vogel (c.1459-1539), and known in many English sources as Catherine Vogel[a]; c. 1460 – 19 April 1539) was a Polish woman who was burned at the stake for apostasy by the Polish Inquisition. She converted from Roman Catholicism to Judaism or to Judaizing nontrinitarianism,[1] and was executed in Kraków after she refused to call Jesus Christ the Son of God. She is regarded by Unitarians and Jews (among others) as a martyr.","title":"Katarzyna Weiglowa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jewish Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jee-4"},{"link_name":"episcopal court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Episcopal_court&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt15-2"}],"text":"She was born Katarzyna Zalasowska, a daughter of Stanisław Zalasowski[2] and widow of Melchior Weigel, merchant and councilman of Kraków. In the Jewish Encyclopedia she appears under a variant spelling of her maiden name as Catherine Zelazowska.[3] Little is known about her life before 1529–1530 when she appeared several times before an episcopal court in Kraków, and refused to abjure \"mistakes of the Jewish faith\".[1]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nontrinitarianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nontrinitarianism"},{"link_name":"Martin Borrhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Borrhaus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jee-4"},{"link_name":"Mikołaj II Radziwiłł","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miko%C5%82aj_II_Radziwi%C5%82%C5%82"},{"link_name":"Judaism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judaism"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt86-5"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Piotr Gamrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Gamrat"},{"link_name":"bishop of Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Queen Bona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Bona"}],"text":"Catherine probably started professing nontrinitarianism under the influence of writings by Martin Borrhaus, published in 1527. Jewish Encyclopedia suggested[3] that she followed the example of a daughter of Mikołaj II Radziwiłł and embraced Judaism. She tried to promote her views during the Sejm debates in 1538–1539.[4]At the age of 70, Catherine was imprisoned in Kraków under the charge of confessing \"heresy\" by the order of Piotr Gamrat, bishop of Kraków,[5] who had accused her before Queen Bona.","title":"Accusation of apostasy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Trinity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Trinity"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Protestants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"Protestantism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestantism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-jt86-5"}],"text":"She admitted professing the unity of God, and rejecting the notion of \"Holy Trinity\". She spent 10 years in prison,[6] before she was burnt alive at the stake on the Little Market place in Kraków at the age of 80. According to written testimonies, even on the stake she refused to abjure her faith which she confessed loudly until the end.[7] Because of her Nontrinitarian views Catherine was not defended by Polish Protestants. However, after her death believers from different branches of Protestantism have often referred to her as a victim of religious persecutions and a martyr.[4]","title":"Execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"religious tolerance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_tolerance"},{"link_name":"Sejm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sejm"},{"link_name":"Judeophobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeophobic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The burning of Catherine was a surprising incident in Poland, which, in the 16th century, ranked among the countries with the highest degree of religious tolerance.After her death her fate faded into obscurity in Poland. The Sejm in 1539 did not take a stance on her execution, and mentions of her have been preserved mainly in Protestant polemical writings and in Judeophobic literature from the 17th century.[8]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Lubieniecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Lubieniecki"},{"link_name":"George Huntston Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Huntston_Williams"}],"text":"^ \"Vogel\" appears in the 1995 Harvard edition of Stanisław Lubieniecki's History of the Polish Reformation and Nine Related Documents, translated and annotated by George Huntston Williams, but with a footnote stating that Lubieniecki had erroneously given \"Vogel\", and mentioning that Katarzyna, who had been born \"Zalaszowska\", had married Melchior Weigel, a city councillor; and that in the sources she was called Zalaszowska, Weiglowa, or Melcherowa (-owa meaning \"wife of,\" -ówna meaning \"daughter of\" -owska not showing the difference); and that some of those sources, which had disappeared, had survived in excerpts from the acts of the trial in Polish translation: Julian Bukowski, Dzieje Reformacji w Polsce 1 (Kraków, 1883) 176-79. Wojciech (Adalbert) Węgierski, pastor of the Kraków District of the Reformed Church had preserved in Polish and Latin important documents in the archive of the Kraków congregation; Kronika zboru krakowskiego (Kraków, 1817): Harvard Theological Studies Vol. 37 (Minneapolis, 1995) p. 437, at footnote 162.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080409085629/http://zalasowa.gp7.pl/readarticle.php?article_id=5","external_links_name":"Historia - Z dziejów Zalasowej..."},{"Link":"http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=96&letter=Z#ixzz0rGUgFNca","external_links_name":"\"ZELAZOWSKA, CATHERINE\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/dziejepolskiillu00soko/dziejepolskiillu00soko_djvu.txt","external_links_name":"p 617"},{"Link":"http://site.voila.fr/unitariens/articles/heleneweigel.html","external_links_name":"Hélène Weigel (1459–1539)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/30692188","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJycRcbG3jQCQDrfYBGrbd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb151032996","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb151032996","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/132206447","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p296836788","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/109337271","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danielle_Demski	Danielle Demski	["1 Beauty pageants","2 TV & Film","3 References","4 External links"]	American television presenter (born 1981) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2015) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Danielle Demski" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Danielle DemskiBornChandler, Arizona, U.S.Beauty pageant titleholderTitleMiss Arizona Teen USA 1999Miss Arizona USA 2004Majorcompetition(s)Miss Teen USA 1999 (3rd runner-up)Miss USA 2004 (Top 15) Websitewww.danielledemski.com/web/ Danielle Demski is a television presenter, actress, and beauty queen from Chandler, Arizona, who has competed in the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants. Beauty pageants Demski won her first pageant title in 1998, when she was crowned Miss Arizona Teen USA 1999. She competed in the Miss Teen USA 1999 pageant held in Shreveport, Louisiana, in August 1999, where she became the third delegate from Arizona to make the semi-finals. Demski was sixth in the interview competition, sixth in swimsuit, and third in evening gown, and entered the top six in fourth place. She retained fourth position following the final question, and was placed third runner-up overall. In 2003 Demski won the Miss Arizona USA 2004 pageant in her first attempt at the title, becoming the third Miss Arizona Teen USA to win the Miss Arizona USA title. She represented Arizona in the Miss USA 2004 pageant broadcast live from the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California, on April 11, 2004, and again made the first cut, the first Arizonan to do so since 1998. She competed in the evening gown competition, but did not advance to the top ten. TV & Film Currently, Demski is working for the World Series of Poker held at the Rio in Las Vegas, NV as a correspondent. She has appeared in several short online videos highlighting tournament play as well as various "featurettes" concerning the tournament and the players on the tournament's Web Site, World Series of Poker Web Site. Demski is also the host of The Vegas Minute, a weekly video segment which airs on KTLA in Los Angeles, California, several other American television stations, and the website Vegas.com. Demski is the backup model for Let's Make a Deal, first appearing during Season 5 of the Wayne Brady-hosted version in 2013 when Tiffany Coyne left early in the season to take maternity leave. She continues as the backup, most recently during Season 11 in 2019, when Coyne was unavailable. In 2014 she appeared on an episode of The Young and the Restless. Additionally, Demski made a few appearances on The Price Is Right. Demski has also had a few roles in film, such as the role of Alicia in The Pit and the Pendulum (2009 film) and that of Reporter #2 in Blue Lagoon: The Awakening. References ^ "Arizona 2004". Turn For the Judges. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2009-02-01. ^ "Danielle Demski Stars as New Host of The Vegas Minute". Vegas.com (press release). Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2009-02-01. ^ "#BigMoneyWeek started today, say hello to the beautiful @Danielle_Demski as she fills in for @tiffanycoyne this week!pic.twitter.com/2NMzGZaupd". Twitter. Let's Make a Deal. 14 October 2013. ^ CBS announcement of Demski's coming role ^ IMDb entry on Demski External links Biography portal Official website Preceded byNafeesa DeFlorias Miss Arizona USA 2004 Succeeded byMariana Loya vteMiss USA 2004 delegates AZ: Danielle Demski KS: Lisa Forbes MO: Shandi Finnessey NE: Guerin Austin NJ: Janaye Ingram NY: Jaclyn Nesheiwat OR: Jennifer Murphy vteArizona pageant winnersMiss Arizona Jacque Mercer (1949) Lynn Freyse (1957) Vonda Kay Van Dyke (1964) Brenda Strong (1980) Laura Lawless (2002) Piper Stoeckel (2012) Miss Arizona USA Jineane Ford (1980) LeeAnne Locken (1989) Heather Keckler (2000) Danielle Demski (2004) Brittany Brannon (2011) Maureen Montagne (2015) Miss Arizona Teen USA Heather Keckler (1992) Danielle Demski (1999) Miss Arizona World Lynda Jean Córdoba Carter (1972)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chandler, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandler,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"Miss Teen USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA"},{"link_name":"Miss USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_USA"}],"text":"Danielle Demski is a television presenter, actress, and beauty queen from Chandler, Arizona, who has competed in the Miss Teen USA and Miss USA pageants.","title":"Danielle Demski"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miss Arizona Teen USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Arizona_Teen_USA"},{"link_name":"Miss Teen USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Teen_USA"},{"link_name":"Shreveport, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shreveport,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Miss Arizona USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Arizona_USA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Miss USA 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_USA_2004"},{"link_name":"Kodak Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodak_Theatre"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Demski won her first pageant title in 1998, when she was crowned Miss Arizona Teen USA 1999. She competed in the Miss Teen USA 1999 pageant held in Shreveport, Louisiana, in August 1999, where she became the third delegate from Arizona to make the semi-finals. Demski was sixth in the interview competition, sixth in swimsuit, and third in evening gown, and entered the top six in fourth place. She retained fourth position following the final question, and was placed third runner-up overall.[citation needed]In 2003 Demski won the Miss Arizona USA 2004 pageant in her first attempt at the title, becoming the third Miss Arizona Teen USA to win the Miss Arizona USA title.[1] She represented Arizona in the Miss USA 2004 pageant broadcast live from the Kodak Theatre in Hollywood, California, on April 11, 2004, and again made the first cut, the first Arizonan to do so since 1998. She competed in the evening gown competition, but did not advance to the top ten.[citation needed]","title":"Beauty pageants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World Series of Poker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Poker"},{"link_name":"the Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rio"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, NV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_NV"},{"link_name":"KTLA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTLA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Let's Make a Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Make_a_Deal"},{"link_name":"Wayne Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Brady"},{"link_name":"Tiffany Coyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiffany_Coyne"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Young and the Restless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Young_and_the_Restless"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"The Price Is Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Price_Is_Right_(American_game_show)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Pit and the Pendulum (2009 film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pit_and_the_Pendulum_(2009_film)"},{"link_name":"Blue Lagoon: The Awakening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Lagoon:_The_Awakening"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Currently, Demski is working for the World Series of Poker held at the Rio in Las Vegas, NV as a correspondent. She has appeared in several short online videos highlighting tournament play as well as various \"featurettes\" concerning the tournament and the players on the tournament's Web Site, World Series of Poker Web Site. Demski is also the host of The Vegas Minute, a weekly video segment which airs on KTLA in Los Angeles, California, several other American television stations, and the website Vegas.com.[2]Demski is the backup model for Let's Make a Deal, first appearing during Season 5 of the Wayne Brady-hosted version in 2013 when Tiffany Coyne left early in the season to take maternity leave.[3] She continues as the backup, most recently during Season 11 in 2019, when Coyne was unavailable. In 2014 she appeared on an episode of The Young and the Restless.[4] Additionally, Demski made a few appearances on The Price Is Right.[citation needed]Demski has also had a few roles in film, such as the role of Alicia in The Pit and the Pendulum (2009 film) and that of Reporter #2 in Blue Lagoon: The Awakening.[5]","title":"TV & Film"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Arizona 2004\". Turn For the Judges. Archived from the original on 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2009-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525001428/http://www.tftj.com/db/preliminary.htm/3/4/2004/29","url_text":"\"Arizona 2004\""},{"url":"http://www.tftj.com/db/preliminary.htm/3/4/2004/29","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Danielle Demski Stars as New Host of The Vegas Minute\". Vegas.com (press release). Archived from the original on 2009-02-09. Retrieved 2009-02-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090209054605/http://www.vegas.com/about/releases/vegasminutehost.html","url_text":"\"Danielle Demski Stars as New Host of The Vegas Minute\""},{"url":"http://www.vegas.com/about/releases/vegasminutehost.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"#BigMoneyWeek started today, say hello to the beautiful @Danielle_Demski as she fills in for @tiffanycoyne this week!pic.twitter.com/2NMzGZaupd\". Twitter. Let's Make a Deal. 14 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/letsmakeadeal/status/389920796052684800","url_text":"\"#BigMoneyWeek started today, say hello to the beautiful @Danielle_Demski as she fills in for @tiffanycoyne this week!pic.twitter.com/2NMzGZaupd\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Danielle+Demski%22","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Demski\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Danielle+Demski%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Danielle+Demski%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Danielle+Demski%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Danielle+Demski%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Danielle+Demski%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.danielledemski.com/web/","external_links_name":"www.danielledemski.com/web/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110525001428/http://www.tftj.com/db/preliminary.htm/3/4/2004/29","external_links_name":"\"Arizona 2004\""},{"Link":"http://www.tftj.com/db/preliminary.htm/3/4/2004/29","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090209054605/http://www.vegas.com/about/releases/vegasminutehost.html","external_links_name":"\"Danielle Demski Stars as New Host of The Vegas Minute\""},{"Link":"http://www.vegas.com/about/releases/vegasminutehost.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/letsmakeadeal/status/389920796052684800","external_links_name":"\"#BigMoneyWeek started today, say hello to the beautiful @Danielle_Demski as she fills in for @tiffanycoyne this week!pic.twitter.com/2NMzGZaupd\""},{"Link":"http://www.soapoperanetwork.com/2014/04/lets-make-a-deals-danielle-demski-heads-to-yr","external_links_name":"CBS announcement of Demski's coming role"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1689651/bio","external_links_name":"IMDb entry on Demski"},{"Link":"http://www.danielle-demski.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_%C3%85berg	Johan Åberg	["1 Musical career","2 Current business","3 References","4 External links"]	Johan ÅbergBirth nameJohan Ludvig ÅbergBorn (1972-04-17) 17 April 1972 (age 52)OriginStockholm, SwedenGenresPop, pop rock, rockOccupation(s)Songwriter, producerYears active1985–presentWebsitewww.abergmusic.seMusical artist Johan Åberg (born 17 April 1972) is a Swedish music producer, songwriter, and manager. In the late 1990s and early 2000s (decade), he wrote and produced several international hit songs with artists like Christina Aguilera ("Come on Over Baby") and Cher ("A Different Kind of Love Song"). Aside from writing and producing music he was also the manager of, among others, Swedish singer/songwriter Ulrik Munther. Ulrik placed third in the Swedish qualifier for the Eurovision Song Contest, Melodifestivalen 2012, with the song "Soldiers" which Åberg co-wrote and co-produced. Musical career Åberg grew up in the northern Stockholm suburb Stocksund and started his musical career as a guitarist in rock bands as a teenager. He attended music high school (gymnasium) at Södra Latin and later studied fine arts at Konstskolan and Konstskolan Basis in Stockholm. Parallel to his education he left his band and started focusing more on songwriting for other artists, and started the production company Eclectic Music with Anders Hansson in 1998. When he was paired up with the songwriter Paul Rein the two co-wrote songs that would become international hits and best-sellers with then largely unknown artists Christina Aguilera and Jessica Simpson. Come On Over Baby became the fourth single from Aguileras self-titled debut album and hit number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Billboard ranked Christina Aguilera at number 23 on the magazine's Top 200 Albums of the Decade and the album has sold over 17 million copies worldwide. They also co-wrote "I've Got My Eyes On You" which was released on Jessica Simpson's debut album Sweet Kisses that peaked at #25 on U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified 2× Platinum in the U.S. In 2002 he co-wrote and co-produced "A Different Kind of Love Song" that was released by Cher on her 2002 album Living Proof. The song reached #1 on Billboards Hot Dance Club Songs, and as of May 2007, the album Living Proof sold 500,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan. In the early 2000s he also co-wrote hit songs recorded by artists such as French girl band L5 and Chinese pop star Wei Wei. Åberg worked as the manager of young Swedish singer/songwriter Ulrik Munther who he discovered in Lilla Melodifestivalen. Under the management of Åberg, Ulrik Munther came in second in Metro Music Challenge 2009, made a well-known cover of Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" and came third in Melodifestivalen 2012 with "Soldiers" which was also co-written and co-produced by Åberg. Current business Åberg is currently running the digital agency A26 Media AB. References ^ "Ask Billboard". Billboard. Retrieved 19 June 2015. External links Abergmusic.se https://www.a26media.com/	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"music producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"songwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talent_manager"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Come on Over Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Come_On_Over_Baby_(All_I_Want_Is_You)"},{"link_name":"Cher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cher"},{"link_name":"A Different Kind of Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Different_Kind_of_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Ulrik Munther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Munther"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Melodifestivalen 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodifestivalen_2012"},{"link_name":"Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers_(Ulrik_Munther_song)"}],"text":"Musical artistJohan Åberg (born 17 April 1972) is a Swedish music producer, songwriter, and manager. In the late 1990s and early 2000s (decade), he wrote and produced several international hit songs with artists like Christina Aguilera (\"Come on Over Baby\") and Cher (\"A Different Kind of Love Song\"). Aside from writing and producing music he was also the manager of, among others, Swedish singer/songwriter Ulrik Munther. Ulrik placed third in the Swedish qualifier for the Eurovision Song Contest, Melodifestivalen 2012, with the song \"Soldiers\" which Åberg co-wrote and co-produced.","title":"Johan Åberg"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Södra Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Latin"},{"link_name":"Anders Hansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anders_Hansson_(songwriter)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paul Rein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Rein"},{"link_name":"self-titled debut album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera_(album)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Jessica Simpson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Simpson"},{"link_name":"Sweet Kisses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_Kisses"},{"link_name":"A Different Kind of Love Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Different_Kind_of_Love_Song"},{"link_name":"Living Proof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_Proof_(Cher_album)"},{"link_name":"Hot Dance Club Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Dance_Club_Songs"},{"link_name":"Nielsen SoundScan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nielsen_SoundScan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"L5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L5_(band)"},{"link_name":"Wei Wei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wei_Wei_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ulrik Munther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrik_Munther"},{"link_name":"Lilla Melodifestivalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilla_Melodifestivalen"},{"link_name":"Lady Gaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Gaga"},{"link_name":"Born This Way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Born_This_Way_(song)"},{"link_name":"Melodifestivalen 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodifestivalen_2012"},{"link_name":"Soldiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldiers_(Ulrik_Munther_song)"}],"text":"Åberg grew up in the northern Stockholm suburb Stocksund and started his musical career as a guitarist in rock bands as a teenager. He attended music high school (gymnasium) at Södra Latin and later studied fine arts at Konstskolan and Konstskolan Basis in Stockholm. Parallel to his education he left his band and started focusing more on songwriting for other artists, and started the production company Eclectic Music with Anders Hansson in 1998.When he was paired up with the songwriter Paul Rein the two co-wrote songs that would become international hits and best-sellers with then largely unknown artists Christina Aguilera and Jessica Simpson. Come On Over Baby became the fourth single from Aguileras self-titled debut album and hit number one on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100. Billboard ranked Christina Aguilera at number 23 on the magazine's Top 200 Albums of the Decade and the album has sold over 17 million copies worldwide. They also co-wrote \"I've Got My Eyes On You\" which was released on Jessica Simpson's debut album Sweet Kisses that peaked at #25 on U.S. Billboard 200 and was certified 2× Platinum in the U.S.In 2002 he co-wrote and co-produced \"A Different Kind of Love Song\" that was released by Cher on her 2002 album Living Proof. The song reached #1 on Billboards Hot Dance Club Songs, and as of May 2007, the album Living Proof sold 500,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.[1] In the early 2000s he also co-wrote hit songs recorded by artists such as French girl band L5 and Chinese pop star Wei Wei.Åberg worked as the manager of young Swedish singer/songwriter Ulrik Munther who he discovered in Lilla Melodifestivalen. Under the management of Åberg, Ulrik Munther came in second in Metro Music Challenge 2009, made a well-known cover of Lady Gaga's \"Born This Way\" and came third in Melodifestivalen 2012 with \"Soldiers\" which was also co-written and co-produced by Åberg.","title":"Musical career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Åberg is currently running the digital agency A26 Media AB.","title":"Current business"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Ask Billboard\". Billboard. Retrieved 19 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1052039/ask-billboard","url_text":"\"Ask Billboard\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.abergmusic.se/","external_links_name":"www.abergmusic.se"},{"Link":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/1052039/ask-billboard","external_links_name":"\"Ask Billboard\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130517230820/http://abergmusic.se/","external_links_name":"Abergmusic.se"},{"Link":"https://www.a26media.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.a26media.com/"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuku%C5%82owo	Kukułowo	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 53°55′7″N 14°42′3″E / 53.91861°N 14.70083°E / 53.91861; 14.70083Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandKukułowoVillageKukułowoCoordinates: 53°55′7″N 14°42′3″E / 53.91861°N 14.70083°E / 53.91861; 14.70083Country PolandVoivodeshipWest PomeranianCountyKamieńGminaKamień Pomorski Kukułowo (German: Kucklow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamień Pomorski, within Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland. It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Kamień Pomorski and 57 km (35 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin. For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina Kamień PomorskiTown and seat Kamień Pomorski Villages Benice Borucin Buniewice Buszęcin Chrząstowo Chrząszczewko Chrząszczewo Ducino Dusin Ganiec Giżkowo Górki Grabowo Grębowo Jarszewo Jarzysław Kukułowo Miłachowo Mokrawica Płastkowo Połchowo Radawka Rarwino Rekowo Rozwarowo Rzewnowo Sibin Skarchowo Śniatowo Stawno Strzeżewko Strzeżewo Świniec Szumiąca Trzebieszewo Wrzosowo Żółcino This Kamień County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[kukuˈwɔvɔ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Kamień Pomorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Kamie%C5%84_Pomorski"},{"link_name":"Kamień County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie%C5%84_County"},{"link_name":"West Pomeranian Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Pomeranian_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Kamień Pomorski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamie%C5%84_Pomorski"},{"link_name":"Szczecin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szczecin"},{"link_name":"History of Pomerania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Pomerania"}],"text":"Village in West Pomeranian Voivodeship, PolandKukułowo [kukuˈwɔvɔ] (German: Kucklow) is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Kamień Pomorski, within Kamień County, West Pomeranian Voivodeship, in north-western Poland.[1] It lies approximately 8 kilometres (5 mi) south-west of Kamień Pomorski and 57 km (35 mi) north of the regional capital Szczecin.For the history of the region, see History of Pomerania.","title":"Kukułowo"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuku%C5%82owo&params=53_55_7_N_14_42_3_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"53°55′7″N 14°42′3″E / 53.91861°N 14.70083°E / 53.91861; 14.70083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kuku%C5%82owo&params=53_55_7_N_14_42_3_E_region:PL_type:city","external_links_name":"53°55′7″N 14°42′3″E / 53.91861°N 14.70083°E / 53.91861; 14.70083"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kuku%C5%82owo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spadix_(botany)	Spadix (botany)	["1 Gallery","2 References","3 Further reading"]	Type of inflorescence 1. Leaves and Inflorescence of the Arum maculatum, 2. Underground root-stock, 3. Lower part of spathe cut open, 4. Spike of fruits- showing in succession (from below) female flowers, male flowers, and sterile flowers forming a ring of hairs borne on the spadix. Diagram of spadix In botany, a spadix (/ˈspeɪdɪks/ SPAY-diks; pl.: spadices /ˈspeɪdɪsiːz/ SPAY-dih-seez, /speɪˈdaɪsiːz/ spay-DY-seez) is a type of inflorescence having small flowers borne on a fleshy stem. Spadices are typical of the family Araceae, the arums or aroids. The spadix is typically surrounded by a leaf-like curved bract known as a spathe. For example, the "flower" of the well known Anthurium spp. is a typical spadix with a large colorful spathe. In this type of inflorescence, peduncle is thick, long and fleshy, having small sessile unisexual flowers covered with one or more large green or colourful bracts (spathe). Spadix inflorescence is found in colocasia, aroids, maize and palms (palms have compound spadix). Monoecious aroids have unisexual male and female flowers on the same individual and the spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers towards the top. Typically, the stigmas are no longer receptive when pollen is released which prevents self-fertilization. In the compound spadix inflorescence, the axis is branched. Usually the whole inflorescence is covered by a stiff boat-shaped hood, for example the coconut (palms). Gallery Elephant ear or ape flower (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) with a white spadix partially surrounded by a green-, rose-, and cream-colored spathe Anthurium scherzerianum inflorescence with spathe and spadix Spadix of Spathiphyllum floribundum Titan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) spadix at the United States Botanic Garden Flamingo Lily (Anthurium andraeanum) at the United States Botanic Garden Jack in the Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania) Calla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Funchal, Madeira Spadix of Spathiphyllum in Brazil Spadix of Typha latifolia Spadix of Zantedeschia elliottiana cultivar showing male flowers above with pollen and female below Peace lily (Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum) clearly showing the characteristic spadix and spathe of the genus Spadix of ZZ plant (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) with curled back spathe References ^ spadix. CollinsDictionary.com. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved October 18, 2012. Further reading Sonderman, Barbara (September 12, 2013). "What is a 'Spathe & Spadix', you ask? Might I find one in the Tucker Greenhouse?". Tucker Greenhouse, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri. Ito-Inaba, Yasuko; Sato, Mayuko; Masuko, Hiromi; Hida, Yamato; Toyooka, Kiminori; Watanabe, Masao; Inaba, Takehito (2009). "Developmental changes and organelle biogenesis in the reproductive organs of thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (13): 3909–3922. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp226. PMC 2736897. PMID 19640927.	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diagram_of_Arum_Maculatum.png"},{"link_name":"Arum maculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arum_maculatum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Inflorescences_Spadix_Kwiatostan_Kolba.svg"},{"link_name":"botany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botany"},{"link_name":"/ˈspeɪdɪks/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SPAY-diks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"/ˈspeɪdɪsiːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SPAY-dih-seez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"/speɪˈdaɪsiːz/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"spay-DY-seez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower"},{"link_name":"Araceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araceae"},{"link_name":"bract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"spathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathe"},{"link_name":"Anthurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthurium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peduncle_(botany)"},{"link_name":"unisexual flowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unisexual_flowers"},{"link_name":"bracts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bract"},{"link_name":"colocasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colocasia"},{"link_name":"aroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araceae"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae"},{"link_name":"Monoecious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant_sexuality"},{"link_name":"aroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aroid"},{"link_name":"stigmas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigma_(botany)"},{"link_name":"fertilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fertilization"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"}],"text":"1. Leaves and Inflorescence of the Arum maculatum, 2. Underground root-stock, 3. Lower part of spathe cut open, 4. Spike of fruits- showing in succession (from below) female flowers, male flowers, and sterile flowers forming a ring of hairs borne on the spadix.Diagram of spadixIn botany, a spadix (/ˈspeɪdɪks/ SPAY-diks; pl.: spadices /ˈspeɪdɪsiːz/ SPAY-dih-seez, /speɪˈdaɪsiːz/ spay-DY-seez) is a type of inflorescence having small flowers borne on a fleshy stem. Spadices are typical of the family Araceae, the arums or aroids. The spadix is typically surrounded by a leaf-like curved bract known as a spathe. For example, the \"flower\" of the well known Anthurium spp. is a typical spadix with a large colorful spathe.[1]In this type of inflorescence, peduncle is thick, long and fleshy, having small sessile unisexual flowers covered with one or more large green or colourful bracts (spathe). Spadix inflorescence is found in colocasia, aroids, maize and palms (palms have compound spadix).Monoecious aroids have unisexual male and female flowers on the same individual and the spadix is usually organized with female flowers towards the bottom and male flowers towards the top. Typically, the stigmas are no longer receptive when pollen is released which prevents self-fertilization.In the compound spadix inflorescence, the axis is branched. Usually the whole inflorescence is covered by a stiff boat-shaped hood, for example the coconut (palms).","title":"Spadix (botany)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arum_flower.jpg"},{"link_name":"Xanthosoma sagittifolium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xanthosoma_sagittifolium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthurium_scherzerianum_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Anthurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthurium"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"spathe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spathiphyllum_floribundum1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spathiphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathiphyllum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Titan-arum1web.jpg"},{"link_name":"Titan arum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amorphophallus_titanum"},{"link_name":"United States Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flamingo_Flower.JPG"},{"link_name":"Anthurium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthurium"},{"link_name":"United States Botanic Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Botanic_Garden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jack_in_the_pupit.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arisaema triphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arisaema_triphyllum"},{"link_name":"Allegheny National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allegheny_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Funchal_-_Zantedeschia_aethiopica_IMG_1904.JPG"},{"link_name":"Zantedeschia aethiopica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zantedeschia_aethiopica"},{"link_name":"Funchal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funchal"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spadix_of_Spathiphyllum_wallisii.JPG"},{"link_name":"Spathiphyllum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathiphyllum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Typha_latifolia_nf.jpg"},{"link_name":"Typha latifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Typha_latifolia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zantedeschia_Spadix.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zantedeschia elliottiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zantedeschia_elliottiana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Spathiphyllum_cochlearispathum_RTBG.jpg"},{"link_name":"Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spathiphyllum_cochlearispathum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Solitary_flower_of_ZZ_Plant_(Zamioculcas_zamiifolia).jpg"},{"link_name":"Zamioculcas zamiifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zamioculcas_zamiifolia"}],"text":"Elephant ear or ape flower (Xanthosoma sagittifolium) with a white spadix partially surrounded by a green-, rose-, and cream-colored spathe\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnthurium scherzerianum inflorescence with spathe and spadix\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpadix of Spathiphyllum floribundum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tTitan arum (Amorphophallus titanum) spadix at the United States Botanic Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlamingo Lily (Anthurium andraeanum) at the United States Botanic Garden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJack in the Pulpit (Arisaema triphyllum) in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCalla lily (Zantedeschia aethiopica) in Funchal, Madeira\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpadix of Spathiphyllum in Brazil\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpadix of Typha latifolia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpadix of Zantedeschia elliottiana cultivar showing male flowers above with pollen and female below\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPeace lily (Spathiphyllum cochlearispathum) clearly showing the characteristic spadix and spathe of the genus\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSpadix of ZZ plant (Zamioculcas zamiifolia) with curled back spathe","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"What is a 'Spathe & Spadix', you ask? Might I find one in the Tucker Greenhouse?\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tuckergreenhouse.missouri.edu/what-is-a-spathe-spadix-you-ask-might-i-find-one-in-the-tucker-greenhouse/"},{"link_name":"\"Developmental changes and organelle biogenesis in the reproductive organs of thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736897"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1093/jxb/erp226","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp226"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2736897","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736897"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"19640927","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19640927"}],"text":"Sonderman, Barbara (September 12, 2013). \"What is a 'Spathe & Spadix', you ask? Might I find one in the Tucker Greenhouse?\". Tucker Greenhouse, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri.\nIto-Inaba, Yasuko; Sato, Mayuko; Masuko, Hiromi; Hida, Yamato; Toyooka, Kiminori; Watanabe, Masao; Inaba, Takehito (2009). \"Developmental changes and organelle biogenesis in the reproductive organs of thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)\". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (13): 3909–3922. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp226. PMC 2736897. PMID 19640927.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"1. Leaves and Inflorescence of the Arum maculatum, 2. Underground root-stock, 3. Lower part of spathe cut open, 4. Spike of fruits- showing in succession (from below) female flowers, male flowers, and sterile flowers forming a ring of hairs borne on the spadix.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Diagram_of_Arum_Maculatum.png/300px-Diagram_of_Arum_Maculatum.png"},{"image_text":"Diagram of spadix","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Inflorescences_Spadix_Kwiatostan_Kolba.svg/100px-Inflorescences_Spadix_Kwiatostan_Kolba.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Sonderman, Barbara (September 12, 2013). \"What is a 'Spathe & Spadix', you ask? Might I find one in the Tucker Greenhouse?\". Tucker Greenhouse, Division of Biological Sciences, University of Missouri.","urls":[{"url":"https://tuckergreenhouse.missouri.edu/what-is-a-spathe-spadix-you-ask-might-i-find-one-in-the-tucker-greenhouse/","url_text":"\"What is a 'Spathe & Spadix', you ask? Might I find one in the Tucker Greenhouse?\""}]},{"reference":"Ito-Inaba, Yasuko; Sato, Mayuko; Masuko, Hiromi; Hida, Yamato; Toyooka, Kiminori; Watanabe, Masao; Inaba, Takehito (2009). \"Developmental changes and organelle biogenesis in the reproductive organs of thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)\". Journal of Experimental Botany. 60 (13): 3909–3922. doi:10.1093/jxb/erp226. PMC 2736897. PMID 19640927.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736897","url_text":"\"Developmental changes and organelle biogenesis in the reproductive organs of thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp226","url_text":"10.1093/jxb/erp226"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736897","url_text":"2736897"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19640927","url_text":"19640927"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/spadix","external_links_name":"spadix"},{"Link":"https://tuckergreenhouse.missouri.edu/what-is-a-spathe-spadix-you-ask-might-i-find-one-in-the-tucker-greenhouse/","external_links_name":"\"What is a 'Spathe & Spadix', you ask? Might I find one in the Tucker Greenhouse?\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736897","external_links_name":"\"Developmental changes and organelle biogenesis in the reproductive organs of thermogenic skunk cabbage (Symplocarpus renifolius)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjxb%2Ferp226","external_links_name":"10.1093/jxb/erp226"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2736897","external_links_name":"2736897"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19640927","external_links_name":"19640927"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta_Agreement	Caserta Agreement	["1 References"]	1944 agreement between the Greek exiled government, British Command, EAM/ELAS, and EDES This article is about an agreement between the Greek government and resistance during World War II. For the agreement for the surrender of Axis forces in Italy, see Surrender of Caserta. Caserta AgreementLocationCaserta, ItalySignatoriesGreek government-in-exile, EAM, EDES The Caserta Agreement was signed on 26 September 1944, between the Greek exiled government (under Georgios Papandreou), the British Command in the Middle East, EAM/ELAS and EDES in Caserta, Italy. The agreement provided that all the resistance forces that were operating until then in Greece would be under the leadership of the Greek government, which would then be under the control of General Scobie. The Caserta Agreement was achieved despite intense concerns on the part of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and extreme right-wing circles. The concern in the ELAS classes during the Caserta Agreement was intense. As soon as Aris Velouchiotis, the head of ELAS, was informed of it, he convened a concentration of ELAS commanders in Lamia where he proposed the violent seizure of power. However, the majority of the rebels were reluctant to risk this, as they would find themselves against the Allies, and the attempt to create another unclear regime would be rather inappropriate. What was exactly discussed in the Caserta Agreement is not known. However, the EAM leadership had decided to change policy and with Soviet pressure became more conciliatory. In total contradiction to the previous conditions which EAM had demanded under the control of the new Greek government, and participate in the government of National Unity abandoning its previous demands for specific ministries. The government was formed on 15 August 1944 with the participation of six members from EAM. In the following weeks, with the gradual withdrawal of the German occupying forces from Greece, there was a widespread alarm, both in the Papandreou government and on the British side, at the dominant role of ELAS in the liberated areas. Despite the attempts to avoid civil war, the Battle of Athens broke out in December 1944, pitting ELAS against the troops of the government, the police, the former Security Battalions, and the ever-growing British military presence in the country. References ^ "Mr Eden defends action in Greece". The Glasgow Herald. 21 December 1944. Retrieved 17 December 2019. ^ "Hellenic Foreign Policy (1936-1944)". vteGreece during World War II1940–1941 Balkans CampaignGreco-Italian War(1940–1941)Battles Pindus Elaia–Kalamas Korytsa/Korcë Saranda Morava–Ivan Himara Klisura Pass Trebeshina Italian spring offensive Hill 731 Leaders Greece Ioannis Metaxas Alexandros Papagos Charalambos Katsimitros Konstantinos Davakis Markos Drakos and Ioannis Pitsikas Dimitrios Papadopoulos Georgios Kosmas Italy Benito Mussolini Galeazzo Ciano Sebastiano Visconti Prasca Ubaldo Soddu Ugo Cavallero Carlo Geloso Units Greece 8th Infantry Division Epirus Army Section Western Macedonia Army Section Italy 9th Army 11th Army German invasion(April–May 1941)Battles Operation Lustre Metaxas Line Vevi Kleisoura Pass Thermopylae Crete Leaders Greece King George II Alexandros Papagos Konstantinos Bakopoulos Georgios Tsolakoglou British Commonwealth Henry Maitland Wilson Thomas Blamey Bernard Freyberg Germany Wilhelm List Sepp Dietrich Kurt Student Units Greece Eastern Macedonia Army Section Central Macedonia Army Section Epirus Army Section British Commonwealth 1st Armoured Brigade 2nd New Zealand Division 6th Australian Division Germany XVIII Army Corps XXXX Panzer Corps Luftflotte 4 1st Parachute Division 5th Mountain Division Occupation and collaborationOccupyingpowersLeaders andcommands Germany Günther Altenburg Hermann Neubacher Walter Schimana Alexander Löhr Army Group E Hellmuth Felmy LXVIII Army Corps Hubert Lanz XXII Mountain Corps Alexander Andrae, Bruno Bräuer and Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller Fortress Crete Max Merten Italy Angelico Carta Pellegrino Ghigi Piero Parini Carlo Geloso and Carlo Vecchiarelli 11th Army III Army Corps VIII Army Corps XXVI Corps Bulgaria Ivan Markov Trifon Trifonov Asen Sirakov Atrocities Kondomari Kandanos Alikianos Doxato Kommeno Kalavryta Lingiades Distomo Domenikon Drakeia Cephalonia (Acqui Division) Mesovouno Pyrgoi Vorizia Viannos Kallikratis and Kali Sykia Anogeia Kedros Kleisoura Haidari concentration camp Larissa concentration camp 200 of Kaisariani Chortiatis Economicexploitation Greek economy, 1941–1944 Great Famine GWRA DEGRIGES Compulsory loan Occupation Reichsmark The Holocaust Bulgarian-occupied Greece Thessaloniki Zvi Koretz Jewish cemetery of Salonica Baron Hirsch ghetto Expropriation of property Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos CollaborationistgovernmentPeople Georgios Tsolakoglou K. Logothetopoulos Ioannis Rallis Georgios Poulos Friedrich Schubert Nikolaos Bourantas George S. Mercouris Ioannis Plytzanopoulos Sotirios Gotzamanis Organizations Security Battalions Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO) National Union of Greece (EEE) Greek National Socialist Party Secessionists Roman Legion Alcibiades Diamandi Nicolaos Matussis Vassilis Rapotikas Ohrana Andon Kalchev Cham collaboration Këshilla Xhemil Dino Atrocities Paramythia Executions of Kokkinia Resistance and Free GreeceNational LiberationFront (EAM)People Aris Velouchiotis Stefanos Sarafis Andreas Tzimas Georgios Siantos Alexandros Svolos Ilias Tsirimokos Markos Vafeiadis Evripidis Bakirtzis Organizations Communist Party of Greece (KKE) Socialist Party of Greece (SKE) Union of People's Democracy (ELD) Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN) Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) and National Council United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON) National Solidarity (EA) Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA) Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD) Operations Drama uprising Ryka Mikro Chorio Gorgopotamos Bridge Meritsa Fardykambos Porta Sarantaporos Kournovo Tunnel 1943 Athens protest Pinerolo disarmament Steiri Agorelitsa Killing of Franz Krech Atrocities Feneos executions 5/42 Regiment dissolution Meligalas Kilkis Red Terror (Greece) Non-EAM resistancePeople Napoleon Zervas Georgios Kartalis Dimitrios Psarros Komninos Pyromaglou Antonis Fosteridis Kostas Perrikos Ilias Degiannis Vasileios Sachinis Lela Karagianni Konstantinos Ventiris Manolis Paterakis Petrakogiorgis Kimonas Zografakis Organizations National Republican Greek League (EDES) National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA) National and Social Liberation (EKKA) 5/42 Regiment Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO) Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN) Prometheus II Apollo National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ) Hellenic Army (ES) Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI) others... Operations ESPO bombing Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") Agia Kyriaki Milia Skala Paramythias Execution of Josef Salminger Xirovouni Trahili Menina Dodona Atrocities Expulsion of Cham Albanians British Military Mission (SOE)People Eddie Myers Chris Woodhouse Patrick Leigh Fermor Bill Stanley Moss Themis Marinos George Psychoundakis Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz Operations Operation "Albumen" Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") Operation "Animals" Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing") Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe Damasta sabotage Greek government-in-exileGreek governmentin exileEvents/Battles Mareth Line El Alamein Wadi Akarit Dodecanese April 1944 mutiny Rimini Symi Santorini People King George II Emmanouil Tsouderos Sofoklis Venizelos Panagiotis Kanellopoulos Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos Christodoulos Tsigantes Pafsanias Katsotas Greek Armed Forcesin the Middle East 3rd Mountain Brigade Sacred Band Vasilissa Olga Adrias Katsonis Papanikolis 13th Squadron 335th Squadron 336th Squadron Liberation and road to the civil warPrelude to Civil WarEvents National Bands Agreement Plaka agreement Red Terror Lebanon Conference Caserta Agreement Operation "Manna" Percentages agreement Dekemvriana Treaty of Varkiza White Terror People Ronald Scobie Georgios Papandreou Archbishop Damaskinos Georgios Grivas Angelos Evert Nikos Zachariadis CommemorationEvents Ohi Day Museums Athens War Museum Holocaust Museum of Greece Kalavryta Massacre Museum Kalpaki War Museum Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance Thessaloniki War Museum Popular culture Aera! Aera! Aera! Captain Corelli's Mandolin film Ill Met by Moonlight film Ipolochagos Natassa Mediterraneo The 11th Day: Crete 1941 The Guns of Navarone film What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis?	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Surrender of Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Caserta"},{"link_name":"Georgios Papandreou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgios_Papandreou"},{"link_name":"EAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"ELAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"EDES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EDES"},{"link_name":"Caserta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caserta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Glasgow_Herald_-_21_December_1944_-_Mr_Eden_defends_action_in_Greece-1"},{"link_name":"KKE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KKE"},{"link_name":"ELAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"Aris Velouchiotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aris_Velouchiotis"},{"link_name":"ELAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_People%27s_Liberation_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Battle of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dekemvriana"},{"link_name":"Security Battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Security_Battalions"}],"text":"This article is about an agreement between the Greek government and resistance during World War II. For the agreement for the surrender of Axis forces in Italy, see Surrender of Caserta.The Caserta Agreement was signed on 26 September 1944, between the Greek exiled government (under Georgios Papandreou), the British Command in the Middle East, EAM/ELAS and EDES in Caserta, Italy.[1] The agreement provided that all the resistance forces that were operating until then in Greece would be under the leadership of the Greek government, which would then be under the control of General Scobie.The Caserta Agreement was achieved despite intense concerns on the part of the Communist Party of Greece (KKE) and extreme right-wing circles. The concern in the ELAS classes during the Caserta Agreement was intense. As soon as Aris Velouchiotis, the head of ELAS, was informed of it, he convened a concentration of ELAS commanders in Lamia where he proposed the violent seizure of power. However, the majority of the rebels were reluctant to risk this, as they would find themselves against the Allies, and the attempt to create another unclear regime would be rather inappropriate.What was exactly discussed in the Caserta Agreement is not known. However, the EAM leadership had decided to change policy and with Soviet pressure became more conciliatory. In total contradiction to the previous conditions which EAM had demanded under the control of the new Greek government, and participate in the government of National Unity abandoning its previous demands for specific ministries. The government was formed on 15 August 1944 with the participation of six members from EAM. In the following weeks, with the gradual withdrawal of the German occupying forces from Greece, there was a widespread alarm, both in the Papandreou government and on the British side, at the dominant role of ELAS in the liberated areas.[2]Despite the attempts to avoid civil war, the Battle of Athens broke out in December 1944, pitting ELAS against the troops of the government, the police, the former Security Battalions, and the ever-growing British military presence in the country.","title":"Caserta Agreement"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Mr Eden defends action in Greece\". The Glasgow Herald. 21 December 1944. Retrieved 17 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19441221&id=dD5AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=alkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4257,4325413","url_text":"\"Mr Eden defends action in Greece\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Glasgow_Herald","url_text":"The Glasgow Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"Hellenic Foreign Policy (1936-1944)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ime.gr/projects/cooperations/f_policy36_45/en/text/533.html","url_text":"\"Hellenic Foreign Policy (1936-1944)\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=2507&dat=19441221&id=dD5AAAAAIBAJ&sjid=alkMAAAAIBAJ&pg=4257,4325413","external_links_name":"\"Mr Eden defends action in Greece\""},{"Link":"http://www.ime.gr/projects/cooperations/f_policy36_45/en/text/533.html","external_links_name":"\"Hellenic Foreign Policy (1936-1944)\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkland_Municipality	Orkland	["1 General information","1.1 Name","1.2 Coat of arms","1.3 Churches","2 Government","2.1 Municipal council","2.2 Mayors","3 Notable people","4 References"]	Coordinates: 63°18′24″N 9°51′01″E / 63.3067°N 09.8502°E / 63.3067; 09.8502Municipality in Trøndelag, Norway For the municipality of Orkland, Norway that existed from 1920 until 1963, see Orkland (former municipality). Municipality in Trøndelag, NorwayOrkland Municipality Orkland kommuneMunicipalityView of the town of Orkanger Coat of armsTrøndelag within NorwayOrkland within TrøndelagCoordinates: 63°18′24″N 9°51′01″E / 63.3067°N 09.8502°E / 63.3067; 09.8502CountryNorwayCountyTrøndelagDistrictOrkdalenEstablished1 Jan 2020 • Preceded byAgdenes, Orkdal, Meldal, and most of SnillfjordAdministrative centreOrkangerGovernment • Mayor (2023)Hanne Nyhus (Ap)Area • Total1,906.28 km2 (736.02 sq mi) • Land1,817.77 km2 (701.84 sq mi) • Water88.51 km2 (34.17 sq mi) 4.6% • Rank#42 in NorwayPopulation (2023) • Total18,690 • Rank#71 in Norway • Density10.3/km2 (27/sq mi) • Change (10 years) +6.8%DemonymOrklendingOfficial language • Norwegian formNeutralTime zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)ISO 3166 codeNO-5059WebsiteOfficial websiteData from Statistics Norway Orkland is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Orkdalen. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Orkanger. Other notable population centres in the municipality include Krokstadøra, Selbekken, Ingdalen, Lensvik, Vassbygda, Vernes, Leksa, Kjøra, Geitastrand, Gjølme, Thamshavn, Fannrem, Vormstad, Svorkmo, Hoston, village of Meldal, Løkken Verk, Bjørnli, Å, and Storås. The 1,906-square-kilometre (736 sq mi) municipality is the 42nd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Orkland is the 71st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 18,690. The municipality's population density is 10.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (27/sq mi) and its population has increased by 6.8% over the previous 10-year period. General information The municipality of Orkland was established on 1 January 2020 after the merger of the old municipalities of Agdenes, Orkdal, Meldal, and most of Snillfjord. Name The name of the municipality comes from the name of the local river Orkla and the Orkladalen valley in which the river runs. There was another municipality of Orkland that existed from 1920 until 1963, and its area will be part of the new (much larger) municipality. Coat of arms The coat of arms for the municipality was approved in 2019. It is somewhat of a combination of the old arms for Meldal and Orkdal. The arms are divided horizontally by a wavy line with green above and silver below representing agriculture and forestry (green) and the sea and water (silver). In the centre of the arms there is a gear which represents the industry of the community. The colors of the gear are inverted from the background. Churches The Church of Norway had eight parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Orkland. It is part of the Orkdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros. Churches in Orkland Parish (sokn) Church Name Location of the Church Year Built Agdenes Agdenes Church Vernes 1857 Lensvik Church Lensvik 1863 Ingdal Chapel Ingdalen 1960 Geitastrand Geitastrand Church Geitastrand 1859 Løkken Løkken Church Bjørnli 1929 Meldal Meldal Church Meldal 1988 Orkanger Orkanger Church Orkanger 1892 Orkdal Orkdal Church Fannrem 1893 Søvasskjølen Church Svorksjødalen 1981 Orkland Moe Church Vormstad 1867 Snillfjord Snillfjord Church Krokstadøra 1898 Government Orkland Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council. The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Trøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal. Municipal council The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Orkland is made up of 43 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party. Orkland kommunestyre 2023–2027 Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 12 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 3 Conservative Party (Høyre) 4 Industry and Business Party (Industri‑ og Næringspartiet) 2 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 4 Red Party (Rødt) 1 Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 8 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2 Liberal Party (Venstre) 2 Small Town List Orkland (Småbylista Orkland)4 Total number of members:43 Orkland kommunestyre 2020–2023 Party name (in Norwegian) Number ofrepresentatives Labour Party (Arbeiderpartiet) 17 Progress Party (Fremskrittspartiet) 2 Green Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne) 1 Conservative Party (Høyre) 4 Christian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti) 1 Pensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet) 3 Red Party (Rødt) 1 Centre Party (Senterpartiet) 16 Socialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti) 2 Liberal Party (Venstre) 1 Small Town List Orkland (Småbylista Orkland)3 Total number of members:51 Mayors The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Orkland: 2020-2023: Oddbjørn Bang (Sp) 2023-present: Hanne Nyhus (Ap) Notable people Håkon Hoff (1898 in Orkanger – 1976), a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician Peter Deinboll DSO, MC (1915–1944), a Norwegian engineer and resistance member during WWII who grew up in Orkanger Synnøve Gleditsch (1908–1980), an actress from Agdenes Kurt Mosbakk (born 1934), a Norwegian politician who went to school in Orkanger References ^ "Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet. ^ "Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no. ^ Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). "Kommunenummer". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. ^ Leth-Olsen, Lina (27 October 2016). "Dette blir en del av nye Orkland". Adresseavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)" (in Norwegian). ^ Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). "09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)" (in Norwegian). ^ "Endringer i kommunestrukturen" (in Norwegian). Stortinget. Retrieved 4 February 2018. ^ "Kommunevåpen - heraldikk" (in Norwegian). Nye Orkland kommune. Retrieved 30 December 2019. ^ Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). "kommunestyre". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 October 2022. ^ "Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Trøndelag Trööndelage". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 6 January 2024. ^ "Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Trøndelag". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 20 October 2019. ^ "Orkland har fått ny ordfører". NRK (in Norwegian). 12 September 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024. vteTrøndelag county, Norway Main article: Trøndelag Capital: Steinkjer County government: Trøndelag County Municipality County lists: County Governors Villages Churches Towns and cities Trondheim (997) Røros (1683) Namsos (1845) Steinkjer (1857) Levanger (1836-1961, 1997) Stjørdalshalsen (1997) Verdalsøra (1998) Kolvereid (2002) Brekstad (2005) Orkanger (2014) Rørvik (2020) MunicipalitiesNamdalen Flatanger Grong Høylandet Leka Lierne Namsos Namsskogan Nærøysund Overhalla Røyrvik Innherred Frosta Inderøy Levanger Snåsa Steinkjer Verdal Fosen Frøya Heim Hitra Indre Fosen Osen Ørland Åfjord Gauldalen/Trondheim Holtålen Malvik Melhus Midtre Gauldal Røros Trondheim Orkdalen Oppdal Orkland Rennebu Rindal Skaun Stjørdalen/Neadalen Meråker Selbu Stjørdal Tydal Former Municipalities in TrøndelagTrøndelag Agdenes (1896-2020) Bjugn (1853-2020) Fosnes (1838-2020) Hemne (1838-2020) Klæbu (1838-2020) Meldal (1838-2020) Namdalseid (1838-2020) Nærøy (1838-2020) Orkdal (1838-2020) Roan (1892-2020) Snillfjord (1924-2020) Verran (1901-2020) Vikna (1869-2020) Nord-Trøndelag Beitstad (1838-1964) Egge (1869-1964) Foldereid (1886-1964) Frol (1856-1962) Gravvik (1909-1964) Harran (1823-1964) Hegra (1874-1962) Klinga (1891-1964) Kolvereid (1838-1964) Kvam (1909-1964) Leksvik (1838-2018) Lånke (1902-1962) Malm (1913-1964) Mosvik og Verran (1867-1901) Mosvik (1901-2012) Nedre Stjørdal (1850-1902) Nordli (1915-1964) Ogndal (1885-1964) Otterøy (1913-1964) Røra (1907-1962) Sandvollan (1907-1962) Skatval (1902-1962) Skogn (1838-1962) Sparbu (1838-1964) Stjørdalen (1838-1850) Stod (1838-1964) Sørli (1915-1964) Vemundvik (1838-1964) Ytterøy (1838-1964) Øvre Stjørdal (1850-1874) Åsen (1838-1962) Sør-Trøndelag Bjørnør (1838-1892) Brekken (1926-1964) Budal (1879-1964) Buvik (1855-1965) Byneset (1838-1964) Børsa (1838-1965) Fillan (1886-1964) Flå (1880-1964) Geitastrand (1905-1963) Glåmos (1926-1964) Haltdalen (1838-1972) Heim (1911-1964) Horg (1841-1964) Hølonda (1865-1964) Jøssund (1896-1964) Kvenvær (1913-1964) Leinstrand (1838-1964) Lensvik (1905-1964) Nes (1899-1964) Nord-Frøya (1906-1964) Orkanger (1920-1963) Orkland (1920-1963) Rissa (1860-2018) Røros landsogn (1926-1964) Sandstad (1914-1964) Singsås (1841-1964) Soknedal (1841-1964) Stadsbygd (1838-1964) Stjørna (1899-1964) Stoksund (1892-1964) Strinda (1838-1964) Støren (1838-1964) Sør-Frøya (1906-1964) Tiller (1899-1964) Vinje (1924-1964) Ålen (1855-1972) Note: The former counties of Nord-Trøndelag and Sør-Trøndelag were merged to form Trøndelag on 1 January 2018.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orkland (former municipality)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkland_(former_municipality)"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"traditional district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_districts_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Orkdalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkdalen"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Orkanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkanger"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Krokstadøra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krokstad%C3%B8ra"},{"link_name":"Selbekken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selbekken"},{"link_name":"Ingdalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingdalen"},{"link_name":"Lensvik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lensvik"},{"link_name":"Vassbygda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vassbygda,_Agdenes"},{"link_name":"Vernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernes,_Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Leksa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksa"},{"link_name":"Kjøra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kj%C3%B8ra"},{"link_name":"Geitastrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geitastrand"},{"link_name":"Gjølme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gj%C3%B8lme"},{"link_name":"Thamshavn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamshavn"},{"link_name":"Fannrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannrem"},{"link_name":"Vormstad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vormstad"},{"link_name":"Svorkmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svorkmo"},{"link_name":"Hoston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoston,_Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"village of Meldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldal_(village)"},{"link_name":"Løkken Verk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B8kken_Verk"},{"link_name":"Bjørnli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bj%C3%B8rnli"},{"link_name":"Å","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85,_Meldal"},{"link_name":"Storås","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stor%C3%A5s"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssb_pop-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssb_area-6"}],"text":"Municipality in Trøndelag, NorwayFor the municipality of Orkland, Norway that existed from 1920 until 1963, see Orkland (former municipality).Municipality in Trøndelag, NorwayOrkland is a municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. It is located in the traditional district of Orkdalen. The administrative centre of the municipality is the town of Orkanger.[4] Other notable population centres in the municipality include Krokstadøra, Selbekken, Ingdalen, Lensvik, Vassbygda, Vernes, Leksa, Kjøra, Geitastrand, Gjølme, Thamshavn, Fannrem, Vormstad, Svorkmo, Hoston, village of Meldal, Løkken Verk, Bjørnli, Å, and Storås.The 1,906-square-kilometre (736 sq mi) municipality is the 42nd largest by area out of the 356 municipalities in Norway. Orkland is the 71st most populous municipality in Norway with a population of 18,690. The municipality's population density is 10.3 inhabitants per square kilometre (27/sq mi) and its population has increased by 6.8% over the previous 10-year period.[5][6]","title":"Orkland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agdenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdenes"},{"link_name":"Orkdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkdal"},{"link_name":"Meldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldal"},{"link_name":"Snillfjord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snillfjord"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The municipality of Orkland was established on 1 January 2020 after the merger of the old municipalities of Agdenes, Orkdal, Meldal, and most of Snillfjord.[7]","title":"General information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orkla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkla_(river)"},{"link_name":"Orkladalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkladalen"},{"link_name":"Orkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkland_(former_municipality)"}],"sub_title":"Name","text":"The name of the municipality comes from the name of the local river Orkla and the Orkladalen valley in which the river runs. There was another municipality of Orkland that existed from 1920 until 1963, and its area will be part of the new (much larger) municipality.","title":"General information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms"},{"link_name":"Meldal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldal"},{"link_name":"Orkdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkdal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Coat of arms","text":"The coat of arms for the municipality was approved in 2019. It is somewhat of a combination of the old arms for Meldal and Orkdal. The arms are divided horizontally by a wavy line with green above and silver below representing agriculture and forestry (green) and the sea and water (silver). In the centre of the arms there is a gear which represents the industry of the community. The colors of the gear are inverted from the background.[8]","title":"General information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Orkdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nidaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Nidaros"}],"sub_title":"Churches","text":"The Church of Norway had eight parishes (sokn) within the municipality of Orkland. It is part of the Orkdal prosti (deanery) in the Diocese of Nidaros.","title":"General information"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"health services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_care"},{"link_name":"senior citizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_age"},{"link_name":"welfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare"},{"link_name":"social services","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_work"},{"link_name":"zoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoning"},{"link_name":"economic development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_development"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road"},{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"directly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_election"},{"link_name":"mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"indirectly elected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indirect_election"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ks-9"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag District Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag_District_Court"},{"link_name":"Frostating Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostating_Court_of_Appeal"}],"text":"Orkland Municipality is responsible for primary education (through 10th grade), outpatient health services, senior citizen services, welfare and other social services, zoning, economic development, and municipal roads and utilities. The municipality is governed by a municipal council of directly elected representatives. The mayor is indirectly elected by a vote of the municipal council.[9] The municipality is under the jurisdiction of the Trøndelag District Court and the Frostating Court of Appeal.","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_council_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_party"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Progress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Industry and Business Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industry_and_Business_Party"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Pensioners' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Red Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Socialist Left Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Small Town List Orkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Progress Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Pensioners' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pensioners%27_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Red Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Centre Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Socialist Left Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Left_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Liberal Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Small Town List Orkland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bygdeliste"}],"sub_title":"Municipal council","text":"The municipal council (Kommunestyre) of Orkland is made up of 43 representatives that are elected to four year terms. The tables below show the current and historical composition of the council by political party.Orkland kommunestyre 2023–2027 [10] \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n12\n \nProgress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)\n3\n \nConservative Party (Høyre)\n4\n \nIndustry and Business Party (Industri‑ og Næringspartiet)\n2\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n1\n \nPensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)\n4\n \nRed Party (Rødt)\n1\n \nCentre Party (Senterpartiet)\n8\n \nSocialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)\n2\n \nLiberal Party (Venstre)\n2 Small Town List Orkland (Småbylista Orkland)4\nTotal number of members:43\n\n\nOrkland kommunestyre 2020–2023 [11] \n\n\nParty name (in Norwegian)\nNumber ofrepresentatives\n\n\n \nLabour Party (Arbeiderpartiet)\n17\n \nProgress Party (Fremskrittspartiet)\n2\n \nGreen Party (Miljøpartiet De Grønne)\n1\n \nConservative Party (Høyre)\n4\n \nChristian Democratic Party (Kristelig Folkeparti)\n1\n \nPensioners' Party (Pensjonistpartiet)\n3\n \nRed Party (Rødt)\n1\n \nCentre Party (Senterpartiet)\n16\n \nSocialist Left Party (Sosialistisk Venstreparti)\n2\n \nLiberal Party (Venstre)\n1 Small Town List Orkland (Småbylista Orkland)3\nTotal number of members:51","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mayors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor#Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Sp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"Ap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Norway)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Mayors","text":"The mayors (Norwegian: ordfører) of Orkland:2020-2023: Oddbjørn Bang (Sp)\n2023-present: Hanne Nyhus (Ap)[12]","title":"Government"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Håkon Hoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A5kon_Hoff"},{"link_name":"Peter Deinboll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Deinboll"},{"link_name":"DSO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Order"},{"link_name":"MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Cross"},{"link_name":"resistance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"Synnøve Gleditsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synn%C3%B8ve_Gleditsch"},{"link_name":"Agdenes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agdenes"},{"link_name":"Kurt Mosbakk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Mosbakk"}],"text":"Håkon Hoff (1898 in Orkanger – 1976), a Norwegian newspaper editor and politician\nPeter Deinboll DSO, MC (1915–1944), a Norwegian engineer and resistance member during WWII who grew up in Orkanger\nSynnøve Gleditsch (1908–1980), an actress from Agdenes\nKurt Mosbakk (born 1934), a Norwegian politician who went to school in Orkanger","title":"Notable people"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\" (in Norwegian). Språkrådet.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/navn-pa-steder-og-personer/Innbyggjarnamn/","url_text":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar\" (in Norwegian). Lovdata.no.","urls":[{"url":"https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2019-12-20-2114?q=m%C3%A5lvedtak","url_text":"\"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar\""}]},{"reference":"Bolstad, Erik; Thorsnæs, Geir, eds. (26 January 2023). \"Kommunenummer\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/kommunenummer","url_text":"\"Kommunenummer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"Leth-Olsen, Lina (27 October 2016). \"Dette blir en del av nye Orkland\". Adresseavisen (in Norwegian). Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/sortrondelag/2016/10/27/Dette-blir-en-del-av-nye-Orkland-13697727.ece","url_text":"\"Dette blir en del av nye Orkland\""}]},{"reference":"Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). \"Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)\" (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/06913/","url_text":"\"Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)\""}]},{"reference":"Statistisk sentralbyrå (2020). \"09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)\" (in Norwegian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/09280/","url_text":"\"09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Endringer i kommunestrukturen\" (in Norwegian). Stortinget. Retrieved 4 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Vedtak/Sak/?p=67738","url_text":"\"Endringer i kommunestrukturen\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunevåpen - heraldikk\" (in Norwegian). Nye Orkland kommune. Retrieved 30 December 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nyeorkland.no/kommunevaapen.475807.no.html","url_text":"\"Kommunevåpen - heraldikk\""}]},{"reference":"Hansen, Tore; Vabo, Signy Irene, eds. (20 September 2022). \"kommunestyre\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 14 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/kommunestyre","url_text":"\"kommunestyre\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]},{"reference":"\"Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Trøndelag Trööndelage\". Valgdirektoratet. Retrieved 6 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://valgresultat.no/valg/2023/ko/tr%C3%B8ndelag%20tr%C3%B6%C3%B6ndelage/orkland#seats","url_text":"\"Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Trøndelag Trööndelage\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valgdirektoratet","url_text":"Valgdirektoratet"}]},{"reference":"\"Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Trøndelag\". Valg Direktoratet. Retrieved 20 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://valgresultat.no/valg/2019/ko/tr%C3%B8ndelag/orkland#seats","url_text":"\"Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Trøndelag\""}]},{"reference":"\"Orkland har fått ny ordfører\". NRK (in Norwegian). 12 September 2023. Retrieved 7 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nrk.no/trondelag/orkland-har-fatt-ny-ordforer-1.16555175","url_text":"\"Orkland har fått ny ordfører\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRK","url_text":"NRK"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orkland&params=63.3067_N_9.8502_E_region:NO_type:city(18690)","external_links_name":"63°18′24″N 9°51′01″E / 63.3067°N 09.8502°E / 63.3067; 09.8502"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Orkland&params=63.3067_N_9.8502_E_region:NO_type:city(18690)","external_links_name":"63°18′24″N 9°51′01″E / 63.3067°N 09.8502°E / 63.3067; 09.8502"},{"Link":"https://www.orkland.kommune.no/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://ssb.no/kommunefakta/","external_links_name":"Data from Statistics Norway"},{"Link":"https://www.sprakradet.no/sprakhjelp/Skriverad/navn-pa-steder-og-personer/Innbyggjarnamn/","external_links_name":"\"Navn på steder og personer: Innbyggjarnamn\""},{"Link":"https://lovdata.no/dokument/SF/forskrift/2019-12-20-2114?q=m%C3%A5lvedtak","external_links_name":"\"Forskrift om målvedtak i kommunar og fylkeskommunar\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/kommunenummer","external_links_name":"\"Kommunenummer\""},{"Link":"https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/sortrondelag/2016/10/27/Dette-blir-en-del-av-nye-Orkland-13697727.ece","external_links_name":"\"Dette blir en del av nye Orkland\""},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/06913/","external_links_name":"\"Table: 06913: Population 1 January and population changes during the calendar year (M)\""},{"Link":"https://www.ssb.no/en/statbank/table/09280/","external_links_name":"\"09280: Area of land and fresh water (km²) (M)\""},{"Link":"https://www.stortinget.no/no/Saker-og-publikasjoner/Vedtak/Vedtak/Sak/?p=67738","external_links_name":"\"Endringer i kommunestrukturen\""},{"Link":"https://www.nyeorkland.no/kommunevaapen.475807.no.html","external_links_name":"\"Kommunevåpen - heraldikk\""},{"Link":"https://snl.no/kommunestyre","external_links_name":"\"kommunestyre\""},{"Link":"https://valgresultat.no/valg/2023/ko/tr%C3%B8ndelag%20tr%C3%B6%C3%B6ndelage/orkland#seats","external_links_name":"\"Kommunestyrevalg 2023 - Trøndelag Trööndelage\""},{"Link":"https://valgresultat.no/valg/2019/ko/tr%C3%B8ndelag/orkland#seats","external_links_name":"\"Tall for Norge: Kommunestyrevalg 2019 - Trøndelag\""},{"Link":"https://www.nrk.no/trondelag/orkland-har-fatt-ny-ordforer-1.16555175","external_links_name":"\"Orkland har fått ny ordfører\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syberia_II	Syberia II	["1 Gameplay","2 Plot","3 Development","4 Reception","4.1 Sales","4.2 Reviews and awards","5 Legacy","6 References","7 External links"]	This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (September 2013) 2004 video gameSyberia IIDeveloper(s)Microïds CanadaPublisher(s)NA: XS Games (PC, Xbox)EU: MC2-MicroïdsDirector(s)Benoît SokalDesigner(s)Stéphane BlaisProgrammer(s)Rémi VeilleuxArtist(s)Benoît SokalNicolas CantinWriter(s)Benoît SokalComposer(s)Inon ZurSeriesSyberiaEngineVirtools Engine 3.0Platform(s)Microsoft Windows, OS X, PlayStation 2, Xbox, Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, Nintendo Switch, iOS, Android, Windows MobileRelease 30 March 2004 Microsoft WindowsNA: 30 March 2004EU: 28 May 2004XboxNA: 12 October 2004EU: 26 November 2004PlayStation 2EU: 26 November 2004Windows MobileNA: 20 April 2007AndroidWW: 26 March 2015PlayStation 3PAL: 1 April 2015NA: 5 May 2015Xbox 360WW: 13 May 2015OS XWW: 17 August 2015iOSWW: 15 October 2015Nintendo SwitchWW: 30 November 2017 Genre(s)Graphic adventureMode(s)Single-player Syberia II is a 2004 graphic adventure game developed and published by MC2-Microïds. As the direct sequel to 2002's Syberia, it is a third-person puzzle-solving game. Although it is stylistically identical, Syberia II improves upon the first game by introducing more realistic character animation. The game includes a recap of the first chapter, so it does not require the player to have experienced the first game. Syberia II achieved global sales of 600,000 units by early 2006. The game was received favorably by critics. Gameplay Kate Walker and a Youki Like its predecessor, Syberia II is a third-person, mouse-driven adventure game in which the player must solve various puzzles and follow certain procedures in order for the linear storyline to proceed. As a pure graphical adventure game, Syberia follows the guidelines first introduced by LucasArts: it is impossible to die or to get stuck at any moment in the game, which allows the user to become fully immersed in Syberia's universe without the fear of making a mistake or the constant need to save the game. Plot The game begins following the events of Syberia with the law firm that American lawyer Kate Walker worked for in New York, calling in a private detective. The firm instructs the detective to locate and find Walker since heading out to oversee a business takeover of an automaton toy factory, who has since abandoned her job, hoping to appease her family in bringing her back home. In the fictional Russian town of Romansburg, Kate provides assistance for eccentric inventor Hans Voralberg, who seeks to find living prehistoric mammoths, and his automaton train engineer Oscar, by prepping his specially crafted clockwork train with coal. Shortly after completing this, Hans falls ill, forcing Kate to seek treatment for him at a nearby monastery perched on a clifftop. When she learns that the patriarch believes he cannot be cured and decides he should be given spiritual salvation, Kate opts to find a cure for Hans, learning about a friend of his who uncovered information on Youkol medicine. Finding his notebook hidden in the monastery, Kate recreates the medicine and uses it to treat Hans, before being forced to create an escape route for the pair when the patriarch refuses to let them leave. Returning to Romansburg, Kate agrees to take a mechanical part to a local tavern and repair an automaton device he created there for its owner. Upon completing the task, Kate hears the train leaving the station, and learns that two locals, brothers Ivan and Igor, hijacked with the intention of reaching the fabled island of Syberia (inspired by the real-life location of Wrangel Island in Siberia, the last place on earth where mammoths survived), so as to profit from harvesting mammoth ivory. Forced to pursue them, Kate makes use of a railroad gangcar, used for maintenance, which she powers with a friendly Youki - an animal that is part seal, part bear, with dog-like traits. Kate manages to catch up with the train, only to see that the two men abandoned it after it got stuck at a collapsed bridge, and fled by snowmobile with Hans. Disconnecting the passenger car from the locomotive, Kate, after restoring Oscar to full functions, continues pursuing them. The pair eventually track the thieves to a large statue in front of the railroad tracks. Kate discovers from Igor, who is having second thoughts and wants to return home, that Hans disappeared shortly after the brothers arrived. Confronting Ivan over her friend's location at the base of the statue, Kate is quickly trapped by him on the belief she intends to steal his ivory. Just before he is about to kill her, the ice beneath the statue they are standing on cracks and breaks up, sending Kate plunging underground. Upon awaking, she finds herself within a hidden underground Youkol village, in which Hans is being treated by a local shaman who reveals he is on his deathbed. After managing to bring the locomotive into the village, Kate acquires the means for the shaman to transport her into Hans' dreams, which recreate the village of Valadilène, and manages to reach him. Although she convinces him to wake up, she finds herself given cryptic words by him before exiting the dream world. When she asks Oscar what these means, the automaton leaves the locomotive to join his creator, whereupon Kate discovers that he was designed with a primitive exo-skeleton/life-support system to provide Hans the means to stay alive and fulfill his dreams. After witnessing Hans being placed within this, Kate learns that to reach Syberia, she must thaw out a Youkol boat within the village, and does so through using the locomotive, discovering Hans designed it for this purpose. Boarding the boat, Kate, Hans and their Youki partner, soon become stuck in an ice floe. When Kate works to free them, the boat is hijacked by Ivan, who intends to leave Kate and continue to Syberia, but finds himself unable to operate the craft. Kate manages to return onboard and forces him off, whereupon he attempts to toss a penguin egg (a fictional North Pole species resembling emperor penguins) in defiance at her actions, only to anger the penguins guarding their nest and causing them to kill him. Eventually Kate and Hans arrive at Syberia, whereupon they manage to use ancient Youkol horns to summon a herd of mammoths. Hans, delighted to meet them, is gladly allowed on their backs and rides off with them, as Kate waves him a tearful goodbye. Meanwhile, the law firm learn from their private detective that despite his best efforts following her, he calls it quits on his job, claiming she has vanished without a trace. Development Syberia II was announced in October 2002, and was initially set for an October 2003 launch date. The game was produced in 13 months using Virtools Dev 3.0 development tools. Benoît Sokal indicated in an interview that at one time the development team was considering to create one single game for the entire Syberia story, but decided not to as it was so large. In September 2003, Syberia II was delayed to the following year. It reached gold status on March 2, 2004, and was released for computers on March 30 in North America. Its Xbox version launched in the region on October 12 of that year. While Syberia II had been released for the PlayStation 2 in European countries by then, this version was rejected for a North American launch by Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA). GameSpot's Tor Thorsen said that SCEA's decision was made "due to the adventure genre's lukewarm popularity stateside". The company had previously rejected the PlayStation 2 version of Syberia. Reception Sales In Germany, Syberia II placed 28th in Media Control's computer game sales rankings for June 2004. According to Edouard Lussan of Microïds, the game had achieved sales of 215,000 copies in Europe and the United States combined by that month. Another 100,000 units of its computer version had already been sold in Russia. By late 2005, Syberia II was on track to reach 600,000 sales overall, a number it had reached by March 2006. Total worldwide sales of the Syberia series surpassed 1 million units by 2008, and rose to 3 million by 2016, before the release of Syberia 3. Reviews and awards ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings79.38%MetacriticPC: 80/100XBOX: 71/100NS: 68/100Review scoresPublicationScoreAdventure GamersComputer Gaming WorldGameSpot7.8/10GameZone8/10IGN8.6/10PC Gamer (US)71% Review aggregation website Metacritic reported Syberia II's critical reception as "generally favorable" for its computer release, but summarized that of its Xbox version as "mixed or average". Syberia II was a nominee for GameSpot's 2004 "Best Adventure Game" award, which ultimately went to Myst IV: Revelation. In 2011, Adventure Gamers named Syberia II the 55th-best adventure game ever released. Legacy While Syberia featured a cliffhanger ending, a common complaint among reviewers is that the ending of Syberia II is either too abrupt or too depressing, depending on their understanding of the final scene. Indeed, the game does not provide any clear explanation about what becomes of Kate after she reaches Syberia with Hans. Benoît Sokal had stated in interviews it was at that time unlikely that Syberia III would be made. On 26 November 2012, Microïds revealed on their Facebook page that Benoît Sokal had officially signed a contract with Anuman to write the story of Syberia III and that official development had started. Additionally the project is to be overseen by Elliot Grassiano, the original founder of Microïds. Sokal left Microïds shortly after the release of Syberia II and founded his own company White Birds Productions to release Paradise, a game that uses a similar style of gameplay as Syberia but is not directly related. A sequel, Syberia 3, was released in April 2017. References ^ "What's New?". Eurogamer.net. 2004-05-28. Archived from the original on 2023-04-02. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ Adams, David (2004-03-30). "Syberia II Ships". IGN. Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ a b "What's New?". Eurogamer.net. 2004-11-26. Archived from the original on 2023-03-02. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ Adams, David (2004-10-12). "Back in the Cold". IGN. Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03. ^ "Windows Phone Thoughts: Syberia 2 Released". www.windowsphonethoughts.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18. ^ Brown, Mark. "Chilly mammoth-hunting adventure game Syberia 2 lands on Android". www.pocketgamer.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. Retrieved 2023-03-18. ^ a b "XS Games Signs 'Syberia II' For North America". WorthPlaying. Retrieved 2024-01-08. ^ Calvert, Justin (October 14, 2002). "Syberia 2 announced". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 18, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ "Press Releases 2004 - Two years after the release of Syberia, Microïds follows up on its success with the launch of Syberia 2, made once again with Virtools game development tools". Virtools. 2004-03-24. Archived from the original on 2008-07-25. Retrieved 2008-05-30. ^ a b "Syberia II Benoît Sokal interview". Just Adventure. Archived from the original on 2008-05-14. Retrieved 2008-06-30. ^ Staff (September 3, 2003). "Syberia II pushed to 2004". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 5, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ Staff (March 2, 2004). "Syberia II goes gold". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 5, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ Thorsen, Tor (March 30, 2004). "Syberia II comes in from the cold". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 22, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ Thorsen, Tor (October 12, 2004). "Syberia II ventures onto Xbox". GameSpot. Archived from the original on December 12, 2004. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ Thorsen, Tor (January 16, 2004). "XS publishing Syberia II, PS2 version in doubt". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 5, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2018. ^ "Zeitraum: Juni 2004". Verband der Unterhaltungssoftware Deutschland. 2004. Archived from the original on August 6, 2004. ^ "Interview with the Developers of Still Life". The Inventory. No. 16. Just Adventure. June 2004. pp. 8–14. Archived from the original on August 13, 2006. Retrieved October 28, 2006. ^ Carlot, Marc (October 13, 2005). "Les indiscrétions de Stanley Graphic; Benoît Sokal au Paradis". Auracan. Archived from the original on October 29, 2006. ^ Tamaï, Michi-Hiro (March 4, 2006). "Les nouveaux del'éphé". La Libre (in French). Archived from the original on February 20, 2019. ^ "Syberia Website" (Press release). GamesIndustry.biz. July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on August 14, 2008. ^ "E3 2016: Microids and Benoit Sokal Unveil Video of New Features in Syberia 3" (Press release). Paris: Gamasutra. June 9, 2016. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. ^ "Syberia II review". GameRankings. Archived from the original on 2013-03-10. Retrieved 2013-03-30. ^ a b "Syberia II (pc: 2004): Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 26, 2007. ^ a b "Syberia II (xbox: 2004): Reviews". Metacritic. Archived from the original on July 27, 2007. ^ "Syberia 2 for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on 2018-08-19. Retrieved 2018-07-14. ^ "Syberia II review". AdventureGamers. Archived from the original on 2013-05-23. Retrieved 2013-03-30. ^ "Syberia II review". Gamespot. Archived from the original on 2010-06-28. Retrieved 2013-03-30. ^ Ardai, Charles (May 2004). "Reviews; Syberia II". Computer Gaming World. No. 238. pp. 90, 91. ^ Osborn, Chuck. "Reviews; Syberia II". PC Gamer US. Archived from the original on October 18, 2006. ^ "Syberia II review". Gamezone. Archived from the original on 2010-11-20. Retrieved 2013-03-30. ^ "Syberia II review". IGN. 17 March 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-07-25. Retrieved 2013-03-30. ^ The GameSpot Editors. "Best and Worst of 2004; Best Adventure Game". GameSpot. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved July 22, 2018. {{cite web}}: \|author= has generic name (help) ^ AG Staff (December 30, 2011). "Top 100 All-Time Adventure Games". Adventure Gamers. Archived from the original on June 4, 2012. ^ "Microids confirm that production of Syberia III has started". Facebook. 2011-11-26. Archived from the original on 2016-01-18. Retrieved 2012-11-26. External links Microids website Syberia II at MobyGames vteWorks by Benoît SokalVideo gamesSyberia Amerzone Syberia Syberia II Syberia 3 Syberia: The World Before Other Paradise Sinking Island Nikopol: Secrets of the Immortals Comics Inspector Canardo Related White Birds Productions Kate Walker Authority control databases: National France BnF data	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graphic adventure game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_adventure_game"},{"link_name":"MC2-Microïds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MC2-Micro%C3%AFds"},{"link_name":"Syberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syberia"},{"link_name":"third-person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third-person_shooter"}],"text":"2004 video gameSyberia II is a 2004 graphic adventure game developed and published by MC2-Microïds. As the direct sequel to 2002's Syberia, it is a third-person puzzle-solving game. Although it is stylistically identical, Syberia II improves upon the first game by introducing more realistic character animation. The game includes a recap of the first chapter, so it does not require the player to have experienced the first game.Syberia II achieved global sales of 600,000 units by early 2006. The game was received favorably by critics.","title":"Syberia II"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Syberia_2_screenshot_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kate Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Walker_(Syberia)"},{"link_name":"LucasArts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LucasArts"}],"text":"Kate Walker and a YoukiLike its predecessor, Syberia II is a third-person, mouse-driven adventure game in which the player must solve various puzzles and follow certain procedures in order for the linear storyline to proceed. As a pure graphical adventure game, Syberia follows the guidelines first introduced by LucasArts: it is impossible to die or to get stuck at any moment in the game, which allows the user to become fully immersed in Syberia's universe without the fear of making a mistake or the constant need to save the game.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kate Walker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Walker_(Syberia)"},{"link_name":"automaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automaton"},{"link_name":"mammoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammoths"},{"link_name":"Wrangel Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangel_Island"},{"link_name":"Siberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberia"},{"link_name":"penguin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin"},{"link_name":"emperor penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emperor_penguin"}],"text":"The game begins following the events of Syberia with the law firm that American lawyer Kate Walker worked for in New York, calling in a private detective. The firm instructs the detective to locate and find Walker since heading out to oversee a business takeover of an automaton toy factory, who has since abandoned her job, hoping to appease her family in bringing her back home. In the fictional Russian town of Romansburg, Kate provides assistance for eccentric inventor Hans Voralberg, who seeks to find living prehistoric mammoths, and his automaton train engineer Oscar, by prepping his specially crafted clockwork train with coal. Shortly after completing this, Hans falls ill, forcing Kate to seek treatment for him at a nearby monastery perched on a clifftop.When she learns that the patriarch believes he cannot be cured and decides he should be given spiritual salvation, Kate opts to find a cure for Hans, learning about a friend of his who uncovered information on Youkol medicine. Finding his notebook hidden in the monastery, Kate recreates the medicine and uses it to treat Hans, before being forced to create an escape route for the pair when the patriarch refuses to let them leave. Returning to Romansburg, Kate agrees to take a mechanical part to a local tavern and repair an automaton device he created there for its owner. Upon completing the task, Kate hears the train leaving the station, and learns that two locals, brothers Ivan and Igor, hijacked with the intention of reaching the fabled island of Syberia (inspired by the real-life location of Wrangel Island in Siberia, the last place on earth where mammoths survived), so as to profit from harvesting mammoth ivory. Forced to pursue them, Kate makes use of a railroad gangcar, used for maintenance, which she powers with a friendly Youki - an animal that is part seal, part bear, with dog-like traits.Kate manages to catch up with the train, only to see that the two men abandoned it after it got stuck at a collapsed bridge, and fled by snowmobile with Hans. Disconnecting the passenger car from the locomotive, Kate, after restoring Oscar to full functions, continues pursuing them. The pair eventually track the thieves to a large statue in front of the railroad tracks. Kate discovers from Igor, who is having second thoughts and wants to return home, that Hans disappeared shortly after the brothers arrived. Confronting Ivan over her friend's location at the base of the statue, Kate is quickly trapped by him on the belief she intends to steal his ivory. Just before he is about to kill her, the ice beneath the statue they are standing on cracks and breaks up, sending Kate plunging underground.Upon awaking, she finds herself within a hidden underground Youkol village, in which Hans is being treated by a local shaman who reveals he is on his deathbed. After managing to bring the locomotive into the village, Kate acquires the means for the shaman to transport her into Hans' dreams, which recreate the village of Valadilène, and manages to reach him. Although she convinces him to wake up, she finds herself given cryptic words by him before exiting the dream world. When she asks Oscar what these means, the automaton leaves the locomotive to join his creator, whereupon Kate discovers that he was designed with a primitive exo-skeleton/life-support system to provide Hans the means to stay alive and fulfill his dreams. After witnessing Hans being placed within this, Kate learns that to reach Syberia, she must thaw out a Youkol boat within the village, and does so through using the locomotive, discovering Hans designed it for this purpose.Boarding the boat, Kate, Hans and their Youki partner, soon become stuck in an ice floe. When Kate works to free them, the boat is hijacked by Ivan, who intends to leave Kate and continue to Syberia, but finds himself unable to operate the craft. Kate manages to return onboard and forces him off, whereupon he attempts to toss a penguin egg (a fictional North Pole species resembling emperor penguins) in defiance at her actions, only to anger the penguins guarding their nest and causing them to kill him. Eventually Kate and Hans arrive at Syberia, whereupon they manage to use ancient Youkol horns to summon a herd of mammoths. Hans, delighted to meet them, is gladly allowed on their backs and rides off with them, as Kate waves him a tearful goodbye. Meanwhile, the law firm learn from their private detective that despite his best efforts following her, he calls it quits on his job, claiming she has vanished without a trace.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announcement-8"},{"link_name":"Virtools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtools"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-delay-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gold-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-launch-13"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Sony Computer Entertainment America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Computer_Entertainment_America"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-xboxlaunch-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doubt-15"}],"text":"Syberia II was announced in October 2002, and was initially set for an October 2003 launch date.[8] The game was produced in 13 months using Virtools Dev 3.0 development tools.[9] Benoît Sokal indicated in an interview that at one time the development team was considering to create one single game for the entire Syberia story, but decided not to as it was so large.[10]In September 2003, Syberia II was delayed to the following year.[11] It reached gold status on March 2, 2004,[12] and was released for computers on March 30 in North America.[13] Its Xbox version launched in the region on October 12 of that year. While Syberia II had been released for the PlayStation 2 in European countries by then, this version was rejected for a North American launch by Sony Computer Entertainment America (SCEA). GameSpot's Tor Thorsen said that SCEA's decision was made \"due to the adventure genre's lukewarm popularity stateside\".[14] The company had previously rejected the PlayStation 2 version of Syberia.[15]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mediacontrol-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-inventoryint4-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-600k-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-600k-2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sales2-20"},{"link_name":"Syberia 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syberia_3"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sales3-21"}],"sub_title":"Sales","text":"In Germany, Syberia II placed 28th in Media Control's computer game sales rankings for June 2004.[16] According to Edouard Lussan of Microïds, the game had achieved sales of 215,000 copies in Europe and the United States combined by that month. Another 100,000 units of its computer version had already been sold in Russia.[17] By late 2005, Syberia II was on track to reach 600,000 sales overall,[18] a number it had reached by March 2006.[19] Total worldwide sales of the Syberia series surpassed 1 million units by 2008,[20] and rose to 3 million by 2016, before the release of Syberia 3.[21]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameRankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameRankings"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc1-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc2-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Adventure Gamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Gamers"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Computer Gaming World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_Gaming_World"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgw-28"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pcgus-29"},{"link_name":"Review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc1-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mc2-24"},{"link_name":"Myst IV: Revelation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myst_IV:_Revelation"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gamespot2004-32"},{"link_name":"Adventure Gamers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_Gamers"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-top100-33"}],"sub_title":"Reviews and awards","text":"ReceptionAggregate scoresAggregatorScoreGameRankings79.38%[22]MetacriticPC: 80/100[23]XBOX: 71/100[24]NS: 68/100[25]Review scoresPublicationScoreAdventure Gamers[26]Computer Gaming World[28]GameSpot7.8/10[27]GameZone8/10[30]IGN8.6/10[31]PC Gamer (US)71%[29]Review aggregation website Metacritic reported Syberia II's critical reception as \"generally favorable\" for its computer release, but summarized that of its Xbox version as \"mixed or average\".[23][24]Syberia II was a nominee for GameSpot's 2004 \"Best Adventure Game\" award, which ultimately went to Myst IV: Revelation.[32] In 2011, Adventure Gamers named Syberia II the 55th-best adventure game ever released.[33]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syberia III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syberia_III"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adv-10"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Anuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anuman"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"White Birds Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Birds_Productions"},{"link_name":"Paradise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradise_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Syberia 3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syberia_3"}],"text":"While Syberia featured a cliffhanger ending, a common complaint among reviewers is that the ending of Syberia II is either too abrupt or too depressing, depending on their understanding of the final scene. Indeed, the game does not provide any clear explanation about what becomes of Kate after she reaches Syberia with Hans. Benoît Sokal had stated in interviews it was at that time unlikely that Syberia III would be made.[10]On 26 November 2012, Microïds revealed on their Facebook page that Benoît Sokal had officially signed a contract with Anuman to write the story of Syberia III and that official development had started. Additionally the project is to be overseen by Elliot Grassiano, the original founder of Microïds.[34] Sokal left Microïds shortly after the release of Syberia II and founded his own company White Birds Productions to release Paradise, a game that uses a similar style of gameplay as Syberia but is not directly related. A sequel, Syberia 3, was released in April 2017.","title":"Legacy"}]	[{"image_text":"Kate Walker and a Youki","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3b/Syberia_2_screenshot_1.jpg/220px-Syberia_2_screenshot_1.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"What's New?\". Eurogamer.net. 2004-05-28. Archived from the original on 2023-04-02. Retrieved 2023-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/whatsnew-280504","url_text":"\"What's New?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230402195740/https://www.eurogamer.net/whatsnew-280504","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adams, David (2004-03-30). \"Syberia II Ships\". IGN. Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/03/30/syberia-ii-ships","url_text":"\"Syberia II Ships\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230503132006/https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/03/30/syberia-ii-ships","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"What's New?\". Eurogamer.net. 2004-11-26. Archived from the original on 2023-03-02. Retrieved 2023-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/whatsnew-261104","url_text":"\"What's New?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230302013412/https://www.eurogamer.net/whatsnew-261104","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Adams, David (2004-10-12). \"Back in the Cold\". IGN. Archived from the original on 2023-05-03. Retrieved 2023-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/10/12/back-in-the-cold","url_text":"\"Back in the Cold\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230503132002/https://www.ign.com/articles/2004/10/12/back-in-the-cold","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Windows Phone Thoughts: Syberia 2 Released\". www.windowsphonethoughts.com. Archived from the original on 2023-03-18. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigation_of_a_Citizen_Above_Suspicion	Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion	["1 Plot summary","2 Cast","3 Release","4 Reception","4.1 Box office","4.2 Critical response","4.3 Accolades","5 Cancelled remake","6 See also","7 References","7.1 Bibliography","8 External links"]	1970 Italian crime drama film Investigation of a Citizen Above SuspicionItalian film posterItalianIndagine su un cittadino al di sopra di ogni sospetto Directed byElio PetriScreenplay by Elio Petri Ugo Pirro Produced by Marina Cicogna Daniele Senatore Starring Gian Maria Volonté Florinda Bolkan CinematographyLuigi KuveillerEdited byRuggero MastroianniMusic byEnnio MorriconeProductioncompanyVera FilmDistributed byEuro International FilmsRelease date 9 February 1970 (1970-02-09) (Italy) Running time115 minutesCountryItalyLanguageItalianBox office₤1.928 billion Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (Italian: Indagine su un cittadino al di sopra di ogni sospetto) is a 1970 Italian crime thriller film directed by Elio Petri, starring Gian Maria Volonté and Florinda Bolkan. It is a psychological, black-humored satire on corruption in high office, telling the story of a top police officer who kills his mistress, and then tests whether the police would charge him for this crime. He begins manipulating the investigation by planting obvious clues while the other police officers ignore them, either intentionally or not. The film was released in Italy by Euro International Pictures on 9 February 1970, to widespread acclaim from critics. It won the Jury Prize at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival, and the David di Donatello Awards for Best Film for Best Actor (Gian Maria Volonté). In the United States, it won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. Petri and his co-writer Ugo Pirro were nominated for Best Original Screenplay. In 2008, the film was included on the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage’s 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that "have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978." Plot summary A recently promoted police inspector, nicknamed "Il Dottore" ("the Doctor", an Italian honorific) kills his mistress, and then covers up his involvement in the crime. He insinuates himself into the investigation, planting clues to steer his subordinate officers toward a series of other suspects, including the woman's gay husband and a student leftist radical. He then exonerates the other suspects and leads the investigators toward himself to prove that he is "above suspicion" and can get away with anything, even while being investigated. His personal neurosis caused by his extreme position of power, and his firm beliefs in the role of authority, eventually drive him to try to accuse himself with every possible evidence. The only witness of his presence at the victim's apartment, the anarchist Antonio Pace, refuses to accuse him to be able to prove the inherent criminal nature of power ("A criminal leading the repression, it is perfect!"). The Doctor eventually desperately confesses to the crime in front of his superiors, in an effort to not subvert the essence of authority, but they all refuse to believe him, forcing him to recant his confession, with the approval of the police commissioner. The interrogation at his home is revealed to be a dream sequence, and when he wakes up the commissioner and other colleagues actually arrive at his place; however the outcome of their confrontation is not revealed, and the film ends with a quote by Franz Kafka about the paradoxical nature of power. Cast Gian Maria Volonté as "Il Dottore" ('the Doctor'), the Police Inspector Florinda Bolkan as Augusta Terzi Gianni Santuccio as the Police Commissioner Orazio Orlando as Brigadier Biglia Sergio Tramonti as Antonio Pace Salvo Randone as the Plumber Arturo Dominici as Mangani Aldo Rendine as Nicola Panunzio Massimo Foschi as Claudio Terzi Vittorio Duse as Canes Aleka Paizi as the Housekeeper Pino Patti as the Wiretapping Supervisor Gianfranco Barra as Agent Giusti Release Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion was released in Italy on February 9, 1970, where it was distributed by Euro International Films. Reception Box office In Italy, the film had a domestic gross of 1,928,248,000 Italian lire. Critical response Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion was well received by critics and is widely considered one of the best international films of the 1970s. The New York Times called the film "a suspense melodrama with the moral concerns of angry satire When it opened in Italy early this year (and later, when it was shown at Cannes), Investigation was hailed for the ways in which it exposed the corrupt, authoritarian practices of the police, who place themselves above their own laws The story moves forward with a relentless momentum. It is a political parable, and a stunning movie." The film has a Rotten Tomatoes approval of 100% based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 8/10. On Metacritic, it has a score of 89 out of 100 based on 10 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". David Fear of Time Out called it " paranoid police procedural, a perverse parable about the corrupting elements of power, and a candidate for the greatest predated Patriot Act movie ever ". Kenneth Turan called the film "as troubling today as when it came out in 1970. Maybe more so." Accolades The film was highly regarded in its own time, winning the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film, and both the FIPRESCI Prize and the Grand Prize at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival. Also it won the Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture from the Mystery Writers of America. Cancelled remake The Cannon Group had hoped to remake the original film with Andrei Konchalovsky (of Runaway Train fame) attached to direct. Paul Schrader was attached to write, as he wrote both a story treatment and a screenplay. It was going to have either Al Pacino or Christopher Walken to star. Originally, Cannon released an ad, planning to shoot in October 1987, and premiere it at Cannes in 1988, although it never got made, and it was shelved. It remained shelved until the 90s, when it was resurrected by Jodie Foster's production company Egg Pictures. Sidney Lumet was attached to direct, but the film never made it beyond pre-production. See also List of submissions to the 43rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film Poliziotteschi References ^ Weber, Bill (5 December 2013). "Blu-ray Review: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion". www.slantmagazine.com. Retrieved 6 September 2019. ^ "Investigation of a Citizen above Suspicion" Wins Foreign Language Film: 1971 Oscars ^ "Ecco i cento film italiani da salvare Corriere della Sera". www.corriere.it. Retrieved 2021-03-11. ^ a b Curti 2013, p. 39. ^ Canby, Vincent (1970-12-21). "Film: 'Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion':Suspense Melodrama Opens at Baronet". The New York Times. ^ "Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2022-04-01. ^ "Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion ". Metacritic. Retrieved 2022-01-01. ^ David Fear (10 September 2012). "Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion". Timeout. ^ Kenneth Turan (26 September 2003). "Saga of power and crime". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-01-01. ^ "The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-11-26. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-04-10. ^ "Edgars Database \| Search the Edgars Database". Archived from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2019-11-14. ^ Cannon: Alterd/Unproduced Projects, archived from the original on 2018-11-02, retrieved 2016-07-13 Bibliography Curti, Roberto (2013). Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786469765. External links Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion at IMDb Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion at AllMovie Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion: The Long Harm of the Law an essay by Evan Calder Williams at the Criterion Collection vteElio Petri filmographyFilms directed The Assassin (1961) His Days Are Numbered (1962) The Teacher from Vigevano (1963) High Infidelity (segment "Peccato nel pomeriggio", 1964) The 10th Victim (1965) We Still Kill the Old Way (1967) A Quiet Place in the Country (1968) Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970) The Working Class Goes to Heaven (1971) Property Is No Longer a Theft (1973) Todo modo (1976) Good News (1979) Written only A Husband for Anna (1953) Angels of Darkness (1954) Days of Love (1954) Sunset in Naples (1955) The Wolves (1957) The Road a Year Long (1958) Train Without a Timetable (1959) The Employee (1960) Vento del sud (1960) La garçonnière (1960) I mostri (1963) Awards for Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion vteAcademy Award for Best International Feature Film1947–1955(Honorary) 1947: Shoeshine – Vittorio De Sica 1948: Monsieur Vincent – Maurice Cloche 1949: Bicycle Thieves – Vittorio De Sica 1950: The Walls of Malapaga – René Clément 1951: Rashomon – Akira Kurosawa 1952: Forbidden Games – René Clément 1953: No Award 1954: Gate of Hell – Teinosuke Kinugasa 1955: Samurai, The Legend of Musashi – Hiroshi Inagaki 1956–1975 1956: La Strada – Federico Fellini 1957: Nights of Cabiria – Federico Fellini 1958: My Uncle – Jacques Tati 1959: Black Orpheus – Marcel Camus 1960: The Virgin Spring – Ingmar Bergman 1961: Through a Glass Darkly – Ingmar Bergman 1962: Sundays and Cybèle – Serge Bourguignon 1963: 8½ – Federico Fellini 1964: Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow – Vittorio De Sica 1965: The Shop on Main Street – Ján Kadár & Elmar Klos 1966: A Man and a Woman – Claude Lelouch 1967: Closely Watched Trains – Jiří Menzel 1968: War and Peace – Sergei Bondarchuk 1969: Z – Costa-Gavras 1970: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion – Elio Petri 1971: The Garden of the Finzi-Continis – Vittorio De Sica 1972: The Discreet Charm of the Bourgeoisie – Luis Buñuel 1973: Day for Night – François Truffaut 1974: Amarcord – Federico Fellini 1975: Dersu Uzala – Akira Kurosawa 1976–2000 1976: Black and White in Color – Jean-Jacques Annaud 1977: Madame Rosa – Moshé Mizrahi 1978: Get Out Your Handkerchiefs – Bertrand Blier 1979: The Tin Drum – Volker Schlöndorff 1980: Moscow Does Not Believe in Tears – Vladimir Menshov 1981: Mephisto – István Szabó 1982: Volver a Empezar ('To Begin Again') – José Luis Garci 1983: Fanny and Alexander – Ingmar Bergman 1984: Dangerous Moves – Richard Dembo 1985: The Official Story – Luis Puenzo 1986: The Assault – Fons Rademakers 1987: Babette's Feast – Gabriel Axel 1988: Pelle the Conqueror – Bille August 1989: Cinema Paradiso – Giuseppe Tornatore 1990: Journey of Hope – Xavier Koller 1991: Mediterraneo – Gabriele Salvatores 1992: Indochine – Régis Wargnier 1993: Belle Époque – Fernando Trueba 1994: Burnt by the Sun – Nikita Mikhalkov 1995: Antonia's Line – Marleen Gorris 1996: Kolya – Jan Svěrák 1997: Character – Mike van Diem 1998: Life Is Beautiful – Roberto Benigni 1999: All About My Mother – Pedro Almodóvar 2000: Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon – Ang Lee 2001–present 2001: No Man's Land – Danis Tanović 2002: Nowhere in Africa – Caroline Link 2003: The Barbarian Invasions – Denys Arcand 2004: The Sea Inside – Alejandro Amenábar 2005: Tsotsi – Gavin Hood 2006: The Lives of Others – Florian Henckel von Donnersmarck 2007: The Counterfeiters – Stefan Ruzowitzky 2008: Departures – Yōjirō Takita 2009: The Secret in Their Eyes – Juan José Campanella 2010: In a Better World – Susanne Bier 2011: A Separation – Asghar Farhadi 2012: Amour – Michael Haneke 2013: The Great Beauty – Paolo Sorrentino 2014: Ida – Paweł Pawlikowski 2015: Son of Saul – László Nemes 2016: The Salesman – Asghar Farhadi 2017: A Fantastic Woman – Sebastián Lelio 2018: Roma – Alfonso Cuarón 2019: Parasite – Bong Joon-ho 2020: Another Round – Thomas Vinterberg 2021: Drive My Car – Ryusuke Hamaguchi 2022: All Quiet on the Western Front – Edward Berger 2023: The Zone of Interest – Jonathan Glazer vteCannes Film Festival Grand Prix1967–2000 Accident / I Even Met Happy Gypsies (1967) Ådalen 31 (1969) Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970) Johnny Got His Gun / Taking Off (1971) Solaris (1972) The Mother and the Whore (1973) Arabian Nights (1974) The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser (1975) Cría Cuervos / The Marquise of O (1976) Bye Bye Monkey / The Shout (1978) Siberiade (1979) My American Uncle (1980) Light Years Away (1981) The Night of the Shooting Stars (1982) Monty Python's The Meaning of Life (1983) Diary for My Children (1984) Birdy (1985) The Sacrifice (1986) Repentance (1987) A World Apart (1988) Cinema Paradiso / Too Beautiful for You (1989) The Sting of Death / Tilaï (1990) La Belle Noiseuse (1991) The Stolen Children (1992) Faraway, So Close! (1993) Burnt by the Sun / To Live (1994) Ulysses' Gaze (1995) Breaking the Waves (1996) The Sweet Hereafter (1997) Life Is Beautiful (1998) Humanité (1999) Devils on the Doorstep (2000) 2001–present The Piano Teacher (2001) The Man Without a Past (2002) Uzak (2003) Oldboy (2004) Broken Flowers (2005) Flanders (2006) The Mourning Forest (2007) Gomorrah (2008) A Prophet (2009) Of Gods and Men (2010) The Kid with a Bike / Once Upon a Time in Anatolia (2011) Reality (2012) Inside Llewyn Davis (2013) The Wonders (2014) Son of Saul (2015) It's Only the End of the World (2016) BPM (Beats per Minute) (2017) BlacKkKlansman (2018) Atlantics (2019) Compartment No. 6 / A Hero (2021) Close / Stars at Noon (2022) The Zone of Interest (2023) All We Imagine as Light (2024) vteItalian submissions for Academy Award for Best International Feature Film1947–1960 Shoeshine (1947) Bicycle Thieves (1949) The Walls of Malapaga (1950) La Strada (1956) Nights of Cabiria (1957) Big Deal on Madonna Street (1958) The Great War (1959) Kapo (1960) 1961–1980 La Notte (1961) The Four Days of Naples (1962) 8½ (1963) Yesterday, Today and Tomorrow (1964) Marriage Italian Style (1965) The Battle of Algiers (1966) China Is Near (1967) The Girl with the Pistol (1968) Fellini Satyricon (1969) Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970) The Garden of the Finzi-Continis (1971) Roma (1972) Amarcord (1974) Scent of a Woman (1975) Seven Beauties (1976) A Special Day (1977) I nuovi mostri (1978) To Forget Venice (1979) A Leap in the Dark (1980) 1981–2000 Three Brothers (1981) The Night of the Shooting Stars (1982) And the Ship Sails On (1983) Where's Picone? (1984) Macaroni (1985) Summer Night (1986) The Family (1987) The Legend of the Holy Drinker (1988) Cinema Paradiso (1989) Open Doors (1990) Mediterraneo (1991) The Stolen Children (1992) The Great Pumpkin (1993) Lamerica (1994) The Star Maker (1995) My Generation (1996) The Best Man (1997) Life Is Beautiful (1998) Not of this World (1999) One Hundred Steps (2000) 2001–2020 The Son's Room (2001) Pinocchio (2002) I'm Not Scared (2003) The Keys to the House (2004) Don't Tell (2005) Golden Door (2006) The Unknown Woman (2007) Gomorrah (2008) Baarìa (2009) The First Beautiful Thing (2010) Terraferma (2011) Caesar Must Die (2012) The Great Beauty (2013) Human Capital (2014) Don't Be Bad (2015) Fire at Sea (2016) A Ciambra (2017) Dogman (2018) The Traitor (2019) Notturno (2020) 2021–present The Hand of God (2021) Nostalgia (2022) Io capitano (2023) Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"crime thriller film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_thriller_film"},{"link_name":"Elio Petri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elio_Petri"},{"link_name":"Gian Maria Volonté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Maria_Volont%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Florinda Bolkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florinda_Bolkan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jury Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_Prize_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"1970 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"David di Donatello Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_di_Donatello"},{"link_name":"Best Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Film"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_di_Donatello_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Ugo Pirro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugo_Pirro"},{"link_name":"Best Original Screenplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Original_Screenplay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Cultural_Heritage_and_Activities_and_Tourism"},{"link_name":"100 Italian films to be saved","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/100_film_italiani_da_salvare"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (Italian: Indagine su un cittadino al di sopra di ogni sospetto) is a 1970 Italian crime thriller film directed by Elio Petri, starring Gian Maria Volonté and Florinda Bolkan. It is a psychological, black-humored satire on corruption in high office,[1] telling the story of a top police officer who kills his mistress, and then tests whether the police would charge him for this crime. He begins manipulating the investigation by planting obvious clues while the other police officers ignore them, either intentionally or not.The film was released in Italy by Euro International Pictures on 9 February 1970, to widespread acclaim from critics. It won the Jury Prize at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival, and the David di Donatello Awards for Best Film for Best Actor (Gian Maria Volonté). In the United States, it won the Oscar for Best Foreign Language Film. Petri and his co-writer Ugo Pirro were nominated for Best Original Screenplay.[2]In 2008, the film was included on the Italian Ministry of Cultural Heritage’s 100 Italian films to be saved, a list of 100 films that \"have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978.\"[3]","title":"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"an Italian honorific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_honorifics#Work/profession-related_titles"},{"link_name":"gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authority"},{"link_name":"anarchist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchism"},{"link_name":"power","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)"},{"link_name":"dream sequence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dream_sequence"},{"link_name":"Franz Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"paradoxical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox"}],"text":"A recently promoted police inspector, nicknamed \"Il Dottore\" (\"the Doctor\", an Italian honorific) kills his mistress, and then covers up his involvement in the crime. He insinuates himself into the investigation, planting clues to steer his subordinate officers toward a series of other suspects, including the woman's gay husband and a student leftist radical. He then exonerates the other suspects and leads the investigators toward himself to prove that he is \"above suspicion\" and can get away with anything, even while being investigated.His personal neurosis caused by his extreme position of power, and his firm beliefs in the role of authority, eventually drive him to try to accuse himself with every possible evidence. The only witness of his presence at the victim's apartment, the anarchist Antonio Pace, refuses to accuse him to be able to prove the inherent criminal nature of power (\"A criminal leading the repression, it is perfect!\"). The Doctor eventually desperately confesses to the crime in front of his superiors, in an effort to not subvert the essence of authority, but they all refuse to believe him, forcing him to recant his confession, with the approval of the police commissioner.The interrogation at his home is revealed to be a dream sequence, and when he wakes up the commissioner and other colleagues actually arrive at his place; however the outcome of their confrontation is not revealed, and the film ends with a quote by Franz Kafka about the paradoxical nature of power.","title":"Plot summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gian Maria Volonté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gian_Maria_Volont%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Florinda Bolkan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florinda_Bolkan"},{"link_name":"Orazio Orlando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orazio_Orlando"},{"link_name":"Salvo Randone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvo_Randone"},{"link_name":"Arturo Dominici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Dominici"},{"link_name":"Massimo Foschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Foschi"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Duse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Duse"},{"link_name":"Gianfranco Barra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gianfranco_Barra"}],"text":"Gian Maria Volonté as \"Il Dottore\" ('the Doctor'), the Police Inspector\nFlorinda Bolkan as Augusta Terzi\nGianni Santuccio as the Police Commissioner\nOrazio Orlando as Brigadier Biglia\nSergio Tramonti as Antonio Pace\nSalvo Randone as the Plumber\nArturo Dominici as Mangani\nAldo Rendine as Nicola Panunzio\nMassimo Foschi as Claudio Terzi\nVittorio Duse as Canes\nAleka Paizi as the Housekeeper\nPino Patti as the Wiretapping Supervisor\nGianfranco Barra as Agent Giusti","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti201339-4"}],"text":"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion was released in Italy on February 9, 1970, where it was distributed by Euro International Films.[4]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian lire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_lire"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECurti201339-4"}],"sub_title":"Box office","text":"In Italy, the film had a domestic gross of 1,928,248,000 Italian lire.[4]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"police procedural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police_procedural"},{"link_name":"Patriot Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriot_Act"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Turan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turan-9"}],"sub_title":"Critical response","text":"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion was well received by critics and is widely considered one of the best international films of the 1970s. The New York Times called the film \"a suspense melodrama with the moral concerns of angry satire [...] When it opened in Italy early this year (and later, when it was shown at Cannes), Investigation was hailed for the ways in which it exposed the corrupt, authoritarian practices of the police, who place themselves above their own laws [...] The story moves forward with a relentless momentum. It is a political parable, and a stunning movie.\"[5]The film has a Rotten Tomatoes approval of 100% based on 15 reviews, with an average score of 8/10.[6] On Metacritic, it has a score of 89 out of 100 based on 10 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim\".[7]David Fear of Time Out called it \"[a] paranoid police procedural, a perverse parable about the corrupting elements of power, and a candidate for the greatest predated Patriot Act movie ever [...]\".[8] Kenneth Turan called the film \"as troubling today as when it came out in 1970. Maybe more so.\"[9]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oscars1971-10"},{"link_name":"FIPRESCI Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIPRESCI_Prize"},{"link_name":"Grand Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_(Cannes_Film_Festival)"},{"link_name":"1970 Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970_Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-festival-cannes.com-11"},{"link_name":"Edgar Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Award"},{"link_name":"Mystery Writers of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_Writers_of_America"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"The film was highly regarded in its own time, winning the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film,[10] and both the FIPRESCI Prize and the Grand Prize at the 1970 Cannes Film Festival.[11] Also it won the Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture from the Mystery Writers of America.[12]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Cannon Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon_Films"},{"link_name":"Andrei Konchalovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Konchalovsky"},{"link_name":"Runaway Train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_Train_(film)"},{"link_name":"Paul Schrader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Schrader"},{"link_name":"Al Pacino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Pacino"},{"link_name":"Christopher Walken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Walken"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Jodie Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodie_Foster"},{"link_name":"Sidney Lumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Lumet"}],"text":"The Cannon Group had hoped to remake the original film with Andrei Konchalovsky (of Runaway Train fame) attached to direct. Paul Schrader was attached to write, as he wrote both a story treatment and a screenplay. It was going to have either Al Pacino or Christopher Walken to star. Originally, Cannon released an ad, planning to shoot in October 1987, and premiere it at Cannes in 1988, although it never got made, and it was shelved.[13] It remained shelved until the 90s, when it was resurrected by Jodie Foster's production company Egg Pictures. Sidney Lumet was attached to direct, but the film never made it beyond pre-production.","title":"Cancelled remake"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of submissions to the 43rd Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_43rd_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Italian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"title":"Poliziotteschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliziotteschi"}]	[{"reference":"Weber, Bill (5 December 2013). \"Blu-ray Review: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\". www.slantmagazine.com. Retrieved 6 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicion/","url_text":"\"Blu-ray Review: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ecco i cento film italiani da salvare Corriere della Sera\". www.corriere.it. Retrieved 2021-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/08_febbraio_28/elenco_cento_film_d83cacd8-e5ce-11dc-ab61-0003ba99c667.shtml","url_text":"\"Ecco i cento film italiani da salvare Corriere della Sera\""}]},{"reference":"Canby, Vincent (1970-12-21). \"Film: 'Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion':Suspense Melodrama Opens at Baronet\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/21/archives/film-investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicionsuspense-melodrama.html","url_text":"\"Film: 'Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion':Suspense Melodrama Opens at Baronet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 2022-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/investigation_of_a_citizen_above_suspicion/","url_text":"\"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"}]},{"reference":"\"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion [re-release]\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2022-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicion-re-release","url_text":"\"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion [re-release]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"}]},{"reference":"David Fear (10 September 2012). \"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\". Timeout.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/us/film/investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicion","url_text":"\"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\""}]},{"reference":"Kenneth Turan (26 September 2003). \"Saga of power and crime\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2022-01-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Turan","url_text":"Kenneth Turan"},{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-26-et-citizen26-story.html","url_text":"\"Saga of power and crime\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners\". oscars.org. Retrieved 2011-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1971","url_text":"\"The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festival de Cannes: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\". festival-cannes.com. Retrieved 2009-04-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2484/year/1970.html","url_text":"\"Festival de Cannes: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edgars Database \| Search the Edgars Database\". Archived from the original on 2019-12-23. Retrieved 2019-11-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191223141429/http://theedgars.com/awards/","url_text":"\"Edgars Database \| Search the Edgars Database\""},{"url":"http://theedgars.com/awards/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Cannon: Alterd/Unproduced Projects, archived from the original on 2018-11-02, retrieved 2016-07-13","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181102114223/http://www.cannonfilms.com/unproduced.htm","url_text":"Cannon: Alterd/Unproduced Projects"},{"url":"http://www.cannonfilms.com/unproduced.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Curti, Roberto (2013). Italian Crime Filmography, 1968-1980. McFarland. ISBN 978-0786469765.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786469765","url_text":"978-0786469765"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.slantmagazine.com/dvd/investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicion/","external_links_name":"\"Blu-ray Review: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQBiF37idvI","external_links_name":"\"Investigation of a Citizen above Suspicion\" Wins Foreign Language Film: 1971 Oscars"},{"Link":"https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/08_febbraio_28/elenco_cento_film_d83cacd8-e5ce-11dc-ab61-0003ba99c667.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ecco i cento film italiani da salvare Corriere della Sera\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1970/12/21/archives/film-investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicionsuspense-melodrama.html","external_links_name":"\"Film: 'Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion':Suspense Melodrama Opens at Baronet\""},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/investigation_of_a_citizen_above_suspicion/","external_links_name":"\"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion (1970)\""},{"Link":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicion-re-release","external_links_name":"\"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion [re-release]\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/us/film/investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicion","external_links_name":"\"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\""},{"Link":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-sep-26-et-citizen26-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Saga of power and crime\""},{"Link":"http://www.oscars.org/oscars/ceremonies/1971","external_links_name":"\"The 43rd Academy Awards (1971) Nominees and Winners\""},{"Link":"http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/2484/year/1970.html","external_links_name":"\"Festival de Cannes: Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191223141429/http://theedgars.com/awards/","external_links_name":"\"Edgars Database \| Search the Edgars Database\""},{"Link":"http://theedgars.com/awards/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181102114223/http://www.cannonfilms.com/unproduced.htm","external_links_name":"Cannon: Alterd/Unproduced Projects"},{"Link":"http://www.cannonfilms.com/unproduced.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0065889/","external_links_name":"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v126536","external_links_name":"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion"},{"Link":"https://www.criterion.com/current/posts/2979-investigation-of-a-citizen-above-suspicion-the-long-harm-of-the-law","external_links_name":"Investigation of a Citizen Above Suspicion: The Long Harm of the Law"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/182165056","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5021672","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162246111","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb162246111","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/7751943-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011087478","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/18007802X","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngamatapouri	Ngamatapouri	["1 Demographics","2 Education","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 39°34′24″S 174°49′29″E / 39.57333°S 174.82472°E / -39.57333; 174.82472Rural locality in Taranaki Region, New Zealand Place in Taranaki Region, New ZealandNgamatapouriCoordinates: 39°34′24″S 174°49′29″E / 39.57333°S 174.82472°E / -39.57333; 174.82472CountryNew ZealandRegionTaranaki RegionTerritorial authoritySouth Taranaki DistrictWardPātea General WardTe Tai Tonga Māori WardCommunityPātea CommunityElectoratesWhanganuiTe Tai Hauāuru (Māori)Government • Territorial AuthoritySouth Taranaki District Council • Regional councilTaranaki Regional Council Ngamatapouri is a small rural locality in the Waitōtara River valley, 47 km north of Waitōtara village, in south Taranaki, New Zealand. Wanganui is about 80 km to the southeast. The road is sealed as far as the school. The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of "the black teals" for Ngāmatapōuri. Community life centres on Ngamatapouri School. The area is predominantly reliant on sheep and beef pastoral farming. Demographics Ngamatapouri is in Mangawhio statistical area, which covers 1,368.63 km2 (528.43 sq mi) and had an estimated population of 770 as of June 2023, with a population density of 0.56 people per km2. Historical population for MangawhioYearPop.±% p.a.2006729— 2013747+0.35%2018723−0.65%Source: Mangawhio had a population of 723 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 24 people (−3.2%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 6 people (−0.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 276 households, comprising 402 males and 324 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.24 males per female. The median age was 36.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 180 people (24.9%) aged under 15 years, 108 (14.9%) aged 15 to 29, 351 (48.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 81 (11.2%) aged 65 or older. Ethnicities were 88.0% European/Pākehā, 13.7% Māori, 2.1% Pacific peoples, 4.6% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity. The percentage of people born overseas was 10.4, compared with 27.1% nationally. Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 47.3% had no religion, 38.2% were Christian, 0.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.7% were Hindu, 0.4% were Buddhist and 0.8% had other religions. Of those at least 15 years old, 78 (14.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 129 (23.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $34,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 69 people (12.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 324 (59.7%) people were employed full-time, 90 (16.6%) were part-time, and 9 (1.7%) were unemployed. Education Ngamatapouri School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of 3 as of February 2024. The school opened about 1900 as Marohema School, and was later called Makakaho Junction School. References ^ "Place name detail: Ngamatapouri". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 15 May 2018. ^ Peter Dowling, ed. (2004). Reed New Zealand Atlas. Reed Books. pp. map 44. ISBN 0-7900-0952-8. ^ Roger Smith, GeographX (2005). The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand. Robbie Burton. pp. map 98. ISBN 1-877333-20-4. ^ "Ngamatapouri School". ^ "1000 Māori place names". New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage. 6 August 2019. ^ "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 22 December 2023. ^ "Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 25 October 2023. ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Mangawhio (222000). 2018 Census place summary: Mangawhio ^ "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024. ^ Education Counts: Ngamatapouri School ^ Women of the Upper Waitotara valley (1958). History of the Schools. External links "Ngamatapouri School". vteSouth Taranaki District, New ZealandSeat: HāweraPopulated places Alton Auroa Eltham Hāwera Hurleyville Kakaramea Kaponga Kapuni Manaia Mangatoki Manutahi Matapu Mokoia Ngamatapouri Normanby Oaonui Ohangai Ohawe Okaiawa Ōpunake Parihaka Patea Pungarehu Rahotu Ramanui Rawhitiroa Waiinu Beach Waitōtara Warea Waverley Whenuakura Geographic features Cape Egmont Lake Dive Manawapou River Pātea River Lake Rotokare Lake Rotorangi South Taranaki Bight Tangahoe River Waiaua River Waingongoro River Waitōtara River Whenuakura River Facilities and attractions Aotea Utanganui – Museum of South Taranaki Bayly Park Cape Egmont Lighthouse Kupe field Hawera Observatory Pātea Dam Patea Freezing Works Pātea Hydro Electric Scheme Waipipi Wind Farm Government District Council Mayor Regional Council Organisations Hawera High School Opunake High School Waitotara School Waverley High School Western Institute of Technology at Taranaki History 1901 Patea by-elections 1921 Patea by-election 1954 Patea by-election	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Waitōtara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait%C5%8Dtara_River"},{"link_name":"Waitōtara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wait%C5%8Dtara"},{"link_name":"Taranaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taranaki_Region"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Wanganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanganui"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ministry for Culture and Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_for_Culture_and_Heritage"},{"link_name":"black teals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_teal"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep_husbandry"},{"link_name":"beef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beef"},{"link_name":"pastoral farming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastoral_farming"}],"text":"Rural locality in Taranaki Region, New ZealandPlace in Taranaki Region, New ZealandNgamatapouri is a small rural locality[1] in the Waitōtara River valley, 47 km north of Waitōtara village, in south Taranaki, New Zealand.[2][3] Wanganui is about 80 km to the southeast. The road is sealed as far as the school.[4]The New Zealand Ministry for Culture and Heritage gives a translation of \"the black teals\" for Ngāmatapōuri.[5]Community life centres on Ngamatapouri School. The area is predominantly reliant on sheep and beef pastoral farming.","title":"Ngamatapouri"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Area-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_population_data_2023_SA2-7"},{"link_name":"2018 New Zealand census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2013 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"2006 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_New_Zealand_census"},{"link_name":"Pākehā","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%81keh%C4%81"},{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pacific peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasifika_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_New_Zealanders"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Māori religious beliefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_religion"},{"link_name":"Hindu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hinduism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2018-8"}],"text":"Ngamatapouri is in Mangawhio statistical area, which covers 1,368.63 km2 (528.43 sq mi)[6] and had an estimated population of 770 as of June 2023,[7] with a population density of 0.56 people per km2.Mangawhio had a population of 723 at the 2018 New Zealand census, a decrease of 24 people (−3.2%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 6 people (−0.8%) since the 2006 census. There were 276 households, comprising 402 males and 324 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.24 males per female. The median age was 36.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 180 people (24.9%) aged under 15 years, 108 (14.9%) aged 15 to 29, 351 (48.5%) aged 30 to 64, and 81 (11.2%) aged 65 or older.Ethnicities were 88.0% European/Pākehā, 13.7% Māori, 2.1% Pacific peoples, 4.6% Asian, and 1.7% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.The percentage of people born overseas was 10.4, compared with 27.1% nationally.Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 47.3% had no religion, 38.2% were Christian, 0.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 1.7% were Hindu, 0.4% were Buddhist and 0.8% had other religions.Of those at least 15 years old, 78 (14.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 129 (23.8%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $34,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 69 people (12.7%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 324 (59.7%) people were employed full-time, 90 (16.6%) were part-time, and 9 (1.7%) were unemployed.[8]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NZ_school_roll_data-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Ngamatapouri School is a coeducational full primary (years 1–8) school with a roll of 3 as of February 2024.[9][10] The school opened about 1900 as Marohema School, and was later called Makakaho Junction School.[11]","title":"Education"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Place name detail: Ngamatapouri\". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. 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Retrieved 25 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","url_text":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_New_Zealand","url_text":"Statistics New Zealand"}]},{"reference":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Mangawhio (222000).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","url_text":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 14 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/data-services/directories/list-of-nz-schools","url_text":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\""}]},{"reference":"Women of the Upper Waitotara valley (1958). History of the Schools.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.waitotara.co.nz/ngamat%20schools.doc","url_text":"History of the Schools"}]},{"reference":"\"Ngamatapouri School\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ngamatapourischool.co.nz/","url_text":"\"Ngamatapouri School\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ngamatapouri&params=39_34_24_S_174_49_29_E_region:NZ_type:city","external_links_name":"39°34′24″S 174°49′29″E / 39.57333°S 174.82472°E / -39.57333; 174.82472"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ngamatapouri&params=39_34_24_S_174_49_29_E_region:NZ_type:city","external_links_name":"39°34′24″S 174°49′29″E / 39.57333°S 174.82472°E / -39.57333; 174.82472"},{"Link":"https://gazetteer.linz.govt.nz/place/32372","external_links_name":"\"Place name detail: Ngamatapouri\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngamatapourischool.co.nz/","external_links_name":"\"Ngamatapouri School\""},{"Link":"https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/maori-language-week/1000-maori-place-names","external_links_name":"\"1000 Māori place names\""},{"Link":"https://statsnz.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6f49867abe464f86ac7526552fe19787","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS Web Application\""},{"Link":"http://nzdotstat.stats.govt.nz/wbos/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=TABLECODE7979","external_links_name":"\"Population estimate tables - NZ.Stat\""},{"Link":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/information-releases/statistical-area-1-dataset-for-2018-census-updated-march-2020","external_links_name":"\"Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census\""},{"Link":"https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-place-summaries/mangawhio","external_links_name":"2018 Census place summary: Mangawhio"},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/data-services/directories/list-of-nz-schools","external_links_name":"\"New Zealand Schools Directory\""},{"Link":"https://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/find-school/school/profile?school=2407","external_links_name":"Education Counts: Ngamatapouri School"},{"Link":"http://www.waitotara.co.nz/ngamat%20schools.doc","external_links_name":"History of the Schools"},{"Link":"http://www.ngamatapourischool.co.nz/","external_links_name":"\"Ngamatapouri School\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Trunk_(novel)	Saratoga Trunk (novel)	["1 Plot","2 References","3 External links"]	Novel by Edna Ferber Saratoga Trunk First editionAuthorEdna FerberLanguageEnglishPublisherDoubleday, DoranPublication date1941Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (Hardcover)Pages352 pp Saratoga Trunk is a best-selling novel by American author Edna Ferber, originally published by Doubleday, Doran in 1941. It concerns a notorious Creole woman, Clio Dulaine, who returns to her native New Orleans and marries a Texas gambler, Colonel Clint Maroon. The book serves as the basis for the 1945 film, Saratoga Trunk, and the 1959 stage musical, Saratoga, and was published as an Armed Services Edition during WWII. Plot In 1875, Clio Dulaine, the illegitimate daughter of an aristocratic New Orleans French Creole father and a light-skinned Creole woman of color who was his placée, returns from Paris to her birthplace in Rampart Street to avenge her mother's mistreatment at the hands of her father's family, the Dulaines. Years ago, Clio's mother, Rita Dulaine, accidentally killed her husband, Nicholas Dulaine, when he tried to prevent her from committing suicide, and the scandalized Dulaines then exiled Clio and her mother to Paris. Clio is accompanied by her maid, Angélique Pluton, and her dwarf manservant, Cupidon. After fixing up the rundown house in Rampart Street, Clio ventures out, hoping to encounter the Dulaines, now comprising her father's widow, the widow's mother, and the widow's daughter (and Clio's half-sister) Charlotte Thérèse. At the French marketplace, Clio stops for a bowl of jambalaya and is immediately attracted to Clint Maroon, a tall Texan in a white hat, who is eating at the counter. The attraction is mutual, and Clint offers to drive Clio to the cathedral in his carriage, but a disapproving Angélique interferes, and Clio leaves without him. After the service, Clio, Angelique, and Cupidon eat breakfast at Begue's, the restaurant patronized by the Dulaines every Sunday. While eating, Angélique spots the Dulaines walking in, but they leave quickly after presumably recognizing Clio. Later Clint and Clio meet again at the restaurant, and afterward he drives her home. Soon after, Clio and Clint begin a courtship. Eventually, Clint moves into Clio's house. Although they are in love with each other, Clio, who is obsessed with her plans for revenge, intends to marry a rich and powerful man to prove that she is as good as her father's family. Clint, a gambler, who never intends to marry, is out for revenge against the railroaders who ruined his father in Texas. Clio continues to embarrass the Dulaines at every opportunity, planning, if necessary, to sabotage the society debut of her half-sister Charlotte Thérèse. Exasperated by Clio's unrelenting machinations, Clint leaves for Saratoga Springs, New York. As the result of Clio's scheming, the Dulaines pay her $10,000 and agree to destroy the Rampart Street house and bury her mother in a New Orleans cemetery. Later, Clio joins Clint in Saratoga Springs, where she plots to marry wealthy railroad heir Bartholomew Van Steed. Clio's arrival with Angelique and Cupidon causes quite a stir, and because the hotel is completely booked, Clint offers Clio, who assumes the identity of a mourning Mrs. De Chanfret, two of the rooms in his suite. Privately, he explains that Bart owns a railroad, the Saratoga Trunk, which is suddenly worth millions of dollars because it connects the coal country with New York. Railroader Raymond Soule, the same man who ruined Clint's father, is trying to steal the railroad from Bart. Clio poses as the widow of a French count, a claim that many doubt until she is unexpectedly backed up by socialite Mrs. Coventry Bellop, who intensely dislikes Van Steed's mother. Clio's beauty and melodramatic posturing quickly capture Bart's attentions. Meanwhile, Clint offers to save the Saratoga Trunk from Soule in exchange for shares in the railroad. When Clio learns that Bart is paying Clint to do his dirty work, she hysterically accuses him of cowardice and sends him away. This excites Bart, who explains that he knows about her background, but wants to marry her anyway. The costume ball that evening is interrupted by the arrival of Clint and Cupidon, who were seriously wounded during a pitched battle with Soule's men. Clio realizes that she loves Clint too much to marry another man and nurses him back to health. Clint then tells Clio that, having saved the Saratoga Trunk from Soule, his railroad shares have made him a very rich man, and he plans to eventually take over the trunk line himself from Van Steed. References ^ Ferber, Edna (2000). Saratoga Trunk. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ISBN 9780060956714. External links Saratoga Trunk at Faded Page (Canada) vteEdna FerberPlays Our Mrs. McChesney (1915) $1200 a Year: A Comedy in Three Acts (1920) Minick: A Play (1924) The Royal Family (1927) Dinner at Eight (1932) Stage Door (1936) The Land Is Bright (1941) Novels Dawn O'Hara, The Girl Who Laughed (1911) Personality Plus (1914) Fanny Herself (1917) The Girls (1921) Gigolo (1922) So Big (1924) Show Boat (1926) Cimarron (1929) American Beauty (1931) Come and Get It (1935) Saratoga Trunk (1941) Great Son (1945) Giant (1952) Ice Palace (1958) Other works "Old Man Minick" (1922 short story) A Peculiar Treasure (1939 autobiography) Adaptations"Old Man Minick" Minick (1924 play) Welcome Home (1925 film) The Expert (1932 film) No Place to Go (1939 film) Gigolo Gigolo (1926 film) So Big So Big (1924 film) So Big (1932 film) So Big (1953 film) Show Boat Show Boat (1927 musical) Show Boat (1929 film) Show Boat (1936 film) Show Boat (1951 film) The Royal Family The Royal Family of Broadway (1930 musical) Cimarron Cimarron (1931 film) Cimarron (1960 film) Dinner at Eight Dinner at Eight (1933 film) Stage Door Stage Door (1937) Come and Get It Come and Get It (1936 film) Saratoga Trunk Saratoga Trunk (1945 film) Saratoga (1959 musical) Giant Giant (1956 film) Giant (2009 musical) Family Janet Fox (niece)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edna Ferber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edna_Ferber"},{"link_name":"Doubleday, Doran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doubleday,_Doran"},{"link_name":"1941","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1941_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people"},{"link_name":"New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1945_in_film"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Trunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Trunk"},{"link_name":"Saratoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_(musical)"},{"link_name":"Armed Services Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_Services_Edition"}],"text":"Saratoga Trunk is a best-selling novel by American author Edna Ferber, originally published by Doubleday, Doran in 1941.It concerns a notorious Creole woman, Clio Dulaine, who returns to her native New Orleans and marries a Texas gambler, Colonel Clint Maroon.The book serves as the basis for the 1945 film, Saratoga Trunk, and the 1959 stage musical, Saratoga, and was published as an Armed Services Edition during WWII.","title":"Saratoga Trunk (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Creole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people"},{"link_name":"placée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plac%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Rampart Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rampart_Street"},{"link_name":"Saratoga Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saratoga_Springs"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In 1875, Clio Dulaine, the illegitimate daughter of an aristocratic New Orleans French Creole father and a light-skinned Creole woman of color who was his placée, returns from Paris to her birthplace in Rampart Street to avenge her mother's mistreatment at the hands of her father's family, the Dulaines. Years ago, Clio's mother, Rita Dulaine, accidentally killed her husband, Nicholas Dulaine, when he tried to prevent her from committing suicide, and the scandalized Dulaines then exiled Clio and her mother to Paris. Clio is accompanied by her maid, Angélique Pluton, and her dwarf manservant, Cupidon.After fixing up the rundown house in Rampart Street, Clio ventures out, hoping to encounter the Dulaines, now comprising her father's widow, the widow's mother, and the widow's daughter (and Clio's half-sister) Charlotte Thérèse. At the French marketplace, Clio stops for a bowl of jambalaya and is immediately attracted to Clint Maroon, a tall Texan in a white hat, who is eating at the counter. The attraction is mutual, and Clint offers to drive Clio to the cathedral in his carriage, but a disapproving Angélique interferes, and Clio leaves without him. After the service, Clio, Angelique, and Cupidon eat breakfast at Begue's, the restaurant patronized by the Dulaines every Sunday. While eating, Angélique spots the Dulaines walking in, but they leave quickly after presumably recognizing Clio. Later Clint and Clio meet again at the restaurant, and afterward he drives her home.Soon after, Clio and Clint begin a courtship. Eventually, Clint moves into Clio's house. Although they are in love with each other, Clio, who is obsessed with her plans for revenge, intends to marry a rich and powerful man to prove that she is as good as her father's family. Clint, a gambler, who never intends to marry, is out for revenge against the railroaders who ruined his father in Texas.Clio continues to embarrass the Dulaines at every opportunity, planning, if necessary, to sabotage the society debut of her half-sister Charlotte Thérèse. Exasperated by Clio's unrelenting machinations, Clint leaves for Saratoga Springs, New York. As the result of Clio's scheming, the Dulaines pay her $10,000 and agree to destroy the Rampart Street house and bury her mother in a New Orleans cemetery. Later, Clio joins Clint in Saratoga Springs, where she plots to marry wealthy railroad heir Bartholomew Van Steed. Clio's arrival with Angelique and Cupidon causes quite a stir, and because the hotel is completely booked, Clint offers Clio, who assumes the identity of a mourning Mrs. De Chanfret, two of the rooms in his suite. Privately, he explains that Bart owns a railroad, the Saratoga Trunk, which is suddenly worth millions of dollars because it connects the coal country with New York.Railroader Raymond Soule, the same man who ruined Clint's father, is trying to steal the railroad from Bart. Clio poses as the widow of a French count, a claim that many doubt until she is unexpectedly backed up by socialite Mrs. Coventry Bellop, who intensely dislikes Van Steed's mother. Clio's beauty and melodramatic posturing quickly capture Bart's attentions.Meanwhile, Clint offers to save the Saratoga Trunk from Soule in exchange for shares in the railroad. When Clio learns that Bart is paying Clint to do his dirty work, she hysterically accuses him of cowardice and sends him away. This excites Bart, who explains that he knows about her background, but wants to marry her anyway. The costume ball that evening is interrupted by the arrival of Clint and Cupidon, who were seriously wounded during a pitched battle with Soule's men. Clio realizes that she loves Clint too much to marry another man and nurses him back to health. Clint then tells Clio that, having saved the Saratoga Trunk from Soule, his railroad shares have made him a very rich man, and he plans to eventually take over the trunk line himself from Van Steed.[1]","title":"Plot"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ferber, Edna (2000). Saratoga Trunk. Harper Perennial Modern Classics. ISBN 9780060956714.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/saratogatrunkper00edna","url_text":"Saratoga Trunk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780060956714","url_text":"9780060956714"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/saratogatrunkper00edna","external_links_name":"Saratoga Trunk"},{"Link":"https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20220546","external_links_name":"Saratoga Trunk"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittlich_Depression	Wittlich Depression	["1 Geography","1.1 Natural regions","2 References","3 Literature","4 External links"]	The Wittlich Depression The Wittlich Depression near Bekond The Wittlich Depression (German: Wittlicher Senke or Wittlicher Rotliegend-Senke), less commonly, the Wittlich Basin, is the continuation of the Trier Valley in a northeasterly direction. It is not only recognisable in the terrain as an elongated depression, but also from its geological structure as a basin. From a natural region perspective, the Wittlich Depression (252) is one of three major units of the Moselle Valley major unit group Moseltal (25). The Wittlich Depression Cycleway (Radweg Wittlicher Senke) runs through the region. Geography The Wittlich Depression runs for about 45 kilometres from Schweich in the southwest almost to the River Moselle northeast of Wittlich. At its widest point it is about 7 kilometres across. Its average height is about 180 m above sea level (NN), its lowest point is near Wengerohr in the vicinity of Wittlich and on the Lieser, a tributary of the Moselle in Rhineland-Palatinate. The depression is bounded to the northwest by the Meulenwald forest, to the southeast by the Moselle Hills and to the east by the Kondelwald. The Wittlich Depression is drained by the Lieser and its tributaries. The jointed rocks below the surface hold a larger amount of groundwater than the area around the depression. The climate is similar to the mild conditions of the Moselle Valley. Due to its sheltered location, tobacco is grown in the valley. Natural regions The Wittlich Depression is divided into the following natural regions: (to 25 - Moselle Valley) 251 Wittlich Depression 251.0 Southwestern Wittlich Depression 251.00 Föhren Kuppen Land (between Schweich, Föhren und Bekond) 251.01 Hetzerath Plateau (around Hetzerath) 251.1 Central Wittlich Depression 251.10 Sehlem Salm Valley (Salm from Rivenich to Salmtal) 251.11 Dreis Valley (between Dreis and Wittlich) 251.12 Wittlich Valley (Wittlich and the regions west-northwest and south-southwest:Lieser from Wittlich to Platten; northeast to Bausendorf) 251.2 Klausen Hill Country (from Klausen to south of Wittlich) 251.3 Bausendorf Alf Valley (Alf valley from Bausendorf to below Bengel) References ^ Interaktiver Kartendienst und Beschreibungen der Naturschutzverwaltung Rhineland-Palatinate ^ a b Exact natural regional name unknown. Literature Wilhelm Meyer (1986), Geologie der Eifel (in German), Stuttgart: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 534ff, ISBN 3-510-65127-8 Paul Dorn (original author); Roland Walter et al. (reviser) (1992), Geologie von Mitteleuropa (in German) (5th, fully revised ed.), Stuttgart: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 171, 181, ISBN 3-510-65149-9 {{citation}}: \|surname1= has generic name (help) Landesamt für Geologie und Bergbau Rhineland-Palatinate (Hrsg.): Geologie von Rhineland-Palatinate. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-510-65215-0. External links Naturräumliche Gegebenheiten. Flächennutzungsplan Wittlich, Erläuterungsbericht Böden der Wittlicher Senke. Universität Trier BfN-Landschaftssteckbrief	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wittlicher_Senke_Bekond.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bekond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekond"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Trier Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trier_Valley"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(geology)"},{"link_name":"basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structural_basin"},{"link_name":"natural region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_region"},{"link_name":"Moselle Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_Valley"},{"link_name":"Moseltal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moseltal"}],"text":"The Wittlich Depression near BekondThe Wittlich Depression (German: Wittlicher Senke or Wittlicher Rotliegend-Senke), less commonly, the Wittlich Basin, is the continuation of the Trier Valley in a northeasterly direction. It is not only recognisable in the terrain as an elongated depression, but also from its geological structure as a basin.\nFrom a natural region perspective, the Wittlich Depression (252) is one of three major units of the Moselle Valley major unit group Moseltal (25).\nThe Wittlich Depression Cycleway (Radweg Wittlicher Senke) runs through the region.","title":"Wittlich Depression"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Schweich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweich"},{"link_name":"River Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Moselle"},{"link_name":"Wittlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittlich"},{"link_name":"sea level (NN)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normalnull"},{"link_name":"Lieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieser_(Moselle)"},{"link_name":"Moselle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle"},{"link_name":"Rhineland-Palatinate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate"},{"link_name":"Meulenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meulenwald"},{"link_name":"Moselle Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_Hills"},{"link_name":"Kondelwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kondelwald"},{"link_name":"Lieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieser_(Moselle)"},{"link_name":"jointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_(geology)"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"}],"text":"The Wittlich Depression runs for about 45 kilometres from Schweich in the southwest almost to the River Moselle northeast of Wittlich. At its widest point it is about 7 kilometres across. Its average height is about 180 m above sea level (NN), its lowest point is near Wengerohr in the vicinity of Wittlich and on the Lieser, a tributary of the Moselle in Rhineland-Palatinate. The depression is bounded to the northwest by the Meulenwald forest, to the southeast by the Moselle Hills and to the east by the Kondelwald.The Wittlich Depression is drained by the Lieser and its tributaries. The jointed rocks below the surface hold a larger amount of groundwater than the area around the depression. The climate is similar to the mild conditions of the Moselle Valley. Due to its sheltered location, tobacco is grown in the valley.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RP-Kartendienst-1"},{"link_name":"Moselle Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moselle_Valley"},{"link_name":"Southwestern Wittlich Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southwestern_Wittlich_Depression&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-2"},{"link_name":"Föhren Kuppen Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=F%C3%B6hren_Kuppen_Land&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Schweich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweich"},{"link_name":"Föhren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6hren"},{"link_name":"Bekond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekond"},{"link_name":"Hetzerath Plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hetzerath_Plateau&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hetzerath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hetzerath_(Eifel)"},{"link_name":"Central Wittlich Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Central_Wittlich_Depression&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unknown-2"},{"link_name":"Sehlem Salm Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sehlem_Salm_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Salm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salm_(Moselle)"},{"link_name":"Rivenich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivenich"},{"link_name":"Salmtal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salmtal"},{"link_name":"Dreis Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dreis_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreis"},{"link_name":"Wittlich Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wittlich_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wittlich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wittlich"},{"link_name":"Lieser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieser_(Moselle)"},{"link_name":"Platten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platten_(near_Wittlich)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klausen Hill Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klausen_Hill_Country&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Klausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klausen_(Eifel)"},{"link_name":"Bausendorf Alf Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bausendorf_Alf_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Alf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alf_(river)"},{"link_name":"Bausendorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bausendorf"},{"link_name":"Bengel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengel_(Moselle)"}],"sub_title":"Natural regions","text":"The Wittlich Depression is divided into the following natural regions:[1](to 25 - Moselle Valley)\n251 Wittlich Depression\n251.0 Southwestern Wittlich Depression[2]\n251.00 Föhren Kuppen Land (between Schweich, Föhren und Bekond)\n251.01 Hetzerath Plateau (around Hetzerath)\n251.1 Central Wittlich Depression[2]\n251.10 Sehlem Salm Valley (Salm from Rivenich to Salmtal)\n251.11 Dreis Valley (between Dreis and Wittlich)\n251.12 Wittlich Valley (Wittlich and the regions west-northwest and south-southwest:Lieser from Wittlich to Platten; northeast to Bausendorf)\n251.2 Klausen Hill Country (from Klausen to south of Wittlich)\n251.3 Bausendorf Alf Valley (Alf valley from Bausendorf to below Bengel)","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-510-65127-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-510-65127-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-510-65149-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-510-65149-9"},{"link_name":"citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-510-65215-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-510-65215-0"}],"text":"Wilhelm Meyer (1986), Geologie der Eifel (in German), Stuttgart: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 534ff, ISBN 3-510-65127-8\nPaul Dorn (original author); Roland Walter et al. (reviser) (1992), Geologie von Mitteleuropa (in German) (5th, fully revised ed.), Stuttgart: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 171, 181, ISBN 3-510-65149-9 {{citation}}: \|surname1= has generic name (help)\nLandesamt für Geologie und Bergbau Rhineland-Palatinate (Hrsg.): Geologie von Rhineland-Palatinate. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, 2005, ISBN 3-510-65215-0.","title":"Literature"}]	[{"image_text":"The Wittlich Depression","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/De-wittlicher-senke.png/220px-De-wittlicher-senke.png"},{"image_text":"The Wittlich Depression near Bekond","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wittlicher_Senke_Bekond.jpg/220px-Wittlicher_Senke_Bekond.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Wilhelm Meyer (1986), Geologie der Eifel (in German), Stuttgart: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 534ff, ISBN 3-510-65127-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-510-65127-8","url_text":"3-510-65127-8"}]},{"reference":"Paul Dorn (original author); Roland Walter et al. (reviser) (1992), Geologie von Mitteleuropa (in German) (5th, fully revised ed.), Stuttgart: Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, pp. 171, 181, ISBN 3-510-65149-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-510-65149-9","url_text":"3-510-65149-9"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://map1.naturschutz.rlp.de/mapserver_lanis/","external_links_name":"Interaktiver Kartendienst"},{"Link":"http://map1.naturschutz.rlp.de/landschaften_rlp/grosslandschaft.php?gl_nr=25","external_links_name":"Beschreibungen"},{"Link":"http://www.wittlich.de/bau/fnp/grund.htm","external_links_name":"Naturräumliche Gegebenheiten."},{"Link":"http://www.uni-trier.de/index.php?id=12167&L=0%20class%3Dl","external_links_name":"Böden der Wittlicher Senke."},{"Link":"http://www.bfn.de/0311_landschaft.html?landschaftid=25100","external_links_name":"BfN-Landschaftssteckbrief"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Tenpin_Bowling_Association	British Tenpin Bowling Association	["1 History","2 British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association","2.1 BTBA Coaching Qualification","2.2 BTBCA Aim","3 Members","4 References","5 External links"]	This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "British Tenpin Bowling Association" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) British Tenpin Bowling AssociationSportTenpin BowlingAbbreviationBTBAFounded1961AffiliationInternational Bowling FederationChairmanLisa JohnSecretaryDavid SteinerOfficial websitewww.btba.org.uk The British Tenpin Bowling Association (BTBA) is the official governing body of ten-pin bowling in the United Kingdom, affiliated to Sport England. It is the official sanctioning body, recognised by International Bowling Federation, the sport's world governing body, for all competitions, leagues and tournaments held in the UK, and is the organisation responsible for the protection, integrity and development of the sport. It also oversees coaching for tenpin bowling at all levels, and is the official awarding body for formal coaching qualifications. The BTBA had a monthly magazine to keep members up to date with the latest news in the sport but nowadays news can mainly be found on Facebook. History The first British tenpin bowling centre opened at Stamford Hill. The two principal American manufacturers of tenpin machinery - AMF and Brunswick - had expanded their operations to the UK when it became apparent that they had virtually saturated their home market in the US at the end of the 1950s. The American Bowling Congress (ABC) took an interest in this expansion and helped British bowlers to set up their own governing body. The BTBA was formed on 26 May 1961. The General Secretary was Maurice Glazer, at that time a professional photographer in Dalston, East London. His shop became the first official residence of the Association. One of its original roles was to provide official recognition for newcomers to the fledgling sport of tenpin bowling as it grew in popularity across the UK. It standardised rules and playing regulations, laid down guidelines and provided an independent governing body to which reference could be made in the event of disagreement. The rule-book was copied almost verbatim from the ABC version. The annual membership subscription was five shillings), which at the prevailing exchange rate was the Sterling equivalent of the ABC's annual subscription of US$1. With about half-a-million members the ABC found this rate to provide them with adequate funds, but it was insufficient to run the BTBA, given that only a few thousand British bowlers were members. Authority was delegated to each of the counties under the auspices of local area representatives. Some of the area representatives soon came into conflict with the bowling centre proprietors, for example insisting on costly re-surfacing of lanes, which they argued was unnecessary. The proprietors rebelled and set up their own rival organisation, the Tenpin Bowling Proprietors Association (TBPA), in 1967. An Annual General Meeting of the BTBA saw this conflict rise to a head and most of the governing council resigned, leaving Glazer to regroup and bring back all decisions to the BTBA head office. It took several years to achieve a rapprochement with the proprietors. Glazer continued to follow his instincts in what he believed to be the best interest of British bowlers, became President of FIQ and was awarded an MBE for his service to the sport. The BTBA has continued to have a considerable impact on the sport, however in recent times has struggled to engage with the next generation of bowlers. As bowling transitions from "sport" to "leisure", and bowling centres remove restrictions like the need to wear Bowling Shoes, Bowling as a sport is in huge decline in the UK. A large percentage of bowling leagues did not return to the centres after the COVID pandemic. British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association The 'British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association (BTBCA) is a sub-section of the British Tenpin Bowling Association Although associated under the umbrella group of the BTBA, the BTBCA is run solely by a committee, elected by the members annually at the Annual General Meeting, subject to their good standing with the BTBA. The BTBCA Chairman reports annually to the BTBA, through the BTBCA President (the BTBA Director of National Coaching currently Arthur J McDonnell MSc). BTBA Coaching Qualification Within the BTBCA there are 4 levels to the BTBA Coaching Qualification. These include: Phase I: Instructor: - approved to teach beginners. Phase II Instructor: - approved to teach beginners and bowlers with a limited amount of experience in the Sport. Phase III Coach: - approved to coach advanced bowlers including County and National levels. Phase IV Coach: - approved to coach at all levels, coach education, Instructor mentoring and development, setting of standards for coaching. BTBCA Aim According to the BTBCA website, the main aim of the BTBCA is to provide a contact point for all BTBA qualified Instructors and Coaches. There is a two-day BTBA coaching course. The passing of this course gives a basis of knowledge from which to work, however, the only way in which people can develop their skills in coaching, is through practical experience. In gaining this experience, questions often arise, for which the answers are not immediately clear. Members Current members include the British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association, Hollywood Bowl, and Tenpin (formerly Megabowl) chains. References ^ Sport England https://sportengland-production-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/list-of-uk-recognised-ngbs-and-sport-list-february-2018.pdf ^ Aalborg 1978 https://issuu.com/bowleren/docs/1978_uem_aalborg_-_program/7 External links Official website Tenpin Bowling Proprietors Association Scottish Tenpin Bowling Association Popular British University Tenpin Bowling Association - University Bowling in England vteTen-pin bowlingEquipment Ball Pin Pinsetter Scorer Alley Organizations BTBA ETBF International Bowling Federation JBC JPBA PBA PWBA USBC WTBA Tournaments WTBA World Tenpin Bowling Championships World Bowling Singles Championships World Games Asian Games Pan American Games QubicaAMF Bowling World Cup European Bowling Tour European Bowling Tour Masters NCAA Bowling Championship PBA Tour PBA Tournament of Champions PBA World Championship U.S. Open U.S. Women's Open USBC Masters USBC Queens Weber Cup Mediterranean Challenge Cup World Ranking Masters World Tenpin Masters Terms 900 series Dutch 200 Form Glossary of bowling Hook League Open frame Perfect game Spare Split Strike Trick bowling	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ten-pin bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten-pin_bowling"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Sport England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_England"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The British Tenpin Bowling Association (BTBA) is the official governing body of ten-pin bowling in the United Kingdom, affiliated to Sport England.[1]It is the official sanctioning body, recognised by International Bowling Federation, the sport's world governing body, for all competitions, leagues and tournaments held in the UK, and is the organisation responsible for the protection, integrity and development of the sport. It also oversees coaching for tenpin bowling at all levels, and is the official awarding body for formal coaching qualifications. The BTBA had a monthly magazine to keep members up to date with the latest news in the sport but nowadays news can mainly be found on Facebook.","title":"British Tenpin Bowling Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stamford Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stamford_Hill"},{"link_name":"AMF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Machinery_and_Foundry"},{"link_name":"Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunswick_Bowling_%26_Billiards"},{"link_name":"American Bowling Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bowling_Congress"},{"link_name":"Dalston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalston"},{"link_name":"Annual General Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_General_Meeting"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"}],"text":"The first British tenpin bowling centre opened at Stamford Hill. The two principal American manufacturers of tenpin machinery - AMF and Brunswick - had expanded their operations to the UK when it became apparent that they had virtually saturated their home market in the US at the end of the 1950s. The American Bowling Congress (ABC) took an interest in this expansion and helped British bowlers to set up their own governing body.The BTBA was formed on 26 May 1961. The General Secretary was Maurice Glazer, at that time a professional photographer in Dalston, East London. His shop became the first official residence of the Association. One of its original roles was to provide official recognition for newcomers to the fledgling sport of tenpin bowling as it grew in popularity across the UK.It standardised rules and playing regulations, laid down guidelines and provided an independent governing body to which reference could be made in the event of disagreement.The rule-book was copied almost verbatim from the ABC version. The annual membership subscription was five shillings), which at the prevailing exchange rate was the Sterling equivalent of the ABC's annual subscription of US$1. With about half-a-million members the ABC found this rate to provide them with adequate funds, but it was insufficient to run the BTBA, given that only a few thousand British bowlers were members.Authority was delegated to each of the counties under the auspices of local area representatives. Some of the area representatives soon came into conflict with the bowling centre proprietors, for example insisting on costly re-surfacing of lanes, which they argued was unnecessary. The proprietors rebelled and set up their own rival organisation, the Tenpin Bowling Proprietors Association (TBPA), in 1967. An Annual General Meeting of the BTBA saw this conflict rise to a head and most of the governing council resigned, leaving Glazer to regroup and bring back all decisions to the BTBA head office. It took several years to achieve a rapprochement with the proprietors.Glazer continued to follow his instincts in what he believed to be the best interest of British bowlers, became President of FIQ[2] and was awarded an MBE for his service to the sport.The BTBA has continued to have a considerable impact on the sport, however in recent times has struggled to engage with the next generation of bowlers. As bowling transitions from \"sport\" to \"leisure\", and bowling centres remove restrictions like the need to wear Bowling Shoes, Bowling as a sport is in huge decline in the UK. A large percentage of bowling leagues did not return to the centres after the COVID pandemic.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Annual General Meeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_General_Meeting"}],"text":"The 'British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association (BTBCA) is a sub-section of the British Tenpin Bowling Association Although associated under the umbrella group of the BTBA, the BTBCA is run solely by a committee, elected by the members annually at the Annual General Meeting, subject to their good standing with the BTBA.The BTBCA Chairman reports annually to the BTBA, through the BTBCA President (the BTBA Director of National Coaching currently Arthur J McDonnell MSc).","title":"British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BTBA Coaching Qualification","text":"Within the BTBCA there are 4 levels to the BTBA Coaching Qualification. These include:Phase I: Instructor: - approved to teach beginners.\nPhase II Instructor: - approved to teach beginners and bowlers with a limited amount of experience in the Sport.\nPhase III Coach: - approved to coach advanced bowlers including County and National levels.\nPhase IV Coach: - approved to coach at all levels, coach education, Instructor mentoring and development, setting of standards for coaching.","title":"British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"BTBCA Aim","text":"According to the BTBCA website, the main aim of the BTBCA is to provide a contact point for all BTBA qualified Instructors and Coaches.There is a two-day BTBA coaching course. The passing of this course gives a basis of knowledge from which to work, however, the only way in which people can develop their skills in coaching, is through practical experience. In gaining this experience, questions often arise, for which the answers are not immediately clear.","title":"British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Tenpin_Bowling_Coaching_Association"},{"link_name":"Hollywood Bowl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl_Group"},{"link_name":"Tenpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenpin_Ltd"}],"text":"Current members include the British Tenpin Bowling Coaching Association, Hollywood Bowl, and Tenpin (formerly Megabowl) chains.","title":"Members"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22British+Tenpin+Bowling+Association%22","external_links_name":"\"British Tenpin Bowling Association\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22British+Tenpin+Bowling+Association%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22British+Tenpin+Bowling+Association%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22British+Tenpin+Bowling+Association%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22British+Tenpin+Bowling+Association%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22British+Tenpin+Bowling+Association%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.btba.org.uk/","external_links_name":"www.btba.org.uk"},{"Link":"https://sportengland-production-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/list-of-uk-recognised-ngbs-and-sport-list-february-2018.pdf","external_links_name":"https://sportengland-production-files.s3.eu-west-2.amazonaws.com/s3fs-public/list-of-uk-recognised-ngbs-and-sport-list-february-2018.pdf"},{"Link":"https://issuu.com/bowleren/docs/1978_uem_aalborg_-_program/7","external_links_name":"https://issuu.com/bowleren/docs/1978_uem_aalborg_-_program/7"},{"Link":"http://www.btba.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://www.gotenpin.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Tenpin Bowling Proprietors Association"},{"Link":"http://www.scottishtenpinbowling.com/","external_links_name":"Scottish Tenpin Bowling Association Popular"},{"Link":"http://www.butba.co.uk/","external_links_name":"British University Tenpin Bowling Association"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Daly	Chris Daly	["1 Background","2 Political career","2.1 Housing and homelessness","2.2 Progressive convention","2.3 Elimination of Police Chief post","2.4 Opposition to the Blue Angels","2.5 Removal from Budget Committee chairmanship","2.6 Canceling of the San Francisco Grand Prix","2.7 Olympic torch resolution","2.8 Appointments to Public Utilities Commission","2.9 Controversies","3 Post-electoral career","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	American politician For the Irish rugby player, see John Daly (rugby). For the musician, see Texas Is the Reason. This article is an autobiography or has been extensively edited by the subject or by someone connected to the subject. It may need editing to conform to Wikipedia's neutral point of view policy. There may be relevant discussion on the talk page. (January 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Chris DalyDaly speaking at a Free Tibet rally in San Francisco.Member of theSan Francisco Board of Supervisorsfrom District 6In office2001–2011Preceded bydistrict createdSucceeded byJane Kim Personal detailsBornChristopher Edward Daly (1972-08-13) August 13, 1972 (age 51)Silver Spring, MarylandPolitical partyDemocraticSpouseSarah Low DalyChildrenJack, GraceWebsiteSupervisor Chris Daly Christopher Edward Daly (born August 13, 1972) is a former San Francisco Board of Supervisors member He represented District 6, serving from 2001 to 2011. He now lives in Fairfield, California, but commutes to Las Vegas, Nevada and Carson City, Nevada, where he works for the Nevada State Education Association. Background Daly grew up in Gaithersburg, Maryland and went to Laytonsville Elementary School and Gaithersburg Middle and High Schools; his father was a federal employee and consultant, and his mother was an accountant. Daly was valedictorian of his high school class and was drawn to service as a teenager through the 4-H club. He attended Duke University, where he and other activists convinced the school to spend $3 million on affordable housing. He did not graduate. He moved to San Francisco in 1993, where he became involved in local politics through an advocacy group for homeless people called Mission Agenda. Daly is married to Sarah Low Daly, whom he met at the World Youth Festival in Havana, Cuba; they have two children. Political career Daly was first elected to office in 2000 in a near sweep for progressive candidates in supervisorial races. He ran on his credentials as a housing advocate in the Mission District. Daly was re-elected in 2002 and 2006. Daly received 8,472, 6,642, and 8,968 votes respectively in the three contested elections. Housing and homelessness Daly's legislative record focused primarily on housing and homelessness. He sponsored legislation to help low-income tenants of Single-room occupancy (SRO) residential hotels, many of whom were located in his district. In 2005, Daly negotiated a planned development on Rincon Hill, where the property was rezoned to allow for high-rise development in exchange for a higher percentage of affordable housing units and "community benefits" to non-profits in the area. Daly also received unanimous support for a plan to demolish and rebuild an apartment complex at Trinity Plaza in exchange for 590 affordable units. This was the first time in California history that a housing developer voluntarily allowed new construction to be covered by rent control. Critics of Daly's housing policies point to his attempt to ban tenancy-in-common apartment conversions, which they believe allow middle-income people to buy property in San Francisco. In June 2006, Daly sponsored the Eviction Disclosure Ordinance, which required real estate agents to inform buyers whether a tenant was evicted from a property they wished to purchase. The ballot proposition won with 52 percent of the vote. In March 2007, Daly, chairman of the Budget and Finance Committee, introduced a proposal that would appropriate $28 million for affordable housing. In April 2007, Daly introduced another proposal that would appropriate an additional $15 million in services for seniors and families. Eight members of the Board of Supervisors passed the affordable housing measure, but Mayor Gavin Newsom refused to spend the money. Progressive convention In June 2007, Daly organized a "Progressive Convention" to find a candidate to run against popular Mayor Gavin Newsom. Daly stated that if the convention could not choose a candidate, he himself would run. But when the Progressive Convention did not nominate anyone, Daly declined to run himself. He said that he wanted to spend time with his family and that his wife was due to give birth shortly before the mayoral election. Elimination of Police Chief post Daly suggested putting a charter amendment before voters in the November 2007 municipal election calling for elimination of the police chief post. Instead, the elected sheriff would oversee all law enforcement in the city and county of San Francisco. The suggestion arose from Daly's disagreements with Police Chief Heather Fong about the placement and use of police patrols. "If they keep the attacks on me, I'll keep moving forward what I think is good public policy," Daly said. "What they fear is the end of their reign of terror in San Francisco." Opposition to the Blue Angels In June 2007, Daly announced that he was working with anti-war activist organizations such as Code Pink, Global Exchange and Veterans for Peace and considering introducing a proposal to ban the Blue Angels from flying during San Francisco's Fleet Week. Following significant negative public response and media inquiries, Daly announced that he had decided against making this proposal, blaming reporters at the San Francisco Examiner for his inability to move forward with this controversial proposal. Removal from Budget Committee chairmanship On June 15, 2007, Board President Aaron Peskin removed Daly as chairman of the Budget and Finance Committee shortly before it was to finalize the $6.06 billion budget proposed by Mayor Gavin Newsom. Explaining why he removed Daly, Peskin cited Daly's bitter public conflict with the mayor over budget priorities. "Fundamentally," he said, "the budget process is about public policy and not about personality and it is important that we stay committed to having an outcome that ensures we have a budget that reflects the values of the people of San Francisco." Canceling of the San Francisco Grand Prix Daly, along with Aaron Peskin, was instrumental in the canceling of the San Francisco Grand Prix, a world-class bicycle race held from 2001 to 2005, because of disagreements over the amount to be paid for traffic and crowd control and because the race's backers owed the city $89,924. In 2001 Mayor Willie Brown, who supported the race, allowed its organizers to incur a $350,000 debt and later ordered city officials to forgive that debt. Critics alleged that the race was canceled for political reasons including pressure from Peskin's constituents over parking issues. In Daly's personal blog, he referred to one of the chief backers of the race, San Francisco banker Thom Weisel, as a "multi-millionaire Republican politico". The race, which was organized as a 1.HC event and in 2005 was part of the UCI America Tour attracted hundreds of thousands of spectators as well as world-class athletes such as seven-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong, and was regarded as one of the country's most challenging, particularly for its famously difficult 18% grade Fillmore and Taylor street climbs. Mayor Gavin Newsom, who also supported the race, said it provided cultural, social, and economic benefit to San Francisco. A 2005 study commissioned by the San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau found the Labor Day weekend race generated $10.2 million for city businesses that year. Olympic torch resolution On March 20, 2008, Daly introduced a resolution which criticized the human rights record of China and urged officials representing San Francisco during the upcoming Olympic torch ceremonies (scheduled for April 9, 2008) to "make publicly known that the 2008 Summer Games torch is received with alarm and protest." Daly's resolution was covered extensively by the local media and elevated the issues of treatment of protests in relation to the Olympics being held in China, the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay and the torch ceremonies being held in San Francisco, the only North American stop. The torch relay will be the first time in Olympics history that protests will accompany the torch as it passes through a U.S. city. Daly stated, "he magnitude of attention paid to the Olympic Games and the torch relay makes the event the appropriate platform to discuss human rights. If someone can look you in the face and tell you the Olympics are limited to the individual competitions that take place, well, that's a good poker player." Daly also criticized the rare decision to set up designated "free-speech zones" stating, "I don't see why we should break from our pattern of how we handle mass protests or demonstrations for China." San Francisco mayor, Gavin Newsom, said he has "very serious concerns" about the situation in Tibet but added San Francisco is "privileged" to be the torch's only stop in North America and that the event should rise above political concerns and that the Games should be a time "to focus on the things that unite us and not divide us." In a later committee meeting supervisors Carmen Chu and Sean Elsbernd amended the resolution to welcome the Global Human Rights Torch Relay on April 5 and the Tibetan Freedom Torch on April 8 and commend "their efforts to raise awareness regarding human rights violations in China and urging the San Francisco City Representatives ... to welcome the Torch in the explicit spirit of Olympism, consistent with the United Nations Charter ... and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights." Appointments to Public Utilities Commission On October 22, 2003, during his one-day shift as Acting Mayor, while Mayor Willie Brown traveled to Tibet, Daly appointed two members to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission without Brown's consent, having consulted with the City Attorney who had advised him that as acting mayor he had the legal authority to make appointments in Mayor Brown's absence. Brown, who had his own people in mind for the assignments, had a different opinion, stating that " were made by a person who was supposed to be operating in a ceremonial capacity... a conspiracy to... move away from the traditions, the rules, the customs and the conduct that has been the hallmark of this city, long before I became mayor of this city." Brown also compared Daly to a stalker and suicide bomber, stating that, "When you conspire and calculate what you intend to do several days before you're designated as the acting mayor, you really are venal, you really are violative of all the protocols. It's like stalking. You knew exactly what you were intending to do. You concealed all your steps. You carefully plotted, then you did it behind closed doors, and then you laughed about it." Brown said he found out about Daly's actions when his chief of staff called him in Tibet. Brown was sleeping at the time but with the assistance of Chinese officials, was on a plane home within hours, cutting short his trade and promotion trip to China—reportedly explaining the matter to his hosts simply as a "coup." Nonetheless, the City Attorney stood behind its legal opinion and environmentalist and former Sierra Club president Adam Werbach was later sworn in. The second appointee, architect Robin Chiang, was rescinded because Brown had already made one appointment, Andrew Lee, son of one of Brown's fund-raiser Julie Lee, who was convicted of mail fraud and witness tampering on July 12, 2008. Daly and his allies on the board said Andrew Lee represented political patronage at its worst. According to John Rizzo, vice chairman of the Bay chapter of the Sierra Club, Daly's appointments would add "expertise to the SFPUC that was greatly lacking and is a great improvement" Brown said that Daly's action went beyond betrayal and that he considers his relationship with Daly, who he had praised in recent months, over. The custom of assigning the acting mayor position to supervisors on a round-robin basis was discontinued as a result of Daly's appointments. Daly said by way of explanation for his actions, "I'm an activist. I had an opportunity, and I took it. I stand by what I did. It was the right thing." Controversies Daly has a reputation for having a fiery demeanor. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, Daly is "either a hothead or a passionate advocate—depending on whose side you are on." In 2001, Daly nearly came to blows with Mayor Willie Brown after Daly brought homeless activists to a meeting that was supposed to be "private." Asked to apologize, Daly replied, "I will apologize that I was lured into the mayor's finger-pointing politics." In November 2004, fellow supervisor Michela Alioto-Pier lodged a petition for censure against Daly after he told a landlord advocate to "fuck off" at a tenants' rights hearing (the petition failed by a vote of 8-2). In 2001, Daly famously told his colleagues at a Supervisors' meeting, "I'm not feeling the love," when they rejected his proposals for balancing the budget, as he stormed out of the room. In 2002, Daly was arrested after a confrontation with police over a land use dispute concerning Hastings Law School, and reportedly told the arresting officer that he would have him fired; no charges were filed. In June 2007, after learning that an attempted budget maneuver would be unsuccessful, Daly, according to San Francisco Chronicle columnists Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, "went ballistic — singling out fellow progressive leader Ross Mirkarimi for a tongue lashing so heated that fellow supervisors joked about calling in the SWAT team to cool things down". On June 19, 2007, during a Board of Supervisors meeting, Daly suggested that Mayor Gavin Newsom uses cocaine and is a hypocrite for proposing public health cuts for substance abuse treatment for the poor. Daly stated that it was ironic of Newsom to propose cuts to a drug treatment program, "while the mayor of San Francisco artfully dodges every question about allegations of his own cocaine use." The mayor's press secretary said Daly's remarks were "sleazy politics of personal destruction." The Board of Supervisors President stated that "Supervisor Daly's comments were conduct unbecoming and do not represent the position of the Board of Supervisors or its president." The editorial board of the San Francisco Chronicle recommended censuring Daly. During an August 7, 2008, Rules Committee hearing after Daly had presented his resolution to turn the San Francisco Zoo into a rescue facility and when he was out of the room, a student from Lowell High School who had waited two hours for her chance to speak in support of the zoo, began to cry at the podium, because she, like the other speakers, was only allowed one minute to speak. Normally at Board of Supervisors hearings, speakers have 2–3 minutes to speak, but time is limited by the discretion of the chair often to shorter periods of time, especially if there are a large number of speakers. This was the second time the item had been heard in committee, and Chris Daly chose to limit public comment to one minute, so that another item regarding black flight from the City could be heard at that same hearing. Carl Friedman, the Director of the San Francisco Department of Animal Care and Control, said, "There were a lot of young people there who have never been to a government meeting. For this to be their first experience was embarrassing." When asked about the situation, the student responded, "I didn't mean to cry, I just kind of lost it. I thought they were supposed to listen to us." On April 21, 2009, at a Democratic Party fundraising lunch, members of the Building and Construction Trades Council called on Party Chairman Aaron Peskin and Daly to resign over their support for the voter-approved Historic Preservation Commission. In 2009, questions began to arise whether Chris Daly actually lived in San Francisco. He purchased a home in Fairfield, California, and sent his family to live there. San Francisco law requires supervisors to live in the district which they represent. . On January 8, 2010, Daly announced to the Board of Supervisors' Rules Committee, "I vow to use the word fuck in each of my remaining Board of Supervisors meetings." On July 27, 2010, Daly called for at least 50 percent of proposed new Hunters Point housing be affordable. He stated that although it would be impossible for Lennar (the project's Miami-based developer) to meet this expanded affordability requirement, that nevertheless shouldn't be a concern. If the project becomes too expensive for local residents to move in, "there's going to be a pretty new neighborhood, with lots of white folks living in the Bayview," Daly said. Michael Cohen, head of the mayor's Office of Economic and Workforce Development, stated that Daly's amendment was a deal-killer, because "the project is not financially viable at 50 percent affordable." Susan King, a past spokesperson for San Francisco's Green Party, said about Daly, "At the end of the day, I totally appreciate the fact that he is out there in the trenches. It's not 100 percent that I agree with him, but you know where his heart is and where his values are." Nathan Nayman, executive director of the Committee on Jobs (a pro-business PAC that receives contributions from corporate donors and promotes economic development ), said "Chris Daly has given the Board of Supervisors a black eye that refuses to heal. He's maniacal and he's been given to outbursts on a regular basis." The San Francisco Bay Guardian says that "Daly's a hard worker, has a solid record...is popular in his district...is more than a good supervisor.... He's part of the class of 2000, one of a crew of activists who swept into power in the first district elections as a rebellion against the developer-driven politics of then-mayor Willie Brown." The Berkeley Planet said "Chris Daly a strong progressive record in legislative bod... first elected because engaged district's most disenfranchised population." Post-electoral career After leaving the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Daly moved to Fairfield, California. He purchased Buck Tavern, a bar on Market Street in San Francisco. He operated the bar until October 2012, when the lease expired and he chose not to renew. In February 2012, Daly took a job with Local 1021 of the Service Employees International Union in San Francisco. He left that job in September 2014. In 2016, he started working for the Nevada State Education Association, the state teacher union based in Las Vegas. See also Redstone Building References ^ a b Gordon, Rachel (January 23, 2001) "A Chance to Act: After leading protests at City Hall, S.F.'s junior supervisor gets an inside look." San Francisco Chronicle. ^ a b Lagos, Marisa (2009-07-25). "Chris Daly says family's move won't affect job". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2021-11-10. ^ "Chris Daly's Final Say". Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2011-09-27. ^ a b Huett, Ellen (March 24, 2014) "How tech became the enemy - then and now." Archived 2014-03-25 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco Chronicle. (Retrieved 3-24-2013.) ^ a b Lucas, Scott (March 2016) "The Daly Show Las Vegas." Archived 2016-06-30 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco Magazine. (Retrieved May 17, 2016.) ^ Garofoli, Joe; Gordon, Rachel (July 15, 2002). "Rebel S.F. supervisor fights for re-election". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2010. ^ a b c Buchanan, Wyatt (June 24, 2007) "Supervisor Daly: Conduct unbecoming a progressive?." Archived 2007-10-09 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco Chronicle ^ Editors (March 11, 2005) "Interview: Mrs. Chris Daly!!!." Archived 2007-05-09 at the Wayback Machine SFist. ^ City and County of San Francisco, election results 2000 Archived February 22, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. SFGOV.org. ^ City and County of San Francisco, election results 2002 Archived December 2, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. SFGOV.org. ^ City and County of San Francisco, election results 2006 Archived 2006-11-30 at the Wayback Machine. SFGOV.org. ^ Smith, Matt (2005-08-31). "The Daly Deal: How the sordid extraction of $5 million from Rincon Hill developers helps Chris Daly, city bureaucrats, and Gavin Newsom -- and hurts everyone else in San Francisco". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-11-22. Retrieved 2008-04-01. ^ Buchanan, Wyatt (2007-04-11). "Supervisors Approve Trinity Plaza Renewal". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2008-04-01. ^ Smith, Matt (2001-02-28). "A Primer on Housing". SF Weekly. Retrieved 2008-04-01. ^ "Eviction Disclosure Ordinance: Proposition B." (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ Phelan, Sarah (2007-06-20). "The budget's opening battle". San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved 2008-04-01. ^ Vega, Cecilia (May 15, 2007) "Convention date set, but still no candidate.". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Vega, Cecilia (June 5, 2007) "Chris Daly also isn't running for mayor." San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Hogarth, Paul (June 4, 2007) "If Daly Doesn't File Today, Convention Paved Way for Gonzalez." Archived 2007-11-08 at the Wayback Machine "Beyond Chron." ^ Editors (September 20, 2006) "SF Supes Want to Seize Power from Police Chief." KCBS online. ^ Wyatt Buchanan (September 11, 2007) "Blue Angels ban fails again" SF Gate ^ Buchanan, Wyatt (June 16, 2007). "Daly dumped as budget panel chairman". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-06-20. ^ Smith, Matt (November 23, 2005) "Pedal Power: Two politicians put their interests before a world-class event and a world of possibilities." SF Weekly. ^ Wallack, Todd (2005-11-21). "SAN FRANCISCO / Plans for cycling race grind to halt / Grand Prix founders, city officials disagree over who should pay". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2006-10-30. Retrieved 2021-11-10. ^ a b c d e Buchanan, Wyatt (2008-03-20). "Olympic torch visit sparks controversy in S.F". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2008-05-24. Retrieved 2021-11-10. ^ "Board of Supervisors". Archived from the original on 31 March 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ "Supes Committee Waters Down Resolution Critiquing Human Rights In China - News Story - KTVU San Francisco". Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ a b c Gordon, Rachel (November 13, 2003) "Brown cries political foul: He calls Daly's move to make PUC appointments unethical." Archived 2009-07-12 at the Wayback Machine "San Francisco Chronicle." ^ Gordon, Rachel (October 25, 2003). "Brown says Daly acted like stalker PUC scheme compared to coup attempt". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved November 10, 2021. ^ "Article: Julie Lee convicted of fraud". Archived from the original on 2008-08-15. Retrieved 2021-11-10. ^ a b Conservationists applaud PUC additions / City Hall power grab installs a Sierra Club son ^ Gordon, Rachel (November 13, 2003) "Brown cries political foul: He calls Daly's move to make PUC appointments unethical." Archived 2009-07-12 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco Chronicle." ^ Gordon, Rachel (November 24, 2004) "Daly scolded -- but not censured: Supervisors reject formal action over his use of profanity. Archived 2005-04-22 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco Chronicle. ^ a b c Smith, Matt (February 9, 2005) Cuss and Conquer: A more polite, nuanced approach might prove more effective for Supervisor Chris Daly. Or not. Archived December 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine SF Weekly. ^ Koopman, John (June 8, 2002) "Supervisor clashes with S.F. police." Archived 2005-03-09 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco Chronicle. ^ Matier, Philip; Andrew Ross (2007-06-17). "Matier & Ross: Daly's dive". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-06-17. ^ Knight, Heather (2007-06-20). "Daly blasts mayor for drug rehab cuts". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. Retrieved 2007-06-20. ^ "Beyond the pale". San Francisco Chronicle. 2007-06-21. Retrieved 2007-06-21. ^ "The Daly Blog". Archived from the original on 2008-06-28. Retrieved 2008-08-13. ^ Fulbright, Leslie (2008-08-10). "Black population deserting S.F., study says". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2008-08-13. Retrieved 2008-08-12. ^ "video of the hearing in question". Archived from the original on 2016-12-30. Retrieved 2008-08-13. ^ Nevius, C.W. (2008-08-10). "Zoo hearing brings out the predator in Daly". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2008-08-10. Retrieved 2008-08-09. ^ Knight, Heather (April 21, 2009) "Would you like a picket line with your Cobb salad?" Archived 2014-09-10 at the Wayback Machine San Francisco Chronicle. (Retrieved 4-3-13).) ^ Wachs, Benjamin (July 29, 2009) "Why Supervisor Chris Daly shipped his family off to Fairfield " San Francisco Weekly. (Retrieved 7-29-2009).) ^ Knight, Heather (2009-01-08). "Chris Daly's profane New Year's resolution". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2010-01-10. Retrieved 2010-01-08. ^ Wildermuth, John (2010-08-04). "S.F. supes approve Hunters Point redevelopment". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2012-06-20. Retrieved 2021-11-10. ^ Williams, Lance; Chuck Finnie (2001-05-02). "Gusher of 'soft money' a bonanza for S.F. mayor". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2011-10-14. Retrieved 2008-08-13. ^ Schulz, G.W. (2007-08-22). "Monied political interests seek to keep the soft money flowing". San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved 2008-08-13. ^ "Ethics Committee Report that its advocacy fund is "to support candidates who support economic development."". Archived from the original on 26 August 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ ^ "District 7 Tactics Similar to SF Supes Race. Category: Features from the Berkeley Daily Planet". Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2008-11-01. ^ Eskanazi, Chris (October 19, 2012) "Says "We've Reached the End of Our Journey." Archived 2013-04-04 at the Wayback Machine SF Weekly. (Retrieved 4-3-2013.) ^ "Chris Daly Goes to Work for SEIU - San Francisco - News - The Snitch". 5 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 10 November 2021. ^ Editors (September 24, 2014) "Chris Daly Breaks Up With Union, Pro-Car Measure Apparently Not To Blame." Archived 2014-09-26 at the Wayback Machine SFist. (Retrieved 10-24-2014.) External links Daly's legislative record News articles about Supervisor Daly and relevant legislation Political offices Preceded byElection not district-specific Member of the San Francisco Board of SupervisorsDistrict 6 2001–2011 Succeeded byJane Kim	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Daly (rugby)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Daly_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"Texas Is the Reason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Is_the_Reason"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Board of Supervisors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors"},{"link_name":"District 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Board_of_Supervisors#District_6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Fairfield, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huett,_Ellen_2014-4"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"Carson City, Nevada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carson_City,_Nevada"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Daly_Show_Las_Vegas.-5"}],"text":"For the Irish rugby player, see John Daly (rugby). For the musician, see Texas Is the Reason.Christopher Edward Daly (born August 13, 1972) is a former San Francisco Board of Supervisors member He represented District 6, serving from 2001 to 2011.[3] He now lives in Fairfield, California,[4] but commutes to Las Vegas, Nevada and Carson City, Nevada, where he works for the Nevada State Education Association.[5]","title":"Chris Daly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaithersburg, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaithersburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sfchron-1"},{"link_name":"valedictorian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valedictorian"},{"link_name":"4-H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-H"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rebel-6"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Daly grew up in Gaithersburg, Maryland and went to Laytonsville Elementary School and Gaithersburg Middle and High Schools; his father was a federal employee and consultant, and his mother was an accountant.[1] Daly was valedictorian of his high school class and was drawn to service as a teenager through the 4-H club.[6] He attended Duke University, where he and other activists convinced the school to spend $3 million on affordable housing. He did not graduate.[7] He moved to San Francisco in 1993, where he became involved in local politics through an advocacy group for homeless people called Mission Agenda.Daly is married to Sarah Low Daly, whom he met at the World Youth Festival in Havana, Cuba; they have two children.[8]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"progressive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressivism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Daly was first elected to office in 2000 in a near sweep for progressive candidates in supervisorial races. He ran on his credentials as a housing advocate in the Mission District. Daly was re-elected in 2002 and 2006. Daly received 8,472, 6,642, and 8,968 votes respectively in the three contested elections.[9][10][11]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"homelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"Single-room occupancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-room_occupancy"},{"link_name":"Rincon Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rincon_Hill"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"tenancy-in-common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrent_estate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Housing and homelessness","text":"Daly's legislative record focused primarily on housing and homelessness. He sponsored legislation to help low-income tenants of Single-room occupancy (SRO) residential hotels, many of whom were located in his district. In 2005, Daly negotiated a planned development on Rincon Hill, where the property was rezoned to allow for high-rise development in exchange for a higher percentage of affordable housing units and \"community benefits\" to non-profits in the area.[12] Daly also received unanimous support for a plan to demolish and rebuild an apartment complex at Trinity Plaza in exchange for 590 affordable units. This was the first time in California history that a housing developer voluntarily allowed new construction to be covered by rent control.[13]Critics of Daly's housing policies point to his attempt to ban tenancy-in-common apartment conversions, which they believe allow middle-income people to buy property in San Francisco.[14]In June 2006, Daly sponsored the Eviction Disclosure Ordinance, which required real estate agents to inform buyers whether a tenant was evicted from a property they wished to purchase.[15] The ballot proposition won with 52 percent of the vote.In March 2007, Daly, chairman of the Budget and Finance Committee, introduced a proposal that would appropriate $28 million for affordable housing. In April 2007, Daly introduced another proposal that would appropriate an additional $15 million in services for seniors and families. Eight members of the Board of Supervisors passed the affordable housing measure, but Mayor Gavin Newsom refused to spend the money.[16]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Progressive convention","text":"In June 2007, Daly organized a \"Progressive Convention\" to find a candidate to run against popular Mayor Gavin Newsom.[17] Daly stated that if the convention could not choose a candidate, he himself would run. But when the Progressive Convention did not nominate anyone, Daly declined to run himself. He said that he wanted to spend time with his family and that his wife was due to give birth shortly before the mayoral election.[18][19]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Heather Fong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Fong"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Elimination of Police Chief post","text":"Daly suggested putting a charter amendment before voters in the November 2007 municipal election calling for elimination of the police chief post. Instead, the elected sheriff would oversee all law enforcement in the city and county of San Francisco. The suggestion arose from Daly's disagreements with Police Chief Heather Fong about the placement and use of police patrols. \"If they keep the attacks on me, I'll keep moving forward what I think is good public policy,\" Daly said. \"What they fear is the end of their reign of terror in San Francisco.\"[20]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"anti-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-war"},{"link_name":"Code Pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_Pink"},{"link_name":"Global Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Veterans for Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_for_Peace"},{"link_name":"Blue Angels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Angels"},{"link_name":"Fleet Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Week"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Examiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Examiner"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Opposition to the Blue Angels","text":"In June 2007, Daly announced that he was working with anti-war activist organizations such as Code Pink, Global Exchange and Veterans for Peace and considering introducing a proposal to ban the Blue Angels from flying during San Francisco's Fleet Week. Following significant negative public response and media inquiries, Daly announced that he had decided against making this proposal, blaming reporters at the San Francisco Examiner for his inability to move forward with this controversial proposal.[21]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aaron Peskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Peskin"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Removal from Budget Committee chairmanship","text":"On June 15, 2007, Board President Aaron Peskin removed Daly as chairman of the Budget and Finance Committee shortly before it was to finalize the $6.06 billion budget proposed by Mayor Gavin Newsom. Explaining why he removed Daly, Peskin cited Daly's bitter public conflict with the mayor over budget priorities. \"Fundamentally,\" he said, \"the budget process is about public policy and not about personality and it is important that we stay committed to having an outcome that ensures we have a budget that reflects the values of the people of San Francisco.\"[22]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"Thom Weisel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thom_Weisel"},{"link_name":"1.HC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1.HC"},{"link_name":"UCI America Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UCI_America_Tour"},{"link_name":"Tour de France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_France"},{"link_name":"Lance Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Fillmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fillmore_Street"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Canceling of the San Francisco Grand Prix","text":"Daly, along with Aaron Peskin, was instrumental in the canceling of the San Francisco Grand Prix, a world-class bicycle race held from 2001 to 2005, because of disagreements over the amount to be paid for traffic and crowd control and because the race's backers owed the city $89,924. In 2001 Mayor Willie Brown, who supported the race, allowed its organizers to incur a $350,000 debt and later ordered city officials to forgive that debt. Critics alleged that the race was canceled for political reasons including pressure from Peskin's constituents over parking issues. In Daly's personal blog, he referred to one of the chief backers of the race, San Francisco banker Thom Weisel, as a \"multi-millionaire Republican politico\". The race, which was organized as a 1.HC event and in 2005 was part of the UCI America Tour attracted hundreds of thousands of spectators as well as world-class athletes such as seven-time Tour de France winner Lance Armstrong, and was regarded as one of the country's most challenging, particularly for its famously difficult 18% grade Fillmore and Taylor street climbs. Mayor Gavin Newsom, who also supported the race, said it provided cultural, social, and economic benefit to San Francisco. A 2005 study commissioned by the San Francisco Convention & Visitors Bureau found the Labor Day weekend race generated $10.2 million for city businesses that year.[23][24]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human rights record of China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Olympic torch ceremonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Flame"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torch_protest-25"},{"link_name":"2008 Summer Olympics torch relay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay"},{"link_name":"Olympics history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_modern_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torch_protest-25"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights"},{"link_name":"poker player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluff_(poker)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torch_protest-25"},{"link_name":"free-speech zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_speech_zone"},{"link_name":"protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protest"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torch_protest-25"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"situation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest"},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"political concerns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geopolitics"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-torch_protest-25"},{"link_name":"Carmen Chu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Chu"},{"link_name":"Sean Elsbernd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sean_Elsbernd"},{"link_name":"United Nations Charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Charter"},{"link_name":"United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Olympic torch resolution","text":"On March 20, 2008, Daly introduced a resolution which criticized the human rights record of China and urged officials representing San Francisco during the upcoming Olympic torch ceremonies (scheduled for April 9, 2008) to \"make publicly known that the 2008 Summer Games torch is received with alarm and protest.\"[25] Daly's resolution was covered extensively by the local media and elevated the issues of treatment of protests in relation to the Olympics being held in China, the 2008 Summer Olympics torch relay and the torch ceremonies being held in San Francisco, the only North American stop. The torch relay will be the first time in Olympics history that protests will accompany the torch as it passes through a U.S. city.[25] Daly stated, \"[T]he magnitude of attention paid to the Olympic Games and the torch relay makes the event the appropriate platform to discuss human rights. If someone can look you in the face and tell you the Olympics are limited to the individual competitions that take place, well, that's a good poker player.\"[25] Daly also criticized the rare decision to set up designated \"free-speech zones\" stating, \"I don't see why we should break from our pattern of how we handle mass protests or demonstrations for China.\"[25] San Francisco mayor, Gavin Newsom, said he has \"very serious concerns\" about the situation in Tibet but added San Francisco is \"privileged\" to be the torch's only stop in North America and that the event should rise above political concerns and that the Games should be a time \"to focus on the things that unite us and not divide us.\"[25] In a later committee meeting supervisors Carmen Chu and Sean Elsbernd amended the resolution to welcome the Global Human Rights Torch Relay on April 5 and the Tibetan Freedom Torch on April 8 and commend \"their efforts to raise awareness regarding human rights violations in China and urging the San Francisco City Representatives ... to welcome the Torch in the explicit spirit of Olympism, consistent with the United Nations Charter ... and the United Nations Universal Declaration of Human Rights.\"[26][27]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acting Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acting_Mayor"},{"link_name":"Willie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Lewis_Brown,_Jr."},{"link_name":"Tibet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Public Utilities Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Public_Utilities_Commission"},{"link_name":"City Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Attorney"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon112003-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon112003-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon102003-29"},{"link_name":"environmentalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalist"},{"link_name":"Sierra Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club"},{"link_name":"Adam Werbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Werbach"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gordon112003-28"},{"link_name":"mail fraud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_fraud"},{"link_name":"witness tampering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witness_tampering"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fraud-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SimonSward-31"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SimonSward-31"},{"link_name":"round-robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/round-robin"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Appointments to Public Utilities Commission","text":"On October 22, 2003, during his one-day shift as Acting Mayor, while Mayor Willie Brown traveled to Tibet, Daly appointed two members to the San Francisco Public Utilities Commission without Brown's consent, having consulted with the City Attorney who had advised him that as acting mayor he had the legal authority to make appointments in Mayor Brown's absence.[28] Brown, who had his own people in mind for the assignments, had a different opinion, stating that \"[The appointments] were made by a person who was supposed to be operating in a ceremonial capacity... [It was] a conspiracy to... move away from the traditions, the rules, the customs and the conduct that has been the hallmark of this city, long before I became mayor of this city.\"[28] Brown also compared Daly to a stalker and suicide bomber, stating that, \"When you conspire and calculate what you intend to do several days before you're designated as the acting mayor, you really are venal, you really are violative of all the protocols. It's like stalking. You knew exactly what you were intending to do. You concealed all your steps. You carefully plotted, then you did it behind closed doors, and then you laughed about it.\" Brown said he found out about Daly's actions when his chief of staff called him in Tibet. Brown was sleeping at the time but with the assistance of Chinese officials, was on a plane home within hours, cutting short his trade and promotion trip to China—reportedly explaining the matter to his hosts simply as a \"coup.\"[29]Nonetheless, the City Attorney stood behind its legal opinion and environmentalist and former Sierra Club president Adam Werbach was later sworn in. The second appointee, architect Robin Chiang, was rescinded because Brown had already made one appointment, Andrew Lee, son of one of Brown's fund-raiser Julie Lee,[28] who was convicted of mail fraud and witness tampering on July 12, 2008.[30] Daly and his allies on the board said Andrew Lee represented political patronage at its worst.[31] According to John Rizzo, vice chairman of the Bay chapter of the Sierra Club, Daly's appointments would add \"expertise to the SFPUC that was greatly lacking and is a great improvement\"[31] Brown said that Daly's action went beyond betrayal and that he considers his relationship with Daly, who he had praised in recent months, over. The custom of assigning the acting mayor position to supervisors on a round-robin basis was discontinued as a result of Daly's appointments. Daly said by way of explanation for his actions, \"I'm an activist. I had an opportunity, and I took it. I stand by what I did. It was the right thing.\"[32]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Francisco Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Willie Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Lewis_Brown,_Jr."},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith022005-34"},{"link_name":"Michela Alioto-Pier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michela_Alioto-Pier"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith022005-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith022005-34"},{"link_name":"Hastings Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Ross Mirkarimi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Mirkarimi"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Gavin Newsom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Newsom"},{"link_name":"cocaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocaine"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Zoo"},{"link_name":"rescue facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_shelter"},{"link_name":"Lowell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_High_School_(San_Francisco)"},{"link_name":"black","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_American"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Green Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"PAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_Action_Committee"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated3-7"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"sub_title":"Controversies","text":"Daly has a reputation for having a fiery demeanor. According to the San Francisco Chronicle, Daly is \"either a hothead or a passionate advocate—depending on whose side you are on.\"[33]In 2001, Daly nearly came to blows with Mayor Willie Brown after Daly brought homeless activists to a meeting that was supposed to be \"private.\" Asked to apologize, Daly replied, \"I will apologize that I was lured into the mayor's finger-pointing politics.\"[34] In November 2004, fellow supervisor Michela Alioto-Pier lodged a petition for censure against Daly after he told a landlord advocate to \"fuck off\" at a tenants' rights hearing (the petition failed by a vote of 8-2).[34]In 2001, Daly famously told his colleagues at a Supervisors' meeting, \"I'm not feeling the love,\" when they rejected his proposals for balancing the budget, as he stormed out of the room.[34] In 2002, Daly was arrested after a confrontation with police over a land use dispute concerning Hastings Law School, and reportedly told the arresting officer that he would have him fired; no charges were filed.[7][35]In June 2007, after learning that an attempted budget maneuver would be unsuccessful, Daly, according to San Francisco Chronicle columnists Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, \"went ballistic — singling out fellow progressive leader Ross Mirkarimi for a tongue lashing so heated that fellow supervisors joked about calling in the SWAT team to cool things down\".[36]On June 19, 2007, during a Board of Supervisors meeting, Daly suggested that Mayor Gavin Newsom uses cocaine and is a hypocrite for proposing public health cuts for substance abuse treatment for the poor. Daly stated that it was ironic of Newsom to propose cuts to a drug treatment program, \"while the mayor of San Francisco artfully dodges every question about allegations of his own cocaine use.\" The mayor's press secretary said Daly's remarks were \"sleazy politics of personal destruction.\" The Board of Supervisors President stated that \"Supervisor Daly's comments were conduct unbecoming and do not represent the position of the Board of Supervisors or its president.\"[37] The editorial board of the San Francisco Chronicle recommended censuring Daly.[38]During an August 7, 2008, Rules Committee hearing after Daly had presented his resolution to turn the San Francisco Zoo into a rescue facility and when he was out of the room, a student from Lowell High School who had waited two hours for her chance to speak in support of the zoo, began to cry at the podium, because she, like the other speakers, was only allowed one minute to speak. Normally at Board of Supervisors hearings, speakers have 2–3 minutes to speak, but time is limited by the discretion of the chair often to shorter periods of time, especially if there are a large number of speakers. This was the second time the item had been heard in committee, and Chris Daly chose to limit public comment to one minute, so that another item regarding black flight from the City could be heard at that same hearing.[39][40][41] Carl Friedman, the Director of the San Francisco Department of Animal Care and Control, said, \"There were a lot of young people there who have never been to a government meeting. For this to be their first experience was embarrassing.\" When asked about the situation, the student responded, \"I didn't mean to cry, I just kind of lost it. I thought they were supposed to listen to us.\"[42]On April 21, 2009, at a Democratic Party fundraising lunch, members of the Building and Construction Trades Council called on Party Chairman Aaron Peskin and Daly to resign over their support for the voter-approved Historic Preservation Commission.[43]In 2009, questions began to arise whether Chris Daly actually lived in San Francisco. He purchased a home in Fairfield, California, and sent his family to live there. San Francisco law requires supervisors to live in the district which they represent. .[44] On January 8, 2010, Daly announced to the Board of Supervisors' Rules Committee, \"I vow to use the word fuck in each of my remaining Board of Supervisors meetings.\"[45]On July 27, 2010, Daly called for at least 50 percent of proposed new Hunters Point housing be affordable. He stated that although it would be impossible for Lennar (the project's Miami-based developer) to meet this expanded affordability requirement, that nevertheless shouldn't be a concern. If the project becomes too expensive for local residents to move in, \"there's going to be a pretty new neighborhood, with lots of white folks living in the Bayview,\" Daly said. Michael Cohen, head of the mayor's Office of Economic and Workforce Development, stated that Daly's amendment was a deal-killer, because \"the project is not financially viable at 50 percent affordable.\"[46]Susan King, a past spokesperson for San Francisco's Green Party, said about Daly, \"At the end of the day, I totally appreciate the fact that he is out there in the trenches. It's not 100 percent that I agree with him, but you know where his heart is and where his values are.\" Nathan Nayman, executive director of the Committee on Jobs (a pro-business PAC that receives contributions from corporate donors and promotes economic development[47]\n[48][49]), said \"Chris Daly has given the Board of Supervisors a black eye that refuses to heal. He's maniacal and he's been given to outbursts on a regular basis.\"[7] The San Francisco Bay Guardian says that \"Daly's a hard worker, has a solid record...is popular in his district...is more than a good supervisor.... He's part of the class of 2000, one of a crew of activists who swept into power in the first district elections as a rebellion against the developer-driven politics of then-mayor Willie Brown.\"[50]\nThe Berkeley Planet said \"Chris Daly [has] a strong progressive record in [his] legislative bod[y]... first elected because [he] engaged [his] district's most disenfranchised population.\"[51]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fairfield, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfield,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huett,_Ellen_2014-4"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Service Employees International Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Service_Employees_International_Union"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_Daly_Show_Las_Vegas.-5"}],"text":"After leaving the San Francisco Board of Supervisors, Daly moved to Fairfield, California.[4] He purchased Buck Tavern, a bar on Market Street in San Francisco. He operated the bar until October 2012, when the lease expired and he chose not to renew.[52] In February 2012, Daly took a job with Local 1021 of the Service Employees International Union in San Francisco.[53] He left that job in September 2014.[54] In 2016, he started working for the Nevada State Education Association, the state teacher union based in Las Vegas.[5]","title":"Post-electoral career"}]	[]	[{"title":"Redstone Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redstone_Building"}]	[{"reference":"Lagos, Marisa (2009-07-25). \"Chris Daly says family's move won't affect job\". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2009-09-17. Retrieved 2021-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/24/BAJU18UJHD.DTL&type=politics&tsp=1","url_text":"\"Chris Daly says family's move won't affect job\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090917115326/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2009%2F07%2F24%2FBAJU18UJHD.DTL&type=politics&tsp=1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Daly's Final Say\". Archived from the original on 2012-01-15. Retrieved 2011-09-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2011/01/05/chris-dalys-final-say","url_text":"\"Chris Daly's Final Say\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120115063232/http://www.sfbg.com/politics/2011/01/05/chris-dalys-final-say","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Garofoli, Joe; Gordon, Rachel (July 15, 2002). \"Rebel S.F. supervisor fights for re-election\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved January 8, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2002/07/15/MN215206.DTL","url_text":"\"Rebel S.F. supervisor fights for re-election\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110604202229/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2002%2F07%2F15%2FMN215206.DTL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Matt (2005-08-31). \"The Daly Deal: How the sordid extraction of $5 million from Rincon Hill developers helps Chris Daly, city bureaucrats, and Gavin Newsom -- and hurts everyone else in San Francisco\". SF Weekly. Archived from the original on 2008-11-22. 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Retrieved 2008-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://music.sfweekly.com/Issues/2001-02-28/news/smith_full.html","url_text":"\"A Primer on Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eviction Disclosure Ordinance: Proposition B.\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 August 2006. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060803143902/http://www.sfgov.org/site/uploadedfiles/election/VIPWebJune06PropB.pdf","url_text":"\"Eviction Disclosure Ordinance: Proposition B.\""},{"url":"http://www.sfgov.org/site/uploadedfiles/election/VIPWebJune06PropB.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Phelan, Sarah (2007-06-20). \"The budget's opening battle\". San Francisco Bay Guardian. Retrieved 2008-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfbg.com/entry.php?entry_id=3891&catid=4&volume_id=317&issue_id=327&volume_num=42&issue_num=09","url_text":"\"The budget's opening battle\""}]},{"reference":"Buchanan, Wyatt (June 16, 2007). \"Daly dumped as budget panel chairman\". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2007-06-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/06/16/BAGG3QGIR51.DTL","url_text":"\"Daly dumped as budget panel chairman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"Wallack, Todd (2005-11-21). \"SAN FRANCISCO / Plans for cycling race grind to halt / Grand Prix founders, city officials disagree over who should pay\". The San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2006-10-30. 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Archived from the original on 31 March 2008. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080331224123/http://www.sfgov.org/site/bdsupvrs_page.asp?id=77234","url_text":"\"Board of Supervisors\""},{"url":"http://www.sfgov.org/site/bdsupvrs_page.asp?id=77234","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Supes Committee Waters Down Resolution Critiquing Human Rights In China - News Story - KTVU San Francisco\". Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607005040/http://www.ktvu.com/news/15669990/detail.html","url_text":"\"Supes Committee Waters Down Resolution Critiquing Human Rights In China - News Story - KTVU San Francisco\""},{"url":"http://www.ktvu.com/news/15669990/detail.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Rachel (October 25, 2003). \"Brown says Daly acted like stalker PUC scheme compared to coup attempt\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on March 8, 2005. Retrieved November 10, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/2003/10/25/MNGFI2JAJC1.DTL","url_text":"\"Brown says Daly acted like stalker PUC scheme compared to coup attempt\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20050308223504/http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F2003%2F10%2F25%2FMNGFI2JAJC1.DTL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Article: Julie Lee convicted of fraud\". Archived from the original on 2008-08-15. Retrieved 2021-11-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F07%2F12%2FMN1B11NVVK.DTL","url_text":"\"Article: Julie Lee convicted of fraud\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080815235418/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F07%2F12%2FMN1B11NVVK.DTL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Matier, Philip; Andrew Ross (2007-06-17). \"Matier & Ross: Daly's dive\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-08-10. Retrieved 2007-06-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2007/06/17/BAGVDQGTH91.DTL","url_text":"\"Matier & Ross: Daly's dive\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle","url_text":"San Francisco Chronicle"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070810202553/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2007%2F06%2F17%2FBAGVDQGTH91.DTL","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Knight, Heather (2007-06-20). \"Daly blasts mayor for drug rehab cuts\". San Francisco Chronicle. Archived from the original on 2007-06-25. 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Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2008-11-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2006-11-03/article/25508","url_text":"\"District 7 Tactics Similar to SF Supes Race. Category: Features from the Berkeley Daily Planet\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120406174621/http://www.berkeleydailyplanet.com/issue/2006-11-03/article/25508","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Daly Goes to Work for SEIU - San Francisco - News - The Snitch\". 5 October 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 10 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121005062805/http://blogs.sfweekly.com/thesnitch/2012/01/chris_daly_seiu.php","url_text":"\"Chris Daly Goes to Work for SEIU - San Francisco - News - The Snitch\""},{"url":"http://blogs.sfweekly.com/thesnitch/2012/01/chris_daly_seiu.php","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.sfbos.org/index.aspx?page=1686","external_links_name":"Supervisor Chris Daly"},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2001/01/23/MN155797.DTL&hw=chris+daly&sn=001&sc=1000","external_links_name":"\"A Chance to Act: After leading protests at City Hall, S.F.'s junior supervisor gets an inside look.\""},{"Link":"http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/07/24/BAJU18UJHD.DTL&type=politics&tsp=1","external_links_name":"\"Chris Daly says family's move won't affect 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Promachonas	Promachonas	["1 History","2 Monument","3 Transport","3.1 Road","3.2 Rail","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 41°22′N 23°22′E / 41.367°N 23.367°E / 41.367; 23.367Village in Macedonia, Greece Municipal unit in Macedonia, GreecePromachonas ΠρομαχώναςMunicipal unitPromachonasLocation within the regional unit Coordinates: 41°22′N 23°22′E / 41.367°N 23.367°E / 41.367; 23.367CountryGreeceGeographic region MacedoniaAdministrative regionCentral MacedoniaRegional unitSerresMunicipalitySintikiArea • Municipal unit42.2 km2 (16.3 sq mi)Elevation80 m (260 ft)Population (2021) • Municipal unit184 • Municipal unit density4.4/km2 (11/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST)UTC+3 (EEST)Area code(s)23230Vehicle registrationΕΡ Promachonas (Greek: Προμαχώνας, Bulgarian: Драготин, Dragotin) is a village and a former community in the Serres regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Sintiki, of which it is a municipal unit. The municipal unit has an area of 42.212 km2. Population 184 (2021). A major border crossing with Bulgaria is located here. The Bulgarian town opposite Promachonas is Kulata. History Fort Roupel The village was annexed in 1913 by Greek forces during the Second Balkan War. During the years of Ottoman rule, the village was known by its Bulgarian name Dragotin. After the events of the Greek genocide in Asia Minor, refugees settled in the village. In 1927 the village was renamed Promachonas. Around the village, there are also the villages of Kapnotopos and Rupel. In 1928 the village numbered 463 inhabitants. Before World War II, the village numbered 1,528 inhabitants, but with the beginning of the Greek-Italian War, the village and its other 2 settlements were evacuated. After the liberation of Greece from the Axis and the Greek Civil War, the refugees settled (from the other two settlements) in Promachonas, and thus the village has 245 inhabitants. In the national census of 1961, the village numbered 416 inhabitants. Promachonas-Topolnica is an important Late Neolithic settlement and cult site that straddles the Greek-Bulgarian border a few kilometers from the community of Promachonas. Monument Outside Promachonas, on the Thessaloniki-Promachonas highway, is a monument dedicated to the Byzantine Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty Basil II (Monument of the Battle of the Key). At the top of the monument is placed the symbol of Byzantium, the double-headed eagle, while on the marble column, an inscription has been engraved. The site of the Battle of the Key where Basil II defeated the Bulgarian army in 1014 is now inside Bulgaria. Transport Road Motorway 25 passes through the village, which connects Thessaloniki with Serres and Promachonas. Rail There is also the Promachonas railway station that connects the village with Thessaloniki. References ^ "Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024. ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette. ^ "Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. ^ King of the Byzantine Empire Memories of Trouble Ethlons of Freedom Tode ^ "Αγάλματα του Νομού Σερρών" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-02-02. External links vteSubdivisions of the municipality of SintikiMunicipal unit of Achladochori Achladochori Kapnofyto Municipal unit of Agkistro Agkistro Municipal unit of Kerkini Anatoli Ano Poroia Kastanoussa Kato Poroia Kerkini Livadia Makrinitsa Neochori Platanakia Rodopoli Municipal unit of Petritsi Akritochori Gonimo Mandraki Megalochori Neo Petritsi Vyroneia Municipal unit of Promachonas Promachonas Municipal unit of Sidirokastro Charopo Chortero Kamaroto Sidirokastro Strymonochori Vamvakofyto This Central Macedonia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Bulgarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgarian_language"},{"link_name":"Serres regional unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)"},{"link_name":"Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece"},{"link_name":"Sintiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sintiki"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kallikratis-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stat01-3"},{"link_name":"Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"Kulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kulata"}],"text":"Village in Macedonia, GreeceMunicipal unit in Macedonia, GreecePromachonas (Greek: Προμαχώνας, Bulgarian: Драготин, Dragotin) is a village and a former community in the Serres regional unit, Macedonia, Greece. Since the 2011 local government reform it is part of the municipality Sintiki, of which it is a municipal unit.[2] The municipal unit has an area of 42.212 km2.[3] Population 184 (2021). A major border crossing with Bulgaria is located here. The Bulgarian town opposite Promachonas is Kulata.","title":"Promachonas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macedonian_Museums-95-Ohiro_Roupel-433.jpg"},{"link_name":"Fort Roupel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Roupel"},{"link_name":"Second Balkan War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Balkan_War"},{"link_name":"Ottoman rule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Greek genocide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_genocide"},{"link_name":"Asia Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia_Minor"},{"link_name":"Kapnotopos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kapnotopos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rupel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupel"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Greek-Italian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek-Italian_War"},{"link_name":"liberation of Greece from the Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_occupation_of_Greece#Liberation_and_aftermath"},{"link_name":"Greek Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Late Neolithic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)"}],"text":"Fort RoupelThe village was annexed in 1913 by Greek forces during the Second Balkan War. During the years of Ottoman rule, the village was known by its Bulgarian name Dragotin. After the events of the Greek genocide in Asia Minor, refugees settled in the village. In 1927 the village was renamed Promachonas. Around the village, there are also the villages of Kapnotopos and Rupel. In 1928 the village numbered 463 inhabitants. Before World War II, the village numbered 1,528 inhabitants, but with the beginning of the Greek-Italian War, the village and its other 2 settlements were evacuated. After the liberation of Greece from the Axis and the Greek Civil War, the refugees settled (from the other two settlements) in Promachonas, and thus the village has 245 inhabitants. In the national census of 1961, the village numbered 416 inhabitants.Promachonas-Topolnica is an important Late Neolithic settlement and cult site that straddles the Greek-Bulgarian border a few kilometers from the community of Promachonas.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Byzantine Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Basil II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_II"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion"},{"link_name":"Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kleidion"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Outside Promachonas, on the Thessaloniki-Promachonas highway, is a monument dedicated to the Byzantine Emperor of the Macedonian dynasty Basil II (Monument of the Battle of the Key). At the top of the monument is placed the symbol of Byzantium, the double-headed eagle, while on the marble column, an inscription has been engraved.[4] The site of the Battle of the Key where Basil II defeated the Bulgarian army in 1014 is now inside Bulgaria.[5]","title":"Monument"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"Serres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serres_(regional_unit)"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"Motorway 25 passes through the village, which connects Thessaloniki with Serres and Promachonas.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Promachonas railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Promachonas_railway_station&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Rail","text":"There is also the Promachonas railway station that connects the village with Thessaloniki.","title":"Transport"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/DE_Promachonos.svg/250px-DE_Promachonos.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Fort Roupel","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Macedonian_Museums-95-Ohiro_Roupel-433.jpg/220px-Macedonian_Museums-95-Ohiro_Roupel-433.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\" [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","url_text":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""}]},{"reference":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\" (in Greek). Government Gazette.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.","url_text":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Gazette_(Greece)","url_text":"Government Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\" (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece.","urls":[{"url":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","url_text":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Αγάλματα του Νομού Σερρών\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-06. Retrieved 2016-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306002244/http://www.serrelib.gr/pdf/agalmatanomou.pdf","url_text":"\"Αγάλματα του Νομού Σερρών\""},{"url":"http://www.serrelib.gr/pdf/agalmatanomou.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Promachonas&params=41_22_N_23_22_E_type:city_region:GR-B","external_links_name":"41°22′N 23°22′E / 41.367°N 23.367°E / 41.367; 23.367"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Promachonas&params=41_22_N_23_22_E_type:city_region:GR-B","external_links_name":"41°22′N 23°22′E / 41.367°N 23.367°E / 41.367; 23.367"},{"Link":"https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό\""},{"Link":"http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wGYK2xFpSwMnXdtvSoClrL81-32jgAMSfbnMRVjyfnPUeJInJ48_97uHrMts-zFzeyCiBSQOpYnT00MHhcXFRTsb2fGphpq4MKX2ZkaHobySNnvZCNHXvYVvlf80XevW0Q.","external_links_name":"\"ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities\""},{"Link":"http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160306002244/http://www.serrelib.gr/pdf/agalmatanomou.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Αγάλματα του Νομού Σερρών\""},{"Link":"http://www.serrelib.gr/pdf/agalmatanomou.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.fhw.gr/chronos/01/en/gallery/nl/proma.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Promachonas&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Wayne	Justin Wayne	["1 High school","2 College","3 Baseball career","3.1 Minor leagues","3.2 Major leagues","3.3 Independent leagues","4 Personal life","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]	American baseball player (born 1979) For the politician, see Justin Wayne (politician). Baseball player Justin WaynePitcherBorn: (1979-04-16) April 16, 1979 (age 45)Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.Batted: RightThrew: RightMLB debutSeptember 3, 2002, for the Florida MarlinsLast MLB appearanceJuly 25, 2004, for the Florida MarlinsMLB statisticsWin–loss record5–8Earned run average6.13Strikeouts37 Teams Florida Marlins (2002–2004) Justin Morgan Wayne (born April 16, 1979) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who played for the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball for three seasons. High school Wayne is from Honolulu, Hawaii, and an alumnus of Punahou School. In high school, Wayne played baseball and soccer, and was a cross country runner. He was named to the All-Hawaii baseball team. College In his freshman year studying economics at Stanford University in 1998, Wayne's record as a relief pitcher was 6–0 with 6 saves. He was named by Collegiate Baseball to their first freshman All-American team and by The Sporting News as second team Freshman All-American. In 1998, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox. In his sophomore year, Wayne became a starting pitcher, and had a 10–0 record. His team finished in third place at the College World Series. In 2000, Wayne was named co-Pac-10 Pitcher of the Year, with a 15–4 record and a 3.21 ERA, with Stanford reaching the finals of the College World Series. Wayne had 363 strikeouts while playing at Stanford, tied for first in that statistic. Baseball career Minor leagues Wayne was first drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 9th round of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign. After being chosen 5th overall by the Montreal Expos in the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft, he decided to forego his senior season at Stanford to start his professional baseball career. In 2001, he ended his first full minor league season at Double-A for the Harrisburg Senators, where he went 9–2 with a 2.62 ERA in 14 starts for a losing team (.465 winning percentage). Pitching for the Portland Sea Dogs in 2002, he was voted the Eastern League's Pitcher of the Week for the week ending July 28 after tossing a complete game two-hit shutout against the Bowie Baysox, striking out six batters and not walking anybody in the 2–0 win. Pitching at Harrisurg, where he spent most of the season, he went 5–2 with a 2.37 ERA in 17 starts, giving up only 6.75 hits per 9 innings. Major leagues In July 2002, Wayne was traded by the Expos with Graeme Lloyd, Mike Mordecai, Donald Levinski, and Carl Pavano to the Florida Marlins for Cliff Floyd, Wilton Guerrero, Claudio Vargas, and cash. Wayne debuted in the major leagues in 2002 at the age of 22. That season, over 23+2⁄3 innings, opposing hitters recorded a .244 batting average against. He held batters to a .154 batting average in tie games. From 2002 to 2004, he made 26 appearances (eight starts), compiling a 6.13 ERA with a 5–8 record, while recording 37 strikeouts and 36 walks over 61+2⁄3 innings pitched. With two outs and runners in scoring position, he held batters to an .048 average and .095 slugging percentage. In April 2005, Wayne signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Dodgers; he made four appearances for their Triple-A affiliate, the Las Vegas 51s, recording a 14.40 ERA. In May 2005, he signed as a free agent with the Kansas City Royals, but was released the following month before seeing any action. Independent leagues In August 2005, Wayne signed with the Newark Bears of the independent Atlantic League. In 10 appearances, Wayne pitched 18 innings, gave up 6 earned runs, walked 17, struck out 9, and had a 3.00 ERA with a 1–2 record. He held opponents to a .197 average. Personal life Wayne is Jewish, and majored in economics at Stanford. He finished his degree in 3+1⁄3 years. His brother, Hawkeye, played baseball at Columbia University and signed with the Seattle Mariners after being drafted in the 11th round of the 1999 Major League Baseball Draft. Their father, Jeffrey, played baseball at SUNY Buffalo. After retiring from professional baseball, he spent 3+1⁄2 years in finance before focusing on the medical industry. He has continued in this field and is now a Managing Partner and Chief Operating Officer of SMART Lab, located in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida. In 2018, Wayne received a two-year federal prison sentence at a minimum-security federal prison camp at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, for an "insurance scam" involving Hawkeye, who received a 40-month sentence: "The brothers owned a testing lab. Prosecutors say a drug treatment center brought them patients' urine samples for unneeded testing. They billed insurance companies and then kicked back part of the proceeds." References ^ a b "Justin Wayne Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2020-02-06. ^ a b c d "Justin Wayne". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2021-08-17. ^ "Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019. ^ a b "Wayne, Justin". Jews in Sports. Retrieved February 28, 2014. ^ a b "Justin Wayne Minor & Independent Leagues Statistics & History". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2020-02-06. ^ "Justin Wayne Stats". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 2, 2018. ^ "Justin Wayne Career Pitching Splits". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 9, 2011. ^ Chase, Al. "StarBulletin.com \| Sports \| /2005/10/14/". Archived from the original on 2006-11-25. Retrieved 2020-02-02. ^ "Justin Wayne". Jewish Baseball Museum. Retrieved May 8, 2024. ^ a b c d Joe Capozzi. "From the big leagues to the big house: How ex-con helped put ex-Marlins pitcher in prison - News - The Palm Beach Post - West Palm Beach, FL". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 2020-02-06. ^ "Ex-Marlins P Justin Wayne gets 4-year prison term for insurance fraud". ESPN.com. November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018. Further reading "The Jewish Boys of Summer- Jewish Players in 2005," 4/14/05 External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors), or Retrosheet Stanford bio Jewish Virtual Library bio vte2000 College Baseball All-America Team consensus selections P Kip Bouknight P Lenny DiNardo P Justin Wayne RP Cory Scott C Brad Cresse 1B Todd Faulkner 2B Chase Utley 3B Mark Teixeira SS Tim Hummel O Gabe Gross O Mitch Jones O Bill Scott DH Jason Dubois U None vte2000 Major League Baseball draft first round selections Adrián González Adam Johnson Lou Montañez Mike Stodolka Justin Wayne Rocco Baldelli Matt Harrington Matt Wheatland Mark Phillips Joe Torres Dave Krynzel Joe Borchard Shaun Boyd Beau Hale Chase Utley Billy Traber Ben Diggins Miguel Negron Sean Burnett Chris Bootcheck Boof Bonser Phil Dumatrait David Espinosa Blake Williams Scott Heard Corey Smith Robert Stiehl David Parrish Adam Wainwright Scott Thorman Aaron Heilman Tripper Johnson Dustin McGowan Dustin Moseley Tyrell Godwin Bob Keppel Derek Thompson Kelly Johnson Chad Hawkins Aaron Herr vteMontreal Expos / Washington Nationals first-round draft picks 1968: None 1969: Moore 1970: Foote 1971: Holloway 1972: Goodman 1973: Roenicke 1974: Sorey 1975: Miles 1976: James 1977: Gullickson 1978: Franklin 1979: Wallach 1980: Francona 1981: Dilks 1982: None 1983: Stoll, Holman 1984: Caffrey, Charlton 1985: Incaviglia 1986: Dean 1987: DeShields, Kingwood 1988: Wainhouse 1989: Johnson 1990: Andrews, R. White, G. White, Spencer, Van Ryn, Robertson 1991: Floyd 1992: Wallace 1993: Schwab, Estrada 1994: Bocachica, Thurman 1995: Barrett 1996: Patterson 1997: Bridges, Stowe, Hodges, Hebson, Pittman, Tucker, Arthurs, Myers 1998: McKinley, Wilkerson 1999: Girdley 2000: Wayne 2001: Karp 2002: Everts 2003: Cordero 2004: Bray 2005: Zimmerman 2006: Marrero, Willems 2007: Detwiler, Smoker, Burgess 2008: Crow 2009: Strasburg, Storen 2010: Harper 2011: Rendon, Meyer, Goodwin 2012: Giolito 2013: None 2014: Fedde 2015: None 2016: Kieboom, Dunning 2017: Romero 2018: Denaburg 2019: Rutledge 2020: Cavalli 2021: House 2022: Green 2023: Crews	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Justin Wayne (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Wayne_(politician)"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"}],"text":"For the politician, see Justin Wayne (politician).Baseball playerJustin Morgan Wayne (born April 16, 1979) is an American former professional baseball pitcher, who played for the Florida Marlins of Major League Baseball for three seasons.","title":"Justin Wayne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Honolulu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honolulu"},{"link_name":"Punahou School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punahou_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseball-reference1-1"},{"link_name":"soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soccer"},{"link_name":"cross country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_country_running"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"}],"text":"Wayne is from Honolulu, Hawaii, and an alumnus of Punahou School.[1] In high school, Wayne played baseball and soccer, and was a cross country runner. He was named to the All-Hawaii baseball team.[2]","title":"High school"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"1998","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"relief pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_pitcher"},{"link_name":"saves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"The Sporting News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sporting_News"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarmouth-Dennis_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"starting pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starting_pitcher"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-2"},{"link_name":"College World Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_World_Series"},{"link_name":"2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Pac-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pac-10"},{"link_name":"ERA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run_average"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jews_in_Sports-4"}],"text":"In his freshman year studying economics at Stanford University in 1998, Wayne's record as a relief pitcher was 6–0 with 6 saves.[2] He was named by Collegiate Baseball to their first freshman All-American team and by The Sporting News as second team Freshman All-American.[2] In 1998, he played collegiate summer baseball in the Cape Cod Baseball League for the Yarmouth-Dennis Red Sox.[3] In his sophomore year, Wayne became a starting pitcher, and had a 10–0 record.[2] His team finished in third place at the College World Series. In 2000, Wayne was named co-Pac-10 Pitcher of the Year, with a 15–4 record and a 3.21 ERA, with Stanford reaching the finals of the College World Series. Wayne had 363 strikeouts while playing at Stanford, tied for first in that statistic.[4]","title":"College"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"1997 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseball-reference1-1"},{"link_name":"Montreal Expos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Expos"},{"link_name":"2000 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jews_in_Sports-4"},{"link_name":"2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Double-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Harrisburg Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrisburg_Senators"},{"link_name":"winning percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winning_percentage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseball-reference2-5"},{"link_name":"Portland Sea Dogs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_Sea_Dogs"},{"link_name":"2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_in_baseball"},{"link_name":"Eastern League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_League_(1938%E2%80%932020)"},{"link_name":"complete game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_game"},{"link_name":"shutout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shutout"},{"link_name":"Bowie Baysox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowie_Baysox"},{"link_name":"walking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Base_on_balls"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-baseball-reference2-5"}],"sub_title":"Minor leagues","text":"Wayne was first drafted by the Boston Red Sox in the 9th round of the 1997 Major League Baseball Draft, but did not sign.[1] After being chosen 5th overall by the Montreal Expos in the 2000 Major League Baseball Draft, he decided to forego his senior season at Stanford to start his professional baseball career.[4]In 2001, he ended his first full minor league season at Double-A for the Harrisburg Senators, where he went 9–2 with a 2.62 ERA in 14 starts for a losing team (.465 winning percentage).[5]Pitching for the Portland Sea Dogs in 2002, he was voted the Eastern League's Pitcher of the Week for the week ending July 28 after tossing a complete game two-hit shutout against the Bowie Baysox, striking out six batters and not walking anybody in the 2–0 win. Pitching at Harrisurg, where he spent most of the season, he went 5–2 with a 2.37 ERA in 17 starts, giving up only 6.75 hits per 9 innings.[5]","title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graeme Lloyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graeme_Lloyd"},{"link_name":"Mike Mordecai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mordecai"},{"link_name":"Donald Levinski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=levins001don"},{"link_name":"Carl Pavano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Pavano"},{"link_name":"Florida Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Marlins"},{"link_name":"Cliff Floyd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff_Floyd"},{"link_name":"Wilton Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilton_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Claudio Vargas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudio_Vargas"},{"link_name":"batting average against","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_against"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_agent"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Triple-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-A_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas 51s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas_51s"},{"link_name":"Kansas City Royals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_City_Royals"}],"sub_title":"Major leagues","text":"In July 2002, Wayne was traded by the Expos with Graeme Lloyd, Mike Mordecai, Donald Levinski, and Carl Pavano to the Florida Marlins for Cliff Floyd, Wilton Guerrero, Claudio Vargas, and cash.Wayne debuted in the major leagues in 2002 at the age of 22. That season, over 23+2⁄3 innings, opposing hitters recorded a .244 batting average against. He held batters to a .154 batting average in tie games. From 2002 to 2004, he made 26 appearances (eight starts), compiling a 6.13 ERA with a 5–8 record, while recording 37 strikeouts and 36 walks over 61+2⁄3 innings pitched.[6] With two outs and runners in scoring position, he held batters to an .048 average and .095 slugging percentage.[7]In April 2005, Wayne signed as a free agent with the Los Angeles Dodgers; he made four appearances for their Triple-A affiliate, the Las Vegas 51s, recording a 14.40 ERA. In May 2005, he signed as a free agent with the Kansas City Royals, but was released the following month before seeing any action.","title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newark Bears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newark_Bears"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_baseball_league"},{"link_name":"Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_League_of_Professional_Baseball"},{"link_name":"earned runs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earned_run"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Independent leagues","text":"In August 2005, Wayne signed with the Newark Bears of the independent Atlantic League. In 10 appearances, Wayne pitched 18 innings, gave up 6 earned runs, walked 17, struck out 9, and had a 3.00 ERA with a 1–2 record. He held opponents to a .197 average.[8]","title":"Baseball career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jewish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmbeachpost1-10"},{"link_name":"Hawkeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=wayne-001haw"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"Seattle Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle_Mariners"},{"link_name":"1999 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmbeachpost1-10"},{"link_name":"SUNY Buffalo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_at_Buffalo,_The_State_University_of_New_York"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmbeachpost1-10"},{"link_name":"Palm Beach Gardens, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Beach_Gardens,_Florida"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-palmbeachpost1-10"}],"text":"Wayne is Jewish,[9] and majored in economics at Stanford.[10] He finished his degree in 3+1⁄3 years.His brother, Hawkeye, played baseball at Columbia University and signed with the Seattle Mariners after being drafted in the 11th round of the 1999 Major League Baseball Draft.[10] Their father, Jeffrey, played baseball at SUNY Buffalo.[10]After retiring from professional baseball, he spent 3+1⁄2 years in finance before focusing on the medical industry. He has continued in this field and is now a Managing Partner and Chief Operating Officer of SMART Lab, located in Palm Beach Gardens, Florida.In 2018, Wayne received a two-year federal prison sentence at a minimum-security federal prison camp at Maxwell Air Force Base in Montgomery, Alabama, for an \"insurance scam\" involving Hawkeye, who received a 40-month sentence: \"The brothers owned a testing lab. Prosecutors say a drug treatment center brought them patients' urine samples for unneeded testing. They billed insurance companies and then kicked back part of the proceeds.\"[11][10]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Jewish Boys of Summer- Jewish Players in 2005,\" 4/14/05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140304225552/http://www.jewcentral.com/article-print-242.html"}],"text":"\"The Jewish Boys of Summer- Jewish Players in 2005,\" 4/14/05","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Justin Wayne Stats\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2020-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/wayneju01.shtml","url_text":"\"Justin Wayne Stats\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Wayne\". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org. Retrieved 2021-08-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/justin-wayne","url_text":"\"Justin Wayne\""}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wayne, Justin\". Jews in Sports. Retrieved February 28, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=baseball&ID=168","url_text":"\"Wayne, Justin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Wayne Minor & Independent Leagues Statistics & History\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved 2020-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=wayne-001jus","url_text":"\"Justin Wayne Minor & Independent Leagues Statistics & History\""}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Wayne Stats\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved November 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/wayneju01.shtml","url_text":"\"Justin Wayne Stats\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Wayne Career Pitching Splits\". Baseball-Reference.com. Retrieved January 9, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/split.fcgi?id=wayneju01&year=Career&t=p","url_text":"\"Justin Wayne Career Pitching Splits\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseball-Reference.com","url_text":"Baseball-Reference.com"}]},{"reference":"Chase, Al. \"StarBulletin.com \| Sports \| /2005/10/14/\". Archived from the original on 2006-11-25. Retrieved 2020-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061125053156/http://starbulletin.com/2005/10/14/sports/story06.html","url_text":"\"StarBulletin.com \| Sports \| /2005/10/14/\""},{"url":"http://starbulletin.com/2005/10/14/sports/story06.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Justin Wayne\". Jewish Baseball Museum. Retrieved May 8, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://jewishbaseballmuseum.com/player/justin-wayne/","url_text":"\"Justin Wayne\""}]},{"reference":"Joe Capozzi. \"From the big leagues to the big house: How ex-con helped put ex-Marlins pitcher in prison - News - The Palm Beach Post - West Palm Beach, FL\". The Palm Beach Post. Retrieved 2020-02-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/20191126/from-big-leagues-to-big-house-how-ex-con-helped-put-ex-marlins-pitcher-in-prison","url_text":"\"From the big leagues to the big house: How ex-con helped put ex-Marlins pitcher in prison - News - The Palm Beach Post - West Palm Beach, FL\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Marlins P Justin Wayne gets 4-year prison term for insurance fraud\". ESPN.com. November 1, 2018. Retrieved November 1, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/25148650/ex-florida-marlins-pitcher-justin-wayne-gets-4-year-sentence","url_text":"\"Ex-Marlins P Justin Wayne gets 4-year prison term for insurance fraud\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=levins001don","external_links_name":"Donald Levinski"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=wayne-001haw","external_links_name":"Hawkeye"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/wayneju01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Justin Wayne Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/justin-wayne","external_links_name":"\"Justin Wayne\""},{"Link":"http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\""},{"Link":"http://www.jewsinsports.org/profile.asp?sport=baseball&ID=168","external_links_name":"\"Wayne, Justin\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=wayne-001jus","external_links_name":"\"Justin Wayne Minor & Independent Leagues Statistics & History\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/wayneju01.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Justin Wayne Stats\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/split.fcgi?id=wayneju01&year=Career&t=p","external_links_name":"\"Justin Wayne Career Pitching Splits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061125053156/http://starbulletin.com/2005/10/14/sports/story06.html","external_links_name":"\"StarBulletin.com \| Sports \| /2005/10/14/\""},{"Link":"http://starbulletin.com/2005/10/14/sports/story06.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://jewishbaseballmuseum.com/player/justin-wayne/","external_links_name":"\"Justin Wayne\""},{"Link":"https://www.palmbeachpost.com/news/20191126/from-big-leagues-to-big-house-how-ex-con-helped-put-ex-marlins-pitcher-in-prison","external_links_name":"\"From the big leagues to the big house: How ex-con helped put ex-Marlins pitcher in prison - News - The Palm Beach Post - West Palm Beach, FL\""},{"Link":"http://www.espn.com/mlb/story/_/id/25148650/ex-florida-marlins-pitcher-justin-wayne-gets-4-year-sentence","external_links_name":"\"Ex-Marlins P Justin Wayne gets 4-year prison term for insurance fraud\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140304225552/http://www.jewcentral.com/article-print-242.html","external_links_name":"\"The Jewish Boys of Summer- Jewish Players in 2005,\" 4/14/05"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/players/w/wayneju01.shtml","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference"},{"Link":"https://www.fangraphs.com/statss.aspx?playerid=803","external_links_name":"Fangraphs"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/minors/player.cgi?id=wayne-001jus","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference (Minors)"},{"Link":"https://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/W/Pwaynj001.htm","external_links_name":"Retrosheet"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070224215409/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/m-basebl/mtt/wayne_justin00.html","external_links_name":"Stanford bio"},{"Link":"https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/Wayne.html","external_links_name":"Jewish Virtual Library bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewart_Island	Dewart Island	["1 History","2 Antarctic Specially Protected Area","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 66°13′S 110°10′E / 66.217°S 110.167°E / -66.217; 110.167Dewart IslandDewart IslandLocation in AntarcticaGeographyLocationVincennes BayCoordinates66°13′S 110°10′E / 66.217°S 110.167°E / -66.217; 110.167ArchipelagoFrazier IslandsAdministrationAdministered under the Antarctic Treaty SystemDemographicsPopulationUninhabited Dewart Island is the central island in the Frazier Islands, in Vincennes Bay, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica. History The island was photographed from the air in the course of the US Navy's Operation Highjump (1946–47) and its position fixed by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (1956). It was named by Carl R. Eklund for Gilbert Dewart, a seismologist at Wilkes Station, 1957. Antarctic Specially Protected Area The island forms part of the Frazier Islands Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.160 because it supports one of only four known breeding colonies of southern giant petrels on continental Antarctica. See also List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands References ^ "Dewart Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2012-01-17. ^ "Frazier Islands, Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica" (PDF). Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 160: Measure 13, Annex. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2008. Retrieved 2013-03-11. This article incorporates public domain material from "Dewart Island". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. vteAntarctic Specially Protected AreasQueen Elizabeth Land Davis Valley Forlidas Pond Queen Maud Land Dakshin Gangotri Glacier Svarthamaren Mountain Yukidori Valley Mac. Robertson Land Murray Monolith Rookery Islands Scullin Monolith Taylor Rookery Princess Elizabeth Land Amanda Bay Hawker Island Mount Harding Mule Peninsula Queen Mary Land Haswell Island Wilkes Land Ardery Island Bailey Peninsula Charlton Island Clark Peninsula Dewart Island Frazier Islands Nelly Island Odbert Island Adélie Land Bernard Island Bon Docteur Nunatak Carrel Island Géologie Archipelago Lamarck Island Port Martin Rostand Island George V Land Mawson's Huts Victoria Land Balham Valley Barwick Valley Canada Glacier Cape Adare Cape Geology Cape Hallett Cape Washington Edmonson Point Linnaeus Terrace Mount Melbourne Mount Rittmann Seabee Hook Ross Sea Arrival Heights Backdoor Bay Beaufort Island Cape Crozier Cape Evans Cape Royds Hut Point Peninsula Lewis Bay New College Valley North-west White Island Sabrina Island Tramway Ridge Palmer Land Ablation Lake Ablation Point Ablation Point – Ganymede Heights Ablation Valley Erratic Valley Flatiron Valley Ganymede Heights Himalia Ridge Marion Nunataks Mount Martine Mount Monique Moutonnée Lake Striation Valley Graham Land Apéndice Island Avian Island Biscoe Point Bransfield Strait Cierva Point Dion Islands Eastern Dallmann Bay Emperor Island Green Island Lagotellerie Island Litchfield Island Midas Island Moss Islands Mount Flora Rothera Point South Bay South Shetlands Admiralty Bay Ardley Island Byers Peninsula Cape Shirreff Collins Point Coppermine Peninsula Crater Lake Deception Island Discovery Bay Fildes Peninsula Harmony Point Kroner Lake Lions Rump Mount Pond Narębski Point Pendulum Cove Port Foster Potter Peninsula Ronald Hill San Telmo Island South East Point Stonethrow Ridge Suffield Point Telefon Bay South Orkneys Christoffersen Island Coronation Island Fredriksen Island Grey Island Lynch Island Michelsen Island Moe Island Southern Powell Island This Wilkes Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Frazier Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frazier_Islands"},{"link_name":"Vincennes Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincennes_Bay"},{"link_name":"Wilkes Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_Land"},{"link_name":"East Antarctica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Antarctica"}],"text":"Dewart Island is the central island in the Frazier Islands, in Vincennes Bay, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica.","title":"Dewart Island"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"US Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy"},{"link_name":"Operation Highjump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Highjump"},{"link_name":"Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_National_Antarctic_Research_Expeditions"},{"link_name":"Carl R. Eklund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_R._Eklund"},{"link_name":"Wilkes Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilkes_Station"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gnis-1"}],"text":"The island was photographed from the air in the course of the US Navy's Operation Highjump (1946–47) and its position fixed by the Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions (1956). It was named by Carl R. Eklund for Gilbert Dewart, a seismologist at Wilkes Station, 1957.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Antarctic Specially Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Specially_Protected_Area"},{"link_name":"breeding colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_colony"},{"link_name":"southern giant petrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_giant_petrel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ats-2"}],"text":"The island forms part of the Frazier Islands Antarctic Specially Protected Area (ASPA) No.160 because it supports one of only four known breeding colonies of southern giant petrels on continental Antarctica.[2]","title":"Antarctic Specially Protected Area"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands"}]	[{"reference":"\"Dewart Island\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2012-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:3817","url_text":"\"Dewart Island\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"Frazier Islands, Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica\" (PDF). Management Plan for Antarctic Specially Protected Area No. 160: Measure 13, Annex. Antarctic Treaty Secretariat. 2008. Retrieved 2013-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att397_e.pdf","url_text":"\"Frazier Islands, Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dewart_Island&params=66_13_S_110_10_E_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"66°13′S 110°10′E / 66.217°S 110.167°E / -66.217; 110.167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Dewart_Island&params=66_13_S_110_10_E_source:GNIS_type:isle","external_links_name":"66°13′S 110°10′E / 66.217°S 110.167°E / -66.217; 110.167"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:3817","external_links_name":"\"Dewart Island\""},{"Link":"http://www.ats.aq/documents/recatt/Att397_e.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Frazier Islands, Windmill Islands, Wilkes Land, East Antarctica\""},{"Link":"https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits","external_links_name":"public domain material"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/2020/https://geonames.usgs.gov/apex/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:3817","external_links_name":"\"Dewart Island\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dewart_Island&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R314_road_(Ireland)	R314 road (Ireland)	["1 See also","2 References"]	Regional road in County Mayo in Ireland R314 roadBóthar R314Main Street, Ballycastle, on the R314Route informationLength69.9 km (43.4 mi)LocationCountryIrelandPrimarydestinations County Mayo Atticonaun (R313) Crosses the Glenamoy River Glenamoy Crosses the Belderg River Belderg Crosses the Glenglassera River Crosses the Owenbehy River Crosses the Glenulra River Crosses the Bellanaminnaun River Crosses the Ballinglen River Ballycastle (R315) Crosses the Heathfield River Crosses the Carn River Crosses the Cloonaghmore River Killala Crosses the Rosserk River Ballina (N59, N26) Highway system Roads in Ireland Motorways Primary Secondary Regional The R314 road is a regional road in County Mayo in Ireland. It connects the R313 road at Atticonaun to the N59 road in Ballina, 69.9 kilometres (43.4 mi) away (map). The government legislation that defines the R314, the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012 (Statutory Instrument 54 of 2012), provides the following official description: Béal an Mhuirthead — Ballycastle — Ballina, County Mayo Between its junction with the R313 at Áit Tí Conain in the county of Mayo and its junction with N59 at Circular Road in the town of Ballina via Moing Eiriún, Gleann na Muaidhe, Béal Deirg, Ballycastle, Palmerstown Bridge, Killybrone; George Street, Market Street and Church Street at Killala; Meelick, Tawnaghmore Upper and Culleens in the county of Mayo: and Killala Road in the town of Ballina. See also List of roads of County Mayo National primary road National secondary road Regional road Roads in Ireland References ^ a b S.I. No. 54/2012 — Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012, Irish Statute Book (irishstatutebook.ie), 2013-02-27. vteRoads in IrelandMotorways M1 M2 M3 M4 M6 M7 M8 M9 M11 M17 M18 M20 M50 Primary roads N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 N17 N18 N19 N20 N21 N22 N23 N24 N25 N26 N27 N28 N29 N30 N31 N32 N33 N40 N50 Secondary roads N51 N52 N53 N54 N55 N56 N58 N59 N60 N61 N62 N63 N65 N66 N67 N68 N69 N70 N71 N72 N73 N74 N75 N76 N77 N78 N80 N81 N82 N83 N84 N85 N86 N87 Regional roads R101 R102 R103 R104 R105 R106 R107 R108 R109 R110 R111 R112 R113 R114 R115 R116 R117 R118 R119 R120 R121 R122 R123 R124 R125 R126 R127 R128 R129 R130 R131 R132 R133 R134 R135 R136 R137 R138 R139 R147 R148 R149 R150 R151 R152 R153 R154 R155 R156 R157 R158 R159 R160 R161 R162 R163 R164 R165 R166 R167 R168 R169 R170 R171 R172 R173 R174 R175 R176 R177 R178 R179 R180 R181 R182 R183 R184 R185 R186 R187 R188 R189 R190 R191 R192 R193 R194 R195 R196 R197 R198 R199 R200 R201 R202 R203 R204 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R439 R440 R441 R442 R443 R444 R445 R446 R448 R449 R458 R459 R460 R461 R462 R463 R464 R465 R466 R467 R468 R469 R470 R471 R472 R473 R474 R475 R476 R477 R478 R479 R480 R481 R482 R483 R484 R485 R486 R487 R488 R489 R490 R491 R492 R493 R494 R495 R496 R497 R498 R499 R500 R501 R502 R503 R504 R505 R506 R507 R509 R510 R511 R512 R513 R514 R515 R516 R517 R518 R519 R520 R521 R522 R523 R524 R525 R526 R527 R548 R549 R550 R551 R552 R553 R554 R555 R556 R557 R558 R559 R560 R561 R563 R564 R565 R566 R567 R568 R569 R570 R571 R572 R573 R574 R575 R576 R577 R578 R579 R580 R581 R582 R583 R584 R585 R586 R587 R588 R589 R590 R591 R592 R593 R594 R595 R596 R597 R598 R599 R600 R601 R602 R603 R604 R605 R606 R607 R608 R610 R611 R612 R613 R614 R615 R616 R617 R618 R619 R620 R621 R622 R623 R624 R626 R627 R628 R629 R630 R631 R632 R633 R634 R635 R637 R638 R639 R640 R641 R659 R660 R661 R662 R663 R664 R665 R666 R667 R668 R669 R670 R671 R672 R673 R674 R675 R676 R677 R678 R679 R680 R681 R682 R683 R684 R685 R686 R687 R688 R689 R690 R691 R692 R693 R694 R695 R696 R697 R698 R699 R700 R701 R702 R703 R704 R705 R706 R707 R708 R709 R710 R711 R712 R713 R723 R724 R725 R726 R727 R729 R730 R731 R732 R733 R734 R735 R736 R737 R738 R739 R740 R741 R742 R743 R744 R745 R746 R747 R748 R749 R750 R751 R752 R753 R754 R755 R756 R757 R758 R759 R760 R761 R762 R763 R764 R765 R766 R767 R768 R769 R770 R772 R773 R774 R801 R802 R803 R804 R805 R806 R807 R808 R809 R810 R811 R812 R813 R814 R815 R816 R817 R818 R819 R820 R821 R822 R824 R825 R826 R827 R828 R829 R830 R831 R833 R834 R835 R837 R838 R839 R840 R842 R843 R846 R847 R848 R849 R851 R852 R853 R854 R855 R857 R858 R859 R860 R861 R863 R864 R865 R866 R867 R868 R870 R871 R873 R874 R875 R876 R877 R880 R883 R884 R885 R886 R887 R888 R889 R890 R895 R896 R899 R900 R901 R903 R904 R906 R907 R908 R909 R910 R911 R912 R913 R914 R915 R916 R917 R918 R919 R920 R921 R924 R925 R926 R927 R928 R929 R930 R931 R932 R933 R934 R935 R936 R937 R938 R940 R941 R999 See also National Development Plan Local roads Toll roads Transport Infrastructure Ireland Trunk roads	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"R313 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R313_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"N59 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N59_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ballina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballina,_County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//maps.google.ie/maps?saddr=R314&daddr=54.304915,-9.4527158+to:Unknown+road&geocode=FdUhOwMdr3lo_w%3BFZOgPAMdVcNv_ykRyY8ZFSJZSDF2X3MpaTUHfw%3BFZbCOQMdyUJ0_w&t=m&via=1&z=9&output=embed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si54-2012-1"},{"link_name":"R313","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R313_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"county of Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"N59","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N59_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Ballina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballina,_County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Gleann na Muaidhe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenamoy"},{"link_name":"Ballycastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballycastle,_County_Mayo"},{"link_name":"Killala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killala"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si54-2012-1"}],"text":"The R314 road is a regional road in County Mayo in Ireland. It connects the R313 road at Atticonaun to the N59 road in Ballina, 69.9 kilometres (43.4 mi) away (map).[1]The government legislation that defines the R314, the Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012 (Statutory Instrument 54 of 2012), provides the following official description:Béal an Mhuirthead — Ballycastle — Ballina, County MayoBetween its junction with the R313 at Áit Tí Conain in the county of Mayo and its junction with N59 at Circular Road in the town of Ballina via Moing Eiriún, Gleann na Muaidhe, Béal Deirg, Ballycastle, Palmerstown Bridge, Killybrone; George Street, Market Street and Church Street at Killala; Meelick, Tawnaghmore Upper and Culleens in the county of Mayo: and Killala Road in the town of Ballina.[1]","title":"R314 road (Ireland)"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of roads of County Mayo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_roads_of_County_Mayo"},{"title":"National primary road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_primary_road"},{"title":"National secondary road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_secondary_road"},{"title":"Regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"title":"Roads in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland"}]	[]	[{"Link":"http://maps.google.ie/maps?saddr=R314&daddr=54.304915,-9.4527158+to:Unknown+road&geocode=FdUhOwMdr3lo_w%3BFZOgPAMdVcNv_ykRyY8ZFSJZSDF2X3MpaTUHfw%3BFZbCOQMdyUJ0_w&t=m&via=1&z=9&output=embed","external_links_name":"map"},{"Link":"http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/2012/en/si/0054.html","external_links_name":"S.I. No. 54/2012 — Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2012"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traversal_Using_Relays_around_NAT	Traversal Using Relays around NAT	["1 Introduction","2 Protocol","3 See also","4 References"]	Computer network protocol "TURN" redirects here. For other uses, see Turn (disambiguation). This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Traversal Using Relays around NAT" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) is a protocol that assists in traversal of network address translators (NAT) or firewalls for multimedia applications. It may be used with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It is most useful for clients on networks masqueraded by symmetric NAT devices. TURN does not aid in running servers on well known ports in the private network through a NAT; it supports the connection of a user behind a NAT to only a single peer, as in telephony, for example. TURN is specified by RFC 8656. The TURN URI scheme is documented in RFC 7065. Introduction Network address translation (NAT), a mechanism that serves as a measure to mitigate the issue of IPv4 address exhaustion during the transition to IPv6, is accompanied by various limitations. The most troublesome among these limitations is the fact that NAT breaks many existing IP applications, and makes it more difficult to deploy new ones. Guidelines have been developed that describe how to build "NAT friendly" protocols, but many protocols simply cannot be constructed according to those guidelines. Examples of such protocols include multimedia applications and file sharing. Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) provides one way for an application to traverse a NAT. STUN allows a client to obtain a transport address (an IP address and port) which may be useful for receiving packets from a peer. However, addresses obtained by STUN may not be usable by all peers. Those addresses work depending on the topological conditions of the network. Therefore, STUN by itself cannot provide a complete solution for NAT traversal. A complete solution requires a means by which a client can obtain a transport address from which it can receive media from any peer which can send packets to the public Internet. This can only be accomplished by relaying data through a server that resides on the public Internet. Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) is a protocol that allows a client to obtain IP addresses and ports from such a relay. Although TURN almost always provides connectivity to a client, it is resource intensive for the provider of the TURN server. It is therefore desirable to use TURN as a last resort only, preferring other mechanisms (such as STUN or direct connectivity) when possible. To accomplish that, the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) methodology can be used to discover the optimal means of connectivity. Protocol The process begins when a client computer wants to contact a peer computer for a data transaction, but cannot do so due to both client and peer being behind respective NATs. If STUN is not an option because one of the NATs is a symmetric NAT (a type of NAT known to be non-STUN compatible), TURN must be used. First, the client contacts a TURN server with an "Allocate" request. The Allocate request asks the TURN server to allocate some of its resources for the client so that it may contact a peer. If allocation is possible, the server allocates an address for the client to use as a relay, and sends the client an "Allocation Successful" response, which contains an "allocated relayed transport address" located at the TURN server. Second, the client sends in a CreatePermissions request to the TURN server to create a permissions check system for peer-server communications. In other words, when a peer is finally contacted and sends information back to the TURN server to be relayed to client, the TURN server uses the permissions to verify that the peer-to-TURN server communication is valid. After permissions have been created, the client has two choices for sending the actual data, (1) it can use the Send mechanism, or (2) it can reserve a channel using the ChannelBind request. The Send mechanism is more straightforward, but contains a larger header, 36 bytes, that can substantially increase the bandwidth in a TURN relayed conversation. By contrast, the ChannelBind method is lighter: the header is only 4 bytes, but it requires a channel to be reserved which needs to be periodically refreshed, among other considerations. Using either method, Send or channel binding, the TURN server receives the data from the client and relays it to the peer using UDP datagrams, which contain as their Source Address the "Allocated Relayed Transport Address". The peer receives the data and responds, again using a UDP datagram as the transport protocol, sending the UDP datagram to the relay address at the TURN server. The TURN server receives the peer UDP datagram, checks the permissions and if they are valid, forwards it to the client. This process gets around even symmetric NATs because both the client and peer can at least talk to the TURN server, which has allocated a relay IP address for communication. While TURN is more robust than STUN in that it assists in traversal of more types of NATs, a TURN communication relays the entire communication through the server requiring far more server bandwidth than the STUN protocol, which typically only resolves the public facing IP address and relays the information to client and peer for them to use in direct communication. For this reason, the ICE protocol mandates STUN usage as a first resort, and TURN usage only when dealing with symmetric NATs or other situations where STUN cannot be used. See also Interactive Connectivity Establishment References ^ Matthews, Philip; Rosenberg, Jonathan; Mahy, Rohan (April 2010). Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) (Report). Internet Engineering Task Force.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turn (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turn_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_protocol"},{"link_name":"network address translators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translator"},{"link_name":"firewalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firewall_(networking)"},{"link_name":"Transmission Control Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol"},{"link_name":"User Datagram Protocol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol"},{"link_name":"symmetric NAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_NAT"},{"link_name":"servers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server_(computing)"},{"link_name":"RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8656","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8656"},{"link_name":"RFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7065","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7065"}],"text":"\"TURN\" redirects here. For other uses, see Turn (disambiguation).Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) is a protocol that assists in traversal of network address translators (NAT) or firewalls for multimedia applications. It may be used with the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and User Datagram Protocol (UDP). It is most useful for clients on networks masqueraded by symmetric NAT devices. TURN does not aid in running servers on well known ports in the private network through a NAT; it supports the connection of a user behind a NAT to only a single peer, as in telephony, for example.TURN is specified by RFC 8656. The TURN URI scheme is documented in RFC 7065.","title":"Traversal Using Relays around NAT"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Network address translation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation"},{"link_name":"IPv4 address exhaustion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4_address_exhaustion"},{"link_name":"the transition to IPv6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6_deployment"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Session Traversal Utilities for NAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Traversal_Utilities_for_NAT"},{"link_name":"Interactive Connectivity Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Connectivity_Establishment"}],"text":"Network address translation (NAT), a mechanism that serves as a measure to mitigate the issue of IPv4 address exhaustion during the transition to IPv6, is accompanied by various limitations. The most troublesome among these limitations is the fact that NAT breaks many existing IP applications, and makes it more difficult to deploy new ones.[1] Guidelines have been developed that describe how to build \"NAT friendly\" protocols, but many protocols simply cannot be constructed according to those guidelines. Examples of such protocols include multimedia applications and file sharing.Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) provides one way for an application to traverse a NAT. STUN allows a client to obtain a transport address (an IP address and port) which may be useful for receiving packets from a peer. However, addresses obtained by STUN may not be usable by all peers. Those addresses work depending on the topological conditions of the network. Therefore, STUN by itself cannot provide a complete solution for NAT traversal.A complete solution requires a means by which a client can obtain a transport address from which it can receive media from any peer which can send packets to the public Internet. This can only be accomplished by relaying data through a server that resides on the public Internet. Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN) is a protocol that allows a client to obtain IP addresses and ports from such a relay.Although TURN almost always provides connectivity to a client, it is resource intensive for the provider of the TURN server. It is therefore desirable to use TURN as a last resort only, preferring other mechanisms (such as STUN or direct connectivity) when possible. To accomplish that, the Interactive Connectivity Establishment (ICE) methodology can be used to discover the optimal means of connectivity.","title":"Introduction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"symmetric NATs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_address_translation#PORT-PRESERVATION"}],"text":"The process begins when a client computer wants to contact a peer computer for a data transaction, but cannot do so due to both client and peer being behind respective NATs. If STUN is not an option because one of the NATs is a symmetric NAT (a type of NAT known to be non-STUN compatible), TURN must be used.First, the client contacts a TURN server with an \"Allocate\" request. The Allocate request asks the TURN server to allocate some of its resources for the client so that it may contact a peer. If allocation is possible, the server allocates an address for the client to use as a relay, and sends the client an \"Allocation Successful\" response, which contains an \"allocated relayed transport address\" located at the TURN server.Second, the client sends in a CreatePermissions request to the TURN server to create a permissions check system for peer-server communications. In other words, when a peer is finally contacted and sends information back to the TURN server to be relayed to client, the TURN server uses the permissions to verify that the peer-to-TURN server communication is valid.After permissions have been created, the client has two choices for sending the actual data, (1) it can use the Send mechanism, or (2) it can reserve a channel using the ChannelBind request. The Send mechanism is more straightforward, but contains a larger header, 36 bytes, that can substantially increase the bandwidth in a TURN relayed conversation. By contrast, the ChannelBind method is lighter: the header is only 4 bytes, but it requires a channel to be reserved which needs to be periodically refreshed, among other considerations.Using either method, Send or channel binding, the TURN server receives the data from the client and relays it to the peer using UDP datagrams, which contain as their Source Address the \"Allocated Relayed Transport Address\". The peer receives the data and responds, again using a UDP datagram as the transport protocol, sending the UDP datagram to the relay address at the TURN server.The TURN server receives the peer UDP datagram, checks the permissions and if they are valid, forwards it to the client.This process gets around even symmetric NATs because both the client and peer can at least talk to the TURN server, which has allocated a relay IP address for communication.While TURN is more robust than STUN in that it assists in traversal of more types of NATs, a TURN communication relays the entire communication through the server requiring far more server bandwidth than the STUN protocol, which typically only resolves the public facing IP address and relays the information to client and peer for them to use in direct communication. For this reason, the ICE protocol mandates STUN usage as a first resort, and TURN usage only when dealing with symmetric NATs or other situations where STUN cannot be used.","title":"Protocol"}]	[]	[{"title":"Interactive Connectivity Establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive_Connectivity_Establishment"}]	[{"reference":"Matthews, Philip; Rosenberg, Jonathan; Mahy, Rohan (April 2010). Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN) (Report). Internet Engineering Task Force.","urls":[{"url":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5766/","url_text":"Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Traversal+Using+Relays+around+NAT%22","external_links_name":"\"Traversal Using Relays around NAT\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Traversal+Using+Relays+around+NAT%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Traversal+Using+Relays+around+NAT%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Traversal+Using+Relays+around+NAT%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Traversal+Using+Relays+around+NAT%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Traversal+Using+Relays+around+NAT%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8656","external_links_name":"8656"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc7065","external_links_name":"7065"},{"Link":"https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/rfc5766/","external_links_name":"Traversal Using Relays around NAT (TURN): Relay Extensions to Session Traversal Utilities for NAT (STUN)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenopterella	Ctenopterella	["1 Description","2 Taxonomy","3 Species","4 References"]	Genus of ferns Ctenopterella Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Division: Polypodiophyta Class: Polypodiopsida Order: Polypodiales Suborder: Polypodiineae Family: Polypodiaceae Subfamily: Grammitidoideae Genus: CtenopterellaParris Type species Ctenopterella blechnoides(Grev.) Parris Ctenopterella is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I). It is known from Africa through southeast Asia and Oceania to Polynesia. Description The rhizomes are dorsiventral (having upper and lower surfaces clearly distinct in appearance), and bear two rows of stipes, which sometimes have distinct joints where they attach. Distinct phyllopodia are present in some below the joint. The rhizome scales are brown, glabrous, and dull to glossy. Hairs, where present, are unbranched and branched, from whitish to brown in color. The leaf blades range from pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatifid in cutting, bearing free veins which usually end in hydathodes on the upper surface of the leaf. Sori are borne beneath pinnae or lobes, sometimes slightly sunken into the leaf tissue, usually in two rows but rarely in one. The sori are circular to elliptic in shape; the sporangia lack hairs. Taxonomy The genus was first described by Barbara Parris in 2007 to receive some of the species of the polyphyletic genus Ctenopteris; Ctenopterella is a diminutive form of that name. She initially placed twelve species in the genus. In 2013, she described a new species, Ctenopterella gabonensis, from the Monts Doudou in Gabon, and transferred a Vietnamese species, Ctenopterella nhatrangensis, into the genus. In 2015, she transferred three more species from Ctenopteris, including one she had formerly placed in synonymy, in preparation for a monograph on the genus. The only phylogenetic study so far to include any Ctenopterella species sampled Ctenopterella denticulata only. It found that this species, Acrosorus friderici-et-pauli (the type of its genus), and Grammitis stenophylla form a clade sister to the combined clade of Oreogrammitis, Prosaptia, Radiogrammitis, and Themelium. None of the three taxa in the first clade are particularly close morphologically. Ctenopterella denticulata has since been transferred to the genus Chrysogrammitis as Chrysogrammitis denticulata. Species As of February 2020, the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World accepted the following species and hybrids: Ctenopterella blechnoides (Grev.) Parris Ctenopterella boivinii (Mett. ex Kuhn) Rakotondr. & Parris Ctenopterella cornigera (Baker) Parris Ctenopterella fluvialis Parris Ctenopterella gabonensis Parris Ctenopterella gordonii (S.B.Andrews) Parris Ctenopterella khaoluangensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) Parris Ctenopterella lasiostipes (Mett.) Parris Ctenopterella lastii Parris & Rakotondr. Ctenopterella lepida (Brause) Parris Ctenopterella macrorhyncha (Baker) Parris Ctenopterella nhatrangensis (C.Chr. & Tardieu) Parris Ctenopterella pacifica Parris Ctenopterella parvula (Bory ex Willd.) Parris Ctenopterella pediculata (Baker) Parris Ctenopterella seemannii (J.Sm.) Parris Ctenopterella thwaitesii (Bedd.) Parris Ctenopterella undosa (Baker) Parris Ctenopterella vodonaivalui (Brownlie) Parris Ctenopterella zenkeri (Hieron.) Parris References ^ a b PPG I (2016). "A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610. ^ a b c Parris, Barbara S. (2007). "Five new genera and three new species of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) and the re-establishment of Oreogrammitis" (PDF). Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 58 (2): 233–274. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2016-07-30. ^ Parris, Barbara S. (2013). "Ctenopterella gabonensis, a new species of grammitid fern (Polypodiaceae) from Gabon, Africa" (PDF). Fern Gazette. 19 (3): 89–93. ^ Parris, Barbara S. (2013). "New combinations and lectotypifications for some Southeast Asian, Malesian and Pacific grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)". Fern Gazette. 19 (6): 207–211. ^ Parris, Barbara S. (2015). "Three new combinations in Ctenopterella (Polypodiaceae)" (PDF). Fern Gazette. 20 (2): 207–211. ^ Sundue, Michael A.; Parris, Barbara S.; Ranker, Tom A.; Smith, Alan R.; Fujimoto, Erin L.; Zamora-Crosby, Delia; Morden, Clifford W.; Chiou, Wen-Liang; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Rouhan, Germinal; Hirai, Regina Y.; Prado, Jefferson (2014). "Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)". Molecular Genetics and Evolution. 81: 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.017. PMID 25173566. S2CID 21098484. ^ Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (January 2020). "Ctenopterella denticulata". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 8.20. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2020-02-22. ^ Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (January 2020). "Ctenopterella". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 8.20. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2020-02-22. Taxon identifiersCtenopterella Wikidata: Q17187669 APDB: 237288 APNI: 215162 CoL: 3X3L FNA: 317872 FoC: 317872 GBIF: 7339092 GRIN: 29201 iNaturalist: 502669 IPNI: 77085625-1 IRMNG: 1266152 NCBI: 1080195 Open Tree of Life: 337964 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77085625-1 Tropicos: 50318217 WFO: wfo-4000009976	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"ferns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fern"},{"link_name":"Polypodiaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polypodiaceae"},{"link_name":"Grammitidoideae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammitidoideae"},{"link_name":"Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PPGI-1"}],"text":"Ctenopterella is a genus of ferns in the family Polypodiaceae, subfamily Grammitidoideae, according to the Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group classification of 2016 (PPG I).[1] It is known from Africa through southeast Asia and Oceania to Polynesia.","title":"Ctenopterella"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stipe_(botany)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg-2"},{"link_name":"pinnatifid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinnatifid"},{"link_name":"hydathodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydathode"},{"link_name":"sori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorus"},{"link_name":"sporangia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporangia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg-2"}],"text":"The rhizomes are dorsiventral (having upper and lower surfaces clearly distinct in appearance), and bear two rows of stipes, which sometimes have distinct joints where they attach. Distinct phyllopodia are present in some below the joint. The rhizome scales are brown, glabrous, and dull to glossy.[2]Hairs, where present, are unbranched and branched, from whitish to brown in color. The leaf blades range from pinnatifid to pinnate-pinnatifid in cutting, bearing free veins which usually end in hydathodes on the upper surface of the leaf. Sori are borne beneath pinnae or lobes, sometimes slightly sunken into the leaf tissue, usually in two rows but rarely in one. The sori are circular to elliptic in shape; the sporangia lack hairs.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ctenopteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ctenopteris"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sg-2"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella gabonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_gabonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella nhatrangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_nhatrangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Acrosorus friderici-et-pauli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrosorus_friderici-et-pauli"},{"link_name":"Grammitis stenophylla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammitis_stenophylla"},{"link_name":"Oreogrammitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oreogrammitis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prosaptia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prosaptia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Radiogrammitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Radiogrammitis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Themelium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Themelium&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chrysogrammitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysogrammitis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chrysogrammitis denticulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chrysogrammitis_denticulata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFLW_Cd-7"}],"text":"The genus was first described by Barbara Parris in 2007 to receive some of the species of the polyphyletic genus Ctenopteris; Ctenopterella is a diminutive form of that name. She initially placed twelve species in the genus.[2] In 2013, she described a new species, Ctenopterella gabonensis, from the Monts Doudou in Gabon,[3] and transferred a Vietnamese species, Ctenopterella nhatrangensis, into the genus.[4] In 2015, she transferred three more species from Ctenopteris, including one she had formerly placed in synonymy, in preparation for a monograph on the genus.[5]The only phylogenetic study so far to include any Ctenopterella species sampled Ctenopterella denticulata only. It found that this species, Acrosorus friderici-et-pauli (the type of its genus), and Grammitis stenophylla form a clade sister to the combined clade of Oreogrammitis, Prosaptia, Radiogrammitis, and Themelium. None of the three taxa in the first clade are particularly close morphologically.[6] Ctenopterella denticulata has since been transferred to the genus Chrysogrammitis as Chrysogrammitis denticulata.[7]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CFLW-8"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella blechnoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_blechnoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella boivinii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_boivinii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella cornigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_cornigera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella fluvialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_fluvialis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella gabonensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_gabonensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella gordonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_gordonii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella khaoluangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_khaoluangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella lasiostipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_lasiostipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella lastii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_lastii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella lepida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_lepida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella macrorhyncha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_macrorhyncha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella nhatrangensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_nhatrangensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella pacifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_pacifica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella parvula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_parvula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella pediculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_pediculata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella seemannii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_seemannii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella thwaitesii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_thwaitesii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella undosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_undosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella vodonaivalui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_vodonaivalui&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ctenopterella zenkeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella_zenkeri&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"As of February 2020[update], the Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World accepted the following species and hybrids:[8]Ctenopterella blechnoides (Grev.) Parris\nCtenopterella boivinii (Mett. ex Kuhn) Rakotondr. & Parris\nCtenopterella cornigera (Baker) Parris\nCtenopterella fluvialis Parris\nCtenopterella gabonensis Parris\nCtenopterella gordonii (S.B.Andrews) Parris\nCtenopterella khaoluangensis (Tagawa & K.Iwats.) Parris\nCtenopterella lasiostipes (Mett.) Parris\nCtenopterella lastii Parris & Rakotondr.\nCtenopterella lepida (Brause) Parris\nCtenopterella macrorhyncha (Baker) Parris\nCtenopterella nhatrangensis (C.Chr. & Tardieu) Parris\nCtenopterella pacifica Parris\nCtenopterella parvula (Bory ex Willd.) Parris\nCtenopterella pediculata (Baker) Parris\nCtenopterella seemannii (J.Sm.) Parris\nCtenopterella thwaitesii (Bedd.) Parris\nCtenopterella undosa (Baker) Parris\nCtenopterella vodonaivalui (Brownlie) Parris\nCtenopterella zenkeri (Hieron.) Parris","title":"Species"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"PPG I (2016). \"A community-derived classification for extant lycophytes and ferns\". Journal of Systematics and Evolution. 54 (6): 563–603. doi:10.1111/jse.12229. S2CID 39980610.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12229","url_text":"10.1111/jse.12229"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39980610","url_text":"39980610"}]},{"reference":"Parris, Barbara S. (2007). \"Five new genera and three new species of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) and the re-establishment of Oreogrammitis\" (PDF). Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 58 (2): 233–274. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-08-07. Retrieved 2016-07-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807035954/https://www.sbg.org.sg/images/4_4_Research_Gardens_Bulletin/4_4_58_2_pdf_Vol_58_Part%202_2007/4.4.58.2.05_y2007_V58_P2_GBS_pg.233.pdf","url_text":"\"Five new genera and three new species of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) and the re-establishment of Oreogrammitis\""},{"url":"https://www.sbg.org.sg/images/4_4_Research_Gardens_Bulletin/4_4_58_2_pdf_Vol_58_Part%202_2007/4.4.58.2.05_y2007_V58_P2_GBS_pg.233.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Parris, Barbara S. (2013). \"Ctenopterella gabonensis, a new species of grammitid fern (Polypodiaceae) from Gabon, Africa\" (PDF). Fern Gazette. 19 (3): 89–93.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/FGV19P3M1-hLz2ra.pdf","url_text":"\"Ctenopterella gabonensis, a new species of grammitid fern (Polypodiaceae) from Gabon, Africa\""}]},{"reference":"Parris, Barbara S. (2013). \"New combinations and lectotypifications for some Southeast Asian, Malesian and Pacific grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)\". Fern Gazette. 19 (6): 207–211.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Parris, Barbara S. (2015). \"Three new combinations in Ctenopterella (Polypodiaceae)\" (PDF). Fern Gazette. 20 (2): 207–211.","urls":[{"url":"http://ebps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/FGV20P2S3.pdf","url_text":"\"Three new combinations in Ctenopterella (Polypodiaceae)\""}]},{"reference":"Sundue, Michael A.; Parris, Barbara S.; Ranker, Tom A.; Smith, Alan R.; Fujimoto, Erin L.; Zamora-Crosby, Delia; Morden, Clifford W.; Chiou, Wen-Liang; Chen, Cheng-Wei; Rouhan, Germinal; Hirai, Regina Y.; Prado, Jefferson (2014). \"Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)\". Molecular Genetics and Evolution. 81: 195–206. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.017. PMID 25173566. S2CID 21098484.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265176631","url_text":"\"Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2014.08.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25173566","url_text":"25173566"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21098484","url_text":"21098484"}]},{"reference":"Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (January 2020). \"Ctenopterella denticulata\". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 8.20. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/","url_text":"Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World"},{"url":"https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hassler, Michael & Schmitt, Bernd (January 2020). \"Ctenopterella\". Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World. Version 8.20. Archived from the original on 2017-09-02. Retrieved 2020-02-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/","url_text":"Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World"},{"url":"https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ctenopterella&action=edit","external_links_name":"[update]"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fjse.12229","external_links_name":"10.1111/jse.12229"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39980610","external_links_name":"39980610"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160807035954/https://www.sbg.org.sg/images/4_4_Research_Gardens_Bulletin/4_4_58_2_pdf_Vol_58_Part%202_2007/4.4.58.2.05_y2007_V58_P2_GBS_pg.233.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Five new genera and three new species of Grammitidaceae (Filicales) and the re-establishment of Oreogrammitis\""},{"Link":"https://www.sbg.org.sg/images/4_4_Research_Gardens_Bulletin/4_4_58_2_pdf_Vol_58_Part%202_2007/4.4.58.2.05_y2007_V58_P2_GBS_pg.233.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ebps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/FGV19P3M1-hLz2ra.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Ctenopterella gabonensis, a new species of grammitid fern (Polypodiaceae) from Gabon, Africa\""},{"Link":"http://ebps.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/FGV20P2S3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Three new combinations in Ctenopterella (Polypodiaceae)\""},{"Link":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265176631","external_links_name":"\"Global phylogeny and biogeography of grammitid ferns (Polypodiaceae)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2014.08.017","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.ympev.2014.08.017"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25173566","external_links_name":"25173566"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21098484","external_links_name":"21098484"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/","external_links_name":"Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World"},{"Link":"https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170902225743/http://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/","external_links_name":"Checklist of Ferns and Lycophytes of the World"},{"Link":"https://worldplants.webarchiv.kit.edu/ferns/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://africanplantdatabase.ch/en/nomen/237288","external_links_name":"237288"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/215162","external_links_name":"215162"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3X3L","external_links_name":"3X3L"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=317872","external_links_name":"317872"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=317872","external_links_name":"317872"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7339092","external_links_name":"7339092"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomygenus.aspx?id=29201","external_links_name":"29201"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/502669","external_links_name":"502669"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/77085625-1","external_links_name":"77085625-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1266152","external_links_name":"1266152"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1080195","external_links_name":"1080195"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=337964","external_links_name":"337964"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A77085625-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77085625-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/50318217","external_links_name":"50318217"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-4000009976","external_links_name":"wfo-4000009976"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi-Gen_Power	Hi-Gen Power	["1 References","2 External links"]	This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (February 2020) Hi-Gen PowerIndustryAlternative energyFounded2009 (2009)HeadquartersLondon, United kingdomKey peopleAlisa Murphy (Director)ServicesFuel cell projects developmentWebsitewww.hi-genpower.com Hi-Gen Power (former name: B9 Coal) was a London-based developer of projects combining underground coal gasification with carbon capture and storage and alkaline fuel cells. It was established in 2009 to commercialize alkaline fuel cells developed by the fuel cell manufacturer AFC Energy. It is affiliated with B9 Gas. In 2010, B9 Coal in cooperation with AFC Energy and underground coal gasification developer Linc Energy commissioned a hydrogen fuel cell named Alfa System at the Chinchilla underground coal gasification facility. Combining these technologies allows usage of hydrogen, produced by the underground coal gasification process, as a feedstock for the fuel cell. In August 2010, B9 Coal proposed usage of combined underground coal gasification and alkaline fuel cells technologies at the Rio Tinto Alcan Lynemouth power station in Northumberland. In October 2010, AFC Energy, Powerfuel Power, and B9 Coal agreed to integrate AFC Energy's fuel cell technology with the integrated gasification combined cycle technology at the planned Hatfield power station at the Hatfield Colliery near Doncaster. References ^ "Building tomorrow's power plant today" (PDF). The Energy Industry Times. December 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "B9 Coal UCG with fuel cells CCS project". Carbon Capture Journal. No. 17. 8 October 2010. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "AFC deploys operational alkaline fuel cell with Linc Energy in Australia". Renewable Energy Focus. Elsevier. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ Harvey, Fiona; Sampson, Luke (26 August 2010). "New Entrant Makes a Push in Carbon Capture". Financial Times. (subscription required). Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ Kwok W. Wan (26 August 2010). "UK carbon capture competition needs mix - B9 Coal". Reuters. (subscription required). Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ Price, Kelley (26 August 2010). "Teesside bids to be an energy pioneer". Evening Gazette. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "UK fuel cell partnership advances clean coal plans". The Engineer. 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012. ^ "UK developers to build 300 MW hydrogen plant" (PDF). European Power Daily. Vol. 12, no. 192. Platts. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2012. 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electricity market reform Display Energy Certificate Energy Act 2013 Energy performance certificate Fossil Fuel Levy Low Carbon Building Programme Non-Fossil Fuel Obligation Planning Act 2008 Renewable Heat Incentive Renewables Obligation United Kingdom Climate Change Programme Non-governmental organisationsCharities andpressure groups Ashden Award Bioregional Campaign against Climate Change Centre for Alternative Technology National Energy Action Stop Climate Chaos Tyndall Centre Industry bodies Association for Decentralised Energy Energy Institute Energy Networks Association Energy Retail Association Green Power Forum RenewableUK Utilities Intermediaries Association Research Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology Energy Technologies Institute Met Office Hadley Centre Narec Oil Depletion Analysis Centre Sunbury Research Centre UK Energy Research Centre Energy conservation Association for the Conservation of Energy British Energy Efficiency Federation Close the Door campaign Code for Sustainable Homes Double Glazing & Conservatory Ombudsman Scheme EcoHomes Energy efficiency in British housing Energy Saving Trust Energy Saving Trust Recommended Greenhouse gas emissions HTB National Home Energy Rating Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"underground coal gasification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underground_coal_gasification"},{"link_name":"carbon capture and storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_capture_and_storage"},{"link_name":"alkaline fuel cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaline_fuel_cell"},{"link_name":"AFC Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFC_Energy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-industrytimes-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ccj-2"},{"link_name":"Linc 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It was established in 2009 to commercialize alkaline fuel cells developed by the fuel cell manufacturer AFC Energy.[1] It is affiliated with B9 Gas.[2]In 2010, B9 Coal in cooperation with AFC Energy and underground coal gasification developer Linc Energy commissioned a hydrogen fuel cell named Alfa System at the Chinchilla underground coal gasification facility. Combining these technologies allows usage of hydrogen, produced by the underground coal gasification process, as a feedstock for the fuel cell.[3] In August 2010, B9 Coal proposed usage of combined underground coal gasification and alkaline fuel cells technologies at the Rio Tinto Alcan Lynemouth power station in Northumberland.[4][5][6] In October 2010, AFC Energy, Powerfuel Power, and B9 Coal agreed to integrate AFC Energy's fuel cell technology with the integrated gasification combined cycle technology at the planned Hatfield power station at the Hatfield Colliery near Doncaster.[7][8]","title":"Hi-Gen Power"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Building tomorrow's power plant today\" (PDF). The Energy Industry Times. December 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hi-genpower.com/images/documents/11435-749484.energyindustrytimesdec2010.pdf","url_text":"\"Building tomorrow's power plant today\""}]},{"reference":"\"B9 Coal UCG with fuel cells CCS project\". Carbon Capture Journal. No. 17. 8 October 2010. pp. 6–7. Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=657&PHPSESSID=41rfkfkg1k7fgvsr4cmje7af34","url_text":"\"B9 Coal UCG with fuel cells CCS project\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFC deploys operational alkaline fuel cell with Linc Energy in Australia\". Renewable Energy Focus. Elsevier. 30 June 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renewableenergyfocus.com/view/10639/afc-deploys-operational-alkaline-fuel-cell-with-linc-energy-in-australia/","url_text":"\"AFC deploys operational alkaline fuel cell with Linc Energy in Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elsevier","url_text":"Elsevier"}]},{"reference":"Harvey, Fiona; Sampson, Luke (26 August 2010). \"New Entrant Makes a Push in Carbon Capture\". Financial Times. (subscription required). Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/6b85e0e4-b062-11df-8c04-00144feabdc0.html/","url_text":"\"New Entrant Makes a Push in Carbon Capture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial_Times","url_text":"Financial Times"}]},{"reference":"Kwok W. Wan (26 August 2010). \"UK carbon capture competition needs mix - B9 Coal\". Reuters. (subscription required). Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-b9coal-interview-idUKTRE67P16620100826","url_text":"\"UK carbon capture competition needs mix - B9 Coal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Price, Kelley (26 August 2010). \"Teesside bids to be an energy pioneer\". Evening Gazette. Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nebusiness.co.uk/business-news/latest-business-news/2010/08/26/teesside-bids-to-be-an-energy-pioneer-51140-27141987/","url_text":"\"Teesside bids to be an energy pioneer\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evening_Gazette_(Teesside)","url_text":"Evening Gazette"}]},{"reference":"\"UK fuel cell partnership advances clean coal plans\". The Engineer. 11 October 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://processengineering.theengineer.co.uk/uk-fuel-cell-partnership-advances-clean-coal-plans/1005285.article","url_text":"\"UK fuel cell partnership advances clean coal plans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Engineer_(UK_magazine)","url_text":"The Engineer"}]},{"reference":"\"UK developers to build 300 MW hydrogen plant\" (PDF). European Power Daily. Vol. 12, no. 192. Platts. 5 October 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 July 2012. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Dohy	Kyle Dohy	["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","3 References","4 External links"]	American baseball player (born 1996) Baseball player Kyle DohyPitcherBorn: (1996-09-17) September 17, 1996 (age 27)Arcadia, CaliforniaBatted: LeftThrew: LeftMLB debutOctober 2, 2021, for the Philadelphia PhilliesLast MLB appearanceOctober 2, 2021, for the Philadelphia PhilliesMLB statisticsWin–loss record0-0Earned run average0.00Strikeouts1 Teams Philadelphia Phillies (2021) Kyle Kent Dohy (born September 17, 1996) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies. He made his MLB debut in 2021. Amateur career Dohy attended Charter Oak High School in Covina, California and graduated in 2014. After graduating, he enrolled at California State University, Northridge, where he played college baseball. However, as a freshman in 2015, he appeared in only four games, and he transferred to Citrus College after the season. In 2016, as a sophomore at Citrus, he started five games, going 1–2 with a 3.98 ERA and striking out 32 in 20+1⁄3 innings. Following the season, he transferred to California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. In 79+2⁄3 innings, he went 6–3 with a 5.99 ERA, striking out 89 (third in the California Collegiate Athletic Association) while walking sixty (leading the Association) with 17 wild pitches (second). After the season, he was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 16th round of the 2017 Major League Baseball draft. Professional career Dohy signed with the Phillies and made his professional debut with the Williamsport Crosscutters, going 2–1 with a 3.60 ERA, 22 strikeouts, and twenty walks over twenty innings. In 2018, he began the year with the Lakewood BlueClaws, with whom he was named a South Atlantic League All-Star, and was promoted to the Clearwater Threshers and Reading Fightin Phils during the season. In 67+1⁄3 relief innings pitched between the three clubs, Dohy went 7–9 with a 2.54 ERA, 42 walks, and 111 strikeouts. Dohy returned to Reading to begin the 2019 season before being promoted to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs in April, with whom he finished the season. Over 47 relief appearances between the two clubs, Dohy pitched to a 7–5 record with a 5.32 ERA, striking out 105 and walking 59 over 67+2⁄3 innings. His 17 wild pitches while with Lehigh Valley tied for the International League lead, and he had the worst walks/9 innings ratio at 8.6, but also had the third-best strikeouts/9 innings ratio at 13.2. The Phillies added Dohy to their 40-man roster after the 2020 season. He did not play a minor league game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. On April 1, 2021, Dohy was designated for assignment by the Phillies and outrighted off the roster. To begin the 2021 season, he was assigned to Lehigh Valley, but was demoted to Reading after compiling a 10.38 ERA over 4+1⁄3 innings. On July 3, he pitched a combined no-hitter against the Erie SeaWolves along with Francisco Morales, Zach Warren, and Brian Marconi. He was promoted back to Lehigh Valley in September. Over 42+2⁄3 innings pitched between Reading and Lehigh Valley, Dohy went 4–0 with a 2.95 ERA, 65 strikeouts, and 28 walks. On September 25, 2021, the Phillies selected Dohy's contract and promoted him to the major leagues. He made his MLB debut on October 2 versus the Miami Marlins at LoanDepot Park, throwing one scoreless inning of relief in which he gave up one hit and one walk while also striking out one batter. On November 30, Dohy was non-tendered by the Phillies, making him a free agent. However, Dohy re-signed with the Phillies on a minor league contract the same day. On June 22, 2022, the Phillies released Dohy. References ^ KAHN, HARVEY. "T-Bird Baseball team loses to Charter Oak in tournament play". Yucaipa/Calimesa News Mirror. ^ "Former Owl Dohy Drafted by Phillies in 16th Round of MLB Draft". Citrus College Athletics. June 21, 2017. ^ "Season Preview: Broncos Baseball Kicks Off 2017 at Home". Cal Poly Pomona Athletics. ^ "Bain and Dohy Selected in the 16th Round of the MLB Draft". Cal Poly Pomona Athletics. ^ "doublegsports.com". doublegsports.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ Marshall, Pete (2017-06-11). "Tyler Freeman among locals awaiting MLB draft – San Bernardino Sun". Sbsun.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ Breen, Matt. "Phillies' Day 3 picks include grandson of ex-76er". www.inquirer.com. ^ Marshall, Pete (2017-06-15). "Two Cal Poly Pomona pitchers, Etiwanda's Steven Rivas go on Day 3 of MLB Draft – San Bernardino Sun". Sbsun.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ "Six BlueClaws Named South Atlantic League All-Stars \| BlueClaws". Milb.com. 2018-06-05. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ "How Phillies prospect Kyle Dohy used cutting-edge technology to become one of the most dominant pitchers in the minors – The Athletic". Theathletic.com. 2018-07-26. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ Pope, Ben. "In double A, Phillies pitching prospect Kyle Dohy finds a challenge at last". www.inquirer.com. ^ "Fightin Phils Kyle Dohy proving his doubters wrong". April 21, 2019. ^ Kostival, Alec (2018-08-22). "Phillies' Farmhand Kyle Dohy reaches rare season mark". Philly Sports Network. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ Brookover, Bob. "Phillies loaded with quality pitching at every level of their farm system \| Minor league analysis". www.inquirer.com. ^ Housenick, Tom. "Expanded repertoire making IronPig Kyle Dohy a viable bullpen option". mcall.com. ^ Polinsky, Jay (2019-04-26). "Phillies MLR 4/25/19: Luis Garcia hits a homer, Kyle Dohy struggles in AAA debut". The Good Phight. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ About Tony Bps (2020-02-23). "Phillies Prospects Invited to Spring Training". Prospects1500. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ "Phillies invite top prospects Spencer Howard and Alec Bohm, 13 others to spring training \| Sports \| readingeagle.com". www.readingeagle.com. Archived from the original on 2021-07-09. ^ "2019 International League Pitching Leaders". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ "Phillies give Rule 5 Draft protection to six prospects". Mlb.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ "2020 Minor League Baseball season canceled". MLB.com. ^ "Minor MLB Transactions: 4/1/21". MLB Trade Rumors. Retrieved 2021-05-02. ^ "4 Reading pitchers no-hit SeaWolves, Erie's bullpen improves and other things we learned". ^ "Stott heads list of nine Reading Fightin Phils Promoted to Triple-A Lehigh Valley". 22 September 2021. ^ "Phillies' Kyle Dohy: Earns first career call-up". ^ "Bradley's time with Phillies might be over as he heads to injured list". ^ "Phillies Notebook: Young pitchers impress in otherwise academic affair". 3 October 2021. ^ Franco, Anthony (November 30, 2021). "National League Non-Tenders: 11/30/21". MLB Trade Rumors. Retrieved November 30, 2021. ^ "Phillies' Kyle Dohy: Non-tendered, re-signs on MiLB deal". ^ "Kyle Dohy: Released by Phillies". External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"}],"text":"Baseball playerKyle Kent Dohy (born September 17, 1996) is an American former professional baseball pitcher. He previously played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Philadelphia Phillies. He made his MLB debut in 2021.","title":"Kyle Dohy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charter Oak High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charter_Oak_High_School"},{"link_name":"Covina, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covina,_California"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"California State University, Northridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_University,_Northridge"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Citrus College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus_College"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"California State Polytechnic University, Pomona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_State_Polytechnic_University,_Pomona"},{"link_name":"California Collegiate Athletic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Collegiate_Athletic_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Phillies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies"},{"link_name":"2017 Major League Baseball draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Major_League_Baseball_draft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dohy attended Charter Oak High School in Covina, California and graduated in 2014.[1] After graduating, he enrolled at California State University, Northridge, where he played college baseball. However, as a freshman in 2015, he appeared in only four games, and he transferred to Citrus College after the season. In 2016, as a sophomore at Citrus, he started five games, going 1–2 with a 3.98 ERA and striking out 32 in 20+1⁄3 innings.[2][3] Following the season, he transferred to California State Polytechnic University, Pomona. In 79+2⁄3 innings, he went 6–3 with a 5.99 ERA, striking out 89 (third in the California Collegiate Athletic Association) while walking sixty (leading the Association) with 17 wild pitches (second).[4][5][6] After the season, he was selected by the Philadelphia Phillies in the 16th round of the 2017 Major League Baseball draft.[7][8]","title":"Amateur career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Williamsport Crosscutters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsport_Crosscutters"},{"link_name":"Lakewood BlueClaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakewood_BlueClaws"},{"link_name":"South Atlantic League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Atlantic_League"},{"link_name":"Clearwater Threshers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater_Threshers"},{"link_name":"Reading Fightin Phils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading_Fightin_Phils"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lehigh Valley IronPigs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehigh_Valley_IronPigs"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2-20"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlb.com-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"no-hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"Erie SeaWolves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erie_SeaWolves"},{"link_name":"Francisco Morales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Morales_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-goerie.com-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"},{"link_name":"LoanDepot Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoanDepot_Park"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Dohy signed with the Phillies and made his professional debut with the Williamsport Crosscutters, going 2–1 with a 3.60 ERA, 22 strikeouts, and twenty walks over twenty innings. In 2018, he began the year with the Lakewood BlueClaws, with whom he was named a South Atlantic League All-Star, and was promoted to the Clearwater Threshers and Reading Fightin Phils during the season.[9][10][11][12][13] In 67+1⁄3 relief innings pitched between the three clubs, Dohy went 7–9 with a 2.54 ERA, 42 walks, and 111 strikeouts.[14] Dohy returned to Reading to begin the 2019 season before being promoted to the Lehigh Valley IronPigs in April, with whom he finished the season.[15][16][17] Over 47 relief appearances between the two clubs, Dohy pitched to a 7–5 record with a 5.32 ERA, striking out 105 and walking 59 over 67+2⁄3 innings.[18] His 17 wild pitches while with Lehigh Valley tied for the International League lead, and he had the worst walks/9 innings ratio at 8.6, but also had the third-best strikeouts/9 innings ratio at 13.2.[19]The Phillies added Dohy to their 40-man roster after the 2020 season.[20] He did not play a minor league game in 2020 due to the cancellation of the minor league season caused by the COVID-19 pandemic.[21] On April 1, 2021, Dohy was designated for assignment by the Phillies and outrighted off the roster.[22] To begin the 2021 season, he was assigned to Lehigh Valley, but was demoted to Reading after compiling a 10.38 ERA over 4+1⁄3 innings. On July 3, he pitched a combined no-hitter against the Erie SeaWolves along with Francisco Morales, Zach Warren, and Brian Marconi.[23] He was promoted back to Lehigh Valley in September.[24] Over 42+2⁄3 innings pitched between Reading and Lehigh Valley, Dohy went 4–0 with a 2.95 ERA, 65 strikeouts, and 28 walks.[25]On September 25, 2021, the Phillies selected Dohy's contract and promoted him to the major leagues.[26] He made his MLB debut on October 2 versus the Miami Marlins at LoanDepot Park, throwing one scoreless inning of relief in which he gave up one hit and one walk while also striking out one batter.[27]On November 30, Dohy was non-tendered by the Phillies, making him a free agent.[28] However, Dohy re-signed with the Phillies on a minor league contract the same day.[29] On June 22, 2022, the Phillies released Dohy.[30]","title":"Professional career"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"KAHN, HARVEY. \"T-Bird Baseball team loses to Charter Oak in tournament play\". Yucaipa/Calimesa News Mirror.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsmirror.net/sports/t-bird-baseball-team-loses-to-charter-oak-in-tournament-play/article_8eb7c828-aba6-11e3-94b8-001a4bcf887a.html","url_text":"\"T-Bird Baseball team loses to Charter Oak in tournament play\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Owl Dohy Drafted by Phillies in 16th Round of MLB Draft\". Citrus College Athletics. June 21, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.citrusowls.com/sports/bsb/2016-17/releases/20170621q5oqme","url_text":"\"Former Owl Dohy Drafted by Phillies in 16th Round of MLB Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"Season Preview: Broncos Baseball Kicks Off 2017 at Home\". Cal Poly Pomona Athletics.","urls":[{"url":"https://broncoathletics.com/news/2017/1/30/season-preview-broncos-baseball-kicks-off-2017-at-home.aspx?mobile=skip","url_text":"\"Season Preview: Broncos Baseball Kicks Off 2017 at Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bain and Dohy Selected in the 16th Round of the MLB Draft\". Cal Poly Pomona Athletics.","urls":[{"url":"https://broncoathletics.com/news/2017/6/14/baseball-bain-and-dohy-selected-in-the-16th-round-of-the-mlb-draft.aspx?mobile=skip","url_text":"\"Bain and Dohy Selected in the 16th Round of the MLB Draft\""}]},{"reference":"\"doublegsports.com\". doublegsports.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://doublegsports.com/get-to-know-phillies-prospect-kyle-dohy/","url_text":"\"doublegsports.com\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Pete (2017-06-11). \"Tyler Freeman among locals awaiting MLB draft – San Bernardino Sun\". Sbsun.com. Retrieved 2021-05-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sbsun.com/2017/06/11/tyler-freeman-among-locals-awaiting-mlb-draft/","url_text":"\"Tyler Freeman among locals awaiting MLB draft – San Bernardino Sun\""}]},{"reference":"Breen, Matt. \"Phillies' Day 3 picks include grandson of ex-76er\". www.inquirer.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inquirer.com/philly/sports/phillies/2017-mlb-draft-philadelphia-phillies-day-3-picks-20170614.html","url_text":"\"Phillies' Day 3 picks include grandson of ex-76er\""}]},{"reference":"Marshall, Pete (2017-06-15). \"Two Cal Poly Pomona pitchers, Etiwanda's Steven Rivas go on Day 3 of MLB Draft – San Bernardino Sun\". Sbsun.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Country	Dark Country	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Release","4.1 Critical reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	This article is about the 2009 movie. For the music genre, see Gothic country. 2009 American filmDark CountryOfficial posterDirected byThomas JaneWritten byTab MurphyProduced byPatrick AielloAshok AmritrajStarringThomas JaneLauren GermanRon PerlmanCinematographyGeoff BoyleEdited byJohn LaffertyRobert K. LambertMusic byEric LewisProductioncompaniesStage 6 FilmsHyde Park FilmsDistributed byStage 6 FilmsSony Pictures Home EntertainmentRelease date October 6, 2009 (2009-10-06) Running time88 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBudget$5 million Dark Country is a 2009 American mystery thriller film directed by and starring Thomas Jane in his directorial debut. It also stars Lauren German and Ron Perlman. Plot Newly weds Dick and Gina decide to head across the Nevada desert for their honeymoon, driving at night to beat the heat. Before they head off, a stranger warns Dick to be careful, as couples have been known to get lost, and to stick to the Interstate. Shortly afterward, the couple realize they are heading the wrong way and turn off the highway onto another road. Dick turns off the car headlights to drive by starlight and Gina masturbates herself to orgasm as they head across the desert. Eventually Dick turns the lights back on, immediately swerving to avoid a figure in the middle of the road. Investigating, they find a man severely injured from a car accident. Unable to get a phone signal, they decide to drive him to a hospital themselves, only for the road to come to a sudden end a few miles ahead. During the drive, the couple argue and the injured man awakens with a scream. He asks Gina for a cigarette, advises her to leave her husband and becomes increasingly erratic, finally attempting to strangle Dick and almost causing the car to crash. Gina stops the car and the two men tumble out, continuing to fight until Dick beats the stranger to death with a rock. Dick convinces his wife they need to dispose of the body, and together they bury it in a shallow grave. While she fills the hole, Dick finds a revolver in her handbag. Soon after, they arrive at a rest area where several cars are parked. They tidy themselves up and argue until Dick discovers he lost his watch while they were burying the stranger. Refusing to go back, Gina waits at the rest stop with the gun while Dick returns to find his watch. Arriving at the site where they hid the body, Dick finds the grave empty. Gunshots ring out across the desert and Dick races back to the rest stop to find Gina is missing. Nearby, he stumbles onto a woman's grave and realizes that the other cars are rusted and covered with dust. In a panic, he flees, almost colliding head-on with a deputy sheriff. In the back of the police car, he rides with the deputy to a crime scene, where police are excavating murder victims from a mass grave surrounded by abandoned vehicles. The deputy explains that this was where the rest area had been 30 years before. Dick recognizes the spot as the location where he buried the stranger. As he watches on from the back of the police car, a deputy exhumes Gina's body and finds Dick's watch. Dick kicks his way out of the patrol car and escapes in one of the nearby vehicles, leading the squad of police in a chase across the desert. Driving with the lights off, he loses them, but a short while later he finds a swarm of insects, losing control and rolling the car. Thrown clear of the wreck, he is then almost run down by another car before he passes out. Some time later, Dick wakes to find himself in the back of his own car, listening to himself and Gina argue, and realizes that he was the mysterious stranger that he fought with and murdered earlier in the evening, screaming at this. Cast Thomas Jane as Dick / Bloodyface Lauren German as Gina Ron Perlman as Deputy Thompson Con Schell as Bloodyface Double Chris Browning as Stranger Rene P. Mousseux as Crime Scene Trooper Production I called Mel Gibson and he talked to me on the phone for an hour, and said that when he was getting ready to direct and star in his first film, he was nervous and he called Clint Eastwood. Clint Eastwood talked to Mel for a long time and told Mel that he was really nervous and he called Don Siegel, who had directed Clint in a bunch of movies, and Don told Clint, 'Don't sell yourself short. Spend as much time on yourself—your own shots—as you do on every other actor, on every other aspect of production. Be careful, because you're in the movie you have permission to just do one or two takes on yourself and quickly move on—but you need to spend as much time on yourself for your film to work.' —Thomas Jane on getting directing advice. The idea for making Dark Country came after Jane had read the short story by the film's writer Tab Murphy. After working for a year on the story, Jane and Murphy brought it to Lionsgate, who purchased the script. Upon learning Jane's intention to shoot the film 3D, Lionsgate backed out of the deal and allowed Jane and Murphy to take the script to Sony Pictures, whose home video division were looking for content for their new line of 3D televisions that were soon to be released. The inspiration Jane had cited for making the film came from his admiration for the horror films of old and film noir, in addition to The Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits and old issues of EC Comics comic books. "I wanted to make a movie that was for people who enjoy movies that are off the beaten track, you know?" said Jane. "I wanted to make a movie for fans of cult films, for fans of "The Twilight Zone", for guys who stayed up late to watch "The Outer Limits" when they were probably too young to do that." Before filming began, Jane, together with his storyboard artist, story boarded every shot, approaching the film like they were doing a live-action graphic novel. Wanting to have graphic novel elements, Jane brought on-board comic artist Tim Bradstreet to work as the visual consultant and production designer, in addition to Berni Wrightson, who provided the designs for the character Bloodyface, and Ray Zone as the 3D supervisor. Jane chose to do the film in 3D as a way to prove to the filmmaking community that you could create a low-budget film in 3D and have it turn out looking great. The 25-day shoot took place in Albuquerque, New Mexico. The film was shot in both 3-D high definition and 2-D high-def, with the intention of a limited theatrical run in 3D. The 3D for Dark Country was done using two Silicon Imaging (SI) HD heads capturing at 2K resolution, the cameras were built by Hector Ortega and Stephen Pizzo of Element Technica, and supervised by Geoff Boyle, Max Penner, Tim Thomas and Paradise FX in California. The small size of the cameras allowed for more fluid camera movements compared to the cameras previously used to shoot 3D films. For the filming of scenes in 3D, Jane wished for the effect to vary in intensity and be impactful. To help in that, Jane devised a color-coded system for his cameraman to know how he wanted the 3D to be visually in any particular scenes. If I wanted the 3D to be popping-off the screen in a particular shot – I had a color code for that. If the 3D was to be deep in the background so that you get a real sense of depth, that was another color code. And there were colors for the middle ground. I indicated wherever the 3D would be and map it through the movie – because I think it can be overstimulating. Thomas Jane has voiced his disappointment over the fact that the studio didn't give the film a theater run, rather releasing it on DVD and not in the 3-D format in which it was intended. Further disappointment comes with the fact that the released cut of the film is far from Jane's preferred version. Release Dark Country was released on DVD on October 6, 2009 in North America by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and Stage 6 Films. On April 1, 2011, French distributor Metropolitan Filmexport released a Blu-ray 3D edition of the film. A graphic novel adaptation of Dark Country by Swiss artist Thomas Ott was released on May 30, 2012, by Raw Studios through comiXology as a digital download. Critical reception Upon its release Dark Country received mixed reviews, though many reviewers praised Jane's acting and directing style. David Ray Carter of Pop Matters said of the film, "Dark Country throws its whole body into its final sucker punch only to miss by a mile. Jane shows flashes of talent as a director, but he'd be better served with stronger material for his next effort." Robert Fure of FilmSchoolRejects.com remarked that "Dark Country is not a perfect film, but it's a much better film in 3D. The story isn't groundbreaking and again I'll mention The Twilight Zone, but the acting is top notch from Jane, the style of the film is very much grounded in the comic world, and several scenes are over the top awesome. If nothing else, Jane has proven two things: The guy can direct and 3D is awesome." JimmyO of JoBlo.com gave the film a positive review stating, "With Dark Country, his directorial debut, he manages to pump a ton of noir-ish atmosphere into what could have been a by the numbers thriller. Sure you may figure out the big secret pretty quickly, I did, but Dark Country is a visually intense thriller that keeps you watching." Conversely David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, stating that "It's clear right from the opening frames that Jane is going for a hyper-stylized throwback to the film noir thrillers of the 1950s, yet, despite his best efforts, the first-time filmmaker is simply unable to transform the two protagonists into figures worthy of the viewer's interest and sympathy. Jane's reliance on visuals that are almost astonishingly garish." And concluding that "Dark Country's pervasive lack of compelling elements cements its place as a misfire of impressively epic proportions (and this is to say nothing of the laughably nonsensical twist ending, which would seem like a stretch within a David Lynch film)." Jeff Allard of Shock Till You Drop stated of the films problems "If the same story were told in less time, it might've worked better. This is a half-hour or hour-long anthology episode at best, not a feature. Even with a brief 88 minute running time, Dark Country feels like it's taking excessively long to get to its climax and by the end, what should be an ironic wallop is more of a shoulder shrug." While ultimately praising the performances of Jane and German, he concluded that "Dark Country is a noble effort that takes too many wrong turns and ends up getting lost. For fans that find themselves jonesing for a Twilight Zone-esque tale or some noir atmosphere, however, your mileage may vary." See also List of films featuring time loops References ^ a b c d e Michael Fleming (2007-11-13). "Thomas Jane lights up 'Dark Country'". Variety. Retrieved 2008-10-02. ^ a b Rick Marshall (2009-10-06). "Thomas Jane Channels Pulp Horror For Directorial Debut 'Dark Country'". MTV Movies Blog. Retrieved 2010-08-16. ^ a b c Sean Martinfield (2011-11-17). "THOMAS JANE – An interview with the star of HBO's "Hung" and 3D Thriller "Dark Country"". San Francisco Sentinel. Retrieved 2011-11-26. ^ David Fakrikian (2011-09-06). "Dark Territory : about Dark Country 3D". HD Vision. Retrieved 2011-11-26. ^ BC (2009-10-06). "A Brief Interview with 'Dark Country' Director/Star Thomas Jane!". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 2010-08-16. ^ Rick Marshall (2010-10-28). "Thomas Jane Talks 'Dark Country,' Reveals The 3-D Western He's Making Next!". MTV Movies Blog. Retrieved 2012-02-02. ^ Alan Orange (2009-09-30). "EXCLUSIVE: Thomas Jane Travels Deep Into Dark Country". Movie Web. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2010-08-16. ^ Steve Parker (January 2008). "Milling and the rigging" (PDF). Showreel Magazine. Retrieved 2012-02-11. ^ Ray Zone. "Three Dimensions of The Dark Country". Ray3DZone. Archived from the original on 2009-10-17. Retrieved 2010-08-16. ^ https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0469318/trivia/?ref_=tt_trv_trv ^ "Dark Country 3D Blu-ray (France)". Blu-ray.com. 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ Matt Moore (2012-05-30). "Thomas Jane's Raw expands into digital realm". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 2012-06-10. ^ David Ray Carter (2009-10-05). "Dark Country". Pop Matters. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ Robert Fure (2009-09-02). "Review: Thomas Jane's Dark Country 3D". Film School Rejects. Archived from the original on 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ JimmyO. "Dark Country". JoBlo.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ David Nusair (2010-10-17). "Five Thrillers from Sony: Dark Country". Reel Film Reviews. Retrieved 2010-07-28. ^ Jeff Allard (2009-10-12). "Reviews: Dark Country". Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved 2010-07-28. External links Official website Dark Country at AllMovie Dark Country at IMDb Dark Country at Rotten Tomatoes	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gothic country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_country"},{"link_name":"mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_film"},{"link_name":"thriller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thriller_(genre)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jane"},{"link_name":"Lauren German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_German"},{"link_name":"Ron Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Perlman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dark-1"}],"text":"This article is about the 2009 movie. For the music genre, see Gothic country.2009 American filmDark Country is a 2009 American mystery thriller film directed by and starring Thomas Jane in his directorial debut. It also stars Lauren German and Ron Perlman.[1]","title":"Dark Country"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Newly weds Dick and Gina decide to head across the Nevada desert for their honeymoon, driving at night to beat the heat. Before they head off, a stranger warns Dick to be careful, as couples have been known to get lost, and to stick to the Interstate. Shortly afterward, the couple realize they are heading the wrong way and turn off the highway onto another road. Dick turns off the car headlights to drive by starlight and Gina masturbates herself to orgasm as they head across the desert. Eventually Dick turns the lights back on, immediately swerving to avoid a figure in the middle of the road. Investigating, they find a man severely injured from a car accident. Unable to get a phone signal, they decide to drive him to a hospital themselves, only for the road to come to a sudden end a few miles ahead.During the drive, the couple argue and the injured man awakens with a scream. He asks Gina for a cigarette, advises her to leave her husband and becomes increasingly erratic, finally attempting to strangle Dick and almost causing the car to crash. Gina stops the car and the two men tumble out, continuing to fight until Dick beats the stranger to death with a rock. Dick convinces his wife they need to dispose of the body, and together they bury it in a shallow grave. While she fills the hole, Dick finds a revolver in her handbag. Soon after, they arrive at a rest area where several cars are parked. They tidy themselves up and argue until Dick discovers he lost his watch while they were burying the stranger. Refusing to go back, Gina waits at the rest stop with the gun while Dick returns to find his watch. Arriving at the site where they hid the body, Dick finds the grave empty. Gunshots ring out across the desert and Dick races back to the rest stop to find Gina is missing. Nearby, he stumbles onto a woman's grave and realizes that the other cars are rusted and covered with dust.In a panic, he flees, almost colliding head-on with a deputy sheriff. In the back of the police car, he rides with the deputy to a crime scene, where police are excavating murder victims from a mass grave surrounded by abandoned vehicles. The deputy explains that this was where the rest area had been 30 years before. Dick recognizes the spot as the location where he buried the stranger. As he watches on from the back of the police car, a deputy exhumes Gina's body and finds Dick's watch. Dick kicks his way out of the patrol car and escapes in one of the nearby vehicles, leading the squad of police in a chase across the desert.Driving with the lights off, he loses them, but a short while later he finds a swarm of insects, losing control and rolling the car. Thrown clear of the wreck, he is then almost run down by another car before he passes out. Some time later, Dick wakes to find himself in the back of his own car, listening to himself and Gina argue, and realizes that he was the mysterious stranger that he fought with and murdered earlier in the evening, screaming at this.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dark-1"},{"link_name":"Lauren German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauren_German"},{"link_name":"Ron Perlman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Perlman"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dark-1"},{"link_name":"Chris Browning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Browning"}],"text":"Thomas Jane as Dick / Bloodyface[1]\nLauren German as Gina\nRon Perlman as Deputy Thompson[1]\nCon Schell as Bloodyface Double\nChris Browning as Stranger\nRene P. Mousseux as Crime Scene Trooper","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tab Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tab_Murphy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DARK-3"},{"link_name":"Lionsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionsgate"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DARK-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"film noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone"},{"link_name":"The Outer Limits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Outer_Limits_(1963_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"EC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PULP-2"},{"link_name":"Tim Bradstreet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Bradstreet"},{"link_name":"Berni Wrightson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berni_Wrightson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ray Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Zone"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Albuquerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albuquerque"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dark-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dark-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DARK-3"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jane"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The idea for making Dark Country came after Jane had read the short story by the film's writer Tab Murphy.[3] After working for a year on the story, Jane and Murphy brought it to Lionsgate, who purchased the script. Upon learning Jane's intention to shoot the film 3D, Lionsgate backed out of the deal and allowed Jane and Murphy to take the script to Sony Pictures, whose home video division were looking for content for their new line of 3D televisions that were soon to be released.[3][4]The inspiration Jane had cited for making the film came from his admiration for the horror films of old and film noir, in addition to The Twilight Zone, The Outer Limits and old issues of EC Comics comic books.[2]\"I wanted to make a movie that was for people who enjoy movies that are off the beaten track, you know?\" said Jane. \"I wanted to make a movie for fans of cult films, for fans of \"The Twilight Zone\", for guys who stayed up late to watch \"The Outer Limits\" when they were probably too young to do that.\"Before filming began, Jane, together with his storyboard artist, story boarded every shot, approaching the film like they were doing a live-action graphic novel. Wanting to have graphic novel elements, Jane brought on-board comic artist Tim Bradstreet to work as the visual consultant and production designer, in addition to Berni Wrightson, who provided the designs for the character Bloodyface,[5] and Ray Zone as the 3D supervisor.[6] Jane chose to do the film in 3D as a way to prove to the filmmaking community that you could create a low-budget film in 3D and have it turn out looking great.[7]The 25-day shoot took place in Albuquerque, New Mexico.[1] The film was shot in both 3-D high definition and 2-D high-def, with the intention of a limited theatrical run in 3D.[1] The 3D for Dark Country was done using two Silicon Imaging (SI) HD heads capturing at 2K resolution, the cameras were built by Hector Ortega and Stephen Pizzo of Element Technica,[8] and supervised by Geoff Boyle, Max Penner, Tim Thomas and Paradise FX in California. The small size of the cameras allowed for more fluid camera movements compared to the cameras previously used to shoot 3D films.[9]For the filming of scenes in 3D, Jane wished for the effect to vary in intensity and be impactful. To help in that, Jane devised a color-coded system for his cameraman to know how he wanted the 3D to be visually in any particular scenes.[3]If I wanted the 3D to be popping-off the screen in a particular shot – I had a color code for that. If the 3D was to be deep in the background so that you get a real sense of depth, that was another color code. And there were colors for the middle ground. I indicated wherever the 3D would be and map it through the movie – because I think it can be overstimulating.Thomas Jane has voiced his disappointment over the fact that the studio didn't give the film a theater run, rather releasing it on DVD and not in the 3-D format in which it was intended. Further disappointment comes with the fact that the released cut of the film is far from Jane's preferred version.[10]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DVD"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Stage 6 Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stage_6_Films"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Filmexport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Filmexport"},{"link_name":"Blu-ray 3D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc#Blu-ray_3D"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"graphic novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphic_novel"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Thomas Ott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ott"},{"link_name":"comiXology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ComiXology"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Dark Country was released on DVD on October 6, 2009 in North America by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment and Stage 6 Films. On April 1, 2011, French distributor Metropolitan Filmexport released a Blu-ray 3D edition of the film.[11]A graphic novel adaptation of Dark Country by Swiss artist Thomas Ott was released on May 30, 2012, by Raw Studios through comiXology as a digital download.[12]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pop Matters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Matters"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"JoBlo.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoBlo.com"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"David Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lynch"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Shock Till You Drop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_Till_You_Drop"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Upon its release Dark Country received mixed reviews, though many reviewers praised Jane's acting and directing style. David Ray Carter of Pop Matters said of the film, \"Dark Country throws its whole body into its final sucker punch only to miss by a mile. Jane shows flashes of talent as a director, but he'd be better served with stronger material for his next effort.\"[13] Robert Fure of FilmSchoolRejects.com remarked that \"Dark Country is not a perfect film, but it's a much better film in 3D. The story isn't groundbreaking and again I'll mention The Twilight Zone, but the acting is top notch from Jane, the style of the film is very much grounded in the comic world, and several scenes are over the top awesome. If nothing else, Jane has proven two things: The guy can direct and 3D is awesome.\"[14] JimmyO of JoBlo.com gave the film a positive review stating, \"With Dark Country, his directorial debut, he manages to pump a ton of noir-ish atmosphere into what could have been a by the numbers thriller. Sure you may figure out the big secret pretty quickly, I did, but Dark Country is a visually intense thriller that keeps you watching.\"[15]Conversely David Nusair of Reel Film Reviews gave the film 1 out of 4 stars, stating that \"It's clear right from the opening frames that Jane is going for a hyper-stylized throwback to the film noir thrillers of the 1950s, yet, despite his best efforts, the first-time filmmaker is simply unable to transform the two protagonists into figures worthy of the viewer's interest and sympathy. Jane's reliance on visuals that are almost astonishingly garish.\" And concluding that \"Dark Country's pervasive lack of compelling elements cements its place as a misfire of impressively epic proportions (and this is to say nothing of the laughably nonsensical twist ending, which would seem like a stretch within a David Lynch film).\"[16] Jeff Allard of Shock Till You Drop stated of the films problems \"If the same story were told in less time, it might've worked better. This is a half-hour or hour-long anthology episode at best, not a feature. Even with a brief 88 minute running time, Dark Country feels like it's taking excessively long to get to its climax and by the end, what should be an ironic wallop is more of a shoulder shrug.\" While ultimately praising the performances of Jane and German, he concluded that \"Dark Country is a noble effort that takes too many wrong turns and ends up getting lost. For fans that find themselves jonesing for a Twilight Zone-esque tale or some noir atmosphere, however, your mileage may vary.\"[17]","title":"Release"}]	[]	[{"title":"List of films featuring time loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_time_loops"}]	[{"reference":"Michael Fleming (2007-11-13). \"Thomas Jane lights up 'Dark Country'\". Variety. Retrieved 2008-10-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975928.html?categoryid=13&cs=1","url_text":"\"Thomas Jane lights up 'Dark Country'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Rick Marshall (2009-10-06). \"Thomas Jane Channels Pulp Horror For Directorial Debut 'Dark Country'\". MTV Movies Blog. Retrieved 2010-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2009/10/06/thomas-jane-channels-pulp-horror-for-directorial-debut-dark-country/","url_text":"\"Thomas Jane Channels Pulp Horror For Directorial Debut 'Dark Country'\""}]},{"reference":"Sean Martinfield (2011-11-17). \"THOMAS JANE – An interview with the star of HBO's \"Hung\" and 3D Thriller \"Dark Country\"\". San Francisco Sentinel. Retrieved 2011-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=166393/","url_text":"\"THOMAS JANE – An interview with the star of HBO's \"Hung\" and 3D Thriller \"Dark Country\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Sentinel","url_text":"San Francisco Sentinel"}]},{"reference":"David Fakrikian (2011-09-06). \"Dark Territory : about Dark Country 3D\". HD Vision. Retrieved 2011-11-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hdvision-mag.com/2011/06/dark-country-3d.html","url_text":"\"Dark Territory : about Dark Country 3D\""}]},{"reference":"BC (2009-10-06). \"A Brief Interview with 'Dark Country' Director/Star Thomas Jane!\". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved 2010-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/17599","url_text":"\"A Brief Interview with 'Dark Country' Director/Star Thomas Jane!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloody_Disgusting","url_text":"Bloody Disgusting"}]},{"reference":"Rick Marshall (2010-10-28). \"Thomas Jane Talks 'Dark Country,' Reveals The 3-D Western He's Making Next!\". MTV Movies Blog. Retrieved 2012-02-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/10/28/thomas-jane-dark-country-3-d-western/","url_text":"\"Thomas Jane Talks 'Dark Country,' Reveals The 3-D Western He's Making Next!\""}]},{"reference":"Alan Orange (2009-09-30). \"EXCLUSIVE: Thomas Jane Travels Deep Into Dark Country\". Movie Web. Archived from the original on 2009-11-26. Retrieved 2010-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091126121611/http://www.movieweb.com/news/NE1Tg338SNH243","url_text":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Thomas Jane Travels Deep Into Dark Country\""},{"url":"http://www.movieweb.com/news/NE1Tg338SNH243","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Steve Parker (January 2008). \"Milling and the rigging\" (PDF). Showreel Magazine. Retrieved 2012-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gboyle.co.uk/articles/dark%20country%20pt3.pdf","url_text":"\"Milling and the rigging\""}]},{"reference":"Ray Zone. \"Three Dimensions of The Dark Country\". Ray3DZone. Archived from the original on 2009-10-17. Retrieved 2010-08-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091017084145/http://www.ray3dzone.com/DarkC.html","url_text":"\"Three Dimensions of The Dark Country\""},{"url":"http://www.ray3dzone.com/DarkC.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dark Country 3D Blu-ray (France)\". Blu-ray.com. 2011-07-28. Retrieved 2010-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Dark-Country-3D-Blu-ray/21071/","url_text":"\"Dark Country 3D Blu-ray (France)\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Moore (2012-05-30). \"Thomas Jane's Raw expands into digital realm\". Yahoo! Finance. Retrieved 2012-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/thomas-janes-raw-expands-digital-133146830.html","url_text":"\"Thomas Jane's Raw expands into digital realm\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance","url_text":"Yahoo! Finance"}]},{"reference":"David Ray Carter (2009-10-05). \"Dark Country\". Pop Matters. Retrieved 2010-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/112296-dark-country","url_text":"\"Dark Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_Matters","url_text":"Pop Matters"}]},{"reference":"Robert Fure (2009-09-02). \"Review: Thomas Jane's Dark Country 3D\". Film School Rejects. Archived from the original on 2010-02-10. Retrieved 2010-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100210161752/http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/reviews/review-thomas-janes-dark-country-3d-robfr.php","url_text":"\"Review: Thomas Jane's Dark Country 3D\""},{"url":"https://www.filmschoolrejects.com/reviews/review-thomas-janes-dark-country-3d-robfr.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"JimmyO. \"Dark Country\". JoBlo.com. Retrieved 2010-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joblo.com/digital/dvd_review.php?id=2511","url_text":"\"Dark Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JoBlo.com","url_text":"JoBlo.com"}]},{"reference":"David Nusair (2010-10-17). \"Five Thrillers from Sony: Dark Country\". Reel Film Reviews. Retrieved 2010-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://reelfilm.com/snythr11.htm#dark","url_text":"\"Five Thrillers from Sony: Dark Country\""}]},{"reference":"Jeff Allard (2009-10-12). \"Reviews: Dark Country\". Shock Till You Drop. Retrieved 2010-07-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/reviewsnews.php?id=12247","url_text":"\"Reviews: Dark Country\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_Till_You_Drop","url_text":"Shock Till You Drop"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.variety.com/article/VR1117975928.html?categoryid=13&cs=1","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Jane lights up 'Dark Country'\""},{"Link":"http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2009/10/06/thomas-jane-channels-pulp-horror-for-directorial-debut-dark-country/","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Jane Channels Pulp Horror For Directorial Debut 'Dark Country'\""},{"Link":"http://www.sanfranciscosentinel.com/?p=166393/","external_links_name":"\"THOMAS JANE – An interview with the star of HBO's \"Hung\" and 3D Thriller \"Dark Country\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.hdvision-mag.com/2011/06/dark-country-3d.html","external_links_name":"\"Dark Territory : about Dark Country 3D\""},{"Link":"https://www.bloody-disgusting.com/news/17599","external_links_name":"\"A Brief Interview with 'Dark Country' Director/Star Thomas Jane!\""},{"Link":"http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2010/10/28/thomas-jane-dark-country-3-d-western/","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Jane Talks 'Dark Country,' Reveals The 3-D Western He's Making Next!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091126121611/http://www.movieweb.com/news/NE1Tg338SNH243","external_links_name":"\"EXCLUSIVE: Thomas Jane Travels Deep Into Dark Country\""},{"Link":"http://www.movieweb.com/news/NE1Tg338SNH243","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.gboyle.co.uk/articles/dark%20country%20pt3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Milling and the rigging\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091017084145/http://www.ray3dzone.com/DarkC.html","external_links_name":"\"Three Dimensions of The Dark Country\""},{"Link":"http://www.ray3dzone.com/DarkC.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0469318/trivia/?ref_=tt_trv_trv","external_links_name":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0469318/trivia/?ref_=tt_trv_trv"},{"Link":"http://www.blu-ray.com/movies/Dark-Country-3D-Blu-ray/21071/","external_links_name":"\"Dark Country 3D Blu-ray (France)\""},{"Link":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/thomas-janes-raw-expands-digital-133146830.html","external_links_name":"\"Thomas Jane's Raw expands into digital realm\""},{"Link":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/112296-dark-country","external_links_name":"\"Dark Country\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100210161752/http://www.filmschoolrejects.com/reviews/review-thomas-janes-dark-country-3d-robfr.php","external_links_name":"\"Review: Thomas Jane's Dark Country 3D\""},{"Link":"https://www.filmschoolrejects.com/reviews/review-thomas-janes-dark-country-3d-robfr.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.joblo.com/digital/dvd_review.php?id=2511","external_links_name":"\"Dark Country\""},{"Link":"http://reelfilm.com/snythr11.htm#dark","external_links_name":"\"Five Thrillers from Sony: Dark Country\""},{"Link":"http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/reviewsnews.php?id=12247","external_links_name":"\"Reviews: Dark Country\""},{"Link":"https://www.rawstudios.com/film/dark-country/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v424835","external_links_name":"Dark Country"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0469318/","external_links_name":"Dark Country"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/dark_country","external_links_name":"Dark Country"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpetual_isp%C3%A1n	Perpetual count	["1 History","2 List of perpetual ispánates","2.1 Ex officio ispánates","2.2 Hereditary ispánates","3 See also","4 Footnotes","5 References"]	A perpetual count (Hungarian: örökös főispán, Latin: supremus et perpetuus comes) was a head or an ispán of a county in the Kingdom of Hungary (“Lord Lieutenant”) whose office was either hereditary or attached to the dignity of a prelate or of a great officer of the realm. The earliest examples of a perpetual ispánate are from the 12th century, but the institution flourished between the 15th and 18th centuries. Although all administrative functions of the office were abolished in 1870, the title itself was preserved until the general abolition of noble titles in Hungary in 1946. History This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (September 2012) List of perpetual ispánates Ex officio ispánates Archduke Joseph of Austria, palatine of Hungary, perpetual count of Pest and Pilis Counties County Perpetual count Period Notes Source Baranya Bishop of Pécs ?–1777 Bács Archbishop of Kalocsa ?–1776 Bihar Bishop of Várad 1466–1776 Esztergom Archbishop of Esztergom 1270–13001301–1881 granted to archbishop Philip Türje by King Stephen VKing Andrew III temporarily deprived the archbishop from the ispánatecastellans of the archbishops' castle at Esztergom sometimes styled themselves ispán Fehér Voivode of Transylvania Győr Bishop of Győr 1453–1783 Heves Bishop (from 1804 Archbishop) of Eger 1498–1840 Nyitra Bishop of Nyitra ?–1777 Outer Szolnok Bishop (from 1804 Archbishop) of Eger 1569–1840 Pest Palatine ?–1848 Pilis Castellan of the Visegrád Castle ?–? Palatine 1569–1848 Požega/Pozsega Bishop of Bosznia 1753–1770 renounced of the title Veszprém Bishop of Veszprém 1313–13231392–1773 although King Charles I awarded the bishops with the ispánate, he seems to have failed to confirm this grant in 1323the bishops perpetually held the office from 1392 Hereditary ispánates Pálffy Palace, Pressburg/Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia) County Family Period Notes Source Abaúj Perényi 1570–15981643–1699 Csáky 1702–1764 Árva Thurzó 1585–1626 also perpetual ispáns of Szepes County Thököly 1666–1668 Bereg Schönborn 1740– last grant of a perpetual ispánate Beszterce Hunyadi 1452–1458 earliest example of a hereditary title in Hungary proper Beszterce Szilágyi 1458–? Hont Koháry 1711–1826 Komárom Nádasdy 1751– last grant of a perpetual ispánate Liptó Illésházy 1582–1838 also perpetual ispáns of Trencsén County Požega/Pozsega Keglevich 1707–1749 Pozsony Pálffy 1651– always a member of the family was appointed ispán from 1580 Sáros Rákóczi 1666–1711 always a member of the family was appointed ispán from 1622 Sopron Esterházy 1686– always a member of the family was appointed ispán from 1626 Szepes Szapolyai 1464–1528 Thurzó 1531–1635 also perpetual ispáns of Árva County Csáky 1638– Teočak Újlaki 1464–? in Bosnia Trencsén Illésházy 1600–1838 also perpetual ispáns of Liptó County Turóc Révay 1712–1875 always a member of the family was appointed ispán from 1532 Valkó Draskovich 1693–1695 the county was dissolved in 1695 Varaždin/Varasd Erdődy 1570–c. 1582 Erdődy 1687– always a member of the family was appointed ispán from 1607 Vas Batthyány 1728– Zala Althann 1721–1824 See also County (Kingdom of Hungary) Ispán Footnotes ^ Nemes 1989, p. 81. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Fallenbüchl 1994, p. 9. ^ Zsoldos 2011, p. 149. ^ Engel 1996, p. 126. ^ Engel 1996, p. 132. ^ Engel 1996, p. 159. ^ a b Engel 1996, p. 163. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 11., 130. ^ Engel 1996, p. 231. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 99. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 61. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 66. ^ Engel 2001, p. 293. ^ Pannon Reneszánsz : A Hunyadiak és a Jagelló-kor (1437–1526). Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica. Vol. 4. Retrieved 20 April 2018. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 82. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 83. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 84. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 11., 129-130. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 92-93. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 93-94. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 96. ^ Engel 2001, p. 311. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, p. 99. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 9-10., 99. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 9., 99. ^ Engel 2001, p. 312. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 103. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 9., 104. ^ a b Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 11., 132. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, p. 132. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 107-108. ^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 111. References (in Hungarian) Engel, Pál (1996). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1301–1457, I. ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1301–1457, Volume I"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. ISBN 963-8312-44-0. Engel, Pál (2001). The Realm of St Stephen: A History of Medieval Hungary, 895-1526. I.B. Tauris Publishers. ISBN 1-86064-061-3. (in Hungarian and German) Fallenbüchl, Zoltán (1994). Magyarország főispánjai, 1526–1848 ("Lord-Lieutenants of Counties in Hungary, 1526–1848"). Argumentum Kiadó. ISBN 963-7719-81-4. (in Hungarian) Nemes, Lajos (1989). Entry örökös főispán in: Bán, Péter; Magyar történelmi fogalomtár, I. kötet: L–Zs . Gondolat. ISBN 963-282-204-8. Rady, Martyn (2000). Nobility, Land and Service in Medieval Hungary. Palgrave (in association with School of Slavonic and East European Studies, University College London). ISBN 0-333-80085-0. Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000–1500. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0-295-97290-4. (in Hungarian) Zsoldos, Attila (2011). Magyarország világi archontológiája, 1000–1301 ("Secular Archontology of Hungary, 1000–1301"). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. Budapest. ISBN 978-963-9627-38-3.	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Encyclopaedia Humana Hungarica. Vol. 4. Retrieved 20 April 2018.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 82.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 83.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 84.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 11., 129-130.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 92-93.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 93-94.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 96.\n\n^ Engel 2001, p. 311.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, p. 99.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 9-10., 99.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 9., 99.\n\n^ Engel 2001, p. 312.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 103.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 9., 104.\n\n^ a b Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 11., 132.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, p. 132.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 107-108.\n\n^ Fallenbüchl 1994, pp. 10., 111.","title":"Footnotes"}]	[{"image_text":"Archduke Joseph of Austria, palatine of Hungary, perpetual count of Pest and Pilis Counties","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Anton_Einsle_-_J%C3%B3zsef_n%C3%A1dor.jpg/190px-Anton_Einsle_-_J%C3%B3zsef_n%C3%A1dor.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pálffy Palace, Pressburg/Pozsony (now Bratislava, Slovakia)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Blava_2007-3-28-53.jpg/190px-Blava_2007-3-28-53.jpg"}]	[{"title":"County (Kingdom of Hungary)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)"},{"title":"Ispán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isp%C3%A1n"}]	[{"reference":"Pannon Reneszánsz : A Hunyadiak és a Jagelló-kor (1437–1526). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate_dioxygenase	4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase	["1 Enzyme mechanism","2 Structure","3 Function","4 Disease relevance","5 Industrial relevance","6 References","7 Further reading"]	Fe(II)-containing non-heme oxygenase 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenaseHomodimer of 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase. Red ribbon represents iron-containing catalytic domain (with Fe 2+ represented as red-orange spheres); blue represents the oligomeric domain. Image generated from published structural data IdentifiersEC no.1.13.11.27CAS no.9029-72-5 DatabasesIntEnzIntEnz viewBRENDABRENDA entryExPASyNiceZyme viewKEGGKEGG entryMetaCycmetabolic pathwayPRIAMprofilePDB structuresRCSB PDB PDBe PDBsumGene OntologyAmiGO / QuickGOSearchPMCarticlesPubMedarticlesNCBIproteins 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenaseIdentifiersSymbolHPPDAlt. symbolsHPD; PPDNCBI gene3242HGNC5147OMIM609695RefSeqNM_002150UniProtP32754Other dataEC number1.13.11.27LocusChr. 12 q24-qterSearch forStructuresSwiss-modelDomainsInterPro 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), also known as α-ketoisocaproate dioxygenase (KIC dioxygenase), is an Fe(II)-containing non-heme oxygenase that catalyzes the second reaction in the catabolism of tyrosine - the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate. HPPD also catalyzes the conversion of phenylpyruvate to 2-hydroxyphenylacetate and the conversion of α-ketoisocaproate to β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate. HPPD is an enzyme that is found in nearly all aerobic forms of life. This reaction shows the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate by HPPD. Enzyme mechanism HPPD is categorized within a class of oxygenase enzymes that usually utilize α-ketoglutarate and diatomic oxygen to oxygenate or oxidize a target molecule. However, HPPD differs from most molecules in this class due to the fact that it does not use α-ketoglutarate, and it only utilizes two substrates while adding both atoms of diatomic oxygen into the product, homogentisate. The HPPD reaction occurs through a NIH shift and involves the oxidative decarboxylation of an α-oxo acid as well as aromatic ring hydroxylation. The NIH-shift, which has been demonstrated through isotope-labeling studies, involves migration of an alkyl group to form a more stable carbocation. The shift, accounts for the observation that C3 is bonded to C4 in 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate but to C5 in homogentisate. The predicted mechanism of HPPD can be seen in the following figure: Proposed Reaction Mechanism of HPPD Structure HPPD is an enzyme that usually bonds to form tetramers in bacteria and dimers in eukaryotes and has a subunit mass of 40-50 kDa. Dividing the enzyme into the N-terminus and C-terminus one will notice that the N-terminus varies in composition while the C-terminus remains relatively constant (the C-terminus in plants does differ slightly from the C-terminus in other beings). In 1999 the first X-ray crystallography structure of HPPD was created and since then it has been discovered that the active site of HPPD is composed entirely of residues near the C-terminus of the enzyme. The active site of HPPD has not been completely mapped, but it is known that the site consists of an iron ion surrounded by amino acids extending inward from beta sheets (with the exception of the C-terminal helix). While even less is known about the function of the N-terminus of the enzyme, scientists have discovered that a single amino acid change in the N-terminal region can cause the disease known as hawkinsinuria. Function In nearly all aerobic beings, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase is responsible for converting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate. This conversion is one of many steps in breaking L-tyrosine into acetoacetate and fumarate. While the overall products of this cycle are used to create energy, plants and higher order eukaryotes utilize HPPD for a much more important reason. In eukaryotes, HPPD is used to regulate blood tyrosine levels, and plants utilize this enzyme to help produce the cofactors plastoquinone and tocopherol which are essential for the plant to survive. Disease relevance HPPD can be linked to one of the oldest known inherited metabolic disorders known as alkaptonuria, which is caused by high levels of homogentisate in the blood stream. HPPD is also directly linked to Type III tyrosinemia When the active HPPD enzyme concentration is low in the human body, it results in high levels of tyrosine concentration in the blood, which can cause mild mental retardation at birth, and degradation in vision as a patient grows older. In Type I tyrosinemia, a different enzyme, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase is mutated and doesn't work, leading to very harmful products building up in the body. Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase acts on tyrosine after HPPD does, so scientists working on making herbicides in the class of HPPD inhibitors hypothesized that inhibiting HPPD and controlling tyrosine in the diet could treat this disease. A series of small clinical trials were attempted with one of their compounds, nitisinone were conducted and were successful, leading to nitisinone being brought to market as an orphan drug. Industrial relevance Due to HPPD’s role in producing necessary cofactors in plants, there are several marketed HPPD inhibitor herbicides that block activity of this enzyme, and research underway to find new ones. References ^ Fritze IM, Linden L, Freigang J, Auerbach G, Huber R, Steinbacher S (Apr 2004). "The crystal structures of Zea mays and Arabidopsis 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase". Plant Physiology. 134 (4): 1388–400. doi:10.1104/pp.103.034082. PMC 419816. PMID 15084729.; rendered with UCSF Chimera ^ "Homo sapiens: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase reaction". MetaCyc. SRI International. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2016. ^ Kohlmeier M (2015). "Leucine". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385–388. ISBN 9780123877840. Retrieved 6 June 2016. ^ Gunsior M, Ravel J, Challis GL, Townsend CA (Jan 2004). "Engineering p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase to a p-hydroxymandelate synthase and evidence for the proposed benzene oxide intermediate in homogentisate formation". Biochemistry. 43 (3): 663–74. doi:10.1021/bi035762w. PMID 14730970. ^ Hausinger RP (2004). "FeII/alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent hydroxylases and related enzymes". Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 39 (1): 21–68. doi:10.1080/10409230490440541. PMID 15121720. S2CID 85784668. ^ Moran GR (Jan 2005). "4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase". Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics. 433 (1): 117–28. doi:10.1016/j.abb.2004.08.015. PMID 15581571. ^ Wada GH, Fellman JH, Fujita TS, Roth ES (Sep 1975). "Purification and properties of avian liver p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (17): 6720–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40992-7. PMID 1158879. ^ Lindblad B, Lindstedt G, Lindstedt S, Rundgren M (Jul 1977). "Purification and some properties of human 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (I)". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 252 (14): 5073–84. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(17)40160-8. PMID 873932. ^ Buckthal DJ, Roche PA, Moorehead TJ, Forbes BJ, Hamilton GA (1987). "4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase from pig liver". Metabolism of Aromatic Amino Acids and Amines. Methods in Enzymology. Vol. 142. pp. 132–8. doi:10.1016/s0076-6879(87)42020-x. ISBN 9780121820428. PMID 3298972. ^ Yang C, Pflugrath JW, Camper DL, Foster ML, Pernich DJ, Walsh TA (Aug 2004). "Structural basis for herbicidal inhibitor selectivity revealed by comparison of crystal structures of plant and mammalian 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenases". Biochemistry. 43 (32): 10414–23. doi:10.1021/bi049323o. PMID 15301540. ^ Serre L, Sailland A, Sy D, Boudec P, Rolland A, Pebay-Peyroula E, Cohen-Addad C (Aug 1999). "Crystal structure of Pseudomonas fluorescens 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase: an enzyme involved in the tyrosine degradation pathway". Structure. 7 (8): 977–88. doi:10.1016/s0969-2126(99)80124-5. PMID 10467142. ^ Tomoeda K, Awata H, Matsuura T, Matsuda I, Ploechl E, Milovac T, Boneh A, Scott CR, Danks DM, Endo F (Nov 2000). "Mutations in the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase gene are responsible for tyrosinemia type III and hawkinsinuria". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 71 (3): 506–10. doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.3085. PMID 11073718. ^ Zea-Rey AV, Cruz-Camino H, Vazquez-Cantu DL, Gutiérrez-García VM, Santos-Guzmán J, Cantú-Reyna C (27 November 2017). "The Incidence of Transient Neonatal Tyrosinemia Within a Mexican Population" (PDF). Journal of Inborn Errors of Metabolism and Screening. 5: 232640981774423. doi:10.1177/2326409817744230. ^ Knox WE, LeMay-Knox M (October 1951). "The oxidation in liver of l-tyrosine to acetoacetate through p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate and homogentisic acid". The Biochemical Journal. 49 (5): 686–93. doi:10.1042/bj0490686. PMC 1197578. PMID 14886367. ^ Mercer E, Goodwin T (1988). Introduction to Plant Biochemistry (2nd ed.). Oxford: Pergamon Press. ISBN 978-0-08-024922-3. ^ Garrod EA (1902). "The incidence of alkaptonuria: a study in chemical individuality". Lancet. 160 (4134): 1616–1620. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(01)41972-6. PMC 2230159. PMID 8784780. ^ Tomoeda K, Awata H, Matsuura T, Matsuda I, Ploechl E, Milovac T, Boneh A, Scott CR, Danks DM, Endo F (Nov 2000). "Mutations in the 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid dioxygenase gene are responsible for tyrosinemia type III and hawkinsinuria". Molecular Genetics and Metabolism. 71 (3): 506–10. doi:10.1006/mgme.2000.3085. PMID 11073718. ^ Hühn R, Stoermer H, Klingele B, Bausch E, Fois A, Farnetani M, Di Rocco M, Boué J, Kirk JM, Coleman R, Scherer G (Mar 1998). "Novel and recurrent tyrosine aminotransferase gene mutations in tyrosinemia type II". Human Genetics. 102 (3): 305–13. doi:10.1007/s004390050696. PMID 9544843. S2CID 19425434. ^ National Organization for Rare Disorders. Physician’s Guide to Tyrosinemia Type 1 Archived 2014-02-11 at the Wayback Machine ^ Lock EA, Ellis MK, Gaskin P, Robinson M, Auton TR, Provan WM, Smith LL, Prisbylla MP, Mutter LC, Lee DL (Aug 1998). "From toxicological problem to therapeutic use: the discovery of the mode of action of 2-(2-nitro-4-trifluoromethylbenzoyl)-1,3-cyclohexanedione (NTBC), its toxicology and development as a drug". Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease. 21 (5): 498–506. doi:10.1023/A:1005458703363. PMID 9728330. S2CID 6717818. ^ "Nitisinone (Oral Route) Description and Brand Names -". Mayo Clinic. ^ van Almsick A (2009). "New HPPD-Inhibitors - A Proven Mode of Action as a New Hope to Solve Current Weed Problems". Outlooks on Pest Management. 20 (1): 27–30. doi:10.1564/20feb09. ^ Jhala AJ, Kumar V, Yadav R, et al. (2023). "4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD)-inhibiting herbicides: Past, present, and future". Weed Technology. 37: 1–14. doi:10.1017/wet.2022.79. Further reading Saito I, Chujo Y, Shimazu H, Yamane M, Matsuura T (Sep 1975). "Nonenzymic oxidation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid with singlet oxygen to homogentisic acid. A model for the action of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (18): 5272–7. doi:10.1021/ja00851a042. PMID 1165361. Wada GH, Fellman JH, Fujita TS, Roth ES (Sep 1975). "Purification and properties of avian liver p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (17): 6720–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40992-7. PMID 1158879. Johnson-Winters K, Purpero VM, Kavana M, Nelson T, Moran GR (Feb 2003). "(4-Hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate dioxygenase from Streptomyces avermitilis: the basis for ordered substrate addition". Biochemistry. 42 (7): 2072–80. doi:10.1021/bi026499m. PMID 12590595. vteMetabolism: Protein metabolism, synthesis and catabolism enzymesEssential amino acids are in CapitalsK→acetyl-CoALYSINE→ Saccharopine dehydrogenase Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase LEUCINE→ 3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex Enoyl-CoA hydratase HMG-CoA lyase HMG-CoA reductase Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase Leucine 2,3-aminomutase Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase (See Template:Leucine metabolism in humans – this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase) TRYPTOPHAN→ Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase Arylformamidase Kynureninase 3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase PHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→ (see below) GG→pyruvate→citrateglycine→serine→ Serine hydroxymethyltransferase Serine dehydratase glycine→creatine: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase Creatine kinase alanine→ Alanine transaminase cysteine→ D-cysteine desulfhydrase threonine→ L-threonine dehydrogenase G→glutamate→α-ketoglutarateHISTIDINE→ Histidine ammonia-lyase Urocanate hydratase Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase proline→ Proline oxidase Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase/ALDH4A1 PYCR1 arginine→ Ornithine aminotransferase Ornithine decarboxylase Agmatinase →alpha-ketoglutarate→TCA Glutamate dehydrogenase Other cysteine+glutamate→glutathione: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase Glutathione synthetase Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase glutamate→glutamine: Glutamine synthetase Glutaminase G→propionyl-CoA→succinyl-CoAVALINE→ Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex Enoyl-CoA hydratase 3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase 3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase ISOLEUCINE→ Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex 3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase METHIONINE→ generation of homocysteine: Methionine adenosyltransferase Adenosylhomocysteinase regeneration of methionine: Methionine synthase/Homocysteine methyltransferase Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase conversion to cysteine: Cystathionine beta synthase Cystathionine gamma-lyase THREONINE→ Threonine aldolase →succinyl-CoA→TCA Propionyl-CoA carboxylase Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase G→fumaratePHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→ Phenylalanine hydroxylase Tyrosine aminotransferase 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase tyrosine→melanin: Tyrosinase G→oxaloacetateasparagine→aspartate→ Asparaginase/Asparagine synthetase Aspartate transaminase vteOxidoreductases: monooxygenases (EC 1.13)1.13.11: two atoms of oxygen lipoxygenase: Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase/ALOX12 Arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase/ALOX15 Linoleate 11-lipoxygenase other dioxygenase: Catechol dioxygenase Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase Cysteine dioxygenase 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase Chlorite dismutase 1.13.12: one atom of oxygen Firefly luciferase 1.13.99: other Inositol oxygenase vteEnzymesActivity Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Diffusion-limited enzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Regulation Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor Enzyme activator Classification EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes Kinetics Enzyme kinetics Eadie–Hofstee diagram Hanes–Woolf plot Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics Types EC1 Oxidoreductases (list) EC2 Transferases (list) EC3 Hydrolases (list) EC4 Lyases (list) EC5 Isomerases (list) EC6 Ligases (list) EC7 Translocases (list) Portal: Biology	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fe(II)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron"},{"link_name":"oxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenase"},{"link_name":"reaction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_reaction"},{"link_name":"catabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catabolism"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate"},{"link_name":"homogentisate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisate"},{"link_name":"phenylpyruvate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylpyruvate"},{"link_name":"2-hydroxyphenylacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2-hydroxyphenylacetate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"α-ketoisocaproate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-ketoisocaproate"},{"link_name":"β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-hydroxy_%CE%B2-methylbutyrate"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KIC_dioxygenase-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leucine_metabolism-3"},{"link_name":"enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"aerobic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerobic_organism"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HPPD_reaction.svg"}],"text":"4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (HPPD), also known as α-ketoisocaproate dioxygenase (KIC dioxygenase), is an Fe(II)-containing non-heme oxygenase that catalyzes the second reaction in the catabolism of tyrosine - the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate. HPPD also catalyzes the conversion of phenylpyruvate to 2-hydroxyphenylacetate and the conversion of α-ketoisocaproate to β-hydroxy β-methylbutyrate.[2][3] HPPD is an enzyme that is found in nearly all aerobic forms of life.[4]This reaction shows the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate by HPPD.","title":"4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"α-ketoglutarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-ketoglutarate"},{"link_name":"oxygen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen"},{"link_name":"oxidize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidize"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moran-6"},{"link_name":"NIH shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIH_shift"},{"link_name":"oxidative decarboxylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidative_decarboxylation"},{"link_name":"aromatic ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aromatic_ring"},{"link_name":"hydroxylation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroxylation"},{"link_name":"carbocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbocation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HPPD_Proposed_Reaction.svg"}],"text":"HPPD is categorized within a class of oxygenase enzymes that usually utilize α-ketoglutarate and diatomic oxygen to oxygenate or oxidize a target molecule.[5] However, HPPD differs from most molecules in this class due to the fact that it does not use α-ketoglutarate, and it only utilizes two substrates while adding both atoms of diatomic oxygen into the product, homogentisate.[6] The HPPD reaction occurs through a NIH shift and involves the oxidative decarboxylation of an α-oxo acid as well as aromatic ring hydroxylation. The NIH-shift, which has been demonstrated through isotope-labeling studies, involves migration of an alkyl group to form a more stable carbocation. The shift, accounts for the observation that C3 is bonded to C4 in 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate but to C5 in homogentisate. The predicted mechanism of HPPD can be seen in the following figure:Proposed Reaction Mechanism of HPPD","title":"Enzyme mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"eukaryotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eukaryotes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"N-terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N-terminus"},{"link_name":"C-terminus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C-terminus"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"X-ray crystallography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-ray_crystallography"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"residues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acids"},{"link_name":"ion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion"},{"link_name":"beta sheets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beta_sheets"},{"link_name":"hawkinsinuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawkinsinuria"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"HPPD is an enzyme that usually bonds to form tetramers in bacteria and dimers in eukaryotes and has a subunit mass of 40-50 kDa.[7][8][9] Dividing the enzyme into the N-terminus and C-terminus one will notice that the N-terminus varies in composition while the C-terminus remains relatively constant[10] (the C-terminus in plants does differ slightly from the C-terminus in other beings). In 1999 the first X-ray crystallography structure of HPPD was created[11] and since then it has been discovered that the active site of HPPD is composed entirely of residues near the C-terminus of the enzyme. The active site of HPPD has not been completely mapped, but it is known that the site consists of an iron ion surrounded by amino acids extending inward from beta sheets (with the exception of the C-terminal helix). While even less is known about the function of the N-terminus of the enzyme, scientists have discovered that a single amino acid change in the N-terminal region can cause the disease known as hawkinsinuria.[12]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate"},{"link_name":"homogentisate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"acetoacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetoacetate"},{"link_name":"fumarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarate"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"plastoquinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastoquinone"},{"link_name":"tocopherol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocopherol"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"In nearly all aerobic beings, 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase is responsible for converting 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate.[13] This conversion is one of many steps in breaking L-tyrosine into acetoacetate and fumarate.[14] While the overall products of this cycle are used to create energy, plants and higher order eukaryotes utilize HPPD for a much more important reason. In eukaryotes, HPPD is used to regulate blood tyrosine levels, and plants utilize this enzyme to help produce the cofactors plastoquinone and tocopherol which are essential for the plant to survive.[15]","title":"Function"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"alkaptonuria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alkaptonuria"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Type III tyrosinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_III_tyrosinemia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Type I tyrosinemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_I_tyrosinemia"},{"link_name":"fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetate_hydrolase"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NORD-19"},{"link_name":"herbicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicides"},{"link_name":"HPPD inhibitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-hydroxyphenylpyruvate_dioxygenase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"nitisinone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitisinone"},{"link_name":"orphan drug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orphan_drug"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-urlNitisinone_(Oral_Route)_Description_and_Brand_Names_-_Mayo_Clinic-21"}],"text":"HPPD can be linked to one of the oldest known inherited metabolic disorders known as alkaptonuria, which is caused by high levels of homogentisate in the blood stream.[16] HPPD is also directly linked to Type III tyrosinemia[17] When the active HPPD enzyme concentration is low in the human body, it results in high levels of tyrosine concentration in the blood, which can cause mild mental retardation at birth, and degradation in vision as a patient grows older.[18]In Type I tyrosinemia, a different enzyme, fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase is mutated and doesn't work, leading to very harmful products building up in the body.[19] Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase acts on tyrosine after HPPD does, so scientists working on making herbicides in the class of HPPD inhibitors hypothesized that inhibiting HPPD and controlling tyrosine in the diet could treat this disease. A series of small clinical trials were attempted with one of their compounds, nitisinone were conducted and were successful, leading to nitisinone being brought to market as an orphan drug.[20][21]","title":"Disease relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HPPD inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate_dioxygenase_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"herbicides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbicides"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Almsick-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Due to HPPD’s role in producing necessary cofactors in plants, there are several marketed HPPD inhibitor herbicides that block activity of this enzyme, and research underway to find new ones.[22][23]","title":"Industrial relevance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/ja00851a042","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fja00851a042"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1165361","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1165361"},{"link_name":"\"Purification and properties of avian liver p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2940992-7"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40992-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9258%2819%2940992-7"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1158879","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1158879"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1021/bi026499m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1021%2Fbi026499m"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"12590595","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12590595"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Amino_acid_metabolism_enzymes"},{"link_name":"Metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism"},{"link_name":"Protein metabolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_metabolism"},{"link_name":"synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acid_synthesis"},{"link_name":"enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"Essential amino acids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_amino_acid"},{"link_name":"K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketogenic_amino_acid"},{"link_name":"acetyl-CoA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acetyl-CoA"},{"link_name":"LYSINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lysine"},{"link_name":"Saccharopine dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharopine_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaryl-CoA_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"LEUCINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine"},{"link_name":"3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase"},{"link_name":"Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex"},{"link_name":"Enoyl-CoA hydratase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase"},{"link_name":"HMG-CoA lyase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA_lyase"},{"link_name":"HMG-CoA reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMG-CoA_reductase"},{"link_name":"Isovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isovaleryl_coenzyme_A_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"α-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91-ketoisocaproate_dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"Leucine 2,3-aminomutase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leucine_2,3-aminomutase"},{"link_name":"Methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylcrotonyl-CoA_carboxylase"},{"link_name":"Methylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylglutaconyl-CoA_hydratase"},{"link_name":"Template:Leucine metabolism in humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Leucine_metabolism_in_humans"},{"link_name":"TRYPTOPHAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan"},{"link_name":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryptophan_2,3-dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"Arylformamidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arylformamidase"},{"link_name":"Kynureninase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kynureninase"},{"link_name":"3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxyanthranilate_oxidase"},{"link_name":"Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde_decarboxylase"},{"link_name":"Aminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aminomuconate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"PHENYLALANINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucogenic_amino_acid"},{"link_name":"pyruvate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyruvate"},{"link_name":"citrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrate"},{"link_name":"glycine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine"},{"link_name":"serine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine"},{"link_name":"Serine hydroxymethyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine_hydroxymethyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Serine dehydratase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serine_dehydratase"},{"link_name":"glycine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycine"},{"link_name":"creatine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine"},{"link_name":"Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guanidinoacetate_N-methyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Creatine kinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creatine_kinase"},{"link_name":"alanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine"},{"link_name":"Alanine transaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanine_transaminase"},{"link_name":"cysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine"},{"link_name":"D-cysteine desulfhydrase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D-cysteine_desulfhydrase"},{"link_name":"threonine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine"},{"link_name":"L-threonine dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L-threonine_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"α-ketoglutarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-Ketoglutaric_acid"},{"link_name":"HISTIDINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine"},{"link_name":"Histidine ammonia-lyase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histidine_ammonia-lyase"},{"link_name":"Urocanate hydratase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urocanase"},{"link_name":"Formiminotransferase cyclodeaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formiminotransferase_cyclodeaminase"},{"link_name":"proline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline"},{"link_name":"Proline oxidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proline_oxidase"},{"link_name":"Pyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_reductase"},{"link_name":"1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"ALDH4A1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldehyde_dehydrogenase_4_family,_member_A1"},{"link_name":"PYCR1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PYCR1"},{"link_name":"arginine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arginine"},{"link_name":"Ornithine aminotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine_aminotransferase"},{"link_name":"Ornithine decarboxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ornithine_decarboxylase"},{"link_name":"Agmatinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agmatinase"},{"link_name":"alpha-ketoglutarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha-ketoglutarate"},{"link_name":"Glutamate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"cysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"glutathione","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione"},{"link_name":"Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamylcysteine_synthetase"},{"link_name":"Glutathione synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutathione_synthetase"},{"link_name":"Gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamma-glutamyl_transpeptidase"},{"link_name":"glutamate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamate"},{"link_name":"glutamine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine"},{"link_name":"Glutamine synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutamine_synthetase"},{"link_name":"Glutaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glutaminase"},{"link_name":"propionyl-CoA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionyl-CoA"},{"link_name":"succinyl-CoA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinyl-CoA"},{"link_name":"VALINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valine"},{"link_name":"Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase"},{"link_name":"Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex"},{"link_name":"Enoyl-CoA hydratase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enoyl-CoA_hydratase"},{"link_name":"3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA_hydrolase"},{"link_name":"3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxyisobutyrate_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"Methylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonate-semialdehyde_dehydrogenase_(acylating)"},{"link_name":"ISOLEUCINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoleucine"},{"link_name":"Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_amino_acid_aminotransferase"},{"link_name":"Branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branched-chain_alpha-keto_acid_dehydrogenase_complex"},{"link_name":"3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA_dehydrogenase"},{"link_name":"METHIONINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine"},{"link_name":"generation of homocysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine#Generation_of_homocysteine"},{"link_name":"Methionine adenosyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine_adenosyltransferase"},{"link_name":"Adenosylhomocysteinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosylhomocysteinase"},{"link_name":"regeneration of methionine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine#Regeneration_of_methionine"},{"link_name":"Methionine synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine_synthase"},{"link_name":"Homocysteine methyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine_synthase"},{"link_name":"Betaine-homocysteine methyltransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betaine-homocysteine_S-methyltransferase"},{"link_name":"conversion to cysteine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methionine#Conversion_to_cysteine"},{"link_name":"Cystathionine beta synthase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystathionine_beta_synthase"},{"link_name":"Cystathionine gamma-lyase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystathionine_gamma-lyase"},{"link_name":"THREONINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine"},{"link_name":"Threonine aldolase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Threonine_aldolase"},{"link_name":"succinyl-CoA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Succinyl-CoA"},{"link_name":"Propionyl-CoA carboxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propionyl-CoA_carboxylase"},{"link_name":"Methylmalonyl CoA epimerase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl_CoA_epimerase"},{"link_name":"Methylmalonyl-CoA mutase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methylmalonyl-CoA_mutase"},{"link_name":"fumarate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarate"},{"link_name":"PHENYLALANINE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"Phenylalanine hydroxylase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenylalanine_hydroxylase"},{"link_name":"Tyrosine aminotransferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine_aminotransferase"},{"link_name":"4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisate_1,2-dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"Fumarylacetoacetate hydrolase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fumarylacetoacetate_hydrolase"},{"link_name":"tyrosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosine"},{"link_name":"melanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanin"},{"link_name":"Tyrosinase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyrosinase"},{"link_name":"oxaloacetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxaloacetic_acid"},{"link_name":"asparagine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine"},{"link_name":"aspartate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate"},{"link_name":"Asparaginase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparaginase"},{"link_name":"Asparagine synthetase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asparagine_synthetase"},{"link_name":"Aspartate transaminase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspartate_transaminase"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Monooxygenases"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Monooxygenases"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monooxygenases"},{"link_name":"Oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"monooxygenases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygenase"},{"link_name":"EC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"1.13.11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.13.11_With_incorporation_of_two_atoms_of_oxygen"},{"link_name":"lipoxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lipoxygenase"},{"link_name":"Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonate_5-lipoxygenase"},{"link_name":"Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonate_12-lipoxygenase"},{"link_name":"ALOX12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALOX12"},{"link_name":"Arachidonate 8-lipoxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonate_8-lipoxygenase"},{"link_name":"Arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arachidonate_15-lipoxygenase"},{"link_name":"ALOX15","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ALOX15"},{"link_name":"Linoleate 11-lipoxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linoleate_11-lipoxygenase"},{"link_name":"Catechol dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catechol_dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"Homogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homogentisate_1,2-dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"Cysteine dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cysteine_dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indoleamine_2,3-dioxygenase"},{"link_name":"Chlorite dismutase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chlorite_dismutase"},{"link_name":"1.13.12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.13.12_With_incorporation_of_one_atom_of_oxygen_.28internal_monooxygenases_or_internal_mixed_function_oxidases.29"},{"link_name":"Firefly luciferase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciferase"},{"link_name":"1.13.99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)#EC_1.13.99_Miscellaneous"},{"link_name":"Inositol oxygenase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inositol_oxygenase"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Enzymes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Enzymes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Enzymes"},{"link_name":"Enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme"},{"link_name":"Active site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_site"},{"link_name":"Binding site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_site"},{"link_name":"Catalytic triad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalytic_triad"},{"link_name":"Oxyanion hole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxyanion_hole"},{"link_name":"Enzyme promiscuity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_promiscuity"},{"link_name":"Diffusion-limited enzyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diffusion-limited_enzyme"},{"link_name":"Cofactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cofactor_(biochemistry)"},{"link_name":"Enzyme catalysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_catalysis"},{"link_name":"Allosteric regulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allosteric_regulation"},{"link_name":"Cooperativity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooperativity"},{"link_name":"Enzyme inhibitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor"},{"link_name":"Enzyme activator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_activator"},{"link_name":"EC number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_Commission_number"},{"link_name":"Enzyme superfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_superfamily"},{"link_name":"Enzyme family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_family"},{"link_name":"List of enzymes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_enzymes"},{"link_name":"Enzyme kinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzyme_kinetics"},{"link_name":"Eadie–Hofstee diagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadie%E2%80%93Hofstee_diagram"},{"link_name":"Hanes–Woolf plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanes%E2%80%93Woolf_plot"},{"link_name":"Lineweaver–Burk plot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineweaver%E2%80%93Burk_plot"},{"link_name":"Michaelis–Menten kinetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michaelis%E2%80%93Menten_kinetics"},{"link_name":"Oxidoreductases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxidoreductase"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_1)"},{"link_name":"Transferases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transferase"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_2)"},{"link_name":"Hydrolases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrolase"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_3)"},{"link_name":"Lyases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyase"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_4)"},{"link_name":"Isomerases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isomerase"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_5)"},{"link_name":"Ligases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligase"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_6)"},{"link_name":"Translocases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translocase"},{"link_name":"list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_EC_numbers_(EC_7)"},{"link_name":"Portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"}],"text":"Saito I, Chujo Y, Shimazu H, Yamane M, Matsuura T (Sep 1975). \"Nonenzymic oxidation of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvic acid with singlet oxygen to homogentisic acid. A model for the action of p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 97 (18): 5272–7. doi:10.1021/ja00851a042. PMID 1165361.\nWada GH, Fellman JH, Fujita TS, Roth ES (Sep 1975). \"Purification and properties of avian liver p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate hydroxylase\". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 250 (17): 6720–6. doi:10.1016/S0021-9258(19)40992-7. PMID 1158879.\nJohnson-Winters K, Purpero VM, Kavana M, Nelson T, Moran GR (Feb 2003). \"(4-Hydroxyphenyl)pyruvate dioxygenase from Streptomyces avermitilis: the basis for ordered substrate addition\". Biochemistry. 42 (7): 2072–80. doi:10.1021/bi026499m. PMID 12590595.vteMetabolism: Protein metabolism, synthesis and catabolism enzymesEssential amino acids are in CapitalsK→acetyl-CoALYSINE→\nSaccharopine dehydrogenase\nGlutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase\nLEUCINE→\n3-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase\nBranched-chain amino acid aminotransferase\nBranched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex\nEnoyl-CoA hydratase\nHMG-CoA lyase\nHMG-CoA reductase\nIsovaleryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase\nα-Ketoisocaproate dioxygenase\nLeucine 2,3-aminomutase\nMethylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase\nMethylglutaconyl-CoA hydratase\n(See Template:Leucine metabolism in humans – this diagram does not include the pathway for β-leucine synthesis via leucine 2,3-aminomutase)\n\nTRYPTOPHAN→\nIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase/Tryptophan 2,3-dioxygenase\nArylformamidase\nKynureninase\n3-hydroxyanthranilate oxidase\nAminocarboxymuconate-semialdehyde decarboxylase\nAminomuconate-semialdehyde dehydrogenase\nPHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→\n(see below)\nGG→pyruvate→citrateglycine→serine→\nSerine hydroxymethyltransferase\nSerine dehydratase\nglycine→creatine: Guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase\nCreatine kinase\nalanine→\nAlanine transaminase\ncysteine→\nD-cysteine desulfhydrase\nthreonine→\nL-threonine dehydrogenase\nG→glutamate→α-ketoglutarateHISTIDINE→\nHistidine ammonia-lyase\nUrocanate hydratase\nFormiminotransferase cyclodeaminase\nproline→\nProline oxidase\nPyrroline-5-carboxylate reductase\n1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylate dehydrogenase/ALDH4A1\nPYCR1\narginine→\nOrnithine aminotransferase\nOrnithine decarboxylase\nAgmatinase\n→alpha-ketoglutarate→TCA\nGlutamate dehydrogenase\nOther\ncysteine+glutamate→glutathione: Gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase\nGlutathione synthetase\nGamma-glutamyl transpeptidase\nglutamate→glutamine: Glutamine synthetase\nGlutaminase\nG→propionyl-CoA→succinyl-CoAVALINE→\nBranched-chain amino acid aminotransferase\nBranched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex\nEnoyl-CoA hydratase\n3-hydroxyisobutyryl-CoA hydrolase\n3-hydroxyisobutyrate dehydrogenase\nMethylmalonate semialdehyde dehydrogenase\nISOLEUCINE→\nBranched-chain amino acid aminotransferase\nBranched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase complex\n3-hydroxy-2-methylbutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase\nMETHIONINE→\ngeneration of homocysteine: Methionine adenosyltransferase\nAdenosylhomocysteinase\nregeneration of methionine: Methionine synthase/Homocysteine methyltransferase\nBetaine-homocysteine methyltransferase\nconversion to cysteine: Cystathionine beta synthase\nCystathionine gamma-lyase\nTHREONINE→\nThreonine aldolase\n→succinyl-CoA→TCA\nPropionyl-CoA carboxylase\nMethylmalonyl CoA epimerase\nMethylmalonyl-CoA mutase\nG→fumaratePHENYLALANINE→tyrosine→\nPhenylalanine hydroxylase\nTyrosine aminotransferase\n4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase\nHomogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase\nFumarylacetoacetate hydrolase\ntyrosine→melanin: Tyrosinase\nG→oxaloacetateasparagine→aspartate→\nAsparaginase/Asparagine synthetase\nAspartate transaminasevteOxidoreductases: monooxygenases (EC 1.13)1.13.11: two atoms of oxygen\nlipoxygenase: Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase\nArachidonate 12-lipoxygenase/ALOX12\nArachidonate 8-lipoxygenase\nArachidonate 15-lipoxygenase/ALOX15\nLinoleate 11-lipoxygenase\nother dioxygenase: Catechol dioxygenase\nHomogentisate 1,2-dioxygenase\nCysteine dioxygenase\n4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase\nIndoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase\nChlorite dismutase\n1.13.12: one atom of oxygen\nFirefly luciferase\n1.13.99: other\nInositol oxygenasevteEnzymesActivity\nActive site\nBinding site\nCatalytic triad\nOxyanion hole\nEnzyme promiscuity\nDiffusion-limited enzyme\nCofactor\nEnzyme catalysis\nRegulation\nAllosteric regulation\nCooperativity\nEnzyme inhibitor\nEnzyme activator\nClassification\nEC number\nEnzyme superfamily\nEnzyme family\nList of enzymes\nKinetics\nEnzyme kinetics\nEadie–Hofstee diagram\nHanes–Woolf plot\nLineweaver–Burk plot\nMichaelis–Menten kinetics\nTypes\nEC1 Oxidoreductases (list)\nEC2 Transferases (list)\nEC3 Hydrolases (list)\nEC4 Lyases (list)\nEC5 Isomerases (list)\nEC6 Ligases (list)\nEC7 Translocases (list)Portal: Biology","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"This reaction shows the conversion of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate into homogentisate by HPPD.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/HPPD_reaction.svg/500px-HPPD_reaction.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Proposed Reaction Mechanism of HPPD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/HPPD_Proposed_Reaction.svg/600px-HPPD_Proposed_Reaction.svg.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Fritze IM, Linden L, Freigang J, Auerbach G, Huber R, Steinbacher S (Apr 2004). \"The crystal structures of Zea mays and Arabidopsis 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase\". Plant Physiology. 134 (4): 1388–400. doi:10.1104/pp.103.034082. PMC 419816. PMID 15084729.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419816","url_text":"\"The crystal structures of Zea mays and Arabidopsis 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1104%2Fpp.103.034082","url_text":"10.1104/pp.103.034082"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC419816","url_text":"419816"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15084729","url_text":"15084729"}]},{"reference":"\"Homo sapiens: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase reaction\". MetaCyc. SRI International. 20 August 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.biocyc.org/META/NEW-IMAGE?type=REACTION&object=RXN-13640","url_text":"\"Homo sapiens: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase reaction\""}]},{"reference":"Kohlmeier M (2015). \"Leucine\". Nutrient Metabolism: Structures, Functions, and Genes (2nd ed.). Academic Press. pp. 385–388. ISBN 9780123877840. Retrieved 6 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=aTQTAAAAQBAJ&q=beta-hydroxy%20beta-methylbutyrate%20HMB&pg=PA387","url_text":"\"Leucine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123877840","url_text":"9780123877840"}]},{"reference":"Gunsior M, Ravel J, Challis GL, Townsend CA (Jan 2004). \"Engineering p-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase to a p-hydroxymandelate synthase and evidence for the proposed benzene oxide intermediate in homogentisate formation\". Biochemistry. 43 (3): 663–74. doi:10.1021/bi035762w. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_wattlebird	Little wattlebird	["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Distribution and habitat","4 Behaviour","4.1 Breeding","4.2 Feeding","5 References","6 External links"]	Species of bird Little wattlebird Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Meliphagidae Genus: Anthochaera Species: A. chrysoptera Binomial name Anthochaera chrysoptera(Latham, 1801) The little wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), also known as the brush wattlebird, is a passerine bird in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae. It is found in coastal and sub-coastal south-eastern Australia. Taxonomy The little wattlebird was formally described by ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Merops chrysoptera. The species is now placed in the genus Anthochaera that was introduced by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827. The generic name Anthochaera derives from the Ancient Greek anthos 'flower, bloom' and khairō 'enjoy'; the specific epithet chrysoptera derives from Ancient Greek khrysos 'gold' and pteron 'wing'. The International Ornithologists' Union recognise three subspecies: A. c. chrysoptera (Latham, 1801) – eastern and southeastern Australia A. c. halmaturina (Mathews, 1912) – Kangaroo Island (South Australia) A. c. tasmanica (Mathews, 1912) – Tasmania The western wattlebird (A. lunulata) was at one time considered as the subspecies A. c. lunulata. Little wattlebird on eucalypt, Victoria, Australia Description The little wattlebird is a medium to large honeyeater, but the smallest wattlebird. The appearance is similar to the yellow wattlebird and the red wattlebird. The little wattlebird lacks the wattles, which characterise other members of the genus. Juveniles are duller with less streaking and have a browner eye. Calls include a strident cookay-cok, a raucous fetch the gun, a mellow guttural yekkop, yekkop and many squeaky, musical lilting notes. The alarm call is a kwock or shnairt!. Distribution and habitat The little wattlebird is found in banksia/eucalypt woodlands, heathlands, tea-tree scrub, sandplain-heaths, lantana thickets, wild tobacco, parks and gardens. Behaviour Little wattlebird feeding nestlings, September 2002, NSW Breeding Breeding takes place from June to December. The female wattlebird generally constructs the nest, which is a loose, untidy cup of twigs, lined with shredded bark, and placed from 1 to 10 m high in the fork of a banksia, tea-tree or eucalypt sapling. 1-2 eggs are laid and may be spotted red-brown, purplish-red or salmon-pink in colour. The female incubates the eggs alone but both parents care for the young chicks. Feeding Little wattlebirds feed on nectar obtained with a long, brush-tipped tongue, adapted for probing deep into flowers. They also feed on insects, berries, and some seeds. Most feeding is done perched, but some insects are caught in mid-air. Birds may feed alone or in groups. References ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Anthochaera chrysoptera". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704460A118664903. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704460A118664903.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021. ^ Latham, John (1801). Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae (in Latin). London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. xxxiii. ^ Vigors, N.A.; Horsfield, T. (1827). "A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities (Part 1)". Transactions of the Linnean Society of London. 15 (1): 170–331 . doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x. The title page gives the year as 1826 but the issue was published in 1827. ^ a b Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (2020). "Honeyeaters". IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 April 2020. ^ Jobling, James A. (2010). "Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names". Retrieved 2020-04-24. ^ Salomonsen, F. (1967). "Family Meliphagidae, Honeyeaters". In Paynter, R.A. Jnr. (ed.). Check-list of birds of the world (Volume 12). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 446. ^ a b c d e f g Birds in Backyards - Little Wattlebird ^ a b c d e f Pizzey, Graham; Knight, Frank (1997). Field Guide to the Birds of Australia. Sydney, Australia: HarperCollinsPublishers. p. 111. ISBN 0-207-18013-X. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthochaera chrysoptera. Wikispecies has information related to Anthochaera chrysoptera. Recordings of little wattlebird from Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology Macaulay Library Recordings of little wattlebird from Xen-canto sound archive Images of little wattlebird from Graeme Chapman's photo library Taxon identifiersAnthochaera chrysoptera Wikidata: Q1588271 Wikispecies: Anthochaera chrysoptera ADW: Anthochaera_chrysoptera AFD: Anthochaera_(Anellobia)_chrysoptera Avibase: 4D80389DFE71F964 BirdLife: 22704460 BirdLife-Australia: little-wattlebird BOLD: 91316 BOW: bruwat1 CoL: 5VBY2 eBird: bruwat1 GBIF: 2487149 iNaturalist: 12626 IRMNG: 10213498 ITIS: 558603 IUCN: 22704460 NCBI: 266367 Observation.org: 75065 Open Tree of Life: 527604 Paleobiology Database: 255527 Xeno-canto: Anthochaera-chrysoptera Merops chrysopterus Wikidata: Q41005443 CoL: 8TXPD GBIF: 7951625	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"honeyeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeyeater"},{"link_name":"Meliphagidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meliphagidae"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"text":"The little wattlebird (Anthochaera chrysoptera), also known as the brush wattlebird, is a passerine bird in the honeyeater family Meliphagidae. It is found in coastal and sub-coastal south-eastern Australia.","title":"Little wattlebird"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"formally described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"John Latham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Latham_(ornithologist)"},{"link_name":"binomial name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binomial_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"Anthochaera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthochaera"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Aylward Vigors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Aylward_Vigors"},{"link_name":"Thomas Horsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Horsfield"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"International Ornithologists' Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Ornithologists%27_Union"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ioc-4"},{"link_name":"Mathews","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Mathews"},{"link_name":"Kangaroo Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo_Island"},{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"western wattlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_wattlebird"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Little_wattlebird_on_eucalypt.jpg"}],"text":"The little wattlebird was formally described by ornithologist John Latham in 1801 under the binomial name Merops chrysoptera.[2] The species is now placed in the genus Anthochaera that was introduced by Nicholas Aylward Vigors and Thomas Horsfield in 1827.[3][4] The generic name Anthochaera derives from the Ancient Greek anthos 'flower, bloom' and khairō 'enjoy'; the specific epithet chrysoptera derives from Ancient Greek khrysos 'gold' and pteron 'wing'.[5]The International Ornithologists' Union recognise three subspecies:[4]A. c. chrysoptera (Latham, 1801) – eastern and southeastern Australia\nA. c. halmaturina (Mathews, 1912) – Kangaroo Island (South Australia)\nA. c. tasmanica (Mathews, 1912) – TasmaniaThe western wattlebird (A. lunulata) was at one time considered as the subspecies A. c. lunulata.[6]Little wattlebird on eucalypt, Victoria, Australia","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wattlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattlebird"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdsinbackyards-7"},{"link_name":"yellow wattlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_wattlebird"},{"link_name":"red wattlebird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_wattlebird"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pizzey-8"},{"link_name":"wattles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wattle_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdsinbackyards-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pizzey-8"}],"text":"The little wattlebird is a medium to large honeyeater, but the smallest wattlebird.[7] The appearance is similar to the yellow wattlebird and the red wattlebird.[8] The little wattlebird lacks the wattles, which characterise other members of the genus. Juveniles are duller with less streaking and have a browner eye.[7]Calls include a strident cookay-cok, a raucous fetch the gun, a mellow guttural yekkop, yekkop and many squeaky, musical lilting notes. The alarm call is a kwock or shnairt!.[8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"banksia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia"},{"link_name":"eucalypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalypt"},{"link_name":"heathlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heathland"},{"link_name":"tea-tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae"},{"link_name":"lantana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lantana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pizzey-8"}],"text":"The little wattlebird is found in banksia/eucalypt woodlands, heathlands, tea-tree scrub, sandplain-heaths, lantana thickets, wild tobacco, parks and gardens.[8]","title":"Distribution and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthochaera_chrysoptera_feeding_nestlings.jpg"}],"text":"Little wattlebird feeding nestlings, September 2002, NSW","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pizzey-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdsinbackyards-7"},{"link_name":"banksia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksia"},{"link_name":"tea-tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrtaceae"},{"link_name":"eucalypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalypt"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pizzey-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pizzey-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdsinbackyards-7"}],"sub_title":"Breeding","text":"Breeding takes place from June to December.[8] The female wattlebird generally constructs the nest,[7] which is a loose, untidy cup of twigs, lined with shredded bark, and placed from 1 to 10 m high in the fork of a banksia, tea-tree or eucalypt sapling.[8] 1-2 eggs are laid and may be spotted red-brown, purplish-red or salmon-pink in colour.[8] The female incubates the eggs alone but both parents care for the young chicks.[7]","title":"Behaviour"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdsinbackyards-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdsinbackyards-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birdsinbackyards-7"}],"sub_title":"Feeding","text":"Little wattlebirds feed on nectar obtained with a long, brush-tipped tongue, adapted for probing deep into flowers.[7] They also feed on insects, berries, and some seeds.[7] Most feeding is done perched, but some insects are caught in mid-air. Birds may feed alone or in groups.[7]","title":"Behaviour"}]	[{"image_text":"Little wattlebird on eucalypt, Victoria, Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Little_wattlebird_on_eucalypt.jpg/220px-Little_wattlebird_on_eucalypt.jpg"},{"image_text":"Little wattlebird feeding nestlings, September 2002, NSW","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Anthochaera_chrysoptera_feeding_nestlings.jpg/220px-Anthochaera_chrysoptera_feeding_nestlings.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Anthochaera chrysoptera\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22704460A118664903. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704460A118664903.en. 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IOC World Bird List Version 10.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 3 April 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)","url_text":"Gill, Frank"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Rasmussen","url_text":"Rasmussen, Pamela"},{"url":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/honeyeaters/","url_text":"\"Honeyeaters\""}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A. (2010). \"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names\". Retrieved 2020-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"\"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names\""}]},{"reference":"Salomonsen, F. (1967). \"Family Meliphagidae, Honeyeaters\". In Paynter, R.A. Jnr. (ed.). Check-list of birds of the world (Volume 12). 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ISBN 0-207-18013-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-207-18013-X","url_text":"0-207-18013-X"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22704460/118664903","external_links_name":"\"Anthochaera chrysoptera\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704460A118664903.en","external_links_name":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22704460A118664903.en"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33261407","external_links_name":"Supplementum indicis ornithologici sive systematis ornithologiae"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/778569","external_links_name":"\"A description of the Australian birds in the collection of the Linnean Society; with an attempt at arranging them according to their natural affinities (Part 1)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1095-8339.1826.tb00115.x"},{"Link":"https://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/honeyeaters/","external_links_name":"\"Honeyeaters\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","external_links_name":"\"Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird-names\""},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14482563","external_links_name":"Check-list of birds of the world (Volume 12)"},{"Link":"http://www.birdsinbackyards.net/finder/display.cfm?id=9","external_links_name":"Birds in Backyards - Little Wattlebird"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/media/catalog?taxonCode=bruwat1&mediaType=a&q=Little%20Wattlebird%20-%20Anthochaera%20chrysoptera","external_links_name":"Recordings of little wattlebird"},{"Link":"https://www.xeno-canto.org/explore?query=Little%20Wattlebird","external_links_name":"Recordings of little wattlebird"},{"Link":"http://www.graemechapman.com.au/library/viewphotos.php?c=549","external_links_name":"Images of little wattlebird"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Anthochaera_chrysoptera/","external_links_name":"Anthochaera_chrysoptera"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Anthochaera_%28Anellobia%29_chrysoptera","external_links_name":"Anthochaera_(Anellobia)_chrysoptera"},{"Link":"https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=4D80389DFE71F964","external_links_name":"4D80389DFE71F964"},{"Link":"https://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22704460","external_links_name":"22704460"},{"Link":"http://birdlife.org.au/bird-profile/little-wattlebird","external_links_name":"little-wattlebird"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=91316","external_links_name":"91316"},{"Link":"https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/bruwat1","external_links_name":"bruwat1"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/5VBY2","external_links_name":"5VBY2"},{"Link":"https://ebird.org/species/bruwat1","external_links_name":"bruwat1"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2487149","external_links_name":"2487149"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/12626","external_links_name":"12626"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10213498","external_links_name":"10213498"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=558603","external_links_name":"558603"},{"Link":"https://apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22704460","external_links_name":"22704460"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=266367","external_links_name":"266367"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/75065/","external_links_name":"75065"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=527604","external_links_name":"527604"},{"Link":"https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=255527","external_links_name":"255527"},{"Link":"https://xeno-canto.org/species/Anthochaera-chrysoptera","external_links_name":"Anthochaera-chrysoptera"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/8TXPD","external_links_name":"8TXPD"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/7951625","external_links_name":"7951625"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Medical_Center	Berkshire Medical Center	["1 History","2 Certifications","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]	Coordinates: 42°27′34″N 73°14′57″W / 42.4595°N 73.2492°W / 42.4595; -73.2492Hospital in Massachusetts Hospital in Massachusetts, USBerkshire Medical CenterBerkshire Health SystemsGeographyLocationPittsfield, Berkshire County, Massachusetts, USOrganisationCare systemPrivateFundingNon-profit hospitalTypeCommunity/TeachingAffiliated universityUniversity of Massachusetts Medical SchoolServicesStandardsAmerican College of Surgeons The Joint CommissionEmergency departmentIIIBeds302HistoryOpened1875LinksWebsitewww.berkshirehealthsystems.org/location/berkshire-medical-center/ Berkshire Medical Center is a mid-sized non-profit community hospital located in Pittsfield, Massachusetts. The hospital is part of Berkshire Health Systems, a three-hospital healthcare system operating in Western Massachusetts. In 2022, the hospital reported 198 staffed beds, almost 12,000 discharges, and over 15,000 emergency department visits. History The hospital's history goes back to the original House of Mercy, which opened in Pittsfield in 1875. Harriette Merrick Plunkett served as its president. In 1949, the House of Mercy was renamed Pittsfield General Hospital, and moved into a new seven-level, 245-bed location in 1962. It merged with St. Luke's Hospital in 1968, becoming the Berkshire Medical Center. It merged with Hillcrest Hospital in 1996. It acquired the former North Adams Regional Hospital property from Bankruptcy Court on August 29, 2014. Certifications Berkshire is certified by the American College of Surgeons as a Level III trauma center and by The Joint Commission. See also Fairview Hospital (Massachusetts) References ^ a b "Massachusetts Hospital Profiles - Data Through Fiscal Year 2022" (PDF). Massachusetts Center for Health Information and Analysis. pp. A7, A26–A28. Archived from the original (PDF) on May 15, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024. ^ "About Berkshire Health Systems". Berkshire Health Systems. Archived from the original on June 5, 2024. Retrieved June 17, 2024. ^ Willard, Frances Elizabeth; Livermore, Mary Ashton Rice (1893). "PLUNKETT, Mrs. Harriette M.". A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life. Charles Wells Moulton. pp. 576–77. ^ "A brief history of Berkshire Medical Center" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2015. ^ "A brief history of Berkshire Medical Center" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2015. ^ United States Bankruptcy Court - District of Massachusetts Case 14-30327 Doc 72 ^ Daniels, Tammy (September 3, 2014). "BMC Closes on North Adams Hospital Property". iBerkshires. Boxcar Media. Retrieved February 14, 2017. ^ Trauma Center Archived 2016-03-03 at the Wayback Machine. Bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com (2006-09-30). Retrieved on 2010-12-10. ^ Awards & Accreditations. Berkshirehealthsystems.com (2006-09-30). Retrieved on 2010-12-10. External links 42°27′34″N 73°14′57″W / 42.4595°N 73.2492°W / 42.4595; -73.2492vteMassachusetts trauma centersList of hospitals in MassachusettsLevel I Baystate Medical Center Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Medical Center Brigham and Women's Hospital Lahey Hospital and Medical Center Massachusetts General Hospital Tufts Medical Center UMass Memorial Health Care Level II South Shore Hospital Level III Anna Jaques Hospital Berkshire Medical Center Beverly Hospital Lawrence General Hospital Lowell General Hospital North Shore Medical Center Salem Hospital Steward Good Samaritan Medical Center Pediatric Level 1 Boston Children's Hospital Massachusetts General Hospital for Children Tufts Children's Hospital UMass Memorial Health Care Pediatric Level 2 Baystate Medical Center Boston Medical Center vteMassachusetts hospitalsActiveBarnstable County Cape Cod Hospital Falmouth Hospital Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Cape Cod Berkshire County Austen Riggs Center Berkshire Medical Center Fairview Hospital VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System Bristol County Arbour-Fuller Hospital Morton Hospital and Medical Center St. Luke's Hospital Taunton State Hospital Dukes County Martha's Vineyard Hospital Essex County Lawrence General Hospital North Shore Medical Center Franklin County VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System Hampden County Baystate Health Holyoke Medical Center Mercy Medical Center Providence Behavioral Health Hospital Soldiers' Home in Holyoke VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System Hampshire County Cooley Dickinson Hospital Northampton Veterans Affairs Medical Center Middlesex County Bedford Veterans Affairs Medical Center Cambridge Hospital CHA Everett Hospital Emerson Hospital Lahey Hospital & Medical Center Lowell General Hospital McLean Hospital MelroseWakefield Hospital MetroWest Medical Center Mount Auburn Hospital Nashoba Valley Medical Center Newton-Wellesley Hospital Saints Medical Center Somerville Hospital Tewksbury Hospital Winchester Hospital Nantucket County Nantucket Cottage Hospital Norfolk County Milton Hospital Norwood Hospital South Shore Hospital Wrentham State School Plymouth County Beth Israel Deaconess Hospital-Plymouth Bridgewater State Hospital Brockton Hospital VA Boston Healthcare System Suffolk County Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Boston Children's Hospital Boston Medical Center Brigham and Women's Faulkner Hospital Brigham and Women's Hospital Carney Hospital Dana–Farber Cancer Institute Floating Hospital for Children Joslin Diabetes Center Lemuel Shattuck Hospital Massachusetts Eye and Ear Massachusetts General Hospital New England Baptist Hospital St. Elizabeth's Medical Center Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital Tufts Medical Center VA Boston Healthcare System Worcester County Adcare Hospital Athol Memorial Hospital Federal Medical Center, Devens Hahnemann Hospital Jewish Healthcare Center Milford Regional Medical Center Memorial Hospital Saint Vincent Hospital 2021 strike UMass Memorial Health Care VA Central Western Massachusetts Healthcare System Worcester Recovery Center and Hospital DefunctBarnstable County 551st United States Air Force Hospital Barnstable County Hospital Berkshire County North Adams Regional Hospital Bristol County Lovering Colony State Hospital Paul A. Dever State School Truesdale Hospital Dukes County Penikese Island Leper Hospital Essex County Benjamin Stickney Cable Memorial Hospital Children's Island Sanitarium Danvers State Hospital Essex Hospital Saugus General Hospital Hampden County Monson Developmental Center Hampshire County Belchertown State School Northampton State Hospital Westover Air Force Base Hospital Middlesex County Boston Regional Medical Center Community Memorial Hospital Gaebler Children's Center Lovell General Hospital East Lovell General Hospital North Lovell General Hospital South Metropolitan State Hospital Middlesex County Hospital Murphy Army Hospital Walter E. Fernald Developmental Center Norfolk County Foxborough State Hospital Medfield State Hospital Pondville State Hospital Quincy Medical Center Plymouth County Cranberry Specialty Hospital Lakeville Hospital Suffolk County Adams-Nervine Asylum Boston City Hospital Boston Consumptives Hospital Boston Emergency and General Hospital Boston Psychopathic Hospital Boston State Hospital Dimock Community Health Center Complex Massachusetts Homeopathic Hospital Naval Hospital Boston New England Hospital for Women and Children Worcester County Dale General Hospital Gardner State Hospital Grafton State Hospital Lyman School for Boys Rutland Heights State Hospital State Reform School for Boys Templeton Developmental Center Westborough State Hospital Worcester City Hospital Worcester County Hospital Worcester State Hospital This article relating to a hospital in Massachusetts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_hospital"},{"link_name":"community hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_hospital"},{"link_name":"Pittsfield, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsfield,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHIA2022-1"},{"link_name":"healthcare system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_system"},{"link_name":"Western Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"discharges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inpatient_care"},{"link_name":"emergency department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emergency_department"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CHIA2022-1"}],"text":"Hospital in MassachusettsHospital in Massachusetts, USBerkshire Medical Center is a mid-sized non-profit community hospital located in Pittsfield, Massachusetts.[1] The hospital is part of Berkshire Health Systems, a three-hospital healthcare system operating in Western Massachusetts.[2] In 2022, the hospital reported 198 staffed beds, almost 12,000 discharges, and over 15,000 emergency department visits.[1]","title":"Berkshire Medical Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Mercy_(cottage_hospital)"},{"link_name":"Harriette Merrick Plunkett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriette_Merrick_Plunkett"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WillardLivermore-1893-3"},{"link_name":"St. Luke's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Court"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"North Adams Regional Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Adams_Regional_Hospital"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The hospital's history goes back to the original House of Mercy, which opened in Pittsfield in 1875. Harriette Merrick Plunkett served as its president.[3]In 1949, the House of Mercy was renamed Pittsfield General Hospital, and moved into a new seven-level, 245-bed location in 1962. It merged with St. Luke's Hospital in 1968, becoming the Berkshire Medical Center.[4] It merged with Hillcrest Hospital in 1996.[5] It acquired the former North Adams Regional Hospital property from Bankruptcy Court on August 29, 2014.[6][7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American College of Surgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons"},{"link_name":"Level III trauma center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Level_III_trauma_center"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"The Joint Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Joint_Commission"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Berkshire is certified by the American College of Surgeons as a Level III trauma center[8] and by The Joint Commission.[9]","title":"Certifications"}]	[]	[{"title":"Fairview Hospital (Massachusetts)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairview_Hospital_(Massachusetts)"}]	[{"reference":"\"Massachusetts Hospital Profiles - Data Through Fiscal Year 2022\" (PDF). 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Archived from the original (PDF) on September 30, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930035451/http://bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com/websitefiles/bkhscon10050/documents/BMC%20History/BMC%20History.pdf","url_text":"\"A brief history of Berkshire Medical Center\""},{"url":"http://bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com/websitefiles/bkhscon10050/documents/BMC%20History/BMC%20History.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A brief history of Berkshire Medical Center\" (PDF). 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Retrieved February 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iberkshires.com/story/47357/BMC-Closes-on-North-Adams-Hospital-Property.html","url_text":"\"BMC Closes on North Adams Hospital Property\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berkshire_Medical_Center&params=42.4595_N_73.2492_W_","external_links_name":"42°27′34″N 73°14′57″W / 42.4595°N 73.2492°W / 42.4595; -73.2492"},{"Link":"http://www.berkshirehealthsystems.org/location/berkshire-medical-center/","external_links_name":"www.berkshirehealthsystems.org/location/berkshire-medical-center/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240515044233/https://www.chiamass.gov/assets/docs/r/hospital-profiles/2022/FY22-Massachusetts-Hospital-Profiles-Compendium.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Massachusetts Hospital Profiles - Data Through Fiscal Year 2022\""},{"Link":"https://www.chiamass.gov/assets/docs/r/hospital-profiles/2022/FY22-Massachusetts-Hospital-Profiles-Compendium.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240605232933/https://www.berkshirehealthsystems.org/about-bhs/","external_links_name":"\"About Berkshire Health Systems\""},{"Link":"https://www.berkshirehealthsystems.org/about-bhs/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Woman_of_the_Century/Harriette_M._Plunkett","external_links_name":"A Woman of the Century: Fourteen Hundred-seventy Biographical Sketches Accompanied by Portraits of Leading American Women in All Walks of Life"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930035451/http://bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com/websitefiles/bkhscon10050/documents/BMC%20History/BMC%20History.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of Berkshire Medical Center\""},{"Link":"http://bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com/websitefiles/bkhscon10050/documents/BMC%20History/BMC%20History.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150930005706/http://bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com/websitefiles/bkhscon10050/documents/BMC%20History/Hillcrest%20Hospital%20History.pdf","external_links_name":"\"A brief history of Berkshire Medical Center\""},{"Link":"http://bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com/websitefiles/bkhscon10050/documents/BMC%20History/Hillcrest%20Hospital%20History.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.iberkshires.com/story/47357/BMC-Closes-on-North-Adams-Hospital-Property.html","external_links_name":"\"BMC Closes on North Adams Hospital Property\""},{"Link":"http://bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com/websitefiles/bkhscon10050/body_depts.cfm?id=316","external_links_name":"Trauma Center"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303201738/http://bur-ms-sm6-03a.medseek.com/websitefiles/bkhscon10050/body_depts.cfm?id=316","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.berkshirehealthsystems.com/body_bmc.cfm?id=980","external_links_name":"Awards & Accreditations"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Berkshire_Medical_Center&params=42.4595_N_73.2492_W_","external_links_name":"42°27′34″N 73°14′57″W / 42.4595°N 73.2492°W / 42.4595; -73.2492"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berkshire_Medical_Center&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VFP-62	VFP-62	["1 History","2 Gallery","3 Unit awards","4 External links"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (February 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Light Photographic Squadron 62VFP-62 InsigniaActiveJanuary 1949 - 1 January 1968CountryUnited StatesBranchUnited States NavyRoleAerial reconnaissancePart ofInactiveNickname(s)Fighting PhotosEngagementsKorean WarCuban Missile CrisisVietnam WarAircraft flownReconnaissanceF8F-2P BearcatF4U-5P CorsairF2H-2P BansheeF9F-6P/-8P CougarRF-8A/G CrusaderMilitary unit Light Photographic Squadron 62 (VFP-62) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy in service from 1949 to 1968. The squadron provided a detachment of reconnaissance planes for each of the carrier air wings of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet. History VFP-62 was established in January 1949 as Composite Squadron SIX TWO (VC-62), nicknamed the Fighting Photos, and was equipped with Grumman F8F-2P Bearcat and Vought F4U-5P Corsair fighter aircraft converted to reconnaissance platforms. The first VC-62 detachment was assigned to Carrier Air Group 7 (CVG-7) aboard the aircraft carrier USS Leyte from September 1949 to January 1950 for a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea. Detachments of the squadron operated from all Atlantic Fleet attack aircraft carriers based on the U.S. east coast. From September 1950 to February 1951, a VC-62 detachment also operated during the Korean War from the USS Leyte as part of CVG-3. In 1951, the squadron converted to jet aircraft and was equipped with the McDonnell F2H-2P Banshee. On 2 July 1956, the squadron was redesignated Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron SIX TWO (VFP-62) and transitioned to the Grumman F9F-6P Cougar (later F9F-8P). Renamed Light Photographic Squadron SIX TWO (VFP-62) in order to distinguish it from Heavy Photographic squadrons that were being established, the squadron received its first Vought F8U-1P Crusader aircraft in 1959, which were redesignated as the RF-8A in 1962. In 1966, these aircraft were upgraded to a new standard designated as the RF-8G. VFP-62 is best known as the squadron that took the first low-level photos of the Soviet missile bases in Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. At the time, it was commanded by then-Commander William Ecker, USN. In 2000, the movie Thirteen Days (film), produced by Kevin Costner, showed the actions of Ecker and the other members of VFP-62 during the Cuban Missile Crisis. From June 1966 to February 1967, VFP-62 Det 42 operated from the USS Franklin D. Roosevelt off Vietnam as part of CVW-1. VFP-62 was subsequently disestablished on 1 January 1968, with its role assumed by its Pacific Fleet sister squadron, VFP-63, also flying the RF-8G, and by several reconnaissance attack squadrons (RVAH) flying the North American RA-5C Vigilante. Gallery An F8F-2P over USS Midway 1949/50 An F2H-2P in 1956 F9F-6Ps in 1956 F9F-8Ps over Malta, 1958 An A4D-2 refuels an F8U-1P in 1960 A VFP-62 RF-8G damaged by flak over Vietnam, 1967 Unit awards On 26 November 1962, VFP-62 was awarded the first peacetime Navy Unit Commendation, personally by President John F. Kennedy for the squadron's actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis. External links VFP-62 website for former members.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"carrier air wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_air_wing"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fleet_Forces_Command"}],"text":"Military unitLight Photographic Squadron 62 (VFP-62) was an aviation unit of the United States Navy in service from 1949 to 1968. The squadron provided a detachment of reconnaissance planes for each of the carrier air wings of the U.S. Atlantic Fleet.","title":"VFP-62"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grumman F8F-2P Bearcat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grumman_F8F_Bearcat"},{"link_name":"Vought F4U-5P Corsair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F4U_Corsair"},{"link_name":"Carrier Air Group 7 (CVG-7)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Seven"},{"link_name":"USS Leyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Leyte_(CV-32)"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"CVG-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_Three"},{"link_name":"McDonnell F2H-2P Banshee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F2H_Banshee"},{"link_name":"Grumman F9F-6P Cougar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F9F_Cougar"},{"link_name":"Vought F8U-1P Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vought_F-8_Crusader"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"},{"link_name":"William Ecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Ecker"},{"link_name":"Thirteen Days (film)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)"},{"link_name":"Kevin Costner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Costner"},{"link_name":"USS Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"CVW-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_Air_Wing_One"},{"link_name":"North American RA-5C Vigilante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_A-5_Vigilante"}],"text":"VFP-62 was established in January 1949 as Composite Squadron SIX TWO (VC-62), nicknamed the Fighting Photos, and was equipped with Grumman F8F-2P Bearcat and Vought F4U-5P Corsair fighter aircraft converted to reconnaissance platforms. The first VC-62 detachment was assigned to Carrier Air Group 7 (CVG-7) aboard the aircraft carrier USS Leyte from September 1949 to January 1950 for a deployment to the Mediterranean Sea.Detachments of the squadron operated from all Atlantic Fleet attack aircraft carriers based on the U.S. east coast. From September 1950 to February 1951, a VC-62 detachment also operated during the Korean War from the USS Leyte as part of CVG-3.In 1951, the squadron converted to jet aircraft and was equipped with the McDonnell F2H-2P Banshee. On 2 July 1956, the squadron was redesignated Photographic Reconnaissance Squadron SIX TWO (VFP-62) and transitioned to the Grumman F9F-6P Cougar (later F9F-8P).Renamed Light Photographic Squadron SIX TWO (VFP-62) in order to distinguish it from Heavy Photographic squadrons that were being established, the squadron received its first Vought F8U-1P Crusader aircraft in 1959, which were redesignated as the RF-8A in 1962. In 1966, these aircraft were upgraded to a new standard designated as the RF-8G.VFP-62 is best known as the squadron that took the first low-level photos of the Soviet missile bases in Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. At the time, it was commanded by then-Commander William Ecker, USN. In 2000, the movie Thirteen Days (film), produced by Kevin Costner, showed the actions of Ecker and the other members of VFP-62 during the Cuban Missile Crisis.From June 1966 to February 1967, VFP-62 Det 42 operated from the USS Franklin D. Roosevelt off Vietnam as part of CVW-1. VFP-62 was subsequently disestablished on 1 January 1968, with its role assumed by its Pacific Fleet sister squadron, VFP-63, also flying the RF-8G, and by several reconnaissance attack squadrons (RVAH) flying the North American RA-5C Vigilante.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F8F-2P_Bearcat_of_VC-62_in_flight_over_USS_Midway_(CVB-41),_in_1952.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F2H-2P_VFP-62_CVA-43_1956.jpeg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F9F-6Ps_VC-62_NAN3-57.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:F9F-8P_VFP-62_CVA-60_1958.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A4D-2_Skyhawk_of_VA-83_refuels_F8U-1P_Crusader_of_VFP-62,_circa_1961_(6418322).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RF-8G_VFP-62_damaged_Vietnam_1967.jpg"}],"text":"An F8F-2P over USS Midway 1949/50\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn F2H-2P in 1956\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tF9F-6Ps in 1956\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tF9F-8Ps over Malta, 1958\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn A4D-2 refuels an F8U-1P in 1960\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA VFP-62 RF-8G damaged by flak over Vietnam, 1967","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Navy Unit Commendation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Unit_Commendation"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Cuban Missile Crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis"}],"text":"On 26 November 1962, VFP-62 was awarded the first peacetime Navy Unit Commendation, personally by President John F. Kennedy for the squadron's actions during the Cuban Missile Crisis.","title":"Unit awards"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.vfp62.com/","external_links_name":"VFP-62 website for former members"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_and_higher_education	Higher education	["1 The right of access to higher education","2 Definition","2.1 Providers","3 History","3.1 20th century","3.2 21st century","4 Statistics","4.1 Recognition of studies","5 See also","5.1 Higher education by country","6 Notes","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]	Academic tertiary education For other uses, see Higher Education (disambiguation). "Higher learning" redirects here. For the film, see Higher Learning. For other uses, see Higher learning (disambiguation). It has been suggested that this article be merged into Tertiary education. (Discuss) Proposed since October 2023. Harvard University, founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1636, is the oldest higher education institution in the United States and routinely ranked as one of the best universities in the world. Higher education is tertiary education leading to the award of an academic degree. Higher education, which makes up a component of post-secondary, third-level, or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. It represents levels 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the 2011 version of the International Standard Classification of Education structure. Tertiary education at a nondegree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. The right of access to higher education The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. The UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that "higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education". In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education. Definition A post-secondary graduate receives a diploma during a graduation ceremony at Germanna Community College in Virginia. Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. This consists of universities, colleges and polytechnics that offer formal degrees beyond high school or secondary school education. The International Standard Classification of Education in 1997 initially classified all tertiary education together in the 1997 version of its schema. They were referred to as level 5 and doctoral studies at level 6. In 2011, this was refined and expanded in the 2011 version of the structure. Higher education at undergraduate level, masters and doctoral level became levels 6, 7, and 8. Nondegree level tertiary education, sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education was reordered as level 4, with level 5 for some higher courses. In the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education or basic education, the term "higher education" was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion. This is the origin of the term high school for various schools for children between the ages of 14 and 18 (United States) or 11 and 18 (United Kingdom and Australia). Providers Deakin University, one of Australia's 43 universities In the U.S., higher education is provided by universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, conservatories, and institutes of technology, and certain college-level institutions, including vocational schools, universities of applied sciences, trade schools, and other career-based colleges that award degrees. Tertiary education at a nondegree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education. Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, as exists in medical schools and dental schools, and social services activities of universities. Within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level (or postgraduate level). The latter level of education is often referred to as graduate school, especially in North America. In addition to the skills that are specific to any particular degree, potential employers in any profession are looking for evidence of critical thinking and analytical reasoning skills, teamworking skills, information literacy, ethical judgment, decision-making skills, fluency in speaking and writing, problem solving skills, and a wide knowledge of liberal arts and sciences. History House of Life "library" in hieroglyphs Bologna University in Italy, established in 1088 A.D., is the world's oldest university in continuous operation. Established in 1224 by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, University of Naples Federico II in Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation. The oldest known institutions of higher education are credited to Dynastic Egypt, with Pr-Anx (houses of life) built as libraries and scriptoriums, containing works on law, architecture, mathematics, and medicine, and involved in the training of "swnw" and "swnwt" (male and female doctors); extant Egyptian papyri from the 3rd millennia BC are in several collections. In the Greek world, Plato's Academy (c. 387 - 86 BC), Aristotle's Lyceum (c. 334 - 86 BC) and other philosophical-mathematical schools became models for other establishments, particularly in Alexandria of Egypt, under the Ptolemies. In South Asia, the city of Taxila, later the great Buddhist monastery of Nalanda (c. 427 - 1197 CE), attracted students and professors even from distant regions. In China, the Han dynasty established chairs to teach the Five Confucean Classics, in the Grand School, Taixue (c. 3 - 1905 CE), to train cadres for the imperial administration. All these higher-learning institutions became models for other schools within their sphere of cultural influence. In 425 CE, the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II innovated as he established the Pandidakterion, with a faculty of 31 professors, to train public servants. In the 7th and 8th centuries, "cathedral schools" were created in Western Europe. Meanwhile, the first Medresahs were founded in the Moslem empire – initially mere primary schools in the premises of major mosques, which gradually evolved toward secondary, later higher education. However high the intellectual level of these schools could be, it would be anachronistic to call them "universities". Their organization and purposes were markedly different from the corporations of students and teachers, independent from both the Church and the State, which established themselves from the 12th century in Western Europe as Universitas Studiorum. According to UNESCO and Guinness World Records, the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco is the oldest existing continually operating higher educational institution in the world. and is occasionally referred to as the oldest university by scholars. Undoubtedly, there are older institutions of higher education, for example, the University of Ez-Zitouna in Montfleury, Tunis, was first established in 737. The University of Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088, is the world's oldest university in continuous operation, and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation. 20th century Since World War II, developed and many developing countries have increased the participation of the age group who mostly studies higher education from the elite rate, of up to 15 per cent, to the mass rate of 16 to 50 per cent. In many developed countries, participation in higher education has continued to increase towards universal or, what Trow later called, open access, where over half of the relevant age group participate in higher education. Higher education is important to national economies, both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are much less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers. 21st century In recent years, universities have been criticized for permitting or actively encouraging grade inflation. Also, the supply of graduates in many fields of study is exceeding the demand for their skills, aggravating graduate unemployment, underemployment, overqualification and educational inflation. Some commentators have suggested that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education is rapidly making certain aspects of the traditional higher education system obsolete. The involvement and funding by foreign regimes in higher education in the US and Europe raised concerns regarding the erosion of democratic norms and hate speech on campuses. Statistics A 2014 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development states that by 2014, 84 percent of young people were completing upper secondary education over their lifetimes, in high-income countries. Tertiary-educated individuals were earning twice as much as median workers. In contrast to historical trends in education, young women were more likely to complete upper secondary education than young men. Additionally, access to education was expanding and growth in the number of people receiving university education was rising sharply. By 2014, close to 40 percent of people aged 25–34 (and around 25 percent of those aged 55–64), were being educated at university. Recognition of studies The Lisbon Recognition Convention stipulates that degrees and periods of study must be recognised in all of the Signatory Parties of the convention. See also Education portal Category:Higher education by country List of higher education associations and alliances College and university rankings Governance in higher education Graduation Higher education accreditation Higher education bubble Higher education policy Higher Education Price Index Institute UnCollege Hochschule League of European Research Universities Technical and Further Education (TAFE) Higher education by country Tertiary education in Australia Higher education in Canada Higher education in Ukraine Universities in the United Kingdom Higher education in the United States Higher education in the Philippines Higher education in Portugal Notes ^ For example, Higher Education: General and Technical, a 1933 National Union of Teachers pamphlet by Lord Eustace Percy, which is actually about secondary education and uses the two terms interchangeably. References ^ International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . 1966 – via Wikisource. ^ "Protocol No. 1 to the Convention - Toolkit". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-03-27. ^ Revision of the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) Archived 2017-05-25 at the Wayback Machine, Retrieved 5 April 2012. ^ "high school". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2021-06-24. ^ "The Difference Between Continuing Education and Professional Development". Columbia Southern University. April 1, 2021. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021. ^ "6 Reasons Why Continuing Education Is Important". Western Governors University. April 26, 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021. ^ Pucciarelli F., Kaplan Andreas M. (2016) Competition and Strategy in Higher Education: Managing Complexity and Uncertainty Archived 2019-01-10 at the Wayback Machine, Business Horizons, Volume 59 ^ Jenkins, Anne (20 January 2015). "Employers Judge Recent Graduates Ill-Prepared for Today's Workplace, Endorse Broad and Project-Based Learning as Best Preparation for Career Opportunity and Long-Term Success" (Press release). Washington, DC: Association of American Colleges and Universities. Archived from the original on 12 April 2017. Retrieved 11 April 2017. ^ Storia d'Italia. Vol. 4. Torino: UTET. 7 August 1981. p. 122. ISBN 88-02-03568-7. ^ Delle Donne, Fulvio (2010). Storia dello Studium di Napoli in età sveva (in Italian). Mario Adda Editore. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-8880828419. ^ Gordan, Andrew H.; Shwabe, Calvin W. (2004). The Quick and the Dead: Biomedical Theory in Ancient Egypt. Egyptological Memoirs. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. p. 154. ISBN 978-90-04-12391-5. ^ Mookerji, Radha Kumud (1989) . Ancient Indian education: Brahmanical and Buddhist. History and Culture Series (2nd ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0423-4. ^ Balazs, Étienne (1968). La Bureaucratie céleste: recherches sur l'économie et la société de la Chine traditionnelle. Bibliothèque des sciences humaines (in French). Paris: Gallimard. ^ Peter Tze Ming Ng (2001), "Paradigm shift and the state of the field in the study of Christian higher education in China", Cahiers d’Extrême-Asie, no. 12, pp. 127–140 ^ Yang, Rui (2019-09-02). "Emulating or integrating? Modern transformations of Chinese higher education". Journal of Asian Public Policy. 12 (3): 294–311. doi:10.1080/17516234.2018.1448213. ISSN 1751-6234. ^ "Oldest higher-learning institution, oldest university". Guinness World Records. Archived from the original on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2021-06-24. ^ "Medina of Fez". UNESCO World Heritage Centre. UNESCO. Archived from the original on 19 September 2017. Retrieved 7 April 2016. ^ Verger, Jacques: "Patterns", in: Ridder-Symoens, Hilde de (ed.): A History of the University in Europe. Vol. I: Universities in the Middle Ages, Cambridge University Press, 2003, ISBN 978-0-521-54113-8, pp. 35–76 (35) ^ a b "Times Higher Education - QS World University Rankings 2007 - World's oldest universities". QS Top Universities. Archived from the original on 17 January 2009. Retrieved 6 January 2010. ^ a b Gaston, Paul L. (2010). The challenge of Bologna: What United States higher education has to learn from Europe, and why it matters that we learn it. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing. p. 18. ISBN 978-1-57922-366-3. OCLC 320189904. ^ a b Janin, Hunt (2008). The University in Medieval Life, 1179-1499. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. pp. 55f. ISBN 978-0-7864-3462-6. ^ a b de Ridder-Symoens, Hilde: A History of the University in Europe: Volume 1, Universities in the Middle Ages Archived 2022-11-24 at the Wayback Machine, Cambridge University Press, 1992, ISBN 0-521-36105-2, pp. 47–55 ^ "The Porticoes of Bologna". UNESCO Centre du patrimoine mondial (in French). Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 16 August 2020. ^ Trow, Martin (1973). Problems in the transition from elite to mass higher education (PDF) (Report). Berkeley: Carnegie Commission on Higher Education. Retrieved 1 August 2013. ^ Brennan, John (2002). "The social role of the contemporary university: contradictions, boundaries and change" (PDF). Ten years on: Changing higher education in a changing world. Buckingham: Centre for Higher Education Research and Information, Open University. pp. 22–26. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 9 February 2014. ^ Trow, Martin (2005-08-05), Reflections on the transition from elite to mass to universal access: forms and phases of higher education in modern societies since WWII Republished in Forest, James J. F.; Altbach, Philip G., eds. (2006-04-20). International Handbook of Higher Education: Part One: Global Themes and Contemporary Challenges. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Vol. 18. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. 243–280. ISBN 978-1-4020-4011-5. OCLC 65166668. ^ Simkovic, Michael (5 September 2011). "Risk-Based Student Loans". Washington and Lee Law Review. SSRN 1941070. ^ OECD (2011), Education at a Glance ^ Gunn, Andrew; Kapade, Priya (25 May 2018), "The university grade inflation debate is going global", University World News, archived from the original on 26 May 2018, retrieved 23 June 2019, The grading process has been compromised as universities are incentivised to meet the demands of their customers and graduate more students with top grades to boost their institutional ranking. ^ Baker, Simon (28 June 2018), "Is grade inflation a worldwide trend?", The World University Rankings, Times Higher Education, archived from the original on 25 October 2019, retrieved 23 June 2019, Departments where enrollments were falling felt under pressure to relax their grading practices to make their courses more attractive, leading to an "arms race" in grade inflation. ^ Coates, Ken; Morrison, Bill (2016), Dream Factories: Why Universities Won't Solve the Youth Jobs Crisis, Toronto: Dundurn Books, p. 232, ISBN 9781459733770, archived from the original on 2021-09-21, retrieved 2021-09-21 ^ Brown, Phillip; Lauder, Hugh; Ashton, David (2012), The Global Auction: The Broken Promises of Education, Jobs, and Incomes, Oxford University Press, p. 208, ISBN 9780199926442, archived from the original on 2021-03-10, retrieved 2020-12-11 ^ Kaplan, Andreas (2021-04-06). Higher education at the crossroads of disruption: The university of the 21st century. Emerald. doi:10.1108/9781800715011. ISBN 978-1-80071-504-2. S2CID 233594353. ^ "Follow the Money: Qatar Funding of Higher Education". Institute for the Study of Global Antisemitism and Policy. Retrieved 2023-12-24. ^ Shulman, Sophie (30 October 2023). "Tuition of terror: Qatari money flowed into U.S. universities - and now it's fueling violence". CTech. Rishon LeZion, Israel: Yedioth Ahronoth Group. Retrieved 30 April 2024. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (September 2014). "Higher levels of education paying off for young, says OECD". Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 11 September 2014. ^ "Lisbon Recognition Convention". coe.int. Archived from the original on 28 May 2019. Retrieved 28 May 2019. Further reading Alkamel, Mohammed Adulkareem A.; Chouthaiwale, Santosh S.; Yassin, Amr Abdullatif; AlAjmi, Qasim; Albaadany, Hanan Yahia (March 2021). "Online Testing in Higher Education Institutions During the Outbreak of COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities". In Arpaci, Ibrahim; Al-Emran, Mostafa; Al-Sharafi, Mohammed A.; Marques, Gonçalo (eds.). Emerging Technologies During the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Vol. 348. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 349–363. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67716-9_22. ISBN 978-3-030-67715-2. PMC 7980164. S2CID 232322223. Council of Europe Higher Education Series External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Higher education. Look up higher education in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Association for the Study of Higher Education American Educational Research Association World Bank Tertiary Education Preceded byGrade 12/Grade 13 Higher education age varies (usually 18–22) Succeeded byGraduate school Higher education by region vteHigher education in Africa Sovereign states Algeria Angola Benin Botswana Burkina Faso Burundi Cameroon Cape Verde Central African Republic Chad Comoros Democratic Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo Djibouti Egypt Equatorial Guinea Eritrea Eswatini Ethiopia Gabon The Gambia Ghana Guinea Guinea-Bissau Ivory Coast Kenya Lesotho Liberia Libya Madagascar Malawi Mali Mauritania Mauritius Morocco Mozambique Namibia Niger Nigeria Rwanda São Tomé and Príncipe Senegal Seychelles Sierra Leone Somalia South Africa South Sudan Sudan Tanzania Togo Tunisia Uganda Zambia Zimbabwe States with limitedrecognition Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic Somaliland Dependencies andother territories Canary Islands / Ceuta / Melilla (Spain) Madeira (Portugal) Mayotte / Réunion (France) Saint Helena / Ascension Island / Tristan da Cunha (United Kingdom) vteHigher education in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteHigher education in Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands North Macedonia Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom States with limitedrecognition Abkhazia Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies andother entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard vteHigher education in North America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Bahamas Barbados Belize Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Trinidad and Tobago United States Dependencies andother territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten Turks and Caicos Islands United States Virgin Islands vteHigher education in OceaniaSovereign states Australia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Kiribati Marshall Islands Nauru New Zealand Palau Papua New Guinea Samoa Solomon Islands Tonga Tuvalu Vanuatu Associated statesof New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Dependenciesand other territories American Samoa Christmas Island Clipperton Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Easter Island French Polynesia Guam Hawaii New Caledonia Norfolk Island Northern Mariana Islands Pitcairn Islands Tokelau Wallis and Futuna vteHigher education in South AmericaSovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies andother territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands vteSchool typesBy educational stageEarly childhood Preschool Pre-kindergarten Kindergarten Primary First school Infant school Junior school Primary school / Elementary school Secondary Adult high school Cadet college College-preparatory school Collegiate institute Comprehensive high school Comprehensive school Continuation high school Grammar school Gymnasium Hauptschule Lyceum Maths school Minor seminary Secondary school / High school Sixth form college Studio school University technical college Upper school Tertiary Professional school Technical school Vocational school Higher Academy College Community college Graduate school Institute of technology Junior college Liberal arts college Research university Residential college Seminary University Collegiate Upper division college Vocational university Combined All-through school Middle school One-room school Ranch school By funding / eligibility Academy (England) Charter school Community day school Comprehensive school (British) For-profit education Free education Free school (England) Institute Private school UK private school preparatory public University private public international Selective school Separate school Sink school Specialist school (United Kingdom) State or public school State-integrated school (New Zealand) By style / purpose Alternative school Democratic education Anarchistic free school Sudbury school International school Magnet school Music school Single-sex education Specialist school Vocal school Progressive Free school movement Folk high school Laboratory school Montessori school Waldorf school Religious Bible college Catholic school Christian school Female seminary Gurukula Parochial school Madrasa Yeshiva By location Boarding school Day school Distance education Homeschooling Prison education Virtual school By scope College preparatory Compensatory education Compulsory education Continuing education Further education Gifted education Inclusive education Remedial education Special education Historical Ancient higher-learning institutions Platonic Academy Lyceum Monastic school Cathedral school Medieval university Schools imposed onindigenous peoples in Canada in New Zealand in South Africa in the United States Informal or illegal in Ireland in Greece in South Tyrol Related topics K–12 Educational institution Schools portal Category Commons vteStages of formal educationEarly childhood educationPrimary educationSecondary educationTertiary education Preschool→Kindergarten→ Primary school→ Infant→Junior→ Secondary school→ Middle school→High school→ Higher education VocationalFurther(Continuing) Undergraduate→Postgraduate Portal Authority control databases National Israel United States Latvia Japan Czech Republic Other NARA	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higher Education (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Higher Learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Learning"},{"link_name":"Higher learning 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Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education"},{"link_name":"further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"}],"text":"For other uses, see Higher Education (disambiguation).\"Higher learning\" redirects here. For the film, see Higher Learning. For other uses, see Higher learning (disambiguation).Harvard University, founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1636, is the oldest higher education institution in the United States and routinely ranked as one of the best universities in the world.Higher education is tertiary education leading to the award of an academic degree. Higher education, which makes up a component of post-secondary, third-level, or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. It represents levels 5, 6, 7, and 8 of the 2011 version of the International Standard Classification of Education structure. Tertiary education at a nondegree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education.","title":"Higher education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"international human rights instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_human_rights_instruments"},{"link_name":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Convention_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"right to education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_to_education"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. The UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that \"higher education shall be made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education\".[1] In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education.[2]","title":"The right of access to higher education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:20160512_GCC_Graduation_(26887523562).jpg"},{"link_name":"Germanna Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanna_Community_College"},{"link_name":"tertiary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"formal learning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_learning"},{"link_name":"secondary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_education"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universities"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colleges"},{"link_name":"polytechnics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"International Standard Classification of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education"},{"link_name":"1997 version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education#1997_version"},{"link_name":"2011 version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISCED#2011_version"},{"link_name":"tertiary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"primary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"basic education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_education"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"high school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_school_(North_America)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"A post-secondary graduate receives a diploma during a graduation ceremony at Germanna Community College in Virginia.Higher education, also called post-secondary education, third-level or tertiary education, is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after completion of secondary education. This consists of universities, colleges and polytechnics that offer formal degrees beyond high school or secondary school education.The International Standard Classification of Education in 1997 initially classified all tertiary education together in the 1997 version of its schema. They were referred to as level 5 and doctoral studies at level 6. In 2011, this was refined and expanded in the 2011 version of the structure. Higher education at undergraduate level, masters and doctoral level became levels 6, 7, and 8. Nondegree level tertiary education, sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education was reordered as level 4, with level 5 for some higher courses.[3]In the days when few pupils progressed beyond primary education or basic education, the term \"higher education\" was often used to refer to secondary education, which can create some confusion.[note 1] This is the origin of the term high school for various schools for children between the ages of 14 and 18 (United States) or 11 and 18 (United Kingdom and Australia).[4]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Deakin_University_Burwood_Campus.jpg"},{"link_name":"Deakin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deakin_University"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"academies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy"},{"link_name":"colleges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College"},{"link_name":"seminaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"conservatories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_of_music"},{"link_name":"institutes of technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_technology"},{"link_name":"vocational schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_school"},{"link_name":"Tertiary education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertiary_education"},{"link_name":"further education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Further_education"},{"link_name":"continuing education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuing_education"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"medical schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_school"},{"link_name":"dental schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_school"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"undergraduate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undergraduate_education"},{"link_name":"graduate-level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postgraduate_education"},{"link_name":"graduate school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_school"},{"link_name":"critical thinking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical_thinking"},{"link_name":"teamworking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teamwork"},{"link_name":"information literacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_literacy"},{"link_name":"ethical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics"},{"link_name":"decision-making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision-making"},{"link_name":"problem solving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_solving"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Providers","text":"Deakin University, one of Australia's 43 universitiesIn the U.S., higher education is provided by universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, conservatories, and institutes of technology, and certain college-level institutions, including vocational schools, universities of applied sciences, trade schools, and other career-based colleges that award degrees. Tertiary education at a nondegree level is sometimes referred to as further education or continuing education as distinct from higher education.[5][6]Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work, as exists in medical schools and dental schools, and social services activities of universities.[7]Within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level (or postgraduate level). The latter level of education is often referred to as graduate school, especially in North America. In addition to the skills that are specific to any particular degree, potential employers in any profession are looking for evidence of critical thinking and analytical reasoning skills, teamworking skills, information literacy, ethical judgment, decision-making skills, fluency in speaking and writing, problem solving skills, and a wide knowledge of liberal arts and sciences.[8]","title":"Definition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archiginnasio-bologna02.png"},{"link_name":"Bologna University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna_University"},{"link_name":"world's oldest university in continuous operation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"University of Naples Federico II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Naples_Federico_II"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"doctors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_(title)"},{"link_name":"Egyptian papyri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ancient_Egyptian_papyri"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Plato's Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato%27s_Academy"},{"link_name":"Aristotle's Lyceum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyceum_(classical)"},{"link_name":"Alexandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria"},{"link_name":"Ptolemies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemies"},{"link_name":"South Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Asia"},{"link_name":"Taxila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxila"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Nalanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nalanda"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"Han dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Han_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Five Confucean Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_Books_and_Five_Classics"},{"link_name":"Taixue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taixue"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Theodosius II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosius_II"},{"link_name":"Pandidakterion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandidakterion"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Records"},{"link_name":"University of al-Qarawiyyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_al-Qarawiyyin"},{"link_name":"Fez, Morocco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fez,_Morocco"},{"link_name":"oldest existing continually operating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"University of Ez-Zitouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Ez-Zitouna"},{"link_name":"Tunis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunis"},{"link_name":"University of Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bologna"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topuniversities-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt_Janin_2008-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridder-Symoens_1992-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ridder-Symoens_1992-23"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-topuniversities-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunt_Janin_2008-22"}],"text":"Bologna University in Italy, established in 1088 A.D., is the world's oldest university in continuous operation.Established in 1224 by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, University of Naples Federico II in Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.[9][10]The oldest known institutions of higher education are credited to Dynastic Egypt, with Pr-Anx (houses of life) built as libraries and scriptoriums, containing works on law, architecture, mathematics, and medicine, and involved in the training of \"swnw\" and \"swnwt\" (male and female doctors); extant Egyptian papyri from the 3rd millennia BC are in several collections.[11]In the Greek world, Plato's Academy (c. 387 - 86 BC), Aristotle's Lyceum (c. 334 - 86 BC) and other philosophical-mathematical schools became models for other establishments, particularly in Alexandria of Egypt, under the Ptolemies.In South Asia, the city of Taxila[when?], later the great Buddhist monastery of Nalanda (c. 427 - 1197 CE), attracted students and professors even from distant regions.[12]In China, the Han dynasty established chairs to teach the Five Confucean Classics, in the Grand School, Taixue (c. 3 - 1905 CE), to train cadres for the imperial administration.[13][14] All these higher-learning institutions became models for other schools within their sphere of cultural influence.[15]In 425 CE, the Byzantine emperor Theodosius II innovated as he established the Pandidakterion, with a faculty of 31 professors, to train public servants. In the 7th and 8th centuries, \"cathedral schools\" were created in Western Europe. Meanwhile, the first Medresahs were founded in the Moslem empire – initially mere primary schools in the premises of major mosques, which gradually evolved toward secondary, later higher education. However high the intellectual level of these schools could be, it would be anachronistic to call them \"universities\". Their organization and purposes were markedly different from the corporations of students and teachers, independent from both the Church and the State, which established themselves from the 12th century in Western Europe as Universitas Studiorum.[citation needed]According to UNESCO and Guinness World Records, the University of al-Qarawiyyin in Fez, Morocco is the oldest existing continually operating higher educational institution in the world.[16][17] and is occasionally referred to as the oldest university by scholars.[18] Undoubtedly, there are older institutions of higher education, for example, the University of Ez-Zitouna in Montfleury, Tunis, was first established in 737. The University of Bologna, Italy, founded in 1088, is the world's oldest university in continuous operation,[19][20][21][22][23] and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation.[22][19][20][21]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"economies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Simkovic-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OECD-29"}],"sub_title":"20th century","text":"Since World War II, developed and many developing countries have increased the participation of the age group who mostly studies higher education from the elite rate, of up to 15 per cent, to the mass rate of 16 to 50 per cent.[24][25] In many developed countries, participation in higher education has continued to increase towards universal or, what Trow later called, open access, where over half of the relevant age group participate in higher education.[26] Higher education is important to national economies, both as an industry, in its own right, and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. College educated workers have commanded a measurable wage premium and are much less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers.[27][28]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"grade inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grade_inflation"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"graduate unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_unemployment"},{"link_name":"underemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Underemployment"},{"link_name":"overqualification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overqualification"},{"link_name":"educational inflation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_inflation"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_education#Higher_education"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"higher education in the US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qatari_involvement_in_higher_education_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"21st century","text":"In recent years, universities have been criticized for permitting or actively encouraging grade inflation.[29][30] Also, the supply of graduates in many fields of study is exceeding the demand for their skills, aggravating graduate unemployment, underemployment, overqualification and educational inflation.[31][32] Some commentators have suggested that the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education is rapidly making certain aspects of the traditional higher education system obsolete.[33] The involvement and funding by foreign regimes in higher education in the US and Europe raised concerns regarding the erosion of democratic norms and hate speech on campuses.[34][better source needed][35]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReportOECD-37"}],"text":"A 2014 report by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development states that by 2014, 84 percent of young people were completing upper secondary education over their lifetimes, in high-income countries. Tertiary-educated individuals were earning twice as much as median workers. In contrast to historical trends in education, young women were more likely to complete upper secondary education than young men. Additionally, access to education was expanding and growth in the number of people receiving university education was rising sharply. By 2014, close to 40 percent of people aged 25–34 (and around 25 percent of those aged 55–64), were being educated at university.[36]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lisbon Recognition Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon_Recognition_Convention"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Recognition of studies","text":"The Lisbon Recognition Convention stipulates that degrees and periods of study must be recognised in all of the Signatory Parties of the convention.[37]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"National Union of Teachers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Union_of_Teachers"},{"link_name":"Lord Eustace Percy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Eustace_Percy"}],"text":"^ For example, Higher Education: General and Technical, a 1933 National Union of Teachers pamphlet by Lord Eustace Percy, which is actually about secondary education and uses the two terms interchangeably.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cham, Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cham,_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Springer Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Nature"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/978-3-030-67716-9_22","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-67716-9_22"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-030-67715-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-67715-2"},{"link_name":"PMC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"7980164","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7980164"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"232322223","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:232322223"},{"link_name":"Council of Europe Higher Education Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.coe.int/en/web/higher-education-and-research/publications"}],"text":"Alkamel, Mohammed Adulkareem A.; Chouthaiwale, Santosh S.; Yassin, Amr Abdullatif; AlAjmi, Qasim; Albaadany, Hanan Yahia (March 2021). \"Online Testing in Higher Education Institutions During the Outbreak of COVID-19: Challenges and Opportunities\". In Arpaci, Ibrahim; Al-Emran, Mostafa; Al-Sharafi, Mohammed A.; Marques, Gonçalo (eds.). Emerging Technologies During the Era of COVID-19 Pandemic. Studies in Systems, Decision and Control. Vol. 348. Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature. pp. 349–363. doi:10.1007/978-3-030-67716-9_22. ISBN 978-3-030-67715-2. PMC 7980164. S2CID 232322223.\nCouncil of Europe Higher Education Series","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Harvard University, founded in Cambridge, Massachusetts in 1636, is the oldest higher education institution in the United States and routinely ranked as one of the best universities in the world.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Harvard_Yard_in_autumn%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts%2C_2015.jpg/220px-Harvard_Yard_in_autumn%2C_Boston%2C_Massachusetts%2C_2015.jpg"},{"image_text":"A post-secondary graduate receives a diploma during a graduation ceremony at Germanna Community College in Virginia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/20160512_GCC_Graduation_%2826887523562%29.jpg/220px-20160512_GCC_Graduation_%2826887523562%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Deakin University, one of Australia's 43 universities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Deakin_University_Burwood_Campus.jpg/220px-Deakin_University_Burwood_Campus.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bologna University in Italy, established in 1088 A.D., is the world's oldest university in continuous operation.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/220px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png"},{"image_text":"Established in 1224 by Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, University of Naples Federico II in Italy is the world's oldest state-funded university in continuous operation.[9][10]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg/220px-ChiostroPietroMartireNapoli.jpg"}]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diploma_icon.png"},{"title":"Education portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Education"},{"title":"Category:Higher education by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Higher_education_by_country"},{"title":"List of higher education associations and alliances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_higher_education_associations_and_alliances"},{"title":"College and university rankings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_and_university_rankings"},{"title":"Governance in higher education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governance_in_higher_education"},{"title":"Graduation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduation"},{"title":"Higher education accreditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_accreditation"},{"title":"Higher education bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_bubble"},{"title":"Higher education policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_education_policy"},{"title":"Higher Education Price Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Higher_Education_Price_Index"},{"title":"Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute"},{"title":"UnCollege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UnCollege"},{"title":"Hochschule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule"},{"title":"League of European Research Universities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_European_Research_Universities"},{"title":"Technical and Further Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technical_and_Further_Education"}]	[{"reference":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . 1966 – via Wikisource.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Rights#Article_13","url_text":"International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource","url_text":"Wikisource"}]},{"reference":"\"Protocol No. 1 to the Convention - Toolkit\". Council of Europe. Archived from the original on 2023-03-27. Retrieved 2023-03-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coe.int/en/web/echr-toolkit/protocole-1","url_text":"\"Protocol No. 1 to the Convention - Toolkit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Europe","url_text":"Council of Europe"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230327204051/https://www.coe.int/en/web/echr-toolkit/protocole-1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"high school\". Cambridge Dictionary. Archived from the original on 2021-02-27. Retrieved 2021-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/high-school","url_text":"\"high school\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210227115551/https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/high-school","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Difference Between Continuing Education and Professional Development\". Columbia Southern University. April 1, 2021. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. Retrieved 17 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211017101746/https://www.columbiasouthern.edu/blog/april-2021/continuing-education-and-professional-development/","url_text":"\"The Difference Between Continuing Education and Professional Development\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Southern_University","url_text":"Columbia Southern University"},{"url":"https://www.columbiasouthern.edu/blog/april-2021/continuing-education-and-professional-development/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"6 Reasons Why Continuing Education Is Important\". Western Governors University. April 26, 2019. Archived from the original on 17 October 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Regiment_of_Horse_Rangers	Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers	["1 References","2 External links"]	Georgia Regiment of Horse RangersActive1776–1781AllegianceContinental Congress of the United StatesTypeDragoonsPart ofGeorgia LineEngagementsSavannah and CharlestonMilitary unit vteAmerican Revolutionary War units of the United States Continental Army List of Continental units Units by state Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Vermont Virginia Non-state units Extra and Additional regiments Armand's Legion Pulaski's Legion Lee's Legion Ottendorf's Corps Commander-in-Chief's Guard State militia List of state units The Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers were Georgia State troops that became part of the Georgia Line of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. The 1st and 2nd Troops of Georgia Horse were authorized on January 1, 1776, and were organized that spring in Savannah, Georgia. They were expanded to include the 3rd and 4th Troops of Georgia Horse, and on July 24, 1776 the four troops were adopted into the Continental Army and assigned to the Southern Department. They were re-designated as the Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers and expanded to ten troops. On January 1, 1777 they were re-organized to consist of twelve troops. The regiment saw action in Florida (1777) and at the Siege of Savannah (1779). The Regiment was captured by the British Army, along with most of the rest of the American Southern Army, after the Siege of Charleston on May 12, 1780. The Regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781. References ^ "Georgia Regiments in the Continental Army". Retrieved 19 June 2019. External links Bibliography of the Continental Army in Georgia compiled by the United States Army Center of Military History	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:US_Revolutionary_units"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:US_Revolutionary_units"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_Revolutionary_units"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"List of Continental units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Continental_Army_units"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Line"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware_Line"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_Line"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Line"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_Line"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Line"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey_Line"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Line"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina_Line"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhode_Island_Line"},{"link_name":"South Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Line"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Mountain_Boys"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Line"},{"link_name":"Extra and Additional regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extra_Continental_regiments_and_Additional_Continental_regiments"},{"link_name":"Armand's Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armand%27s_Legion"},{"link_name":"Pulaski's Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulaski%27s_Legion"},{"link_name":"Lee's Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee%27s_Legion"},{"link_name":"Ottendorf's Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottendorf%27s_Corps"},{"link_name":"Commander-in-Chief's Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander-in-Chief%27s_Guard"},{"link_name":"State militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"List of state units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_United_States_militia_units_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Savannah, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah,_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Southern Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_the_Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"Siege of Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"Siege of Charleston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Military unitvteAmerican Revolutionary War units of the United States\nContinental Army\nList of Continental units\nUnits by state\nConnecticut\nDelaware\nGeorgia\nMaryland\nMassachusetts\nNew Hampshire\nNew Jersey\nNew York\nNorth Carolina\nPennsylvania\nRhode Island\nSouth Carolina\nVermont\nVirginia\nNon-state units\nExtra and Additional regiments\nArmand's Legion\nPulaski's Legion\nLee's Legion\nOttendorf's Corps\nCommander-in-Chief's Guard\n\nState militia\nList of state unitsThe Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers were Georgia State troops that became part of the Georgia Line of the Continental Army during the American Revolution. The 1st and 2nd Troops of Georgia Horse were authorized on January 1, 1776, and were organized that spring in Savannah, Georgia. They were expanded to include the 3rd and 4th Troops of Georgia Horse, and on July 24, 1776 the four troops were adopted into the Continental Army and assigned to the Southern Department. They were re-designated as the Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers and expanded to ten troops. On January 1, 1777 they were re-organized to consist of twelve troops. The regiment saw action in Florida (1777) and at the Siege of Savannah (1779). The Regiment was captured by the British Army, along with most of the rest of the American Southern Army, after the Siege of Charleston on May 12, 1780. The Regiment was disbanded on January 1, 1781.[1]","title":"Georgia Regiment of Horse Rangers"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Georgia Regiments in the Continental Army\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Awareness_Day	Intersex Awareness Day	["1 History","2 Observance","3 Notable observances","3.1 2013","3.2 2014","3.3 2015","3.4 2016","3.5 2017","3.6 2018","3.7 2019","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Awareness day observed annually on October 26 Intersex Awareness DayObserved byIntersex community, LGBT communities & alliesTypeInternationalDateOctober 26FrequencyannualFirst time2003Related toIntersex Day of Remembrance - November 8 Intersex topics Human rights and legal issues Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics (legal term) Yogyakarta Principles Medicine and biology Disorders of sex development Genetic diagnosis Definitions Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Quigley scale Sexual differentiation more... Society and culture Endosex (antonym) Civil society organizations Fictional characters‎ Films Flag Intersex and LGBT Literature People Religion Military US Researchers Sex verification in sports Television History and events History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum Rights by country Argentina Australia Canada Chile China Colombia France Germany Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Uganda United Kingdom United States See also Hermaphrodite Children's rights Genital modification and mutilation Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Anti-gender movement Non-binary Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Medical ethics Rights Sex Sex differences vte Intersex Awareness Day is an internationally observed awareness day each October 26, designed to highlight human rights issues faced by intersex people. History The event marks the first public demonstration by intersex people in North America, on October 26, 1996, outside the venue in Boston where the American Academy of Pediatrics was holding its annual conference. Intersex activists Morgan Holmes and Max Beck participated for the (now-defunct) Intersex Society of North America, alongside allies from Transsexual Menace including Riki Wilchins. Holmes has written that the event was intended not as a demonstration but as participation in the conference. She states that Beck and Holmes had intended to deliver an address, "on long-term outcomes and to challenge their still-prevailing opinion that cosmetic surgery to "fix" intersexed genitals was the best course of action", but were "met, officially, with hostility and were escorted out of the conference by security guards". The group only later demonstrated, carrying a sign saying "Hermaphrodites With Attitude". The commemoration day itself began in 2003 with the establishment of a central awareness raising site by Betsy Driver and Emi Koyama. A central awareness raising site was later re-established in 2015 by Morgan Carpenter with Laura Inter of Brújula Intersexual, and support from Open Society Foundations. Observance Intersex Awareness Day is an international day of grass-roots action to end shame, secrecy and unwanted genital cosmetic surgeries on intersex children. The day also provides an opportunity for reflection and political action. Between October 26 and November 8, intersex organizations bring attention to the challenges intersex individuals face, culminating in the Intersex Day of Remembrance on November 8, the birthday of Herculine Barbin, also sometimes known as Intersex Solidarity Day. Notable observances 2013 On Friday 25 October 2013, the day before Intersex Awareness Day that year, the Australian Senate published a report on an inquiry titled the Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia. On 11 November 2014, the New South Wales Legislative Council in Australia passed a motion marking Intersex Awareness Day and calling on the State government to "work with the Australian Government to implement the recommendations" of the 2013 Senate committee report. 2014 For Intersex Awareness Day 2014, the Senate of the German Land of Berlin issued a statement calling for self-determination for intersex people. Also in 2014, the Human Rights Commission of Mexico City, Distrito Federal, held a visibility event on intersex issues. 2015 In 2015, institutional events included the launch of an Intersex Human Rights Fund by Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice, and a motion submitted to New South Wales Legislative Assembly in Australia by Greens MP Jenny Leong. A lawsuit was filed by Dana Zzyym of the Intersex Campaign for Equality, with Lambda Legal, suing the United States Department of State for legal gender recognition on their passport as nonbinary and intersex. BuzzFeed reported that over 4.2 million people saw personal stories posted on social media in an action coordinated by activist Pidgeon Pagonis. 2016 In 2016, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights launched an awareness website, while UN experts, including the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, along with the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and United Nations Special Rapporteurs called for an urgent end to human rights violations against intersex persons, including in medical settings. Multiple governmental bodies made statements, alongside many civil society organizations. Official recognition included statements by the United States Department of State and Australian Human Rights Commission also made statements, The South African government acknowledged a need for action to prevent human rights violations, and there was a first event in Kenya. In June 2017, the State Department statement was cited in a policy paper by Joycelyn Elders, David Satcher, and Richard Carmona, three former Surgeons General of the United States, calling for a rethink of early genital surgeries on children with intersex traits. 2017 Australians held an intersex awareness day event in their national parliament. The American Academy of Pediatrics issued a statement for Intersex Awareness Day, 21 years after a demonstration outside its conference that is now marked by the Day. The State Department issued a statement recognizing violence of forced medical practices. 2018 In 2018, OII Europe, ILGA-Europe and the European Parents' Association published a multilingual guide to parenting intersex children. US advocates wrote about proposals to define gender strictly in accordance with genitalia observed at birth. This was accompanied by news reports on children who have not undergone intersex medical interventions. Australian intersex organizations held parliamentary meetings, and awarded the 'Darling Award' to the National LGBTI Health Alliance to recognize work beyond affirmation of the Darlington Statement, a regional community declaration. 2019 On October 25, the intersex flag was raised at London City Hall, Ontario, Canada for the first time ever. The spire of Arts Centre in Melbourne was colored in colors of intersex flag, to celebrate the day. See also Intersex Day of Remembrance Intersex human rights References ^ a b c d e f Driver, Betsy (14 October 2015). "The origins of Intersex Awareness Day". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24. ^ "Intersex Awareness Day". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2012. ^ a b "Intersex Awareness Day, 2013". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 26 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013. ^ a b "The 14 days of intersex". Star Observer. 25 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012. ^ a b c Holmes, Morgan (17 October 2015). "When Max Beck and Morgan Holmes went to Boston". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24. ^ Holmes, Morgan (2006). "Deciding fate or protecting a developing autonomy? Intersex children and the Colombian Constitutional Court". Transgender Rights. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 32–50. ^ Beck, Max. "Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. Retrieved 2015-10-24. ^ Mitchell, Mani (October 21, 2015). "International Intersex Awareness Day 2015". Intersex Trust Aotearoa New Zealand. Archived from the original on December 11, 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24. ^ Carpenter, Morgan (3 November 2015). "About Intersex Day; evaluating the project". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-05. ^ "Celebrate Intersex Awareness Day: October 26, 2004". Egale Canada. Archived from the original on 24 July 2018. Retrieved 11 October 2012. ^ "So, It's Intersex Awareness Day and What Have We Done?". The Interface Project. Archived from the original on 12 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014. ^ "Why Intersex Awareness Day is important". Star Observer. 24 October 2014. Archived from the original on 1 December 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014. ^ a b "Legislative Council, Minutes Of Proceedings, No. 16, Tuesday 11 November 2014". New South Wales Legislative Council. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 12 December 2014. ^ "Intersex: Myths and Realities". Transfaith Online. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. Retrieved 11 October 2012. ^ "GUEST POST: October 26 is Intersex Awareness Day". GLAAD. 26 October 2013. Archived from the original on 27 December 2013. ^ "Am 8. November ist Inter*sex Solidarity Day". IVIM/OII Germany (in German). 26 October 2013. Archived from the original on 26 December 2013. ^ Australian Senate (25 October 2013). "Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia". Archived from the original on 23 September 2015. ^ "NSW Legislative Council motion marking Intersex Awareness Day, 2014". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 11 November 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014. ^ Senate of the Land of Berlin, Germany (24 October 2014). "Intersex Awareness Day: Senat fördert Angebote für intergeschlechtliche Menschen" (in German). Archived from the original on 4 November 2014. ^ Human Rights Commission of Mexico City, Distrito Federal (October 2014). "Forum: "Inter visibilidad, Visibility intersex"". Archived from the original on 2014-11-04. ^ Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice (October 25, 2015), Astraea Launches the World's First Intersex Human Rights Fund, archived from the original on December 8, 2015, retrieved December 5, 2015 ^ Intersex Day (26 October 2015). "Motion introduced into NSW State Parliament". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2015-12-05. ^ Lambda Legal (October 26, 2015). "Lambda Legal Sues U.S. State Department on Behalf of Intersex Citizen Denied Passport". Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. ^ Rein, Lisa (October 27, 2015). "Intersex applicants face passport discrimination, says lawsuit seeking option other than 'M' or 'F'". Washington Post. Archived from the original on December 9, 2015. ^ Karlan, Sarah (October 28, 2015). "People Took To Twitter To Share Their Deeply Personal #IntersexStories". Buzzfeed. Archived from the original on May 13, 2017. ^ "United Nations for Intersex Awareness". October 2016. Archived from the original on 2016-11-12. ^ Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (October 24, 2016), End violence and harmful medical practices on intersex children and adults, UN and regional experts urge, archived from the original on November 21, 2016 ^ Radcliffe, Charles (October 24, 2016). "Intersex Ed at the UN". The Huffington Post. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. Retrieved 2016-10-26. ^ "Intersex Day". October 2016. ^ "Intersex Awareness Day". Interact Advocates for Intersex Youth. October 26, 2016. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. ^ "Intersex Awareness Day news round-up". Organisation Intersex International Australia . October 29, 2016. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. ^ Department Of State (October 26, 2016). "In Recognition of Intersex Awareness Day". ^ Santow, Ed (October 26, 2016). "Intersex rights are human rights". Australian Human Rights Commission. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. ^ Wade, Matthew (2016-10-26). "The importance of ending harmful surgeries on intersex children in Australia". Star Observer. Archived from the original on 2016-10-27. Retrieved 2016-10-26. ^ "Iranti.org: South Africa and the rights of intersex children". Intersex Day. October 26, 2016. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. ^ Collison, Carl (October 27, 2016). "SA joins the global fight to stop unnecessary genital surgery on intersex babies". Mail & Guardian. Archived from the original on October 30, 2016. ^ "Nairobi, Kenya: walk for recognition". Intersex Day. October 21, 2016. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ Elders, M Joycelyn; Satcher, David; Carmona, Richard (June 2017). "Re-Thinking Genital Surgeries on Intersex Infants" (PDF). Palm Center. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-28. ^ Weiss, Suzannah (June 30, 2017). "These Doctors Want Us To Stop Pathologizing Intersex People". Refinery29. Archived from the original on July 1, 2017. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ Power, Shannon (June 29, 2017). "'Stunning victory' as US Surgeons General call for an end to intersex surgery". Gay Star News. Archived from the original on July 12, 2017. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ "Parliamentary Friendship Group breakfast for Intersex Awareness Day". Intersex Human Rights Australia. October 11, 2017. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ "American Academy of Pediatrics statement on Intersex Awareness Day". Intersex Day. October 27, 2017. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ "US State Department message of solidarity". Intersex Day. October 27, 2017. Retrieved 2018-11-17. ^ Nauert, Heather (October 26, 2017). "In Recognition of Intersex Awareness Day". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ OII Europe; IGLYO; European Parents' Association (October 26, 2018), Supporting your intersex child - A parents' toolkit, retrieved 2018-11-16 ^ Weigel, Alicia Roth (October 23, 2018). "Intersex, and Erased Again". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ Compton, Julie (October 24, 2018). "'You can't undo surgery': More parents of intersex babies are rejecting operations". NBC News. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ Wade, Matthew (October 26, 2018). "Intersex allies in Australia recognised with 'Darling Award'". Star Observer. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ Intersex Human Rights Australia (October 26, 2018). "Intersex Awareness Day, 2018". Intersex Human Rights Australia. Retrieved 2018-11-16. ^ "Intersex flag at City Hall celebrates milestones". www.theinterrobang.ca. Retrieved 2021-09-15. ^ "How this Ontario organization is raising awareness of intersex rights". TVO.org. Retrieved 2021-09-15. ^ Arcuri, Dean (2019-10-26). "Arts Centre Melbourne spire lights up for Intersex Awareness Day". Star Observer. Retrieved 2021-09-15. External links Intersex Day vteIntersexHuman rights and legal issues Compulsory sterilization Discrimination Human rights reports Legal recognition Malta declaration Medical interventions Sex assignment Sex characteristics (legal term) Yogyakarta Principles Medicine and biology Disorders of sex development Genetic diagnosis Hermaphrodite Medical interventions history Orchidometer Phall-O-Meter Prader scale Quigley scale Sexual differentiation Society and culture Endosex (antonym) Civil society organizations Fictional characters‎ Films Gender system Guevedoce Flag Intersex and LGBT Literature Military service People Religion Judaism Androgynos Tumtum Researchers Sex verification in sports Television History and events History of surgery timeline Intersex Awareness Day Intersex Day of Remembrance International Intersex Forum Rights by country Argentina Australia Canada Chile China Colombia France Germany Kenya Malta Mexico Nepal New Zealand South Africa Spain Switzerland Taiwan Uganda United Kingdom United States military See also Children's rights Disability rights Gender LGBT Androgyny Non-binary gender Non-binary recognition Queer theory Third gender Transgender Sex differences in humans Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internationally observed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_secular_observances#October"},{"link_name":"awareness day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awareness_day"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-driver-1"},{"link_name":"human rights issues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IAD_1-2"}],"text":"Intersex Awareness Day is an internationally observed awareness day each October 26,[1] designed to highlight human rights issues faced by intersex people.[2]","title":"Intersex Awareness Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Academy of Pediatrics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Academy_of_Pediatrics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oiia2013-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star_Online_1-4"},{"link_name":"Morgan Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Holmes"},{"link_name":"Max Beck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Beck"},{"link_name":"Intersex Society of North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Society_of_North_America"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-driver-1"},{"link_name":"Riki Wilchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riki_Wilchins"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes2006-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-holmes-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-driver-1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Betsy Driver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Driver"},{"link_name":"Emi Koyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emi_Koyama"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-driver-1"},{"link_name":"awareness raising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raising_awareness"},{"link_name":"Morgan Carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Carpenter"},{"link_name":"Brújula Intersexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%BAjula_Intersexual"},{"link_name":"Open Society Foundations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Society_Foundations"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The event marks the first public demonstration by intersex people in North America, on October 26, 1996, outside the venue in Boston where the American Academy of Pediatrics was holding its annual conference.[3][4] Intersex activists Morgan Holmes and Max Beck participated for the (now-defunct) Intersex Society of North America,[5][1] alongside allies from Transsexual Menace including Riki Wilchins.[5] Holmes has written that the event was intended not as a demonstration but as participation in the conference. She states that Beck and Holmes had intended to deliver an address, \"on long-term outcomes and to challenge their still-prevailing opinion that cosmetic surgery to \"fix\" intersexed genitals was the best course of action\", but were \"met, officially, with hostility and were escorted out of the conference by security guards\".[6][5] The group only later demonstrated, carrying a sign saying \"Hermaphrodites With Attitude\".[7]The commemoration day itself began in 2003[1][8] with the establishment of a central awareness raising site by Betsy Driver and Emi Koyama.[1] A central awareness raising site was later re-established in 2015 by Morgan Carpenter with Laura Inter of Brújula Intersexual, and support from Open Society Foundations.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shame"},{"link_name":"genital cosmetic surgeries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oiia2013-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Egale_Canada_1-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"political action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Political_action"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsw-13"},{"link_name":"intersex organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_intersex_organizations"},{"link_name":"intersex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex"},{"link_name":"Intersex Day of Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Day_of_Remembrance"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Star_Online_1-4"},{"link_name":"Herculine Barbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herculine_Barbin"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Transfaith_1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Intersex Awareness Day is an international day of grass-roots action to end shame, secrecy and unwanted genital cosmetic surgeries on intersex children.[3][10] The day also provides an opportunity for reflection[11][12] and political action.[13] Between October 26 and November 8, intersex organizations bring attention to the challenges intersex individuals face, culminating in the Intersex Day of Remembrance[4] on November 8, the birthday of Herculine Barbin, also sometimes known as Intersex Solidarity Day.[14][15][16]","title":"Observance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notable observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australian Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Senate"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nsw-13"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"2013","text":"On Friday 25 October 2013, the day before Intersex Awareness Day that year, the Australian Senate published a report on an inquiry titled the Involuntary or coerced sterilisation of intersex people in Australia.[17] On 11 November 2014, the New South Wales Legislative Council in Australia passed a motion marking Intersex Awareness Day and calling on the State government to \"work with the Australian Government to implement the recommendations\" of the 2013 Senate committee report.[13][18]","title":"Notable observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-determination_theory"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"2014","text":"For Intersex Awareness Day 2014, the Senate of the German Land of Berlin issued a statement calling for self-determination for intersex people.[19] Also in 2014, the Human Rights Commission of Mexico City, Distrito Federal, held a visibility event on intersex issues.[20]","title":"Notable observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astraea_Lesbian_Foundation_for_Justice"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Jenny Leong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenny_Leong"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Dana Zzyym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dana_Zzyym"},{"link_name":"Intersex Campaign for Equality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Campaign_for_Equality"},{"link_name":"Lambda Legal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Legal"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"BuzzFeed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BuzzFeed"},{"link_name":"Pidgeon Pagonis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pidgeon_Pagonis"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"2015","text":"In 2015, institutional events included the launch of an Intersex Human Rights Fund by Astraea Lesbian Foundation for Justice,[21] and a motion submitted to New South Wales Legislative Assembly in Australia by Greens MP Jenny Leong.[22] A lawsuit was filed by Dana Zzyym of the Intersex Campaign for Equality, with Lambda Legal, suing the United States Department of State for legal gender recognition on their passport as nonbinary and intersex.[23][24] BuzzFeed reported that over 4.2 million people saw personal stories posted on social media in an action coordinated by activist Pidgeon Pagonis.[25]","title":"Notable observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Office_of_the_United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unfe-2016-26"},{"link_name":"Committee against Torture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Convention_against_Torture#Committee_against_Torture"},{"link_name":"Committee on the Rights of the Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child"},{"link_name":"Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities"},{"link_name":"Commissioner for Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioner_for_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"Inter-American Commission on Human Rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights"},{"link_name":"United Nations Special Rapporteurs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Special_Rapporteur"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-un-2016-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-radcliffe-2016-28"},{"link_name":"civil society organizations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_civil_society_organizations"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-interact-2016-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"United States Department of State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Australian Human Rights Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Human_Rights_Commission"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ahrc-2016-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wade-2016-34"},{"link_name":"South African","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_South_Africa"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collison-36"},{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"Joycelyn Elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joycelyn_Elders"},{"link_name":"David Satcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Satcher"},{"link_name":"Richard Carmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Carmona"},{"link_name":"Surgeons General of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surgeon_General_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elders2017-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"2016","text":"In 2016, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights launched an awareness website,[26] while UN experts, including the Committee against Torture, the Committee on the Rights of the Child and the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, along with the Council of Europe Commissioner for Human Rights, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights and United Nations Special Rapporteurs called for an urgent end to human rights violations against intersex persons, including in medical settings.[27][28]Multiple governmental bodies made statements, alongside many civil society organizations.[29][30][31] Official recognition included statements by the United States Department of State[32] and Australian Human Rights Commission[33][34] also made statements, The South African government acknowledged a need for action to prevent human rights violations,[35][36] and there was a first event in Kenya.[37]In June 2017, the State Department statement was cited in a policy paper by Joycelyn Elders, David Satcher, and Richard Carmona, three former Surgeons General of the United States, calling for a rethink of early genital surgeries on children with intersex traits.[38][39][40]","title":"Notable observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"State Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_State"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"sub_title":"2017","text":"Australians held an intersex awareness day event in their national parliament.[41] The American Academy of Pediatrics issued a statement for Intersex Awareness Day, 21 years after a demonstration outside its conference that is now marked by the Day.[42] The State Department issued a statement recognizing violence of forced medical practices.[43][44]","title":"Notable observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OII Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OII_Europe"},{"link_name":"ILGA-Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILGA-Europe"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"intersex medical interventions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_medical_interventions"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"National LGBTI Health Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_LGBTI_Health_Alliance"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"2018","text":"In 2018, OII Europe, ILGA-Europe and the European Parents' Association published a multilingual guide to parenting intersex children.[45] US advocates wrote about proposals to define gender strictly in accordance with genitalia observed at birth.[46] This was accompanied by news reports on children who have not undergone intersex medical interventions.[47] Australian intersex organizations held parliamentary meetings, and awarded the 'Darling Award' to the National LGBTI Health Alliance to recognize work beyond affirmation of the Darlington Statement, a regional community declaration.[48][49]","title":"Notable observances"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"sub_title":"2019","text":"On October 25, the intersex flag was raised at London City Hall, Ontario, Canada for the first time ever.[50][51]\nThe spire of Arts Centre in Melbourne was colored in colors of intersex flag, to celebrate the day.[52]","title":"Notable observances"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Intersex_Pride_Flag.svg/180px-Intersex_Pride_Flag.svg.png"}]	[{"title":"Intersex Day of Remembrance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_Day_of_Remembrance"},{"title":"Intersex human rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intersex_human_rights"}]	[{"reference":"Driver, Betsy (14 October 2015). \"The origins of Intersex Awareness Day\". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betsy_Driver","url_text":"Driver, Betsy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151020004155/http://intersexday.org/en/origin-intersex-awareness-day/","url_text":"\"The origins of Intersex Awareness Day\""},{"url":"http://intersexday.org/en/origin-intersex-awareness-day/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Intersex Awareness Day\". Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 11 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.intersex-awareness-day.org/","url_text":"\"Intersex Awareness Day\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726182123/http://www.intersex-awareness-day.org/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Intersex Awareness Day, 2013\". Organisation Intersex International Australia. 26 October 2013. Archived from the original on 21 December 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131221123054/http://oii.org.au/24002/intersex-awareness-day-2013/","url_text":"\"Intersex Awareness Day, 2013\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organisation_Intersex_International_Australia","url_text":"Organisation Intersex International Australia"},{"url":"http://oii.org.au/24002/intersex-awareness-day-2013/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The 14 days of intersex\". Star Observer. 25 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 June 2012. Retrieved 11 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.starobserver.com.au/opinion/2011/10/25/the-14-days-of-intersex/64300","url_text":"\"The 14 days of intersex\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Observer","url_text":"Star Observer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120622105212/http://www.starobserver.com.au/opinion/2011/10/25/the-14-days-of-intersex/64300","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Morgan (17 October 2015). \"When Max Beck and Morgan Holmes went to Boston\". Intersex Day. Archived from the original on 20 October 2015. Retrieved 2015-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Holmes","url_text":"Holmes, Morgan"},{"url":"http://intersexday.org/en/max-beck-morgan-holmes-boston-1996/","url_text":"\"When Max Beck and Morgan Holmes went to Boston\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151020004238/http://intersexday.org/en/max-beck-morgan-holmes-boston-1996/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Holmes, Morgan (2006). \"Deciding fate or protecting a developing autonomy? Intersex children and the Colombian Constitutional Court\". Transgender Rights. Minneapolis, Minnesota: University of Minnesota Press. pp. 32–50.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Holmes","url_text":"Holmes, Morgan"}]},{"reference":"Beck, Max. \"Hermaphrodites with Attitude Take to the Streets\". Intersex Society of North America. Archived from the original on 2015-10-05. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lust_and_Revenge	Lust and Revenge	["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"]	1996 Australian filmLust and RevengeDirected byPaul CoxWritten byPaul CoxJohn ClarkeStarringNicholas HopeGosia DobrowolskaClaudia KarvanRelease date 1996 (1996) CountryAustraliaLanguageEnglishBox officeA$170,000 (Australia) Lust and Revenge is a 1996 film directed by Paul Cox. It was shot in South Australia. Cast Nicholas Hope as Karl-Heinz Applebaum Gosia Dobrowolska as Cecilia Applebaum Claudia Karvan as Georgina Oliphant Victoria Eagger as Lily Carmichael Chris Haywood as George Oliphant Norman Kaye as Baba Charles Ulli Birvé as Anna Wendy Hughes as George's Advisor John Hargreaves as Gallery Sleaze References ^ "Australian Films at the Australian Box Office", Film Victoria Archived 9 February 2014 at the Wayback Machine accessed 13 November 2012 ^ Interview with Paul Cox for the SBS Movie Show accessed 15 November 2012 External links Lust and Revenge at IMDb Lust and Revenge at Urban Cinefile Lust and Revenge at Oz Movies Lust and Revenge at Paul Cox's website vteFilms directed by Paul CoxFeatures Illuminations (1976) Inside Looking Out (1977) Kostas (1979) Lonely Hearts (1982) Man of Flowers (1983) My First Wife (1984) Handle with Care (1985) (TV) Cactus (1986) Touch the Sun: The Gift (1988) (TV) Island (1989) Golden Braid (1990) A Woman's Tale (1991) The Nun and the Bandit (1992) Exile (1994) Lust and Revenge (1996) Molokai: The Story of Father Damien (1999) Innocence (2000) The Diaries of Vaslav Nijinsky (2001) Human Touch (2004) Salvation (2008) Documentaries Calcutta (1971) All Set Backstage (1974) We Are All Alone My Dear (1975) For a Child Called Michael (1979) The Kingdom of Nek Chand (1980) Underdog (1980) Death and Destiny (1984) Vincent (1987) The Hidden Dimension (1997) The Remarkable Mr. Kaye (2005) This article about a 1990s comedy-drama film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to an Australian film of the 1990s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"1996 Australian filmLust and Revenge is a 1996 film directed by Paul Cox. It was shot in South Australia.[2]","title":"Lust and Revenge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nicholas Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hope"},{"link_name":"Gosia Dobrowolska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosia_Dobrowolska"},{"link_name":"Claudia Karvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claudia_Karvan"},{"link_name":"Victoria Eagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Eagger"},{"link_name":"Chris Haywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Haywood"},{"link_name":"Norman Kaye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Kaye"},{"link_name":"Ulli Birvé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulli_Birv%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Wendy Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wendy_Hughes"},{"link_name":"John Hargreaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hargreaves_(actor)"}],"text":"Nicholas Hope as Karl-Heinz Applebaum\nGosia Dobrowolska as Cecilia Applebaum\nClaudia Karvan as Georgina Oliphant\nVictoria Eagger as Lily Carmichael\nChris Haywood as George Oliphant\nNorman Kaye as Baba Charles\nUlli Birvé as Anna\nWendy Hughes as George's Advisor\nJohn Hargreaves as Gallery Sleaze","title":"Cast"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.film.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/967/AA4_Aust_Box_office_report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Australian Films at the Australian Box Office\", Film Victoria"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140209075310/http://film.vic.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/967/AA4_Aust_Box_office_report.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.sbs.com.au/news/video/2072861080/Interview-with-Paul-Cox-director-of-Lust-and-Reven","external_links_name":"Interview with Paul Cox for the SBS Movie Show"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0116944/","external_links_name":"Lust and Revenge"},{"Link":"http://www.urbancinefile.com.au/home/view.asp?a=150&s=reviews","external_links_name":"Lust and Revenge"},{"Link":"https://www.ozmovies.com.au/movie/lust-and-revenge","external_links_name":"Lust and Revenge"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20121230170036/http://www.paulcox.com.au/site/item.cfm?item=5FD4BA1BC29F442E6FBCFDFCD4DDC92D","external_links_name":"Lust and Revenge"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lust_and_Revenge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lust_and_Revenge&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irving_Bernard_Kravis	Irving Kravis	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Military service","2.2 Academic career at the University of Pennsylvania","2.3 Research work","2.4 Awards and honors","3 Personal life","4 References"]	American economist Irving B. Kravis (1917 – January 3, 1992) was an American economist, best known for his work on international price comparisons, leading to the first version of the Penn World Table. Early life and education Kravis was born in 1917. He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees at the University of Pennsylvania. There, he was a student of Simon Kuznets, whose interest in national income accounting was influential to Kravis's areas of research.: 181 Kravis would also follow Kuznets in associating with the National Bureau of Economic Research.: 181 Career Military service Kravis served the United States in World War II as a first lieutenant in China with the Flying Tigers, for which he received a Bronze Star. Academic career at the University of Pennsylvania After the war, Kravis returned to the University of Pennsylvania to become a faculty member. He served as chairman of the economics department from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1962 to 1967. He also served as associate dean of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce (the business school of the University of Pennsylvania) from 1958 to 1960. In total, he was on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania for 37 years. Kravis played an important role in raising the prestige of the business school, strengthening the undergraduate program to make it more comparable to a liberal arts program, recruiting faculty, and instituting improvements in the quality of education to meet the expansion needs created by the Baby Boomers. Research work In the 1950s, during a visit to Paris, Kravis worked with Milton Gilbert, an economist at the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) (the predecessor to OECD) on international price comparison. This led to An International Comparison of National Products and the Purchasing Power of Currencies, published 1954, a pioneering work on international comparison of production and purchasing power.: 177–178 : 65 In 1956, Kravis published a paper describing the non-availability approach, a theory of internationalization that says that countries import goods that are not available, or prohibitively expensive, at home. In 1968, the International Comparison Program was created at the University of Pennsylvania by Kravis, Alan W. Heston, Robert Summers, and Zoltan Kenessey to house further research on price comparisons. Kravis, Heston, and Summers continued work on price comparisons, leading to a 1975 paper and then the 1978 paper Real GDP Per Capita for More Than One Hundred Countries that would be the first version of the Penn World Table.: 178 : 65 Kravis collaborated on further versions of the Penn World Table; the next version, started in 1975, and published in 1982, incorporated the Geary–Khamis dollar for international price comparison.: 179 This was called "Phase III" of the ICP and the 1982 paper provided a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP. One of Kravis's last NBER publications was a review, with Robert E. Lipsey, of the current status of problems with the International Comparison Program. Awards and honors Kravis received fellowships from the Ford Foundation as well as the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (the Guggenheim Fellowship). He was a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and a consultant to OECD. He was posthumously honored as Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association. Personal life Kravis died on January 3, 1992, after falling ill at the Philadelphia airport on the way to receiving the Distinguished Fellow award of the American Economic Association. He had developed both lymphoma and Parkinson's disease at the time of his death. He was survived by his wife, sister, two sons, two daughters, and six grandchildren. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Irving B. Kravis, 75, Who Was Specialist In Comparing Prices". New York Times. January 6, 1992. Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ a b c d e f g h i Klein, Lawrence (Summer 1993). "Irving B. Kravis: Memoir of a Distinguished Fellow". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 7 (3): 175–184. doi:10.1257/jep.7.3.175. Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ a b c d "In Memoriam: Irving B. Kravis". Review of Income and Wealth. 38 (3). September 1, 1992. ^ a b "Irving Kravis". National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ An international comparison of national products and the purchasing power of currencies. Organisation for European Economic Co-operation. 1954. Retrieved November 14, 2017. ^ a b c d Rao, Prasada (January 30, 2001). "Integration of CPI and PPP: Methodological Issues, Feasibility and Recommendations" (PDF). OECD. Retrieved November 14, 2017. Basic work on the need for purchasing power parities as currency conversion factors began with the seminal work of Gilbert and Kravis for the OEEC in 1954 and the subsequent work of Gilbert and Associates (1958). These two studies demonstrate the fact that there can be a considerable gap between the official exchange rates and purchasing power parities, and therefore the need for research on the computation of PPPs for different currencies. This has led to the eventual establishment of the International Comparison Project (ICP) at the University of Pennsylvania by Kravis, Heston, Summers and Kenessey. The work by Kravis et al. (1975 and 1978) was instrumental in establishing the procedures and guidelines for undertaking international comparisons. The report of Kravis, Heston and Summers (1982) on Phase III of the ICP, may be considered as a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP. The ICP had been upgraded subsequently from the status of a project to a program due to the increased coverage of more than 65 countries in Phase IV. The publication of the Handbook of the International Comparison Programme (UN, 1992), is another major source for the procedures recommended for use in international comparisons. There are several OECD publications, all with the title "Purchasing Power Parities and Real Expenditures" (OECD 1987, 1996 and 1999), that deal with procedures underlying PPP computation. Similar publications are regularly published by Eurostat. ^ "Milton Gilbert, Economist, Authority on Gold". Washington Post. September 30, 1979. Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ a b Coyle, Diane (22 September 2015). GDP: A Brief but Affectionate History. ISBN 9781400873630. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ Gandolfo, Giancarlo (1998). International Trade Theory and Policy: With 12 Tables. Springer. p. 544. ISBN 3-540-64316-8. ^ "International Comparison Program - History". Retrieved October 5, 2017. ^ Johnson, Simon; Subramanian, Arvind; Larson, Will; Papageorgiou, Chris (December 7, 2009). "Is newer better? The Penn World Table growth estimates". VOX, CEPR's Policy Portal. Retrieved October 3, 2017. ^ Kravis, Irving B.; Lipsey, Robert E. "The International Comparison Program: Current Status and Problems". Retrieved October 19, 2017. ^ "Irving B. Kravis". John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. Retrieved October 19, 2017. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel Belgium United States Netherlands Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Penn World Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_World_Table"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roiw-memoir-3"}],"text":"Irving B. Kravis (1917 – January 3, 1992) was an American economist, best known for his work on international price comparisons, leading to the first version of the Penn World Table.[1][2][3]","title":"Irving Kravis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roiw-memoir-3"},{"link_name":"University of Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"},{"link_name":"Simon Kuznets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Kuznets"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"},{"link_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kravis-nber-4"}],"text":"Kravis was born in 1917.[3] He obtained his undergraduate and graduate degrees at the University of Pennsylvania.[1][2] There, he was a student of Simon Kuznets, whose interest in national income accounting was influential to Kravis's areas of research.[2]: 181 Kravis would also follow Kuznets in associating with the National Bureau of Economic Research.[2]: 181 [4]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flying Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Tigers"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"}],"sub_title":"Military service","text":"Kravis served the United States in World War II as a first lieutenant in China with the Flying Tigers, for which he received a Bronze Star.[1]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"}],"sub_title":"Academic career at the University of Pennsylvania","text":"After the war, Kravis returned to the University of Pennsylvania to become a faculty member.[2] He served as chairman of the economics department from 1955 to 1958 and again from 1962 to 1967.[1] He also served as associate dean of the Wharton School of Finance and Commerce (the business school of the University of Pennsylvania) from 1958 to 1960.[1] In total, he was on the faculty of the University of Pennsylvania for 37 years.[1]Kravis played an important role in raising the prestige of the business school, strengthening the undergraduate program to make it more comparable to a liberal arts program, recruiting faculty, and instituting improvements in the quality of education to meet the expansion needs created by the Baby Boomers.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milton Gilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Gilbert"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpi-ppp-comparison-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wapo-gilbert-obit-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gdp-brief-history-8"},{"link_name":"non-availability approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization#Non-availability_approach"},{"link_name":"internationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internationalization"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gandolfo-9"},{"link_name":"International Comparison Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Comparison_Program"},{"link_name":"Alan W. Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Heston"},{"link_name":"Robert Summers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Summers"},{"link_name":"Zoltan Kenessey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zoltan_Kenessey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpi-ppp-comparison-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Penn World Table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penn_World_Table"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpi-ppp-comparison-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gdp-brief-history-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Geary–Khamis dollar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geary%E2%80%93Khamis_dollar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aea-memoir-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cpi-ppp-comparison-6"},{"link_name":"Robert E. Lipsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._Lipsey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kravis-nber-4"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Research work","text":"In the 1950s, during a visit to Paris, Kravis worked with Milton Gilbert, an economist at the Organisation for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) (the predecessor to OECD) on international price comparison. This led to An International Comparison of National Products and the Purchasing Power of Currencies, published 1954, a pioneering work on international comparison of production and purchasing power.[5][6][7][2]: 177–178 [8]: 65In 1956, Kravis published a paper describing the non-availability approach, a theory of internationalization that says that countries import goods that are not available, or prohibitively expensive, at home.[9]In 1968, the International Comparison Program was created at the University of Pennsylvania by Kravis, Alan W. Heston, Robert Summers, and Zoltan Kenessey to house further research on price comparisons.[6][10] Kravis, Heston, and Summers continued work on price comparisons, leading to a 1975 paper and then the 1978 paper Real GDP Per Capita for More Than One Hundred Countries that would be the first version of the Penn World Table.[2]: 178 [6][8]: 65 [11]Kravis collaborated on further versions of the Penn World Table; the next version, started in 1975, and published in 1982, incorporated the Geary–Khamis dollar for international price comparison.[2]: 179 This was called \"Phase III\" of the ICP and the 1982 paper provided a definitive account of the standard procedures of the ICP.[6]One of Kravis's last NBER publications was a review, with Robert E. Lipsey, of the current status of problems with the International Comparison Program.[4][12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ford Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Foundation"},{"link_name":"John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Simon_Guggenheim_Memorial_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Guggenheim Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guggenheim_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gf-13"},{"link_name":"National Bureau of Economic Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Bureau_of_Economic_Research"},{"link_name":"OECD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OECD"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"American Economic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Association"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roiw-memoir-3"}],"sub_title":"Awards and honors","text":"Kravis received fellowships from the Ford Foundation as well as the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation (the Guggenheim Fellowship).[1][13] He was a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and a consultant to OECD.[1] He was posthumously honored as Distinguished Fellow of the American Economic Association.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American Economic Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Economic_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-roiw-memoir-3"},{"link_name":"lymphoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymphoma"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-obit-1"}],"text":"Kravis died on January 3, 1992, after falling ill at the Philadelphia airport on the way to receiving the Distinguished Fellow award of the American Economic Association.[1][3] He had developed both lymphoma and Parkinson's disease at the time of his death.[1] He was survived by his wife, sister, two sons, two daughters, and six grandchildren.[1]","title":"Personal life"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Irving B. Kravis, 75, Who Was Specialist In Comparing Prices\". New York Times. January 6, 1992. Retrieved October 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/06/us/irving-b-kravis-75-who-was-specialist-in-comparing-prices.html","url_text":"\"Irving B. Kravis, 75, Who Was Specialist In Comparing Prices\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Klein, Lawrence (Summer 1993). \"Irving B. Kravis: Memoir of a Distinguished Fellow\". Journal of Economic Perspectives. 7 (3): 175–184. doi:10.1257/jep.7.3.175. Retrieved October 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.7.3.175","url_text":"\"Irving B. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Swimming_Club	Commercial Swimming Club	["1 History","2 Notable athletes","3 See also","4 References"]	Coordinates: 27°27′15″S 153°02′12″E / 27.4541°S 153.03675°E / -27.4541; 153.03675Australian swimming club 27°27′15″S 153°02′12″E / 27.4541°S 153.03675°E / -27.4541; 153.03675 Commercial Swimming ClubClub informationFull nameCommercial Swimming ClubShort nameCommercialCityBrisbaneFounded1903Home pool(s)The Valley PoolChairmanPeter CraneSwimmingHead coachCameron PrevalMasters swimmingNameCommercial Adult SquadFounded1991Head coachCameron Preval Commercial Swimming Club is a swimming club that is based at the Fortitude Valley Pool in centre of Brisbane, Queensland. Club members have represented the country at the Olympic Games, FINA World Aquatics Championships and Commonwealth Games. Prominent club members have included Susie O'Neill, Cate and Bronte Campbell, Kieren Perkins and Libby Trickett. History The Commercial Swimming Club is over 110 years old, commencing as a ladies' club, The Ladies Commercial Amateur Swimming Club, about November, 1903. A men's club, The Commercial Amateur Swimming Club, commenced in 1913. The two clubs amalgamated in 1974. All of the original records and other photographs and documentation relating to the club's first 104 years in the possession of the Club, were handed to the John Oxley Library, part of the Queensland State Library, in Brisbane by Barry Short, in 2007, to prevent the loss of any of these records as did happen to much of the early records. Additional records relating to each season of the club are being forwarded to the John Oxley Library to continue the recording of the club's history, for the benefit of those writing a history of the club's second 100 years. The beginning of the club in 1903 and after, shows a very different story to the modern swimming scene. The women' club conducted a three-mile race in the Bremer River, on 22 March 1913, won by Minnie King. About the same time, three mile races were regularly being held in the river for men. According to Jim Dunning, the men's club's original Secretary: "On the Saturday before the three mile swim, the Queensland Ladies' Amateur Swimming Association allowed men to be spectators at a ladies carnival for the first time in many years. It was the occasion of the interstate ladies Championship." Another women's three mile race was conducted by Commercial Ladies' in the following season in 1913. The men's club's first world record holder, James William Thompson, won it swimming one mile backstroke. He is recorded of being a world record holder early in the men's club's life (from 1913) and a copy of a certificate shows he swam a further mile world record on 18 January 1918, swimming the distance in backstroke in 29 minutes and 4.2 seconds, at the City Bath on Wickham St in Fortitude Valley. At that time the baths, also known as the Booroodabin Baths, were covered and were 100 feet long. Notable athletes Leisel Jones Michael Bohl Cate Campbell (2013-2016) Bronte Campbell (2013-2011) Tommaso D'Orsogna (2014-2016) Jayden Hadler (2014-2016) Leisel Jones (2004-2007) Susie O'Neill Kieren Perkins Carolyn Reid Samantha Riley Angela Russell Jessicah Schipper (2008-) Melanie Schlanger Christian Sprenger (2013-2015) Libby Trickett (-2008) Angus Waddell Tarnee White Tracey Wickham See also Australia portal List of swim clubs References ^ "Commercial Swimming Club - Who We Are". commercialswimmingclub.com. Commercial Swimming Club. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022. ^ "Queensland Swimming Clubs". swimclub.com.au. Australian Swimming Clubs. Archived from the original on 22 June 2021. ^ a b c d e Short, Barry T (2004). A Century of the Natatorial Art, the Commercial Swimming Club 1903 - 2003. Media IQ Pty.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27°27′15″S 153°02′12″E / 27.4541°S 153.03675°E / -27.4541; 153.03675","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Commercial_Swimming_Club&params=27.4541_S_153.03675_E_region:AU-QLD_type:landmark"},{"link_name":"Fortitude Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortitude_Valley"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"FINA World Aquatics Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FINA_World_Aquatics_Championships"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Games"},{"link_name":"Susie O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Cate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Bronte Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronte_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Kieren Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieren_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Libby Trickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Trickett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whoweare-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-swimclubs-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clubhistory-3"}],"text":"Australian swimming club27°27′15″S 153°02′12″E / 27.4541°S 153.03675°E / -27.4541; 153.03675Commercial Swimming Club is a swimming club that is based at the Fortitude Valley Pool in centre of Brisbane, Queensland. Club members have represented the country at the Olympic Games, FINA World Aquatics Championships and Commonwealth Games. Prominent club members have included Susie O'Neill, Cate and Bronte Campbell, Kieren Perkins and Libby Trickett.[1][2][3]","title":"Commercial Swimming Club"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clubhistory-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clubhistory-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clubhistory-3"},{"link_name":"Fortitude Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortitude_Valley,_Queensland"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clubhistory-3"}],"text":"The Commercial Swimming Club is over 110 years old, commencing as a ladies' club, The Ladies Commercial Amateur Swimming Club, about November, 1903. A men's club, The Commercial Amateur Swimming Club, commenced in 1913. The two clubs amalgamated in 1974.[3]All of the original records and other photographs and documentation relating to the club's first 104 years in the possession of the Club, were handed to the John Oxley Library, part of the Queensland State Library, in Brisbane by Barry Short, in 2007, to prevent the loss of any of these records as did happen to much of the early records. Additional records relating to each season of the club are being forwarded to the John Oxley Library to continue the recording of the club's history, for the benefit of those writing a history of the club's second 100 years.[3]The beginning of the club in 1903 and after, shows a very different story to the modern swimming scene. The women' club conducted a three-mile race in the Bremer River, on 22 March 1913, won by Minnie King. About the same time, three mile races were regularly being held in the river for men. According to Jim Dunning, the men's club's original Secretary: \"On the Saturday before the three mile swim, the Queensland Ladies' Amateur Swimming Association allowed men to be spectators at a ladies carnival for the first time in many years. It was the occasion of the interstate ladies Championship.\" Another women's three mile race was conducted by Commercial Ladies' in the following season in 1913.[3]The men's club's first world record holder, James William Thompson, won it swimming one mile backstroke. He is recorded of being a world record holder early in the men's club's life (from 1913) and a copy of a certificate shows he swam a further mile world record on 18 January 1918, swimming the distance in backstroke in 29 minutes and 4.2 seconds, at the City Bath on Wickham St in Fortitude Valley. At that time the baths, also known as the Booroodabin Baths, were covered and were 100 feet long.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2008_Australian_Olympic_team_Leisel_Jones_-_Sarah_Ewart.jpg"},{"link_name":"Michael Bohl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Bohl"},{"link_name":"Cate Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cate_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Bronte Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronte_Campbell"},{"link_name":"Tommaso D'Orsogna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommaso_D%27Orsogna"},{"link_name":"Jayden Hadler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayden_Hadler"},{"link_name":"Leisel Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leisel_Jones"},{"link_name":"Susie O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susie_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Kieren Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kieren_Perkins"},{"link_name":"Carolyn Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolyn_Reid"},{"link_name":"Samantha Riley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samantha_Riley"},{"link_name":"Angela Russell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Russell_(swimmer)"},{"link_name":"Jessicah Schipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessicah_Schipper"},{"link_name":"Melanie Schlanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melanie_Schlanger"},{"link_name":"Christian Sprenger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Sprenger"},{"link_name":"Libby Trickett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Trickett"},{"link_name":"Angus Waddell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_Waddell"},{"link_name":"Tarnee White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnee_White"},{"link_name":"Tracey Wickham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracey_Wickham"}],"text":"Leisel JonesMichael Bohl\nCate Campbell (2013-2016)\nBronte Campbell (2013-2011)\nTommaso D'Orsogna (2014-2016)\nJayden Hadler (2014-2016)\nLeisel Jones (2004-2007)\nSusie O'Neill\nKieren Perkins\nCarolyn Reid\nSamantha Riley\nAngela Russell\nJessicah Schipper (2008-)\nMelanie Schlanger\nChristian Sprenger (2013-2015)\nLibby Trickett (-2008)\nAngus Waddell\nTarnee White\nTracey Wickham","title":"Notable athletes"}]	[{"image_text":"Leisel Jones","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/2008_Australian_Olympic_team_Leisel_Jones_-_Sarah_Ewart.jpg/220px-2008_Australian_Olympic_team_Leisel_Jones_-_Sarah_Ewart.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Australia portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Australia"},{"title":"List of swim clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_swim_clubs"}]	[{"reference":"\"Commercial Swimming Club - Who We Are\". commercialswimmingclub.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_City_Hall	Sacramento City Hall	["1 Municipal services housed at Sacramento City Hall","2 City departments","3 References"]	Coordinates: 38°34′55″N 121°29′37″W / 38.58189°N 121.49355°W / 38.58189; -121.49355Sacramento City Hall, 1981. Sacramento City Hall, 2008. Sacramento City Hall is a five-story, 267,000-square-foot building that combines modern and historic structures in Sacramento, California. The building can house up to 730 staff members. Prominent local architect Rudolph A. Herold designed the building in 1908. Completed in 1909, the building is located at 915 I Street. Sacramento City Hall went through a major $11 million restoration from 2003 to 2005. The restoration was part of an overall $60 million civic center project with city hall as the cornerstone. Another part of the civic center project was the construction of underground parking garage for 170 cars. Sacramento City Hall now houses all of the city's significant municipal functions. Municipal services housed at Sacramento City Hall Mayor's Office City Council Chambers City attorney's office City auditor City clerk City code Employment City manager City treasurer Codes & policies Department directors Records library City departments Community Development Convention & Cultural Services Economic Development Sacramento Fire Department Finance Department General Services Human Resources Information Technology Parks and Recreation Sacramento Police Department Public Works Sacramento Department of Utilities References ^ American Architect and Building News 24 June 1908: 22. ^ "Reports". 8 February 2017. ^ "City Hall - City of Sacramento". 38°34′55″N 121°29′37″W / 38.58189°N 121.49355°W / 38.58189; -121.49355	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:South_and_east_elevations,_photographed_from_slightly_more_western_position_-_Sacramento_City_Hall,_915_I_Street,_Sacramento,_Sacramento_County,_CA_HABS_CAL,34-SAC,48-2.tif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sacramento_City_Hall.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sacramento, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento,_California"},{"link_name":"Rudolph A. Herold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_A._Herold"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Sacramento City Hall, 1981.Sacramento City Hall, 2008.Sacramento City Hall is a five-story, 267,000-square-foot building that combines modern and historic structures in Sacramento, California. The building can house up to 730 staff members. Prominent local architect Rudolph A. Herold designed the building in 1908.[1] Completed in 1909, the building is located at 915 I Street. Sacramento City Hall went through a major $11 million restoration from 2003 to 2005. The restoration was part of an overall $60 million civic center project with city hall as the cornerstone. Another part of the civic center project was the construction of underground parking garage for 170 cars.[2] Sacramento City Hall now houses all of the city's significant municipal functions.[3]","title":"Sacramento City Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mayor's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor"},{"link_name":"City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Council"},{"link_name":"City attorney's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_attorney"},{"link_name":"City auditor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor"},{"link_name":"City clerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_clerk"},{"link_name":"City code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_code"},{"link_name":"Employment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Employment"},{"link_name":"City manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_manager"},{"link_name":"City treasurer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_treasurer"}],"text":"Mayor's Office\nCity Council Chambers\nCity attorney's office\nCity auditor\nCity clerk\nCity code\nEmployment\nCity manager\nCity treasurer\nCodes & policies\nDepartment directors\nRecords library","title":"Municipal services housed at Sacramento City Hall"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Community Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Development"},{"link_name":"Economic Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_Development"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Fire Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Fire_Department"},{"link_name":"Finance Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finance_Department"},{"link_name":"Human Resources","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_Resources"},{"link_name":"Information Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Technology"},{"link_name":"Parks and Recreation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Police Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Police_Department"},{"link_name":"Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_Works"},{"link_name":"Sacramento Department of Utilities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacramento_Department_of_Utilities"}],"text":"Community Development\nConvention & Cultural Services\nEconomic Development\nSacramento Fire Department\nFinance Department\nGeneral Services\nHuman Resources\nInformation Technology\nParks and Recreation\nSacramento Police Department\nPublic Works\nSacramento Department of Utilities","title":"City departments"}]	[{"image_text":"Sacramento City Hall, 1981.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/South_and_east_elevations%2C_photographed_from_slightly_more_western_position_-_Sacramento_City_Hall%2C_915_I_Street%2C_Sacramento%2C_Sacramento_County%2C_CA_HABS_CAL%2C34-SAC%2C48-2.tif/lossy-page1-260px-thumbnail.tif.jpg"},{"image_text":"Sacramento City Hall, 2008.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Sacramento_City_Hall.jpg/260px-Sacramento_City_Hall.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Reports\". 8 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://california.construction.com/features/archive/0502_feature2.asp","url_text":"\"Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Hall - City of Sacramento\".","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.cityofsacramento.org/City-Hall","url_text":"\"City Hall - City of Sacramento\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sacramento_City_Hall&params=38.58189_N_121.49355_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"38°34′55″N 121°29′37″W / 38.58189°N 121.49355°W / 38.58189; -121.49355"},{"Link":"http://california.construction.com/features/archive/0502_feature2.asp","external_links_name":"\"Reports\""},{"Link":"http://portal.cityofsacramento.org/City-Hall","external_links_name":"\"City Hall - City of Sacramento\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sacramento_City_Hall&params=38.58189_N_121.49355_W_type:landmark_region:US-CA","external_links_name":"38°34′55″N 121°29′37″W / 38.58189°N 121.49355°W / 38.58189; -121.49355"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventus_Saxonum	Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain	["1 Late Roman Britain and the Saxons","2 Textual evidence","2.1 Early sources","2.2 Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae","2.3 Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum","2.4 Tribal Hideage","2.5 King-lists and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","2.6 Old English poetry","3 Linguistic evidence","3.1 Evidence","3.2 Debate","3.3 Twenty-first-century research","3.4 Elite personal names","4 Archaeological evidence","4.1 Understanding the Roman legacy","4.2 Settler evidence","4.3 Tribal characteristics","4.4 Reuse of earlier monuments","4.5 Landscape archaeology","4.6 Distribution of settlements","4.7 Cemetery evidence","5 Molecular evidence","5.1 Ancient whole genome DNA studies","5.2 Modern population studies","5.3 Isotope analysis","5.4 Y-chromosome evidence","5.5 Criticism","6 Migration and acculturation theories","6.1 Estimating continental migrants' numbers","6.2 Saxon political ascendancy in Britain","6.3 Romano-Britons' fate in the south-east","6.4 Regional variation in settlement patterns","7 Aspects of the success of the Anglo-Saxon settlement","7.1 Anglo-Saxon political formation","7.2 Rural freedoms and kinship groups","7.3 Material culture","7.4 Culture of belief","8 See also","9 Notes","10 Citations","11 References","11.1 General","11.2 Archaeology","11.3 History","11.4 Genetics"]	Cultural and population changes in England c. 450 to 630 AD This article is part of the series:Anglo-Saxonsociety and culture People Settlement Women History Language Language Literature Runes Material culture Architecture Art Burial Coins Dress Glass Weaponry Power and organization Charters Government Law Monarchs and kingdoms Warfare Military Religion Christianity Paganism vte This article is about Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain. For later historical events in Anglo-Saxon England, see History of Anglo-Saxon England. For other uses, see Anglo-Saxon (disambiguation). vteAnglo-Saxon invasions and the founding of EnglandTimeline Groans of the Britons Guoloph Aylesford Treason of the Long Knives Wippedesfleot Mercredesburne Badon Beranburh Alclud Ford Argoed Llwyfain Deorham 1st Wodensburh Raith Catraeth Degsastan Chester Cirencester Cefn Digoll Caer-Uisc Hatfield Chase Heavenfield Maserfield Winwaed Peonnum Two Rivers Trent Nechtansmere 2nd Wodensburh Hehil Pencon Hereford Otford Bensington Ellandun Hingston Down Scotland Brunanburh The settlement of Great Britain by diverse Germanic peoples, led to the development of a new Anglo-Saxon cultural identity and a shared Germanic language, Old English, which was most closely related to Old Frisian on the other side of the North Sea. Settlements began by the fifth century, around the time of the end of Roman rule in Britain, and continued for centuries. The first Germanic-speakers to settle permanently are likely to have been soldiers recruited by the Roman administration, possibly already in the fourth century or earlier. Based upon the account of Gildas, some generations later, the first group to become independent was a "Saxon" force specifically invited by the Romano-British leadership to help defend against raids from the Picts and Scots, at some point after the withdrawal of the regular Roman military. The term Saxon was at this time consistently associated with groups who had been raiding into Roman territories. After a long war, the Romano-British recovered control of most of Britain and were maintaining it at the time of Gildas, writing in the 6th century, although they were no longer unified, but ruled by petty "tyrants". Small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms eventually appear in later records in most of what is now modern England, as well the south-east of modern Scotland, although at least some of them probably originated as Roman-British kingdoms. The exact nature of this change is a topic of on-going research. Many questions remain about the scale, timing and nature of the settlements, and also about what happened to the previous residents of what is now England. The available evidence includes the archaeological and genetic information, and the scant medieval written record. The few literary sources such as Gildas tell of hostility between incomers and natives. They describe violence, destruction, massacre, and the flight of both Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon populations. The Old English language seems to have become dominant rather quickly in many areas because British Celtic languages had very little impact on Old English vocabulary. This suggests that a large number of Germanic-speakers appeared relatively suddenly. On the basis of such evidence it has even been argued that large parts of what is now England were cleared of prior inhabitants. However, a view that gained support in the late 20th century suggests that the migration involved relatively few individuals, possibly centred on a warrior elite, who may have already been influential within the Roman military, and who popularized a non-Roman identity after the downfall of Roman institutions. This hypothesis suggests a largescale acculturation of natives to the incoming language and material culture. In support of this, archaeologists have found that, despite evidence of violent disruption, settlement patterns and land use show many continuities with the Romano-British past, despite profound changes in material culture. A major genetic study in 2022 which used DNA samples from different periods and regions estimated that the Anglo-Saxons contributed about 40% of the ancestry of modern English ancestry. The authors argue that this is "strong evidence of large-scale early medieval migration across the North Sea zone", involving both men and women, which began in the Roman era, increased rapidly after the end of that era, and continued until the 8th century. There was also strong evidence of rapid acculturation, with early medieval individuals of both local or migrant ancestry being buried in the same new ways. Late Roman Britain and the Saxons Main article: End of Roman rule in Britain Britain, 383–410 Although it involved immigrant communities from northern Europe, the culture of the Anglo-Saxons was not transplanted from there, but rather developed in Britain. In 400, the Roman province of Britannia had long been part of the Roman Empire. The empire had been dismembered several times during the previous centuries, often because of usurpations beginning in Britain such as those of Magnus Maximus, and Constantine "III" there was an overal continuity and interconnectedness. Already before 400 Roman sources used the term Saxons to refer to coastal raiders who had been causing problems especially on the coasts of the North sea. In what is now south-eastern England the Romans established a military commander who was assigned to oversee a chain of coastal forts which they called the Saxon shore. The homeland of these Saxon raiders was not clearly described in surviving sources but they were apparently the northerly neighbours of the Franks on the Lower Rhine. At the same time, the Roman administration in Britain (and other parts of the empire) was recruiting foederati soldiers from the same general regions in what is now Germany, and these are likely to have become more important after the withdrawal of field armies during internal Roman power struggles. According to the Chronica Gallica of 452 Britain was ravaged by Saxon invaders in 409 or 410. This was only a few years after Constantine "III" was declared Roman emperor in Britain, and during the period that he was still leading British Roman forces in rebellion on the continent. Although the rebellion was eventually quashed, the Romano-British citizens reportedly expelled their Roman officials during this period, and never again re-joined the Roman empire. Writing in the mid-sixth century, Procopius states that after the overthrow of Constantine "III" in 411, "the Romans never succeeded in recovering Britain, but it remained from that time under tyrants." The Romano-Britons nevertheless called upon the empire to help them fend off attacks from not only the Saxons, but also the Picts and Scoti. A hagiography of Saint Germanus of Auxerre claims that he helped command a defence against an invasion of Picts and Saxons in 429. By about 430 the archaeological record in Britain begins to indicate a relatively rapid melt-down of Roman material culture, and its replacement by Anglo-Saxon material culture. At some time between 445 and 454 Gildas reported that the Britons also wrote to the Roman military leader Aëtius in Gaul, begging for assistance, with no success. In desperation, an un-named "proud tyrant" subsequently invited Saxons to Britain to help defend it from the Picts and Scots. He did not report the year, and later writers developed different estimates of when this occurred. Possibly referring to this same event, the Chronica Gallica of 452 records for the year 441: "The British provinces, which to this time had suffered various defeats and misfortunes, are reduced to Saxon rule." Bede, writing centuries later, reasoned that this happened in 450-455, and he named the "proud tyrant" as Vortigern. However, the date could have been significantly earlier, and Bede's understanding of these events has been questioned. The Historia Brittonum, written in the 9th century, gives two different years, but apparently believed it happened in 428. Another 9th century source, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is largely based on Bede but says this Saxon arrival happened in 449. Bede believed that the call was answered by kings from three powerful tribes from Germania, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The Saxons came from Old Saxony on the North sea coast of Germany, and settled in Wessex, Sussex and Essex. Jutland, the peninsula containing part of Denmark, was the homeland of the Jutes who settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The Angles (or English) were from 'Anglia', a country which Bede understood to have now been emptied, and which lay between the homelands of the Saxons and Jutes. Anglia is usually interpreted as the old Schleswig-Holstein Province (straddling the modern Danish-German border), and containing the modern Angeln. Although this represents a turning point the continental ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons were probably quite diverse, and they arrived over a longer period. In another passage, Bede named pagan peoples still living in Germany (Germania) in the eighth century "from whom the Angles or Saxons, who now inhabit Britain, are known to have derived their origin; for which reason they are still corruptly called Garmans by the neighbouring nation of the Britons": the Frisians, the Rugini (possibly from Rügen), the Danes, the "Huns" (Pannonian Avars in this period, whose influence stretched north to apparent Slavic-speaking areas in central Europe), the "old Saxons" (antiqui Saxones), and the "Boructuarii" who are presumed to be inhabitants of the old lands of the Bructeri, near the Lippe river. Gildas recounts how a war broke out between the Saxons and the local population, initially led by Ambrosius Aurelianus. Historian Nick Higham calls it the "War of the Saxon Federates". It ended successfully for the Britons after the siege at 'Mons Badonicus'. The Saxons went back to "their eastern home". Gildas calls the peace a "grievous divorce with the barbarians". The price of peace, Higham argues, was a better treaty for the Saxons, giving them the ability to receive tribute from people across the lowlands of Britain. The archaeological evidence agrees with this earlier timescale. In particular, the work of Catherine Hills and Sam Lucy on the evidence of Spong Hill has moved the chronology for the settlement earlier than 450, with a significant number of items now in phases before Bede's date. This vision of the Anglo-Saxons exercising extensive political and military power at an early date remains contested. The most developed vision of a continuation in sub-Roman Britain, with control over its own political and military destiny for well over a century, is that of Kenneth Dark, who suggests that the sub-Roman elite survived in culture, politics and military power up to c. 570. Bede, however, identifies three phases of settlement: an exploration phase, when mercenaries came to protect the resident population; a migration phase, which was substantial as implied by the statement that Anglus was deserted; and an establishment phase, in which Anglo-Saxons started to control areas, implied in Bede's statement about the origins of the tribes. Textual evidence The act of surveying the historical sources for signs of the Anglo-Saxon settlement assumes that the words Angles, Saxons, or Anglo-Saxon have the same meaning in all the sources. Assigning ethnic labels such as "Anglo-Saxon" is fraught with difficulties and the term only began to be used in the 8th century to distinguish "Germanic" groups in Britain from those on the continent (Old Saxony in present-day Northern Germany). Early sources The Chronica Gallica was written some distance from Britain. There is uncertainty about precise dates for fifth-century events especially before 446. Historians have often relied upon Bede the English monk, author and scholar (672/673–735), who in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, tried to compute dates for events in early Anglo-Saxon history. Although primarily writing about church history, Bede is seen as Britain's first true historian, in that he cited his references and listed events according to dates rather than regnal lists. Because of this we know that he relied heavily on De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae by Gildas, a sixth-century cleric, for his early dates. Historians have found Gildas unreliable where dates were concerned. So Bede's later dating of events, although they seem to contradict that of the Gallic Chronicles, do not undermine the chronicle as a very important contemporary source. In the chronicle, Britain is grouped with four other Roman territories which came under 'Germanic' dominion around the same time, the list being intended as an explanation of the end of the Roman empire in the west. The four share a similar history, as they were all given into the "power of the barbarians" by Roman authority: three were deliberately settled with Germanic federates and though the Vandals took Africa by force their dominion was confirmed by treaty. An 1130 depiction of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes crossing the sea to Britain equipped with war gear from the Miscellany on the Life of St. Edmund Procopius states that an island called Brittia, which was supposedly not Britain, was settled by three nations: the Angili, Frissones, and Brittones, each ruled by its own king. Each nation was so prolific that it sent large numbers of individuals every year to the Franks, who planted them in unpopulated regions of its territory. Michael Jones, a historian at Bates College in New England, says that "Procopius himself, however, betrays doubts about this specific passage, and subsequent details in the chapter undermine its credibility as a clue to sixth-century population in Britain." Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae Britain around the year 540. Anglo-Saxon kingdom's names are coloured red or brown. Britonnic kingdoms' names are coloured black. In Gildas' work of the sixth century (perhaps 510–530), De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, a religious tract on the state of Britain, the Saxons were enemies originally from overseas, who brought well-deserved judgement upon the local kings or 'tyrants'. The sequence of events in Gildas is: After an appeal to Aëtius (the Groans of the Britons) the Britons were gripped by famine while suffering attacks from the Picts and Scoti; some fought back successfully, leading to a period of peace. Peace led to luxuria and self-indulgence. A renewed attack was threatened by the Picts and Scoti, and this led to a council, where it was proposed and agreed that land in the east would be given to the Saxons on the basis of a treaty, a foedus, by which the Saxons would defend the Britons in exchange for food supplies. This type of arrangement was unexceptional in a Late Roman context; Franks had been settled as foederati on imperial territory in northern Gaul (Toxandria) in the fourth century, and the Visigoths were settled in Gallia Aquitania early in the fifth century. The Saxon foederati first complained that their monthly supplies were inadequate. Then they threatened to break the treaty, which they did, spreading the onslaught "from sea to sea". This war, which N. J. Higham called the "War of the Saxon Federates", ended some 20–30 years later, shortly after the siege at Mons Badonicus, and some 40 years before Gildas was born. A peace existed with the Saxons, who returned to their eastern home, which Gildas called a lugubre divortium barbarorum—a grievous divorce from the barbarians. The "divorce settlement", Higham in particular has argued, was a worse treaty from the British viewpoint. This included the payment of tribute to the people in the east (i.e. the Saxons), who were under the leadership of the person whom Gildas called pater diabolus. Gildas used the correct late Roman term for the Saxons, foederati, people who came to Britain under a well-used treaty system. This kind of treaty had been used elsewhere to bring people into the Roman Empire to move along the roads or rivers and work alongside the army. Gildas called them Saxons, which was probably the common British term for the settlers. Gildas' use of the word patria, when used in relation to the Saxons and Picts, gave the impression that some Saxons could by then be regarded as native to Britannia. Britain for Gildas was the whole island. Ethnicity and language were not his issue; he was concerned with the leaders' faith and actions. The historical details are, as Snyder had it: "by-products from his recounting of royal-sins". There is a strong tradition of Christian writers who were concerned with the moral qualities of leadership and Gildas joined these. He used apocalyptic language: for example the Saxons were "villains", "enemies", led by a Devil-father. Yet, Gildas had lived through, in his own words, an age of "external peace", and it is this peace that brought with it the tyrannis—"unjust rule". Gildas' remarks reflected his continuing concern regarding the vulnerability of his countrymen and their disregard and in-fighting: for example, "it was always true of this people (as it is now) that it was weak in beating off the weapons of the enemy, but strong in putting up with civil war and the burden of sin." However, after the War of the Saxon Federates, if there were acts of genocide, mass exodus, or mass slavery, Gildas did not seem to know about them. Gildas, in discussing the holy shrines, mentioned that the spiritual life of Britain had suffered, because of the partition (divortium), of the country, which was preventing the citizens (cives) from worshipping at the shrines of the martyrs. Control had been ceded to the Saxons, even control of access to such shrines. The church was now 'tributary', her sons had 'embraced dung' and the nobility had lost their authority to govern. Gildas described the corruption of the elite: "Britain has kings but they are tyrants; she has judges but they are wicked". This passage provides a glimpse into the world of Gildas, he continued: "they plunder and terrorise the innocent, they defend and protect the guilty and thieving, they have many wives, whores and adulteresses, swear false oaths, tell lies, reward thieves, sit with murderous men, despise the humble, their commanders are 'enemies of God'"; the list is long. Oath breaking and the absence of just judgements for ordinary people were mentioned a number of times. British leadership, everywhere, was immoral and the cause of the "ruin of Britain". Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Folio 3v from the Petersburg Bede. The Saint Petersburg Bede (Saint Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18), a near-contemporary version of the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum Various sources, including Gildas, were used by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, written around 731. Bede seems to identify three phases of settlement: an exploration phase, when mercenaries came to protect the resident population; a migration phase, which was substantial, as implied by the statement that Anglus was deserted; and an establishment phase, in which Anglo-Saxons started to control areas, implied in Bede's statement about the origins of the tribes. This analysis of Bede has led to a re-evaluation, in terms of continuity and change, of Bede's "Northumbrian" view of history and how this view was projected back into the account of the latter two phases of settlement; and a possible overhaul of the traditional chronological framework. The concept of Bretwalda originates in Bede's comment on who held the Imperium of Britain. From this concept, historians have inferred a formal institution of overlordship south of the Humber. Whether such an institution existed is uncertain, but Simon Keynes argues that the idea is not an invented concept. The Bretwalda concept is taken as evidence for a presence of a number of early Anglo-Saxon elite families. Whether the majority were early settlers, descendant from settlers, or especially after the exploration stage, were Roman-British leaders who adopted Anglo-Saxon culture, is unclear, but the balance of opinion is that most were migrants. Notable gaps include: no-one from the East or West Midlands is represented in the list of Bretwaldas, and some uncertainty about the dates of these leaders. Bede's view of Britons is partly responsible for the picture of them as the downtrodden subjects of Anglo-Saxon oppression. This has been used by some linguists and archaeologists to produce invasion and settlement theories involving genocide, forced migration and enslavement. The depiction of the Britons in the Historia Ecclesiastica is influenced by the writing of Gildas, who viewed the Saxons as a punishment from God against the British people. Windy McKinney notes that "Bede focused on this point and extended Gildas' vision by portraying the pagan Anglo-Saxons not as God's scourge against the reprobate Britons, but rather as the agents of Britain's redemption. Therefore, the ghastly scenario that Gildas feared is calmly explained away by Bede; any rough treatment was necessary, and ordained by God, because the Britons had lost God's favour, and incurred his wrath." McKinney, who suggests that "Bede himself may not have been an ethnically 'pure' Angle," argues that his use of ethnic terms was "tied to the expression of tradition and religious ideas, to the loyalty of a people to authority, and subject to change as history continued to unfold. Therefore, it is a moot point whether all of those whom Bede encompassed under the term Angli were racially Germanic". Tribal Hideage The Tribal Hideage is a list of 35 tribes that was compiled in Anglo-Saxon England some time between the seventh and ninth centuries. The inclusion of the 'Elmet-dwellers' suggests to Simon Keynes that the Tribal Hideage was compiled in the early 670s, during the reign of King Wulfhere, since Elmet seems to have reverted thereafter to Northumbrian control. It includes a number of independent kingdoms and other smaller territories and assigns a number of hides to each one. A hide was an amount of land sufficient to support a household. The list of tribes is headed by Mercia and consists almost exclusively of peoples who lived south of the Humber estuary and territories that surrounded the Mercian kingdom, some of which have never been satisfactorily identified by scholars. The document is problematic, but extremely important for historians, as it provides a glimpse into the relationship between people, land, and the tribes and groups into which they had organised themselves. The individual units in the list developed from the settlement areas of tribal groups, some of which are as little as 300 hides. The names are difficult to locate: places such as East wixna and Sweord ora. What it reveals is that micro-identity of tribe and family is important from the start. The list is evidence for more complex settlement than the single political entity of the other historical sources. King-lists and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle In the eighth century, if not the seventh, Anglo-Saxon scholars began writing lists and genealogies of kings which purport to record their ancestry through the settlement period and beyond, prominently including the Anglian King-list and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List (which may share a source with the Anglian list). The Regnal List was in turn a source for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the relevant sections of which were edited into their surviving form in the later ninth century. The Chronicle also includes various more detailed entries for the fifth and sixth centuries that ostensibly constitute historical evidence for a migration, Anglo-Saxon elites, and various significant historical events. However, Barbara Yorke, Patrick Sims-Williams, and David Dumville, among others, have demonstrated how a number of features of the Regnal List and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the fifth and sixth centuries clearly contradict the idea that they constitute a reliable record. Some of the information there may contain a kernel of truth if the obvious fictions are rejected (such as the claim that Portsmouth took its name from an invader, Port, who arrived in 501), such as the sequence of the events associated with Ælle of Sussex (albeit not necessarily the dates). Yet there is little basis for sifting truth from invention. As Dumville pointed out about the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, "medieval historiography has assumptions different from our own, particularly in terms of distinctions between fiction and non-fiction". Old English poetry Some poetry in Old English is set in Germanic-speaking Continental Europe, including Beowulf, Widsith, and Deor, or, like The Battle of Brunanburh, explicitly mentions migration, or, like The Ruin, meditates on Britain's Roman past. Scholars have found little information in these poems informing us about the fifth- and sixth-century realities of Germanic-speakers migrating to Britain, but some have seen these texts as rich evidence for subsequent processes of what Nicholas Howe called "mythmaking" about Anglo-Saxons' continental origins: these stories, poetry and oral traditions themselves became an agency of cultural and ethnic change in early medieval Britain. Linguistic evidence Kenneth Jackson's map showing British river names of Celtic etymology, thought to be a good indicator of the spread of Old English. Area I, where Celtic names are rare and confined to large and medium-sized rivers, shows English-language dominance to c. 500–550; Area II to c. 600; Area III, where even many small streams have Brittonic names to c. 700. In Area IV, Brittonic remained the dominant language 'till at least the Norman Conquest' and river names are overwhelmingly Celtic.Main article: Celtic language decline in England Explaining linguistic change, and particularly the rise of Old English, is crucial in any account of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. According to Higham, the adoption of the language—as well as the material culture and traditions—of an Anglo-Saxon elite, "by large numbers of the local people seeking to improve their status within the social structure, and undertaking for this purpose rigorous acculturation", is the key to understanding the transition from Romano-British to Anglo-Saxon. The progressive nature of this language acquisition, and the 'retrospective reworking' of kinship ties to the dominant group led, ultimately, to the "myths which tied the entire society to immigration as an explanation of their origins in Britain". The consensus in the first decades of the twenty-first century was that the spread of English can be explained by a minority of Germanic-speaking immigrants becoming politically and socially dominant, in a context where Latin had lost its usefulness and prestige due to the collapse of the Roman economy and administration. In Higham's assessment, "language was a key indicator of ethnicity in early England. In circumstances where freedom at law, acceptance with the kindred, access to patronage, and the use or possession of weapons were all exclusive to those who could claim Germanic descent, then speaking Old English without Latin or Brittonic inflection had considerable value". Evidence Map of place-names between the Firth of Forth and the River Tees: in green, names likely containing Brittonic elements; in red and orange, names likely containing the Old English elements -ham and -ingaham respectively. Brittonic names lie mostly to the north of the Lammermuir and Moorfoot Hills. All linguistic evidence from Roman Britain suggests that most inhabitants spoke British Celtic and/or British Latin. However, by the eighth century, when extensive evidence for the post-Roman language situation is next available, it is clear that the dominant language in what is now eastern and southern England was Old English, whose West Germanic predecessors were spoken in what is now the Netherlands and northern Germany. Old English then continued spreading westwards and northwards in the ensuing centuries. This development is strikingly different from, for example, post-Roman Gaul, Iberia, or North Africa, where Germanic-speaking invaders gradually switched to local languages. Old English shows little obvious influence from Celtic or spoken Latin: there are for example vanishingly few English words of Brittonic origin. Moreover, except in Cornwall, the vast majority of place-names in England are easily etymologised as Old English (or Old Norse, due to later Viking influence), demonstrating the dominance of English across post-Roman England. Intensive research in recent decades on Celtic toponymy has shown that more names in England and southern Scotland have Brittonic, or occasionally Latin, etymologies than was once thought, but even so, it is clear that Brittonic and Latin place-names in the eastern half of England are extremely rare, and although they are noticeably more common in the western half, they are still a tiny minority─2% in Cheshire, for example. Debate Into the later twentieth century, scholars' usual explanation for the lack of Celtic influence on English, supported by uncritical readings of the accounts of Gildas and Bede, was that Old English became dominant primarily because Germanic-speaking invaders killed, chased away, and/or enslaved the previous inhabitants of the areas that they settled. In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation, and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain. But the consensus among experts in the first decades of the twenty-first century, influenced by research in contact linguistics, is that political dominance by a fairly small number of Old English-speakers could have driven large numbers of Britons to adopt Old English while leaving little detectable trace of this language-shift. The collapse of Britain's Roman economy and administrative structures seems to have left Britons living in a technologically similar society to their Anglo-Saxon neighbours, making it unlikely that Anglo-Saxons would need to borrow words for unfamiliar concepts. If Old English became the most prestigious language in a particular region, speakers of other languages may have found it advantageous to become bilingual and, over a few generations, stop speaking the less prestigious languages (in this case British Celtic and/or British Latin). A person or household might change language so as to serve an elite, or because it provided some advantage economically or legally. This account, which demands only small numbers of politically dominant Germanic-speaking migrants to Britain, has become 'the standard explanation' for the gradual death of Celtic and spoken Latin in post-Roman Britain. Likewise, scholars have posited various mechanisms other than massive demographic change by which pre-migration Celtic place-names could have been lost. Scholars have stressed that Welsh and Cornish place-names from the Roman period seem no more likely to survive than English ones: 'clearly name loss was a Romano-British phenomenon, not just one associated with Anglo-Saxon incomers'. Other explanations for the replacement of Roman period place-names include adaptation of Celtic names such that they now seem to come from Old English; a more gradual loss of Celtic names than was once assumed; and new names being coined (in the newly dominant English language) because instability of settlements and land-tenure. Twenty-first-century research Extensive research is ongoing on whether British Celtic did exert subtle substrate influence on the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Old English (as well as on whether British Latin-speakers influenced the Brittonic languages, perhaps as they fled westwards from Anglo-Saxon domination into highland areas of Britain). These arguments have not yet, however, become consensus views. Thus a 2012 synthesis concludes that 'the evidence for Celtic influence on Old English is somewhat sparse, which only means that it remains elusive, not that it did not exist'. Debate continues within a framework assuming that many Brittonic-speakers shifted to English, for example over whether at least some Germanic-speaking peasant-class immigrants must have been involved to bring about the language-shift; what legal or social structures (such as enslavement or apartheid-like customs) might have promoted the high status of English; and precisely how slowly Brittonic (and British Latin) disappeared in different regions. An idiosyncratic view that has won extensive popular attention is Stephen Oppenheimer's suggestion that the lack of Celtic influence on English is because the ancestor of English was already widely spoken in Britain by the Belgae before the end of the Roman period. However, Oppenheimer's ideas have not been found helpful in explaining the known facts: there is no evidence for a well established Germanic language in Britain before the fifth century, and Oppenheimer's idea contradicts the extensive evidence for the use of Celtic and Latin. Elite personal names The name of the Bretwalda Ceawlin, rendered 'ceaulin', as it appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (C-text) While many studies admit that a substantial survival of native British people from lower social strata is probable, with these people becoming anglicised over time due to the action of "elite dominance" mechanisms, there is also evidence for the survival of British elites and their anglicisation. An Anglo-Saxon elite could be formed in two ways: from an incoming chieftain and his war band from northern Germania taking over an area of Britain, or through a native British chieftain and his war band adopting Anglo-Saxon culture and language. The incidence of British Celtic personal names in the royal genealogies of a number of "Anglo-Saxon" dynasties is very suggestive of the latter process. The Wessex royal line was traditionally founded by a man named Cerdic, an undoubtedly Celtic name identical to Ceretic, the name given to two British kings, and ultimately derived from the Brittonic Caraticos. This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton, and that his dynasty became anglicised over time. A number of Cerdic's alleged descendants also possessed Celtic names, including the 'Bretwalda' Ceawlin. The last occurrence of a British name in this dynasty was that of King Caedwalla, who died as late as 689. The British name Caedbaed is found in the pedigree of the kings of Lindsey, which argues for the survival of British elites in this area also. In the Mercian royal pedigree, the name of King Penda and the names of other kings have more obvious Brittonic than Germanic etymologies, though they do not correspond to known Welsh personal names. Bede, in his major work, charts the careers of four upper-class brothers in the English Church; he refers to them as being Northumbrian, and therefore "English". However, the names of Saint Chad of Mercia (a prominent bishop) and his brothers Cedd (also a bishop), Cynibil and Caelin (a variant spelling of Ceawlin) are British rather than Anglo-Saxon. A good case can be made for southern Britain (especially Wessex, Kent, Essex and parts of Southern East Anglia), at least, having been taken over by dynasties having some Germanic ancestry or connections, but also having origins in, or intermarrying with, native British elites. Archaeological evidence An Anglo-Frisian funerary urn excavated from the Snape ship burial in East Anglia. Item is located in Aldeburgh Moot Hall Museum Archaeologists seeking to understand evidence for migration and/or acculturation must first get to grips with early Anglo-Saxon archaeology as an "Archaeology of Identity". Guarding against considering one aspect of archaeology in isolation, this concept ensures that different topics are considered together, that previously were considered separately, including gender, age, ethnicity, religion, and status. The task of interpretation has been hampered by the lack of works of archaeological synthesis for the Anglo-Saxon period in general, and the early period in particular. This is changing, with new works of synthesis and chronology, in particular the work of Catherine Hills and Sam Lucy on the evidence of Spong Hill, which has opened up the possible synthesis with continental material culture and has moved the chronology for the settlement earlier than AD 450, with a significant number of items now in phases before this historically set date. Understanding the Roman legacy Archaeological evidence for the emergence of both a native British identity and the appearance of a Germanic culture in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries must consider first the period at the end of Roman rule. The collapse of Roman material culture some time in the early 5th century left a gap in the archaeological record that was quite rapidly filled by the intrusive Anglo-Saxon material culture, while the native culture became archaeologically close to invisible—although recent hoards and metal-detector finds show that coin use and imports did not stop abruptly at AD 410. The archaeology of the Roman military systems within Britain is well known but is not well understood: for example, whether the Saxon Shore was defensive or to facilitate the passage of goods. Andrew Pearson suggests that the "Saxon Shore Forts" and other coastal installations played a more significant economic and logistical role than is often appreciated, and that the tradition of Saxon and other continental piracy, based on the name of these forts, is probably a myth. The archaeology of late Roman (and sub-Roman) Britain has been mainly focused on the elite rather than the peasant and slave: their villas, houses, mosaics, furniture, fittings, and silver plates. This group had a strict code on how their wealth was to be displayed, and this provides a rich material culture, from which "Britons" are identified. There was a large gap between richest and poorest; the trappings of the latter have been the focus of less archaeological study. However the archaeology of the peasant from the 4th and 5th centuries is dominated by "ladder" field systems or enclosures, associated with extended families, and in the South and East of England, the extensive use of timber-built buildings and farmsteads shows a lower level of engagement with Roman building methods than is shown by the houses of the numerically much smaller elite. Settler evidence Romano-British or Anglo-Saxon belt fittings in the Quoit Brooch Style from the Mucking Anglo-Saxon cemetery, early 5th century, using a mainly Roman style for very early Anglo-Saxon clients Confirmation of the use of Anglo-Saxons as foederati or federate troops has been seen as coming from burials of Anglo-Saxons wearing military equipment of a type issued to late Roman forces, which have been found both in late Roman contexts, such as the Roman cemeteries of Winchester and Colchester, and in purely 'Anglo-Saxon' rural cemeteries like Mucking (Essex), though this was at a settlement used by the Romano-British. The distribution of the earliest Anglo-Saxon sites and place names in close proximity to Roman settlements and roads has been interpreted as showing that initial Anglo-Saxon settlements were being controlled by the Romano-British. Catherine Hills suggests it is not necessary to see all the early settlers as federate troops, and that this interpretation has been used rather too readily by some archaeologists. A variety of relationships could have existed between Romano-British and incoming Anglo-Saxons. The broader archaeological picture suggests that no one model will explain all the Anglo-Saxon settlements in Britain and that there was considerable regional variation. Settlement density varied within southern and eastern England. Norfolk has more large Anglo-Saxon cemeteries than the neighbouring East Anglian county of Suffolk; eastern Yorkshire (the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Deira) far more than the rest of Northumbria. The settlers were not all of the same type. Some were indeed warriors who were buried equipped with their weapons, but we should not assume that all of these were invited guests who were to guard Romano-British communities. Possibly some, like the later Viking settlers, may have begun as piratical raiders who later seized land and made permanent settlements. Other settlers seem to have been much humbler people who had few if any weapons and suffered from malnutrition. These were characterised by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes as Germanic 'boat people', refugees from crowded settlements on the North Sea which deteriorating climatic conditions would have made untenable. Tribal characteristics Frankish glass 'claw beaker' 5th–6th century, excavated in Kent Catherine Hills points out that it is too easy to consider Anglo-Saxon archaeology solely as a study of ethnology and to fail to consider that identity is "less related to an overall Anglo-Saxon ethnicity and more to membership of family or tribe, Christian or pagan, elite or peasant". "Anglo-Saxons" or "Britons" were no more homogeneous than nationalities are today, and they would have exhibited diverse characteristics: male/female, old/young, rich/poor, farmer/warrior—or even Gildas' patria (fellow citizens), cives (indigenous people) and hostes (enemies)—as well as a diversity associated with language. Beyond these, in the early Anglo-Saxon period, identity was local: although people would have known their neighbours, it may have been important to indicate tribal loyalty with details of clothing and especially fasteners. It is sometimes hard in thinking about the period to avoid importing anachronistic 19th-century ideas of nationalism: in fact it is unlikely that people would have thought of themselves as Anglo-Saxon – instead they were part of a tribe or region, descendants of a patron or followers of a leader. It is this identity that archaeological evidence seeks to understand and determine, considering how it might support separate identity groups, or identities that were inter-connected. Part of a well-furnished pagan-period mixed, inhumation-cremation, cemetery at Alwalton near Peterborough was excavated in 1999. Twenty-eight urned and two unurned cremations dating from between the 5th and 6th centuries, and 34 inhumations, dating from between the late 5th and early 7th centuries, were uncovered. Both cremations and inhumations were provided with pyre or grave goods, and some of the burials were richly furnished. The excavation found evidence for a mixture of practices and symbolic clothing; these reflected local differences that appeared to be associated with tribal or family loyalty. This use of clothing in particular was very symbolic, and distinct differences within groups in the cemetery could be found. Some recent scholarship has argued, however, that current approaches to the sociology of ethnicity render it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to demonstrate ethnic identity via purely archaeological means, and has thereby rejected the basis for using furnished inhumation or such clothing practices as the use of peplos dress, or particular artistic styles found on artefacts such as those found at Alwalton, for evidence of pagan beliefs, or cultural memories of tribal or ethnic affiliation. Reuse of earlier monuments The evidence for monument reuse in the early Anglo-Saxon period reveals a number of significant aspects of the practice. Ancient monuments were one of the most important factors determining the placing of the dead in the early Anglo-Saxon landscape. Anglo-Saxon secondary activity on prehistoric and Roman sites was traditionally explained in practical terms. These explanations, in the view of Howard Williams, failed to account for the numbers and types of monuments and graves (from villas to barrows) reused. Anglo-Saxon barrow burials started in the late 6th century and continued into the early 8th century. Prehistoric barrows, in particular, have been seen as physical expressions of land claims and links to the ancestors, and John Shephard has extended this interpretation to Anglo-Saxon tumuli. Eva Thäte has emphasised the continental origins of monument reuse in post-Roman England, Howard Williams has suggested that the main purpose of this custom was to give sense to a landscape that the immigrants did not find empty. In the 7th and 8th centuries, monument reuse became so widespread that it strongly suggests the deliberate location of burials of the elite next to visible monuments of the pre-Saxon past, but with 'ordinary' burial grounds of this phase also frequently being located next to prehistoric barrows. The relative increase of this kind of spatial association from the 5th/6th centuries to the 7th/8th centuries is conspicuous. Williams' analysis of two well-documented samples shows an increase from 32% to 50% of Anglo-Saxon burial sites in the Upper Thames region, and from 47% to 71% of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries excavated since 1945. Härke suggests that one of the contexts for the increasing reuse of monuments may be "the adoption by the natives of the material culture of the dominant immigrants". Landscape archaeology The Anglo-Saxons did not settle in an abandoned landscape on which they imposed new types of settlement and farming, as was once believed. By the late 4th century the English rural landscape was largely cleared and generally occupied by dispersed farms and hamlets, each surrounded by its own fields but often sharing other resources in common (called "infield-outfield cultivation"). Such fields, whether of prehistoric or Roman origin, fall into two very general types, found both separately and together: irregular layouts, in which one field after another had been added to an arable hub over many centuries; and regular rectilinear layouts, often roughly following the local topography, that had resulted from the large-scale division of considerable areas of land. Such stability was reversed within a few decades of the 5th century, as early "Anglo-Saxon" farmers, affected both by the collapse of Roman Britain and a climatic deterioration which reached its peak probably around 500, concentrated on subsistence, converting to pasture large areas of previously ploughed land. However, there is little evidence of abandoned arable land. Evidence across southern and central England increasingly shows the persistence of prehistoric and Roman field layouts into and, in some cases throughout, the Anglo-Saxon period, whether or not such fields were continuously ploughed. Landscapes at Yarnton, Oxfordshire, and Mucking, Essex, remained unchanged throughout the 5th century, while at Barton Court, Oxfordshire, the 'grid of ditched paddocks or closes' of a Roman villa estate formed a general framework for the Anglo-Saxon settlement there. Similar evidence has been found at Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire. The Romano-British fields at Church Down in Chalton and Catherington, both in Hampshire, Bow Brickhill, Buckinghamshire, and Havering, Essex, were all ploughed as late as the 7th century. Susan Oosthuizen has taken this further and establishes evidence that aspects of the "collective organisation of arable cultivation appear to find an echo in fields of pre-historic and Roman Britain": in particular, the open field systems, shared between a number of cultivators but cropped individually; the link between arable holdings and rights to common pasture land; in structures of governance and the duty to pay some of the surplus to the local overlord, whether in rent or duty. Together these reveal that kinship ties and social relations were continuous across the 5th and 6th centuries, with no evidence of the uniformity or destruction, imposed by lords, the savage action of invaders or system collapse. This has implications on how later developments are considered, such as the developments in the 7th and 8th centuries. Landscape studies draw upon a variety of topographical, archaeological and written sources. There are major problems in trying to relate Anglo-Saxon charter boundaries to those of Roman estates for which there are no written records, and by the end of the Anglo-Saxon period there had been major changes to the organisation of the landscape which can obscure earlier arrangements. Interpretation is also hindered by uncertainty about late Roman administrative arrangements. Nevertheless, studies carried out throughout the country, in "British" as well as "Anglo-Saxon" areas, have found examples of continuity of territorial boundaries where, for instance, Roman villa estate boundaries seem to have been identical with those of medieval estates, as delineated in early charters, though settlement sites within the defined territory might shift. What we see in these examples is probably continuity of the estate or territory as a unit of administration rather than one of exploitation. Although the upper level of Roman administration based on towns seems to have disappeared during the 5th century, a subsidiary system based on subdivisions of the countryside may have continued. The basis of the internal organisation of both the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and those of their Celtic neighbours was a large rural territory which contained a number of subsidiary settlements dependent upon a central residence which the Anglo-Saxons called a villa in Latin and a tūn in Old English. These developments suggest that the basic infrastructure of the early Anglo-Saxon local administration (or the settlement of early kings or earls) was inherited from late Roman or Sub-Roman Britain. Distribution of settlements There are a number of difficulties in recognising early Anglo-Saxon settlements as migrant settlers. This in part is because most early rural Anglo-Saxon sites have yielded few finds other than pottery and bone. The use of aerial photography does not yield easily identifiable settlements, partly due to the dispersed nature of many of these settlements. The distribution of known settlements also remains elusive with few settlements found in the West Midlands or North-West. Even in Kent, an area of rich early Anglo-Saxon archaeology, the number of excavated settlements is fewer than expected. However, in contrast the counties of Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire are relatively rich in early settlements. These have revealed a tendency for early Anglo-Saxon settlements to be on the light soils associated with river terraces. Many of the inland settlements are on rivers that had been major navigation routes during the Roman era. These sites, such as Dorchester on Thames on the upper Thames, were readily accessible by the shallow-draught, clinker-built boats used by the Anglo-Saxons. The same is true of the settlements along the rivers Ouse, Trent, Witham, Nene and along the marshy lower Thames. Less well known due to a dearth of physical evidence but attested by surviving place names, there were Jutish settlements on the Isle of Wight and the nearby southern coast of Hampshire. A number of Anglo-Saxon settlements are located near or at Roman-era towns, but the question of simultaneous town occupation by the Romano-Britons and a nearby Anglo-Saxon settlement (i.e., suggesting a relationship) is not confirmed. At Roman Caistor-by-Norwich, for example, recent analysis suggests that the cemetery post-dates the town's virtual abandonment. Cemetery evidence Early cemeteries of possible Settler origin The earliest cemeteries that can be classified as Anglo-Saxon are found in widely separate regions and are dated to the early 5th century. The exception is in Kent, where the density of cemeteries and artefacts suggest either an exceptionally heavy Anglo-Saxon settlement, or continued settlement beginning at an early date, or both. By the late 5th century there were additional Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, some of them adjacent to earlier ones, but with a large expansion in other areas, and now including the southern coast of Sussex. Up to the year 2000, roughly 10,000 early 'Anglo-Saxon' cremations and inhumations had been found, exhibiting a large degree of diversity in styles and types of mortuary ritual. This is consistent with evidence for many micro cultures and local practice. Cemetery evidence is still dominated by the material culture: finds of clothes, jewellery, weapons, pots, and personal items; but physical and molecular evidence from skeletons, bones, and teeth are increasingly important. Considering the early cemeteries of Kent, most relevant finds come from furnished graves with distinctive links to the Continent. However, there are some unique items, these include pots and urns and especially brooches, an important element of female dress that functioned as a fastener, rather like a modern safety pin. The style of brooches (called Quoits), is unique to southern England in the fifth century AD, with the greatest concentration of such items occurring in Kent. Seiichi Suzuki defines the style through an analysis of its design organisation, and, by comparing it with near-contemporary styles in Britain and on the continent, identifying those features which make it unique. He suggests that the quoit brooch style was made and remade as part of the process of construction of new group identities during the political uncertainties of the time, and sets the development of the style in the context of the socio-cultural dynamics of an emergent post-Roman society. The brooch shows that culture was not just transposed from the continent, but from an early phase a new "Anglo-Saxon" culture was being developed. Women's fashions (native costumes not thought to have been trade goods), have been used to distinguish and identify settlers, supplemented by other finds that can be related to specific regions of the Continent. A large number of Frankish artefacts have been found in Kent, and these are largely interpreted to be a reflection of trade and commerce rather than early migration. Yorke (Wessex in the Early Middle Ages, 1995), for example, only allows that some Frankish settlement is possible. Frankish sea raiding was recorded as early as 260 and became common for the next century, but their raids on Britain ended c. 367 as Frankish interest turned southward and was thereafter focused on the control and occupation of northern Gaul and Germania. The presence of artefacts that are identifiably North Germanic along the coastal areas between the Humber Estuary and East Anglia indicates that Scandinavians migrated to Britain. However, this does not suggest that they arrived at the same time as the Angles: they may have arrived almost a century later, and their status and influence upon arrival is uncertain. In particular, regarding a significant Swedish influence in association with the Sutton Hoo ship and a Swedish origin for the East Anglian Wuffinga dynasty, both possibilities are now considered uncertain. The process of mixing and assimilation of immigrant and native populations is virtually impossible to elucidate with material culture, but the skeletal evidence may shed some light on it. The 7th/8th-century average stature of male individuals in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries dropped by 15 mm (5⁄8 in) compared with the 5th/6th-century average. This development is most marked in Wessex where the average dropped by 24 mm (1 in). This drop is not easily explained by environmental changes; there is no evidence for a change in diet in the 7th/8th centuries, nor is there any evidence of a further influx of immigrants at this time. Given the lower average stature of Britons, the most likely explanation would be a gradual Saxonisation or Anglicisation of the material culture of native enclaves, an increasing assimilation of native populations into Anglo-Saxon communities, and increasing intermarriage between immigrants and natives within Anglo-Saxon populations. Skeletal material from the Late Roman and Early Anglo-Saxon period from Hampshire was directly compared. It was concluded that the physical type represented in urban Roman burials, was not annihilated nor did it die-out, but it continued to be well represented in subsequent burials of Anglo-Saxon date. At Stretton-on-Fosse II (Warwickshire), located on the western fringes of the early Anglo-Saxon settlement area, the proportion of male adults with weapons is 82%, well above the average in southern England. Cemetery II, the Anglo-Saxon burial site, is immediately adjacent to two Romano-British cemeteries, Stretton-on-Fosse I and III, the latter only 60 metres (200 feet) away from Anglo-Saxon burials. Continuity of the native female population at this site has been inferred from the continuity of textile techniques (unusual in the transition from the Romano-British to the Anglo-Saxon periods), and by the continuity of epigenetic traits from the Roman to the Anglo-Saxon burials. At the same time, the skeletal evidence demonstrates the appearance in the post-Roman period of a new physical type of males who are more slender and taller than the men in the adjacent Romano-British cemeteries. Taken together, the observations suggest the influx of a group of males, probably most or all of them Germanic, who took control of the local community and married native women. It is not easy to confirm such cases of 'warband' settlement in the absence of detailed skeletal, and other complementary, information, but assuming that such cases are indicated by very high proportions of weapon burials, this type of settlement was much less frequent than the kin group model. Higham outlines the main questions: "It is fairly clear that most Anglo-Saxon cemeteries are unrepresentative of the whole population, and particularly the whole age range. This was, therefore, a community which made decisions about the disposal of the dead based upon various factors, but at those we can barely guess. Was the inclusion of some but not all individuals subject to political control, or cultural screening? Was this a mark of ethnicity or did it represent a particular kinship, real or constructed, or the adherents of a particular cult? Was it status specific, with the rural proletariat – who would have been the vast majority of the population – perhaps excluded? So are many of these cemeteries associated with specific, high-status households and weighted particularly towards adult members? We do not know, but the commitment of particular parts of the community to an imported and in some senses 'Germanic', cremation ritual does seem to have been considerable, and is something which requires explanation." Molecular evidence See also: Genetic history of the British Isles and People of the British Isles Researchers have employed various forms of molecular evidence to investigate the relative importance of immigration, the acculturation of natives and inter-marriage in the creation of Anglo-Saxon England. Ancient whole genome DNA studies A 2022 study focusing specifically on the question of the Anglo-Saxon settlement sampled 460 individuals from England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, dated between approximately 200 and 1300 CE, and compared these with other sample sets. The study concluded that in eastern England, large-scale immigration, including both men and women, occurred in the post-Roman era. More than half of the early medieval individuals from central and eastern England derived >75% of their ancestry from a population matching early medieval people from the area stretching from northern Netherlands through northern Germany to Denmark. There are notable signs that people with two types of ancestry were living together and mixing. There were individuals who had 100% of their ancestry from this source, while others in the same burial grounds had 100% local ancestry, matching more closely with Irish, Welsh and Scottish people. The study also isolated a second important source of post Roman immigration which contributed significantly to medieval English ancestry. This second migrant population matches genetically to Iron Age French individuals, and the authors suggested that this might reflect medieval migration from Frankish areas. It was already common in southeastern England in the early Middle Ages, where it already constituted about 51% of the ancestry of sampled individuals, but it became more widespread over time, apparently due to continuous migration or multiple pulses, and not a single wave. Neither of the two post Roman migrations represent a significant part of the ancestry of modern Ireland, Wales or Scotland. The authors estimate the effective contributions to modern English ancestry are 41% north continental, 34% British Iron Age, and 25% French Iron Age. The study also confirmed an increase of Scandinavian ancestry in the Viking period. They were however not able to identify any variations in Scandinavian ancestry among the Anglo Saxon immigrants concluding as follows: "If Saxons, Angles, and Jutes were meaningful biological categories that remained valid after the migration to England, then they were not correlated with varying degrees of ancestry from the Scandinavian Peninsula." Duncan Sayer, one of the authors of the study, commented: "What says is, yes, there is mass migration. You can't argue with that any more. So what we could do is start to talk about what that migration actually is and who the people are and how they interact and how they build communities." A 2020 study, which used DNA from hundreds of Viking-era burials in various regions across Europe, found that modern English samples showed a 38% genetic contribution on average from a native British "North Atlantic" population and a 37% contribution from a Danish-like population. The researchers estimated that up to 6% of the latter signature could have been derived from Danish Vikings, with the rest being attributed to the Anglo-Saxons. A 2018 study, focused on the genetics of Ireland, combined the ancient data from both of earlier studies and compared it to a large number of modern samples from across Britain and Ireland. This study found that modern southern, central and eastern English populations were of "a predominantly Anglo-Saxon-like ancestry", while those from northern and southwestern England had a greater degree of indigenous origin. In 2016, through the investigation of burials in Cambridgeshire using ancient DNA techniques, researchers found evidence of intermarriage in the earliest phase of Anglo-Saxon settlement. The highest status grave of the burials investigated, as evidenced by the associated goods, was that of a female of local, British, origins; two other women were of Anglo-Saxon origin, and another showed signs of mixed ancestry. People of native, immigrant, and mixed ancestry were buried in the same cemetery, with grave goods from the same material culture, without any discernible distinction. The authors remark that their results run contrary to previous theories that have postulated strict reproductive segregation between natives and incomers. By studying rare alleles and employing whole genome sequencing, it was claimed that the continental and insular origins of the ancient remains could be discriminated, and it was calculated that a range of 25–40% of the ancestry of modern Britons is attributable to continental 'Anglo-Saxon' origins. The breakdown of the estimates given in this work into the modern populations of Britain determined that the population of eastern England is consistent with 38% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average, with a large spread from 25 to 50%, and the Welsh and Scottish samples are consistent with 30% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average, again with a large spread. The study also found that there is a small but significant difference between the mean values in the three modern British sample groups, with East English samples sharing slightly more alleles with the Dutch, and Scottish samples looking more like the Iron Age (Celtic) samples. Another 2016 study analyzed nine ancient genomes of individuals from northern Britain, with seven from a Roman-era cemetery in York, and the others from earlier Iron-Age and later Anglo-Saxon burials. Six of the Roman genomes showed affinity with modern British Celtic populations, such as the Welsh, but were significantly different from eastern English samples. They also were similar to the earlier Iron-Age genome, suggesting population continuity, but differed from the later Anglo-Saxon genome, which was found to be similar to the samples from East Anglia, as well as other Anglo-Saxon era burials in Cambridgeshire (see above). This pattern was found to support a profound impact of migrations in the Anglo-Saxon period. The authors commented that the English population showed variation, with samples from the east and south showing greater similarity with the Anglo-Saxon burials and those in the north and west being closer to the Roman and Iron Age burials. Modern population studies A major study in 2015 by Leslie et al. on "The fine scale genetic structure of the British population" revealed regional patterns of genetic differentiation, with genetic clusters reflecting historical demographic events and sometimes corresponding to the geographic boundaries of historical polities. Based on two separate analyses, the study found clear evidence in modern England of the Anglo-Saxon migration and identified the regions not carrying genetic material from these migrations. The authors argued that the proportion of "Saxon" ancestry in Central/Southern England was probably in the range 10%–40%. Additionally, in the "non-Saxon" parts of the UK they found various genetic subgroups rather than a homogenous "Celtic" population. Isotope analysis Isotope analysis has begun to be employed to help answer the uncertainties regarding Anglo-Saxon migration; this can indicate whether an individual had always lived near his burial location. However, such studies cannot clearly distinguish ancestry. Thus, a descendant of migrants born in Britain would appear indistinguishable from somebody of native British origin. Strontium data in a 5th–7th-century cemetery in West Heslerton implied the presence of two groups: one of "local" and one of "nonlocal" origin. Although the study suggested that they could not define the limits of local variation and identify immigrants with confidence, they could give a useful account of the issues. Oxygen and strontium isotope data in an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Wally Corner, Berinsfield in the Upper Thames Valley, Oxfordshire, found only 5.3% of the sample originating from continental Europe, supporting the hypothesis of acculturation. Furthermore, they found that there was no change in this pattern over time, except amongst some females. Another isotope test, conducted in 2018 from skeletons found near Eastbourne in Sussex, concluded that neither the traditional invasion model nor the elite acculturation model was applicable. The study found a large number of migrants, both male and female, who seemed to be less wealthy than the natives. There was evidence of continued migration throughout the early Anglo-Saxon period. Another isotopic method has been employed to investigate whether protein sources in human diets in the early Anglo-Saxon varied with geographic location, or with respect to age or sex. This would provide evidence for social advantage. The results suggest that protein sources varied little according to geographic location and that terrestrial foods dominated at all locations. Y-chromosome evidence Many of the earliest attempts to examine the ancestry of British people using molecular evidence looked at Y chromosome DNA. Inheritance of sex-specific elements of the human genome allows the study of separate female-only and male-only lineages, using mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA, respectively. Mitochondrial DNA ("mtDNA") and Y-chromosome DNA differ from the DNA of diploid nuclear chromosomes in that they are not formed from the combination of both parents' genes. Rather, males inherit the Y-chromosome directly from their fathers, and both sexes inherit mtDNA directly from their mothers. Consequently, they preserve a genetic record from person to descendant that is altered only through mutation. Map of Y-chromosome distribution from data derived from "Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration" by Weale et al. (2002) An examination of Y-chromosome variation, sampled in an east–west transect across England and Wales, was compared with similar samples taken in Friesland (East and West Fresia). It was selected for the study due to it being regarded as a source of Anglo-Saxon migrants, and because of the similarities between Old English and Frisian. Samples from Norway were also selected, as this is a source of the later Viking migrations. It found that in England, in small population samples, 50% to 100% of paternal genetic inheritance was derived from people originating in the Germanic coastlands of the North Sea. Other research, also published in 2003 taken from a larger sample population and from more UK populations suggested that in southernmost England including Kent, continental (North German and Danish) paternal genetic input ranged between 25% and 45%, with a mean of 37%. East Anglia, the East Midlands, and Yorkshire all had over 50%. Across the latter much Viking settlement is attested. The study could not distinguish between North German and Danish populations, thus the relative proportions of genetic input derived from the Anglo-Saxon settlements and later Danish Viking colonisation could not be ascertained. The mean value of Germanic genetic input in this study was calculated at 54 per cent. A paper by Thomas et al. developed an "apartheid-like social structure" theory to explain how a small proportion of settlers could have made a larger contribution to the modern gene pool. This view has been criticized by JE Pattison, who suggested that the Y-chromosome evidence could still support the idea of a small settlement of people without the apartheid-like structures. It has been proposed, too, that the genetic similarities between people on either side of the North Sea may reflect a cumulative process of population movement, possibly beginning well before the historically attested formation of the Anglo-Saxons or the invasions of the Vikings. The 'apartheid theory' has received a considerable body of critical comment, especially the genetic studies from which it derives its rationale. Problems with the design of Weale's study and the level of historical naïveté evidenced by some population genetics studies have been particularly highlighted. Stephen Oppenheimer reviewed the Weale and Capelli studies and suggested that correlations of gene frequency mean nothing without a knowledge of the genetic prehistory of the regions in question. His criticism of these studies is that they generated models based on the historical evidence of Gildas and Procopius, and then selected methodologies to test against these populations. Weale's transect spotlights that Belgium is further west in the genetic map than North Walsham, Asbourne and Friesland. In Oppenheimer's view, this is evidence that the Belgae and other continental people – and hence continental genetic markers indistinguishable from those ascribed to Anglo-Saxons – arrived earlier and were already strong in the 5th century in particular regions or areas. Oppenheimer, basing his research on the Weale and Capelli studies, maintains that none of the invasions following the Romans have had a significant impact on the gene pool of the British Isles, and that the inhabitants from prehistoric times belong to an Iberian genetic grouping. He says that most people in the British Isles are genetically similar to the Basque people of northern Spain and southwestern France, from 90% in Wales to 66% in East Anglia. Oppenheimer suggests that the division between the West and the East of England is not due to the Anglo-Saxon invasion but originates with two main routes of genetic flow – one up the Atlantic coast, the other from neighbouring areas of Continental Europe – which occurred just after the Last Glacial Maximum. Bryan Sykes, a former geneticist at Oxford University, came to fairly similar conclusions as Oppenheimer. More recent work has challenged the theories of Oppenheimer and Sykes. David Reich's Harvard laboratory found that the Bell Beaker People from the Lower Rhine had little genetic relation to the Iberians or other southern Europeans. The Beaker Complex to Britain was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought Steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier. Modern autosomal genetic clustering is testament to this fact, as the British and Irish cluster genetically very closely with other North European populations, rather than Iberians, Galicians, Basques or those from the south of France. Further, more recent research (see below) has broadly supported the idea that genetic differences between the English and the Welsh have origins in the settlement of the Anglo-Saxons rather than prehistoric migration events. Criticism Some scholars have questioned whether it is legitimate to conflate ethnic and cultural identity with patterns highlighted by molecular evidence at all. A 2018 editorial for Nature argued that simplistic use of this category of data risks resembling the 'Culture-History' model of archaeological scholarship deployed in the early twentieth century, but which many present-day archaeologists consider to be problematic: for example the question of whether "Germanic" peoples can be considered to have shared any form of cultural or ethnic unity outside of their construction in Roman ethnography is far from settled, with some scholars expressing doubt that "Germanic" peoples had any strong sense of cultural affinity outside of speaking languages in the same language family. Migration and acculturation theories Possible routes of Anglo-Saxon migration in the 5th/6th centuries Various scholars have used a synthesis of evidence to present models to suggest an answer to the questions that surround the Anglo-Saxon settlement. These questions include how many migrants there were, when the Anglo-Saxons gained political ascendency, and what happened to the Romano-British people in the areas they took over. The later Anglo-Saxons were a mix of invaders, migrants and acculturated indigenous people. The ratios and relationships between these formative elements at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement are the subject of enquiry. The traditional interpretation of the settlement of Britain has been subject to profound reappraisal, with scholars embracing the evidence for both migration and acculturation. Heinrich Härke explains the nature of this agreement: It is now widely accepted that the Anglo-Saxons were not just transplanted Germanic invaders and settlers from the Continent, but the outcome of insular interactions and changes. But we are still lacking explicit models that suggest how this ethnogenetic process might have worked in concrete terms. Estimating continental migrants' numbers Scholars have not reached a consensus on the number of migrants who entered Britain in this period. Härke argues that the figure is around 100,000 to 200,000. Bryan Ward-Perkins also argues for up to 200,000 incomers. Catherine Hills suggests the number is nearer to 20,000. A computer simulation showed that a migration of 250,000 people from mainland Europe could have been accomplished in 38 years. Recent genetic and isotope studies have suggested that the migration, which included both men and women, continued over several centuries, possibly allowing for significantly more new arrivals than has been previously thought. By around 500, communities of Anglo-Saxons were established in southern and eastern Britain. Härke and Michael Wood estimate that the British population in the area that eventually became Anglo-Saxon England was around one million by the start of the fifth century; however, what happened to the Britons has been debated. The traditional explanation for their archaeological and linguistic invisibility is that the Anglo-Saxons either killed them or drove them to the mountainous fringes of Britain, a view broadly supported by the few available sources from the period. However, there is evidence of continuity in the systems of landscape and local governance, decreasing the likelihood of such a cataclysmic event, at least in parts of England. Thus, scholars have suggested other, less violent explanations by which the culture of the Anglo-Saxons, whose core area of large-scale settlement was likely restricted to what is now southeastern England, East Anglia and Lincolnshire, could have come to be ubiquitous across lowland Britain. Härke has posited a scenario in which the Anglo-Saxons, in expanding westward, outbred the Britons, eventually reaching a point where their descendants made up a larger share of the population of what was to become England. It has also been proposed that the Britons were disproportionately affected by plagues arriving through Roman trade links, which, combined with a large emigration to Armorica, could have substantially decreased their numbers. The Tribal Hidage, from an edition of Henry Spelman's Glossarium Archaiologicum Even so, there is general agreement that the kingdoms of Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria housed significant numbers of Britons. Härke states that "it is widely accepted that in the north of England, the native population survived to a greater extent than in the south," and that in Bernicia, "a small group of immigrants may have replaced the native British elite and took over the kingdom as a going concern." Evidence for the natives in Wessex, meanwhile, can be seen in the late seventh century laws of King Ine, which gave them fewer rights and a lower status than the Saxons. This might have provided an incentive for Britons in the kingdom to adopt Anglo-Saxon culture. Higham points out that "in circumstances where freedom at law, acceptance with the kindred, access to patronage, and the use and possession of weapons were all exclusive to those who could claim Germanic descent, then speaking Old English without Latin or Brittonic inflection had considerable value." There is evidence for a British influence on the emerging Anglo-Saxon elite classes. The Wessex royal line was traditionally founded by a man named Cerdic, an undoubtedly Celtic name cognate to Ceretic (the name of two British kings, ultimately derived from Corotīcos). This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton and that his dynasty became anglicised over time. A number of Cerdic's alleged descendants also possessed Celtic names, including the 'Bretwalda' Ceawlin. The last man in this dynasty to have a Brittonic name was King Caedwalla, who died as late as 689. In Mercia, too, several kings bear seemingly Celtic names, most notably Penda. As far east as Lindsey, the Celtic name Caedbaed appears in the list of kings. Recent genetic studies, based on data collected from skeletons found in Iron Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon era burials, have concluded that the ancestry of the modern English population contains large contributions from both Anglo-Saxon migrants and Romano-British natives. Knowing the number of migrants who came from the continent provides a context from which scholars can build an interpretation framework and understanding of the events of the 5th and 6th centuries. Robert Hedges in discussing this point observes that "archaeological evidence only addresses these issues indirectly." The traditional methodology used by archaeology to estimate the number of migrants starts with a figure for the population in Roman Britannia in the 3rd and 4th centuries. This is usually estimated at between 2 and 4 million. From this figure, Heinrich Härke and Michael Wood have argued that taking into account declines associated with political collapses, the population of what was to become Anglo-Saxon England had fallen to 1 million by the fifth century. Within 200 years of their first arrival, the settlement density has been established as an Anglo-Saxon village every 2–5 kilometres (1.2–3.1 miles), in the areas where evidence has been gathered. Given that these settlements are typically of around 50 people, this implies an Anglo-Saxon population in southern and eastern England of 250,000. The number of migrants therefore depends on the population increase variable. If the population rose by 1 per cent per year (slightly less than the present world population growth rate), this would suggest a migrant figure of 30,000. However, if the population rose by 2 per cent per year (similar to India in the last 20 years), the migrant figure would be closer to 5,000. The excavations at Spong Hill revealed over 2,000 cremations and inhumations in what is a very large early cemetery. However, when the period of use is taken into account (over 200 years) and its size, it is presumed to be a major cemetery for the entire area and not just one village; such findings point to a smaller rather than larger number of original immigrants, possibly around 20,000. Härke concluded that "most of the biological and cultural evidence points to a minority immigration on the scale of 10 to 20% of the native population. The immigration itself was not a single 'invasion', but rather a series of intrusions and immigrations over a considerable period, differing from region to region, and changing over time even within regions. The total immigrant population may have numbered somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000 over about a century, but the geographical variations in numbers, and in social and ethnic composition, should have led to a variety of settlement processes." However, there is a discrepancy between, on the one hand, some archaeological and historical ideas about the scale of the Anglo-Saxon immigration, and on the other, estimates of the genetic contribution of the Anglo-Saxon immigrants to the modern English gene pool (see "Molecular evidence" above). Härke, Mark Thomas, and Michael Stumpf created a statistical study of those who held the "migrant" Y chromosomes and those that did not, and examined the effect of differential reproductive success between those groups, coupled with limited intermarriage between the groups, on the spread of the genetic variant to discover whether the levels of migration needed to meet a 50% contribution to the modern gene pool had been attained. Their findings demonstrated that a genetic pool can rise from less than 5% to more than 50% in as little as 200 years with the addition of a slight increase in reproduction advantage of 1.8 (meaning a ratio 51.8 to 50) and restricting the amount of female (migrant genes) and male (indigenous genes) inter-breeding to at most 10%. Generally, however, the problems associated with seeking estimates for the population before AD 1089 were set out by Thomas, Stumpf, and Härke, who write that "incidental reports of numbers of immigrants are notoriously unreliable, and absolute numbers of immigrants before the Norman period can only be calculated as a proportion of the estimated overall population." Recent isotope and genetic evidence has suggested that migration continued over several centuries, possibly allowing for significantly more new arrivals than has been previously thought. Saxon political ascendancy in Britain Probable areas for Saxon settler communities A re-evaluation of the traditional picture of decay and dissolution in post-Roman Britain has occurred, with sub-Roman Britain being thought to have been more a part of the Late Antique world of western Europe than was customary a half century ago. As part of this re-evaluation some suggest that sub-Roman Britain, in its entirety, retained a significant political, economic and military momentum across the fifth century and even the bulk of the sixth. This in large part stems from attempts to develop visions of British success against the incoming Anglo-Saxons, as suggested by the Chronicles which were written in the ninth and mid-tenth century. However, recent scholarship has contested the extent to which either can be credited with any level of historicity regarding the decades around AD 500. The representation of long-lasting British triumphs against the Saxons appears in large parts of the Chronicles, but stems ultimately from Gildas's brief and elusive reference to a British victory at Mons Badonicus – Mount Badon (see historical evidence above). Higham suggests that the war between Britons and Saxons seems to have ended in some sort of compromise, which conceded a very considerable sphere of influence within Britain to the incomers. Kenneth Dark, on the other hand, has argued for a continuation of British political, cultural and military power well into the latter part of the sixth century, even in the eastern part of the country. Dark's argument rests on the very uneven distribution of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries and the proposition that large gaps in that distribution necessarily represent strong British polities which excluded Anglo-Saxon settlers by force. Cremation cemeteries in eastern Britain north of the Thames begin during the second quarter of the fifth century, backed up by new archaeological phases before 450 (see Archaeological evidence above). The chronology of this "adventus" of cremations is supported by the Gallic Chronicle of 452, which states that wide parts of Britain fell under Saxon rule in 441. Romano-Britons' fate in the south-east Multiple theories have been proposed as to the reason behind the invisibility of the Romano-Britons in the archaeological and historical records of the Anglo-Saxon period. One theory, first set out by Edward Augustus Freeman, suggests that the Anglo-Saxons and the Britons were competing cultures, and that through invasion, extermination, slavery, and forced resettlement the Anglo-Saxons defeated the Britons and consequently their culture and language prevailed. This view has influenced much of the scholarly and popular perceptions of the process of anglicisation in Britain. It remains the starting point and 'default position', to which other hypotheses are compared in modern reviews of the evidence. Widespread extermination and displacement of the native peoples of Britain is still considered a viable possibility by a number of scholars. Such a view is broadly supported by the linguistic and toponymic evidence, as well as the few primary sources from the time. Another theory has challenged this view and proposes that the Anglo-Saxon migration was an elite takeover, similar to the Norman Conquest, rather than a large-scale migration, and that the bulk of the population was composed of Britons who adopted the culture of the conquerors. Bryan Ward-Perkins argues that while "culturally, the later Anglo-Saxons and English did emerge as remarkably un-British, ... their genetic, biological make-up is none the less likely to have been substantially, indeed predominantly, British". Within this theory, two processes leading to Anglo-Saxonisation have been proposed. One is similar to culture changes observed in Russia, North Africa and parts of the Islamic world, where a politically and socially powerful minority culture becomes, over a rather short period, adopted by a settled majority. This process is usually termed 'elite dominance'. The second process is explained through incentives, such as the wergild outlined in the law code of Ine of Wessex. The wergild of an Englishman was set at a value twice that of a Briton of similar wealth. However, some Britons could be very prosperous and own five hides of land, which gave thegn-like status, with a wergild of 600 shillings. Ine set down requirements to prove guilt or innocence, both for his English subjects and for his British subjects, who were termed 'foreigners/wealas' ('Welshmen'). The difference in status between the Anglo-Saxons and Britons could have produced an incentive for a Briton to become Anglo-Saxon or at least English speaking. While most scholars currently accept a degree of population continuity from the Roman period, this view has not gone without criticism. Stefan Burmeister notes that "to all appearances, the settlement was carried out by small, agriculturally-oriented kinship groups. This process corresponds most closely with a classic settler model. The absence of early evidence of a socially demarcated elite underscores the supposition that such an elite did not play a substantial role. Rich burials such as are well-known from Denmark have no counterparts in England until the 6th century." Richard Coates points out that linguistically, "the case of the Britons in England appears consistent with the withdrawal of speakers of the previously dominant language, rather than the assimilation of the dominant classes by the incomers." Several theories have been proposed by which numbers of native Britons could have been lowered without resorting to violent means. There is linguistic and historical evidence for a significant movement of Brittonic-speakers to Armorica, which became known as Brittany. Meanwhile, it has been speculated that plagues arriving through Roman trade links could have disproportionately affected the Britons. Regional variation in settlement patterns In recent years, scholars have sought to combine elements of the mass migration and elite dominance models, emphasizing that no single explanation can be used to account for cultural change across the entirety of England. Heinrich Härke writes that "the Anglo-Saxon migration a process rather than an event, with implications for variations of the process over time, resulting in chronological and geographical diversity of immigrant groups, their origins, composition, sizes and settlement areas in Britain. These variations are, to a certain extent, reported in the written sources." According to Toby Martin, "Regional variation may well provide the key to resolution, with something more akin to mass migration in the south-east, gradually spreading into elite dominance in the north and west." This view has support in the toponymic evidence. In the southeastern counties of England, Brittonic place names are nearly nonexistent, but moving north and west, they gradually increase in frequency. East Anglia has been identified by a number of scholars, including Härke, Martin, Catherine Hills, and Kenneth Dark, as a region in which a large-scale continental migration occurred, possibly following a period of depopulation in the fourth century. Lincolnshire has also been cited by Hills and Martin as a key centre of early settlement from the continent. Alexander Mirrington argues that in Essex, the cultural change seen in the archaeological record is so complete that "a migration of a large number of people is the most logical and least extreme solution." In Kent, according to Sue Harrington and Stuart Brookes, "the weight of archaeological evidence and that from literary sources favours migrations" as the main reason for cultural change. Immigration into the area that was to become Wessex occurred from both the south coast and the Upper Thames valley. The earlier, southern settlements may have been more prosaic than descriptions in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle imply. Jillian Hawkins suggests that powerful Romano-British trading ports around the Solent were able to direct significant numbers of Germanic settlers inland into areas such as the Meon valley, where they formed their own communities. In areas that were settled from the Thames, different processes may have been at play, with the Germanic immigrants holding a greater degree of power. Bruce Eagles argues that the later population of areas such as Wiltshire would have included large numbers of Britons who had adopted the culture of the socially dominant Saxons, while also noting that "it seems reasonable to consider that there must have been sufficient numbers of widely dispersed immigrants to bring about this situation in a relatively short space of time." In the northern kingdom of Bernicia, however, Härke states that "a small group of immigrants may have replaced the native British elite and took over the kingdom as a going concern." Linguist Frederik Kortlandt agrees, commenting that in this region "there was a noticeable Celtic contribution to art, culture and possibly socio-military organization. It appears that the immigrants took over the institutions of the local population here." In a study of place names in northeastern England and southern Scotland, Bethany Fox concluded that the immigration that did occur in this region was centred on the river valleys, such as those of the Tyne and the Tweed, with the Britons moving to the less fertile hill country and becoming acculturated over a longer period. Aspects of the success of the Anglo-Saxon settlement The reasons for the success of Anglo-Saxon settlements remain uncertain. Helena Hamerow has made an observation that in Anglo-Saxon society "local and extended kin groups remained ... the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo-Saxon period". "Local and extended kin groups" is one of a number of possible reasons for success, along with societal advantages, freedom and the relationship to an elite, that allowed the Anglo-Saxons' culture and language to flourish in the fifth and sixth centuries. Anglo-Saxon political formation Higham is convinced that the success of the Anglo-Saxon elite in gaining an early compromise shortly after the Battle of Badon is a key to the success of the culture. This produced a political ascendancy across the south and east of Britain, which in turn required some structure to be successful. The Bretwalda concept is taken as evidence for a presence of a number of early Anglo-Saxon elite families and a clear unitary oversight. Whether the majority of these leaders were early settlers, descendant from settlers, or especially after the exploration stage they were Roman-British leaders who adopted Anglo-Saxon culture is unclear. The balance of opinion is that most were migrants, although it should not be assumed they were all Germanic. There is agreement that these were small in number and proportion, yet large enough in power and influence to ensure "Anglo-Saxon" acculturation in the lowlands of Britain. Most historians believe these elites were those named by Bede, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and others, although there is discussion regarding their floruit dates. Importantly, whatever their origin or when they flourished, they established their claim to lordship through their links to extended kin ties. As Helen Geake jokingly points out "they all just happened to be related back to Woden". The Tribal Hidage is evidence of the existence of numerous smaller provinces, meaning that southern and eastern Britain may have lost any macro-political cohesion in the fifth and sixth centuries and fragmented into many small autonomous units, though late Roman administrative organisation of the countryside may have helped dictate their boundaries. By the end of the sixth century the leaders of these communities were styling themselves kings, with the majority of the larger kingdoms based on the south or east coasts. They include the provinces of the Jutes of Hampshire and Wight, the South Saxons, Kent, the East Saxons, East Angles, Lindsey and (north of the Humber) Deira and Bernicia. Several of these kingdoms may have their foundation the former Roman civitas and this has been argued as particularly likely for the provinces of Kent, Lindsey, Deira and Bernicia, all of whose names derive from Romano-British tribal or district names. The southern and east coasts were, of course, the areas settled first and in greatest numbers by the settlers and so presumably were the earliest to pass from Romano-British to Anglo-Saxon control. Once established they had the advantage of easy communication with continental territories in Europe via the North Sea or the Channel. The east and south coast provinces may never have fragmented to the extent of some areas inland and by the end of the sixth century they were already beginning to expand by annexing smaller neighbours. Barbara Yorke suggests that such aggressiveness must have encouraged areas which did not already possess military protection in the form of kings and their armies to acquire their own war-leaders or protection alliances. By the time of the Tribal Hidage there were also two large 'inland' kingdoms, those of the Mercians and West Saxons, whose spectacular growth we can trace in par in our sources for the seventh century, but it is not clear how far this expansion had proceeded by the end of the sixth century. What Bede seems to imply in his Bretwalda list of the elite is the ability to extract tribute and overawe and/or protect communities, which may well have been relatively short-lived in any one instance, but ostensibly "Anglo-Saxon" dynasties variously replaced one another in this role in a discontinuous but influential and potent roll call of warrior elites, with very few interruptions from other "British" warlords. The success of this elite was felt beyond their geography, to include neighbouring British territories in the centre and west of what later became England, and even the far west of the island. Again, Bede was very clear that English imperium could on occasion encompass British and English kingships alike, and that Britons and Angles marched to war together in the early seventh century, under both British and English kings. It is Bede who provides the most vivid picture of a late sixth- and early seventh-century Anglian warlord in action, in the person of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, King of Bernicia (a kingdom with a non-English name), who rapidly built up a personal 'empire' by military victories over the Britons of the North, the Scots of Dalriada, the Angles of Deira and the Britons of north-eastern Wales, only ultimately to experience disaster at the hands of Rædwald of East Anglia. Rural freedoms and kinship groups Where arable cultivation continued in early Anglo-Saxon England, there seems to have been considerable continuity with the Roman period in both field layout and arable practices, although we do not know whether there were also changes to patterns of tenure or the regulation of cultivation. The greatest perceptible alterations in land usage between about AD 400 and 600 are therefore in the proportions of the land of each community that lay under grass or the plough, rather than in changes to the layout or management of arable fields. The Anglo-Saxons settled in small groups covering a handful of widely dispersed local communities. These farms were for the most part mobile. This mobility, which was typical across much of Northern Europe took two forms: the gradual shifting of the settlement within its boundaries or the complete relocation of the settlement. These shifting settlements (called Wandersiedlungen or "wandering settlements") were a common feature since the Bronze Age. Why farms became abandoned and then relocated is much debated. However it is suggested that this might be related to the death of a patron of the family or the desire to move to better farmlands. These farms are often falsely supposed to be "peasant farms". However, a ceorl, who was the lowest ranking freeman in early Anglo-Saxon society, was not a peasant but an arms-owning male with access to law, support of a kindred and the wergild, situated at the apex of an extended household working at least one hide of land. It is the ceorl that we should associate with the standard 8–10 metres (26–33 feet) x 4–5 metres (13–16 feet) post-hole building of the early Anglo-Saxon period, grouped with others of the same kin group. Each such household head had a number of less-free dependants and slaves. The success of the rural world in the 5th and 6th centuries, according to the landscape archaeology, was due to three factors: the continuity with the past, with no evidence of up-rooting in the landscape; farmers' freedom and rights over lands, with provision of a rent or duty to an overlord, who provided only slight lordly input; and the common outfield arable land (of an outfield-infield system) that provided the ability to build kinship and group cultural ties. Material culture The origins of the timber building tradition seen in early Anglo-Saxon England have generated much debate which has mirrored a wider debate about the cultural affinities of Anglo-Saxon material culture. Reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon hall at Wychurst, Kent, c. 1000 AD Philip Rahtz asserted that buildings seen in West Stow and Mucking had late Roman origins. Archaeologist Philip Dixon noted the striking similarity between Anglo-Saxon timber halls and Romano-British rural houses. The Anglo-Saxons did not import the 'long-house', the traditional dwelling of the continental Germanic peoples, to Britain. Instead they upheld a local vernacular British building tradition dating back to the late first century. This has been interpreted as evidence of the endurance of kinship and household structures from the Roman into the Anglo-Saxon period. However, this has been considered too neat an explanation for all the evidence. Anne and Gary Marshall summarise the situation: "One of the main problems in Anglo-Saxon archaeology has been to account for the apparent uniqueness of the English timber structures of the period. These structures seem to bear little resemblance either to earlier Romano-British or to continental models. In essence, the problem is that the hybrid Anglo-Saxon style seems to appear full-blown with no examples of development from the two potentially ancestral traditions ... The consensus of the published work was that the Anglo-Saxon building style was predominantly home-grown." In the Sutton Hoo burial, perhaps that of the East Anglian king Raedwald, a long and complex iron chain, used for suspending a cauldron from the beams of a hall, was found. It was the product of a continuous British smithing tradition dating to pre-Roman times. This was, however, a high-status object. For Bryan Ward-Perkins the answer to the relative lack of native influence on everyday objects is found in the success of the Anglo-Saxon culture and highlights the micro-diversity and larger cohesion that produced a dynamic force in comparison to the Brittonic culture. From beads and quoits to clothes and houses, there is something unique happening in the early Anglo-Saxon period. The material culture evidence shows that people adopted and adapted styles based on set roles and styles. John Hines, commenting on the diversity of nearly a thousand glass beads and many different clothes clasps from Lakenheath, states that these reveal a "society where people relied on others to fulfill a role" and "what they had around them was making a statement", not one about the individual, but about "identity between small groups not within small groups". Julian Richards commenting on this and other evidence suggests: " was more complex than a mass invasion bringing fully formed lifestyles and beliefs. The early Anglo-Saxon, just like today's migrants, were probably riding different cultural identities. They brought from their homelands the traditions of their ancestors. But they would have been trying to work out not only who they were, but who they wanted to be ... and forge an identity for those who followed." Looking beyond simplistic 'homeland' scenarios, and explaining the observations that 'Anglo-Saxon' houses and other aspects of material culture do not find exact matches in the 'Germanic homelands' in Europe, Halsall explains the changes within the context of a larger 'North Sea interaction zone', including lowland England, Northern Gaul and northern Germany. These areas experienced marked social and cultural changes in the wake of Roman collapse—experienced not only within the former Roman provinces (Gaul, Britain) but also in Barbaricum itself. All three areas experienced changes in social structure, settlement patterns and ways of expressing identities, as well as tensions which created push and pull factors for migrations in, perhaps, multiple directions. Culture of belief The study of pagan religious practice in the early Anglo-Saxon period is difficult. Most of the texts that may contain relevant information are not contemporary, but written later by Christian writers who tended to have a hostile attitude to pre-Christian beliefs, and who may have distorted their portrayal of them. Much of the information used to reconstruct Anglo-Saxon paganism comes from later Scandinavian and Icelandic texts and there is a debate about how relevant these are. The study of pagan Anglo-Saxon beliefs has often been approached with reference to Roman or even Greek typologies and categories. Archaeologists therefore use such terms as gods, myths, temples, sanctuaries, priests, magic and cults. Charlotte Behr argues that this provides a worldview of Anglo-Saxon practice culture which is unhelpful. Peter Brown employed a new method of looking at the belief systems of the fifth to seventh centuries, by arguing for a model of religion which was typified by a pick and choose approach. The period was exceptional because there was no orthodoxy or institutions to control or hinder the people. This freedom of culture is seen also in the Roman-British community and is very evident in the complaints of Gildas. One Anglo-Saxon cultural practice that is better understood are the burial customs, due in part to archaeological excavations at various sites including Sutton Hoo, Spong Hill, Prittlewell, Snape and Walkington Wold, and the existence of around 1,200 furnished inhumation and cremation cemeteries, which were once assumed to be pagan but whose religious affiliation is now substantially debated in scholarship. There was no set form of burial, with cremation being preferred in the north and inhumation in the south, although both forms were found throughout England, sometimes in the same cemeteries. When cremation did take place, the ashes were usually placed within an urn and then buried, sometimes along with grave goods. According to archaeologist Dave Wilson, "the usual orientation for an inhumation in a pagan Anglo-Saxon cemetery was west–east, with the head to the west, although there were often deviations from this." Indicative of possible religious belief, grave goods were common amongst inhumation burials as well as cremations; free Anglo-Saxon men were buried with at least one weapon in the pagan tradition, often a seax, but sometimes also with a spear, sword, or shield, or a combination of these. There are also a number of recorded cases of parts of animals being buried within such graves. Most common amongst these were body parts belonging to either goats or sheep, although parts of oxen were also relatively common, and there are also isolated cases of goose, crab apples, duck eggs, and hazelnuts being buried in graves. It is widely thought therefore that such items constituted a food source for the deceased. In some cases, animal skulls, particularly oxen but also pig, were buried in human graves, a practice that was also found earlier in Roman Britain. Despite this earlier confidence in the ability to use burial customs to understand cultures of belief, mortuary archaeologists have now challenged the notion that burial with grave-goods either in post-Roman Britain, or further afield in early medieval Europe, need have anything at all to do with paganism or other forms of belief in the afterlife. Howard Williams, summarising general trends in the scholarship, has pointed out The emergence of furnished cremation and inhumation graves is thus no longer regarded as reflecting a single and coherent 'Anglo-Saxon paganism'; nor need the decline in accompanied burial relate directly or exclusively to Christian conversion. Indeed, the very term 'pagan Anglo-Saxon burial' compounds the conceptually naïve assumption that there existed a one-to-one correlation between ethnic affiliation, religious beliefs and ritual practice that archaeologists have been so keen to move beyond. There is also evidence for the continuation of Christianity in south and east Britain. The Christian shrine at St Albans and its martyr cult survived throughout the period (see Gildas above). There are references in Anglo-Saxon poetry, including Beowulf, that show some interaction between pagan and Christian practices and values. While there is little scholarly focus on this subject, there is enough evidence from Gildas and elsewhere that it is safe to assume some continuing – perhaps more free – form of Christianity survived. Richard Whinder states "(The Church's pre-Augustine) characteristics place it in continuity with the rest of the Christian Church in Europe at that time and, indeed, in continuity with the Catholic faith ... today." Anglo-Saxon paganism was not based on faith, but on rituals intended to bring benefits to individuals and the community. As kingship developed, it probably came into conflict with the entrenched priestly class. Conversion to Christianity provided kings with priests who were under their protection and thus under their influence, and Christianisation seems to have been mainly sponsored by kings. See also Anglo-Saxon England portalEngland portalMiddle Ages portalWales portalScotland portal History of Anglo-Saxon England Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain – Timeline from 4th to 11th centuries History of England History of Anglo-Saxon England Sub-Roman Britain – Period in late antiquity in Great Britain Romano-British culture – Pre-Saxon England Modern immigration to the United Kingdom – Immigration to the United Kingdom since the independence of Ireland in 1922 Notes ^ Based on Jones & Mattingly's Atlas of Roman Britain (ISBN 978-1-84217-067-0, 1990, reprinted 2007); Mattingly's Imperial Possession (ISBN 978-0-14-014822-0, 2006); Higham's Rome, Britain, and the Anglo-Saxons (ISBN 1-85264-022-7, 1992); Frere's Britannia (ISBN 0-7102-1215-1, 1987); and Snyder's An Age of Tyrants (ISBN 978-0-631-22260-6) — the sources are cited in the image legend — Locations of towns (fortified and unfortified) are given on p. 156, with tribal civitates and coloniae specified on p. 154, of Atlas of Roman Britain. Specification of the Romanised regions of Britain are also from the Atlas, p. 151. The "Departure Dates" are found in the cited sources, and are generally known. The Pictish, Saxon, and Scoti raids are found in the cited sources, as is the date of the Irish settlements in Wales. Frere suggests (p. 355) that it was the Irish who sacked Wroxeter c. 383. The locations of the Irish settlements is from the locations of inscription stones given in File:Britain.Deisi.Laigin.jpg as of 2010-10-11, which cites its sources of information. ^ Throughout this article Anglo-Saxon is used for Saxon, Angles, Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made; Anglo-Saxon is used when specifically the culture is meant rather than any ethnicity. However, all these terms are interchangeably used by scholars ^ By the waning years of the Roman Empire, Britain was earning a special reputation as a "province fertile with tyrants". These tyrants dominate the historical accounts of the fifth and sixth centuries and the work tells us much about the transition from magisterial to monarchical power in Britain. ^ The phrase which mentions 40 years has been subject of much scholarly discussion. See Battle of Badon for more details. ^ From patrius ("of or pertaining to a father"), from pater ("father"), and (understanding "terra") the ordinary word for one's native country or home, used extensively by Cicero, Virgil, Lucretius and many authors (Lewis and Short, Latin-English Lexicon, s.v.). ^ Helen Cool investigates late assemblages, in her paper, from the period between the end of the Roman occupation and the Anglo-Saxon period. It lists all assemblages, that were known, at the time of publication of the paper. Simon Esmonde Cleary attempts to characterise and analyse the change in the nature of the archaeological record in England in the mid-first millennium AD. Citations ^ Higham & Ryan 2013:104–105 ^ Gretzinger, J; Sayer, D; Justeau, P (2022), "The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool", Nature, 610 (7930): 112–119, Bibcode:2022Natur.610..112G, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2, PMC 9534755, PMID 36131019 ^ In the abstract for: Härke, Heinrich. "Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis." Medieval Archaeology 55.1 (2011): 1–28. ^ Drinkwater, John F. (2023), "The 'Saxon Shore' Reconsidered", Britannia, 54: 275–303, doi:10.1017/S0068113X23000193 ^ Springer, Matthias (2004), Die Sachsen ^ Halsall 2013, p. 218. ^ Halsall 2013, p. 13. ^ Dewing, H B (1962). Procopius: History of the Wars Books VII and VIII with an English Translation (PDF). Harvard University Press. pp. 252–255. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ Halsall 2013, pp. 13–15, 185–186, 246. ^ Halsall 2013, pp. 194, 203. ^ Halsall 2013, p. 169. ^ Giles 1843a:72–73, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Bk I, Ch 15. ^ Giles 1843b:188–189, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Bk V, Ch 9. ^ a b Higham, Nicholas (1995). An English Empire: Bede and the Early Anglo-Saxon Kings. Manchester University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780719044243. ^ a b Hills, C.; Lucy, S. (2013). Spong Hill IX: Chronology and Synthesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 978-1-902937-62-5. ^ Dark, K., Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300–80 (London, Leicester University Press, 1994) ^ Higham, Nick. "From sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages." History Compass 2.1 (2004). ^ Brugmann, B. I. R. T. E. "Migration and endogenous change." The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (2011): 30–45. ^ Higham & Ryan 2013:7"The Anglo-Saxon World" ^ Jones & Casey 1988, pp. 367–98. ^ D. Gary Miller, External Influences on English: From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp=315–318 ^ Gransden 1974, pp. 13–25. ^ Gransden 1974, pp. 1–12. ^ Morris 1985, pp. 145–185. ^ Wood 1984, p. 19. ^ Jones & Casey 1988, pp. 367–398. ^ Jones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. Cornell University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8014-8530-5. Retrieved 1 March 2020. ^ Snyder 1998, Age of Tyrants. ^ Winterbottom, M. (1978), De Excidio britanniae, Chichester The standard modern edition and translation. ^ Heather, Peter J., and P. J. Heather. Goths and Romans, 332–489. Clarendon Press, 1991. ^ Snyder 1998:Chapter 5, Age of Tyrants ^ Daniell, Christopher. "The geographical perspective of Gildas." Britannia 25 (1994): 213–217. ^ Snyder 1998:85 ^ De Excidio XXI, 1, Winterbottom, Gildas, p. 24. ^ De Excidio I, 5, Winterbottom, Gildas, pp. 13–14. ^ a b Winterbottom, M. (1978), De Excidio britanniae, Chichester The standard modern edition and translation. Chapter 27 ^ Brugmann, B. I. R. T. E. "Migration and endogenous change." The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (2011): 30–45. ^ Giles 1843a:72–73, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Bk 2, Ch 5. ^ a b Keynes, Simon. "England, 700–900." The New Cambridge Medieval History 2 (1995): 18–42. ^ See Coates 2007 for such a view ^ a b McKinney, Windy A. "Creating a gens Anglorum: Social and Ethnic Identity in Anglo-Saxon England through the Lens of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica." (2011). ^ Davies, Wendy & Hayo Vierck – The Contexts of the Tribal Hidage: Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 8, 1974 ^ David N. Dumville, 'The Anglian Collection of Royal Genealogies and Regnal Lists', Anglo-Saxon England, 5 (1976), 23–50 ^ a b David N. Dumville, 'The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the Chronology of Early Wessex', Peritia, 4 (1985), 21–66. ^ Barbara Yorke, 'Fact or Fiction? The Written Evidence for the Fifth and Sixth Centuries AD', Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History, 6 (1993), 45–50. ^ Barbara Yorke, Wessex in the Early Middle Ages (London: Leicester University Press, 1995), pp. 32–34. ^ Patrick Sims-Williams, 'The Settlement of England in Bede and the Chronicle', Anglo-Saxon England, 12 (1983), 1–41. ^ a b Laycock, Stuart. Britannia – The Failed State: Tribal Conflict and the End of Roman Britain. History Press, 2012. ^ Kooper, Erik, ed. The Medieval Chronicle II: Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on the Medieval Chronicle, Driebergen/Utrecht 16–21 July 1999. Vol. 144. Rodopi, 2002. p167 ^ Nicholas Howe, Migration and Mythmaking in Anglo-Saxon England (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1989). ^ Harris, Stephen (2003) Race and Ethnicity in Anglo-Saxon Literature Routledge, DOIhttps://doi.org/10.4324/9780203497999, eBook ISBN 9781135924379 ^ Kenneth Hurlstone Jackson, Language and History in Early Britain: A Chronological Survey of the Brittonic Languages, First to Twelfth Century A.D., Edinburgh University Publications, Language and Literature, 4 (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1953), p. 220. ^ Higham, N. 1992. Rome, Britain and the Anglo-Saxons. Guildford: Seaby p 229–230 ^ Higham, Nicholas J., and Martin J. Ryan. The Anglo-Saxon World. Yale University Press, 2013. ^ Map by Alaric Hall, first published here as part of Bethany Fox, 'The P-Celtic Place-Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland', The Heroic Age, 10 (2007). ^ Cf. 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Brahhingas Beda Daenningas Caningaege Gegingas Surrey Gillingas Godhelmingas Haueringas Hroðingas Haka Middle Saxons Haering Nox-gaga and Oht-gaga Tetingas Tewingas Waeclingas Tota Woccingas Pæding-tun Frithuwald's Sūþrīge Dæningas Deningei Kent: Andredsley Andredes Leag Boroware Cantware Ceasterware Eastorege Lympne Limenwara Modingahema Mercia: Ælfingas Æbbingas Arosæte Banesbyrig Beormingas Bilsæte Cilternsæte Duddensæte Gaini Gyrwas Glestinga Husmerae Lindisfaras Magonsæte Middle Angles North Engle Pecset Pecsæte Pencersæte Reagesate South Engele Snotingas Southumbrians Spaldingas Stoppingas Sweordora Tomsæte Undaium Weorgoran Westerne Wreocensæte Northumbria: Elmetsæte Beodarsæte Loidis Sussex: Haestingas Wessex: Eorlingas Basingas Brycgstowl Dornsaete Gewisse Glastening Meonwara Rēadingas Sumorsaete Sumortūnsǣte and Glestinga Sunningas Wiltsaete Wihtwara Ytenes See also Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain Anglo-Saxon Chronicle Burghal Hidage Danelaw Mercian Supremacy Tribal Hidage vteGermanic peoplesEthnolinguistic group of Northern European origin primarily identified as speakers of Germanic languagesHistory Nordic Bronze Age Pre-Roman Iron Age Roman Iron Age Germanic Iron Age Viking Age Early culture Architecture Art Calendar Clothing Family Festivals Folklore Proto-Germanic folklore Anglo-Saxon mythology Continental Germanic mythology Norse mythology) Funerary practices Anglo-Saxon Norse Law Anglo-Saxon Norse Literature Anglo-Saxon Norse Names Gothic Numbers Paganism Anglo-Saxon Gothic Norse Rings Scripts Gothic alphabet Runes Symbology Warfare Anglo-Saxon Gothic and Vandal Viking Languages Germanic parent language Proto-Germanic language East Germanic languages North Germanic languages West Germanic languages Groups Alemanni Brisgavi Bucinobantes Lentienses Raetovari Adrabaecampi Angles Anglo-Saxons Ambrones Ampsivarii Angrivarii Armalausi Auiones Avarpi Baemi Baiuvarii Banochaemae Bastarnae Batavi Belgae Germani cisrhenani Atuatuci Caeroesi Condrusi Eburones Paemani Segni Morini Nervii Bateinoi Betasii Brondings Bructeri Burgundians Buri Cananefates Caritni Casuari Chaedini Chaemae Chamavi Chali Charudes Chasuarii Chattuarii Chatti Chauci Cherusci Cimbri Cobandi Corconti Cugerni Danes Dauciones Dulgubnii Favonae Firaesi Fosi Franks Ripuarian Franks Salian Franks Frisiavones Frisii Gambrivii Geats Gepids Goths Crimean Goths Greuthungi Gutones Ostrogoths Thervingi Thracian Goths Visigoths Gutes Harii Hermunduri Heruli Hilleviones Ingaevones Irminones Istvaeones Jutes Juthungi Lacringi Lemovii Lombards Heaðobards Lugii Diduni Helisii Helveconae Manimi Nahanarvali Marcomanni Marsacii Marsi Mattiaci Nemetes Njars Nuithones Osi Quadi Reudigni Rugii Rugini Saxons Semnones Sicambri Sciri Sitones Suarines Suebi Sunici Swedes Taifals Tencteri Teutons Thelir Thuringii Toxandri Treveri Triboci Tubantes Tulingi Tungri Ubii Usipetes Vagoth Vandals Hasdingi Silingi Vangiones Varisci Victohali Vidivarii Vinoviloth Warini Christianization Gothic Christianity Christianization of the Franks Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England Christianization of Scandinavia Christianization of Iceland Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"History of Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Saxon_invasions"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Anglo-Saxon_invasions"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Anglo-Saxon_invasions"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon invasions and the founding of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Timeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_conflict_in_Anglo-Saxon_Britain"},{"link_name":"Groans of the Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons"},{"link_name":"Guoloph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Guoloph"},{"link_name":"Aylesford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aylesford"},{"link_name":"Treason of the Long Knives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treason_of_the_Long_Knives"},{"link_name":"Wippedesfleot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Wippedesfleot"},{"link_name":"Mercredesburne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Mercredesburne"},{"link_name":"Badon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badon"},{"link_name":"Beranburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Beran_Byrig"},{"link_name":"Alclud Ford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Alclud_Ford"},{"link_name":"Argoed Llwyfain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Argoed_Llwyfain"},{"link_name":"Deorham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Deorham"},{"link_name":"1st Wodensburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Woden%27s_Burg_(592)"},{"link_name":"Raith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Raith"},{"link_name":"Catraeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Catraeth"},{"link_name":"Degsastan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Degsastan"},{"link_name":"Chester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chester"},{"link_name":"Cirencester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cirencester"},{"link_name":"Cefn Digoll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Cefn_Digoll"},{"link_name":"Caer-Uisc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Exeter_(c._630)"},{"link_name":"Hatfield Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hatfield_Chase"},{"link_name":"Heavenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Heavenfield"},{"link_name":"Maserfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Maserfield"},{"link_name":"Winwaed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Winwaed"},{"link_name":"Peonnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Peonnum"},{"link_name":"Two Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Two_Rivers"},{"link_name":"Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Trent"},{"link_name":"Nechtansmere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Dun_Nechtain"},{"link_name":"2nd Wodensburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Woden%27s_Burg_(715)"},{"link_name":"Hehil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hehil"},{"link_name":"Pencon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Pencon"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"Otford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Otford_(776)"},{"link_name":"Bensington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bensington"},{"link_name":"Ellandun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ellandun"},{"link_name":"Hingston Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Hingston_Down"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan%27s_invasion_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Brunanburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Germanic peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"cultural identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_identity"},{"link_name":"Germanic language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_language"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Old Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Frisian"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"end of Roman rule in Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"Gildas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildas"},{"link_name":"Romano-British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoti"},{"link_name":"British Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Celtic"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"acculturation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acculturation"},{"link_name":"material culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_culture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"This article is about Anglo-Saxon settlement in Britain. For later historical events in Anglo-Saxon England, see History of Anglo-Saxon England. For other uses, see Anglo-Saxon (disambiguation).vteAnglo-Saxon invasions and the founding of EnglandTimeline\nGroans of the Britons\nGuoloph\nAylesford\nTreason of the Long Knives\nWippedesfleot\nMercredesburne\nBadon\nBeranburh\nAlclud Ford\nArgoed Llwyfain\nDeorham\n1st Wodensburh\nRaith\nCatraeth\nDegsastan\nChester\nCirencester\nCefn Digoll\nCaer-Uisc\nHatfield Chase\nHeavenfield\nMaserfield\nWinwaed\nPeonnum\nTwo Rivers\nTrent\nNechtansmere\n2nd Wodensburh\nHehil\nPencon\nHereford\nOtford\nBensington\nEllandun\nHingston Down\nScotland\nBrunanburhThe settlement of Great Britain by diverse Germanic peoples, led to the development of a new Anglo-Saxon cultural identity and a shared Germanic language, Old English, which was most closely related to Old Frisian on the other side of the North Sea. Settlements began by the fifth century, around the time of the end of Roman rule in Britain, and continued for centuries. The first Germanic-speakers to settle permanently are likely to have been soldiers recruited by the Roman administration, possibly already in the fourth century or earlier.Based upon the account of Gildas, some generations later, the first group to become independent was a \"Saxon\" force specifically invited by the Romano-British leadership to help defend against raids from the Picts and Scots, at some point after the withdrawal of the regular Roman military. The term Saxon was at this time consistently associated with groups who had been raiding into Roman territories. After a long war, the Romano-British recovered control of most of Britain and were maintaining it at the time of Gildas, writing in the 6th century, although they were no longer unified, but ruled by petty \"tyrants\". Small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms eventually appear in later records in most of what is now modern England, as well the south-east of modern Scotland, although at least some of them probably originated as Roman-British kingdoms. The exact nature of this change is a topic of on-going research.Many questions remain about the scale, timing and nature of the settlements, and also about what happened to the previous residents of what is now England. The available evidence includes the archaeological and genetic information, and the scant medieval written record. The few literary sources such as Gildas tell of hostility between incomers and natives. They describe violence, destruction, massacre, and the flight of both Romano-British and Anglo-Saxon populations. The Old English language seems to have become dominant rather quickly in many areas because British Celtic languages had very little impact on Old English vocabulary. This suggests that a large number of Germanic-speakers appeared relatively suddenly. On the basis of such evidence it has even been argued that large parts of what is now England were cleared of prior inhabitants. However, a view that gained support in the late 20th century suggests that the migration involved relatively few individuals, possibly centred on a warrior elite, who may have already been influential within the Roman military, and who popularized a non-Roman identity after the downfall of Roman institutions. This hypothesis suggests a largescale acculturation of natives to the incoming language and material culture. In support of this, archaeologists have found that, despite evidence of violent disruption, settlement patterns and land use show many continuities with the Romano-British past, despite profound changes in material culture.[1]A major genetic study in 2022 which used DNA samples from different periods and regions estimated that the Anglo-Saxons contributed about 40% of the ancestry of modern English ancestry. The authors argue that this is \"strong evidence of large-scale early medieval migration across the North Sea zone\", involving both men and women, which began in the Roman era, increased rapidly after the end of that era, and continued until the 8th century. There was also strong evidence of rapid acculturation, with early medieval individuals of both local or migrant ancestry being buried in the same new ways.[2]","title":"Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:End.of.Roman.rule.in.Britain.383.410.jpg"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Roman province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_province"},{"link_name":"Britannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britannia"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Magnus Maximus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnus_Maximus"},{"link_name":"Constantine \"III\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)"},{"link_name":"North sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_sea"},{"link_name":"Saxon shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_shore"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Lower Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Rhine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"foederati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foederati"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013218-7"},{"link_name":"Chronica Gallica of 452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronica_Gallica_of_452"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall201313-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Scoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoti"},{"link_name":"hagiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagiography"},{"link_name":"Saint Germanus of Auxerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Germanus_of_Auxerre"},{"link_name":"Aëtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%ABtius"},{"link_name":"Chronica Gallica of 452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronica_Gallica_of_452"},{"link_name":"Vortigern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vortigern"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall201313%E2%80%9315,_185%E2%80%93186,_246-10"},{"link_name":"Historia Brittonum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Brittonum"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013194,_203-11"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013169-12"},{"link_name":"Old Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxony"},{"link_name":"North sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_sea"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Schleswig-Holstein Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein_Province"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Angeln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angeln"},{"link_name":"Frisians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians"},{"link_name":"Rugini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugini"},{"link_name":"Rügen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCgen"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes"},{"link_name":"Huns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huns"},{"link_name":"Pannonian Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"Bructeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bructeri"},{"link_name":"Lippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippe"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Ambrosius Aurelianus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus"},{"link_name":"siege at 'Mons Badonicus'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badon"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higham,_Nick_1995-15"},{"link_name":"Spong Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spong_Hill"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hills._C,_&_Lucy,_S.-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higham,_Nick_2004-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Britain, 383–410[a]Although it involved immigrant communities from northern Europe, the culture of the Anglo-Saxons was not transplanted from there, but rather developed in Britain.[3] In 400, the Roman province of Britannia had long been part of the Roman Empire. The empire had been dismembered several times during the previous centuries, often because of usurpations beginning in Britain such as those of Magnus Maximus, and Constantine \"III\" there was an overal continuity and interconnectedness. Already before 400 Roman sources used the term Saxons to refer to coastal raiders who had been causing problems especially on the coasts of the North sea. In what is now south-eastern England the Romans established a military commander who was assigned to oversee a chain of coastal forts which they called the Saxon shore.[4] The homeland of these Saxon raiders was not clearly described in surviving sources but they were apparently the northerly neighbours of the Franks on the Lower Rhine.[5] At the same time, the Roman administration in Britain (and other parts of the empire) was recruiting foederati soldiers from the same general regions in what is now Germany, and these are likely to have become more important after the withdrawal of field armies during internal Roman power struggles.[6]According to the Chronica Gallica of 452 Britain was ravaged by Saxon invaders in 409 or 410. This was only a few years after Constantine \"III\" was declared Roman emperor in Britain, and during the period that he was still leading British Roman forces in rebellion on the continent. Although the rebellion was eventually quashed, the Romano-British citizens reportedly expelled their Roman officials during this period, and never again re-joined the Roman empire.[7] Writing in the mid-sixth century, Procopius states that after the overthrow of Constantine \"III\" in 411, \"the Romans never succeeded in recovering Britain, but it remained from that time under tyrants.\"[8]The Romano-Britons nevertheless called upon the empire to help them fend off attacks from not only the Saxons, but also the Picts and Scoti. A hagiography of Saint Germanus of Auxerre claims that he helped command a defence against an invasion of Picts and Saxons in 429. By about 430 the archaeological record in Britain begins to indicate a relatively rapid melt-down of Roman material culture, and its replacement by Anglo-Saxon material culture. At some time between 445 and 454 Gildas reported that the Britons also wrote to the Roman military leader Aëtius in Gaul, begging for assistance, with no success. In desperation, an un-named \"proud tyrant\" subsequently invited Saxons to Britain to help defend it from the Picts and Scots. He did not report the year, and later writers developed different estimates of when this occurred. Possibly referring to this same event, the Chronica Gallica of 452 records for the year 441: \"The British provinces, which to this time had suffered various defeats and misfortunes, are reduced to Saxon rule.\" Bede, writing centuries later, reasoned that this happened in 450-455, and he named the \"proud tyrant\" as Vortigern. However, the date could have been significantly earlier, and Bede's understanding of these events has been questioned.[9] The Historia Brittonum, written in the 9th century, gives two different years, but apparently believed it happened in 428.[10] Another 9th century source, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is largely based on Bede but says this Saxon arrival happened in 449.[11]Bede believed that the call was answered by kings from three powerful tribes from Germania, Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. The Saxons came from Old Saxony on the North sea coast of Germany, and settled in Wessex, Sussex and Essex. Jutland, the peninsula containing part of Denmark, was the homeland of the Jutes who settled in Kent and the Isle of Wight. The Angles (or English) were from 'Anglia', a country which Bede understood to have now been emptied, and which lay between the homelands of the Saxons and Jutes.[12] Anglia is usually interpreted as the old Schleswig-Holstein Province (straddling the modern Danish-German border), and containing the modern Angeln. Although this represents a turning point the continental ancestors of the Anglo-Saxons were probably quite diverse, and they arrived over a longer period. In another passage, Bede named pagan peoples still living in Germany (Germania) in the eighth century \"from whom the Angles or Saxons, who now inhabit Britain, are known to have derived their origin; for which reason they are still corruptly called Garmans by the neighbouring nation of the Britons\": the Frisians, the Rugini (possibly from Rügen), the Danes, the \"Huns\" (Pannonian Avars in this period, whose influence stretched north to apparent Slavic-speaking areas in central Europe), the \"old Saxons\" (antiqui Saxones), and the \"Boructuarii\" who are presumed to be inhabitants of the old lands of the Bructeri, near the Lippe river.[13]Gildas recounts how a war broke out between the Saxons and the local population, initially led by Ambrosius Aurelianus. Historian Nick Higham calls it the \"War of the Saxon Federates\". It ended successfully for the Britons after the siege at 'Mons Badonicus'. The Saxons went back to \"their eastern home\". Gildas calls the peace a \"grievous divorce with the barbarians\". The price of peace, Higham argues, was a better treaty for the Saxons, giving them the ability to receive tribute from people across the lowlands of Britain.[14] The archaeological evidence agrees with this earlier timescale. In particular, the work of Catherine Hills and Sam Lucy on the evidence of Spong Hill has moved the chronology for the settlement earlier than 450, with a significant number of items now in phases before Bede's date.[15]This vision of the Anglo-Saxons exercising extensive political and military power at an early date remains contested. The most developed vision of a continuation in sub-Roman Britain, with control over its own political and military destiny for well over a century, is that of Kenneth Dark,[16] who suggests that the sub-Roman elite survived in culture, politics and military power up to c. 570.[17] Bede, however, identifies three phases of settlement: an exploration phase, when mercenaries came to protect the resident population; a migration phase, which was substantial as implied by the statement that Anglus was deserted; and an establishment phase, in which Anglo-Saxons started to control areas, implied in Bede's statement about the origins of the tribes.[18]","title":"Late Roman Britain and the Saxons"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Angles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angles_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"8th century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/8th_century"},{"link_name":"Old Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxony"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"The act of surveying the historical sources for signs of the Anglo-Saxon settlement assumes that the words Angles, Saxons, or Anglo-Saxon have the same meaning in all the sources. Assigning ethnic labels such as \"Anglo-Saxon\" is fraught with difficulties and the term only began to be used in the 8th century to distinguish \"Germanic\" groups in Britain from those on the continent (Old Saxony in present-day Northern Germany).[19][b]","title":"Textual evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesCasey1988367%E2%80%9398-22"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Bede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bede"},{"link_name":"Ecclesiastical History of the English People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_of_the_English_People"},{"link_name":"regnal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnal_year"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGransden197413%E2%80%9325-24"},{"link_name":"De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae"},{"link_name":"Gildas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildas"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGransden19741%E2%80%9312-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMorris1985145%E2%80%93185-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood198419-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJonesCasey1988367%E2%80%93398-28"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1130_Anglo-Saxon_Crossing.jpg"},{"link_name":"Procopius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procopius"},{"link_name":"Brittia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittia"},{"link_name":"Michael Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Jones_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jones-29"}],"sub_title":"Early sources","text":"The Chronica Gallica was written some distance from Britain.[20] There is uncertainty about precise dates for fifth-century events especially before 446.[21] Historians have often relied upon Bede the English monk, author and scholar (672/673–735), who in his Ecclesiastical History of the English People, tried to compute dates for events in early Anglo-Saxon history. Although primarily writing about church history, Bede is seen as Britain's first true historian, in that he cited his references and listed events according to dates rather than regnal lists.[22] Because of this we know that he relied heavily on De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae by Gildas, a sixth-century cleric, for his early dates. Historians have found Gildas unreliable where dates were concerned. [23][24] So Bede's later dating of events, although they seem to contradict that of the Gallic Chronicles, do not undermine the chronicle as a very important contemporary source. In the chronicle, Britain is grouped with four other Roman territories which came under 'Germanic' dominion around the same time, the list being intended as an explanation of the end of the Roman empire in the west.[25] The four share a similar history, as they were all given into the \"power of the barbarians\" by Roman authority: three were deliberately settled with Germanic federates and though the Vandals took Africa by force their dominion was confirmed by treaty.[26]An 1130 depiction of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes crossing the sea to Britain equipped with war gear from the Miscellany on the Life of St. EdmundProcopius states that an island called Brittia, which was supposedly not Britain, was settled by three nations: the Angili, Frissones, and Brittones, each ruled by its own king. Each nation was so prolific that it sent large numbers of individuals every year to the Franks, who planted them in unpopulated regions of its territory. Michael Jones, a historian at Bates College in New England, says that \"Procopius himself, however, betrays doubts about this specific passage, and subsequent details in the chapter undermine its credibility as a clue to sixth-century population in Britain.\"[27]","title":"Textual evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain.circa.540.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gildas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildas"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Aëtius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavius_Aetius"},{"link_name":"Groans of the Britons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groans_of_the_Britons"},{"link_name":"Picts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picts"},{"link_name":"Scoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoti"},{"link_name":"Toxandria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toxandria"},{"link_name":"Visigoths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visigoths"},{"link_name":"Gallia Aquitania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallia_Aquitania"},{"link_name":"N. J. Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Higham"},{"link_name":"siege at Mons Badonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badon"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higham,_Nick_1995-15"},{"link_name":"foederati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foederati"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winterbottom,_M._1978-41"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Winterbottom,_M._1978-41"}],"sub_title":"Gildas' De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae","text":"Britain around the year 540. Anglo-Saxon kingdom's names are coloured red or brown. Britonnic kingdoms' names are coloured black.In Gildas' work of the sixth century (perhaps 510–530), De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae, a religious tract on the state of Britain, the Saxons were enemies originally from overseas, who brought well-deserved judgement upon the local kings or 'tyrants'.[c][28]The sequence of events in Gildas is:[29]After an appeal to Aëtius (the Groans of the Britons) the Britons were gripped by famine while suffering attacks from the Picts and Scoti; some fought back successfully, leading to a period of peace.\nPeace led to luxuria and self-indulgence.\nA renewed attack was threatened by the Picts and Scoti, and this led to a council, where it was proposed and agreed that land in the east would be given to the Saxons on the basis of a treaty, a foedus, by which the Saxons would defend the Britons in exchange for food supplies. This type of arrangement was unexceptional in a Late Roman context; Franks had been settled as foederati on imperial territory in northern Gaul (Toxandria) in the fourth century, and the Visigoths were settled in Gallia Aquitania early in the fifth century.\nThe Saxon foederati first complained that their monthly supplies were inadequate. Then they threatened to break the treaty, which they did, spreading the onslaught \"from sea to sea\".\nThis war, which N. J. Higham called the \"War of the Saxon Federates\", ended some 20–30 years later, shortly after the siege at Mons Badonicus, and some 40 years before Gildas was born.[d]\nA peace existed with the Saxons, who returned to their eastern home, which Gildas called a lugubre divortium barbarorum—a grievous divorce from the barbarians. The \"divorce settlement\", Higham in particular has argued, was a worse treaty from the British viewpoint. This included the payment of tribute to the people in the east (i.e. the Saxons), who were under the leadership of the person whom Gildas called pater diabolus.[14]Gildas used the correct late Roman term for the Saxons, foederati, people who came to Britain under a well-used treaty system. This kind of treaty had been used elsewhere to bring people into the Roman Empire to move along the roads or rivers and work alongside the army.[30] Gildas called them Saxons, which was probably the common British term for the settlers. Gildas' use of the word patria,[e][31] when used in relation to the Saxons and Picts, gave the impression that some Saxons could by then be regarded as native to Britannia.[32]Britain for Gildas was the whole island. Ethnicity and language were not his issue; he was concerned with the leaders' faith and actions. The historical details are, as Snyder had it: \"by-products from his recounting of royal-sins\".[33] There is a strong tradition of Christian writers who were concerned with the moral qualities of leadership and Gildas joined these. He used apocalyptic language: for example the Saxons were \"villains\", \"enemies\", led by a Devil-father. Yet, Gildas had lived through, in his own words, an age of \"external peace\", and it is this peace that brought with it the tyrannis—\"unjust rule\".Gildas' remarks reflected his continuing concern regarding the vulnerability of his countrymen and their disregard and in-fighting: for example, \"it was always true of this people (as it is now) that it was weak in beating off the weapons of the enemy, but strong in putting up with civil war and the burden of sin.\"[34] However, after the War of the Saxon Federates, if there were acts of genocide, mass exodus, or mass slavery, Gildas did not seem to know about them. Gildas, in discussing the holy shrines, mentioned that the spiritual life of Britain had suffered, because of the partition (divortium), of the country, which was preventing the citizens (cives) from worshipping at the shrines of the martyrs. Control had been ceded to the Saxons, even control of access to such shrines. The church was now 'tributary', her sons had 'embraced dung' and the nobility had lost their authority to govern.[35]Gildas described the corruption of the elite: \"Britain has kings but they are tyrants; she has judges but they are wicked\".[36] This passage provides a glimpse into the world of Gildas, he continued: \"they plunder and terrorise the innocent, they defend and protect the guilty and thieving, they have many wives, whores and adulteresses, swear false oaths, tell lies, reward thieves, sit with murderous men, despise the humble, their commanders are 'enemies of God'\"; the list is long. Oath breaking and the absence of just judgements for ordinary people were mentioned a number of times. British leadership, everywhere, was immoral and the cause of the \"ruin of Britain\".[36]","title":"Textual evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg"},{"link_name":"National Library of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_National_Library"},{"link_name":"Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_ecclesiastica_gentis_Anglorum"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Bretwalda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretwalda"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-43"},{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"Simon Keynes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Keynes"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keynes,_Simon_1995-44"},{"link_name":"Midlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midlands"},{"link_name":"forced migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKinney,_Windy_A_2011-46"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKinney,_Windy_A_2011-46"}],"sub_title":"Bede's Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum","text":"Folio 3v from the Petersburg Bede. The Saint Petersburg Bede (Saint Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18), a near-contemporary version of the Historia ecclesiastica gentis AnglorumVarious sources, including Gildas, were used by Bede in his Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum, written around 731.Bede seems to identify three phases of settlement: an exploration phase, when mercenaries came to protect the resident population; a migration phase, which was substantial, as implied by the statement that Anglus was deserted; and an establishment phase, in which Anglo-Saxons started to control areas, implied in Bede's statement about the origins of the tribes.[37] This analysis of Bede has led to a re-evaluation, in terms of continuity and change, of Bede's \"Northumbrian\" view of history and how this view was projected back into the account of the latter two phases of settlement; and a possible overhaul of the traditional chronological framework.The concept of Bretwalda originates in Bede's comment on who held the Imperium of Britain.[38] From this concept, historians have inferred a formal institution of overlordship south of the Humber. Whether such an institution existed is uncertain, but Simon Keynes argues that the idea is not an invented concept.[39] The Bretwalda concept is taken as evidence for a presence of a number of early Anglo-Saxon elite families. Whether the majority were early settlers, descendant from settlers, or especially after the exploration stage, were Roman-British leaders who adopted Anglo-Saxon culture, is unclear, but the balance of opinion is that most were migrants. Notable gaps include: no-one from the East or West Midlands is represented in the list of Bretwaldas, and some uncertainty about the dates of these leaders.Bede's view of Britons is partly responsible for the picture of them as the downtrodden subjects of Anglo-Saxon oppression. This has been used by some linguists and archaeologists to produce invasion and settlement theories involving genocide, forced migration and enslavement.[40] The depiction of the Britons in the Historia Ecclesiastica is influenced by the writing of Gildas, who viewed the Saxons as a punishment from God against the British people. Windy McKinney notes that \"Bede focused on this point and extended Gildas' vision by portraying the pagan Anglo-Saxons not as God's scourge against the reprobate Britons, but rather as the agents of Britain's redemption. Therefore, the ghastly scenario that Gildas feared is calmly explained away by Bede; any rough treatment was necessary, and ordained by God, because the Britons had lost God's favour, and incurred his wrath.\"[41] McKinney, who suggests that \"Bede himself may not have been an ethnically 'pure' Angle,\" argues that his use of ethnic terms was \"tied to the expression of tradition and religious ideas, to the loyalty of a people to authority, and subject to change as history continued to unfold. Therefore, it is a moot point whether all of those whom Bede encompassed under the term Angli were racially Germanic\".[41]","title":"Textual evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tribal Hideage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Hidage"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"link_name":"Elmet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmet"},{"link_name":"King Wulfhere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Wulfhere"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Keynes,_Simon_1995-44"},{"link_name":"hides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercia"},{"link_name":"Humber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"}],"sub_title":"Tribal Hideage","text":"The Tribal Hideage is a list of 35 tribes that was compiled in Anglo-Saxon England some time between the seventh and ninth centuries. The inclusion of the 'Elmet-dwellers' suggests to Simon Keynes that the Tribal Hideage was compiled in the early 670s, during the reign of King Wulfhere, since Elmet seems to have reverted thereafter to Northumbrian control.[39]It includes a number of independent kingdoms and other smaller territories and assigns a number of hides to each one. A hide was an amount of land sufficient to support a household. The list of tribes is headed by Mercia and consists almost exclusively of peoples who lived south of the Humber estuary and territories that surrounded the Mercian kingdom, some of which have never been satisfactorily identified by scholars. The document is problematic, but extremely important for historians, as it provides a glimpse into the relationship between people, land, and the tribes and groups into which they had organised themselves.The individual units in the list developed from the settlement areas of tribal groups, some of which are as little as 300 hides. The names are difficult to locate: places such as East wixna and Sweord ora. What it reveals is that micro-identity of tribe and family is important from the start. The list is evidence for more complex settlement than the single political entity of the other historical sources.[42]","title":"Textual evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglian King-list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglian_King-list"},{"link_name":"West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Saxon_Genealogical_Regnal_List"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-49"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Barbara Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Yorke"},{"link_name":"Patrick Sims-Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Sims-Williams"},{"link_name":"David Dumville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dumville"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-49"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Portsmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portsmouth"},{"link_name":"Ælle of Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lle_of_Sussex"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laycock,_Stuart_2012-53"},{"link_name":"Dumville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Dumville"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"sub_title":"King-lists and the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","text":"In the eighth century, if not the seventh, Anglo-Saxon scholars began writing lists and genealogies of kings which purport to record their ancestry through the settlement period and beyond, prominently including the Anglian King-list and the West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List (which may share a source with the Anglian list).[43][44] The Regnal List was in turn a source for the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, the relevant sections of which were edited into their surviving form in the later ninth century. The Chronicle also includes various more detailed entries for the fifth and sixth centuries that ostensibly constitute historical evidence for a migration, Anglo-Saxon elites, and various significant historical events. However, Barbara Yorke, Patrick Sims-Williams, and David Dumville, among others, have demonstrated how a number of features of the Regnal List and Anglo-Saxon Chronicle for the fifth and sixth centuries clearly contradict the idea that they constitute a reliable record.[44][45][46][47] Some of the information there may contain a kernel of truth if the obvious fictions are rejected (such as the claim that Portsmouth took its name from an invader, Port, who arrived in 501), such as the sequence of the events associated with Ælle of Sussex (albeit not necessarily the dates).[48] Yet there is little basis for sifting truth from invention. As Dumville pointed out about the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, \"medieval historiography has assumptions different from our own, particularly in terms of distinctions between fiction and non-fiction\".[49]","title":"Textual evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"Widsith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widsith"},{"link_name":"Deor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deor"},{"link_name":"The Battle of Brunanburh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Brunanburh"},{"link_name":"The Ruin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruin"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"}],"sub_title":"Old English poetry","text":"Some poetry in Old English is set in Germanic-speaking Continental Europe, including Beowulf, Widsith, and Deor, or, like The Battle of Brunanburh, explicitly mentions migration, or, like The Ruin, meditates on Britain's Roman past. Scholars have found little information in these poems informing us about the fifth- and sixth-century realities of Germanic-speakers migrating to Britain, but some have seen these texts as rich evidence for subsequent processes of what Nicholas Howe called \"mythmaking\" about Anglo-Saxons' continental origins:[50] these stories, poetry and oral traditions themselves became an agency of cultural and ethnic change in early medieval Britain.[51]","title":"Textual evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:British_river_names_of_celtic_etymology.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Jackson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_H._Jackson"},{"link_name":"river names","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydronymy"},{"link_name":"Celtic etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_river_name_etymologies"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Higham"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Roman economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_economy"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Kenneth Jackson's map showing British river names of Celtic etymology, thought to be a good indicator of the spread of Old English. Area I, where Celtic names are rare and confined to large and medium-sized rivers, shows English-language dominance to c. 500–550; Area II to c. 600; Area III, where even many small streams have Brittonic names to c. 700. In Area IV, Brittonic remained the dominant language 'till at least the Norman Conquest' and river names are overwhelmingly Celtic.[52]Explaining linguistic change, and particularly the rise of Old English, is crucial in any account of the Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain. According to Higham, the adoption of the language—as well as the material culture and traditions—of an Anglo-Saxon elite, \"by large numbers of the local people seeking to improve their status within the social structure, and undertaking for this purpose rigorous acculturation\", is the key to understanding the transition from Romano-British to Anglo-Saxon. The progressive nature of this language acquisition, and the 'retrospective reworking' of kinship ties to the dominant group led, ultimately, to the \"myths which tied the entire society to immigration as an explanation of their origins in Britain\".[53] The consensus in the first decades of the twenty-first century was that the spread of English can be explained by a minority of Germanic-speaking immigrants becoming politically and socially dominant, in a context where Latin had lost its usefulness and prestige due to the collapse of the Roman economy and administration. In Higham's assessment, \"language was a key indicator of ethnicity in early England. In circumstances where freedom at law, acceptance with the kindred, access to patronage, and the use or possession of weapons were all exclusive to those who could claim Germanic descent, then speaking Old English without Latin or Brittonic inflection had considerable value\".[54]","title":"Linguistic evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Brittonic_and_Old_English_place_names_in_the_pre-1974_counties_of_Northumbria_Durham_Selkirkshire_Roxburghshire_Berwickshire_Peeblesshire_and_the_Lothians.png"},{"link_name":"Firth of Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forth"},{"link_name":"River Tees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tees"},{"link_name":"Lammermuir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lammermuir_Hills"},{"link_name":"Moorfoot Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moorfoot_Hills"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"British Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittonic_languages"},{"link_name":"British Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Latin"},{"link_name":"West Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germanic"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hills_C.M._2013-64"},{"link_name":"English words of Brittonic origin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_English_words_of_Brittonic_origin"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthew_Townend_2012_pp._75-66"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornish_language"},{"link_name":"place-names in England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toponymy_of_England"},{"link_name":"Old Norse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Norse"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Celtic toponymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_toponymy"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Evidence","text":"Map of place-names between the Firth of Forth and the River Tees: in green, names likely containing Brittonic elements; in red and orange, names likely containing the Old English elements -ham and -ingaham respectively. Brittonic names lie mostly to the north of the Lammermuir and Moorfoot Hills.[55]All linguistic evidence from Roman Britain suggests that most inhabitants spoke British Celtic and/or British Latin. However, by the eighth century, when extensive evidence for the post-Roman language situation is next available, it is clear that the dominant language in what is now eastern and southern England was Old English, whose West Germanic predecessors were spoken in what is now the Netherlands and northern Germany.[56] Old English then continued spreading westwards and northwards in the ensuing centuries. This development is strikingly different from, for example, post-Roman Gaul, Iberia, or North Africa, where Germanic-speaking invaders gradually switched to local languages.[57][58][59] Old English shows little obvious influence from Celtic or spoken Latin: there are for example vanishingly few English words of Brittonic origin.[60][61][62] Moreover, except in Cornwall, the vast majority of place-names in England are easily etymologised as Old English (or Old Norse, due to later Viking influence), demonstrating the dominance of English across post-Roman England.[63] Intensive research in recent decades on Celtic toponymy has shown that more names in England and southern Scotland have Brittonic, or occasionally Latin, etymologies than was once thought,[64] but even so, it is clear that Brittonic and Latin place-names in the eastern half of England are extremely rare, and although they are noticeably more common in the western half, they are still a tiny minority─2% in Cheshire, for example.[65]","title":"Linguistic evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Peter Schrijver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schrijver"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"contact linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contact_linguistics"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Matthew_Townend_2012_pp._75-66"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-78"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pryor,_Francis_2005-81"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"place-names from the Roman period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Roman_place_names_in_Britain"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-92"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-93"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-92"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-93"}],"sub_title":"Debate","text":"Into the later twentieth century, scholars' usual explanation for the lack of Celtic influence on English, supported by uncritical readings of the accounts of Gildas and Bede, was that Old English became dominant primarily because Germanic-speaking invaders killed, chased away, and/or enslaved the previous inhabitants of the areas that they settled. In recent decades, a few specialists have continued to support this interpretation,[66][67][68] and Peter Schrijver has said that 'to a large extent, it is linguistics that is responsible for thinking in terms of drastic scenarios' about demographic change in late Roman Britain.[69]But the consensus among experts in the first decades of the twenty-first century, influenced by research in contact linguistics, is that political dominance by a fairly small number of Old English-speakers could have driven large numbers of Britons to adopt Old English while leaving little detectable trace of this language-shift.[61][70][71] The collapse of Britain's Roman economy and administrative structures seems to have left Britons living in a technologically similar society to their Anglo-Saxon neighbours, making it unlikely that Anglo-Saxons would need to borrow words for unfamiliar concepts.[72] If Old English became the most prestigious language in a particular region, speakers of other languages may have found it advantageous to become bilingual and, over a few generations, stop speaking the less prestigious languages (in this case British Celtic and/or British Latin). A person or household might change language so as to serve an elite, or because it provided some advantage economically or legally.[73] This account, which demands only small numbers of politically dominant Germanic-speaking migrants to Britain, has become 'the standard explanation' for the gradual death of Celtic and spoken Latin in post-Roman Britain.[74][75][76][77][78]Likewise, scholars have posited various mechanisms other than massive demographic change by which pre-migration Celtic place-names could have been lost. Scholars have stressed that Welsh and Cornish place-names from the Roman period seem no more likely to survive than English ones: 'clearly name loss was a Romano-British phenomenon, not just one associated with Anglo-Saxon incomers'.[79][80] Other explanations for the replacement of Roman period place-names include adaptation of Celtic names such that they now seem to come from Old English;[81][82][83][84][85] a more gradual loss of Celtic names than was once assumed;[86][87][88] and new names being coined (in the newly dominant English language) because instability of settlements and land-tenure.[87][88]","title":"Linguistic evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"substrate influence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittonicisms_in_English"},{"link_name":"phonology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology"},{"link_name":"morphology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)"},{"link_name":"syntax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntax"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-78"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"language-shift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_shift"},{"link_name":"apartheid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartheid"},{"link_name":"Stephen Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer"},{"link_name":"Belgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimer-103"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hills_C.M._2013-64"}],"sub_title":"Twenty-first-century research","text":"Extensive research is ongoing on whether British Celtic did exert subtle substrate influence on the phonology, morphology, and syntax of Old English[89][90][91][92][93][73] (as well as on whether British Latin-speakers influenced the Brittonic languages, perhaps as they fled westwards from Anglo-Saxon domination into highland areas of Britain).[94][95][96] These arguments have not yet, however, become consensus views. Thus a 2012 synthesis concludes that 'the evidence for Celtic influence on Old English is somewhat sparse, which only means that it remains elusive, not that it did not exist'.[97]Debate continues within a framework assuming that many Brittonic-speakers shifted to English, for example over whether at least some Germanic-speaking peasant-class immigrants must have been involved to bring about the language-shift; what legal or social structures (such as enslavement or apartheid-like customs) might have promoted the high status of English; and precisely how slowly Brittonic (and British Latin) disappeared in different regions.An idiosyncratic view that has won extensive popular attention is Stephen Oppenheimer's suggestion that the lack of Celtic influence on English is because the ancestor of English was already widely spoken in Britain by the Belgae before the end of the Roman period.[98] However, Oppenheimer's ideas have not been found helpful in explaining the known facts: there is no evidence for a well established Germanic language in Britain before the fifth century, and Oppenheimer's idea contradicts the extensive evidence for the use of Celtic and Latin.[99][59]","title":"Linguistic evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ceawlin_name.gif"},{"link_name":"Bretwalda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretwalda"},{"link_name":"Ceawlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceawlin"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon Chronicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_Chronicle"},{"link_name":"Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myres,_J.N.L._1989_pp._146-105"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Cerdic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdic_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Brittonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_Brittonic"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myres,_J.N.L._1989_pp._146-105"},{"link_name":"Bretwalda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretwalda"},{"link_name":"Ceawlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceawlin_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"Caedwalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caedwalla"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"Penda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penda"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Northumbrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-113"},{"link_name":"Chad of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chad_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Cedd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedd"},{"link_name":"Cynibil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynibil"},{"link_name":"Caelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caelin"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myres,_J.N.L._1989_pp._146-105"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"}],"sub_title":"Elite personal names","text":"The name of the Bretwalda Ceawlin, rendered 'ceaulin', as it appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (C-text)While many studies admit that a substantial survival of native British people from lower social strata is probable, with these people becoming anglicised over time due to the action of \"elite dominance\" mechanisms, there is also evidence for the survival of British elites and their anglicisation. An Anglo-Saxon elite could be formed in two ways: from an incoming chieftain and his war band from northern Germania taking over an area of Britain, or through a native British chieftain and his war band adopting Anglo-Saxon culture and language.[100]The incidence of British Celtic personal names in the royal genealogies of a number of \"Anglo-Saxon\" dynasties is very suggestive of the latter process. The Wessex royal line was traditionally founded by a man named Cerdic, an undoubtedly Celtic name identical to Ceretic, the name given to two British kings, and ultimately derived from the Brittonic Caraticos.[101] This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton, and that his dynasty became anglicised over time.[102][100] A number of Cerdic's alleged descendants also possessed Celtic names, including the 'Bretwalda' Ceawlin.[103] The last occurrence of a British name in this dynasty was that of King Caedwalla, who died as late as 689.[104] The British name Caedbaed is found in the pedigree of the kings of Lindsey, which argues for the survival of British elites in this area also.[105] In the Mercian royal pedigree, the name of King Penda and the names of other kings have more obvious Brittonic than Germanic etymologies, though they do not correspond to known Welsh personal names.[106][107]Bede, in his major work, charts the careers of four upper-class brothers in the English Church; he refers to them as being Northumbrian, and therefore \"English\".[108] However, the names of Saint Chad of Mercia (a prominent bishop) and his brothers Cedd (also a bishop), Cynibil and Caelin (a variant spelling of Ceawlin) are British rather than Anglo-Saxon.[109][110]A good case can be made for southern Britain (especially Wessex, Kent, Essex and parts of Southern East Anglia), at least, having been taken over by dynasties having some Germanic ancestry or connections, but also having origins in, or intermarrying with, native British elites.[100][111]","title":"Linguistic evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Snape_urn.jpg"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"Catherine Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hills"},{"link_name":"Spong Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spong_Hill"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hills._C,_&_Lucy,_S.-16"}],"text":"An Anglo-Frisian funerary urn excavated from the Snape ship burial in East Anglia. Item is located in Aldeburgh Moot Hall MuseumArchaeologists seeking to understand evidence for migration and/or acculturation must first get to grips with early Anglo-Saxon archaeology as an \"Archaeology of Identity\". Guarding against considering one aspect of archaeology in isolation, this concept ensures that different topics are considered together, that previously were considered separately, including gender, age, ethnicity, religion, and status.[112]The task of interpretation has been hampered by the lack of works of archaeological synthesis for the Anglo-Saxon period in general, and the early period in particular. This is changing, with new works of synthesis and chronology, in particular the work of Catherine Hills and Sam Lucy on the evidence of Spong Hill, which has opened up the possible synthesis with continental material culture and has moved the chronology for the settlement earlier than AD 450, with a significant number of items now in phases before this historically set date.[15]","title":"Archaeological evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"},{"link_name":"Saxon Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Shore"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-122"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"}],"sub_title":"Understanding the Roman legacy","text":"Archaeological evidence for the emergence of both a native British identity and the appearance of a Germanic culture in Britain in the 5th and 6th centuries must consider first the period at the end of Roman rule. The collapse of Roman material culture some time in the early 5th century left a gap in the archaeological record that was quite rapidly filled by the intrusive Anglo-Saxon material culture, while the native culture became archaeologically close to invisible—although recent hoards and metal-detector finds show that coin use and imports did not stop abruptly at AD 410.[f][115]The archaeology of the Roman military systems within Britain is well known but is not well understood: for example, whether the Saxon Shore was defensive or to facilitate the passage of goods. Andrew Pearson suggests that the \"Saxon Shore Forts\" and other coastal installations played a more significant economic and logistical role than is often appreciated, and that the tradition of Saxon and other continental piracy, based on the name of these forts, is probably a myth.[116]The archaeology of late Roman (and sub-Roman) Britain has been mainly focused on the elite rather than the peasant and slave: their villas, houses, mosaics, furniture, fittings, and silver plates.[117] This group had a strict code on how their wealth was to be displayed, and this provides a rich material culture, from which \"Britons\" are identified. There was a large gap between richest and poorest; the trappings of the latter have been the focus of less archaeological study. However the archaeology of the peasant from the 4th and 5th centuries is dominated by \"ladder\" field systems or enclosures, associated with extended families, and in the South and East of England, the extensive use of timber-built buildings and farmsteads shows a lower level of engagement with Roman building methods than is shown by the houses of the numerically much smaller elite.[118]","title":"Archaeological evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG"},{"link_name":"Quoit Brooch Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoit_Brooch_Style"},{"link_name":"Mucking Anglo-Saxon cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucking_excavation"},{"link_name":"foederati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foederati"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"Colchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colchester"},{"link_name":"Mucking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucking_excavation"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Catherine Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_Hills"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorke,_Barbara_2002-128"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deira"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"},{"link_name":"Viking settlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_settlement_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"Sonia Chadwick Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonia_Chadwick_Hawkes"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-130"}],"sub_title":"Settler evidence","text":"Romano-British or Anglo-Saxon belt fittings in the Quoit Brooch Style from the Mucking Anglo-Saxon cemetery, early 5th century, using a mainly Roman style for very early Anglo-Saxon clientsConfirmation of the use of Anglo-Saxons as foederati or federate troops has been seen as coming from burials of Anglo-Saxons wearing military equipment of a type issued to late Roman forces, which have been found both in late Roman contexts, such as the Roman cemeteries of Winchester and Colchester, and in purely 'Anglo-Saxon' rural cemeteries like Mucking (Essex),[119] though this was at a settlement used by the Romano-British. The distribution of the earliest Anglo-Saxon sites and place names in close proximity to Roman settlements and roads has been interpreted as showing that initial Anglo-Saxon settlements were being controlled by the Romano-British.[120]Catherine Hills suggests it is not necessary to see all the early settlers as federate troops, and that this interpretation has been used rather too readily by some archaeologists.[121] A variety of relationships could have existed between Romano-British and incoming Anglo-Saxons. The broader archaeological picture suggests that no one model will explain all the Anglo-Saxon settlements in Britain and that there was considerable regional variation.[122] Settlement density varied within southern and eastern England. Norfolk has more large Anglo-Saxon cemeteries than the neighbouring East Anglian county of Suffolk; eastern Yorkshire (the nucleus of the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Deira) far more than the rest of Northumbria.[123] The settlers were not all of the same type. Some were indeed warriors who were buried equipped with their weapons, but we should not assume that all of these were invited guests who were to guard Romano-British communities. Possibly some, like the later Viking settlers, may have begun as piratical raiders who later seized land and made permanent settlements. Other settlers seem to have been much humbler people who had few if any weapons and suffered from malnutrition. These were characterised by Sonia Chadwick Hawkes as Germanic 'boat people', refugees from crowded settlements on the North Sea which deteriorating climatic conditions would have made untenable.[124]","title":"Archaeological evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Claw_beaker_from_Ringmere_Farm_BM_2005.12-5.1.jpg"},{"link_name":"ethnology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnology"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"Gildas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildas"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-132"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"link_name":"Alwalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alwalton"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"peplos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peplos"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"}],"sub_title":"Tribal characteristics","text":"Frankish glass 'claw beaker' 5th–6th century, excavated in KentCatherine Hills points out that it is too easy to consider Anglo-Saxon archaeology solely as a study of ethnology and to fail to consider that identity is \"less related to an overall Anglo-Saxon ethnicity and more to membership of family or tribe, Christian or pagan, elite or peasant\".[125] \"Anglo-Saxons\" or \"Britons\" were no more homogeneous than nationalities are today, and they would have exhibited diverse characteristics: male/female, old/young, rich/poor, farmer/warrior—or even Gildas' patria (fellow citizens), cives (indigenous people) and hostes (enemies)—as well as a diversity associated with language. Beyond these, in the early Anglo-Saxon period, identity was local: although people would have known their neighbours, it may have been important to indicate tribal loyalty with details of clothing and especially fasteners.[126] It is sometimes hard in thinking about the period to avoid importing anachronistic 19th-century ideas of nationalism: in fact it is unlikely that people would have thought of themselves as Anglo-Saxon – instead they were part of a tribe or region, descendants of a patron or followers of a leader. It is this identity that archaeological evidence seeks to understand and determine, considering how it might support separate identity groups, or identities that were inter-connected.[127]Part of a well-furnished pagan-period mixed, inhumation-cremation, cemetery at Alwalton near Peterborough was excavated in 1999. Twenty-eight urned and two unurned cremations dating from between the 5th and 6th centuries, and 34 inhumations, dating from between the late 5th and early 7th centuries, were uncovered. Both cremations and inhumations were provided with pyre or grave goods, and some of the burials were richly furnished. The excavation found evidence for a mixture of practices and symbolic clothing; these reflected local differences that appeared to be associated with tribal or family loyalty. This use of clothing in particular was very symbolic, and distinct differences within groups in the cemetery could be found.[128]Some recent scholarship has argued, however, that current approaches to the sociology of ethnicity render it extremely difficult, if not impossible, to demonstrate ethnic identity via purely archaeological means, and has thereby rejected the basis for using furnished inhumation or such clothing practices as the use of peplos dress, or particular artistic styles found on artefacts such as those found at Alwalton, for evidence of pagan beliefs, or cultural memories of tribal or ethnic affiliation.[129][130]","title":"Archaeological evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Howard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Williams_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams,_Howard_1997-137"},{"link_name":"barrow burials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrow_burial"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-138"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Williams,_Howard_1997-137"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"}],"sub_title":"Reuse of earlier monuments","text":"The evidence for monument reuse in the early Anglo-Saxon period reveals a number of significant aspects of the practice. Ancient monuments were one of the most important factors determining the placing of the dead in the early Anglo-Saxon landscape. Anglo-Saxon secondary activity on prehistoric and Roman sites was traditionally explained in practical terms. These explanations, in the view of Howard Williams, failed to account for the numbers and types of monuments and graves (from villas to barrows) reused.[131]Anglo-Saxon barrow burials started in the late 6th century and continued into the early 8th century. Prehistoric barrows, in particular, have been seen as physical expressions of land claims and links to the ancestors, and John Shephard has extended this interpretation to Anglo-Saxon tumuli.[132] Eva Thäte has emphasised the continental origins of monument reuse in post-Roman England,[133] Howard Williams has suggested that the main purpose of this custom was to give sense to a landscape that the immigrants did not find empty.[131]In the 7th and 8th centuries, monument reuse became so widespread that it strongly suggests the deliberate location of burials of the elite next to visible monuments of the pre-Saxon past, but with 'ordinary' burial grounds of this phase also frequently being located next to prehistoric barrows. The relative increase of this kind of spatial association from the 5th/6th centuries to the 7th/8th centuries is conspicuous. Williams' analysis of two well-documented samples shows an increase from 32% to 50% of Anglo-Saxon burial sites in the Upper Thames region, and from 47% to 71% of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries excavated since 1945. Härke suggests that one of the contexts for the increasing reuse of monuments may be \"the adoption by the natives of the material culture of the dominant immigrants\".[134]","title":"Archaeological evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"Yarnton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yarnton"},{"link_name":"Mucking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mucking_(archaeological_site)"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamerow2002123%E2%80%93124-142"},{"link_name":"Sutton Courtenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Courtenay"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Chalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalton,_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Catherington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherington"},{"link_name":"Bow Brickhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_Brickhill"},{"link_name":"Havering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havering"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"Susan Oosthuizen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Oosthuizen"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"Sub-Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"}],"sub_title":"Landscape archaeology","text":"The Anglo-Saxons did not settle in an abandoned landscape on which they imposed new types of settlement and farming, as was once believed. By the late 4th century the English rural landscape was largely cleared and generally occupied by dispersed farms and hamlets, each surrounded by its own fields but often sharing other resources in common (called \"infield-outfield cultivation\").[135] Such fields, whether of prehistoric or Roman origin, fall into two very general types, found both separately and together: irregular layouts, in which one field after another had been added to an arable hub over many centuries; and regular rectilinear layouts, often roughly following the local topography, that had resulted from the large-scale division of considerable areas of land. Such stability was reversed within a few decades of the 5th century, as early \"Anglo-Saxon\" farmers, affected both by the collapse of Roman Britain and a climatic deterioration which reached its peak probably around 500, concentrated on subsistence, converting to pasture large areas of previously ploughed land. However, there is little evidence of abandoned arable land.Evidence across southern and central England increasingly shows the persistence of prehistoric and Roman field layouts into and, in some cases throughout, the Anglo-Saxon period, whether or not such fields were continuously ploughed. Landscapes at Yarnton, Oxfordshire, and Mucking, Essex, remained unchanged throughout the 5th century, while at Barton Court, Oxfordshire, the 'grid of ditched paddocks or closes' of a Roman villa estate formed a general framework for the Anglo-Saxon settlement there.[136] Similar evidence has been found at Sutton Courtenay, Berkshire.[137] The Romano-British fields at Church Down in Chalton and Catherington, both in Hampshire, Bow Brickhill, Buckinghamshire, and Havering, Essex, were all ploughed as late as the 7th century.[138][139]Susan Oosthuizen has taken this further and establishes evidence that aspects of the \"collective organisation of arable cultivation appear to find an echo in fields of pre-historic and Roman Britain\":[140] in particular, the open field systems, shared between a number of cultivators but cropped individually; the link between arable holdings and rights to common pasture land; in structures of governance and the duty to pay some of the surplus to the local overlord, whether in rent or duty. Together these reveal that kinship ties and social relations were continuous across the 5th and 6th centuries, with no evidence of the uniformity or destruction, imposed by lords, the savage action of invaders or system collapse. This has implications on how later developments are considered, such as the developments in the 7th and 8th centuries.Landscape studies draw upon a variety of topographical, archaeological and written sources. There are major problems in trying to relate Anglo-Saxon charter boundaries to those of Roman estates for which there are no written records, and by the end of the Anglo-Saxon period there had been major changes to the organisation of the landscape which can obscure earlier arrangements.[141] Interpretation is also hindered by uncertainty about late Roman administrative arrangements. Nevertheless, studies carried out throughout the country, in \"British\" as well as \"Anglo-Saxon\" areas, have found examples of continuity of territorial boundaries where, for instance, Roman villa estate boundaries seem to have been identical with those of medieval estates, as delineated in early charters, though settlement sites within the defined territory might shift.[142] What we see in these examples is probably continuity of the estate or territory as a unit of administration rather than one of exploitation.[143] Although the upper level of Roman administration based on towns seems to have disappeared during the 5th century, a subsidiary system based on subdivisions of the countryside may have continued.[144]The basis of the internal organisation of both the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms and those of their Celtic neighbours was a large rural territory which contained a number of subsidiary settlements dependent upon a central residence which the Anglo-Saxons called a villa in Latin and a tūn in Old English. These developments suggest that the basic infrastructure of the early Anglo-Saxon local administration (or the settlement of early kings or earls) was inherited from late Roman or Sub-Roman Britain.[145]","title":"Archaeological evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamerow,_Helena_2011._p119-124-152"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hamerow,_Helena_2011._p119-124-152"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"Dorchester on Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorchester_on_Thames"},{"link_name":"Thames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Thames"},{"link_name":"clinker-built","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)"},{"link_name":"Ouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Trent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Trent"},{"link_name":"Witham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Witham"},{"link_name":"Nene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Nene"},{"link_name":"Jutish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutes"},{"link_name":"Isle of Wight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Wight"},{"link_name":"Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampshire"},{"link_name":"Roman Caistor-by-Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venta_Icenorum"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"}],"sub_title":"Distribution of settlements","text":"There are a number of difficulties in recognising early Anglo-Saxon settlements as migrant settlers. This in part is because most early rural Anglo-Saxon sites have yielded few finds other than pottery and bone. The use of aerial photography does not yield easily identifiable settlements, partly due to the dispersed nature of many of these settlements.[146]The distribution of known settlements also remains elusive with few settlements found in the West Midlands or North-West. Even in Kent, an area of rich early Anglo-Saxon archaeology, the number of excavated settlements is fewer than expected. However, in contrast the counties of Northamptonshire, Oxfordshire, Suffolk and Cambridgeshire are relatively rich in early settlements. These have revealed a tendency for early Anglo-Saxon settlements to be on the light soils associated with river terraces.[146]Many of the inland settlements are on rivers that had been major navigation routes during the Roman era.[147][148] These sites, such as Dorchester on Thames on the upper Thames, were readily accessible by the shallow-draught, clinker-built boats used by the Anglo-Saxons. The same is true of the settlements along the rivers Ouse, Trent, Witham, Nene and along the marshy lower Thames. Less well known due to a dearth of physical evidence but attested by surviving place names, there were Jutish settlements on the Isle of Wight and the nearby southern coast of Hampshire.A number of Anglo-Saxon settlements are located near or at Roman-era towns, but the question of simultaneous town occupation by the Romano-Britons and a nearby Anglo-Saxon settlement (i.e., suggesting a relationship) is not confirmed. At Roman Caistor-by-Norwich, for example, recent analysis suggests that the cemetery post-dates the town's virtual abandonment.[149]","title":"Archaeological evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Britain.5th.cen.AS.cemeteries.jpg"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Sussex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sussex"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-157"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzuki,_Seiichi_2000-159"},{"link_name":"Quoits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quoit_(brooch)"},{"link_name":"Seiichi Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seiichi_Suzuki_(philologist)"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Suzuki,_Seiichi_2000-159"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-160"},{"link_name":"Frankish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Yorke"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-161"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-163"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Germania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germania"},{"link_name":"Humber Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Estuary"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-164"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-165"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown151-167"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown151-167"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-168"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo"},{"link_name":"Wuffinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuffing"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-171"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-172"},{"link_name":"Warwickshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warwickshire"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-173"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Higham"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2004-174"}],"sub_title":"Cemetery evidence","text":"Early cemeteries of possible Settler originThe earliest cemeteries that can be classified as Anglo-Saxon are found in widely separate regions and are dated to the early 5th century.[150] The exception is in Kent, where the density of cemeteries and artefacts suggest either an exceptionally heavy Anglo-Saxon settlement, or continued settlement beginning at an early date, or both. By the late 5th century there were additional Anglo-Saxon cemeteries, some of them adjacent to earlier ones, but with a large expansion in other areas, and now including the southern coast of Sussex.[151]Up to the year 2000, roughly 10,000 early 'Anglo-Saxon' cremations and inhumations had been found, exhibiting a large degree of diversity in styles and types of mortuary ritual.[152] This is consistent with evidence for many micro cultures and local practice. Cemetery evidence is still dominated by the material culture: finds of clothes, jewellery, weapons, pots, and personal items; but physical and molecular evidence from skeletons, bones, and teeth are increasingly important.Considering the early cemeteries of Kent, most relevant finds come from furnished graves with distinctive links to the Continent. However, there are some unique items, these include pots and urns and especially brooches,[153] an important element of female dress that functioned as a fastener, rather like a modern safety pin. The style of brooches (called Quoits), is unique to southern England in the fifth century AD, with the greatest concentration of such items occurring in Kent. Seiichi Suzuki defines the style through an analysis of its design organisation, and, by comparing it with near-contemporary styles in Britain and on the continent, identifying those features which make it unique. He suggests that the quoit brooch style was made and remade as part of the process of construction of new group identities during the political uncertainties of the time, and sets the development of the style in the context of the socio-cultural dynamics of an emergent post-Roman society. The brooch shows that culture was not just transposed from the continent, but from an early phase a new \"Anglo-Saxon\" culture was being developed.[153]Women's fashions (native costumes not thought to have been trade goods), have been used to distinguish and identify settlers,[154] supplemented by other finds that can be related to specific regions of the Continent. A large number of Frankish artefacts have been found in Kent, and these are largely interpreted to be a reflection of trade and commerce rather than early migration. Yorke (Wessex in the Early Middle Ages, 1995), for example, only allows that some Frankish settlement is possible.[155] Frankish sea raiding was recorded as early as 260[156] and became common for the next century, but their raids on Britain ended c. 367[157] as Frankish interest turned southward and was thereafter focused on the control and occupation of northern Gaul and Germania.The presence of artefacts that are identifiably North Germanic along the coastal areas between the Humber Estuary and East Anglia indicates that Scandinavians migrated to Britain.[158][159][160][161] However, this does not suggest that they arrived at the same time as the Angles: they may have arrived almost a century later,[161][162] and their status and influence upon arrival is uncertain. In particular, regarding a significant Swedish influence in association with the Sutton Hoo ship and a Swedish origin for the East Anglian Wuffinga dynasty, both possibilities are now considered uncertain.[163]The process of mixing and assimilation of immigrant and native populations is virtually impossible to elucidate with material culture, but the skeletal evidence may shed some light on it. The 7th/8th-century average stature of male individuals in Anglo-Saxon cemeteries dropped by 15 mm (5⁄8 in) compared with the 5th/6th-century average.[164] This development is most marked in Wessex where the average dropped by 24 mm (1 in).[165] This drop is not easily explained by environmental changes; there is no evidence for a change in diet in the 7th/8th centuries, nor is there any evidence of a further influx of immigrants at this time. Given the lower average stature of Britons, the most likely explanation would be a gradual Saxonisation or Anglicisation of the material culture of native enclaves, an increasing assimilation of native populations into Anglo-Saxon communities, and increasing intermarriage between immigrants and natives within Anglo-Saxon populations. Skeletal material from the Late Roman and Early Anglo-Saxon period from Hampshire was directly compared. It was concluded that the physical type represented in urban Roman burials, was not annihilated nor did it die-out, but it continued to be well represented in subsequent burials of Anglo-Saxon date.[166]At Stretton-on-Fosse II (Warwickshire), located on the western fringes of the early Anglo-Saxon settlement area, the proportion of male adults with weapons is 82%, well above the average in southern England. Cemetery II, the Anglo-Saxon burial site, is immediately adjacent to two Romano-British cemeteries, Stretton-on-Fosse I and III, the latter only 60 metres (200 feet) away from Anglo-Saxon burials. Continuity of the native female population at this site has been inferred from the continuity of textile techniques (unusual in the transition from the Romano-British to the Anglo-Saxon periods), and by the continuity of epigenetic traits from the Roman to the Anglo-Saxon burials. At the same time, the skeletal evidence demonstrates the appearance in the post-Roman period of a new physical type of males who are more slender and taller than the men in the adjacent Romano-British cemeteries.[167] Taken together, the observations suggest the influx of a group of males, probably most or all of them Germanic, who took control of the local community and married native women. It is not easy to confirm such cases of 'warband' settlement in the absence of detailed skeletal, and other complementary, information, but assuming that such cases are indicated by very high proportions of weapon burials, this type of settlement was much less frequent than the kin group model.[134]Higham outlines the main questions:\"It is fairly clear that most Anglo-Saxon cemeteries are unrepresentative of the whole population, and particularly the whole age range. This was, therefore, a community which made decisions about the disposal of the dead based upon various factors, but at those we can barely guess. Was the inclusion of some but not all individuals subject to political control, or cultural screening? Was this a mark of ethnicity or did it represent a particular kinship, real or constructed, or the adherents of a particular cult? Was it status specific, with the rural proletariat – who would have been the vast majority of the population – perhaps excluded? So are many of these cemeteries associated with specific, high-status households and weighted particularly towards adult members? We do not know, but the commitment of particular parts of the community to an imported and in some senses 'Germanic', cremation ritual does seem to have been considerable, and is something which requires explanation.\"[168]","title":"Archaeological evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genetic history of the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles"},{"link_name":"People of the British Isles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_of_the_British_Isles"}],"text":"See also: Genetic history of the British Isles and People of the British IslesResearchers have employed various forms of molecular evidence to investigate the relative importance of immigration, the acculturation of natives and inter-marriage in the creation of Anglo-Saxon England.","title":"Molecular evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-177"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-178"},{"link_name":"Cambridgeshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"ancient DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_DNA"},{"link_name":"alleles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allele"},{"link_name":"whole genome sequencing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-179"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"ancient genomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_genomes"},{"link_name":"Iron-Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"}],"sub_title":"Ancient whole genome DNA studies","text":"A 2022 study focusing specifically on the question of the Anglo-Saxon settlement sampled 460 individuals from England, Ireland, the Netherlands, Germany and Denmark, dated between approximately 200 and 1300 CE, and compared these with other sample sets.[169] The study concluded that in eastern England, large-scale immigration, including both men and women, occurred in the post-Roman era. More than half of the early medieval individuals from central and eastern England derived >75% of their ancestry from a population matching early medieval people from the area stretching from northern Netherlands through northern Germany to Denmark. There are notable signs that people with two types of ancestry were living together and mixing. There were individuals who had 100% of their ancestry from this source, while others in the same burial grounds had 100% local ancestry, matching more closely with Irish, Welsh and Scottish people. The study also isolated a second important source of post Roman immigration which contributed significantly to medieval English ancestry. This second migrant population matches genetically to Iron Age French individuals, and the authors suggested that this might reflect medieval migration from Frankish areas. It was already common in southeastern England in the early Middle Ages, where it already constituted about 51% of the ancestry of sampled individuals, but it became more widespread over time, apparently due to continuous migration or multiple pulses, and not a single wave. Neither of the two post Roman migrations represent a significant part of the ancestry of modern Ireland, Wales or Scotland. The authors estimate the effective contributions to modern English ancestry are 41% north continental, 34% British Iron Age, and 25% French Iron Age. The study also confirmed an increase of Scandinavian ancestry in the Viking period. They were however not able to identify any variations in Scandinavian ancestry among the Anglo Saxon immigrants concluding as follows: \"If Saxons, Angles, and Jutes were meaningful biological categories that remained valid after the migration to England, then they were not correlated with varying degrees of ancestry from the Scandinavian Peninsula.\" Duncan Sayer, one of the authors of the study, commented: \"What [this data] says is, yes, there is mass migration. You can't argue with that any more. So what we could do is start to talk about what that migration actually is and who the people are and how they interact and how they build communities.\"[170]A 2020 study, which used DNA from hundreds of Viking-era burials in various regions across Europe, found that modern English samples showed a 38% genetic contribution on average from a native British \"North Atlantic\" population and a 37% contribution from a Danish-like population. The researchers estimated that up to 6% of the latter signature could have been derived from Danish Vikings, with the rest being attributed to the Anglo-Saxons.[171]A 2018 study, focused on the genetics of Ireland, combined the ancient data from both of earlier studies and compared it to a large number of modern samples from across Britain and Ireland. This study found that modern southern, central and eastern English populations were of \"a predominantly Anglo-Saxon-like ancestry\", while those from northern and southwestern England had a greater degree of indigenous origin.[172]In 2016, through the investigation of burials in Cambridgeshire using ancient DNA techniques, researchers found evidence of intermarriage in the earliest phase of Anglo-Saxon settlement. The highest status grave of the burials investigated, as evidenced by the associated goods, was that of a female of local, British, origins; two other women were of Anglo-Saxon origin, and another showed signs of mixed ancestry. People of native, immigrant, and mixed ancestry were buried in the same cemetery, with grave goods from the same material culture, without any discernible distinction. The authors remark that their results run contrary to previous theories that have postulated strict reproductive segregation between natives and incomers. By studying rare alleles and employing whole genome sequencing, it was claimed that the continental and insular origins of the ancient remains could be discriminated, and it was calculated that a range of 25–40% of the ancestry of modern Britons is attributable to continental 'Anglo-Saxon' origins. The breakdown of the estimates given in this work into the modern populations of Britain determined that the population of eastern England is consistent with 38% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average, with a large spread from 25 to 50%, and the Welsh and Scottish samples are consistent with 30% Anglo-Saxon ancestry on average, again with a large spread. The study also found that there is a small but significant difference between the mean values in the three modern British sample groups, with East English samples sharing slightly more alleles with the Dutch, and Scottish samples looking more like the Iron Age (Celtic) samples.[173][174]Another 2016 study analyzed nine ancient genomes of individuals from northern Britain, with seven from a Roman-era cemetery in York, and the others from earlier Iron-Age and later Anglo-Saxon burials. Six of the Roman genomes showed affinity with modern British Celtic populations, such as the Welsh, but were significantly different from eastern English samples. They also were similar to the earlier Iron-Age genome, suggesting population continuity, but differed from the later Anglo-Saxon genome, which was found to be similar to the samples from East Anglia, as well as other Anglo-Saxon era burials in Cambridgeshire (see above).[175] This pattern was found to support a profound impact of migrations in the Anglo-Saxon period. The authors commented that the English population showed variation, with samples from the east and south showing greater similarity with the Anglo-Saxon burials and those in the north and west being closer to the Roman and Iron Age burials.[176]","title":"Molecular evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-183"}],"sub_title":"Modern population studies","text":"A major study in 2015 by Leslie et al. on \"The fine scale genetic structure of the British population\" revealed regional patterns of genetic differentiation, with genetic clusters reflecting historical demographic events and sometimes corresponding to the geographic boundaries of historical polities. Based on two separate analyses, the study found clear evidence in modern England of the Anglo-Saxon migration and identified the regions not carrying genetic material from these migrations. The authors argued that the proportion of \"Saxon\" ancestry in Central/Southern England was probably in the range 10%–40%. Additionally, in the \"non-Saxon\" parts of the UK they found various genetic subgroups rather than a homogenous \"Celtic\" population.[177]","title":"Molecular evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Isotope analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotope_analysis"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"Strontium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strontium"},{"link_name":"West Heslerton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Heslerton"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"Berinsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berinsfield"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-185"},{"link_name":"Eastbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastbourne"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"}],"sub_title":"Isotope analysis","text":"Isotope analysis has begun to be employed to help answer the uncertainties regarding Anglo-Saxon migration; this can indicate whether an individual had always lived near his burial location. However, such studies cannot clearly distinguish ancestry. Thus, a descendant of migrants born in Britain would appear indistinguishable from somebody of native British origin.[134]Strontium data in a 5th–7th-century cemetery in West Heslerton implied the presence of two groups: one of \"local\" and one of \"nonlocal\" origin. Although the study suggested that they could not define the limits of local variation and identify immigrants with confidence, they could give a useful account of the issues.[178] Oxygen and strontium isotope data in an early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Wally Corner, Berinsfield in the Upper Thames Valley, Oxfordshire, found only 5.3% of the sample originating from continental Europe, supporting the hypothesis of acculturation. Furthermore, they found that there was no change in this pattern over time, except amongst some females.[179] Another isotope test, conducted in 2018 from skeletons found near Eastbourne in Sussex, concluded that neither the traditional invasion model nor the elite acculturation model was applicable. The study found a large number of migrants, both male and female, who seemed to be less wealthy than the natives. There was evidence of continued migration throughout the early Anglo-Saxon period.[180]Another isotopic method has been employed to investigate whether protein sources in human diets in the early Anglo-Saxon varied with geographic location, or with respect to age or sex. This would provide evidence for social advantage. The results suggest that protein sources varied little according to geographic location and that terrestrial foods dominated at all locations.[181]","title":"Molecular evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome"},{"link_name":"mitochondrial DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA"},{"link_name":"Y-chromosome DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y-chromosome_DNA"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-188"},{"link_name":"diploid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diploid"},{"link_name":"chromosomes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromosome"},{"link_name":"Y-chromosome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_chromosome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weal.png"},{"link_name":"transect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transect"},{"link_name":"Friesland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friesland"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Frisia"},{"link_name":"West Fresia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Frisia"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisian_languages"},{"link_name":"Viking migrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viking_invasion_of_Britain"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-189"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-191"},{"link_name":"et al.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Et_al."},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas,_Mark_G._2006-192"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-193"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-195"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-197"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-198"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"Stephen Oppenheimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer"},{"link_name":"Belgae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgae"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimer-103"},{"link_name":"Iberian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Basque people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basque_people"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimer-103"},{"link_name":"Last Glacial Maximum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-oppenheimer-103"},{"link_name":"Bryan Sykes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Sykes"},{"link_name":"David Reich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Reich_(geneticist)"},{"link_name":"Bell Beaker People","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Beaker_culture"},{"link_name":"Lower Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Rhine"},{"link_name":"Steppe-related ancestry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-201"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-202"}],"sub_title":"Y-chromosome evidence","text":"Many of the earliest attempts to examine the ancestry of British people using molecular evidence looked at Y chromosome DNA. Inheritance of sex-specific elements of the human genome allows the study of separate female-only and male-only lineages, using mitochondrial DNA and Y-chromosome DNA, respectively.[182] Mitochondrial DNA (\"mtDNA\") and Y-chromosome DNA differ from the DNA of diploid nuclear chromosomes in that they are not formed from the combination of both parents' genes. Rather, males inherit the Y-chromosome directly from their fathers, and both sexes inherit mtDNA directly from their mothers. Consequently, they preserve a genetic record from person to descendant that is altered only through mutation.Map of Y-chromosome distribution from data derived from \"Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration\" by Weale et al. (2002)An examination of Y-chromosome variation, sampled in an east–west transect across England and Wales, was compared with similar samples taken in Friesland (East and West Fresia). It was selected for the study due to it being regarded as a source of Anglo-Saxon migrants, and because of the similarities between Old English and Frisian. Samples from Norway were also selected, as this is a source of the later Viking migrations. It found that in England, in small population samples, 50% to 100% of paternal genetic inheritance was derived from people originating in the Germanic coastlands of the North Sea.[183]Other research, also published in 2003 taken from a larger sample population and from more UK populations suggested that in southernmost England including Kent, continental (North German and Danish) paternal genetic input ranged between 25% and 45%, with a mean of 37%. East Anglia, the East Midlands, and Yorkshire all had over 50%. Across the latter much Viking settlement is attested. The study could not distinguish between North German and Danish populations, thus the relative proportions of genetic input derived from the Anglo-Saxon settlements and later Danish Viking colonisation could not be ascertained.[184] The mean value of Germanic genetic input in this study was calculated at 54 per cent.[185]A paper by Thomas et al. developed an \"apartheid-like social structure\" theory to explain how a small proportion of settlers could have made a larger contribution to the modern gene pool.[186] This view has been criticized by JE Pattison, who suggested that the Y-chromosome evidence could still support the idea of a small settlement of people without the apartheid-like structures.[187] It has been proposed, too, that the genetic similarities between people on either side of the North Sea may reflect a cumulative process of population movement, possibly beginning well before the historically attested formation of the Anglo-Saxons or the invasions of the Vikings.[188] The 'apartheid theory' has received a considerable body of critical comment, especially the genetic studies from which it derives its rationale. Problems with the design of Weale's study and the level of historical naïveté evidenced by some population genetics studies have been particularly highlighted.[189][190][191][192][193]Stephen Oppenheimer reviewed the Weale and Capelli studies and suggested that correlations of gene frequency mean nothing without a knowledge of the genetic prehistory of the regions in question. His criticism of these studies is that they generated models based on the historical evidence of Gildas and Procopius, and then selected methodologies to test against these populations. Weale's transect spotlights that Belgium is further west in the genetic map than North Walsham, Asbourne and Friesland. In Oppenheimer's view, this is evidence that the Belgae and other continental people – and hence continental genetic markers indistinguishable from those ascribed to Anglo-Saxons – arrived earlier and were already strong in the 5th century in particular regions or areas.[98] Oppenheimer, basing his research on the Weale and Capelli studies, maintains that none of the invasions following the Romans have had a significant impact on the gene pool of the British Isles, and that the inhabitants from prehistoric times belong to an Iberian genetic grouping. He says that most people in the British Isles are genetically similar to the Basque people of northern Spain and southwestern France, from 90% in Wales to 66% in East Anglia.[98] Oppenheimer suggests that the division between the West and the East of England is not due to the Anglo-Saxon invasion but originates with two main routes of genetic flow – one up the Atlantic coast, the other from neighbouring areas of Continental Europe – which occurred just after the Last Glacial Maximum.[98] Bryan Sykes, a former geneticist at Oxford University, came to fairly similar conclusions as Oppenheimer.More recent work has challenged the theories of Oppenheimer and Sykes. David Reich's Harvard laboratory found that the Bell Beaker People from the Lower Rhine had little genetic relation to the Iberians or other southern Europeans. The Beaker Complex to Britain was associated with a replacement of ~90% of Britain's gene pool within a few hundred years, continuing the east-to-west expansion that had brought Steppe-related ancestry into central and northern Europe 400 years earlier.[194] Modern autosomal genetic clustering is testament to this fact, as the British and Irish cluster genetically very closely with other North European populations, rather than Iberians, Galicians, Basques or those from the south of France.[195][196] Further, more recent research (see below) has broadly supported the idea that genetic differences between the English and the Welsh have origins in the settlement of the Anglo-Saxons rather than prehistoric migration events.","title":"Molecular evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-203"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-204"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-205"},{"link_name":"Nature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nature_(journal)"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-206"},{"link_name":"Culture-History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture-historical_archaeology"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-207"}],"sub_title":"Criticism","text":"Some scholars have questioned whether it is legitimate to conflate ethnic and cultural identity with patterns highlighted by molecular evidence at all.[197][198][199] A 2018 editorial for Nature argued[200] that simplistic use of this category of data risks resembling the 'Culture-History' model of archaeological scholarship deployed in the early twentieth century, but which many present-day archaeologists consider to be problematic: for example the question of whether \"Germanic\" peoples can be considered to have shared any form of cultural or ethnic unity outside of their construction in Roman ethnography is far from settled, with some scholars expressing doubt that \"Germanic\" peoples had any strong sense of cultural affinity outside of speaking languages in the same language family.[201]","title":"Molecular evidence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglo.Saxon.migration.5th.cen.jpg"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"}],"text":"Possible routes of Anglo-Saxon migration in the 5th/6th centuriesVarious scholars have used a synthesis of evidence to present models to suggest an answer to the questions that surround the Anglo-Saxon settlement. These questions include how many migrants there were, when the Anglo-Saxons gained political ascendency, and what happened to the Romano-British people in the areas they took over. The later Anglo-Saxons were a mix of invaders, migrants and acculturated indigenous people. The ratios and relationships between these formative elements at the time of the Anglo-Saxon settlement are the subject of enquiry. The traditional interpretation of the settlement of Britain has been subject to profound reappraisal, with scholars embracing the evidence for both migration and acculturation. Heinrich Härke explains the nature of this agreement:It is now widely accepted that the Anglo-Saxons were not just transplanted Germanic invaders and settlers from the Continent, but the outcome of insular interactions and changes. But we are still lacking explicit models that suggest how this ethnogenetic process might have worked in concrete terms.[134]","title":"Migration and acculturation theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-208"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-209"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHills200311-20-210"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-212"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-213"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-214"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coates,_Richard_2004-215"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"southeastern England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Counties"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-217"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-218"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-219"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-220"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"Armorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorica"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto1-217"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-221"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-220"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-222"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-223"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tribal_Hidage_Spelman.svg"},{"link_name":"Tribal Hidage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Hidage"},{"link_name":"Henry Spelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Spelman"},{"link_name":"Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wessex"},{"link_name":"Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-224"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"laws of King Ine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-225"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Higham,_Nicholas_J._2013-226"},{"link_name":"Cerdic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerdic_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Ceretic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceretic_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-227"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Myres,_J.N.L._1989_pp._146-105"},{"link_name":"Bretwalda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretwalda"},{"link_name":"Ceawlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceawlin_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-228"},{"link_name":"Caedwalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caedwalla"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-229"},{"link_name":"Penda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penda"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-230"},{"link_name":"Lindsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lindsey"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-231"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-232"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-233"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-234"},{"link_name":"Robert Hedges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._M._Hedges"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hedges,_Robert_2011._pp_81-83-235"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-236"},{"link_name":"Michael Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Wood_(historian)"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-237"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-238"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hedges,_Robert_2011._pp_81-83-235"},{"link_name":"Spong Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spong_Hill"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-239"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"see \"Molecular evidence\" above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Molecular_evidence"},{"link_name":"Michael Stumpf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Stumpf"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas,_Mark_G._2006-192"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas,_Mark_G._2008-240"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-241"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-242"}],"sub_title":"Estimating continental migrants' numbers","text":"Scholars have not reached a consensus on the number of migrants who entered Britain in this period. Härke argues that the figure is around 100,000 to 200,000.[134] Bryan Ward-Perkins also argues for up to 200,000 incomers.[202] Catherine Hills suggests the number is nearer to 20,000.[203][204] A computer simulation showed that a migration of 250,000 people from mainland Europe could have been accomplished in 38 years.[134] Recent genetic and isotope studies have suggested that the migration, which included both men and women, continued over several centuries,[205][206] possibly allowing for significantly more new arrivals than has been previously thought. By around 500, communities of Anglo-Saxons were established in southern and eastern Britain.[207]Härke and Michael Wood estimate that the British population in the area that eventually became Anglo-Saxon England was around one million by the start of the fifth century;[134][208] however, what happened to the Britons has been debated. The traditional explanation for their archaeological and linguistic invisibility[209] is that the Anglo-Saxons either killed them or drove them to the mountainous fringes of Britain, a view broadly supported by the few available sources from the period. However, there is evidence of continuity in the systems of landscape and local governance,[210] decreasing the likelihood of such a cataclysmic event, at least in parts of England. Thus, scholars have suggested other, less violent explanations by which the culture of the Anglo-Saxons, whose core area of large-scale settlement was likely restricted to what is now southeastern England, East Anglia and Lincolnshire,[211][212][213][214] could have come to be ubiquitous across lowland Britain. Härke has posited a scenario in which the Anglo-Saxons, in expanding westward, outbred the Britons, eventually reaching a point where their descendants made up a larger share of the population of what was to become England.[134] It has also been proposed that the Britons were disproportionately affected by plagues arriving through Roman trade links, which, combined with a large emigration to Armorica,[211][215] could have substantially decreased their numbers.[214][216][217]The Tribal Hidage, from an edition of Henry Spelman's Glossarium ArchaiologicumEven so, there is general agreement that the kingdoms of Wessex, Mercia and Northumbria housed significant numbers of Britons.[218] Härke states that \"it is widely accepted that in the north of England, the native population survived to a greater extent than in the south,\" and that in Bernicia, \"a small group of immigrants may have replaced the native British elite and took over the kingdom as a going concern.\"[134] Evidence for the natives in Wessex, meanwhile, can be seen in the late seventh century laws of King Ine, which gave them fewer rights and a lower status than the Saxons.[219] This might have provided an incentive for Britons in the kingdom to adopt Anglo-Saxon culture. Higham points out that \"in circumstances where freedom at law, acceptance with the kindred, access to patronage, and the use and possession of weapons were all exclusive to those who could claim Germanic descent, then speaking Old English without Latin or Brittonic inflection had considerable value.\"[220]There is evidence for a British influence on the emerging Anglo-Saxon elite classes. The Wessex royal line was traditionally founded by a man named Cerdic, an undoubtedly Celtic name cognate to Ceretic (the name of two British kings, ultimately derived from Corotīcos). This may indicate that Cerdic was a native Briton and that his dynasty became anglicised over time.[221][100] A number of Cerdic's alleged descendants also possessed Celtic names, including the 'Bretwalda' Ceawlin.[222] The last man in this dynasty to have a Brittonic name was King Caedwalla, who died as late as 689.[223] In Mercia, too, several kings bear seemingly Celtic names, most notably Penda.[224] As far east as Lindsey, the Celtic name Caedbaed appears in the list of kings.[225]Recent genetic studies, based on data collected from skeletons found in Iron Age, Roman and Anglo-Saxon era burials, have concluded that the ancestry of the modern English population contains large contributions from both Anglo-Saxon migrants and Romano-British natives.[226][227][228]Knowing the number of migrants who came from the continent provides a context from which scholars can build an interpretation framework and understanding of the events of the 5th and 6th centuries. Robert Hedges in discussing this point observes that \"archaeological evidence only addresses these issues indirectly.\"[229] The traditional methodology used by archaeology to estimate the number of migrants starts with a figure for the population in Roman Britannia in the 3rd and 4th centuries. This is usually estimated at between 2 and 4 million.[230] From this figure, Heinrich Härke and Michael Wood have argued that taking into account declines associated with political collapses, the population of what was to become Anglo-Saxon England had fallen to 1 million by the fifth century.[134][231]Within 200 years of their first arrival, the settlement density has been established as an Anglo-Saxon village every 2–5 kilometres (1.2–3.1 miles), in the areas where evidence has been gathered.[232] Given that these settlements are typically of around 50 people, this implies an Anglo-Saxon population in southern and eastern England of 250,000. The number of migrants therefore depends on the population increase variable. If the population rose by 1 per cent per year (slightly less than the present world population growth rate), this would suggest a migrant figure of 30,000. However, if the population rose by 2 per cent per year (similar to India in the last 20 years), the migrant figure would be closer to 5,000.[229] The excavations at Spong Hill revealed over 2,000 cremations and inhumations in what is a very large early cemetery. However, when the period of use is taken into account (over 200 years) and its size, it is presumed to be a major cemetery for the entire area and not just one village; such findings point to a smaller rather than larger number of original immigrants, possibly around 20,000.[233]Härke concluded that \"most of the biological and cultural evidence points to a minority immigration on the scale of 10 to 20% of the native population. The immigration itself was not a single 'invasion', but rather a series of intrusions and immigrations over a considerable period, differing from region to region, and changing over time even within regions. The total immigrant population may have numbered somewhere between 100,000 and 200,000 over about a century, but the geographical variations in numbers, and in social and ethnic composition, should have led to a variety of settlement processes.\"[134]However, there is a discrepancy between, on the one hand, some archaeological and historical ideas about the scale of the Anglo-Saxon immigration, and on the other, estimates of the genetic contribution of the Anglo-Saxon immigrants to the modern English gene pool (see \"Molecular evidence\" above). Härke, Mark Thomas, and Michael Stumpf created a statistical study of those who held the \"migrant\" Y chromosomes and those that did not, and examined the effect of differential reproductive success between those groups, coupled with limited intermarriage between the groups, on the spread of the genetic variant to discover whether the levels of migration needed to meet a 50% contribution to the modern gene pool had been attained. Their findings demonstrated that a genetic pool can rise from less than 5% to more than 50% in as little as 200 years with the addition of a slight increase in reproduction advantage of 1.8 (meaning a ratio 51.8 to 50) and restricting the amount of female (migrant genes) and male (indigenous genes) inter-breeding to at most 10%.[186]Generally, however, the problems associated with seeking estimates for the population before AD 1089 were set out by Thomas, Stumpf, and Härke, who write that \"incidental reports of numbers of immigrants are notoriously unreliable, and absolute numbers of immigrants before the Norman period can only be calculated as a proportion of the estimated overall population.\"[234] Recent isotope and genetic evidence[235][236] has suggested that migration continued over several centuries, possibly allowing for significantly more new arrivals than has been previously thought.","title":"Migration and acculturation theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saxon.emigration.5th.cen.jpg"},{"link_name":"sub-Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-243"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-244"},{"link_name":"Mons Badonicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_Badonicus"},{"link_name":"see historical evidence above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Historical_evidence"},{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Higham"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-246"},{"link_name":"see Archaeological evidence above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Archaeological_evidence"},{"link_name":"Gallic Chronicle of 452","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallic_Chronicle_of_452"}],"sub_title":"Saxon political ascendancy in Britain","text":"Probable areas for Saxon settler communitiesA re-evaluation of the traditional picture of decay and dissolution in post-Roman Britain has occurred, with sub-Roman Britain being thought to have been more a part of the Late Antique world of western Europe than was customary a half century ago.[237] As part of this re-evaluation some suggest that sub-Roman Britain, in its entirety, retained a significant political, economic and military momentum across the fifth century and even the bulk of the sixth. This in large part stems from attempts to develop visions of British success against the incoming Anglo-Saxons, as suggested by the Chronicles which were written in the ninth and mid-tenth century. However, recent scholarship has contested the extent to which either can be credited with any level of historicity regarding the decades around AD 500.[238]The representation of long-lasting British triumphs against the Saxons appears in large parts of the Chronicles, but stems ultimately from Gildas's brief and elusive reference to a British victory at Mons Badonicus – Mount Badon (see historical evidence above). Higham suggests that the war between Britons and Saxons seems to have ended in some sort of compromise, which conceded a very considerable sphere of influence within Britain to the incomers. Kenneth Dark, on the other hand, has argued for a continuation of British political, cultural and military power well into the latter part of the sixth century, even in the eastern part of the country. Dark's argument rests on the very uneven distribution of Anglo-Saxon cemeteries and the proposition that large gaps in that distribution necessarily represent strong British polities which excluded Anglo-Saxon settlers by force.[239] Cremation cemeteries in eastern Britain north of the Thames begin during the second quarter of the fifth century,[240] backed up by new archaeological phases before 450 (see Archaeological evidence above). The chronology of this \"adventus\" of cremations is supported by the Gallic Chronicle of 452, which states that wide parts of Britain fell under Saxon rule in 441.","title":"Migration and acculturation theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Augustus Freeman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Augustus_Freeman"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-247"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-248"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-249"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated2007-250"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated4-251"},{"link_name":"Norman Conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Conquest_of_England"},{"link_name":"Bryan Ward-Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Ward-Perkins"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-252"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-Perkins,_Bryan_2000-253"},{"link_name":"wergild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergild"},{"link_name":"Ine of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ine_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"hides of land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_of_land"},{"link_name":"thegn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thegn"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-254"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-attenborough52-255"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thomas,_Mark_G._2006-192"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-256"},{"link_name":"Richard Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Coates"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-257"},{"link_name":"Armorica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armorica"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-258"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-259"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-260"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-261"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-262"}],"sub_title":"Romano-Britons' fate in the south-east","text":"Multiple theories have been proposed as to the reason behind the invisibility of the Romano-Britons in the archaeological and historical records of the Anglo-Saxon period.One theory, first set out by Edward Augustus Freeman, suggests that the Anglo-Saxons and the Britons were competing cultures, and that through invasion, extermination, slavery, and forced resettlement the Anglo-Saxons defeated the Britons and consequently their culture and language prevailed.[241] This view has influenced much of the scholarly and popular perceptions of the process of anglicisation in Britain. It remains the starting point and 'default position', to which other hypotheses are compared in modern reviews of the evidence.[242] Widespread extermination and displacement of the native peoples of Britain is still considered a viable possibility by a number of scholars.[243][244][245] Such a view is broadly supported by the linguistic and toponymic evidence, as well as the few primary sources from the time.Another theory has challenged this view and proposes that the Anglo-Saxon migration was an elite takeover, similar to the Norman Conquest, rather than a large-scale migration, and that the bulk of the population was composed of Britons who adopted the culture of the conquerors. Bryan Ward-Perkins argues that while \"culturally, the later Anglo-Saxons and English did emerge as remarkably un-British, ... their genetic, biological make-up is none the less likely to have been substantially, indeed predominantly, British\".[246] Within this theory, two processes leading to Anglo-Saxonisation have been proposed. One is similar to culture changes observed in Russia, North Africa and parts of the Islamic world, where a politically and socially powerful minority culture becomes, over a rather short period, adopted by a settled majority. This process is usually termed 'elite dominance'.[247] The second process is explained through incentives, such as the wergild outlined in the law code of Ine of Wessex. The wergild of an Englishman was set at a value twice that of a Briton of similar wealth. However, some Britons could be very prosperous and own five hides of land, which gave thegn-like status, with a wergild of 600 shillings.[248] Ine set down requirements to prove guilt or innocence, both for his English subjects and for his British subjects, who were termed 'foreigners/wealas' ('Welshmen').[249] The difference in status between the Anglo-Saxons and Britons could have produced an incentive for a Briton to become Anglo-Saxon or at least English speaking.[186]While most scholars currently accept a degree of population continuity from the Roman period, this view has not gone without criticism. Stefan Burmeister notes that \"to all appearances, the settlement was carried out by small, agriculturally-oriented kinship groups. This process corresponds most closely with a classic settler model. The absence of early evidence of a socially demarcated elite underscores the supposition that such an elite did not play a substantial role. Rich burials such as are well-known from Denmark have no counterparts in England until the 6th century.\"[250] Richard Coates points out that linguistically, \"the case of the Britons in England appears consistent with the withdrawal of speakers of the previously dominant language, rather than the assimilation of the dominant classes by the incomers.\"[251]Several theories have been proposed by which numbers of native Britons could have been lowered without resorting to violent means. There is linguistic and historical evidence for a significant movement of Brittonic-speakers to Armorica, which became known as Brittany.[252][253] Meanwhile, it has been speculated that plagues arriving through Roman trade links could have disproportionately affected the Britons.[254][255][256]","title":"Migration and acculturation theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-263"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-264"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toby_F._Martin_pp._174-175-265"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hills2015-266"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-267"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toby_F._Martin_pp._174-175-265"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hills2015-266"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-268"},{"link_name":"Sue Harrington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Harrington"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-269"},{"link_name":"Solent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solent"},{"link_name":"Meon valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meonwara"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-270"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-271"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%A4rke,_Heinrich_2011-140"},{"link_name":"Frederik Kortlandt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederik_Kortlandt"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-272"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-273"}],"sub_title":"Regional variation in settlement patterns","text":"In recent years, scholars have sought to combine elements of the mass migration and elite dominance models, emphasizing that no single explanation can be used to account for cultural change across the entirety of England. Heinrich Härke writes that \"the Anglo-Saxon migration [was] a process rather than an event, with implications for variations of the process over time, resulting in chronological and geographical diversity of immigrant groups, their origins, composition, sizes and settlement areas in Britain. These variations are, to a certain extent, reported in the written sources.\"[134] According to Toby Martin, \"Regional variation may well provide the key to resolution, with something more akin to mass migration in the south-east, gradually spreading into elite dominance in the north and west.\"[257] This view has support in the toponymic evidence. In the southeastern counties of England, Brittonic place names are nearly nonexistent, but moving north and west, they gradually increase in frequency.[258]East Anglia has been identified by a number of scholars, including Härke, Martin, Catherine Hills, and Kenneth Dark, as a region in which a large-scale continental migration occurred,[134][259][260] possibly following a period of depopulation in the fourth century.[261] Lincolnshire has also been cited by Hills and Martin as a key centre of early settlement from the continent.[259][260] Alexander Mirrington argues that in Essex, the cultural change seen in the archaeological record is so complete that \"a migration of a large number of people is the most logical and least extreme solution.\"[262] In Kent, according to Sue Harrington and Stuart Brookes, \"the weight of archaeological evidence and that from literary sources favours migrations\" as the main reason for cultural change.[263]Immigration into the area that was to become Wessex occurred from both the south coast and the Upper Thames valley. The earlier, southern settlements may have been more prosaic than descriptions in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle imply. Jillian Hawkins suggests that powerful Romano-British trading ports around the Solent were able to direct significant numbers of Germanic settlers inland into areas such as the Meon valley, where they formed their own communities.[264] In areas that were settled from the Thames, different processes may have been at play, with the Germanic immigrants holding a greater degree of power. Bruce Eagles argues that the later population of areas such as Wiltshire would have included large numbers of Britons who had adopted the culture of the socially dominant Saxons, while also noting that \"it seems reasonable to consider that there must have been sufficient numbers of widely dispersed immigrants to bring about this situation in a relatively short space of time.\"[265]In the northern kingdom of Bernicia, however, Härke states that \"a small group of immigrants may have replaced the native British elite and took over the kingdom as a going concern.\"[134] Linguist Frederik Kortlandt agrees, commenting that in this region \"there was a noticeable Celtic contribution to art, culture and possibly socio-military organization. It appears that\nthe immigrants took over the institutions of the local population here.\"[266] In a study of place names in northeastern England and southern Scotland, Bethany Fox concluded that the immigration that did occur in this region was centred on the river valleys, such as those of the Tyne and the Tweed, with the Britons moving to the less fertile hill country and becoming acculturated over a longer period.[267]","title":"Migration and acculturation theories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Helena Hamerow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena_Hamerow"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-274"}],"text":"The reasons for the success of Anglo-Saxon settlements remain uncertain. Helena Hamerow has made an observation that in Anglo-Saxon society \"local and extended kin groups remained ... the essential unit of production throughout the Anglo-Saxon period\". \"Local and extended kin groups\" is one of a number of possible reasons for success, along with societal advantages, freedom and the relationship to an elite, that allowed the Anglo-Saxons' culture and language to flourish in the fifth and sixth centuries.[268]","title":"Aspects of the success of the Anglo-Saxon settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Higham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Higham_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Badon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badon"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-275"},{"link_name":"Bretwalda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bretwalda"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-276"},{"link_name":"floruit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floruit"},{"link_name":"Helen Geake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Geake"},{"link_name":"Woden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woden"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-277"},{"link_name":"Tribal Hidage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribal_Hidage"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies,_Wendy_2011-278"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Laycock,_Stuart_2012-53"},{"link_name":"Barbara Yorke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Yorke"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yorke,_Barbara_2002-128"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Davies,_Wendy_2011-278"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-279"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-280"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-281"},{"link_name":"Æthelfrith of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelfrith_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Bernicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernicia"},{"link_name":"Scots of Dalriada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1l_Riata"},{"link_name":"Angles of Deira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Rædwald of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A6dwald_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-282"}],"sub_title":"Anglo-Saxon political formation","text":"Higham is convinced that the success of the Anglo-Saxon elite in gaining an early compromise shortly after the Battle of Badon is a key to the success of the culture. This produced a political ascendancy across the south and east of Britain, which in turn required some structure to be successful.[269]The Bretwalda concept is taken as evidence for a presence of a number of early Anglo-Saxon elite families and a clear unitary oversight. Whether the majority of these leaders were early settlers, descendant from settlers, or especially after the exploration stage they were Roman-British leaders who adopted Anglo-Saxon culture is unclear. The balance of opinion is that most were migrants, although it should not be assumed they were all Germanic. There is agreement that these were small in number and proportion, yet large enough in power and influence to ensure \"Anglo-Saxon\" acculturation in the lowlands of Britain.[270] Most historians believe these elites were those named by Bede, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle and others, although there is discussion regarding their floruit dates. Importantly, whatever their origin or when they flourished, they established their claim to lordship through their links to extended kin ties. As Helen Geake jokingly points out \"they all just happened to be related back to Woden\".[271]The Tribal Hidage is evidence of the existence of numerous smaller provinces, meaning that southern and eastern Britain may have lost any macro-political cohesion in the fifth and sixth centuries and fragmented into many small autonomous units, though late Roman administrative organisation of the countryside may have helped dictate their boundaries. By the end of the sixth century the leaders of these communities were styling themselves kings, with the majority of the larger kingdoms based on the south or east coasts.[272] They include the provinces of the Jutes of Hampshire and Wight, the South Saxons, Kent, the East Saxons, East Angles, Lindsey and (north of the Humber) Deira and Bernicia. Several of these kingdoms may have their foundation the former Roman civitas and this has been argued as particularly likely for the provinces of Kent, Lindsey, Deira and Bernicia, all of whose names derive from Romano-British tribal or district names.[48]The southern and east coasts were, of course, the areas settled first and in greatest numbers by the settlers and so presumably were the earliest to pass from Romano-British to Anglo-Saxon control. Once established they had the advantage of easy communication with continental territories in Europe via the North Sea or the Channel. The east and south coast provinces may never have fragmented to the extent of some areas inland and by the end of the sixth century they were already beginning to expand by annexing smaller neighbours. Barbara Yorke suggests that such aggressiveness must have encouraged areas which did not already possess military protection in the form of kings and their armies to acquire their own war-leaders or protection alliances.[122] By the time of the Tribal Hidage there were also two large 'inland' kingdoms, those of the Mercians and West Saxons, whose spectacular growth we can trace in par in our sources for the seventh century, but it is not clear how far this expansion had proceeded by the end of the sixth century.[272]What Bede seems to imply in his Bretwalda list of the elite is the ability to extract tribute and overawe and/or protect communities, which may well have been relatively short-lived in any one instance, but ostensibly \"Anglo-Saxon\" dynasties variously replaced one another in this role in a discontinuous but influential and potent roll call of warrior elites, with very few interruptions from other \"British\" warlords.[273] The success of this elite was felt beyond their geography, to include neighbouring British territories in the centre and west of what later became England, and even the far west of the island. Again, Bede was very clear that English imperium could on occasion encompass British and English kingships alike,[274] and that Britons and Angles marched to war together in the early seventh century, under both British and English kings.[275] It is Bede who provides the most vivid picture of a late sixth- and early seventh-century Anglian warlord in action, in the person of Æthelfrith of Northumbria, King of Bernicia (a kingdom with a non-English name), who rapidly built up a personal 'empire' by military victories over the Britons of the North, the Scots of Dalriada, the Angles of Deira and the Britons of north-eastern Wales, only ultimately to experience disaster at the hands of Rædwald of East Anglia.[276]","title":"Aspects of the success of the Anglo-Saxon settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOosthuizen2016179%E2%80%93227-283"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wickham_2009_157-284"},{"link_name":"Bronze Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronze_Age"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamerow2002105-285"},{"link_name":"ceorl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Churl"},{"link_name":"wergild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wergild"},{"link_name":"hide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hide_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"}],"sub_title":"Rural freedoms and kinship groups","text":"Where arable cultivation continued in early Anglo-Saxon England, there seems to have been considerable continuity with the Roman period in both field layout and arable practices, although we do not know whether there were also changes to patterns of tenure or the regulation of cultivation. The greatest perceptible alterations in land usage between about AD 400 and 600 are therefore in the proportions of the land of each community that lay under grass or the plough, rather than in changes to the layout or management of arable fields.[277]The Anglo-Saxons settled in small groups covering a handful of widely dispersed local communities.[278] These farms were for the most part mobile. This mobility, which was typical across much of Northern Europe took two forms: the gradual shifting of the settlement within its boundaries or the complete relocation of the settlement. These shifting settlements (called Wandersiedlungen or \"wandering settlements\") were a common feature since the Bronze Age. Why farms became abandoned and then relocated is much debated. However it is suggested that this might be related to the death of a patron of the family or the desire to move to better farmlands.[279]These farms are often falsely supposed to be \"peasant farms\". However, a ceorl, who was the lowest ranking freeman in early Anglo-Saxon society, was not a peasant but an arms-owning male with access to law, support of a kindred and the wergild, situated at the apex of an extended household working at least one hide of land. It is the ceorl that we should associate with the standard 8–10 metres (26–33 feet) x 4–5 metres (13–16 feet) post-hole building of the early Anglo-Saxon period, grouped with others of the same kin group. Each such household head had a number of less-free dependants and slaves.[280]The success of the rural world in the 5th and 6th centuries, according to the landscape archaeology, was due to three factors: the continuity with the past, with no evidence of up-rooting in the landscape; farmers' freedom and rights over lands, with provision of a rent or duty to an overlord, who provided only slight lordly input; and the common outfield arable land (of an outfield-infield system) that provided the ability to build kinship and group cultural ties.","title":"Aspects of the success of the Anglo-Saxon settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anglo-Saxon_hall1.png"},{"link_name":"Philip Rahtz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rahtz"},{"link_name":"West Stow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Stow_Anglo-Saxon_Village"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-287"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-289"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo"},{"link_name":"Raedwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raedwald"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-291"},{"link_name":"Bryan Ward-Perkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryan_Ward-Perkins"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-Perkins,_Bryan_2000-253"},{"link_name":"Lakenheath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakenheath"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"Julian Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_D._Richards"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-293"},{"link_name":"Barbaricum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Barbaricum"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-294"}],"sub_title":"Material culture","text":"The origins of the timber building tradition seen in early Anglo-Saxon England have generated much debate which has mirrored a wider debate about the cultural affinities of Anglo-Saxon material culture.Reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon hall at Wychurst, Kent, c. 1000 ADPhilip Rahtz asserted that buildings seen in West Stow and Mucking had late Roman origins.[281] Archaeologist Philip Dixon noted the striking similarity between Anglo-Saxon timber halls and Romano-British rural houses. The Anglo-Saxons did not import the 'long-house', the traditional dwelling of the continental Germanic peoples, to Britain. Instead they upheld a local vernacular British building tradition dating back to the late first century. This has been interpreted as evidence of the endurance of kinship and household structures from the Roman into the Anglo-Saxon period.[282][283]However, this has been considered too neat an explanation for all the evidence. Anne and Gary Marshall summarise the situation:\"One of the main problems in Anglo-Saxon archaeology has been to account for the apparent uniqueness of the English timber structures of the period. These structures seem to bear little resemblance either to earlier Romano-British or to continental models. In essence, the problem is that the hybrid Anglo-Saxon style seems to appear full-blown with no examples of development from the two potentially ancestral traditions ... The consensus of the published work was that the Anglo-Saxon building style was predominantly home-grown.\"[284]In the Sutton Hoo burial, perhaps that of the East Anglian king Raedwald, a long and complex iron chain, used for suspending a cauldron from the beams of a hall, was found. It was the product of a continuous British smithing tradition dating to pre-Roman times. This was, however, a high-status object.[285]For Bryan Ward-Perkins the answer to the relative lack of native influence on everyday objects is found in the success of the Anglo-Saxon culture and highlights the micro-diversity and larger cohesion that produced a dynamic force in comparison to the Brittonic culture.[247] From beads and quoits to clothes and houses, there is something unique happening in the early Anglo-Saxon period. The material culture evidence shows that people adopted and adapted styles based on set roles and styles. John Hines, commenting on the diversity of nearly a thousand glass beads and many different clothes clasps from Lakenheath, states that these reveal a \"society where people relied on others to fulfill a role\" and \"what they had around them was making a statement\", not one about the individual, but about \"identity between small groups not within small groups\".[286]Julian Richards commenting on this and other evidence suggests:\"[The Anglo-Saxon settlement of Britain] was more complex than a mass invasion bringing fully formed lifestyles and beliefs. The early Anglo-Saxon, just like today's migrants, were probably riding different cultural identities. They brought from their homelands the traditions of their ancestors. But they would have been trying to work out not only who they were, but who they wanted to be ... and forge an identity for those who followed.\"[287]Looking beyond simplistic 'homeland' scenarios, and explaining the observations that 'Anglo-Saxon' houses and other aspects of material culture do not find exact matches in the 'Germanic homelands' in Europe, Halsall explains the changes within the context of a larger 'North Sea interaction zone', including lowland England, Northern Gaul and northern Germany. These areas experienced marked social and cultural changes in the wake of Roman collapse—experienced not only within the former Roman provinces (Gaul, Britain) but also in Barbaricum itself. All three areas experienced changes in social structure, settlement patterns and ways of expressing identities, as well as tensions which created push and pull factors for migrations in, perhaps, multiple directions.[288]","title":"Aspects of the success of the Anglo-Saxon settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-295"},{"link_name":"Peter Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Brown_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Gildas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gildas"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo"},{"link_name":"Spong Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spong_Hill"},{"link_name":"Prittlewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_saxon_tomb_in_Prittlewell"},{"link_name":"Snape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snape_boat_grave"},{"link_name":"Walkington Wold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walkington_Wold_Burials"},{"link_name":"cremation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremation"},{"link_name":"inhumation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inhumation"},{"link_name":"grave goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grave_goods"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutton_1991._p._274-297"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-298"},{"link_name":"seax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seax"},{"link_name":"spear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_period_spear"},{"link_name":"sword","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration_period_sword"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutton_1991._p._274-297"},{"link_name":"goats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goats"},{"link_name":"sheep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheep"},{"link_name":"oxen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxen"},{"link_name":"goose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goose"},{"link_name":"crab apples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_apple"},{"link_name":"hazelnuts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazelnuts"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-299"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hutton_1991._p._274-297"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013228%E2%80%93229-300"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-301"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-302"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-303"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-304"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-305"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-306"},{"link_name":"Howard Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Williams_(archaeologist)"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-307"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"see Gildas above","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gildas'_De_Excidio_et_Conquestu_Britanniae"},{"link_name":"Beowulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beowulf"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-308"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-309"}],"sub_title":"Culture of belief","text":"The study of pagan religious practice in the early Anglo-Saxon period is difficult. Most of the texts that may contain relevant information are not contemporary, but written later by Christian writers who tended to have a hostile attitude to pre-Christian beliefs, and who may have distorted their portrayal of them. Much of the information used to reconstruct Anglo-Saxon paganism comes from later Scandinavian and Icelandic texts and there is a debate about how relevant these are. The study of pagan Anglo-Saxon beliefs has often been approached with reference to Roman or even Greek typologies and categories. Archaeologists therefore use such terms as gods, myths, temples, sanctuaries, priests, magic and cults. Charlotte Behr argues that this provides a worldview of Anglo-Saxon practice culture which is unhelpful.[289]Peter Brown employed a new method of looking at the belief systems of the fifth to seventh centuries, by arguing for a model of religion which was typified by a pick and choose approach. The period was exceptional because there was no orthodoxy or institutions to control or hinder the people. This freedom of culture is seen also in the Roman-British community and is very evident in the complaints of Gildas.[290]One Anglo-Saxon cultural practice that is better understood are the burial customs, due in part to archaeological excavations at various sites including Sutton Hoo, Spong Hill, Prittlewell, Snape and Walkington Wold, and the existence of around 1,200 furnished inhumation and cremation cemeteries, which were once assumed to be pagan but whose religious affiliation is now substantially debated in scholarship. There was no set form of burial, with cremation being preferred in the north and inhumation in the south, although both forms were found throughout England, sometimes in the same cemeteries. When cremation did take place, the ashes were usually placed within an urn and then buried, sometimes along with grave goods.[291] According to archaeologist Dave Wilson, \"the usual orientation for an inhumation in a pagan Anglo-Saxon cemetery was west–east, with the head to the west, although there were often deviations from this.\"[292] Indicative of possible religious belief, grave goods were common amongst inhumation burials as well as cremations; free Anglo-Saxon men were buried with at least one weapon in the pagan tradition, often a seax, but sometimes also with a spear, sword, or shield, or a combination of these.[291] There are also a number of recorded cases of parts of animals being buried within such graves. Most common amongst these were body parts belonging to either goats or sheep, although parts of oxen were also relatively common, and there are also isolated cases of goose, crab apples, duck eggs, and hazelnuts being buried in graves. It is widely thought therefore that such items constituted a food source for the deceased.[293] In some cases, animal skulls, particularly oxen but also pig, were buried in human graves, a practice that was also found earlier in Roman Britain.[291]Despite this earlier confidence in the ability to use burial customs to understand cultures of belief, mortuary archaeologists have now challenged the notion that burial with grave-goods either in post-Roman Britain,[294][295][296] or further afield in early medieval Europe,[297][298][299][300] need have anything at all to do with paganism or other forms of belief in the afterlife. Howard Williams, summarising general trends in the scholarship, has pointed outThe emergence of furnished cremation and inhumation graves is thus no longer regarded as reflecting a single and coherent 'Anglo-Saxon paganism'; nor need the decline in accompanied burial relate directly or exclusively to Christian conversion. Indeed, the very term 'pagan Anglo-Saxon burial' compounds the conceptually naïve assumption that there existed a one-to-one correlation between ethnic affiliation, religious beliefs and ritual practice that archaeologists have been so keen to move beyond.[301]There is also evidence for the continuation of Christianity in south and east Britain. The Christian shrine at St Albans and its martyr cult survived throughout the period (see Gildas above). There are references in Anglo-Saxon poetry, including Beowulf, that show some interaction between pagan and Christian practices and values. While there is little scholarly focus on this subject, there is enough evidence from Gildas and elsewhere that it is safe to assume some continuing – perhaps more free – form of Christianity survived. Richard Whinder states \"(The Church's pre-Augustine) characteristics place it in continuity with the rest of the Christian Church in Europe at that time and, indeed, in continuity with the Catholic faith ... today.\"[302]Anglo-Saxon paganism was not based on faith, but on rituals intended to bring benefits to individuals and the community. As kingship developed, it probably came into conflict with the entrenched priestly class. Conversion to Christianity provided kings with priests who were under their protection and thus under their influence, and Christianisation seems to have been mainly sponsored by kings.[303]","title":"Aspects of the success of the Anglo-Saxon settlement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84217-067-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-067-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-14-014822-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-014822-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85264-022-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85264-022-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7102-1215-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-1215-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-631-22260-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-22260-6"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Saxon_settlement_of_Britain&action=edit"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Jute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutes"},{"link_name":"Frisian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisians"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-30"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-33"},{"link_name":"Battle of Badon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Badon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-120"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECool200047%E2%80%9365-118"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleary199357%E2%80%9363-119"}],"text":"^ Based on Jones & Mattingly's Atlas of Roman Britain (ISBN 978-1-84217-067-0, 1990, reprinted 2007); Mattingly's Imperial Possession (ISBN 978-0-14-014822-0, 2006); Higham's Rome, Britain, and the Anglo-Saxons (ISBN 1-85264-022-7, 1992); Frere's Britannia (ISBN 0-7102-1215-1, 1987); and Snyder's An Age of Tyrants (ISBN 978-0-631-22260-6) — the sources are cited in the image legend — Locations of towns (fortified and unfortified) are given on p. 156, with tribal civitates and coloniae specified on p. 154, of Atlas of Roman Britain. Specification of the Romanised regions of Britain are also from the Atlas, p. 151. The \"Departure Dates\" are found in the cited sources, and are generally known. The Pictish, Saxon, and Scoti raids are found in the cited sources, as is the date of the Irish settlements in Wales. Frere suggests (p. 355) that it was the Irish who sacked Wroxeter c. 383. The locations of the Irish settlements is from the locations of inscription stones given in File:Britain.Deisi.Laigin.jpg as of 2010[update]-10-11, which cites its sources of information.\n\n^ Throughout this article Anglo-Saxon is used for Saxon, Angles, Jute or Frisian unless it is specific to a point being made; Anglo-Saxon is used when specifically the culture is meant rather than any ethnicity. However, all these terms are interchangeably used by scholars\n\n^ By the waning years of the Roman Empire, Britain was earning a special reputation as a \"province fertile with tyrants\". These tyrants dominate the historical accounts of the fifth and sixth centuries and the work tells us much about the transition from magisterial to monarchical power in Britain.\n\n^ The phrase which mentions 40 years has been subject of much scholarly discussion. See Battle of Badon for more details.\n\n^ From patrius (\"of or pertaining to a father\"), from pater (\"father\"), and (understanding \"terra\") the ordinary word for one's native country or home, used extensively by Cicero, Virgil, Lucretius and many authors (Lewis and Short, Latin-English Lexicon, s.v.).\n\n^ Helen Cool investigates late assemblages, in her paper, from the period between the end of the Roman occupation and the Anglo-Saxon period. It lists all assemblages, that were known, at the time of publication of the paper.[113] Simon Esmonde Cleary attempts to characterise and analyse the change in the nature of the archaeological record in England in the mid-first millennium AD. [114]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Higham & Ryan 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(2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalsall2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-295"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-84217-395-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84217-395-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-296"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hutton_1991._p._274_297-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hutton_1991._p._274_297-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hutton_1991._p._274_297-2"},{"link_name":"Hutton 1991","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hut91"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-298"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wil92"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-299"},{"link_name":"Wilson 1992","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wil92"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHalsall2013228%E2%80%93229_300-0"},{"link_name":"Halsall 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHalsall2013"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-301"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-302"},{"link_name":"\"Memories of Migration? The 'Anglo-Saxon' Burial Costume of the 5th Century AD\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2019.60"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.15184/aqy.2019.60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.15184%2Faqy.2019.60"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-303"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-304"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-305"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-306"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-307"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-308"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-309"}],"text":"^ Higham & Ryan 2013:104–105\n\n^ Gretzinger, J; Sayer, D; Justeau, P (2022), \"The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool\", Nature, 610 (7930): 112–119, Bibcode:2022Natur.610..112G, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2, PMC 9534755, PMID 36131019\n\n^ In the abstract for: Härke, Heinrich. \"Anglo-Saxon Immigration and Ethnogenesis.\" Medieval Archaeology 55.1 (2011): 1–28.\n\n^ Drinkwater, John F. (2023), \"The 'Saxon Shore' Reconsidered\", Britannia, 54: 275–303, doi:10.1017/S0068113X23000193\n\n^ Springer, Matthias (2004), Die Sachsen\n\n^ Halsall 2013, p. 218.\n\n^ Halsall 2013, p. 13.\n\n^ Dewing, H B (1962). Procopius: History of the Wars Books VII and VIII with an English Translation (PDF). Harvard University Press. pp. 252–255. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.\n\n^ Halsall 2013, pp. 13–15, 185–186, 246.\n\n^ Halsall 2013, pp. 194, 203.\n\n^ Halsall 2013, p. 169.\n\n^ Giles 1843a:72–73, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Bk I, Ch 15.\n\n^ Giles 1843b:188–189, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Bk V, Ch 9.\n\n^ a b Higham, Nicholas (1995). An English Empire: Bede and the Early Anglo-Saxon Kings. Manchester University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780719044243.\n\n^ a b Hills, C.; Lucy, S. (2013). Spong Hill IX: Chronology and Synthesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. ISBN 978-1-902937-62-5.\n\n^ Dark, K., Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300–80 (London, Leicester University Press, 1994)\n\n^ Higham, Nick. \"From sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages.\" History Compass 2.1 (2004).\n\n^ Brugmann, B. I. R. T. E. \"Migration and endogenous change.\" The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (2011): 30–45.\n\n^ Higham & Ryan 2013:7\"The Anglo-Saxon World\"\n\n^ Jones & Casey 1988, pp. 367–98.\n\n^ D. Gary Miller, External Influences on English: From Its Beginnings to the Renaissance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), pp=315–318\n\n^ Gransden 1974, pp. 13–25.\n\n^ Gransden 1974, pp. 1–12.\n\n^ Morris 1985, pp. 145–185.\n\n^ Wood 1984, p. 19.\n\n^ Jones & Casey 1988, pp. 367–398.\n\n^ Jones, Michael E. (1998). The End of Roman Britain. Cornell University Press. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-8014-8530-5. Retrieved 1 March 2020.\n\n^ Snyder 1998, Age of Tyrants.\n\n^ Winterbottom, M. (1978), De Excidio britanniae, Chichester The standard modern edition and translation.\n\n^ Heather, Peter J., and P. J. Heather. Goths and Romans, 332–489. Clarendon Press, 1991.\n\n^ Snyder 1998:Chapter 5, Age of Tyrants\n\n^ Daniell, Christopher. \"The geographical perspective of Gildas.\" Britannia 25 (1994): 213–217.\n\n^ Snyder 1998:85\n\n^ De Excidio XXI, 1, Winterbottom, Gildas, p. 24.\n\n^ De Excidio I, 5, Winterbottom, Gildas, pp. 13–14.\n\n^ a b Winterbottom, M. (1978), De Excidio britanniae, Chichester The standard modern edition and translation. Chapter 27\n\n^ Brugmann, B. I. R. T. E. \"Migration and endogenous change.\" The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology (2011): 30–45.\n\n^ Giles 1843a:72–73, Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Bk 2, Ch 5.\n\n^ a b Keynes, Simon. \"England, 700–900.\" The New Cambridge Medieval History 2 (1995): 18–42.\n\n^ See Coates 2007 for such a view\n\n^ a b McKinney, Windy A. \"Creating a gens Anglorum: Social and Ethnic Identity in Anglo-Saxon England through the Lens of Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica.\" (2011).\n\n^ Davies, Wendy & Hayo Vierck – The Contexts of the Tribal Hidage: Social Aggregates and Settlement Patterns, Frühmittelalterliche Studien 8, 1974\n\n^ David N. Dumville, 'The Anglian Collection of Royal Genealogies and Regnal Lists', Anglo-Saxon England, 5 (1976), 23–50\n\n^ a b David N. Dumville, 'The West Saxon Genealogical Regnal List and the Chronology of Early Wessex', Peritia, 4 (1985), 21–66.\n\n^ Barbara Yorke, 'Fact or Fiction? 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Norfolk Archaeological Unit, 1995.\n\n^ Thomas, Mark G., Michael PH Stumpf, and Heinrich Härke. \"Integration versus apartheid in post-Roman Britain: a response to Pattison.\" Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 275.1650 (2008): 2419–2421.\n\n^ Schiffels, S. and Sayer, D., \"Investigating Anglo-Saxon migration history with ancient and modern DNA,\" 2017, H.H. Meller, F. Daim, J. Frause and R. Risch (eds) Migration and Integration form Prehisory to the Middle Ages. Tagungen Des Landesmuseums Für Vorgeschichte Halle, Saale\n\n^ Hughes, Susan S. and Millard, Andrew R. and Chenery, Carolyn A. and Nowell, Geoff and Pearson, D. Graham (2018) 'Isotopic analysis of burials from the early Anglo-Saxon cemetery at Eastbourne, Sussex, U.K.', Journal of archaeological science : reports., 19 . pp. 513-525.\n\n^ A. S. Esmonde Cleary, 'The Roman to medieval transition', in Britons and Romans: advancing an archaeological agenda, eds S. James and M. Millett (York, Council for British Archaeology Research Report 125, 2001), pp. 90–7.\n\n^ D. N. Dumville, 'Sub-Roman Britain: History and legend', History, 62, 1977, pp. 173–92; Dumville, 'The historical value of the Historia Brittonum', Arthurian Literature, 6, 1986, pp. 1–26\n\n^ Dark, K., Civitas to Kingdom: British Political Continuity 300–80 (London, Leicester University Press, 1994) p 97–104\n\n^ J. Hines, 'Philology, Archaeology and the Adventus Saxonum vel Anglorum', in Britain 400–600: Language and History, eds A. Bammesberger and A. Wollman (Heidelberg, Carl Winter, 1990), pp. 17–36.\n\n^ Freeman, E.A. (1869) Old English History for Children, MacMillan, London, pp. 7, 27–28\n\n^ Grimmer, M. (2007) Invasion, Settlement or Political Conquest: Changing Representations of the Arrival of the Anglo-Saxons in Britain, Journal of the Australian Early Medieval Association, 3(1) pp. 169–186.\n\n^ Ausenda, G. (1997) Current issues and future directions in the study of the early Anglo-Saxon period, in Hines, J. (ed.) The Anglo-Saxons from Migration Period to the Eighth Century, Studies in Historical Archaeoethnology, pp. 411–450\n\n^ O. J. Padel. 2007. \"Place-names and the Saxon conquest of Devon and Cornwall.\" In Britons in Anglo-Saxon England [Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies 7], N. Higham (ed.), 215–230. Woodbridge: Boydell.\n\n^ R. Coates. 2007. \"Invisible Britons: The view from linguistics.\" In Britons in Anglo-Saxon England [Publications of the Manchester Centre for Anglo-Saxon Studies 7], N. Higham (ed.), 172–191. Woodbridge: Boydell.\n\n^ Ward-Perkins, Bryan. \"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?.\" The English Historical Review 115.462 (2000): page 523\n\n^ a b Ward-Perkins, Bryan. \"Why did the Anglo-Saxons not become more British?.\" The English Historical Review 115.462 (2000): 513–533.\n\n^ Lavelle, R. (2010) Alfred's Wars: Sources and Interpretations of Anglo-Saxon Warfare in the Viking Age, Boydell & Brewer p. 85\n\n^ Attenborough. The laws of Ine and Alfred. pp. 35–61\n\n^ Burmeister, Stefan. \"Archaeology and Migration\".\n\n^ Coates, Richard (2017). \"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\" (PDF). Namenkundliche Informationen (Journal of Onomastics). 109/110. Leipziger Universitätsverlag: 166. ISBN 978-3-96023-186-8.\n\n^ Dark, Ken R. (2003). \"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\" (PDF).\n\n^ Jean Merkale, King of the Celts: Arthurian Legends and Celtic Tradition (1994), pp. 97-98\n\n^ Coates, Richard (2017). \"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\" (PDF). Namenkundliche Informationen (Journal of Onomastics). 109/110. Leipziger Universitätsverlag: 150. ISBN 978-3-96023-186-8.\n\n^ Nicholas Ostler, Ad Infinitum: A Biography of Latin (2009: Bloomsbury Publishing), p. 141\n\n^ Jim Storr, King Arthur's Wars: The Anglo-Saxon Conquest of England (2016), p. 114\n\n^ Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England (2015: Boydell and Brewer), pp. 173-174\n\n^ Coates, Richard. \"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\".\n\n^ a b Toby F. Martin, The Cruciform Brooch and Anglo-Saxon England (2015: Boydell and Brewer), pp. 174-175\n\n^ a b Catherine Hills, \"The Anglo-Saxon Migration: An Archaeological Case Study of Disruption,\" in Migration and Disruptions: Toward a Unifying Theory of Ancient and Contemporary Migrations, ed. Brenda J. Baker and Takeyuki Tsuda (2015: University Press of Florida), pp. 47-48\n\n^ Ken R. Dark, \"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\" (2003)\n\n^ Alexander D. Mirrington, Transformations of Identity and Society in Anglo-Saxon Essex: A Case Study of an Early Medieval North Atlantic Community (2019: Amsterdam University Press), p. 98\n\n^ Stuart Brookes and Susan Harrington, The Kingdom and People of Kent, AD 400-1066, p. 24\n\n^ Jillian Hawkins, \"Words and Swords: People and Power along the Solent in the 5th Century\" (2020)\n\n^ Bruce Eagles, From Roman Civitas to Anglo-Saxon Shire: Topographical Studies on the Formation of Wessex (2018: Oxbow Books), pp. 74, 139\n\n^ Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). \"Relative Chronology\" (PDF).\n\n^ Fox, Bethany. \"The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland\".\n\n^ Hamerow, Helena. Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England. Oxford University Press, 2012.p166\n\n^ Higham Nicholas J. \"From Tribal Chieftains to Christian Kings.\" The Anglo-Saxon World (2013): 126.\n\n^ Yorke, Barbara. \"The vocabulary of Anglo-Saxon overlordship.\" Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History. BAR British Series 92 (1981): 171–200.\n\n^ Britain AD: King Arthur's Britain, Programme 2 – Three part Channel 4 series. 2004\n\n^ a b Davies, Wendy, and Hayo Vierck. \"The contexts of Tribal Hidage: social aggregates and settlement patterns.\" Issues 44 (2011).\n\n^ Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica, II, 5.\n\n^ As in his remarks on Edwin's imperium: Historia Ecclesiastica, II, 5, 9.\n\n^ As in his remarks concerning Cædwallon and Penda, Historia Ecclesiastica, II, 20.\n\n^ Bede, Historia Ecclesiastica, I, 34; II, 12.\n\n^ Oosthuizen 2016, pp. 179–227.\n\n^ Wickham 2009:157, The Inheritance of Rome.\n\n^ Hamerow 2002, p. 105.\n\n^ Higham, Nicholas J. An English Empire: Bede, the Britons, and the Early Anglo-Saxon Kings. Vol 2 p244\n\n^ Rahtz, Philip. \"Buildings and rural settlement.\" The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England 44 (1976): p 56\n\n^ Hodges, R. (1989) The Anglo-Saxon Achievement Duckworth, London. ISBN 0-7156-2130-0, pp. 34–36\n\n^ Dixon, Philip. \"How Saxon is the Saxon house?\" Structural reconstruction. Oxford (1982).\n\n^ Marshall, Anne, and Garry Marshall. \"A survey and analysis of the buildings of Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon England.\" Medieval Archaeology 35 (1991): 29\n\n^ Bruce-Mitford 1983, 511–553.\n\n^ John Hines: \"Stories from the Dark Earth: Meet the Ancestors Revisited\" Episode 4 BBC 2013\n\n^ Julian Richards: \"Stories from the Dark Earth: Meet the Ancestors Revisited\" Episode 4 BBC 2013\n\n^ Halsall (2011, p. 35)\n\n^ Behr, Charlotte. Review \"Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited, edited by Martin Carver, Alex Sanmark & Sarah Semple, 2010. Oxford: Oxbow Books; ISBN 978-1-84217-395-4\". in Cambridge Archaeological Journal 21.02 (2011): 315–316.\n\n^ Brown, Peter. The Rise of Western Christendom. Oxford, 2003.\n\n^ a b c Hutton 1991. p. 274.\n\n^ Wilson 1992. p. 87.\n\n^ Wilson 1992. pp. 98–100.\n\n^ Halsall 2013, pp. 228–229.\n\n^ D.M. Hadley, \"Burial, Belief and Identity in Later Anglo-Saxon England,\" in Reflections: 50 Years of Medieval Archaeology, 1957–2007, ed. Roberta Gilchrist and Andrew Reynolds (London: Routledge, 2009)\n\n^ Harland, James M. (2019). \"Memories of Migration? The 'Anglo-Saxon' Burial Costume of the 5th Century AD\". Antiquity. 93 (370): 954–969, here 959–963. doi:10.15184/aqy.2019.60.\n\n^ B.K. Young, \"Merovingian Funeral Rites and the Evolution of Christianity: A Study in the Historical Interpretation of Archaeological Material (diss., Univ. of Pennsylvania, 1975)\n\n^ Bailey K. Young, 'Paganisme, christianisme et rites funéraires mérovingiens', Archéologie Médiévale 7 (1977), pp. 5–81\n\n^ G. Halsall, 'La Christianisation de la région de Metz à travers les sources archéologiques (5ème–7ème siècle): problèmes et possibilités', in M. Polfer ed., L'Évangélisation des régions entre Meuse et Moselle et la Fondation de l'Abbaye d'Echternach (Ve–IXe siècle), (Luxembourg, 2000), pp. 123–46\n\n^ G. Halsall, \"Examining the Christianization of the Region of Metz from Archaeological Sources\", Cemeteries and Society in Merovingian Gaul (Leiden: Brill, 2010), 261–284\n\n^ Howard Williams, \"At the Funeral,\" in Signals of Belief in Early England: Anglo-Saxon Paganism Revisited, edited by Martin Carver, Alex Sanmark and Sarah Semple (London: Oxbow Books, 2010), 67–82, 67\n\n^ Whinder, R, Christianity in Britain before St Augustine Catholic History Society 2008\n\n^ Higham and Ryan (2013), pp. 152-153","title":"Citations"}]	[{"image_text":"Britain, 383–410[a]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/End.of.Roman.rule.in.Britain.383.410.jpg/200px-End.of.Roman.rule.in.Britain.383.410.jpg"},{"image_text":"An 1130 depiction of Angles, Saxons, and Jutes crossing the sea to Britain equipped with war gear from the Miscellany on the Life of St. Edmund","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/1130_Anglo-Saxon_Crossing.jpg/220px-1130_Anglo-Saxon_Crossing.jpg"},{"image_text":"Britain around the year 540. Anglo-Saxon kingdom's names are coloured red or brown. Britonnic kingdoms' names are coloured black.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Britain.circa.540.jpg/220px-Britain.circa.540.jpg"},{"image_text":"Folio 3v from the Petersburg Bede. The Saint Petersburg Bede (Saint Petersburg, National Library of Russia, lat. Q. v. I. 18), a near-contemporary version of the Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg/200px-Beda_Petersburgiensis_f3v.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kenneth Jackson's map showing British river names of Celtic etymology, thought to be a good indicator of the spread of Old English. Area I, where Celtic names are rare and confined to large and medium-sized rivers, shows English-language dominance to c. 500–550; Area II to c. 600; Area III, where even many small streams have Brittonic names to c. 700. In Area IV, Brittonic remained the dominant language 'till at least the Norman Conquest' and river names are overwhelmingly Celtic.[52]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/British_river_names_of_celtic_etymology.jpg/220px-British_river_names_of_celtic_etymology.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of place-names between the Firth of Forth and the River Tees: in green, names likely containing Brittonic elements; in red and orange, names likely containing the Old English elements -ham and -ingaham respectively. Brittonic names lie mostly to the north of the Lammermuir and Moorfoot Hills.[55]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Brittonic_and_Old_English_place_names_in_the_pre-1974_counties_of_Northumbria_Durham_Selkirkshire_Roxburghshire_Berwickshire_Peeblesshire_and_the_Lothians.png/320px-Brittonic_and_Old_English_place_names_in_the_pre-1974_counties_of_Northumbria_Durham_Selkirkshire_Roxburghshire_Berwickshire_Peeblesshire_and_the_Lothians.png"},{"image_text":"The name of the Bretwalda Ceawlin, rendered 'ceaulin', as it appears in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (C-text)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Ceawlin_name.gif"},{"image_text":"An Anglo-Frisian funerary urn excavated from the Snape ship burial in East Anglia. Item is located in Aldeburgh Moot Hall Museum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/Snape_urn.jpg/190px-Snape_urn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Romano-British or Anglo-Saxon belt fittings in the Quoit Brooch Style from the Mucking Anglo-Saxon cemetery, early 5th century, using a mainly Roman style for very early Anglo-Saxon clients","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG/220px-Mucking_DSCF9230.JPG"},{"image_text":"Frankish glass 'claw beaker' 5th–6th century, excavated in Kent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Claw_beaker_from_Ringmere_Farm_BM_2005.12-5.1.jpg/190px-Claw_beaker_from_Ringmere_Farm_BM_2005.12-5.1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Early cemeteries of possible Settler origin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Britain.5th.cen.AS.cemeteries.jpg/230px-Britain.5th.cen.AS.cemeteries.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of Y-chromosome distribution from data derived from \"Y chromosome evidence for Anglo-Saxon mass migration\" by Weale et al. (2002)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Weal.png/320px-Weal.png"},{"image_text":"Possible routes of Anglo-Saxon migration in the 5th/6th centuries","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Anglo.Saxon.migration.5th.cen.jpg/230px-Anglo.Saxon.migration.5th.cen.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Tribal Hidage, from an edition of Henry Spelman's Glossarium Archaiologicum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/28/Tribal_Hidage_Spelman.svg/240px-Tribal_Hidage_Spelman.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Probable areas for Saxon settler communities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Saxon.emigration.5th.cen.jpg/230px-Saxon.emigration.5th.cen.jpg"},{"image_text":"Reconstruction of an Anglo-Saxon hall at Wychurst, Kent, c. 1000 AD","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Anglo-Saxon_hall1.png/241px-Anglo-Saxon_hall1.png"}]	[{"title":"Anglo-Saxon England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"England portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Metropolitan_M_Stamp.PNG"},{"title":"Middle Ages portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Middle_Ages"},{"title":"Wales portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Wales"},{"title":"Scotland portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Scotland"},{"title":"History of Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"Timeline of conflict in Anglo-Saxon Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_conflict_in_Anglo-Saxon_Britain"},{"title":"History of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_England"},{"title":"History of Anglo-Saxon England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England"},{"title":"Sub-Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"title":"Romano-British culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romano-British_culture"},{"title":"Modern immigration to the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_immigration_to_the_United_Kingdom"}]	[{"reference":"Gretzinger, J; Sayer, D; Justeau, P (2022), \"The Anglo-Saxon migration and the formation of the early English gene pool\", Nature, 610 (7930): 112–119, Bibcode:2022Natur.610..112G, doi:10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2, PMC 9534755, PMID 36131019","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022Natur.610..112G","url_text":"2022Natur.610..112G"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-022-05247-2","url_text":"10.1038/s41586-022-05247-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9534755","url_text":"9534755"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36131019","url_text":"36131019"}]},{"reference":"Drinkwater, John F. (2023), \"The 'Saxon Shore' Reconsidered\", Britannia, 54: 275–303, doi:10.1017/S0068113X23000193","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0068113X23000193","url_text":"10.1017/S0068113X23000193"}]},{"reference":"Springer, Matthias (2004), Die Sachsen","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dewing, H B (1962). Procopius: History of the Wars Books VII and VIII with an English Translation (PDF). Harvard University Press. pp. 252–255. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2020. Retrieved 1 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200303224542/https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/SLAVSTUD182/Procopius%20Wars%20Books%20VII.36-VIII.pdf","url_text":"Procopius: History of the Wars Books VII and VIII with an English Translation"},{"url":"https://eclass.uoa.gr/modules/document/file.php/SLAVSTUD182/Procopius%20Wars%20Books%20VII.36-VIII.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Higham, Nicholas (1995). An English Empire: Bede and the Early Anglo-Saxon Kings. Manchester University Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780719044243.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Higham","url_text":"Higham, Nicholas"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jv68AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA2","url_text":"An English Empire: Bede and the Early Anglo-Saxon Kings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_University_Press","url_text":"Manchester University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780719044243","url_text":"9780719044243"}]},{"reference":"Hills, C.; Lucy, S. (2013). Spong Hill IX: Chronology and Synthesis. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research. 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In Hamerow, Helena; Hinton, David A.; Crawford, Sally (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-0-19-921214-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xucNJfS42PwC&q=anglo-saxon+migration&pg=PA79","url_text":"\"Anglo-Saxon migration and the molecular evidence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921214-9","url_text":"978-0-19-921214-9"}]},{"reference":"Wood, Michael (25 May 2012). \"Viewpoint: The time Britain slid into chaos\". BBC News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-18159752","url_text":"\"Viewpoint: The time Britain slid into chaos\""}]},{"reference":"Burmeister, Stefan. \"Archaeology and Migration\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/200032760","url_text":"\"Archaeology and Migration\""}]},{"reference":"Coates, Richard (2017). \"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\" (PDF). Namenkundliche Informationen (Journal of Onomastics). 109/110. Leipziger Universitätsverlag: 166. ISBN 978-3-96023-186-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/226134354.pdf","url_text":"\"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96023-186-8","url_text":"978-3-96023-186-8"}]},{"reference":"Dark, Ken R. (2003). \"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/files/GCMS/RMS-2003-03_K._R._Dark,_Large-scale_population_movements_into_and_from_Britan_south_of_Hadrian's_Wall_in_the_fourth_to_sixth_centuries_AD.pdf","url_text":"\"Large-scale population movements into and from Britain south of Hadrian's Wall in the fourth to sixth centuries AD\""}]},{"reference":"Coates, Richard (2017). \"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\" (PDF). Namenkundliche Informationen (Journal of Onomastics). 109/110. Leipziger Universitätsverlag: 150. ISBN 978-3-96023-186-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/226134354.pdf","url_text":"\"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-96023-186-8","url_text":"978-3-96023-186-8"}]},{"reference":"Coates, Richard. \"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\".","urls":[{"url":"https://ul.qucosa.de/api/qucosa%3A31804/attachment/ATT-0/","url_text":"\"Celtic whispers: revisiting the problems of the relation between Brittonic and Old English\""}]},{"reference":"Kortlandt, Frederik (2018). \"Relative Chronology\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kortlandt.nl/publications/art320e.pdf","url_text":"\"Relative Chronology\""}]},{"reference":"Fox, Bethany. \"The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heroicage.org/issues/10/fox.html","url_text":"\"The P-Celtic Place Names of North-East England and South-East Scotland\""}]},{"reference":"Harland, James M. 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(2011), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology., Oxford: OUP, ISBN 978-0-19-921214-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921214-9","url_text":"978-0-19-921214-9"}]},{"reference":"Gransden, Antonia (1974), Historical Writing in England c 550 – c1307, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-203-44203-2","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-44203-2","url_text":"0-203-44203-2"}]},{"reference":"Higham, Nicholas J.; Ryan, Martin J. 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ISBN 0-7141-0530-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert_Bruce-Mitford","url_text":"Bruce-Mitford, Rupert"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7141-0530-9","url_text":"0-7141-0530-9"}]},{"reference":"Brugmann, Birte (2011), Migration and endogenous change: The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology., Oxford: OUP, ISBN 978-0-19-921214-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921214-9","url_text":"978-0-19-921214-9"}]},{"reference":"Cleary, Simon Esmonde (1993), \"Approaches to the differences between late Romano-British and early Anglo-Saxon archaeology\", Anglo-Saxon Studies in Archaeology and History 6","urls":[]},{"reference":"Cool, HEM (2000), Wilmott, T; Wilson, P (eds.), \"The parts left over: material culture into the 5th century\", The Late Roman Transition in the North (299), BAR","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dixon, Philip (1982), How Saxon is the Saxon house, in Structural Reconstruction. Approaches to the interpretation of the excavated remains of buildings, British Archaeological Reports British Series 110, Oxford","urls":[]},{"reference":"Marshall, Anne; Marshall, Garry (1991), A survey and analysis of the buildings of Early and Middle Anglo-Saxon England.\" Medieval Archaeology 35","urls":[]},{"reference":"Halsall, Guy (2011), \"Archaeology and Migration: Rethinking the debate\", in Rica Annaert; Tinne Jacobs; Ingrid In 't Ven; Steffi Coppens (eds.), The very beginning of Europe? Cultural and Social Dimensions of Early-Medieval Migration and Colonisation (5th–8th century), Flanders Heritage Agency, pp. 29–40, ISBN 978-90-7523-034-5","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-7523-034-5","url_text":"978-90-7523-034-5"}]},{"reference":"Halsall, Guy (2006), \"Movers and Shakers: Barbarians and the Fall of Rome\", in Noble, Thomas (ed.), From Roman Provinces to Medieval Kingdoms, Psychology Press, ISBN 978-0-415-32742-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-32742-8","url_text":"978-0-415-32742-8"}]},{"reference":"Hamerow, Helena (1993), Buildings and rural settlement, in The Archaeology of Anglo-Saxon England 44","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hamerow, Helena (2002), Early Medieval Settlements: The Archaeology of Rural Communities in Northwest Europe, 400–900, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-924697-7","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=r9W7nHtm4K0C","url_text":"Early Medieval Settlements: The Archaeology of Rural Communities in Northwest Europe, 400–900"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-924697-7","url_text":"978-0-19-924697-7"}]},{"reference":"Hamerow, Helena.; Hinton, David A.; Crawford, Sally., eds. (2011), The Oxford Handbook of Anglo-Saxon Archaeology., Oxford: OUP, ISBN 978-0-19-921214-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-921214-9","url_text":"978-0-19-921214-9"}]},{"reference":"Hamerow, Helena (5 July 2012), Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-920325-3","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=x7o7lUC_qtYC","url_text":"Rural Settlements and Society in Anglo-Saxon England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-920325-3","url_text":"978-0-19-920325-3"}]},{"reference":"Higham, Nick (2004), \"From sub-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Debating the Insular Dark Ages\", History Compass, 2: **, doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00085.x","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._J._Higham","url_text":"Higham, Nick"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2004.00085.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1478-0542.2004.00085.x"}]},{"reference":"Hodges, Richard (1 January 1989), The Anglo-Saxon Achievement: Archaeology & the Beginnings of English Society, Duckworth, ISBN 978-0-7156-2130-1","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VDpnAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Anglo-Saxon Achievement: Archaeology & the Beginnings of English Society"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-2130-1","url_text":"978-0-7156-2130-1"}]},{"reference":"Hughes, S. S.; Millard, A. R.; Lucy, S. J.; Chenery, C. A.; Evans, J. A.; Nowell, G.; Pearson, D. G. (2014), \"Anglo-Saxon origins investigated by isotopic analysis of burials from Berinsfield, Oxfordshire, UK.\", Journal of Archaeological Science, in Journal of Archaeological Science, 42, 42: 81–92, Bibcode:2014JArSc..42...81H, doi:10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.025","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JArSc..42...81H","url_text":"2014JArSc..42...81H"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jas.2013.10.025","url_text":"10.1016/j.jas.2013.10.025"}]},{"reference":"Jantina, Helena Looijenga (1997), Runes around the North Sea and on the continent AD 150 – 700, Groningen University: SSG Uitg., ISBN 978-90-6781-014-2","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=brAVAgAACAAJ","url_text":"Runes around the North Sea and on the continent AD 150 – 700"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6781-014-2","url_text":"978-90-6781-014-2"}]},{"reference":"Oosthuizen, Susan (2016), \"Recognizing and Moving on from a Failed Paradigm: The Case of Agricultural Landscapes in Anglo-Saxon England c. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Capital	Lotte Capital	["1 Affiliate","1.1 Lotte Group","2 References","3 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs to be updated. Please help update this to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2019) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lotte Capital" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Lotte Capital 롯데캐피탈Company typeSubsidiaryFoundedNovember 28, 1995; 28 years ago (November 28, 1995)HeadquartersSeoul, Republic of KoreaProductsFinancial servicesRevenue52.05 billion ₩ (2011)Operating income11.56 billion ₩ (2011)Net income8.52 billion ₩ (2011)Number of employees565 (as of 2011)ParentLotte CorporationWebsitewww.lottecap.comThis section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (August 2020) Lotte Capital Co, Ltd. is a Korean financial company, established in 1995 with headquarters in Seoul. It is the financial services unit of Lotte Corporation. Lotte Capital Co., Ltd., headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, is a financial institution operating as a subsidiary of Lotte Group. Focused on credit financial services, the company provides a diverse array of offerings. These encompass private financing, leasing, installment financing, corporate financing, family loans, corporate loans, discount bills, factoring, and various other financial solutions. Affiliate Lotte Group In September 2020, Lotte Group has spent 290 billion won to purchase Doosan Solus Co. References ^ "Lotte Capital Co.,Ltd. Company Profile - South Korea \| Financials & Key Executives \| EMIS". www.emis.com. Retrieved 2024-04-27. ^ "Lotte Group to Invest 290 Bil. Won in Doosan Solus Acquisition Fund". Business Korea. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2020. External links Official website (in Korean) vteLotte CorporationSubsidiariesCurrent Hotel Lotte Lotte Duty Free Lotte Hotels & Resorts Lotte World Lotte Capital Lotte Chemical Lotte Chemical Titan Lotte Chilsung Lotte Liquor Lotte Cultureworks Lotte Cinema Lotte Entertainment Lotte Global Logistics Lotte GRS Lotteria Angel-in-us Krispy Kreme Korea Lotte Rental Lotte Shopping Lotte Department Store Lotte Hi-Mart Lotte Mart Lotte Kolson Lotte Wellfood Guylian Former and defunct Lotte Card Hanaro Card Mybi Lotteria Japan Related Lotte Holdings Lotte World Tower Lotte World Mall Busan Lotte Town Tower Lotte Center Hanoi Nongshim Sports Lotte Giants Chiba Lotte Marines Lotte Championship People Shin Kyuk-ho Shin Dong-bin Shin Choon-ho This bank, insurance, or other financial services corporation article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a South Korean company is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"financial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial"},{"link_name":"headquarters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headquarters"},{"link_name":"Seoul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seoul"},{"link_name":"Lotte Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lotte Capital Co, Ltd. is a Korean financial company, established in 1995 with headquarters in Seoul. It is the financial services unit of Lotte Corporation. Lotte Capital Co., Ltd., headquartered in Seoul, South Korea, is a financial institution operating as a subsidiary of Lotte Group. Focused on credit financial services, the company provides a diverse array of offerings. These encompass private financing, leasing, installment financing, corporate financing, family loans, corporate loans, discount bills, factoring, and various other financial solutions.[1]","title":"Lotte Capital"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Affiliate"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"Lotte Group","text":"In September 2020, Lotte Group has spent 290 billion won to purchase Doosan Solus Co.[2]","title":"Affiliate"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Lotte Capital Co.,Ltd. Company Profile - South Korea \| Financials & Key Executives \| EMIS\". www.emis.com. Retrieved 2024-04-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.emis.com/php/company-profile/KR/Lotte_Capital_CoLtd_en_3519672.html","url_text":"\"Lotte Capital Co.,Ltd. Company Profile - South Korea \| Financials & Key Executives \| EMIS\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lotte Group to Invest 290 Bil. Won in Doosan Solus Acquisition Fund\". Business Korea. 24 September 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Riley_(musician)	Paul Riley (musician)	["1 Biography","2 References"]	This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (November 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Paul RileyAlso known asPaul "Bassman" RileyPaul BassBorn (1951-10-03) 3 October 1951 (age 72)OriginIslington, LondonGenresPub RockBluesOccupation(s)MusicianSingerProducerInstrument(s)Bass guitarVocalsYears active1970s – presentMusical artist Paul Riley (born 3 October 1951, Islington, London) is an English bassist, singer and record producer. He was a member of Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers and Roogalator in the 1970s. Biography His career in music began at the beginning of the 1970s as bass player with various visiting blues artists, notably: Albert Collins, Champion Jack Dupree, Bobby Parker, Lightnin' Slim, Homesick James – and continued through the decade with seminal pub-rockers Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers, Robin Scott, the embryonic Rockpile (as featured on the album Get It), and with guitarist Danny Adler's Roogalator. By the closing years of the 1970s, he had become involved in record production and (briefly) artist-management, co-managing and producing The Sinceros. As the 1970s moved into the 1980s he took over the running of Nick Lowe's 'AMPRO' studio, and was recording full-time – subsequently producing and/or engineering records for Lew Lewis, Carlene Carter, Elvis Costello, Nick Lowe, Johnny Marr, The Anti-Nowhere League, The Ruts, Robert Wyatt, Edwyn Collins, Squeeze, Paul Carrack, Kirsty McColl, Genny Schorr, Tony Riviera Sales and more. In 1985, he was invited to join the staff of Demon Records to add some technical understanding and help enable production of the brand-new compact-disc format, to assume responsibility for all mastering issues and to become archivist of the burgeoning tape archive (a legacy of the prodigious output of Elvis Costello, Nick Lowe and all former Riviera Global artists). Three years later, he could be found moonlighting on bass with The Tex Pistols (alongside former Chilli Willi drummer Pete Thomas ), and later, in 1992, continued moonlighting activities with The Balham Alligators, playing alongside Geraint Watkins and Bobby Irwin with whom in 1994, he would serve as a member of Nick Lowe's Impossible Birds, his last regular gig as a musician. He left Demon in 1995, and after the dissolution of the Impossible Birds was co-opted into the business of Malcolm Mills, founder of Proper Records. References Vladimir Bogdanov, Chris Woodstra, All Music Guide to Country: The Definitive Guide to Country Music – Page 143, 2003, Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-760-9 Peter Buckley, The Rough Guide to Rock – Page 465, 2003, Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-105-4 Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islington"},{"link_name":"Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_Willi_and_the_Red_Hot_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Roogalator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roogalator_(band)"}],"text":"Musical artistPaul Riley (born 3 October 1951, Islington, London) is an English bassist, singer and record producer. He was a member of Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers and Roogalator in the 1970s.","title":"Paul Riley (musician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Collins"},{"link_name":"Champion Jack Dupree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champion_Jack_Dupree"},{"link_name":"Bobby Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Parker_(guitarist)"},{"link_name":"Lightnin' Slim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightnin%27_Slim"},{"link_name":"Homesick James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homesick_James"},{"link_name":"Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_Willi_and_the_Red_Hot_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Robin Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Scott_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Rockpile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockpile"},{"link_name":"Get It","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Get_It_(Dave_Edmunds_album)"},{"link_name":"Roogalator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roogalator"},{"link_name":"The Sinceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sinceros"},{"link_name":"Nick Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Carlene Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlene_Carter"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Nick Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Johnny Marr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Marr"},{"link_name":"The Anti-Nowhere League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Anti-Nowhere_League"},{"link_name":"The Ruts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ruts"},{"link_name":"Robert Wyatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wyatt"},{"link_name":"Edwyn Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwyn_Collins"},{"link_name":"Squeeze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squeeze_(band)"},{"link_name":"Paul Carrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Carrack"},{"link_name":"Kirsty McColl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirsty_McColl"},{"link_name":"Genny Schorr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Genny_Schorr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tony Riviera Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tony_Riviera_Sales&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Demon Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demon_Records"},{"link_name":"Elvis Costello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elvis_Costello"},{"link_name":"Nick Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Chilli Willi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_Willi_and_the_Red_Hot_Peppers"},{"link_name":"Pete Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Thomas_(drummer)"},{"link_name":"The Balham Alligators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Balham_Alligators"},{"link_name":"Geraint Watkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraint_Watkins"},{"link_name":"Bobby Irwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Irwin"},{"link_name":"Nick Lowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Lowe"},{"link_name":"Proper Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proper_Records"}],"text":"His career in music began at the beginning of the 1970s as bass player with various visiting blues artists, notably: Albert Collins, Champion Jack Dupree, Bobby Parker, Lightnin' Slim, Homesick James – and continued through the decade with seminal pub-rockers Chilli Willi and the Red Hot Peppers, Robin Scott, the embryonic Rockpile (as featured on the album Get It), and with guitarist Danny Adler's Roogalator.By the closing years of the 1970s, he had become involved in record production and (briefly) artist-management, co-managing and producing The Sinceros. \nAs the 1970s moved into the 1980s he took over the running of Nick Lowe's 'AMPRO' studio, and was recording full-time – subsequently producing and/or engineering records for Lew Lewis, Carlene Carter, Elvis Costello, Nick Lowe, Johnny Marr, The Anti-Nowhere League, The Ruts, Robert Wyatt, Edwyn Collins, Squeeze, Paul Carrack, Kirsty McColl, Genny Schorr, Tony Riviera Sales and more. \nIn 1985, he was invited to join the staff of Demon Records to add some technical understanding and help enable production of the brand-new compact-disc format, to assume responsibility for all mastering issues and to become archivist of the burgeoning tape archive (a legacy of the prodigious output of Elvis Costello, Nick Lowe and all former Riviera Global artists). \nThree years later, he could be found moonlighting on bass with The Tex Pistols (alongside former Chilli Willi drummer Pete Thomas ), and later, in 1992, continued moonlighting activities with The Balham Alligators, playing alongside Geraint Watkins and Bobby Irwin with whom in 1994, he would serve as a member of Nick Lowe's Impossible Birds, his last regular gig as a musician.He left Demon in 1995, and after the dissolution of the Impossible Birds was co-opted into the business of Malcolm Mills, founder of Proper Records.","title":"Biography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/93e03f75-4107-4f24-9d21-da186596da77","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contrarian	Contrarian	[]	Soft redirect to Wiktionary Wikipedia does not have an article on "contrarian", but its sister project Wiktionary does: Read the Wiktionary entry "contrarian" You can also: Search for Contrarian in Wikipedia to check for alternative titles or spellings. Start the Contrarian article, using the Article Wizard if you wish, or add a request for it; but please remember that Wikipedia is not a dictionary.wiktionary:contrarian	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Contrarian"}]	[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/50px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/contrarian","external_links_name":"Read the Wiktionary entry \"contrarian\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Search&search=Contrarian&fulltext=Search","external_links_name":"Search for Contrarian in Wikipedia"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Buddha_School	True Buddha School	["1 Chapters","2 Notes","3 References","4 External links"]	This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "True Buddha School" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Part of a series onVajrayana Buddhism TraditionsHistorical traditions: Ari-Acharya Burmese-Bengal † Yunnan Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism † Filipino Esoteric Buddhism † East Asian Chinese Japanese Nepalese Inner Asian Tibetan Altaic (o, x, b, t, k, y) New branches: Gateway of the Hidden Flower New Kadampa Buddhism Shambhala Buddhism True Awakening Tradition History Tantrism Mahasiddha Sahaja Pursuit Buddhahood Bodhisattva Kalachakra Practices Generation stage Completion stage Phowa Tantric techniques: Fourfold division: Kriyayoga Charyayoga Yogatantra Anuttarayogatantra Twofold division: Inner Tantras Outer Tantras Thought forms and visualisation: Mandala Mantra Mudra Thangka Yantra Yoga: Ngöndro Guru yoga Deity yoga Six yogas: Inner heat Luminosity yoga Dream yoga Death yoga Sex yoga Festivals Ganachakra Ullambana Puja Tantric texts Anuttarayoga Tantra Cakrasaṃvara Tantra Guhyagarbha Tantra Kulayarāja Tantra Mahāmāyā Tantra Mañjuśrī-mūla-kalpa Mañjuśrīnāmasamgīti Tattvasaṃgraha Tantra Vajrasekhara Sutra Yuthok Nyingthig Symbols and tools Damaru Ghanta Melong Phurba Vajra Yab-Yum Ordination and transmission Esoteric transmission Pointing-out instruction Samaya Vajracharya vte The True Buddha School (Chinese: 真佛宗; pinyin: Zhēn Fó Zōng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chin-hu̍t-chong) is a (Vajrayana oriented) Buddhist sect founded in the 1970s. While predominantly focused on Tantric Buddhist teachings and practices, it also includes practices and deities from Taoism. Its headquarters are in Redmond, Washington, USA, and the school has a large following in Taiwan and East Asia. There are also many temples and chapters worldwide. In China, the sect is reportedly on a list of banned religious organisations. In 1975 Lu Sheng-yen established Ling Xian Zong (School of Efficacious Immortals) in Taiwan and he officially changed its name to True Buddha School in 1983. Lu's followers call him "His Holiness Living Buddha Lian Sheng." Lu has written 294 books . True Buddha School's funding relies heavily on donations, supplemented by the income from the publication from Lu's books. The money is distributed through the Sheng-Yen Lu Foundation and the Lotus Light Charity Society, which has branches in Vancouver and Singapore. The school's main temple, the Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple in Redmond. The main shrine in the main temple. Chapters The school has chapters in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Latin America. The main temple, the Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple, is located in Redmond, Washington, USA. The majority of the school's followers are in Asia, and in North America, Australia, and Europe the majority of the students are Asian immigrants or of Asian descent. Notes ^ a b Ho, Jacqueline (2015-05-01). Insular Buddhist Communities and Attendance Patterns: The True Buddha School and the Calgary Pai Yuin Temple's Outreach to the Wider Community (PhD thesis). University of Calgary. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26564. ^ Yang, Fenggang (2018). Atlas of religion in China: social and geographical contexts. J. E. E. Pettit. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-35885-0. OCLC 1028838788. ^ "True Buddha School Introductory Handbook" (PDF). ^ 真佛般若藏. tbboyeh.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12. ^ "Sheng-Yen Lu Foundation". Retrieved 2023-05-16. References Casey, Noah. The True Buddha School: A Field Research Report on The Chan Hai Lei Zang Temple. Montreal Religious Sites Project. Lu, Master Sheng-yen (1995). A Complete and Detailed Exposition on the True Buddha Tantric Dharma. San Bruno, CA: Purple Lotus Society. ISBN 1-881493-04-0 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to True Buddha School. Wikiquote has quotations related to True Buddha School. True Buddha School Official website in English and Chinese. Includes texts of practices and further information about the school. TBBoyeh - free repository of all of Grandmaster Sheng-Yen Lu's books, in Chinese, English, Vietnamese, and Indonesian. TBSseattle YouTube - live broadcasts and videos of the weekly ceremonies. Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple Seattle - the main temple of TBS, in Redmond, WA, USA. TBSky News in English - official Facebook page for posting of teachings and articles True Buddha Dharma Discussion - Facebook discussion group Rainbow Temple - venue for larger ceremonies in North Bend, WA, USA. True Buddha Sutra Teachings on the True Buddha Sutra given by Grandmaster Sheng-Yen Lu The Vajra Sutra Exposition on the Vajra Sutra given by Grandmaster Sheng-Yen Lu High King Avalokitesvara Sutra Teachings on the High King Avalokitesvara Sutra given by Grandmaster Sheng-Yen Lu True Buddha School World Wide Chapters	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"真佛宗","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E4%BD%9B%E5%AE%97"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Pe̍h-ōe-jī","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB"},{"link_name":"Vajrayana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajrayana"},{"link_name":"Buddhist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhist"},{"link_name":"Taoism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taoism"},{"link_name":"Redmond, Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Washington"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Lu Sheng-yen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu_Sheng-yen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ling_Shen_Ching_Tze_Temple_-_exterior.jpg"},{"link_name":"Redmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redmond,_Washington"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ling_Shen_Ching_Tze_Temple_-_interior.jpg"}],"text":"The True Buddha School (Chinese: 真佛宗; pinyin: Zhēn Fó Zōng; Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Chin-hu̍t-chong) is a (Vajrayana oriented) Buddhist sect founded in the 1970s. While predominantly focused on Tantric Buddhist teachings and practices, it also includes practices and deities from Taoism. Its headquarters are in Redmond, Washington, USA, and the school has a large following in Taiwan and East Asia.[1] There are also many temples and chapters worldwide. In China, the sect is reportedly on a list of banned religious organisations.[2]In 1975 Lu Sheng-yen established Ling Xian Zong (School of Efficacious Immortals) in Taiwan and he officially changed its name to True Buddha School in 1983.[3] Lu's followers call him \"His Holiness Living Buddha Lian Sheng.\" Lu has written 294 books [as of May 2023].[4]True Buddha School's funding relies heavily on donations, supplemented by the income from the publication from Lu's books. The money is distributed through the Sheng-Yen Lu Foundation[5] and the Lotus Light Charity Society, which has branches in Vancouver and Singapore.The school's main temple, the Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple in Redmond.The main shrine in the main temple.","title":"True Buddha School"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"}],"text":"The school has chapters in North America, Europe, Asia, Australia, and Latin America. The main temple, the Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple, is located in Redmond, Washington, USA.The majority of the school's followers are in Asia, and in North America, Australia, and Europe the majority of the students are Asian immigrants or of Asian descent.[1]","title":"Chapters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:2_1-1"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.11575/PRISM/26564","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.11575%2FPRISM%2F26564"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Atlas of religion in China: social and geographical contexts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/title/1028838788"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-90-04-35885-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35885-0"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1028838788","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1028838788"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"True Buddha School Introductory Handbook\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.tbsn.org/uploads/download/2021_02_23/7950e4a1f658fe2934cf3a1d9f1c089d.pdf#page=21"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"真佛般若藏","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tbboyeh.org/cht#/store"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Sheng-Yen Lu Foundation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sylfoundation.org/"}],"text":"^ a b Ho, Jacqueline (2015-05-01). Insular Buddhist Communities and Attendance Patterns: The True Buddha School and the Calgary Pai Yuin Temple's Outreach to the Wider Community (PhD thesis). University of Calgary. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26564.\n\n^ Yang, Fenggang (2018). Atlas of religion in China: social and geographical contexts. J. E. E. Pettit. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-35885-0. OCLC 1028838788.\n\n^ \"True Buddha School Introductory Handbook\" (PDF).\n\n^ 真佛般若藏. tbboyeh.org. Retrieved 2021-03-12.\n\n^ \"Sheng-Yen Lu Foundation\". Retrieved 2023-05-16.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"The school's main temple, the Ling Shen Ching Tze Temple in Redmond.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Ling_Shen_Ching_Tze_Temple_-_exterior.jpg/250px-Ling_Shen_Ching_Tze_Temple_-_exterior.jpg"},{"image_text":"The main shrine in the main temple.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Ling_Shen_Ching_Tze_Temple_-_interior.jpg/250px-Ling_Shen_Ching_Tze_Temple_-_interior.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Ho, Jacqueline (2015-05-01). Insular Buddhist Communities and Attendance Patterns: The True Buddha School and the Calgary Pai Yuin Temple's Outreach to the Wider Community (PhD thesis). University of Calgary. doi:10.11575/PRISM/26564.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.11575%2FPRISM%2F26564","url_text":"10.11575/PRISM/26564"}]},{"reference":"Yang, Fenggang (2018). Atlas of religion in China: social and geographical contexts. J. E. E. Pettit. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-35885-0. OCLC 1028838788.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/title/1028838788","url_text":"Atlas of religion in China: social and geographical contexts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35885-0","url_text":"978-90-04-35885-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1028838788","url_text":"1028838788"}]},{"reference":"\"True Buddha School Introductory Handbook\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.tbsn.org/uploads/download/2021_02_23/7950e4a1f658fe2934cf3a1d9f1c089d.pdf#page=21","url_text":"\"True Buddha School Introductory Handbook\""}]},{"reference":"真佛般若藏. tbboyeh.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Jazzy	Don Jazzy	["1 Early life and education","2 Career","2.1 Mo' Hits records and GOOD music","2.2 Mavin Records","3 Film appearance","4 Wande Coal and Don Jazzy: Pioneers of the Nigerian Music Syllabus","5 Awards","6 Production discography","6.1 Albums","6.2 Singles with Mo' Hits artists","6.3 Singles with other artists","7 Personal life","7.1 Membership of Cherubim and Seraphim Church","8 References"]	Nigerian record producer (born 1982) Don JazzyDon Jazzy in 2018Background informationBirth nameMichael Collins AjerehBorn (1982-11-26) 26 November 1982 (age 41)Umuahia, Abia State, NigeriaGenresAfrobeatsAfropopOccupation(s)Record producerrecord executiveYears active2002–presentLabelsMo' HitsMavinVery GOOD BeatsSpouse(s) Michelle Jackson (m. 2003; div. 2005)Websitemavinrecords.comMusical artist Michael Collins Ajereh (born 26 November 1982), known professionally as Don Jazzy, is a Nigerian record producer. He founded the record label Mavin Records in 2012, for which he is chief executive officer (CEO) and has signed artists including D'Prince. Prior, he co-founded Mo' Hits Records with D'banj in 2004, and was an in-house producer for Kanye West's GOOD Music from 2011 to 2015. Early life and education Don Jazzy was born Michael Collins Ajereh in Umuahia, Abia State, on 26 November 1982, the son of Collins Enebeli Ajereh and Mrs Ajereh. His father is from Isoko in Delta State. His mother is an Igbo princess from Abia State and his father is a member of the Isoko people. Ajereh's family moved to Ajegunle, Lagos, where Don Jazzy was raised. He was educated at the co-educational high school, Federal Government College Lagos. Don Jazzy found an interest in music early in life and at age 12, began to play the bass guitar and piano. He also gained knowledge of traditional and percussion instruments. Don Jazzy enrolled in business management and studied at the Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo state. In 2000, Jazzy's uncle invited him to play the drums for a local church in London and that was his first visit to London. Don Jazzy gained employment at McDonald's as a security guard. He continued his interest in music, associating with Solek, JJC Skillz, Kas, Jesse Jagz, The 419 Squad and D'Banj. Career Don Jazzy performing in 2014 Mo' Hits records and GOOD music In 2004, Don Jazzy collaborated with D'Banj to form Mo' Hits Records. In the next two years, Don Jazzy produced the albums No Long Thing and Rundown/Funk You Up. Around this time, Don Jazzy developed a recognisable introduction, "It's Don Jazzy Again!". In 2008, Don Jazzy was credited in the production of The Entertainer by D'Banj. He also contributed to the production of Wande Coal's Mushin 2 MoHits, an album that was described as one of the best albums to ever come out of Nigeria. In 2011, Don Jazzy was employed by Kanye West as a producer at Very Good Beatz. Don Jazzy worked with Jay-Z and Kanye West on the production of Lift Off, featuring Beyoncé on the album Watch The Throne which was released on 8 August 2011. In March 2012, Don Jazzy and D'Banj confirmed their breakup citing artistic differences. Mavin Records On 7 May 2012, Don Jazzy announced a new record label, Mavin Records. He said, "I see Mavin Records being the power house of music in Africa in the shortest possible time." On 8 May 2012, he released an album featuring the artists signed to his label. The songs on the album included: "Amarachi", "Forever", "Oma Ga", "Take Banana and Chocolate", "YOLO" and the anthem "I'm a MAVIN". Mavin records signed the vocalist, Tiwa Savage. Don Jazzy built a social network platform called "Marvin League" to complement and market his label. On 5 November 2013, Ajereh had conflict with an artist, Wande Coal who left the label two days later. In September 2014, Ajereh produced a Nigerian social activist song with Reekado Banks and Di'Ja called "Arise". At the Headies Awards 2015, Ajereh argued with Olamide. The two disagreed about who should have won the "Next Rated" award. Lil Kesh of YBNL records lost to Reekado Banks, Ajereh's artist. The winner of the award received a car. Apologies on both sides were posted afterwards. After Reekado Banks departure from the Mavin Records label, Don Jazzy said he is still part of the family and wished him nothing but success in his career as he thanked him for the time spent with Mavin Records. In 2019, he signed Rema and later went on in 2020 to sign Ayra Starr into Mavins Record Label. In 2021, he announced a new artist, Magixx. On 7 April 2021, he revealed why he never signed Davido. Film appearance In 2012, Don Jazzy appeared in Moses Inwang's movie The Last 3 Digits in Nollywood. Inwang also cast Ali Baba, A.Y., Nonso Diobi and Dr SID. in April 2023, Don Jazzy joined the cast of 'Introducing The Kujus' for its sequel. Wande Coal and Don Jazzy: Pioneers of the Nigerian Music Syllabus Wande Coal a prominent Nigerian singer and songwriter known for his unique musical style. In a recent interview with Cool FM Lagos, Wande Coal claimed that he and his former producer and record label boss, Don Jazzy, played a significant role in shaping the music industry by creating "the syllabus of music." He stated that many artistes have drawn inspiration from their work and built upon it to create their own sounds. During his collaboration with Don Jazzy at the defunct Mo'hits Record and Mavin, Wande Coal brought his vibrant energy to the studio and together they produced exceptional music. According to Wande Coal, their synergy was undeniable, and they crafted a musical syllabus that was a foundation for aspiring artists to explore and develop their own styles. He expressed appreciation for the younger generation's ability to incorporate their teachings into their music, stating that there is no issue as long as they continue to create remarkable sounds. The influence of Wande Coal and Don Jazzy's partnership can be observed in the music landscape, as many artistes have taken cues from their innovative approach and incorporated it into their own creations. Their collaboration has left an indelible mark on the Nigerian music industry, inspiring new generations of artists to push boundaries and explore new horizons. Awards Nigerian Music Awards (2006) – Producer of the Year. Nigerian Entertainment Awards (2007) – Music Producer of the Year. The Headies 2011 – Producer of the Year for Over The Moon, Mr Endowed and Pop Something The Headies 2014 – Producer of the Year for Dorobucci City People Entertainment Award (2015) – special recognition award. The Beatz Award TM (2019) – New Discovery Producer. Production discography Albums D'banj – No Long Thing (2005) D'banj – RunDown Funk U Up (2006) D'banj – The Entertainer (2008) Mo' Hits All Stars – Curriculum Vitae (2007) Anaconda 3:34 Booty Call 5:13 Close To You 3:43 Hey Girl 5:08 Igbe Mi 5:40 Masquerade 4:02 No Long Thing 3:15 Ololufe (Club Mix) 4:21 Stop The Violence 6:37 Why Me (Remix) 5:16 Jasi 2:50 Wande Coal – Mushin2Mohits (2008) I Know U Like It 3:10 You Bad 4:05 Se Na Like This 4:12 Kiss Ur Hands 3:54 Confused 4:20 Se Ope 3:22 Now It's All Gone 4:24 Bumper 2 Bumper 3:51 Who Born The Maga (featuring Kay Switch) 4:37 That's Wots Up 4:42 Bananas 3:59 Taboo 4:24 Jehovah 4:02 Ololufe 4:56 Ten Ten 3:50 My Grind 4:48 Been long you saw me Private trips Go low 3:50 The kick 4:12 Rotate 3:51 Dr SID Turning Point (2010) When This Song Comes On Over the Moon (feat. K-Switch) Something About You Winchi Winchi (feat. Wande Coal) Pop something (feat. D'Banj) a Mi Jo (feat. Ikechukwu, M.I & eLDee) Baby E Je Ka Jo (feat. D'Banj) Pillow Something About You (Silva Stone Remix) Winchi Winchi (feat. Wande Coal, Sway DaSafo & Dotstar) MAVINS – Solar Plexus "MAVIN Records" (2012) Intro by MAVINS (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri) I'm A MAVIN by MAVINS (Michael Ajereh, Tiwatope Savage, Sidney Esiri, Wande Ojosipe, Charles Enebeli) Oma Ga by Tiwa Savage (Michael Ajereh, Tiwatope Savage, Sidney Esiri, Wande Ojosipe) YOLO by Dr SID (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri) See Me Ri by Wande Coal (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri, Wande Ojisipe, Towa Ojosipe) Take Banana by D'PRINCE (Michael Ajereh, Charles Enebeli) CPR by Dr SID (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri) Forever by Wande Coal (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri, Wande Ojosipe, Towa Ojosipe) Why You Over There by D'PRINCE (Michael Ajereh, Charles Enebeli) Chocolate by Dr SID (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri, Charles Enebeli) Pretty Girls by Wande Coal (Michael Ajereh, Wande Ojosipe) Amarachi by D'PRINCE (Michael Ajereh, Charles Enebeli) Outro by MAVINS (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri) Singles with Mo' Hits artists D'Prince Omoba I like What I See (feat. Wande Coal) Ooze (feat. D'Banj) Give It To me (feat. D'Banj) D'banj Tongolo (2005) Soko (2005) Mobolowowon (2005) Why Me (2006) Run Down (2006) Kimon (2008) Olorun Maje (2008) Gbono Feli (2008) Entertainer (2008) Suddenly (2008) Fall in Love (2008) Igwe (2008) Mr Endowed (2010) I do This Scape Goat (2010) ashanti (2010) Mr Endowed (Remix) (feat. Snoop Dogg) (2010) Oliver Twist (2011) Wande Coal Bumper 2 Bumper You Bad Kiss Your Hand Who Born the Maga Been Long You Saw Me (feat. Don Jazzy) (2011) Go Low (2011) Dr SID Something About You (2009) Winchi winchi (2009) Pop Something(feat. D'Banj) Over The Moon (2010) Chocolate Y.O.L.O C.P.R Afefe Chocolate West African Remix (feat. Ice Prince Sarkodie Elom Adablah Lynxxx) Chocolate East African Remix (feat. Musik Maestro) Lady Don Dada Love Mine Talented Baby Tornado Baby Tornado Remix (feat. Alexandra burke) Surulere (feat. Don Jazzy) Mo'Hits Allstars Ten Ten Singles with other artists Darey – Escalade part 2 Darey – Stroke Me Shank – Never Felt Naeto C – Asewo Ikechukwu – Like You (feat. Wande Coal) Ikechukwu – Wind am well (feat. Don Jazzy and D'Banj) Ikechukwu – Do (feat. D'Banj) Ikechukwu – All on Me Ikechukwu – Critical (feat. D'Banj) Ikechukwu – Now is the time (feat. Don Jazzy) Sauce Kid – Under G Kanye West & Jay-Z – Lift Off (feat. Beyoncé) Weird MC – Ijoya Burna Boy – Question (2021) Jahborne - Wayo Personal life Don Jazzy married Michelle Jackson in 2003. He claims they both had issues as a result of his ambitious nature and subsequently divorced about two years after they wed. However, he doesn't plan to marry again soon because he fears his love and dedication to music will hurt someone's feelings again. Ajereh has a younger brother, D'Prince. In July 2022, he announced the death of his mother via his Instagram page. In what will come across as a really heart-breaking development, the legendary Nigerian beatmaker, Don Jazzy and his brother, D’Prince, a popular Nigerian singer have lost their mother to cancer. Membership of Cherubim and Seraphim Church Mavin Records boss, Don Jazzy has confirmed he is still a committed member of the white garment church called ‘Cherubim and Seraphim’. Over the weekend, the respected music producer was honoured by the Eternal Sacred Order of the Cherubim & Seraphim church worldwide and later, pictures of his childhood cladded in the church’s garment hit the internet. Before now, not many knew the multiple award-winning beat maker was a member of the church and this was why many were surprised. A surprised fan of Don Jazzy asked him, ‘So you have been attending Cele (a name commonly used for white garment churches in Nigeria)? and the Mavin boss responded, ‘and then? I still attend the church till now. But get it right, it’s Cherubim & Seraphim .’ References Why I did not sign Davido – Don Jazzy finally reveals. Matter Arising Retrieved 25 January 2023 ^ "The Don Jazzy Story". Vanguard. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2015.- "Don Jazzy blasts Ladies who mocked Banky W's car". Information Nigeria. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018. ^ "D'Banj And Don Jazzy Who Is Richer/Older?". constative.com. Retrieved 24 July 2022. ^ "Don Jazzy Confirms His Contract with GOOD Music Is "Finished"… D'Banj Too?". 36NG.com. 23 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2015. ^ Amaechi, Stella (30 November 2020). "Don Jazzy's biography: How did he become famous?". Legit.ng – Nigeria news. ^ "Don Jazzy Biography". nigerianfinder.com. Retrieved 30 March 2022. ^ "Don Jazzy: Nigeria's Finest Music Producer". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2022. ^ "Don Jazzy, father share birth date as music producer clocks 39". Punch Newspapers. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2022. ^ Amoo T. Point Blank Don Jazzy Archived 31 July 2012 at the Wayback Machine Hip Hop World Magazine 1 February 2010. ^ D'Banj - No Long Thing Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic, retrieved 25 July 2022 ^ Abraham, Anthony Ada (10 June 2012). "Church! How music started for Psquare, Wande Coal, Wizkid & others". YNaija. ^ "Jay Z Reveals He Co-produced Kanye West's Track "Lift Up"". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2022. ^ Breaking news, it's over, Don Jazzy confirms Mohits Break Up TheNETng 7 November 2013. Accessed 22 April 2015 ^ Naija B.From Mo'Hits to Mavin Records! The New Music PowerHouse Label Bellanaija company 7 June 2012. Accessed 22 April 2015. ^ don Jazzy changes random boys life Archived 22 May 2015 at the Wayback Machine View Nigeria newspaper.27 March 2015. Accessed 22 April 2015. ^ Marvin Records released official statement over Wandel Coal Gist Yinka 7 November 2013. Accessed 22 April 2015. ^ The Mavins – Arise Archived 26 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine View Nigeria newspaper. 21 September 2014 Accessed 21 September 2014. ^ Olamide apologises over fight with Don Jazzy, swearing on live TV DailyPost Nigeria 2 January 2016. Accessed 25 January 2016. ^ Don Jazzy, Olamide settle rift, apologise over Headies 'wahala' Vanguard News January 2016. Accessed 25 January 2016. ^ "Reekado Banks still part of Mavin Records – Don Jazzy". Vanguard News. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021. ^ "Mavin Records announces new artiste Magixx - P.M. News". Retrieved 23 November 2021. ^ "'Why I Did Not Sign Davido'- Don Jazzy Finally Reveals". Matterarising.com. 5 April 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ The Last 3 Digits YouTube promotion. Accessed 27 October 2014 ^ The last 3 digits 9 Aija books and movies blog. 12 November 2012. Accessed 12 November 2012 ^ Audu J. New trailer alert: Moses Inwang's The last 3 Digits Judith Audu Blog 2014. Accessed 29 October 2014. ^ Izuzu C. The Last 3 Digits Moses Inwang's movie wins Best International film award Pulse Nigeria Accessed 4 June 2015. ^ "I and Don Jazzy created the syllabus of music - Wande Coal". Daily Post. Retrieved June 8, 2023. ^ "It took me six months to record my verse on 'Kpe Paso' - Wande Coal". Cool FM. Retrieved . ^ Headies prize giving event Archived 14 August 2012 at the Wayback Machine Hip Hop World magazine 11 June 2012. ^ Headies 2014 winners Archived 15 December 2014 at the Wayback Machine Hip Hop World magazine 2014. ^ Adunni A. List of Winners Naij.com 14 September 2015. Accessed 14 September 2015 ^ "Don Jazzy honoured with award". Sunnewsonline.com. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2021. ^ D'Banj - No Long Thing Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic, retrieved 25 July 2022 ^ Cylist. "D'Banj: Run Down (Funk You Up) CD Track Listing at cyList". www.cylist.com. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ "D'banj - The Entertainer Album (Mp3 Download) –042jam". 042jam.com. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ Ohunyon, Ehis (7 August 2018). "How Mavin Records is finding it hard to live outside the shadows of Mo Hits". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 25 July 2022. ^ "Burna Boy, Don Jazzy in new single 'Question'". 24 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021. ^ Ugwu, Onyinye (6 February 2019). "Video: KAHA Enlists Eldee, General Pype, Jahborne & SeanTero In Reflective Socio-Conscious Record 'Wayo'". Nigerian Entertainment Today. Retrieved 19 October 2022. ^ "Don Jazzy Reveals Why he isn't Married". GYOnlineNG \| All-Round News. 3 April 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021. ^ "Fans of Don Jazzy thinks D'Banj and Wande Coal Deserves Respect for Keeping His Troubled Marriage Away from Public for 18 Years". Naijabeat. 3 April 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2023. ^ "'I Am Beyond Devastated': Don Jazzy Loses Mother To Cancer". Channels Television. Retrieved 24 July 2022. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz 2	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mavin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavin_Records"},{"link_name":"D'Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Prince"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Mo' Hits Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27_Hits_Records"},{"link_name":"D'banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27banj"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"GOOD Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GOOD_Music"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Musical artistMichael Collins Ajereh (born 26 November 1982), known professionally as Don Jazzy, is a Nigerian record producer. He founded the record label Mavin Records in 2012, for which he is chief executive officer (CEO) and has signed artists including D'Prince.[1] Prior, he co-founded Mo' Hits Records with D'banj in 2004, and was an in-house producer for Kanye West's GOOD Music from 2011 to 2015.[2][3]","title":"Don Jazzy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Umuahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umuahia"},{"link_name":"Abia State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abia_State"},{"link_name":"Delta State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_State"},{"link_name":"Igbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igbo_people"},{"link_name":"Isoko people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoko_people"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ajegunle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ajegunle"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"co-educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed-sex_education"},{"link_name":"Federal Government College Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Government_College_Lagos"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Alli University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Alli_University"},{"link_name":"Ekpoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekpoma"},{"link_name":"Edo state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_state"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"McDonald's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonald%27s"},{"link_name":"JJC Skillz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JJC_Skillz"},{"link_name":"Jesse Jagz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_Jagz"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"}],"text":"Don Jazzy was born Michael Collins Ajereh in Umuahia, Abia State, on 26 November 1982, the son of Collins Enebeli Ajereh and Mrs Ajereh. His father is from Isoko in Delta State. His mother is an Igbo princess from Abia State and his father is a member of the Isoko people.[4]Ajereh's family moved to Ajegunle, Lagos, where Don Jazzy was raised.[5] He was educated at the co-educational high school, Federal Government College Lagos. Don Jazzy found an interest in music early in life and at age 12, began to play the bass guitar and piano.[6] He also gained knowledge of traditional and percussion instruments. Don Jazzy enrolled in business management and studied at the Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Edo state.[7]In 2000, Jazzy's uncle invited him to play the drums for a local church in London and that was his first visit to London.[8] Don Jazzy gained employment at McDonald's as a security guard. He continued his interest in music, associating with Solek, JJC Skillz, Kas, Jesse Jagz, The 419 Squad and D'Banj.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Don_Jazzy_at_MTV_Africa_Music_Awards_2014-Durban-20140607.jpg"}],"text":"Don Jazzy performing in 2014","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"Mo' Hits Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27_Hits_Records"},{"link_name":"No Long Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Long_Thing"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The Entertainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entertainer_(D%27banj_album)"},{"link_name":"Wande Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Coal"},{"link_name":"Mushin 2 MoHits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mushin_To_Mo%27Hits"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Lift Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_Off_(song)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Watch The Throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_The_Throne"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Mo' Hits records and GOOD music","text":"In 2004, Don Jazzy collaborated with D'Banj to form Mo' Hits Records. In the next two years, Don Jazzy produced the albums No Long Thing and Rundown/Funk You Up. Around this time, Don Jazzy developed a recognisable introduction, \"It's Don Jazzy Again!\".[9]In 2008, Don Jazzy was credited in the production of The Entertainer by D'Banj. He also contributed to the production of Wande Coal's Mushin 2 MoHits, an album that was described as one of the best albums to ever come out of Nigeria.[10]In 2011, Don Jazzy was employed by Kanye West as a producer at Very Good Beatz. Don Jazzy worked with Jay-Z and Kanye West on the production of Lift Off, featuring Beyoncé on the album Watch The Throne which was released on 8 August 2011.[11]\nIn March 2012, Don Jazzy and D'Banj confirmed their breakup citing artistic differences.[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mavin Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavin_Records"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Tiwa Savage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiwa_Savage"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Reekado Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reekado_Banks"},{"link_name":"Di'Ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di%27Ja"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Olamide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olamide"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Reekado Banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reekado_Banks"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Rema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rema_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ayra Starr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayra_Starr"},{"link_name":"Magixx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magixx_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Davido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davido"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Mavin Records","text":"On 7 May 2012, Don Jazzy announced a new record label, Mavin Records. He said, \"I see Mavin Records being the power house of music in Africa in the shortest possible time.\"[13] On 8 May 2012, he released an album featuring the artists signed to his label. The songs on the album included: \"Amarachi\", \"Forever\", \"Oma Ga\", \"Take Banana and Chocolate\", \"YOLO\" and the anthem \"I'm a MAVIN\". Mavin records signed the vocalist, Tiwa Savage. Don Jazzy built a social network platform called \"Marvin League\" to complement and market his label.[14]On 5 November 2013, Ajereh had conflict with an artist, Wande Coal who left the label two days later.[15]In September 2014, Ajereh produced a Nigerian social activist song with Reekado Banks and Di'Ja called \"Arise\".[16]At the Headies Awards 2015, Ajereh argued with Olamide. The two disagreed about who should have won the \"Next Rated\" award. Lil Kesh of YBNL records lost to Reekado Banks, Ajereh's artist. The winner of the award received a car. Apologies on both sides were posted afterwards.[17][18]After Reekado Banks departure from the Mavin Records label, Don Jazzy said he is still part of the family and wished him nothing but success in his career as he thanked him for the time spent with Mavin Records.[19]In 2019, he signed Rema and later went on in 2020 to sign Ayra Starr into Mavins Record Label. In 2021, he announced a new artist, Magixx.[20]On 7 April 2021, he revealed why he never signed Davido.[21]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nollywood"},{"link_name":"A.Y.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayo_Makun"},{"link_name":"Nonso Diobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonso_Diobi"},{"link_name":"Dr SID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr_SID"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"In 2012, Don Jazzy appeared in Moses Inwang's movie The Last 3 Digits in Nollywood. Inwang also cast Ali Baba, A.Y., Nonso Diobi and Dr SID. in April 2023, Don Jazzy joined the cast of 'Introducing The Kujus' for its sequel.[22][23][24][25]","title":"Film appearance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wande Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Coal"},{"link_name":"Cool FM Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cool_FM_Nigeria"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"record label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"Mavin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mavin_Records"}],"text":"Wande Coal a prominent Nigerian singer and songwriter known for his unique musical style. In a recent interview with Cool FM Lagos,[26][27] Wande Coal claimed that he and his former producer and record label boss, Don Jazzy, played a significant role in shaping the music industry by creating \"the syllabus of music.\" He stated that many artistes have drawn inspiration from their work and built upon it to create their own sounds.During his collaboration with Don Jazzy at the defunct Mo'hits Record and Mavin, Wande Coal brought his vibrant energy to the studio and together they produced exceptional music. According to Wande Coal, their synergy was undeniable, and they crafted a musical syllabus that was a foundation for aspiring artists to explore and develop their own styles. He expressed appreciation for the younger generation's ability to incorporate their teachings into their music, stating that there is no issue as long as they continue to create remarkable sounds.The influence of Wande Coal and Don Jazzy's partnership can be observed in the music landscape, as many artistes have taken cues from their innovative approach and incorporated it into their own creations. Their collaboration has left an indelible mark on the Nigerian music industry, inspiring new generations of artists to push boundaries and explore new horizons.","title":"Wande Coal and Don Jazzy: Pioneers of the Nigerian Music Syllabus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nigerian Entertainment Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigeria_Entertainment_Awards"},{"link_name":"The Headies 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Headies_2011"},{"link_name":"Mr Endowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Endowed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"The Headies 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Headies_2014"},{"link_name":"Dorobucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorobucci"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"City People Entertainment Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_People_Entertainment_Awards"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"The Beatz Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatz_Awards"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"Nigerian Music Awards (2006) – Producer of the Year.\nNigerian Entertainment Awards (2007) – Music Producer of the Year.\nThe Headies 2011 – Producer of the Year for Over The Moon, Mr Endowed and Pop Something[28]\nThe Headies 2014 – Producer of the Year for Dorobucci[29]\nCity People Entertainment Award (2015) – special recognition award.[30]\nThe Beatz Award TM (2019) – New Discovery Producer.[31]","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Production discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"No Long Thing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Long_Thing"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"RunDown Funk U Up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RunDown_Funk_U_Up"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"The Entertainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entertainer_(D%27banj_album)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Mo' Hits All Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%27_Hits_Records#Mo'_Hits_All_Stars"},{"link_name":"Curriculum Vitae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum_Vitae_(album)"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Turning Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turning_Point_(Dr_SID_album)"},{"link_name":"Wande Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Coal"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"eLDee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ELDee"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"Wande Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Coal"},{"link_name":"Sway DaSafo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sway_DaSafo"},{"link_name":"Solar Plexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solar_Plexus_(Mavin_Records_album)"}],"sub_title":"Albums","text":"D'banj – No Long Thing (2005)[32]\nD'banj – RunDown Funk U Up (2006)[33]\nD'banj – The Entertainer (2008)[34]\nMo' Hits All Stars – Curriculum Vitae (2007)[35]Anaconda\t3:34\nBooty Call \t5:13\nClose To You\t3:43\nHey Girl\t5:08\nIgbe Mi\t5:40\nMasquerade\t4:02\nNo Long Thing\t3:15\nOlolufe (Club Mix)\t4:21\nStop The Violence \t6:37\nWhy Me (Remix)\t5:16\nJasi\t2:50Wande Coal – Mushin2Mohits (2008)I Know U Like It\t3:10\nYou Bad\t4:05\nSe Na Like This\t4:12\nKiss Ur Hands\t3:54\nConfused \t4:20\nSe Ope\t3:22\nNow It's All Gone \t4:24\nBumper 2 Bumper\t3:51\nWho Born The Maga (featuring Kay Switch) 4:37\nThat's Wots Up \t4:42\nBananas\t3:59\nTaboo\t4:24\nJehovah \t4:02\nOlolufe \t4:56\nTen Ten\t3:50\nMy Grind\t4:48\nBeen long you saw me\nPrivate trips\nGo low 3:50\nThe kick 4:12\nRotate 3:51Dr SID Turning Point (2010)When This Song Comes On\nOver the Moon (feat. K-Switch)\nSomething About You\nWinchi Winchi (feat. Wande Coal)\nPop something (feat. D'Banj)\na Mi Jo (feat. Ikechukwu, M.I & eLDee)\nBaby\nE Je Ka Jo (feat. D'Banj)\nPillow\nSomething About You (Silva Stone Remix)\nWinchi Winchi (feat. Wande Coal, Sway DaSafo & Dotstar)MAVINS – Solar Plexus \"MAVIN Records\" (2012)Intro by MAVINS (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri)\nI'm A MAVIN by MAVINS (Michael Ajereh, Tiwatope Savage, Sidney Esiri, Wande Ojosipe, Charles Enebeli)\nOma Ga by Tiwa Savage (Michael Ajereh, Tiwatope Savage, Sidney Esiri, Wande Ojosipe)\nYOLO by Dr SID (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri)\nSee Me Ri by Wande Coal (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri, Wande Ojisipe, Towa Ojosipe)\nTake Banana by D'PRINCE (Michael Ajereh, Charles Enebeli)\nCPR by Dr SID (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri)\nForever by Wande Coal (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri, Wande Ojosipe, Towa Ojosipe)\nWhy You Over There by D'PRINCE (Michael Ajereh, Charles Enebeli)\nChocolate by Dr SID (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri, Charles Enebeli)\nPretty Girls by Wande Coal (Michael Ajereh, Wande Ojosipe)\nAmarachi by D'PRINCE (Michael Ajereh, Charles Enebeli)\nOutro by MAVINS (Michael Ajereh, Sidney Esiri)","title":"Production discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wande Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Coal"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"Mr Endowed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr_Endowed"},{"link_name":"Snoop Dogg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snoop_Dogg"},{"link_name":"Oliver Twist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Twist_(D%27Banj_song)"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"Ice Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_Prince"},{"link_name":"Sarkodie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarkodie_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Elom Adablah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elom_Adablah"},{"link_name":"Lynxxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynxxx"},{"link_name":"Alexandra burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandra_burke"}],"sub_title":"Singles with Mo' Hits artists","text":"D'PrinceOmoba\nI like What I See (feat. Wande Coal)\nOoze (feat. D'Banj)\nGive It To me (feat. D'Banj)D'banjTongolo (2005)\nSoko (2005)\nMobolowowon (2005)\nWhy Me (2006)\nRun Down (2006)\nKimon (2008)\nOlorun Maje (2008)\nGbono Feli (2008)\nEntertainer (2008)\nSuddenly (2008)\nFall in Love (2008)\nIgwe (2008)\nMr Endowed (2010)\nI do This\nScape Goat (2010)\nashanti (2010)\nMr Endowed (Remix) (feat. Snoop Dogg) (2010)\nOliver Twist (2011)Wande CoalBumper 2 Bumper\nYou Bad\nKiss Your Hand\nWho Born the Maga\nBeen Long You Saw Me (feat. Don Jazzy) (2011)\nGo Low (2011)Dr SIDSomething About You (2009)\nWinchi winchi (2009)\nPop Something(feat. D'Banj)\nOver The Moon (2010)\nChocolate\nY.O.L.O\nC.P.R\nAfefe\nChocolate West African Remix (feat. Ice Prince Sarkodie Elom Adablah Lynxxx)\nChocolate East African Remix (feat. Musik Maestro)\nLady Don Dada\nLove Mine\nTalented\nBaby Tornado\nBaby Tornado Remix (feat. Alexandra burke)\nSurulere (feat. Don Jazzy)Mo'Hits AllstarsTen Ten","title":"Production discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wande Coal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wande_Coal"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"D'Banj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Banj"},{"link_name":"Ikechukwu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikechukwu"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Jay-Z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jay-Z"},{"link_name":"Lift Off","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_Off_(song)"},{"link_name":"Beyoncé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyonc%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Weird MC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_MC"},{"link_name":"Burna Boy – Question (2021)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//9jaenthub.com.ng/burna-boy-question-ft-don-jazzy/"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Jahborne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jahborne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Singles with other artists","text":"Darey – Escalade part 2\nDarey – Stroke Me\nShank – Never Felt\nNaeto C – Asewo\nIkechukwu – Like You (feat. Wande Coal)\nIkechukwu – Wind am well (feat. Don Jazzy and D'Banj)\nIkechukwu – Do (feat. D'Banj)\nIkechukwu – All on Me\nIkechukwu – Critical (feat. D'Banj)\nIkechukwu – Now is the time (feat. Don Jazzy)\nSauce Kid – Under G\nKanye West & Jay-Z – Lift Off (feat. Beyoncé)\nWeird MC – Ijoya\nBurna Boy – Question (2021)[36]\nJahborne - Wayo[37]","title":"Production discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"D'Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Prince"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"D’Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Prince"},{"link_name":"lost their mother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//koko.ng/she-was-loved-by-everyone-that-ever-met-her-don-jazzy-loses-mother-to-cancer/"},{"link_name":"cancer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cancer"}],"text":"Don Jazzy married Michelle Jackson in 2003. He claims they both had issues as a result of his ambitious nature and subsequently divorced about two years after they wed. However, he doesn't plan to marry again soon because he fears his love and dedication to music will hurt someone's feelings again.[38][39]Ajereh has a younger brother, D'Prince.In July 2022, he announced the death of his mother via his Instagram page.[40]In what will come across as a really heart-breaking development, the legendary Nigerian beatmaker, Don Jazzy and his brother, D’Prince, a popular Nigerian singer have lost their mother to cancer.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cherubim and Seraphim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherubim_and_Seraphim_(Nigerian_church)"}],"sub_title":"Membership of Cherubim and Seraphim Church","text":"Mavin Records boss, Don Jazzy has confirmed he is still a committed member of the white garment church called ‘Cherubim and Seraphim’. Over the weekend, the respected music producer was honoured by the Eternal Sacred Order of the Cherubim & Seraphim church worldwide and later, pictures of his childhood cladded in the church’s garment hit the internet. Before now, not many knew the multiple award-winning beat maker was a member of the church and this was why many were surprised. A surprised fan of Don Jazzy asked him, ‘So you have been attending Cele (a name commonly used for white garment churches in Nigeria)? and the Mavin boss responded, ‘and then? I still attend the church till now. But get it right, it’s Cherubim & Seraphim [not Cele].’","title":"Personal life"}]	[{"image_text":"Don Jazzy performing in 2014","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Don_Jazzy_at_MTV_Africa_Music_Awards_2014-Durban-20140607.jpg/220px-Don_Jazzy_at_MTV_Africa_Music_Awards_2014-Durban-20140607.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Don Jazzy Story\". Vanguard. 15 October 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/the-don-jazzy-story/","url_text":"\"The Don Jazzy Story\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Jazzy blasts Ladies who mocked Banky W's car\". Information Nigeria. 23 July 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.informationng.com/2018/07/don-jazzy-blasts-ladies-who-mocked-banky-ws-car.html","url_text":"\"Don Jazzy blasts Ladies who mocked Banky W's car\""}]},{"reference":"\"D'Banj And Don Jazzy Who Is Richer/Older?\". constative.com. Retrieved 24 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://constative.com/celebrity/dbanj-and-don-jazzy-who-is-richerolder/","url_text":"\"D'Banj And Don Jazzy Who Is Richer/Older?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Jazzy Confirms His Contract with GOOD Music Is \"Finished\"… D'Banj Too?\". 36NG.com. 23 August 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.36ng.com.ng/2013/08/23/don-jazzy-confirms-his-contract-with-good-music-is-finished-dbanj-too/","url_text":"\"Don Jazzy Confirms His Contract with GOOD Music Is \"Finished\"… D'Banj Too?\""}]},{"reference":"Amaechi, Stella (30 November 2020). \"Don Jazzy's biography: How did he become famous?\". Legit.ng – Nigeria news.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legit.ng/1084401-don-jazzys-biography-famous.html","url_text":"\"Don Jazzy's biography: How did he become famous?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Jazzy Biography\". nigerianfinder.com. Retrieved 30 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://nigerianfinder.com/don-jazzy-biography/","url_text":"\"Don Jazzy Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Jazzy: Nigeria's Finest Music Producer\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 26 November 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://guardian.ng/life/don-jazzy-nigerias-finest-music-producer/","url_text":"\"Don Jazzy: Nigeria's Finest Music Producer\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Jazzy, father share birth date as music producer clocks 39\". Punch Newspapers. 26 November 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://punchng.com/don-jazzy-father-share-birth-date-as-music-producer-clocks-39/","url_text":"\"Don Jazzy, father share birth date as music producer clocks 39\""}]},{"reference":"D'Banj - No Long Thing Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic, retrieved 25 July 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/no-long-thing-mw0001352658","url_text":"D'Banj - No Long Thing Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Abraham, Anthony Ada (10 June 2012). \"Church! How music started for Psquare, Wande Coal, Wizkid & others\". YNaija.","urls":[{"url":"http://ynaija.com/wande-coal-wizkid-p-square-they-started-from-church/","url_text":"\"Church! How music started for Psquare, Wande Coal, Wizkid & others\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YNaija","url_text":"YNaija"}]},{"reference":"\"Jay Z Reveals He Co-produced Kanye West's Track \"Lift Up\"\". The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News. 11 March 2019. Retrieved 7 June 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://guardian.ng/life/jay-z-reveals-he-co-produced-kanye-wests-track-lift-up/","url_text":"\"Jay Z Reveals He Co-produced Kanye West's Track \"Lift Up\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Reekado Banks still part of Mavin Records – Don Jazzy\". Vanguard News. 10 December 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/reekado-banks-still-part-of-mavin-records-don-jazzy/","url_text":"\"Reekado Banks still part of Mavin Records – Don Jazzy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mavin Records announces new artiste Magixx - P.M. News\". Retrieved 23 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2021/09/24/mavin-records-announces-new-artiste-magixx/","url_text":"\"Mavin Records announces new artiste Magixx - P.M. News\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Why I Did Not Sign Davido'- Don Jazzy Finally Reveals\". Matterarising.com. 5 April 2021. Retrieved 21 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.matterarising.com/why-i-did-not-sign-davido-don-jazzy-finally-reveals/","url_text":"\"'Why I Did Not Sign Davido'- Don Jazzy Finally Reveals\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Jazzy honoured with award\". Sunnewsonline.com. 8 December 2019. Retrieved 21 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sunnewsonline.com/don-jazzy-honoured-with-award/","url_text":"\"Don Jazzy honoured with award\""}]},{"reference":"D'Banj - No Long Thing Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic, retrieved 25 July 2022","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/no-long-thing-mw0001352658","url_text":"D'Banj - No Long Thing Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Cylist. \"D'Banj: Run Down (Funk You Up) CD Track Listing at cyList\". www.cylist.com. Retrieved 25 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cylist.com/List/405801948/dbanj-run-down-funk-you-up-cd-track-listing","url_text":"\"D'Banj: Run Down (Funk You Up) CD Track Listing at cyList\""}]},{"reference":"\"D'banj - The Entertainer Album (Mp3 Download) –042jam\". 042jam.com. Retrieved 25 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://042jam.com/dbanj-the-entertainer-album/","url_text":"\"D'banj - The Entertainer Album (Mp3 Download) –042jam\""}]},{"reference":"Ohunyon, Ehis (7 August 2018). \"How Mavin Records is finding it hard to live outside the shadows of Mo Hits\". Pulse Nigeria. Retrieved 25 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/mo-hits-vs-mavin-how-mavin-records-is-finding-it-hard-to-live-outside-the-shadows-of/mdst0q9","url_text":"\"How Mavin Records is finding it hard to live outside the shadows of Mo Hits\""}]},{"reference":"\"Burna Boy, Don Jazzy in new single 'Question'\". 24 August 2021. Retrieved 1 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/music/481076-burna-boy-don-jazzy-in-new-single-question.html","url_text":"\"Burna Boy, Don Jazzy in new single 'Question'\""}]},{"reference":"Ugwu, Onyinye (6 February 2019). \"Video: KAHA Enlists Eldee, General Pype, Jahborne & SeanTero In Reflective Socio-Conscious Record 'Wayo'\". Nigerian Entertainment Today. Retrieved 19 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thenet.ng/video-kaha-enlists-eldee-general-pype-jahborne-seantero-reflective-socio-conscious-record-wayo/","url_text":"\"Video: KAHA Enlists Eldee, General Pype, Jahborne & SeanTero In Reflective Socio-Conscious Record 'Wayo'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Don Jazzy Reveals Why he isn't Married\". GYOnlineNG \| All-Round News. 3 April 2021. Retrieved 3 April 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://gyonlineng.com/don-jazzy-open-ups-on-his-past-marriage-divorce/","url_text":"\"Don Jazzy Reveals Why he isn't Married\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fans of Don Jazzy thinks D'Banj and Wande Coal Deserves Respect for Keeping His Troubled Marriage Away from Public for 18 Years\". Naijabeat. 3 April 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://naijabeat.com/dbanj-wandecoal-deserves-respect/","url_text":"\"Fans of Don Jazzy thinks D'Banj and Wande Coal Deserves Respect for Keeping His Troubled Marriage Away from Public for 18 Years\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I Am Beyond Devastated': Don Jazzy Loses Mother To Cancer\". Channels Television. Retrieved 24 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.channelstv.com/2022/07/23/i-am-beyond-devastated-don-jazzy-loses-mother-to-cancer/","url_text":"\"'I Am Beyond Devastated': Don Jazzy Loses Mother To Cancer\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://mavinrecords.com/","external_links_name":"mavinrecords.com"},{"Link":"https://9jaenthub.com.ng/burna-boy-question-ft-don-jazzy/","external_links_name":"Burna Boy – Question (2021)"},{"Link":"https://koko.ng/she-was-loved-by-everyone-that-ever-met-her-don-jazzy-loses-mother-to-cancer/","external_links_name":"lost their mother"},{"Link":"https://www.matterarising.com/2024/05/17/why-i-cant-sign-wizkid-davido-and-others-to-mavin-records-don-jazzy-reveals/","external_links_name":"Why I did not sign Davido – Don Jazzy finally reveals"},{"Link":"https://www.matterarising.com/","external_links_name":"Matter Arising"},{"Link":"http://www.vanguardngr.com/2011/10/the-don-jazzy-story/","external_links_name":"\"The Don Jazzy Story\""},{"Link":"http://www.informationng.com/2018/07/don-jazzy-blasts-ladies-who-mocked-banky-ws-car.html","external_links_name":"\"Don Jazzy blasts Ladies who mocked Banky W's car\""},{"Link":"https://constative.com/celebrity/dbanj-and-don-jazzy-who-is-richerolder/","external_links_name":"\"D'Banj And Don Jazzy Who Is Richer/Older?\""},{"Link":"http://www.36ng.com.ng/2013/08/23/don-jazzy-confirms-his-contract-with-good-music-is-finished-dbanj-too/","external_links_name":"\"Don Jazzy Confirms His Contract with GOOD Music Is \"Finished\"… D'Banj Too?\""},{"Link":"https://www.legit.ng/1084401-don-jazzys-biography-famous.html","external_links_name":"\"Don Jazzy's biography: How did he become famous?\""},{"Link":"https://nigerianfinder.com/don-jazzy-biography/","external_links_name":"\"Don Jazzy Biography\""},{"Link":"https://guardian.ng/life/don-jazzy-nigerias-finest-music-producer/","external_links_name":"\"Don Jazzy: Nigeria's Finest Music Producer\""},{"Link":"https://punchng.com/don-jazzy-father-share-birth-date-as-music-producer-clocks-39/","external_links_name":"\"Don Jazzy, father share birth date as music producer clocks 39\""},{"Link":"http://www.hiphopworldmagazine.com/2012/02/01/point-blank-don-jazzy-by-tobi-amoo/","external_links_name":"Point Blank Don Jazzy"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120731133624/http://www.hiphopworldmagazine.com/2012/02/01/point-blank-don-jazzy-by-tobi-amoo/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/no-long-thing-mw0001352658","external_links_name":"D'Banj - No Long Thing Album Reviews, Songs & More \| AllMusic"},{"Link":"http://ynaija.com/wande-coal-wizkid-p-square-they-started-from-church/","external_links_name":"\"Church! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_Hippie_Foundation	Happy Hippie Foundation	["1 Background","2 Activities","2.1 Social media campaigns","2.2 The Backyard Sessions","3 References","4 External links"]	Nonprofit organization founded by Miley Cyrus Happy Hippie FoundationFoundedSeptember 17, 2014; 9 years ago (2014-09-17)FounderMiley CyrusTypeNGOLocationSanta Monica, California, U.S.Key peopleStephanie Green,Principal OfficerWebsitehappyhippies.org The Happy Hippie Foundation is an American non-profit organization founded by American singer and entertainer Miley Cyrus on September 17, 2014, and officially launched to the public on May 5, 2015. The foundation focuses on youth homelessness (particularly among LGBTQ youth), the LGBTQ community, and other vulnerable populations. Background See also: Miley Cyrus § Philanthropy By 2014, Miley Cyrus had a history of using her fame as a platform for philanthropy, including significant donations to charitable organizations, charity singles, performances at benefit concerts and the donation of personal items to auctions. At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards (in August 2014), Miley Cyrus's award for Video of the Year ("Wrecking Ball") was accepted by a young man named Jesse Helt in honor of "the 1.6 million runaways and homeless youth in the United States who are starving, lost and scared for their lives right now." Helt directed viewers to get involved by visiting Cyrus's Facebook page and donating to My Friend's Place, an organization helping homeless youth in the Los Angeles area; they raised more than $200,000 in twenty-four hours. Cyrus took inspiration from the 45th Academy Awards in 1973, at which Marlon Brando sent Sacheen Littlefeather to decline his Best Actor award. Cyrus began planning and developing her organization over the summer of 2014, after getting involved with My Friend's Place, and registered the website on September 17. Cyrus drove even harder to launch her non-profit to the public after the death of Leelah Alcorn in late December. Alcorn was a male-to-female transgender teenager whose suicide attracted international attention. Cyrus stated, "That's what I wanted to do. That's what made me happy. And that's what Happy Hippie is about: doing what you do, being happy, and not hurting anyone. It gave me meaning in everything." Cyrus was also a spokesperson for the MAC AIDS Fund in 2015, to help transgender people living with HIV in L.A. and San Francisco find medical care and housing. In 2024 Cyrus announced that the foundation would be renamed as Miley Cyrus Foundation. Activities Mission statement The Happy Hippie Foundation rallies young people to fight injustice and provides homeless youth, LGBTQ youth, and other vulnerable populations with support services, direct needs services, and prevention services. The Happy Hippie Foundation also engages young people through public education, fundraising, and awareness campaigns. —GuideStar By 2016, Happy Hippie and My Friend's Place had donated "40,000 meals, 20,000 snacks, and 40,000 pairs of underwear and socks" to homeless children. Happy Hippie "treats at-risk kids with art and animal therapies". In an effort to provide a safe, moderated, and interactive space to discuss gender, Happy Hippie and Gender Spectrum hosted a digital "Meet-Up". As a result of donations received, Gender Spectrum was able to begin hosting weekly digital support groups, serving "over 1,300 transgender and gender-expansive youth and their families". Happy Hippie often aims to provide immediate relief in the wake of emergencies or tragedies. For instance, the foundation partnered with the Zebra Coalition, a network of organizations providing support for LGBTQ youth in Central Florida, to offer immediate counseling following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting. In the aftermath of the 2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires, the Happy Hippie Foundation contributed to the Dollywood Foundation's My People Fund to help those affected in the Gatlinburg, Tennessee area. The Dollywood Foundation was founded by Cyrus's godmother, country music icon Dolly Parton. In June 2017, Cyrus performed at Capital Pride in Washington, D.C., wearing the Happy Hippie Foundation's logo on a white t-shirt. She released the song "Inspired" in honor of LGBT Pride Month, with her portion of any proceeds going directly to the Happy Hippie Foundation. Cyrus also created a collection of 22 pride-themed sneakers and 11 t-shirts for shoe company Converse and their 2017 pride collection. All net proceeds from the 2017 Converse Pride Collection were donated to the It Gets Better Project and the Happy Hippie Foundation. The 2018 Converse pride collection was designed by Cyrus with the Happy Hippie logo being featured on the line and the net proceeds going to the foundation along with other pride-related charities. The design theme, motto and hashtag was "Yes to all." Social media campaigns Cyrus met with Instagram in 2015 to offer the photo-sharing platform feedback on their product, discussing potential features like allowing users to designate "word sensitivities" that would ban certain words from appearing on their feeds. The Happy Hippie Foundation and Instagram collaborated on a social justice campaign called Happy Hippie Presents #InstaPride, a gender identity-focused portrait series that launched on June 15, 2015. The portraits, which lived on Instagram, aimed to increase awareness and acceptance of people outside of the gender binary. "The portraits and the people in them are meant to serve as positive examples for young people who might be struggling to figure themselves out, as well as reference points for those who might not personally know anyone who doesn't feel at home in their own body," Cyrus told Time. Notable participants included YouTube personalities Gigi Gorgeous and Brendan Jordan. In September 2016, Happy Hippie teamed up with the band Phantogram and The Trevor Project to support LGBTQ youth and raise suicide prevention awareness across Instagram, Facebook and Twitter; the campaign coincided with Suicide Prevention Month. The foundation, Cyrus and Phantogram shared mental health facts, suicide prevention resources and crisis intervention hotline information. Following the result of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, in which Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States, Cyrus launched a new campaign called #HopefulHippies that "encourage people to take action in their communities." In an Instagram post announcing the #HopefulHippies campaign, Cyrus announced that Happy Hippie would begin supporting public school classroom projects with DonorsChoose. Cyrus stated that the focus on education was "in honor of Clinton". The #HopefulHippies campaign was able to raise over $11,000, helping over 10,000 students across 60 schools between November 10, 2016, and February 13, 2017. The Backyard Sessions In 2012, Cyrus released a series of videos called the Backyard Sessions, in which she performed covers of her favorite songs in her own backyard. In 2015, she released a new set of Backyard Sessions videos to publicize the launch of the Happy Hippie Foundation, beginning on May 6 when she performed "Different" with Joan Jett. The sessions were a collaboration with Facebook, and allowed for donations to be made to the foundation through the site. Cyrus also collaborated with singer Ariana Grande to perform the Crowded House cover of "Don't Dream It's Over". The video became the most popular from the sessions, and the duo also performed it in honor of Ariana Grande's One Love Manchester, a benefit concert for the attacks at the singers' concert in Manchester, England. Some of the songs in the sessions reflected the foundation's themes: Cyrus's cover of Dido's "No Freedom" was dedicated to Leelah Alcorn, and she performed "Androgynous" and "True Trans Soul Rebel" with Laura Jane Grace, who came out as transgender in 2012. References ^ a b "Whois happyhippies.org". www.whois.com. Retrieved 2022-08-24. ^ "Miley launches Happy Hippie Foundation". USA Today. ^ a b Krochmal, Shana Naomi (May 5, 2015). "Miley Cyrus Launches Anti-Homelessness, Pro-LGBT 'Happy Hippie Foundation'". Out.com. Here Media. Retrieved June 13, 2017. ^ a b c d e f Setoodeh, Ramin (October 11, 2016). "Miley Cyrus' Happy Hippie Foundation Stands Up for Homeless Youth". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved June 13, 2017. ^ a b Petrusich, Amanda (June 9, 2015). "Free to Be Miley". Papermag.com. Paper Communications. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Hawgood, Alex (June 3, 2024). "Miley Cyrus Finally Gets Her "Flowers"". W. Retrieved June 3, 2024. ^ "Happy Hippie Foundation". GuideStar. Retrieved March 28, 2023. ^ a b "ICYMI: First Happy Hippie Digital Meet-Up!". HappyHippies.org. November 11, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2017. ^ Overstreet, Bryan (December 2, 2016). "Dollywood raises $1 million for My People Fund". WLOS. Sinclair Broadcast Group. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ "A colourful Miley performs at 2017 Capital Pride Concert". Daily News and Analysis. Diligent Media Corporation. June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ Salandra, Adam (June 9, 2017). "Miley Cyrus "Inspired" To Release New Song In Celebration Of Pride". LogoTV#NewNowNext. Viacom. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ Marr, Rhuaridh (June 9, 2017). "Miley Cyrus releases new song "Inspired" to celebrate Pride month". Metro Weekly. Randy Shulman. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ Eidell, Lynsey (June 12, 2017). "Miley Cyrus Collaborated With Converse for Special LGBTQ Pride Sneakers". Allure. Condé Nast. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ "Miley Cyrus Talks Equal Rights, Gender Fluidity, and Her Pride Collaboration With Converse". Vogue. Retrieved 2018-06-14. ^ Skinner, Katie (June 12, 2017). "Miley Cyrus Teams Up With Converse To Create a Collection of Pride-Inspired Sneakers". Billboard. Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ a b c Steinmetz, Katy (June 15, 2015). "Miley Cyrus InstaPride: Inside Her Instagram Photo Shoot". Time.com. Time Inc. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Andriakos, Jacqueline (June 15, 2015). "Miley Cyrus Launches Happie Hippie #InstaPride Campaign". People.com. Time Inc. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Nichols, JamesMichael (June 15, 2015). "Miley Cyrus Launches 'Happy Hippie Presents #InstaPride' Collaboration With Instagram". HuffPost. AOL. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ "Miley Cyrus and Phantogram Show Their Support for LGBTQ Youth". The Trevor Project. October 25, 2016. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016. ^ Penrose, Nerisha (November 10, 2016). "Miley Cyrus Dries Her Tears & Announces 'Hopeful Hippies' Campaign". Billboard.com. Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Shewfelt, Raechal Leone (November 10, 2016). "Miley Cyrus 'Inspired' to Create #HopefulHippies Campaign Following Election". Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Brill, Karen (November 10, 2016). "Miley Cyrus Announces #HopefulHippies Campaign After Trump Upset". Vulture.com. New York Media. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ "Join The Happy Hippie Foundation's #HopefulHippies Campaign!". DonorsChoose. Retrieved June 14, 2017. ^ Hilton, Perez (May 5, 2015). "Miley Cyrus Launches Her Happy Hippie Foundation With A Backyard Session With Joan Jett!". PerezHilton.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016. ^ Varga, George (May 14, 2015). "Watch Miley Cyrus & Woodstock alum duet". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Tronc. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ Saul, Heather (May 9, 2015). "Miley Cyrus pays tribute to late transgender teen Leelah Alcorn as she launches homeless LBGT Happy Hippie Foundation". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 26 June 2017. ^ Goble, Corban (May 8, 2015). "Against Me!'s Laura Jane Grace, Joan Jett, and Miley Cyrus Cover the Replacements' "Androgynous"". Pitchfork. Condé Nast. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ Kerps, Daniel (May 10, 2015). "Miley Cyrus and Laura Jane Grace Perform Against Me! Track". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved June 15, 2017. ^ "Tom Gabel of Against Me! Comes Out as Transgender". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. May 8, 2012. Retrieved November 14, 2016. External links Official website vteMiley Cyrus Discography as Hannah Montana Videography Songs Awards and nominations Live performances Studio albums Meet Miley Cyrus Breakout Can't Be Tamed Bangerz Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz Younger Now Plastic Hearts Endless Summer Vacation Soundtrack albums Hannah Montana 2 The Movie 3 Forever Live albums Best of Both Worlds Concert Attention: Miley Live Extended plays The Time of Our Lives She Is Coming Concert tours Best of Both Worlds Tour Wonder World Tour Gypsy Heart Tour Bangerz Tour Milky Milky Milk Tour Attention Tour Film and TV Hannah Montana Miley Stewart discography songs Hannah Montana & Miley Cyrus: Best of Both Worlds Concert Miley: The Movement Miley Cyrus: Tongue Tied Endless Summer Vacation (Backyard Sessions) Family Ron Cyrus (grandfather) Billy Ray Cyrus (father) Tish Cyrus (mother) Dominic Purcell (stepfather) Brandi Cyrus (half-sister) Trace Cyrus (half-brother) Noah Cyrus (sister) Related topics Miley Save Fuzzy Backyard Sessions Happy Hippie Foundation Miles to Go "Twerk It Like Miley" "Hannah Montana" Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organization"},{"link_name":"Miley Cyrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whois.com-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"youth homelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youth_homelessness"},{"link_name":"among LGBTQ youth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness_among_LGBT_youth_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT_community"}],"text":"The Happy Hippie Foundation is an American non-profit organization founded by American singer and entertainer Miley Cyrus on September 17, 2014,[1] and officially launched to the public on May 5, 2015.[2] The foundation focuses on youth homelessness (particularly among LGBTQ youth), the LGBTQ community, and other vulnerable populations.","title":"Happy Hippie Foundation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miley Cyrus § Philanthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miley_Cyrus#Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"philanthropy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philanthropy"},{"link_name":"charity singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charity_record"},{"link_name":"benefit concerts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefit_concert"},{"link_name":"auctions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auction"},{"link_name":"2014 MTV Video Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_MTV_Video_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"Wrecking Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrecking_Ball_(Miley_Cyrus_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-out-3"},{"link_name":"My Friend's Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=My_Friend%27s_Place&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-out-3"},{"link_name":"45th Academy Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/45th_Academy_Awards"},{"link_name":"Marlon Brando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlon_Brando"},{"link_name":"Sacheen Littlefeather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacheen_Littlefeather"},{"link_name":"Best Actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-whois.com-1"},{"link_name":"death of Leelah Alcorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_of_Leelah_Alcorn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paper-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-4"},{"link_name":"MAC AIDS Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_AIDS_Fund"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"See also: Miley Cyrus § PhilanthropyBy 2014, Miley Cyrus had a history of using her fame as a platform for philanthropy, including significant donations to charitable organizations, charity singles, performances at benefit concerts and the donation of personal items to auctions.At the 2014 MTV Video Music Awards (in August 2014), Miley Cyrus's award for Video of the Year (\"Wrecking Ball\") was accepted by a young man named Jesse Helt in honor of \"the 1.6 million runaways and homeless youth in the United States who are starving, lost and scared for their lives right now.\"[3] Helt directed viewers to get involved by visiting Cyrus's Facebook page and donating to My Friend's Place, an organization helping homeless youth in the Los Angeles area; they raised more than $200,000 in twenty-four hours.[3] Cyrus took inspiration from the 45th Academy Awards in 1973, at which Marlon Brando sent Sacheen Littlefeather to decline his Best Actor award.[4]Cyrus began planning and developing her organization over the summer of 2014, after getting involved with My Friend's Place, and registered the website on September 17.[1] Cyrus drove even harder to launch her non-profit to the public after the death of Leelah Alcorn in late December. Alcorn was a male-to-female transgender teenager whose suicide attracted international attention.[5] Cyrus stated, \"That's what I wanted to do. That's what made me happy. And that's what Happy Hippie is about: doing what you do, being happy, and not hurting anyone. It gave me meaning in everything.\"[4] Cyrus was also a spokesperson for the MAC AIDS Fund in 2015, to help transgender people living with HIV in L.A. and San Francisco find medical care and housing.[4]In 2024 Cyrus announced that the foundation would be renamed as Miley Cyrus Foundation.[6]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"GuideStar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GuideStar"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paper-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meetup-8"},{"link_name":"support groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Support_group"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-meetup-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-4"},{"link_name":"Central Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Florida"},{"link_name":"Orlando nightclub shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_nightclub_shooting"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-variety-4"},{"link_name":"2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Great_Smoky_Mountains_wildfires"},{"link_name":"Dollywood Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollywood_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Gatlinburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatlinburg,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Dolly Parton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolly_Parton"},{"link_name":"Capital Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Pride_(Washington,_D.C.)"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Inspired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inspired_(Miley_Cyrus_song)"},{"link_name":"LGBT Pride Month","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_pride#LGBT_Pride_Month"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Converse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Converse_(shoe_company)"},{"link_name":"It Gets Better Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It_Gets_Better_Project"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"hashtag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hashtag"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Mission statement\n\nThe Happy Hippie Foundation rallies young people to fight injustice and provides homeless youth, LGBTQ youth, and other vulnerable populations with support services, direct needs services, and prevention services. The Happy Hippie Foundation also engages young people through public education, fundraising, and awareness campaigns.[7]\n\n\n—GuideStarBy 2016, Happy Hippie and My Friend's Place had donated \"40,000 meals, 20,000 snacks, and 40,000 pairs of underwear and socks\" to homeless children.[4] Happy Hippie \"treats at-risk kids with art and animal therapies\".[5]In an effort to provide a safe, moderated, and interactive space to discuss gender, Happy Hippie and Gender Spectrum hosted a digital \"Meet-Up\".[8] As a result of donations received, Gender Spectrum was able to begin hosting weekly digital support groups,[8] serving \"over 1,300 transgender and gender-expansive youth and their families\".[4]Happy Hippie often aims to provide immediate relief in the wake of emergencies or tragedies. For instance, the foundation partnered with the Zebra Coalition, a network of organizations providing support for LGBTQ youth in Central Florida, to offer immediate counseling following the 2016 Orlando nightclub shooting.[4] In the aftermath of the 2016 Great Smoky Mountains wildfires, the Happy Hippie Foundation contributed to the Dollywood Foundation's My People Fund to help those affected in the Gatlinburg, Tennessee area.[9] The Dollywood Foundation was founded by Cyrus's godmother, country music icon Dolly Parton.In June 2017, Cyrus performed at Capital Pride in Washington, D.C., wearing the Happy Hippie Foundation's logo on a white t-shirt.[10] She released the song \"Inspired\" in honor of LGBT Pride Month, with her portion of any proceeds going directly to the Happy Hippie Foundation.[11][12] Cyrus also created a collection of 22 pride-themed sneakers and 11 t-shirts for shoe company Converse and their 2017 pride collection. All net proceeds from the 2017 Converse Pride Collection were donated to the It Gets Better Project and the Happy Hippie Foundation.[13] The 2018 Converse pride collection was designed by Cyrus with the Happy Hippie logo being featured on the line and the net proceeds going to the foundation along with other pride-related charities.[14] The design theme, motto and hashtag was \"Yes to all.\"[15]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"word sensitivities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trauma_trigger"},{"link_name":"feeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_feed"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instapride-16"},{"link_name":"gender identity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_identity"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"gender binary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gender_binary"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instapride-16"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"Gigi Gorgeous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigi_Gorgeous"},{"link_name":"Brendan Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_Jordan"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-instapride-16"},{"link_name":"Phantogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantogram_(band)"},{"link_name":"The Trevor Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trevor_Project"},{"link_name":"suicide prevention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_prevention"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"2016 U.S. presidential election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"Donald Trump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Trump"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"public school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)"},{"link_name":"DonorsChoose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DonorsChoose"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Social media campaigns","text":"Cyrus met with Instagram in 2015 to offer the photo-sharing platform feedback on their product, discussing potential features like allowing users to designate \"word sensitivities\" that would ban certain words from appearing on their feeds.[16] The Happy Hippie Foundation and Instagram collaborated on a social justice campaign called Happy Hippie Presents #InstaPride, a gender identity-focused portrait series that launched on June 15, 2015.[17] The portraits, which lived on Instagram, aimed to increase awareness and acceptance of people outside of the gender binary.[18] \"The portraits and the people in them are meant to serve as positive examples for young people who might be struggling to figure themselves out, as well as reference points for those who might not personally know anyone who doesn't feel at home in their own body,\" Cyrus told Time.[16] Notable participants included YouTube personalities Gigi Gorgeous and Brendan Jordan.[16]In September 2016, Happy Hippie teamed up with the band Phantogram and The Trevor Project to support LGBTQ youth and raise suicide prevention awareness across Instagram, Facebook and Twitter; the campaign coincided with Suicide Prevention Month.[19] The foundation, Cyrus and Phantogram shared mental health facts, suicide prevention resources and crisis intervention hotline information. Following the result of the 2016 U.S. presidential election, in which Donald Trump was elected the 45th President of the United States, Cyrus launched a new campaign called #HopefulHippies that \"encourage[d] people to take action in their communities.\"[20] In an Instagram post announcing the #HopefulHippies campaign, Cyrus announced that Happy Hippie would begin supporting public school classroom projects with DonorsChoose.[21] Cyrus stated that the focus on education was \"in honor of Clinton\".[22] The #HopefulHippies campaign was able to raise over $11,000, helping over 10,000 students across 60 schools between November 10, 2016, and February 13, 2017.[23]","title":"Activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Backyard Sessions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backyard_Sessions"},{"link_name":"Joan Jett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joan_Jett"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Facebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Facebook"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"Crowded House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowded_House"},{"link_name":"Ariana Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariana_Grande"},{"link_name":"One Love Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_Love_Manchester"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Dido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dido_(singer)"},{"link_name":"No Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No_Freedom"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Androgynous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgynous_(song)"},{"link_name":"True Trans Soul Rebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Trans"},{"link_name":"Laura Jane Grace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laura_Jane_Grace"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"The Backyard Sessions","text":"In 2012, Cyrus released a series of videos called the Backyard Sessions, in which she performed covers of her favorite songs in her own backyard. In 2015, she released a new set of Backyard Sessions videos to publicize the launch of the Happy Hippie Foundation, beginning on May 6 when she performed \"Different\" with Joan Jett.[24] The sessions were a collaboration with Facebook, and allowed for donations to be made to the foundation through the site.[25] Cyrus also collaborated with singer Ariana Grande to perform the Crowded House cover of \"Don't Dream It's Over\". The video became the most popular from the sessions, and the duo also performed it in honor of Ariana Grande's One Love Manchester, a benefit concert for the attacks at the singers' concert in Manchester, England. Some of the songs in the sessions reflected the foundation's themes: Cyrus's cover of Dido's \"No Freedom\" was dedicated to Leelah Alcorn,[26] and she performed \"Androgynous\" and \"True Trans Soul Rebel\" with Laura Jane Grace,[27][28] who came out as transgender in 2012.[29]","title":"Activities"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Whois happyhippies.org\". www.whois.com. Retrieved 2022-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whois.com/whois/happyhippies.org","url_text":"\"Whois happyhippies.org\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miley launches Happy Hippie Foundation\". USA Today.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/music/2015/05/05/miley-cyrus-launches-happy-hippie-foundation/26930451/","url_text":"\"Miley launches Happy Hippie Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_Today","url_text":"USA Today"}]},{"reference":"Krochmal, Shana Naomi (May 5, 2015). \"Miley Cyrus Launches Anti-Homelessness, Pro-LGBT 'Happy Hippie Foundation'\". Out.com. Here Media. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.out.com/music/2015/5/05/exclusive-miley-cyrus-launches-anti-homelessness-pro-lgbt-happy-hippie-foundation","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Launches Anti-Homelessness, Pro-LGBT 'Happy Hippie Foundation'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_(magazine)","url_text":"Out.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_Media","url_text":"Here Media"}]},{"reference":"Setoodeh, Ramin (October 11, 2016). \"Miley Cyrus' Happy Hippie Foundation Stands Up for Homeless Youth\". Variety. Penske Media Corporation. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2016/music/news/miley-cyrus-happy-hippe-foundation-homeless-youth-1201884032/","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus' Happy Hippie Foundation Stands Up for Homeless Youth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penske_Media_Corporation","url_text":"Penske Media Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Petrusich, Amanda (June 9, 2015). \"Free to Be Miley\". Papermag.com. Paper Communications. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.papermag.com/free-to-be-miley-1427581961.html","url_text":"\"Free to Be Miley\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paper_(magazine)","url_text":"Papermag.com"}]},{"reference":"Hawgood, Alex (June 3, 2024). \"Miley Cyrus Finally Gets Her \"Flowers\"\". W. Retrieved June 3, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wmagazine.com/culture/miley-cyrus-cover-interview-2024","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Finally Gets Her \"Flowers\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W_(magazine)","url_text":"W"}]},{"reference":"\"Happy Hippie Foundation\". GuideStar. Retrieved March 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.guidestar.org/profile/47-2060063","url_text":"\"Happy Hippie Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GuideStar","url_text":"GuideStar"}]},{"reference":"\"ICYMI: First Happy Hippie Digital Meet-Up!\". HappyHippies.org. November 11, 2015. Retrieved June 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.happyhippies.org/blog/icymi-first-happy-hippie-digital-meet-up","url_text":"\"ICYMI: First Happy Hippie Digital Meet-Up!\""}]},{"reference":"Overstreet, Bryan (December 2, 2016). \"Dollywood raises $1 million for My People Fund\". WLOS. Sinclair Broadcast Group. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wlos.com/news/local/dollywood-raises-1-million-for-my-people-fund","url_text":"\"Dollywood raises $1 million for My People Fund\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLOS","url_text":"WLOS"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group","url_text":"Sinclair Broadcast Group"}]},{"reference":"\"A colourful Miley performs at 2017 Capital Pride Concert\". Daily News and Analysis. Diligent Media Corporation. June 13, 2017. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dnaindia.com/lifestyle/report-a-colourful-miley-performs-at-2017-capital-pride-concert-2470549","url_text":"\"A colourful Miley performs at 2017 Capital Pride Concert\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_and_Analysis","url_text":"Daily News and Analysis"}]},{"reference":"Salandra, Adam (June 9, 2017). \"Miley Cyrus \"Inspired\" To Release New Song In Celebration Of Pride\". LogoTV#NewNowNext. Viacom. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newnownext.com/miley-cyrus-pride-song-inspired/06/2017/","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus \"Inspired\" To Release New Song In Celebration Of Pride\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LogoTV#NewNowNext","url_text":"LogoTV#NewNowNext"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)","url_text":"Viacom"}]},{"reference":"Marr, Rhuaridh (June 9, 2017). \"Miley Cyrus releases new song \"Inspired\" to celebrate Pride month\". Metro Weekly. Randy Shulman. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metroweekly.com/2017/06/miley-cyrus-releases-new-song-inspired-celebrate-pride/","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus releases new song \"Inspired\" to celebrate Pride month\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Weekly","url_text":"Metro Weekly"}]},{"reference":"Eidell, Lynsey (June 12, 2017). \"Miley Cyrus Collaborated With Converse for Special LGBTQ Pride Sneakers\". Allure. Condé Nast. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.allure.com/story/miley-cyrus-converse-pride-sneakers","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Collaborated With Converse for Special LGBTQ Pride Sneakers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allure_(magazine)","url_text":"Allure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast","url_text":"Condé Nast"}]},{"reference":"\"Miley Cyrus Talks Equal Rights, Gender Fluidity, and Her Pride Collaboration With Converse\". Vogue. Retrieved 2018-06-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vogue.com/article/miley-cyrus-pride-2018-converse-collaboration-interview","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Talks Equal Rights, Gender Fluidity, and Her Pride Collaboration With Converse\""}]},{"reference":"Skinner, Katie (June 12, 2017). \"Miley Cyrus Teams Up With Converse To Create a Collection of Pride-Inspired Sneakers\". Billboard. Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/lifestyle/7825845/miley-cyrus-teams-up-with-converse-for-pride-month","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Teams Up With Converse To Create a Collection of Pride-Inspired Sneakers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood_Reporter-Billboard_Media_Group","url_text":"Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group"}]},{"reference":"Steinmetz, Katy (June 15, 2015). \"Miley Cyrus InstaPride: Inside Her Instagram Photo Shoot\". Time.com. Time Inc. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://time.com/3917249/miley-cyrus-instagram-instapride/","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus InstaPride: Inside Her Instagram Photo Shoot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_(magazine)","url_text":"Time.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc.","url_text":"Time Inc."}]},{"reference":"Andriakos, Jacqueline (June 15, 2015). \"Miley Cyrus Launches Happie Hippie #InstaPride Campaign\". People.com. Time Inc. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://people.com/celebrity/miley-cyrus-launches-happie-hippie-instapride-campaign/","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Launches Happie Hippie #InstaPride Campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People_(magazine)","url_text":"People.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Inc.","url_text":"Time Inc."}]},{"reference":"Nichols, JamesMichael (June 15, 2015). \"Miley Cyrus Launches 'Happy Hippie Presents #InstaPride' Collaboration With Instagram\". HuffPost. AOL. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/06/15/miley-cyrus-instapride_n_7586824.html","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Launches 'Happy Hippie Presents #InstaPride' Collaboration With Instagram\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HuffPost","url_text":"HuffPost"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL","url_text":"AOL"}]},{"reference":"\"Miley Cyrus and Phantogram Show Their Support for LGBTQ Youth\". The Trevor Project. October 25, 2016. Archived from the original on November 15, 2016. Retrieved June 15, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161115053239/http://www.thetrevorproject.org/blog/entry/miley-cyrus-and-phantogram-show-their-support-for-lgbtq-youth","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus and Phantogram Show Their Support for LGBTQ Youth\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trevor_Project","url_text":"The Trevor Project"},{"url":"http://www.thetrevorproject.org/blog/entry/miley-cyrus-and-phantogram-show-their-support-for-lgbtq-youth","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Penrose, Nerisha (November 10, 2016). \"Miley Cyrus Dries Her Tears & Announces 'Hopeful Hippies' Campaign\". Billboard.com. Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/7573356/miley-cyrus-hopeful-hippies-campaign","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Dries Her Tears & Announces 'Hopeful Hippies' Campaign\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldridge_Industries","url_text":"Hollywood Reporter-Billboard Media Group"}]},{"reference":"Shewfelt, Raechal Leone (November 10, 2016). \"Miley Cyrus 'Inspired' to Create #HopefulHippies Campaign Following Election\". Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://finance.yahoo.com/news/miley-cyrus-inspired-to-create-hopefulhippies-campaign-following-election-013149296.html","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus 'Inspired' to Create #HopefulHippies Campaign Following Election\""}]},{"reference":"Brill, Karen (November 10, 2016). \"Miley Cyrus Announces #HopefulHippies Campaign After Trump Upset\". Vulture.com. New York Media. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.vulture.com/2016/11/miley-cyrus-announces-hopefulhippies-campaign.html","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Announces #HopefulHippies Campaign After Trump Upset\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post#Digital_expansion_and_blogs","url_text":"Vulture.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Post","url_text":"New York Media"}]},{"reference":"\"Join The Happy Hippie Foundation's #HopefulHippies Campaign!\". DonorsChoose. Retrieved June 14, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.donorschoose.org/hopefulhippies?historical=true","url_text":"\"Join The Happy Hippie Foundation's #HopefulHippies Campaign!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DonorsChoose","url_text":"DonorsChoose"}]},{"reference":"Hilton, Perez (May 5, 2015). \"Miley Cyrus Launches Her Happy Hippie Foundation With A Backyard Session With Joan Jett!\". PerezHilton.com. Retrieved November 14, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://perezhilton.com/2015-05-05-miley-cyrus-launches-happy-hippie-foundation-joan-jett-backyard-session/?from=post","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus Launches Her Happy Hippie Foundation With A Backyard Session With Joan Jett!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perez_Hilton","url_text":"PerezHilton.com"}]},{"reference":"Varga, George (May 14, 2015). \"Watch Miley Cyrus & Woodstock alum duet\". The San Diego Union-Tribune. Tronc. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/music/sdut-miley-cyrus-and-melanie-duet-2015may14-htmlstory.html","url_text":"\"Watch Miley Cyrus & Woodstock alum duet\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_San_Diego_Union-Tribune","url_text":"The San Diego Union-Tribune"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tronc","url_text":"Tronc"}]},{"reference":"Saul, Heather (May 9, 2015). \"Miley Cyrus pays tribute to late transgender teen Leelah Alcorn as she launches homeless LBGT Happy Hippie Foundation\". The Independent. Archived from the original on 2022-05-09. Retrieved 26 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/miley-cyrus-pays-tribute-to-late-transgender-teen-leelah-alcorn-as-she-launches-homeless-lbgt-happy-10238625.html","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus pays tribute to late transgender teen Leelah Alcorn as she launches homeless LBGT Happy Hippie Foundation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Independent","url_text":"The Independent"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220509/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/miley-cyrus-pays-tribute-to-late-transgender-teen-leelah-alcorn-as-she-launches-homeless-lbgt-happy-10238625.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Goble, Corban (May 8, 2015). \"Against Me!'s Laura Jane Grace, Joan Jett, and Miley Cyrus Cover the Replacements' \"Androgynous\"\". Pitchfork. Condé Nast. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/news/59517-against-mes-laura-jane-grace-joan-jett-and-miley-cyrus-cover-the-replacements-androgynous/","url_text":"\"Against Me!'s Laura Jane Grace, Joan Jett, and Miley Cyrus Cover the Replacements' \"Androgynous\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitchfork_(website)","url_text":"Pitchfork"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast","url_text":"Condé Nast"}]},{"reference":"Kerps, Daniel (May 10, 2015). \"Miley Cyrus and Laura Jane Grace Perform Against Me! Track\". Rolling Stone. Wenner Media. Retrieved June 15, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/videos/watch-miley-cyrus-and-laura-jane-grace-perform-true-trans-soul-rebel-20150510","url_text":"\"Miley Cyrus and Laura Jane Grace Perform Against Me! 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorokanos	Theodorokanos	["1 Life","2 References","3 Sources"]	Theodorokanos (Greek: Θεοδωροκάνος) was a Byzantine general of Armenian origin active under Basil II both in the East and in the Balkans. Life Map of the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars in the time of Emperor Basil II and Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria His name is the hellenized form of Armenian T‘ot‘orakan ("belonging to Theodore"). A series of seals attributed to him by Ivan Jordanov allows a tentative reconstruction of his early career, holding the ranks of protospatharios and epi tou Chrysotriklinou and serving as the strategos (military governor) of Artze and as archegetes of the East. It is likely that he was strategos of Artze between 975 and 979, as the fortress was in Byzantine hands at that time, and was then promoted to archegetes, an office recently created that entailed overall command over the professional (and mostly Armenian) infantry of the eastern field armies. He is first directly mentioned in the historical writings of John Skylitzes in the 990s (ca. 994 according to Nicholas Adontz), when he was appointed by Emperor Basil II, at the time embroiled in the long war with Bulgaria, as strategos in Philippopolis. In the year 1000, along with Nikephoros Xiphias, he led an army that rapidly captured the Bulgarian fortresses of Great Preslav, Little Preslav (Presthlavitza) and Pliska, completing the re-imposition of Byzantine control over the northeastern portions of the Bulgarian state, first conquered by Emperor John Tzimiskes in the early 970s. Shortly after, Theodorokanos retired due to his advanced age, and was replaced by Xiphias. The generals George Theodorokanos and Basil Theodorokanos, active later in the 11th century, were considered his sons by Adontz, but, although likely, such a relationship cannot be proven. References ^ a b c d e f g PmbZ, Theodorokanos (#27615). ^ Cheynet 2003, p. 88. ^ Stephenson 2003, pp. 111–112. ^ ODB, "Theodorokanos" (A. Kazhdan), p. 2050. Sources Cheynet, Jean-Claude (2003). "Basil II and Asia Minor". In Magdalino, Paul (ed.). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–108. ISBN 90-04-12097-1. Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8. Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter. Stephenson, Paul (2003). "The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000". In Magdalino, Paul (ed.). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill. pp. 109–133. ISBN 90-04-12097-1.	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Tzimiskes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tzimiskes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodorokanos_(#27615)-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStephenson2003111%E2%80%93112-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodorokanos_(#27615)-1"},{"link_name":"George Theodorokanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Theodorokanos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Basil Theodorokanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_Theodorokanos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPmbZTheodorokanos_(#27615)-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEODB%22Theodorokanos%22_(A._Kazhdan),_p._2050-4"}],"text":"Map of the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars in the time of Emperor Basil II and Tsar Samuel of BulgariaHis name is the hellenized form of Armenian T‘ot‘orakan (\"belonging to Theodore\").[1] A series of seals attributed to him by Ivan Jordanov allows a tentative reconstruction of his early career, holding the ranks of protospatharios and epi tou Chrysotriklinou and serving as the strategos (military governor) of Artze and as archegetes of the East.[1] It is likely that he was strategos of Artze between 975 and 979, as the fortress was in Byzantine hands at that time, and was then promoted to archegetes,[1] an office recently created that entailed overall command over the professional (and mostly Armenian) infantry of the eastern field armies.[2]He is first directly mentioned in the historical writings of John Skylitzes in the 990s (ca. 994 according to Nicholas Adontz), when he was appointed by Emperor Basil II, at the time embroiled in the long war with Bulgaria, as strategos in Philippopolis.[1] In the year 1000, along with Nikephoros Xiphias, he led an army that rapidly captured the Bulgarian fortresses of Great Preslav, Little Preslav (Presthlavitza) and Pliska, completing the re-imposition of Byzantine control over the northeastern portions of the Bulgarian state, first conquered by Emperor John Tzimiskes in the early 970s.[1][3] Shortly after, Theodorokanos retired due to his advanced age, and was replaced by Xiphias.[1]The generals George Theodorokanos and Basil Theodorokanos, active later in the 11th century, were considered his sons by Adontz, but, although likely, such a relationship cannot be proven.[1][4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Basil II and Asia Minor\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=PA71"},{"link_name":"Magdalino, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magdalino"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-12097-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12097-1"},{"link_name":"Kazhdan, 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Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz"},{"link_name":"\"The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=P109"},{"link_name":"Magdalino, Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magdalino"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"90-04-12097-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12097-1"}],"text":"Cheynet, Jean-Claude (2003). \"Basil II and Asia Minor\". In Magdalino, Paul (ed.). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–108. ISBN 90-04-12097-1.\nKazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.\nLilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.\nStephenson, Paul (2003). \"The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000\". In Magdalino, Paul (ed.). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill. pp. 109–133. ISBN 90-04-12097-1.","title":"Sources"}]	[{"image_text":"Map of the Byzantine–Bulgarian wars in the time of Emperor Basil II and Tsar Samuel of Bulgaria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/First_Bulgarian_Empire_%28976-1018%29.png/250px-First_Bulgarian_Empire_%28976-1018%29.png"}]	null	[{"reference":"Cheynet, Jean-Claude (2003). \"Basil II and Asia Minor\". In Magdalino, Paul (ed.). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill. pp. 71–108. ISBN 90-04-12097-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=PA71","url_text":"\"Basil II and Asia Minor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magdalino","url_text":"Magdalino, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12097-1","url_text":"90-04-12097-1"}]},{"reference":"Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan","url_text":"Kazhdan, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium","url_text":"The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-504652-8","url_text":"0-19-504652-8"}]},{"reference":"Lilie, Ralph-Johannes; Ludwig, Claudia; Pratsch, Thomas; Zielke, Beate (2013). Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt (in German). Berlin and Boston: De Gruyter.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph-Johannes_Lilie","url_text":"Lilie, Ralph-Johannes"},{"url":"https://www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz","url_text":"Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt"}]},{"reference":"Stephenson, Paul (2003). \"The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000\". In Magdalino, Paul (ed.). Byzantium in the Year 1000. Leiden: Brill. pp. 109–133. ISBN 90-04-12097-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=P109","url_text":"\"The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Magdalino","url_text":"Magdalino, Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12097-1","url_text":"90-04-12097-1"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=PA71","external_links_name":"\"Basil II and Asia Minor\""},{"Link":"https://www.degruyter.com/view/db/pmbz","external_links_name":"Prosopographie der mittelbyzantinischen Zeit Online. Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften. Nach Vorarbeiten F. Winkelmanns erstellt"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CSZQ-VPFKoMC&pg=P109","external_links_name":"\"The Balkan Frontier in the Year 1000\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilapangalkkappuram	Vilapangalkkappuram	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Soundtrack","4 External links"]	2009 Indian filmVilapangalkkappuramDirected byT. V. ChandranScreenplay byT. V. ChandranStory byAryadan ShoukathProduced byAryadan ShoukathStarringBiju MenonPriyanka NairSudheeshSuhasiniCinematographyM. J. RadhakrishnanEdited byBeena PaulMusic byM. JayachandranRelease date 12 June 2009 (2009-06-12) CountryIndiaLanguageMalayalam Vilapangalkkappuram (Malayalam: വിലാപങ്ങള്‍ക്കപ്പുറം; Beyond the Wail) is a 2008 Indian Malayalam-language film scripted and directed by T. V. Chandran in 2008. The film is based on the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat riots of 2002. It was the second movie in the trilogy based on the riots by the director with the first one being Kadhavaseshan and the third and final one being Bhoomiyude Avakashikal. The main female lead Priyanka Nair won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in this film. Plot Zahira (Priyanka) lives happily with her parents and younger sister in Ahmedabad, until a group of communalists wreaks havoc. After being gang raped, she barely manages to escape from the criminals before they set her ablaze. In a fit of panic, she hides inside a lorry but it takes Zahira to her father's home-town in Kozhikode, Kerala. As Zahira gradually recovers from her pathetic state, with the help of Dr. Mary Varghese (Suhasini) and Dr. Gopinath (Biju Menon), she has to face a new crisis. She soon realizes that in our society, most humans categorize themselves only on the basis of religions and castes. Zahira learns more about the real world, where beastly minds are vying to pounce upon a helpless woman. Even during those tumultuous times, she comes across genuine souls like Gopalettan (Thilakan), who takes care of her like a daughter. Cast Priyanka Nair as Zahira Biju Menon as Dr. Gopinath Suhasini Maniratnam as Dr. Mary Varghese M. R. Gopakumar as Yusuf Ali (Zahira's father) V. K. Sreeraman as Salim Bhai Sudheesh as Khadar Kutty Thilakan as Gopalan Indrans Irshad Nandhu Kozhikode Narayanan Nair Nilambur Ayisha Kozhikode Shantha Devi Praveena Zeenath Soundtrack "Mullulla Murikkinmel" - Manjari, M. Jayachandran (lyrics: Gireesh Pithenchery) External links Vilapangalkkappuram at IMDb OneIndia article Sify.com review vteFilms directed by T. V. Chandran Krishnankutty (1981) Hemavin Kadhalargal (1985) Alicinte Anveshanam (1989) Ponthan Mada (1993) Ormakalundayirikkanam (1995) Mangamma (1997) Susanna (2000) Dany (2001) Paadam Onnu: Oru Vilapam (2003) Kathavasheshan (2004) Aadum Koothu (2005) (Tamil) (Unreleased) Vilapangalkkappuram (2008) Boomi Malayalam (2009) Sankaranum Mohananum (2011) Bhoomiyude Avakashikal (2012) Mohavalayam (2016) Pengalila (2019) vte2002 Gujarat riotsIncidents Godhra train burning Naroda Patiya massacre Best Bakery case Gulbarg Society massacre Books Gujarat: The Making of a Tragedy Gujarat Files: Anatomy of a Cover Up Scarred: Experiments with Violence in Gujarat Films Final Solution Parzania Vilapangalkkappuram Bhoomiyude Avakashikal Chand Bujh Gaya Firaaq Thamassu Mausam Accident or Conspiracy: Godhra Other The Truth: Gujarat 2002 Coalition Against Genocide Nanavati-Mehta Commission This article about a Malayalam film of the 2000s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_language"},{"link_name":"2008","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Malayalam_films_of_2008"},{"link_name":"Malayalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayalam_cinema"},{"link_name":"T. V. Chandran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._V._Chandran"},{"link_name":"2002 Gujarat riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_Gujarat_riots"},{"link_name":"Kadhavaseshan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadhavaseshan"},{"link_name":"Bhoomiyude Avakashikal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhoomiyude_Avakashikal"},{"link_name":"Priyanka Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Nair"},{"link_name":"Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala_State_Film_Award_for_Best_Actress"}],"text":"2009 Indian filmVilapangalkkappuram (Malayalam: വിലാപങ്ങള്‍ക്കപ്പുറം; Beyond the Wail) is a 2008 Indian Malayalam-language film scripted and directed by T. V. Chandran in 2008. The film is based on the aftermath of the 2002 Gujarat riots of 2002. It was the second movie in the trilogy based on the riots by the director with the first one being Kadhavaseshan and the third and final one being Bhoomiyude Avakashikal. The main female lead Priyanka Nair won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress for her performance in this film.","title":"Vilapangalkkappuram"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Priyanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Nair"},{"link_name":"Ahmedabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmedabad"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode"},{"link_name":"Suhasini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhasini_Maniratnam"},{"link_name":"Biju Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Menon"},{"link_name":"Thilakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thilakan"}],"text":"Zahira (Priyanka) lives happily with her parents and younger sister in Ahmedabad, until a group of communalists wreaks havoc. After being gang raped, she barely manages to escape from the criminals before they set her ablaze. In a fit of panic, she hides inside a lorry but it takes Zahira to her father's home-town in Kozhikode, Kerala.As Zahira gradually recovers from her pathetic state, with the help of Dr. Mary Varghese (Suhasini) and Dr. Gopinath (Biju Menon), she has to face a new crisis. She soon realizes that in our society, most humans categorize themselves only on the basis of religions and castes.Zahira learns more about the real world, where beastly minds are vying to pounce upon a helpless woman. Even during those tumultuous times, she comes across genuine souls like Gopalettan (Thilakan), who takes care of her like a daughter.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Priyanka Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priyanka_Nair"},{"link_name":"Biju Menon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biju_Menon"},{"link_name":"Suhasini Maniratnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhasini_Maniratnam"},{"link_name":"M. R. Gopakumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._Gopakumar"},{"link_name":"V. K. Sreeraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._K._Sreeraman"},{"link_name":"Sudheesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudheesh"},{"link_name":"Thilakan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thilakan"},{"link_name":"Indrans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indrans"},{"link_name":"Irshad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irshad_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Nandhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nandhu"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode Narayanan Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode_Narayanan_Nair"},{"link_name":"Nilambur Ayisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilambur_Ayisha"},{"link_name":"Kozhikode Shantha Devi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kozhikode_Shantha_Devi"},{"link_name":"Praveena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praveena"},{"link_name":"Zeenath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zeenath"}],"text":"Priyanka Nair as Zahira\nBiju Menon as Dr. Gopinath\nSuhasini Maniratnam as Dr. Mary Varghese\nM. R. Gopakumar as Yusuf Ali (Zahira's father)\nV. K. Sreeraman as Salim Bhai\nSudheesh as Khadar Kutty\nThilakan as Gopalan\nIndrans\nIrshad\nNandhu\nKozhikode Narayanan Nair\nNilambur Ayisha\nKozhikode Shantha Devi\nPraveena\nZeenath","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Mullulla Murikkinmel\" - Manjari, M. Jayachandran (lyrics: Gireesh Pithenchery)","title":"Soundtrack"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1451437/","external_links_name":"Vilapangalkkappuram"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090628093452/http://popcorn.oneindia.in/title/571/vilaapangalkkappauram.html","external_links_name":"OneIndia article"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130628022753/http://www.sify.com/movies/vilapangalkkappuram-review-malayalam-14893898.html","external_links_name":"Sify.com review"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vilapangalkkappuram&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Bonny	Johan Bonny	["1 Biography","2 Priest","3 Bishop","4 References","5 External links"]	His ExcellencyJohan BonnyBishop of AntwerpProvinceBelgiumDioceseAntwerpInstalled4 January 2009PredecessorPaul Van den BergheOrdersOrdination20 July 1980by Emiel-Jozef De SmedtConsecration4 January 2009by Godfried DanneelsPersonal detailsBorn (1955-07-10) 10 July 1955 (age 68)Gistel, BelgiumNationalityBelgianDenominationRoman CatholicPrevious post(s)Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian UnityCoat of arms Johan Jozef Bonny (born 10 July 1955) is a Belgian prelate of the Catholic Church who has been the bishop of Antwerp in Belgium since 2009. Biography Johan Bonny was born in Moere (Gistel) on 10 July 1955, the oldest of five children born to Gustaaf Bonny and Marie-Jeanne Lootens, farmers. He attended primary school in Eernegem and Moere, lower secondary school at the Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Gistel College and higher secondary education at Sint-Janscollege in Meldert . In 1973 he entered the Bruges seminary. Priest On 20 July 1980, he was ordained priest by Emiel-Jozef De Smedt, Bishop of Bruges. Bonny helped found a l'Arche community in Moerkerke and remained attached to it as a priest. He obtained a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1976 from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, a bachelor's degree in theology in 1979 from the Grand Seminary in Bruges, and in 1981 a licentiate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. De Smedt then appointed him archivist and professor at the Seminary in Bruges, where he taught Church history, dogmatic theology, ecumenism and spirituality. At the same time, he worked with the renowned expert in Christian mystics Albert Deblaere . In 1988, he obtained a doctorate in theology from the Gregorian with a thesis on the Flemish mystic John of Ruysbroeck, entitled "Het ghemeyne leven in de werken van Jan van Ruusbroec" (English: The "common life" in the works of John of Ruysbroeck). In 1985 Roger Vangheluwe appointed him director of the department of theology and, in 1991, spiritual director of the Bruges seminary. On 5 June 1997 he was appointed collaborator to the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity, where he was responsible for ecumenical relations between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox churches, mainly in the Middle East. He took part in theological dialogue with the Oriental Orthodox Churches, including the Coptic, Syriac, Armenian and Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church) and the Assyrian Church of the East. He also maintained the relationship between the council and a number of communities or movements, such as Taizé and L'Arche. While he was working in Rome, Cardinal Godfried Danneels and the Belgian bishops appointed him rector of the Belgian Pontifical College in Rome to succeed Werner Quintens. Bishop On 28 October 2008, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Bonny bishop of the Diocese of Antwerp. He chose as his bishop's motto The Lamb will be their shepherd (Latin: Agnus pascet illos). On 4 January 2009, Bonny was consecrated a bishop in the Our Lady Cathedral by Danneels, assisted by Bishops Paul Van den Berghe and Roger Vangheluwe in presence of various religious and civil dignitaries, including Cardinal Walter Kasper and Archbishops Wim Eijk and André-Joseph Léonard. In December 2014 Bonny called for Church recognition of gay relationships. He said: "There should be recognition of a diversity of forms. We have to look inside the Church for a formal recognition of the kind of interpersonal relationship that is also present in many gay couples. Just as there are a variety of legal frameworks for partners in civil society, one must arrive at a diversity of forms in the Church....The intrinsic values are more important to me than the institutional question. The Christian ethic is based on lasting relationships where exclusivity, loyalty, and care are central to each other." In September he wrote a letter in preparation for the Synod on the family that October. He stressed that the Church urgently needs to connect with contemporary society, showing more respect for homosexuality, divorced people and modern kinds of relationships. In January 2015 he received an award from çavaria, the association of Flemish LGBT organisations, for his call for acceptance. Bonny however said the award was unnecessary. Bonny said because Pope Francis has not voiced specific opposition to the Flemish bishops' decision to bless same-sex unions, he has taken that as tacit approval. Bonny said he had "two conversations" with Francis from which he inferred he knew that the Flemish bishops were "not going against the Pope". Bonny said Fiducia supplicans “helps us move forward.” References ^ "50 jaar Sint-Janscollege: lezing van Johan Bonny" (in Dutch). Sint-Janscollege. 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2009. ^ a b c d e f "Portret van de toekomstige bisschop" . Kerknet (in Dutch). 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2009.) ^ Danneels, Godfried (4 January 2009). "Homilie door kardinaal Godfried Danneels" (PDF). Kerknet (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2009. ^ "Belgian bishop advocates church recognition of gay relationships". National Catholic Reporter. 30 December 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2019. ^ "Bisschop Bonny wint holebiprijs: "Geen prijs nodig voor wat tot mijn zending behoort"". De Morgen. 18 January 2015. ^ Pentin, Edward (19 May 2023). "Belgian Bishop Bonny: Our Decision to Bless Same-Sex Unions Is "Not Going Against the Pope"". Retrieved 4 September 2023. ^ ‘Accommodation’ or ‘evangelization?’ What accounts for regional differences on 'Fiducia supplicans'? Additional sources Bonny, Johan (28 April 2004). "Relations Between the Catholic Church and Ancient Churches of the East". L'Osservatore Romano. Holy See. p. 10. Retrieved 3 January 2009. Bonny, Johan (2001). "Christian Witness and Ecumenism in a Society with a Muslim Majority". Focus. 31 (3). Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Johan Bonny. "Portret van de toekomstige bisschop" . Kerknet - De website van de kerk in Vlaanderen (in Dutch). 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Progress in Dialogue Between Holy See and Greek Orthodox Church, interview with E.H. Johan Bonny, April 2003 Report of The Fourth Meeting of the International Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches, Rome, 28 January tot 3 February 2007 Radio Vatikan (29 October 2008). "Vatikan: Ökumene-Experte wird Bischof von Antwerpen" (in German). vteCatholic Bishops in BelgiumEcclesiastical Provinceof Mechelen–Brussels Luc Terlinden (Mechelen-Brussels and Military ordinariate) Johan Bonny (Antwerp) Lode Aerts (Bruges) Lode Van Hecke (Ghent) Patrick Hoogmartens (Hasselt) Jean-Pierre Delville (Liège) Pierre Warin (Namur) Guy Harpigny (Tournai) Catholicism portal Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Belgium United States Netherlands Vatican Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"}],"text":"Johan Jozef Bonny (born 10 July 1955) is a Belgian prelate of the Catholic Church who has been the bishop of Antwerp in Belgium since 2009.","title":"Johan Bonny"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Moere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moere"},{"link_name":"Gistel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gistel"},{"link_name":"Eernegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eernegem"},{"link_name":"Sint-Janscollege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Ghent"},{"link_name":"Meldert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Meldert,_Flemish_Brabant&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meldert_(Vlaams-Brabant)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bruges seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_seminary"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-2"}],"text":"Johan Bonny was born in Moere (Gistel) on 10 July 1955, the oldest of five children born to Gustaaf Bonny and Marie-Jeanne Lootens, farmers. He attended primary school in Eernegem and Moere, lower secondary school at the Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Gistel College and higher secondary education at Sint-Janscollege in Meldert [nl].[1] In 1973 he entered the Bruges seminary.[2]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Bruges"},{"link_name":"l'Arche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Arche"},{"link_name":"Moerkerke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moerkerke"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-2"},{"link_name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KU_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Grand Seminary in Bruges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruges_seminary"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Gregorian University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Gregorian_University"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-2"},{"link_name":"dogmatic theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogmatic_theology"},{"link_name":"ecumenism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecumenism"},{"link_name":"Albert Deblaere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albert_Deblaere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Deblaere"},{"link_name":"John of Ruysbroeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_of_Ruysbroeck"},{"link_name":"Roger Vangheluwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Vangheluwe"},{"link_name":"Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_Council_for_Promoting_Christian_Unity"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-2"},{"link_name":"Oriental Orthodox Churches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches"},{"link_name":"Coptic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coptic_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Syriac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"Armenian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armenian_Church"},{"link_name":"Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malankara_Orthodox_Syrian_Church"},{"link_name":"Assyrian Church of the East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East"},{"link_name":"Taizé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiz%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"L'Arche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Arche"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KN-2"},{"link_name":"Godfried Danneels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfried_Danneels"},{"link_name":"Belgian Pontifical College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgian_Pontifical_College"},{"link_name":"Werner Quintens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Quintens"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"On 20 July 1980, he was ordained priest by Emiel-Jozef De Smedt, Bishop of Bruges. Bonny helped found a l'Arche community in Moerkerke[2] and remained attached to it as a priest.He obtained a bachelor's degree in philosophy in 1976 from the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, a bachelor's degree in theology in 1979 from the Grand Seminary in Bruges, and in 1981 a licentiate in theology from the Pontifical Gregorian University in Rome. De Smedt then appointed him archivist and professor at the Seminary in Bruges,[2] where he taught Church history, dogmatic theology, ecumenism and spirituality. At the same time, he worked with the renowned expert in Christian mystics Albert Deblaere [nl]. In 1988, he obtained a doctorate in theology from the Gregorian with a thesis on the Flemish mystic John of Ruysbroeck, entitled \"Het ghemeyne leven in de werken van Jan van Ruusbroec\" (English: The \"common life\" in the works of John of Ruysbroeck). In 1985 Roger Vangheluwe appointed him director of the department of theology and, in 1991, spiritual director of the Bruges seminary.On 5 June 1997 he was appointed collaborator to the Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity,[2] where he was responsible for ecumenical relations between the Catholic Church and the Orthodox churches, mainly in the Middle East.[2] He took part in theological dialogue with the Oriental Orthodox Churches, including the Coptic, Syriac, Armenian and Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church) and the Assyrian Church of the East. He also maintained the relationship between the council and a number of communities or movements, such as Taizé and L'Arche.[2] While he was working in Rome, Cardinal Godfried Danneels and the Belgian bishops appointed him rector of the Belgian Pontifical College in Rome to succeed Werner Quintens.[citation needed]","title":"Priest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pope Benedict XVI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_(Antwerp)"},{"link_name":"Paul Van den Berghe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Van_den_Berghe"},{"link_name":"Roger Vangheluwe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Vangheluwe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Walter Kasper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kasper"},{"link_name":"Wim Eijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wim_Eijk"},{"link_name":"André-Joseph Léonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Joseph_L%C3%A9onard"},{"link_name":"recognition of gay relationships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blessing_of_same-sex_unions_in_Christian_churches"},{"link_name":"Synod on the family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_General_Assembly_of_the_Synod_of_Bishops"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Francis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Francis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fiducia supplicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiducia_supplicans"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On 28 October 2008, Pope Benedict XVI appointed Bonny bishop of the Diocese of Antwerp. He chose as his bishop's motto The Lamb will be their shepherd (Latin: Agnus pascet illos). On 4 January 2009, Bonny was consecrated a bishop in the Our Lady Cathedral by Danneels, assisted by Bishops Paul Van den Berghe and Roger Vangheluwe[3] in presence of various religious and civil dignitaries, including Cardinal Walter Kasper and Archbishops Wim Eijk and André-Joseph Léonard.In December 2014 Bonny called for Church recognition of gay relationships. He said: \"There should be recognition of a diversity of forms. We have to look inside the Church for a formal recognition of the kind of interpersonal relationship that is also present in many gay couples. Just as there are a variety of legal frameworks for partners in civil society, one must arrive at a diversity of forms in the Church....The intrinsic values are more important to me than the institutional question. The Christian ethic is based on lasting relationships where exclusivity, loyalty, and care are central to each other.\" In September he wrote a letter in preparation for the Synod on the family that October. He stressed that the Church urgently needs to connect with contemporary society, showing more respect for homosexuality, divorced people and modern kinds of relationships.[4]In January 2015 he received an award from çavaria, the association of Flemish LGBT organisations, for his call for acceptance. Bonny however said the award was unnecessary.[5]Bonny said because Pope Francis has not voiced specific opposition to the Flemish bishops' decision to bless same-sex unions, he has taken that as tacit approval. Bonny said he had \"two conversations\" with Francis from which he inferred he knew that the Flemish bishops were \"not going against the Pope\".[6]Bonny said Fiducia supplicans “helps us move forward.”[7]","title":"Bishop"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"50 jaar Sint-Janscollege: lezing van Johan Bonny\" (in Dutch). Sint-Janscollege. 2007. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120220001132/http://www.sint-janscollege-meldert.be/html/sjm50/bonnycv.html","url_text":"\"50 jaar Sint-Janscollege: lezing van Johan Bonny\""},{"url":"http://www.sint-janscollege-meldert.be/html/sjm50/bonnycv.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portret van de toekomstige bisschop\" [Portrait of the future bishop]. Kerknet (in Dutch). 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015. Retrieved 3 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613064345/http://www.kerknet.be/bisdomantwerpen/content.php?ID=6958","url_text":"\"Portret van de toekomstige bisschop\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerknet","url_text":"Kerknet"},{"url":"http://www.kerknet.be/bisdomantwerpen/content.php?ID=6958","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Danneels, Godfried (4 January 2009). \"Homilie door kardinaal Godfried Danneels\" [Homily by Cardinal Godfried Daneels] (PDF). Kerknet (in Dutch). Retrieved 6 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kerknet.be/admin/files/assets/documenten/02_homilie_kardinaal_danneels.pdf","url_text":"\"Homilie door kardinaal Godfried Danneels\""}]},{"reference":"\"Belgian bishop advocates church recognition of gay relationships\". National Catholic Reporter. 30 December 2014. Retrieved 31 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncronline.org/news/parish/belgian-bishop-advocates-church-recognition-gay-relationships","url_text":"\"Belgian bishop advocates church recognition of gay relationships\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bisschop Bonny wint holebiprijs: \"Geen prijs nodig voor wat tot mijn zending behoort\"\". De Morgen. 18 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/bisschop-bonny-wint-holebiprijs-geen-prijs-nodig-voor-wat-tot-mijn-zending-behoort-a2185848/","url_text":"\"Bisschop Bonny wint holebiprijs: \"Geen prijs nodig voor wat tot mijn zending behoort\"\""}]},{"reference":"Pentin, Edward (19 May 2023). \"Belgian Bishop Bonny: Our Decision to Bless Same-Sex Unions Is \"Not Going Against the Pope\"\". Retrieved 4 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncregister.com/blog/bishop-bonny-same-sex-unions","url_text":"\"Belgian Bishop Bonny: Our Decision to Bless Same-Sex Unions Is \"Not Going Against the Pope\"\""}]},{"reference":"Bonny, Johan (28 April 2004). \"Relations Between the Catholic Church and Ancient Churches of the East\". L'Osservatore Romano. Holy See. p. 10. Retrieved 3 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/CHANEAST.HTM","url_text":"\"Relations Between the Catholic Church and Ancient Churches of the East\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano","url_text":"L'Osservatore Romano"}]},{"reference":"Bonny, Johan (2001). \"Christian Witness and Ecumenism in a Society with a Muslim Majority\". Focus. 31 (3). Archived from the original on 17 June 2008. Retrieved 3 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617223120/http://www.sedos.org/english/bonny.htm","url_text":"\"Christian Witness and Ecumenism in a Society with a Muslim Majority\""},{"url":"http://www.sedos.org/english/bonny.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Portret van de toekomstige bisschop\" [Portrait of the future bishop]. Kerknet - De website van de kerk in Vlaanderen (in Dutch). 2008. Archived from the original on 13 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613064345/http://www.kerknet.be/bisdomantwerpen/content.php?ID=6958","url_text":"\"Portret van de toekomstige bisschop\""},{"url":"http://www.kerknet.be/bisdomantwerpen/content.php?ID=6958","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Radio Vatikan (29 October 2008). \"Vatikan: Ökumene-Experte wird Bischof von Antwerpen\" (in German).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org/ted/Articolo.asp?c=241019","url_text":"\"Vatikan: Ökumene-Experte wird Bischof von Antwerpen\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120220001132/http://www.sint-janscollege-meldert.be/html/sjm50/bonnycv.html","external_links_name":"\"50 jaar Sint-Janscollege: lezing van Johan Bonny\""},{"Link":"http://www.sint-janscollege-meldert.be/html/sjm50/bonnycv.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613064345/http://www.kerknet.be/bisdomantwerpen/content.php?ID=6958","external_links_name":"\"Portret van de toekomstige bisschop\""},{"Link":"http://www.kerknet.be/bisdomantwerpen/content.php?ID=6958","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.kerknet.be/admin/files/assets/documenten/02_homilie_kardinaal_danneels.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Homilie door kardinaal Godfried Danneels\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncronline.org/news/parish/belgian-bishop-advocates-church-recognition-gay-relationships","external_links_name":"\"Belgian bishop advocates church recognition of gay relationships\""},{"Link":"https://www.demorgen.be/binnenland/bisschop-bonny-wint-holebiprijs-geen-prijs-nodig-voor-wat-tot-mijn-zending-behoort-a2185848/","external_links_name":"\"Bisschop Bonny wint holebiprijs: \"Geen prijs nodig voor wat tot mijn zending behoort\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncregister.com/blog/bishop-bonny-same-sex-unions","external_links_name":"\"Belgian Bishop Bonny: Our Decision to Bless Same-Sex Unions Is \"Not Going Against the Pope\"\""},{"Link":"https://www.pillarcatholic.com/p/accommodation-or-evangelization-what","external_links_name":"‘Accommodation’ or ‘evangelization?’ What accounts for regional differences on 'Fiducia supplicans'?"},{"Link":"http://www.ewtn.com/library/Theology/CHANEAST.HTM","external_links_name":"\"Relations Between the Catholic Church and Ancient Churches of the East\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080617223120/http://www.sedos.org/english/bonny.htm","external_links_name":"\"Christian Witness and Ecumenism in a Society with a Muslim Majority\""},{"Link":"http://www.sedos.org/english/bonny.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150613064345/http://www.kerknet.be/bisdomantwerpen/content.php?ID=6958","external_links_name":"\"Portret van de toekomstige bisschop\""},{"Link":"http://www.kerknet.be/bisdomantwerpen/content.php?ID=6958","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.orthodox-christian-comment.co.uk/news-dialogueholyseeandgreekorthodoxchurch.htm","external_links_name":"Progress in Dialogue Between Holy See and Greek Orthodox Church"},{"Link":"https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_20070202_report-iv-meeting_en.html","external_links_name":"Report of The Fourth Meeting of the International Joint Commission for Theological Dialogue Between the Catholic Church and the Oriental Orthodox Churches"},{"Link":"http://www.oecumene.radiovaticana.org/ted/Articolo.asp?c=241019","external_links_name":"\"Vatikan: Ökumene-Experte wird Bischof von Antwerpen\""},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000006631138X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/33451643","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxmBB4qTP4gMjXVmxvT73","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169239365","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169239365","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1064683878","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14110831","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85298314","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p07482242X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/158985","external_links_name":"Vatican"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/182803171","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Don%27t_Think_I%27m_Ready_for_You	I Don't Think I'm Ready for You	["1 Chart performance","2 References"]	1985 single by Anne Murray"I Don't Think I'm Ready for You"Single by Anne Murrayfrom the album Heart Over Mind B-side"Take Good Care of My Heart"ReleasedApril 1985GenreCountryLength3:16LabelCapitolSongwriter(s)Steve DorffSnuff GarrettMilton BrownBilly Ray ReynoldsProducer(s)Jim Ed NormanAnne Murray singles chronology "Time Don't Run Out on Me" (1985) "I Don't Think I'm Ready for You" (1985) "Now and Forever (You and Me)" (1986) "I Don't Think I'm Ready for You" is a song recorded by Canadian country music artist Anne Murray. It was released in April 1985 as the third single from her album Heart Over Mind. The song reached number 4 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in August 1985. The song was written by Steve Dorff, Snuff Garrett, Milton Brown and Billy Ray Reynolds. Chart performance Chart (1985) Peakposition Canadian RPM Country Tracks 4 Canadian RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks 2 U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles 7 U.S. Billboard Hot Adult Contemporary Tracks 30 References ^ a b "RPM Country Tracks for August 10, 1985". RPM. Retrieved February 3, 2012. ^ "RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks for July 27, 1985". RPM. Retrieved February 3, 2012. ^ "Anne Murray Hot Country Songs Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2012. ^ "Anne Murray Adult Contemporary Chart History". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2012. vteAnne MurrayStudio albums What About Me This Way Is My Way Honey, Wheat and Laughter Straight, Clean and Simple Talk It Over in the Morning Anne Murray / Glen Campbell Annie Danny's Song Love Song Highly Prized Possession Together Keeping in Touch There's a Hippo in My Tub Let's Keep It That Way New Kind of Feeling I'll Always Love You Somebody's Waiting Where Do You Go When You Dream The Hottest Night of the Year A Little Good News Heart over Mind Something to Talk About Harmony As I Am You Will Yes I Do Croonin' Anne Murray What a Wonderful World Country Croonin' I'll Be Seeing You Anne Murray Duets: Friends & Legends Christmas albums Christmas Wishes What a Wonderful Christmas Anne Murray's Christmas Album Compilations Snowbird Country A Country Collection Anne Murray's Greatest Hits Greatest Hits Volume II 15 of the Best The Best... So Far All of Me No. 1 singles "Snowbird" "Sing High, Sing Low" "A Stranger in My Place" "It Takes Time" "Talk It Over in the Morning" "I Say a Little Prayer/By the Time I Get to Phoenix" "Cotton Jenny" "Danny's Song" "What About Me" "A Love Song" "He Thinks I Still Care" "Son of a Rotten Gambler" "You Won't See Me" "You Needed Me" "I Just Fall in Love Again" "Shadows in the Moonlight" "Broken Hearted Me" "Daydream Believer" "Lucky Me" "I'm Happy Just to Dance with You" "Could I Have This Dance" "Blessed Are the Believers" "We Don't Have to Hold Out" "It's All I Can Do" "Another Sleepless Night" "Hey! Baby" "Somebody's Always Saying Goodbye" "A Little Good News" "Just Another Woman in Love" "Nobody Loves Me Like You Do" (with Dave Loggins) "Time Don't Run Out on Me" "Now and Forever (You and Me)" Other songs "Thirsty Boots" "Put Your Hand in the Hand" "Night Owl" "Robbie's Song for Jesus" "Everything's Been Changed" "Send a Little Love My Way" "Just One Look" "Day Tripper" "Uproar" "Sunday Sunrise" "The Call" "Golden Oldie" "Things" "Walk Right Back" "Hold Me Tight" "That's Not the Way (It's S'posed to Be)" "I Don't Think I'm Ready for You" "Who's Leaving Who" "Are You Still in Love with Me" "Anyone Can Do the Heartbreak" "Perfect Strangers" "If I Ever Fall in Love Again" (with Kenny Rogers) "Feed This Fire" "Bluebird" "I Can See Arkansas" "Make Love to Me" "The Wayward Wind" "Born to Be with You" "Over You" "That's What My Love Is For" "That's the Way It Goes" "What a Wonderful World" Related articles Discography "Tears Are Not Enough" Category Authority control databases MusicBrainz work	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Anne Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Murray"},{"link_name":"Heart Over Mind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_Over_Mind_(Anne_Murray_album)"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rpm-1"},{"link_name":"Steve Dorff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Dorff"},{"link_name":"Snuff Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snuff_Garrett"}],"text":"\"I Don't Think I'm Ready for You\" is a song recorded by Canadian country music artist Anne Murray. It was released in April 1985 as the third single from her album Heart Over Mind. The song reached number 4 on the RPM Country Tracks chart in August 1985.[1] The song was written by Steve Dorff, Snuff Garrett, Milton Brown and Billy Ray Reynolds.","title":"I Don't Think I'm Ready for You"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Chart performance"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"RPM Country Tracks for August 10, 1985\". RPM. Retrieved February 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0558&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=gpmsae1kbj5nl95nivmvsggem4","url_text":"\"RPM Country Tracks for August 10, 1985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks for July 27, 1985\". RPM. Retrieved February 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9327&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=gpmsae1kbj5nl95nivmvsggem4","url_text":"\"RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks for July 27, 1985\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)","url_text":"RPM"}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Murray Hot Country Songs Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/anne-murray/chart-history/country-songs","url_text":"\"Anne Murray Hot Country Songs Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"Anne Murray Adult Contemporary Chart History\". Billboard. Retrieved February 3, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/anne-murray/chart-history/adult-contemporary","url_text":"\"Anne Murray Adult Contemporary Chart History\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.0558&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=gpmsae1kbj5nl95nivmvsggem4","external_links_name":"\"RPM Country Tracks for August 10, 1985\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&file_num=nlc008388.9327&type=1&interval=24&PHPSESSID=gpmsae1kbj5nl95nivmvsggem4","external_links_name":"\"RPM Adult Contemporary Tracks for July 27, 1985\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/anne-murray/chart-history/country-songs","external_links_name":"\"Anne Murray Hot Country Songs Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/anne-murray/chart-history/adult-contemporary","external_links_name":"\"Anne Murray Adult Contemporary Chart History\""},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/work/446f5fa0-2266-4997-b17f-ab0c168b0069","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz work"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Will_of_Their_Own	A Will of Their Own	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "A Will of Their Own" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) American TV series or program A Will of Their OwnWritten bySusan NanusSusan ShreveLynn RothDirected byKaren ArthurStarringLea ThompsonEllen BurstynFaye DunawayThomas GibsonTheme music composerDavid Michael FrankCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes2ProductionProducersElliot FriedgenSusan NanusCinematographyTom NeuwirthEditorTina HirschRunning time225 minutesOriginal releaseReleaseOctober 18, 1998 (1998-10-18) A Will of their Own is a 1998 American television miniseries directed by Karen Arthur. The film follows six generations of females within one family, and their struggle for power and independence in America. The film debuted on October 18, 1998, on the NBC network to strong critical reviews. It was released to DVD late 2003. Plot The film begins in the 1890s and ends in the 1980s. Annie Jermaine (Reiko Aylesworth) immigrates from Europe to America where she becomes a housemaid for a wealthy doctor. She breaks class restrictions when she marries the doctor's son and begins training as a nurse. However, she is unable to utilize her knowledge due to the popular belief that women were not capable of practicing medicine. Amanda Steward (Lea Thompson) is a young woman who aspires to become a photographer but is turned down because she is a woman. She goes through life in trying to help women and make them stronger. Sarah (Paris Jefferson) faces difficulties being the wife of a powerful U.S. senator. Susan (Charlotte Ross) is a hippie who becomes a doctor and later opens up a health clinic for battered women. Jessie (Sônia Braga) is a farm worker who walked the fields of the San Joaquin Valley for nearly half a century. She is the first female organizer for the United Farm Workers. Seeing those around her struggle and sometimes die because of poor living and working conditions, she wanted to help and joined César Chávez to make a change. Cast Lea Thompson.....Amanda Steward Ellen Burstyn.....Veronica Steward Faye Dunaway.....Margaret Sanger Thomas Gibson.....James MacClaren Sônia Braga..... Jessie Lopez De La Cruz Reiko Aylesworth.....Annie Jermaine Tovah Feldshuh.....Mrs. Rubenstein Paris Jefferson.....Sarah Charlotte Ross.....Susan Eric McCormack.....Pierce Peterson Diana Scarwid.....Crystal Eastman John Shea.....Dr. Jonathan Abbott Lew Keathley.....Doorman at the Waldorf Astoria Awards and nominations Motion Picture Sound Editors Nominated, "Best Sound Editing - Television Mini-Series - Dialogue & ADR unknown" Nominated, "Best Sound Editing - Television Mini-Series - Music unknown" References External links A Will of Their Own at IMDb A Will of Their Own at AllMovie A Will of Their Own at the TCM Movie Database vteFilms directed by Karen Arthur Legacy (1975) The Mafu Cage (1978) Charleston (1979) Return to Eden (1983) Victims for Victims: The Theresa Saldana Story (1984) A Bunny's Tale (1985) The Rape of Richard Beck (1985) Crossings (1986) Cracked Up (1987) Lady Beware (1987) Evil in Clear River (1988) Bridge to Silence (1989) Blue Bayou (1990) Fall from Grace (1990) Project: Tinman (1990) Bump in the Night (1991) Shadow of a Doubt (1991) The Secret (1992) The Jacksons: An American Dream (1992) The Disappearance of Christina (1993) Against Their Will (1994) Love and Betrayal: The Mia Farrow Story (1995) Journey of the Heart (1997) True Women (1997) The Staircase (1998) Labor of Love (1998) A Will of Their Own (1998) The Lost Child (2000) Passion and Prejudice (2001) The Song of the Lark (2001) The Locket (2002) The Christmas Blessing (2005) Moonlight and Mistletoe (2008) Artists of the Bahamas (2008) This article related to an American TV movie is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"NBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBC"}],"text":"American TV series or programA Will of their Own is a 1998 American television miniseries directed by Karen Arthur. The film follows six generations of females within one family, and their struggle for power and independence in America. The film debuted on October 18, 1998, on the NBC network to strong critical reviews. It was released to DVD late 2003.","title":"A Will of Their Own"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Reiko Aylesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiko_Aylesworth"},{"link_name":"Lea Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Ross"},{"link_name":"Sônia Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4nia_Braga"},{"link_name":"United Farm Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Farm_Workers"},{"link_name":"César Chávez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Ch%C3%A1vez"}],"text":"The film begins in the 1890s and ends in the 1980s.Annie Jermaine (Reiko Aylesworth) immigrates from Europe to America where she becomes a housemaid for a wealthy doctor. She breaks class restrictions when she marries the doctor's son and begins training as a nurse. However, she is unable to utilize her knowledge due to the popular belief that women were not capable of practicing medicine.Amanda Steward (Lea Thompson) is a young woman who aspires to become a photographer but is turned down because she is a woman. She goes through life in trying to help women and make them stronger.Sarah (Paris Jefferson) faces difficulties being the wife of a powerful U.S. senator.Susan (Charlotte Ross) is a hippie who becomes a doctor and later opens up a health clinic for battered women.Jessie (Sônia Braga) is a farm worker who walked the fields of the San Joaquin Valley for nearly half a century. She is the first female organizer for the United Farm Workers. Seeing those around her struggle and sometimes die because of poor living and working conditions, she wanted to help and joined César Chávez to make a change.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lea Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lea_Thompson"},{"link_name":"Ellen Burstyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Burstyn"},{"link_name":"Faye Dunaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faye_Dunaway"},{"link_name":"Thomas Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Gibson"},{"link_name":"Sônia Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B4nia_Braga"},{"link_name":"Jessie Lopez De La Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessie_Lopez_De_La_Cruz"},{"link_name":"Reiko Aylesworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reiko_Aylesworth"},{"link_name":"Tovah Feldshuh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovah_Feldshuh"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Ross"},{"link_name":"Eric McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_McCormack"},{"link_name":"Diana Scarwid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diana_Scarwid"},{"link_name":"John Shea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shea"},{"link_name":"Lew Keathley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lew_Keathley&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Lea Thompson.....Amanda Steward\nEllen Burstyn.....Veronica Steward\nFaye Dunaway.....Margaret Sanger\nThomas Gibson.....James MacClaren\nSônia Braga..... Jessie Lopez De La Cruz\nReiko Aylesworth.....Annie Jermaine\nTovah Feldshuh.....Mrs. Rubenstein\nParis Jefferson.....Sarah\nCharlotte Ross.....Susan\nEric McCormack.....Pierce Peterson\nDiana Scarwid.....Crystal Eastman\nJohn Shea.....Dr. Jonathan Abbott\nLew Keathley.....Doorman at the Waldorf Astoria","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Motion Picture Sound Editors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motion_Picture_Sound_Editors"}],"text":"Motion Picture Sound EditorsNominated, \"Best Sound Editing - Television Mini-Series - Dialogue & ADR unknown\"\nNominated, \"Best Sound Editing - Television Mini-Series - Music unknown\"","title":"Awards and nominations"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22A+Will+of+Their+Own%22","external_links_name":"\"A Will of Their Own\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22A+Will+of+Their+Own%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22A+Will+of+Their+Own%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22A+Will+of+Their+Own%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22A+Will+of+Their+Own%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22A+Will+of+Their+Own%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0149441/","external_links_name":"A Will of Their Own"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v172999","external_links_name":"A Will of Their Own"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/454356/enwp","external_links_name":"A Will of Their Own"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=A_Will_of_Their_Own&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_pipistrelle	Tricolored bat	["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Biology and ecology","3.1 Reproduction and life cycle","3.2 Behavior","3.3 Diet and foraging","3.4 Predators, parasites, and disease","4 Range and habitat","5 Conservation","6 Relationship to people","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]	Species of bat Tricolored bat A tricolored bat captured near Arnold Air Force Base in 2022 Conservation status Vulnerable (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Tribe: Perimyotini Genus: PerimyotisMenu, 1984 Species: P. subflavus Binomial name Perimyotis subflavus(F. Cuvier, 1832) Range of tricolored bat (in yellow) Synonyms Vespertilio subflavus F. Cuvier, 1832 Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832) The tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) or American perimyotis is a species of microbat native to eastern North America. Formerly known as the eastern pipistrelle, based on the incorrect belief that it was closely related to European Pipistrellus species, the closest known relative of the tricolored bat is now recognized as the canyon bat. Its common name "tricolored bat" derives from the coloration of the hairs on its back, which have three distinct color bands. It is the smallest bat species in the eastern and midwestern US, with individuals weighing only 4.6–7.9 g (0.16–0.28 oz). This species mates in the fall before hibernation, though due to sperm storage, females do not become pregnant until the spring. Young are born helpless, though rapidly develop, flying and foraging for themselves by four weeks old. It has a relatively long lifespan, and can live nearly fifteen years. In the summer, females roost in small groups and males roost solitarily in tree foliage or beard lichen. It eats a diverse array of insects, foraging with a slow, erratic flight and navigating via echolocation. Though once considered one of the most common bat species in its range, its populations have declined rapidly since 2006 with the introduction of the fungal disease white-nose syndrome. It was listed as an endangered species in 2012 in Canada, and has been petitioned for inclusion on the US endangered species list. Along with the silver-haired bat, the tricolored bat is one of two bat species whose rabies variants have most frequently been implicated in human rabies deaths in the US, with sixteen deaths from 1958–2000. Taxonomy A tricolored bat The tricolored bat was described as a new species in 1832 by French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier, who placed it in the genus Vespertilio with a scientific name of Vespertilio subflavus. The holotype had been collected in the US state of Georgia by American naturalist John Eatton Le Conte. In 1897, American zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. placed it in the genus Pipistrellus for the first time as a result of its physical similarities to other members of the genus. Its common name was thus the "eastern pipistrelle". In 1984 its status was reviewed, with H. Menu concluding that it was more similar in appearance to species in the genus Myotis rather than Pipistrellus, erecting a new genus for the taxon: Perimyotis. The name "Perimyotis" means "around Myotis", alluding to its similarities with the genus. This classification was not immediately accepted, however, with a 1985 study instead grouping it and the canyon bat into the genus Parastrellus and a 1987 publication maintaining that the tricolored bat was part of the Pipistrellus genus, though they listed Perimyotis as one of seven subgenera. However, in 2003, a genetic study concluded that the tricolored bat was distinct from Pipistrellus species (and the canyon bat), confirming the validity of the genus Perimyotis. Usage of the scientific name Perimyotis subflavus is widely accepted as of 2019. Its common name was changed from "eastern pipistrelle" to "tricolored bat" to reflect its revised classification. A 2010 study found that the sister taxon of the tricolored bat is the canyon bat, with the authors suggesting that these two genera form a tribe, though declining to name and formally describe the tribe. Instead, they referred to it as the "perimyotine group", which they gave as the most basal member of a clade that also included the following tribes: Nycticeiini, Eptesicini, Vespertilioni, and another unnamed tribe referred to as the "hysugine group" (including Chalinolobus, Hypsugo, Laephotis, Neoromicia, Nycticeinops, Tylonycteris, and Vespadelus). The tribe was later described as Perimyotini. Its species name "subflavus" means "a little less than yellow", meaning yellowish or pale yellow. Four subspecies are recognized: P. s. clarus (Baker, 1954) P. s. floridanus (Davis, 1957) P. s. subflavus (Cuvier, 1832) P. s. veraecrucis (Ward, 1891) Description The tricolored bat has blond fur that is distinctly tricolored on its back. Individual hairs tricolored: dark gray at the base, buffy (yellowish brown) in the middle, and brown or reddish brown at the tip. It is the smallest bat species found in the eastern and midwestern US. Individuals have a forearm length of 31.4–34.1 mm (1.24–1.34 in) and weigh 4.6–7.9 g (0.16–0.28 oz). Its forearms are reddish, contrasting sharply with the black membranes of its wings. Its wingspan is 21–26 cm (8.3–10.2 in). It has a dental formula of 2.1.2.33.1.2.3 for a total of 34 teeth. Biology and ecology Reproduction and life cycle The tricolored bat is a seasonal breeder, with copulation (mating) occurring in the fall before hibernation. Ovulation does not occur until the spring, however, and females store the males' sperm in their uteruses through the winter. Gestation (pregnancy) length is about forty-four days, with females giving birth in June or July. The litter size is typically two individuals. As newborns, the combined mass of twin pups can be as great as 58% of the mother's postpartum mass. At birth, the young lack fur and their eyes are closed. The mother leaves the offspring behind at the roost while she forages at night. Offspring develop rapidly, beginning to fly at three weeks old. By four weeks old, they are foraging for themselves. Young do not reach sexual maturity in their first fall; they do not breed until their second fall. Individuals can live at least 14.8 years in the wild; juveniles have higher mortality rates than adults, and females have higher mortality rates than males. Behavior During the summer, the tricolored bat will roost in tree foliage or buildings, with females alone or in maternity colonies of up to thirty individuals. Trees used for this purpose include oak, maple, the eastern cottonwood, and American tulip tree. Males are solitary and do not form colonies. In Nova Scotia, researchers discovered nearly one hundred roosts of this species, finding that all sampled individuals were roosting not in tree foliage, but rather in a species of beard lichen, Usnea trichodea. This was thought to be the first documentation of a bat using beard lichen as a roosting substrate. It was speculated that the tricolored bat may use the lichen to ward off parasites. Usnic acid, which has anti-insect and anti-bacterial properties, naturally occurs in beard lichens, and no ectoparasites (external parasites) have been documented on the tricolored bat in Nova Scotia. In the winter, the tricolored bat hibernates in mines, caves, or other human structures. A years-long study of a mine in the US state of Nebraska found that in the summer, the mine was mostly occupied by males. Total number of tricolored bats using the mine at one time ranged from zero to forty-three. Bats were in a state of torpor from November to April. More bats used the mine as a roost in the winter than in the summer. In another abandoned mine in the US state of Indiana, researchers found that the tricolored bat roosts solitarily during hibernation for the majority of the time (96.8% of observations were singletons). During hibernation, males lose an average of 2.65 g (0.093 oz), while females lose an average of 2.5 g (0.088 oz). Diet and foraging The tricolored bat is insectivorous, consuming small prey of 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) in length. Prey taxa include mosquitoes, beetles, ants, moths, and cicadas. It forages with slow, erratic flight in areas near water or forest edges. It is one of the first bat species to begin foraging each night. It navigates and searches for prey via echolocation (sonar). Its echolocation calls are at a high frequency; visual renderings of the calls show a distinctive hook-shaped call profile, with the lowest frequencies (bottom of the hook shape) at 42 kHz. Predators, parasites, and disease Tri-colored bat with tell-tale symptom of white-nose syndrome infection The tricolored bat's natural predators include the northern leopard frog, birds of prey, raccoons, snakes, skunks, and prairie voles. Feral cats will also catch and kill them as they leave their hibernacula (cave or mine used for hibernation). There are also records of it being attacked by the hoary bat. The tricolored bat is the host to several species of endoparasites (internal parasites) and ectoparasites. Oocysts (spores) of an Eimeria species (Eimeria heidti ) have been recovered from its guano (feces). The tricolored bat has experienced severe population decline as a result of the fungal disease white-nose syndrome, which arrived in the US in 2006, with losses of 70% and greater detected in multiple US states. The disease kills bats by colonizing their skin during the winter, causing them to arouse from torpor and burn through their limited fat reserves. Though its population experienced dramatic reduction, subsequent studies have found that their numbers may be stabilizing, though hibernacula where many individuals once roosted may only host fewer than five bats, or even one solitarily. Range and habitat The tricolored bat is common throughout eastern North America, with the southern extent of its range in Central America and the northern extent in southern Canada. Its range has expanded since the 1980s, with westward expansion reaching the US states of Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Additionally, its range started to include the Great Lakes Basin. Conservation As of 2018, it is listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. In 2008, however, it was considered a least-concern species, which is the IUCN's lowest conservation priority. In the time between the two assessments, the fungal disease white-nose syndrome became widespread in eastern North America, severely impacting the tricolored bat. Historically, it was one of the most common bat species of eastern North America. After an emergency assessment, the tricolored bat is considered an endangered species under the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as of 2012. In 2016, the Center for Biological Diversity and Defenders of Wildlife submitted a petition to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to list the tricolored bat under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The USFWS determined that the petition demonstrated that listing the species as "threatened" or "endangered" may be warranted. In September 2022, the USFWS announced it would protect the bat as endangered under the Endangered Species Act, following a lawsuit from the Center for Biological Diversity. Relationship to people A scientist swabs the muzzle of a tricolored bat in a cave in Tennessee Along with the silver-haired bat, the tricolored bat is one of two species of bat whose rabies variants are responsible for 70% of human rabies cases from bats in the US. Additionally, the rabies virus variants associated with these two species caused 75% of cryptic rabies deaths in the US (rabies cases where the exposure route is unclear, and no bite history exists). From 1958–2000, sixteen people in the US died from the rabies variant associated with tricolored bats, or 46% of all nationwide indigenous (not acquired elsewhere) rabies fatalities. The tricolored bat is infrequently encountered by humans and submitted for rabies testing, with only thirty-one individuals tested for rabies in the US in 2017. Of those, one (3.4%) tested positive for the virus. See also Bats of Canada Bats of the United States References ^ a b c Solari, S. (2018). "Perimyotis subflavus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T17366A22123514. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17366A22123514.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021. ^ "Mammals of Texas". www.depts.ttu.edu. Texas Tech University. Retrieved 17 October 2023. ^ "Perimyotis subflavus". Bat Conservation International. Retrieved 2022-08-18. ^ Cuvier, F. (1832). "Essai de classification naturelle Des Vespertilions, et description de plusieurs especes de ce genre" . Nouvelles annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (in French). 1. ^ Miller, G. S. (1897). "Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae". North American Fauna (13): 90–92. ^ a b "Tri-colored bat". ODNR Division of Wildlife. Retrieved 3 November 2019. ^ Menu, Henri (1984). "Révision du statut de Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832). Proposition d'un taxon générique nouveau: Perimyotis nov. Gen" . Mammalia (in French). 48 (3). doi:10.1515/mamm.1984.48.3.409. S2CID 84628098. ^ Hoofer, Steven R.; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den (2003). "Molecular Phylogenetics of the Chiropteran Family Vespertilionidae". Acta Chiropterologica. 5: 1–63. doi:10.3161/001.005.s101. hdl:11244/44678. ^ a b "Perimyotis subflavus". ITIS. Retrieved 20 September 2019. ^ "Perimyotis subflavus". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. Retrieved 20 September 2019. ^ Roehrs, Zachary P.; Lack, Justin B.; Van Den Bussche, Ronald A. (2010). "Tribal phylogenetic relationships within Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (5): 1073–1092. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-A-325.1. ^ "ITIS - Report: Perimyotini". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-17. ^ a b c Long, Charles A (2008). The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin. Pensoft. p. 127. ISBN 978-954-642-303-0. ^ "Natural history: Tricolored bat". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 24 September 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h Gaona, O.; Medellín (2014). Ceballos, Gerardo (ed.). Mammals of Mexico. JHU Press. pp. 826–828. ISBN 978-1-4214-0843-9. ^ Whitaker, John O (2010). Mammals of Indiana: a field guide. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-253-00151-1. Retrieved 21 September 2019. ^ a b c d e f Eastern pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus) Species Guidance (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin DNR. 23 June 2017. PUB ER-706. Retrieved 20 September 2019. ^ a b c Fraser, Erin E.; McGuire, Liam P.; Eger, Judith L.; Longstaffe, Fred J.; Fenton, M. Brock (2012). "Evidence of Latitudinal Migration in Tri-colored Bats, Perimyotis subflavus". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31419. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731419F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031419. PMC 3284490. PMID 22384019. ^ Veilleux, Jacques Pierre; Whitaker, John O.; Veilleux, Sherry L. (2003). "Tree-Roosting Ecology of Reproductive Female Eastern Pipistrelles, Pipistrellus subflavus, in Indiana". Journal of Mammalogy. 84 (3): 1068–1075. doi:10.1644/BEM-021. ^ Poissant, Joseph A.; Broders, Hugh G.; Quinn, Greg M. (2010). "Use of lichen as a roosting substrate by Perimyotis subflavus, the tricolored bat, in Nova Scotia". Écoscience. 17 (4): 372–378. Bibcode:2010Ecosc..17..372P. doi:10.2980/17-4-3352. S2CID 86543052. ^ Damm, Jason P.; Geluso, Keith (2008). "Use of a mine by eastern pipistrelles (Perimyotis subflavus) in east central Nebraska". Western North American Naturalist. 68 (3): 382–389. doi:10.3398/1527-0904(2008)682.0.CO;2. ISSN 1527-0904. S2CID 59330511. ^ Vincent, E. A.; Whitaker Jr, J. O. (2007). "Hibernation of the Eastern Pipistrelle Perimyotis subflavus, in an Abandoned Mine in Vermillion County, Indiana, with Some Information on Myotis lucifugus". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 116 (1). ^ a b "Species Profiles: Perimyotis subflavus". batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. Retrieved 24 September 2019. ^ Sasse, D. Blake; Weinstein, Susan; Saugey, David A. (2014). "Interspecific Aggression by a Rabid Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis)". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 50 (3): 694–695. doi:10.7589/2013-06-131. PMID 24807361. S2CID 2766160. ^ McAllister, Chris T.; Burt, Scott; Seville, R. Scott; Robison, Henry W. (2011). "A New Species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Eastern Pipistrelle, Perimyotis subflavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in Arkansas". Journal of Parasitology. 97 (5): 896–898. doi:10.1645/GE-2761.1. PMC 3254667. PMID 21506799. ^ Hoyt, Joseph R.; Langwig, Kate E.; White, J. Paul; Kaarakka, Heather M.; Redell, Jennifer A.; Parise, Katy L.; Frick, Winifred F.; Foster, Jeffrey T.; Kilpatrick, A. Marm (2019). "Field trial of a probiotic bacteria to protect bats from white-nose syndrome". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 9158. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.9158H. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-45453-z. PMC 6591354. PMID 31235813. ^ Frick, Winifred F.; Cheng, Tina L.; Langwig, Kate E.; Hoyt, Joseph R.; Janicki, Amanda F.; Parise, Katy L.; Foster, Jeffrey T.; Kilpatrick, A. Marm (2017). "Pathogen dynamics during invasion and establishment of white-nose syndrome explain mechanisms of host persistence". Ecology. 98 (3): 624–631. Bibcode:2017Ecol...98..624F. doi:10.1002/ecy.1706. PMID 27992970. ^ "Tri-colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus): technical summary and supporting information 2012". Government of Canada. February 2012. Retrieved 24 September 2019. ^ US Fish and Wildlife Service (20 December 2017). Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 90-Day Findings for Five Species (PDF) (Report). Vol. 82. Federal Register. 4500030115. ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service (September 13, 2022). "Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Endangered Species Status for Tricolored Bat" (PDF). ^ "Tricolored Bats Proposed for Endangered Species Act Protection". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 2022-09-14. ^ a b c Messenger, Sharon L.; Smith, Jean S.; Orciari, Lillian A.; Yager, Pamela A.; Rupprecht, Charles E. (2003). "Emerging Pattern of Rabies Deaths and Increased Viral Infectivity". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 9 (2): 151–154. doi:10.3201/eid0902.020083. PMC 2901935. PMID 12603983. ^ Ma, Xiaoyue; Monroe, Ben P.; Cleaton, Julie M.; Orciari, Lillian A.; Li, Yu; Kirby, Jordona D.; Chipman, Richard B.; Petersen, Brett W.; Wallace, Ryan M.; Blanton, Jesse D. (2018). "Rabies surveillance in the United States during 2017". Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association. 253 (12): 1555–1568. doi:10.2460/javma.253.12.1555. PMC 5120391. PMID 30668262. External links Media related to Pipistrellus subflavus at Wikimedia Commons Data related to Perimyotis subflavus at Wikispecies vteSpecies of subfamily Vespertilioninae Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Chiroptera Family: Vespertilionidae Aeorestes Hoary bat (A. cinereus) Big red bat (A. egregius) Hawaiian hoary bat (A. semotus) A. villosissimus AfronycterisHeller's serotine (A. helios) Banana serotine(A. nanus)Antrozous Pallid bat (A. pallidus) Arielulus Collared pipistrelle (A. aureocollaris) Black-gilded pipistrelle (A. circumdatus) Coppery pipistrelle (A. cuprosus) Social pipistrelle (A. societatis) Necklace pipistrelle (A. torquatus) Barbastella Western barbastelle (B. barbastellus) Beijing barbastelle (B. beijingensis) Eastern barbastelle (B. darjelingensis) Asian barbastelle (B. leucomelas) Bauerus Van Gelder's bat (B. dubiaquercus) Chalinolobus Large-eared pied bat (C. dwyeri) Gould's wattled bat (C. gouldii) Chocolate wattled bat (C. morio) New Caledonia wattled bat (C. neocaledonicus) Hoary wattled bat (C. nigrogriseus) Little pied bat (C. picatus) New Zealand long-tailed bat (C. tuberculatus) Corynorhinus Mexican big-eared bat (C. mexicanus) Rafinesque's big-eared bat (C. rafinesquii) Townsend's big-eared bat (C. townsendii) Dasypterus Southern yellow bat (D. ega) Cuban yellow bat (D. insularis) Northern yellow bat (D. intermedius) Western yellow bat (D. xanthinus) Eptesicus E. anatolicus Little black serotine (E. andinus) Bobrinski's serotine (E. bobrinskoi) Botta's serotine (E. bottae) Brazilian brown bat (E. brasiliensis) E. chiriquinus Diminutive serotine (E. diminutus) Surat serotine (E. dimissus) Horn-skinned bat (E. floweri) Argentine brown bat (E. furinalis) Big brown bat (E. fuscus) Gobi big brown bat (E. gobiensis) Guadeloupe big brown bat (E. guadeloupensis) Long-tailed house bat (E. hottentotus) Harmless serotine (E. innoxius) E. isabellinus E. japonensis Kobayashi's bat (E. kobayashii) E. lobatus Sind bat (E. nasutus) Northern bat (E. nilssonii) E. ognevi E. pachyomus Thick-eared bat (E. pachyotis) Lagos serotine (E. platyops) Serotine bat (E. serotinus) E. taddeii Sombre bat (E. tatei) Euderma Spotted bat (E. maculatum) Eudiscopus Disk-footed bat (E. denticulus) Falsistrellus Chocolate pipistrelle (F. affinis) Western false pipistrelle (F. mackenziei) Pungent pipistrelle (F. mordax) Peters's pipistrelle (F. petersi) Eastern false pipistrelle (F. tasmaniensis) Glauconycteris Allen's striped bat (G. alboguttata) Silvered bat (G. argentata) Beatrix's bat (G. beatrix) Curry's bat (G. curryae) Bibundi bat (G. egeria) Glen's wattled bat (G. gleni) Allen's spotted bat (G. humeralis) Kenyan wattled bat (G. kenyacola) Machado's butterfly bat (G. machadoi) Abo bat (G. poensis) Variegated butterfly bat (G. variegata) Glischropus G. aquilus G. bucephalus Javan thick-thumbed bat (G. javanus) Common thick-thumbed bat (G. tylopus) Hesperoptenus Blanford's bat (H. blanfordi) False serotine bat (H. doriae) Gaskell's false serotine (H. gaskelli) Tickell's bat (H. tickelli) Large false serotine (H. tomesi) Histiotus Strange big-eared brown bat (H. alienus) H. diaphanopterus Humboldt big-eared brown bat (H. humboldti) Thomas's big-eared brown bat (H. laephotis) Big-eared brown bat (H. macrotus) Southern big-eared brown bat (H. magellanicus) Small big-eared brown bat (H. montanus) Tropical big-eared brown bat (H. velatus) Hypsugo H. alaschanicus H. anthonyi Arabian pipistrelle (H. arabicus) Desert pipistrelle (H. ariel) H. bemainty Cadorna's pipistrelle (H. cadornae) Broad-headed pipistrelle (H. crassulus) Long-toothed pipistrelle (H. dolichodon) Eisentraut's pipistrelle (H. eisentrauti) Brown pipistrelle (H. imbricatus) Joffre's pipistrelle (H. joffrei) Red-brown pipistrelle (H. kitcheneri) Lanza's pipistrelle (H. lanzai) Burma pipistrelle (H. lophurus) Big-eared pipistrelle (H. macrotis) Mouselike pipistrelle (H. musciculus) Chinese pipistrelle (H. pulveratus) Savi's pipistrelle (H. savii) Vordermann's pipistrelle (H. vordermanni) Ia Great evening bat (I. io) Idionycteris Allen's big-eared bat (I. phyllotis) Laephotis Angolan long-eared bat (L. angolensis) Botswanan long-eared bat (L. botswanae) Namib long-eared bat (L. namibensis) De Winton's long-eared bat (L. wintoni) Lasionycteris Silver-haired bat (L. noctivagans) Lasiurus L. arequipae L. atratus Desert red bat (L. blossevillii) Eastern red bat (L. borealis) Tacarcuna bat (L. castaneus) Jamaican red bat (L. degelidus) Hairy-tailed bat (L. ebenus) Western red bat (L. frantzii)) Minor red bat (L. minor) Pfeiffer's red bat (L. pfeifferi) Saline red bat (L. salinae) Seminole bat (L. seminolus) Cinnamon red bat (L. varius) Mimetillus Moloney's mimic bat (M. moloneyi) Neoromicia Dark-brown serotine (N. brunnea) Cape serotine (N. capensis) Yellow serotine (N. flavescens) N. grandidieri Tiny serotine (N. guineensis) N. isabella Isalo serotine (N. malagasyensis) Malagasy serotine (N. matroka) Melck's house bat (N. melckorum) Rendall's serotine (N. rendalli) N. robertsi Rosevear's serotine (N. roseveari) Somali serotine (N. somalica) N. stanleyi White-winged serotine (N. tenuipinnis) Zulu serotine (N. zuluensis) Niumbaha Pied bat (N. superba) Nyctalus Birdlike noctule (N. aviator) Azores noctule (N. azoreum) Nyctalus furvus (N. furvus) Greater noctule bat (N. lasiopterus) Lesser noctule (N. leisleri) Mountain noctule (N. montanus) Common noctule (N. noctula) Chinese noctule (N. plancyi) Nycticeinops Schlieffen's bat (N. schlieffeni) Nycticeius Temminck's mysterious bat (N. aenobarbus) Cuban evening bat (N. cubanus) Evening bat (N. humeralis) Nyctophilus Northern long-eared bat (N. arnhemensis) Eastern long-eared bat (N. bifax) N. corbeni N. daedalus Lesser long-eared bat (N. geoffroyi) Gould's long-eared bat (N. gouldi) Sunda long-eared bat (N. heran) Lord Howe long-eared bat (N. howensis) N. major Small-toothed long-eared bat (N. microdon) New Guinea long-eared bat (N. microtis) New Caledonian long-eared bat (N. nebulosus) Tasmanian long-eared bat (N. sherrini) Mount Missim long-eared bat (N. shirleyae) Greater long-eared bat (N. timoriensis) Pygmy long-eared bat (N. walkeri) Otonycteris Desert long-eared bat (O. hemprichii) Otonycteris leucophaea (O. leucophaea) Parastrellus Western pipistrelle (P. hesperus) Perimyotis Eastern pipistrelle (P. subflavus) Pharotis New Guinea big-eared bat (P. imogene) Philetor Rohu's bat (P. brachypterus) Pipistrellus Japanese house bat (P. abramus) Forest pipistrelle (P. adamsi) Mount Gargues pipistrelle (P. aero) Anchieta's pipistrelle (P. anchietae) Angulate pipistrelle (P. angulatus) Kelaart's pipistrelle (P. ceylonicus) Greater Papuan pipistrelle (P. collinus) Indian pipistrelle (P. coromandra) P. dhofarensis Egyptian pipistrelle (P. deserti) Endo's pipistrelle (P. endoi) P. hanaki Dusky pipistrelle (P. hesperidus) Aellen's pipistrelle (P. inexspectatus) Java pipistrelle (P. javanicus) Kuhl's pipistrelle (P. kuhlii) Madeira pipistrelle (P. maderensis) Minahassa pipistrelle (P. minahassae) Christmas Island pipistrelle (P. murrayi) Tiny pipistrelle (P. nanulus) Nathusius's pipistrelle (P. nathusii) Lesser Papuan pipistrelle (P. papuanus) Mount Popa pipistrelle (P. paterculus) Dar es Salaam pipistrelle (P. permixtus) Common pipistrelle (P. pipistrellus) Soprano pipistrelle (P. pygmaeus) P. raceyi Rüppell's pipistrelle (P. rueppellii) Rusty pipistrelle (P. rusticus) Narrow-winged pipistrelle (P. stenopterus) Sturdee's pipistrelle (P. sturdeei) Least pipistrelle (P. tenuis) Watts's pipistrelle (P. wattsi) Northern pipistrelle (P. westralis) Plecotus P. ariel Brown long-eared bat (P. auritus) Grey long-eared bat (P. austriacus) Ethiopian big-eared bat (P. balensis) P. begognae Christie's big-eared bat (P. christiei) P. gaisleri P. homochrous Kolombatovic's long-eared bat (P. kolombatovici) P. kozlovi Alpine long-eared bat (P. macrobullaris) Ognev's long-eared bat (P. ognevi Japanese long-eared bat (P. sacrimontis) Sardinian long-eared bat (P. sardus) P. strelkovi Taiwan big-eared bat (P. taivanus) Canary big-eared bat (P. teneriffae) P. turkmenicus P. wardi Rhogeessa Yucatan yellow bat (R. aeneus) Allen's yellow bat (R. alleni) Bickham's little yellow bat (R. bickhami) Genoways's yellow bat (R. genowaysi) Slender yellow bat (R. gracilis) Husson's yellow bat (R. hussoni) Thomas's yellow bat (R. io Menchu's little yellow bat (R. menchuae) Tiny yellow bat (R. minutilla) Least yellow bat (R. mira) Little yellow bat (R. parvula) Black-winged little yellow bat (R. tumida) R. velilla Scoteanax Rüppell's broad-nosed bat (S. rueppellii) Scotoecus White-bellied lesser house bat (S. albigula) Light-winged lesser house bat (S. albofuscus) Hinde's lesser house bat (S. hindei) Dark-winged lesser house bat (S. hirundo) Desert yellow bat (S. pallidus) Scotomanes Harlequin bat (S. ornatus) Scotophilus S. alvenslebeni Andrew Rebori's house bat (S. andrewreborii) Lesser yellow bat (S. borbonicus) Sulawesi yellow bat (S. celebensis) Sody's yellow house bat (S. collinus) African yellow bat (S. dinganii) Ejeta's house bat (S. ejetai) Greater Asiatic yellow bat (S. heathii) Lesser Asiatic yellow bat (S. kuhlii) White-bellied yellow bat (S. leucogaster) Livingstone's house bat (S. livingstonii) Marovaza house bat (S. marovaza) Schreber's yellow bat (S. nigrita) S. nigritellus Robbins's yellow bat (S. nucella) Nut-colored yellow bat (S. nux) Robust yellow bat (S. robustus) S. tandrefana Trujillo’s house bat (S. trujilloi) Greenish yellow bat (S. viridis) Scotorepens Inland broad-nosed bat (S. balstoni) Little broad-nosed bat (S. greyii) Eastern broad-nosed bat (S. orion) Northern broad-nosed bat (S. sanborni) Scotozous Dormer's bat (S. dormeri) Tylonycteris T. fulvida T. malayana Lesser bamboo bat (T. pachypus) Pygmy bamboo bat (T. pygmaeus) Greater bamboo bat (T. robustula) T. tonkinensis Vespadelus Inland forest bat (V. baverstocki) Northern cave bat (V. caurinus) Large forest bat (V. darlingtoni) Yellow-lipped bat (V. douglasorum) Finlayson's cave bat (V. finlaysoni) Eastern forest bat (V. pumilus) Southern forest bat (V. regulus) Eastern cave bat (V. troughtoni) Little forest bat (V. vulturnus) Vespertilio Parti-coloured bat (V. murinus) Asian particolored bat (V. sinensis) Taxon identifiersPipistrellus subflavus Wikidata: Q478631 Wikispecies: Perimyotis subflavus ADW: Perimyotis CoL: 4J6LW ECOS: 9052 GBIF: 5218474 iNaturalist: 183166 IRMNG: 11195205 ISC: 68846 ITIS: 180025 MSW: 13802110 OBIS: 1505225 Open Tree of Life: 977400 Paleobiology Database: 50360 uBio: 4574107 Vespertilio subflavus Wikidata: Q27431477 CoL: 7FR48 GBIF: 8775956 ITIS: 947136 Authority control databases: National Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SchmidleyTTU-2"},{"link_name":"microbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbat"},{"link_name":"Pipistrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipistrellus"},{"link_name":"canyon bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_bat"},{"link_name":"roost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat#Roosting_and_gaits"},{"link_name":"beard lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beard_lichen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"echolocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation"},{"link_name":"white-nose syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-nose_syndrome"},{"link_name":"US endangered species list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service_list_of_endangered_mammals_and_birds"},{"link_name":"silver-haired bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-haired_bat"},{"link_name":"rabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies_virus"}],"text":"Species of batThe tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) or American perimyotis[2] is a species of microbat native to eastern North America. Formerly known as the eastern pipistrelle, based on the incorrect belief that it was closely related to European Pipistrellus species, the closest known relative of the tricolored bat is now recognized as the canyon bat. Its common name \"tricolored bat\" derives from the coloration of the hairs on its back, which have three distinct color bands. It is the smallest bat species in the eastern and midwestern US, with individuals weighing only 4.6–7.9 g (0.16–0.28 oz). This species mates in the fall before hibernation, though due to sperm storage, females do not become pregnant until the spring. Young are born helpless, though rapidly develop, flying and foraging for themselves by four weeks old. It has a relatively long lifespan, and can live nearly fifteen years.In the summer, females roost in small groups and males roost solitarily in tree foliage or beard lichen.[3] It eats a diverse array of insects, foraging with a slow, erratic flight and navigating via echolocation. Though once considered one of the most common bat species in its range, its populations have declined rapidly since 2006 with the introduction of the fungal disease white-nose syndrome. It was listed as an endangered species in 2012 in Canada, and has been petitioned for inclusion on the US endangered species list. Along with the silver-haired bat, the tricolored bat is one of two bat species whose rabies variants have most frequently been implicated in human rabies deaths in the US, with sixteen deaths from 1958–2000.","title":"Tricolored bat"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG"},{"link_name":"described","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species_description"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Cuvier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Cuvier"},{"link_name":"Vespertilio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespertilio"},{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U._S._state)"},{"link_name":"John Eatton Le Conte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Eatton_Le_Conte"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Gerrit Smith Miller Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrit_Smith_Miller_Jr."},{"link_name":"Pipistrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipistrellus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNR-6"},{"link_name":"Myotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myotis"},{"link_name":"taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"canyon bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canyon_bat"},{"link_name":"Parastrellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parastrellus"},{"link_name":"subgenera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgenera"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ODNR-6"},{"link_name":"sister taxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sister_taxon"},{"link_name":"tribe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Nycticeiini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycticeiini"},{"link_name":"Eptesicini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eptesicini"},{"link_name":"Vespertilioni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vespertilioni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chalinolobus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalinolobus"},{"link_name":"Hypsugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypsugo"},{"link_name":"Laephotis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laephotis"},{"link_name":"Neoromicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoromicia"},{"link_name":"Nycticeinops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nycticeinops"},{"link_name":"Tylonycteris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tylonycteris"},{"link_name":"Vespadelus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespadelus"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Perimyotini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perimyotini"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"species name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_epithet_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long-13"},{"link_name":"subspecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subspecies"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-itis-9"}],"text":"A tricolored batThe tricolored bat was described as a new species in 1832 by French zoologist Frédéric Cuvier, who placed it in the genus Vespertilio with a scientific name of Vespertilio subflavus. The holotype had been collected in the US state of Georgia by American naturalist John Eatton Le Conte.[4] In 1897, American zoologist Gerrit Smith Miller Jr. placed it in the genus Pipistrellus for the first time as a result of its physical similarities to other members of the genus.[5] Its common name was thus the \"eastern pipistrelle\".[6] In 1984 its status was reviewed, with H. Menu concluding that it was more similar in appearance to species in the genus Myotis rather than Pipistrellus, erecting a new genus for the taxon: Perimyotis. The name \"Perimyotis\" means \"around Myotis\", alluding to its similarities with the genus.[7] This classification was not immediately accepted, however, with a 1985 study instead grouping it and the canyon bat into the genus Parastrellus and a 1987 publication maintaining that the tricolored bat was part of the Pipistrellus genus, though they listed Perimyotis as one of seven subgenera. However, in 2003, a genetic study concluded that the tricolored bat was distinct from Pipistrellus species (and the canyon bat), confirming the validity of the genus Perimyotis.[8] Usage of the scientific name Perimyotis subflavus is widely accepted as of 2019.[9][10][1] Its common name was changed from \"eastern pipistrelle\" to \"tricolored bat\" to reflect its revised classification.[6]A 2010 study found that the sister taxon of the tricolored bat is the canyon bat, with the authors suggesting that these two genera form a tribe, though declining to name and formally describe the tribe. Instead, they referred to it as the \"perimyotine group\", which they gave as the most basal member of a clade that also included the following tribes: Nycticeiini, Eptesicini, Vespertilioni, and another unnamed tribe referred to as the \"hysugine group\" (including Chalinolobus, Hypsugo, Laephotis, Neoromicia, Nycticeinops, Tylonycteris, and Vespadelus).[11] The tribe was later described as Perimyotini.[12]Its species name \"subflavus\" means \"a little less than yellow\", meaning yellowish or pale yellow.[13] Four subspecies are recognized:[9]P. s. clarus (Baker, 1954)\nP. s. floridanus (Davis, 1957)\nP. s. subflavus (Cuvier, 1832)\nP. s. veraecrucis (Ward, 1891)","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"buffy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buff_(colour)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceballos-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-17"},{"link_name":"dental formula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dental_formula"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceballos-15"}],"text":"The tricolored bat has blond fur that is distinctly tricolored on its back. Individual hairs tricolored: dark gray at the base, buffy (yellowish brown) in the middle, and brown or reddish brown at the tip.[13] It is the smallest bat species found in the eastern and midwestern US.[14] Individuals have a forearm length of 31.4–34.1 mm (1.24–1.34 in) and weigh 4.6–7.9 g (0.16–0.28 oz).[15] Its forearms are reddish, contrasting sharply with the black membranes of its wings.[16] Its wingspan is 21–26 cm (8.3–10.2 in).[17] It has a dental formula of 2.1.2.33.1.2.3 for a total of 34 teeth.[15]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Biology and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"seasonal breeder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seasonal_breeder"},{"link_name":"copulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copulation_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Ovulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ovulation"},{"link_name":"sperm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sperm"},{"link_name":"uteruses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uterus"},{"link_name":"Gestation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestation"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceballos-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceballos-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceballos-15"}],"sub_title":"Reproduction and life cycle","text":"The tricolored bat is a seasonal breeder, with copulation (mating) occurring in the fall before hibernation. Ovulation does not occur until the spring, however, and females store the males' sperm in their uteruses through the winter. Gestation (pregnancy) length is about forty-four days, with females giving birth in June or July. The litter size is typically two individuals. As newborns, the combined mass of twin pups can be as great as 58% of the mother's postpartum mass. At birth, the young lack fur and their eyes are closed.[15] The mother leaves the offspring behind at the roost while she forages at night.[17] Offspring develop rapidly, beginning to fly at three weeks old. By four weeks old, they are foraging for themselves.[15] Young do not reach sexual maturity in their first fall; they do not breed until their second fall.[17]Individuals can live at least 14.8 years in the wild; juveniles have higher mortality rates than adults, and females have higher mortality rates than males.[15]","title":"Biology and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"maternity colonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maternity_colony"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-18"},{"link_name":"oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oak"},{"link_name":"maple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maple"},{"link_name":"eastern cottonwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_cottonwood"},{"link_name":"American tulip tree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_tulip_tree"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-18"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"beard lichen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnea"},{"link_name":"Usnea trichodea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnea_trichodea"},{"link_name":"Usnic acid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usnic_acid"},{"link_name":"ectoparasites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasite"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"hibernates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hibernate"},{"link_name":"torpor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpor"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Behavior","text":"During the summer, the tricolored bat will roost in tree foliage or buildings, with females alone or in maternity colonies of up to thirty individuals.[17][18] Trees used for this purpose include oak, maple, the eastern cottonwood, and American tulip tree.[19] Males are solitary and do not form colonies.[18] In Nova Scotia, researchers discovered nearly one hundred roosts of this species, finding that all sampled individuals were roosting not in tree foliage, but rather in a species of beard lichen, Usnea trichodea. This was thought to be the first documentation of a bat using beard lichen as a roosting substrate. It was speculated that the tricolored bat may use the lichen to ward off parasites. Usnic acid, which has anti-insect and anti-bacterial properties, naturally occurs in beard lichens, and no ectoparasites (external parasites) have been documented on the tricolored bat in Nova Scotia.[20]In the winter, the tricolored bat hibernates in mines, caves, or other human structures. A years-long study of a mine in the US state of Nebraska found that in the summer, the mine was mostly occupied by males. Total number of tricolored bats using the mine at one time ranged from zero to forty-three. Bats were in a state of torpor from November to April. More bats used the mine as a roost in the winter than in the summer.[21] In another abandoned mine in the US state of Indiana, researchers found that the tricolored bat roosts solitarily during hibernation for the majority of the time (96.8% of observations were singletons). During hibernation, males lose an average of 2.65 g (0.093 oz), while females lose an average of 2.5 g (0.088 oz).[22]","title":"Biology and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insectivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivorous"},{"link_name":"mosquitoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosquito"},{"link_name":"beetles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"},{"link_name":"ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant"},{"link_name":"moths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moth"},{"link_name":"cicadas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicada"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceballos-15"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCI-23"},{"link_name":"echolocation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_echolocation"},{"link_name":"Hz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hz"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-17"}],"sub_title":"Diet and foraging","text":"The tricolored bat is insectivorous, consuming small prey of 4–10 mm (0.16–0.39 in) in length. Prey taxa include mosquitoes, beetles, ants, moths, and cicadas. It forages with slow, erratic flight in areas near water or forest edges.[15] It is one of the first bat species to begin foraging each night.[23] It navigates and searches for prey via echolocation (sonar). Its echolocation calls are at a high frequency; visual renderings of the calls show a distinctive hook-shaped call profile, with the lowest frequencies (bottom of the hook shape) at 42 kHz.[17]","title":"Biology and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tri-colored_bat_(Perimyotis_subflavus)_with_WNS_growth.JPG"},{"link_name":"white-nose syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-nose_syndrome"},{"link_name":"northern leopard frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_leopard_frog"},{"link_name":"raccoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raccoon"},{"link_name":"skunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skunk"},{"link_name":"prairie voles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prairie_vole"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Long-13"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceballos-15"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-17"},{"link_name":"hoary bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoary_bat"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ceballos-15"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Eimeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eimeria"},{"link_name":"Eimeria heidti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eimeria_heidti&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"guano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guano"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"white-nose syndrome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White-nose_syndrome"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Predators, parasites, and disease","text":"Tri-colored bat with tell-tale symptom of white-nose syndrome infectionThe tricolored bat's natural predators include the northern leopard frog, birds of prey, raccoons, snakes, skunks, and prairie voles.[13][15] Feral cats will also catch and kill them as they leave their hibernacula (cave or mine used for hibernation).[17] There are also records of it being attacked by the hoary bat.[15][24] The tricolored bat is the host to several species of endoparasites (internal parasites) and ectoparasites. Oocysts (spores) of an Eimeria species (Eimeria heidti ) have been recovered from its guano (feces).[25]The tricolored bat has experienced severe population decline as a result of the fungal disease white-nose syndrome, which arrived in the US in 2006, with losses of 70% and greater detected in multiple US states.[26] The disease kills bats by colonizing their skin during the winter, causing them to arouse from torpor and burn through their limited fat reserves. Though its population experienced dramatic reduction, subsequent studies have found that their numbers may be stabilizing, though hibernacula where many individuals once roosted may only host fewer than five bats, or even one solitarily.[27]","title":"Biology and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Lakes Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes_Basin"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fraser-18"}],"text":"The tricolored bat is common throughout eastern North America, with the southern extent of its range in Central America and the northern extent in southern Canada. Its range has expanded since the 1980s, with westward expansion reaching the US states of Colorado, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Wyoming. Additionally, its range started to include the Great Lakes Basin.[18]","title":"Range and habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vulnerable species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulnerable_species"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN"},{"link_name":"least-concern species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Least-concern_species"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-iucn_status_19_November_2021-1"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCI-23"},{"link_name":"Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Committee_on_the_Status_of_Endangered_Wildlife_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Center for Biological Diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Biological_Diversity"},{"link_name":"Defenders of Wildlife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenders_of_Wildlife"},{"link_name":"United States Fish and Wildlife Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Fish_and_Wildlife_Service"},{"link_name":"Endangered Species Act of 1973","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endangered_Species_Act_of_1973"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"text":"As of 2018, it is listed as a vulnerable species by the IUCN. In 2008, however, it was considered a least-concern species, which is the IUCN's lowest conservation priority. In the time between the two assessments, the fungal disease white-nose syndrome became widespread in eastern North America, severely impacting the tricolored bat.[1] Historically, it was one of the most common bat species of eastern North America.[23] After an emergency assessment, the tricolored bat is considered an endangered species under the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada as of 2012.[28] In 2016, the Center for Biological Diversity and Defenders of Wildlife submitted a petition to the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) to list the tricolored bat under the Endangered Species Act of 1973. The USFWS determined that the petition demonstrated that listing the species as \"threatened\" or \"endangered\" may be warranted.[29] In September 2022, the USFWS announced[30] it would protect the bat as endangered under the Endangered Species Act, following a lawsuit[31] from the Center for Biological Diversity.","title":"Conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:221205-F-KN521-0064.jpg"},{"link_name":"silver-haired bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver-haired_bat"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Messenger-32"},{"link_name":"cryptic rabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptic_rabies"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Messenger-32"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Messenger-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"A scientist swabs the muzzle of a tricolored bat in a cave in TennesseeAlong with the silver-haired bat, the tricolored bat is one of two species of bat whose rabies variants are responsible for 70% of human rabies cases from bats in the US.[32] Additionally, the rabies virus variants associated with these two species caused 75% of cryptic rabies deaths in the US (rabies cases where the exposure route is unclear, and no bite history exists).[32] From 1958–2000, sixteen people in the US died from the rabies variant associated with tricolored bats, or 46% of all nationwide indigenous (not acquired elsewhere) rabies fatalities.[32] The tricolored bat is infrequently encountered by humans and submitted for rabies testing, with only thirty-one individuals tested for rabies in the US in 2017. Of those, one (3.4%) tested positive for the virus.[33]","title":"Relationship to people"}]	[{"image_text":"A tricolored bat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG/220px-Tri-colored_bat_in_torpor.JPG"},{"image_text":"Tri-colored bat with tell-tale symptom of white-nose syndrome infection","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tri-colored_bat_%28Perimyotis_subflavus%29_with_WNS_growth.JPG/220px-Tri-colored_bat_%28Perimyotis_subflavus%29_with_WNS_growth.JPG"},{"image_text":"A scientist swabs the muzzle of a tricolored bat in a cave in Tennessee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/221205-F-KN521-0064.jpg/220px-221205-F-KN521-0064.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Bats of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_of_Canada"},{"title":"Bats of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bats_of_the_United_States"}]	[{"reference":"Solari, S. (2018). \"Perimyotis subflavus\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2018: e.T17366A22123514. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17366A22123514.en. Retrieved 19 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/17366/22123514","url_text":"\"Perimyotis subflavus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17366A22123514.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T17366A22123514.en"}]},{"reference":"\"Mammals of Texas\". www.depts.ttu.edu. Texas Tech University. Retrieved 17 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.depts.ttu.edu/nsrl/mammals-of-texas-online-edition/Accounts_Chiroptera/Perimyotis_subflavus.php","url_text":"\"Mammals of Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perimyotis subflavus\". Bat Conservation International. Retrieved 2022-08-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.batcon.org/bat/tricolored-bat/","url_text":"\"Perimyotis subflavus\""}]},{"reference":"Cuvier, F. (1832). \"Essai de classification naturelle Des Vespertilions, et description de plusieurs especes de ce genre\" [Natural classification test of the Vespertilions, and description of several species of this genus]. Nouvelles annales du Muséum d'histoire naturelle (in French). 1.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33122264","url_text":"\"Essai de classification naturelle Des Vespertilions, et description de plusieurs especes de ce genre\""}]},{"reference":"Miller, G. S. (1897). \"Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae\". North American Fauna (13): 90–92.","urls":[{"url":"https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45540581","url_text":"\"Revision of the North American bats of the family Vespertilionidae\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tri-colored bat\". ODNR Division of Wildlife. Retrieved 3 November 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://wildlife.ohiodnr.gov/species-and-habitats/species-guide-index/mammals/tri-colored-bat","url_text":"\"Tri-colored bat\""}]},{"reference":"Menu, Henri (1984). \"Révision du statut de Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832). Proposition d'un taxon générique nouveau: Perimyotis nov. Gen\" [Review of the status of Pipistrellus subflavus (F. Cuvier, 1832). Proposition of a new generic taxon: Perimyotis nov. Gen]. Mammalia (in French). 48 (3). doi:10.1515/mamm.1984.48.3.409. S2CID 84628098.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fmamm.1984.48.3.409","url_text":"10.1515/mamm.1984.48.3.409"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84628098","url_text":"84628098"}]},{"reference":"Hoofer, Steven R.; Bussche, Ronald A. Van Den (2003). \"Molecular Phylogenetics of the Chiropteran Family Vespertilionidae\". Acta Chiropterologica. 5: 1–63. doi:10.3161/001.005.s101. hdl:11244/44678.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3161%2F001.005.s101","url_text":"\"Molecular Phylogenetics of the Chiropteran Family Vespertilionidae\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3161%2F001.005.s101","url_text":"10.3161/001.005.s101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11244%2F44678","url_text":"11244/44678"}]},{"reference":"\"Perimyotis subflavus\". ITIS. Retrieved 20 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=947299#null","url_text":"\"Perimyotis subflavus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Perimyotis subflavus\". ASM Mammal Diversity Database. Retrieved 20 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://mammaldiversity.org/#cGVyaW15b3RpcytzdWJmbGF2dXMmZ2xvYmFsX3NlYXJjaD10cnVlJmxvb3NlPXRydWU","url_text":"\"Perimyotis subflavus\""}]},{"reference":"Roehrs, Zachary P.; Lack, Justin B.; Van Den Bussche, Ronald A. (2010). \"Tribal phylogenetic relationships within Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data\". Journal of Mammalogy. 91 (5): 1073–1092. doi:10.1644/09-MAMM-A-325.1.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F09-MAMM-A-325.1","url_text":"\"Tribal phylogenetic relationships within Vespertilioninae (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) based on mitochondrial and nuclear sequence data\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2F09-MAMM-A-325.1","url_text":"10.1644/09-MAMM-A-325.1"}]},{"reference":"\"ITIS - Report: Perimyotini\". www.itis.gov. Retrieved 2021-09-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=1157300","url_text":"\"ITIS - Report: Perimyotini\""}]},{"reference":"Long, Charles A (2008). The Wild Mammals of Wisconsin. Pensoft. p. 127. ISBN 978-954-642-303-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-642-303-0","url_text":"978-954-642-303-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Natural history: Tricolored bat\". Center for Biological Diversity. Retrieved 24 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biologicaldiversity.org/species/mammals/tricolored_bat/natural_history.html","url_text":"\"Natural history: Tricolored bat\""}]},{"reference":"Gaona, O.; Medellín (2014). Ceballos, Gerardo (ed.). Mammals of Mexico. JHU Press. pp. 826–828. ISBN 978-1-4214-0843-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UrvxBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA826","url_text":"Mammals of Mexico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4214-0843-9","url_text":"978-1-4214-0843-9"}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, John O (2010). Mammals of Indiana: a field guide. Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press. p. 112. ISBN 978-0-253-00151-1. Retrieved 21 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://muse.jhu.edu/books/9780253001511/","url_text":"Mammals of Indiana: a field guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-00151-1","url_text":"978-0-253-00151-1"}]},{"reference":"Eastern pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus) Species Guidance (PDF) (Report). Wisconsin DNR. 23 June 2017. PUB ER-706. Retrieved 20 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://dnr.wi.gov/files/PDF/pubs/er/ER0706.pdf","url_text":"Eastern pipistrelle (Perimyotis subflavus) Species Guidance"}]},{"reference":"Fraser, Erin E.; McGuire, Liam P.; Eger, Judith L.; Longstaffe, Fred J.; Fenton, M. Brock (2012). \"Evidence of Latitudinal Migration in Tri-colored Bats, Perimyotis subflavus\". PLOS ONE. 7 (2): e31419. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...731419F. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031419. PMC 3284490. PMID 22384019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284490","url_text":"\"Evidence of Latitudinal Migration in Tri-colored Bats, Perimyotis subflavus\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PLoSO...731419F","url_text":"2012PLoSO...731419F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0031419","url_text":"10.1371/journal.pone.0031419"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3284490","url_text":"3284490"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22384019","url_text":"22384019"}]},{"reference":"Veilleux, Jacques Pierre; Whitaker, John O.; Veilleux, Sherry L. (2003). \"Tree-Roosting Ecology of Reproductive Female Eastern Pipistrelles, Pipistrellus subflavus, in Indiana\". Journal of Mammalogy. 84 (3): 1068–1075. doi:10.1644/BEM-021.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2FBEM-021","url_text":"\"Tree-Roosting Ecology of Reproductive Female Eastern Pipistrelles, Pipistrellus subflavus, in Indiana\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1644%2FBEM-021","url_text":"10.1644/BEM-021"}]},{"reference":"Poissant, Joseph A.; Broders, Hugh G.; Quinn, Greg M. (2010). \"Use of lichen as a roosting substrate by Perimyotis subflavus, the tricolored bat, in Nova Scotia\". Écoscience. 17 (4): 372–378. Bibcode:2010Ecosc..17..372P. doi:10.2980/17-4-3352. S2CID 86543052.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Ecosc..17..372P","url_text":"2010Ecosc..17..372P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2980%2F17-4-3352","url_text":"10.2980/17-4-3352"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86543052","url_text":"86543052"}]},{"reference":"Damm, Jason P.; Geluso, Keith (2008). \"Use of a mine by eastern pipistrelles (Perimyotis subflavus) in east central Nebraska\". Western North American Naturalist. 68 (3): 382–389. doi:10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[382:UOAMBE]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 1527-0904. S2CID 59330511.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/wnan/vol68/iss3/13","url_text":"\"Use of a mine by eastern pipistrelles (Perimyotis subflavus) in east central Nebraska\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3398%2F1527-0904%282008%2968%5B382%3AUOAMBE%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.3398/1527-0904(2008)68[382:UOAMBE]2.0.CO;2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1527-0904","url_text":"1527-0904"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59330511","url_text":"59330511"}]},{"reference":"Vincent, E. A.; Whitaker Jr, J. O. (2007). \"Hibernation of the Eastern Pipistrelle Perimyotis subflavus, in an Abandoned Mine in Vermillion County, Indiana, with Some Information on Myotis lucifugus\". Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science. 116 (1).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Species Profiles: Perimyotis subflavus\". batcon.org. Bat Conservation International. Retrieved 24 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.batcon.org/resources/media-education/species-profiles/detail/2345","url_text":"\"Species Profiles: Perimyotis subflavus\""}]},{"reference":"Sasse, D. Blake; Weinstein, Susan; Saugey, David A. (2014). \"Interspecific Aggression by a Rabid Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis)\". Journal of Wildlife Diseases. 50 (3): 694–695. doi:10.7589/2013-06-131. PMID 24807361. S2CID 2766160.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589%2F2013-06-131","url_text":"\"Interspecific Aggression by a Rabid Eastern Red Bat (Lasiurus borealis)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7589%2F2013-06-131","url_text":"10.7589/2013-06-131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24807361","url_text":"24807361"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2766160","url_text":"2766160"}]},{"reference":"McAllister, Chris T.; Burt, Scott; Seville, R. Scott; Robison, Henry W. (2011). \"A New Species of Eimeria (Apicomplexa: Eimeriidae) from the Eastern Pipistrelle, Perimyotis subflavus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae), in Arkansas\". Journal of Parasitology. 97 (5): 896–898. doi:10.1645/GE-2761.1. PMC 3254667. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T.E._Karsten	Torsten Evert Karsten	["1 Biography","2 Selected works","3 Sources"]	Finnish philologist This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (October 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Torsten Evert KarstenBorn(1870-08-20)20 August 1870Orivesi, Grand Duchy of FinlandDied12 September 1942(1942-09-12) (aged 72)Helsinki, FinlandNationalityFinnishAcademic backgroundAlma mater University of Helsinki Academic workDiscipline Germanic philology Sub-disciplineNordic philologyInstitutions University of Helsinki Torsten (Tor) Evert Karsten (20 August 1870 – 12 September 1942) was a Finnish philologist who specialized in Germanic studies. Biography Torsten Evert Karsten was born in Orivesi, Grand Duchy of Finland, the son of Pastor Klas Edvin Karsten and Maria Augusta Emilia Cajanus. His family were Finland Swedes. He was the brother of philosopher Rafael Karsten. Karsten received his Ph.D. at the University of Helsinki in 1897, and subsequently served as a lecturer there. He married Elsa Maria Malin in 1909. At Helsinki, Karsten served as Professor of Germanic Philology from 1912 to 1931, and as Professor of Nordic Philology since 1931. He was the author of a number of works on Germanic studies. Karsten died in Helsinki on 12 September 1942. Selected works Studier öfver de nordiska språkens primära nominalbildning 1, väitöskirja. Lidstedts antikv. bokh., distr., Helsingfors 1895 Beiträge zur Geschichte der ē-Verba im Altgermanischen. Mémoires de la Société néo-philologique à Helsingfors II. Helsingfors 1897 Fornnordisk folkpoesi. Särtryck ur Svenska reallyceets i Helsingfors Berättelse 1899–1900. Helsingfors 1900 Studier öfver de nordiska språkens primära nominalbildning 1-2. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk, Häft 59. Finska Vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1900 Beiträge zur germanischen Wortkunde. Mémoires de la Société néo-philologique à Helsingfors 3. Société néophilologique, Helsingfors 1902. Studier öfver de nordiska språkens primära nominalbildning: Ordregister. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk, Häft 62. Finska Vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1903 Eine germanische Wortsippe im Finnischen. Journal de la Société finno-ougrienne 23, 20. Finskugriska sällskapet, Helsingfors 1906. Österbottniska ortnamn: Språkhistorisk och etnografisk undersökning 1. Helsingfors 1906 Österbottniska ortnamn: Språkhistorisk och etnografisk undersökning 1: Fortsättning. Helsingfors 1908 Die mitteldeutsche poetische Paraphrase des Buches Hiob aus der Handschrift der Königlichen Staatsarchivs zu Königsberg herausgegeben. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1910 Belysning av dr R. Saxéns "Randanmärkningar" till min uppsats "Äldre germansk kultur i Finland belyst av ortnamnen". Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 95. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1911 Äldre germansk kultur i Finland belyst av ortnamnen. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 95. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1911 Harjavalta och Raitio "fjärdingar" i Satakunta samt det svenska ordet härad. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 113. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1914 Lexikografiska bidrag till kännedomen av österbottniska landsmål: tillägg till H. Vendells "Ordbok över de östsvenska dialekterna". Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 113. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1914 Några tillägg och rättelser till SNF. 5, 2 och 3. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 113. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1914 Svenskarnas bosättningar i Finland. Studentfylkingens småskrifter 6–7. Helsingfors 1914 Germanisch-finnische Lehnwortstudien: Ein Beitrag zu der ältesten Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte der Germanen. Acta Societatis scientiarum Fennicae 45, 2. Finska Vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1915 Ett par språkhistoriska anmärkningar. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 139. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1918 Varifrån har Finlands svensk-talande befolkning kommit? Den fjärde nordgermanska nationaliteten: Föredrag hållet av professor T. E. Karsten vid föreningen "Brages" årsfest 28. II. 1920. Helsingfors 1920 Svensk bygd i Österbotten nu och fordom: en namnundersökning 1: Naturnamn. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 155. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1921 Zum Anfangsterminus der germanisch-finnischen Berührungen: ergänzungen. Commentationes humanarum litterarum Tom. 1–2. Finska vetenskaps-societeten, Helsingfors 1922 Svensk bygd i Österbotten nu och fordom: en namnundersökning 2: Kulturnamn. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 171. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1923 Zur Erklärung der germanischen Lautverschiebung. Mémoires de la Société néophilologique de Helsinki 7. Société néophilologique, Helsingfors 1924 Germanerna: en inledning till studiet av deras språk och kultur. Natur och kultur 42. Söderström, Helsingfors 1925 Die Germanen: eine Einführung in die Geschichte ihrer Sprache und Kultur. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Leipzig 1928 Sprachforschung und Siedlungsgeschichte. Mémoires de la Société néophilologique de Helsinki 8. Société néo-philologique, Helsingfors 1929 De första germanerna. Lundequistska bokhandeln, Uppsala 1930 Die neuen Runen- und Bilderfunde aus der Unter-Weser (Oldenburg). Commentationes humanarum litterarum 3–4. Finska vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1930 Zu den neugefundenen Runeinschriften aus der Unterweser. Von Magnus Hammarström und T. E. Karsten. Commentationes humanarum litterarum 97. Finska vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1930 Germanische Minderheitenprobleme von nordischem Gesichtspunkt aus betrachet: Sprachlich-kulturgeschichtliche Skizzen. Commentationes humanarum litterarum 4: 3. Finska vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1932 Ist gemeinnord: Torg "Markt" ein slavisches Lehnwort? Annales Academiae scientiarum Fennicae. Series B 27, 11. Suomalainen tiedeakatemia, Helsinki 1932 Populärt vetenskapliga uppsatser: Våra ortnamn; Runskriftens vägar i Norden; Blandspråk och lånord. Föreningen för nordisk filologi i Helsingfors 1935 En blick på finländska dop- och släktnamn: föredrag. Helsingfors 1939 När nådde finnarna Östersjön och när trädde de i beröring med germaner? Den östersjöfinska linna-borgens ursprung: föredrag. Societas scientiarum fennica. Årsbok 18 B nro 2. Helsingfors 1940 Die alten nordischen und germanischen Völkerbeziehungen Finnlands im Lichte der neueren Forschung: eine Übersicht der Hauptergebnisse. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk 88. Finska vetenskaps-societeten, Helsingfors 1941 Finnar och germaner: tre årtusendens folkförbindelser. Folkmålsstudier 9. Föreningen för nordisk filologi i Helsingfors 1941 Über die Archäologie als Hilfsquelle für germanisch-finnische Lehnwortforschung. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk 88, 3. Finska vetenskaps-societeten, Helsingfors 1942 Våra äldre tyska kulturförbildelser. Svenska tysklandsvänners i Finland skriftserie 1. Svenska tysklandsvänner i Finland, Åbo 1942 Beröringar mellan svenskt och finskt folkspräk. 1933–1937 Sources Kohvakka, Hannele: ”Karsten, Tor Evert (1870–1942)”, Suomen kansallisbiografia, osa 5, s. 16–17. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2005. ISBN 951-746-446-0. Teoksen verkkoversio. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Sweden Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Germanic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_studies"}],"text":"Torsten (Tor) Evert Karsten (20 August 1870 – 12 September 1942) was a Finnish philologist who specialized in Germanic studies.","title":"Torsten Evert Karsten"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orivesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orivesi"},{"link_name":"Grand Duchy of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Finland"},{"link_name":"Finland Swedes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland_Swedes"},{"link_name":"Rafael Karsten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Karsten"},{"link_name":"Ph.D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph.D."},{"link_name":"University of Helsinki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Helsinki"},{"link_name":"Germanic Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_philology"},{"link_name":"Nordic Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_philology"},{"link_name":"Germanic studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_studies"}],"text":"Torsten Evert Karsten was born in Orivesi, Grand Duchy of Finland, the son of Pastor Klas Edvin Karsten and Maria Augusta Emilia Cajanus. His family were Finland Swedes. He was the brother of philosopher Rafael Karsten.Karsten received his Ph.D. at the University of Helsinki in 1897, and subsequently served as a lecturer there. He married Elsa Maria Malin in 1909. At Helsinki, Karsten served as Professor of Germanic Philology from 1912 to 1931, and as Professor of Nordic Philology since 1931. He was the author of a number of works on Germanic studies. Karsten died in Helsinki on 12 September 1942.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Studier öfver de nordiska språkens primära nominalbildning 1, väitöskirja. Lidstedts antikv. bokh., distr., Helsingfors 1895\nBeiträge zur Geschichte der ē-Verba im Altgermanischen. Mémoires de la Société néo-philologique à Helsingfors II. Helsingfors 1897\nFornnordisk folkpoesi. Särtryck ur Svenska reallyceets i Helsingfors Berättelse 1899–1900. Helsingfors 1900\nStudier öfver de nordiska språkens primära nominalbildning 1-2. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk, Häft 59. Finska Vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1900\nBeiträge zur germanischen Wortkunde. Mémoires de la Société néo-philologique à Helsingfors 3. Société néophilologique, Helsingfors 1902.\nStudier öfver de nordiska språkens primära nominalbildning: Ordregister. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk, Häft 62. Finska Vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1903\nEine germanische Wortsippe im Finnischen. Journal de la Société finno-ougrienne 23, 20. Finskugriska sällskapet, Helsingfors 1906.\nÖsterbottniska ortnamn: Språkhistorisk och etnografisk undersökning 1. Helsingfors 1906\nÖsterbottniska ortnamn: Språkhistorisk och etnografisk undersökning 1: Fortsättning. Helsingfors 1908\nDie mitteldeutsche poetische Paraphrase des Buches Hiob aus der Handschrift der Königlichen Staatsarchivs zu Königsberg herausgegeben. Weidmannsche Buchhandlung, Berlin 1910\nBelysning av dr R. Saxéns \"Randanmärkningar\" till min uppsats \"Äldre germansk kultur i Finland belyst av ortnamnen\". Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 95. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1911\nÄldre germansk kultur i Finland belyst av ortnamnen. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 95. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1911\nHarjavalta och Raitio \"fjärdingar\" i Satakunta samt det svenska ordet härad. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 113. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1914\nLexikografiska bidrag till kännedomen av österbottniska landsmål: tillägg till H. Vendells \"Ordbok över de östsvenska dialekterna\". Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 113. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1914\nNågra tillägg och rättelser till SNF. 5, 2 och 3. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 113. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1914\nSvenskarnas bosättningar i Finland. Studentfylkingens småskrifter 6–7. Helsingfors 1914\nGermanisch-finnische Lehnwortstudien: Ein Beitrag zu der ältesten Sprach- und Kulturgeschichte der Germanen. Acta Societatis scientiarum Fennicae 45, 2. Finska Vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1915\nEtt par språkhistoriska anmärkningar. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 139. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1918\nVarifrån har Finlands svensk-talande befolkning kommit? Den fjärde nordgermanska nationaliteten: Föredrag hållet av professor T. E. Karsten vid föreningen \"Brages\" årsfest 28. II. 1920. Helsingfors 1920\nSvensk bygd i Österbotten nu och fordom: en namnundersökning 1: Naturnamn. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 155. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1921\nZum Anfangsterminus der germanisch-finnischen Berührungen: ergänzungen. Commentationes humanarum litterarum Tom. 1–2. Finska vetenskaps-societeten, Helsingfors 1922\nSvensk bygd i Österbotten nu och fordom: en namnundersökning 2: Kulturnamn. Skrifter utgivna av Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland 171. Svenska litteratursällskapet i Finland, Helsingfors 1923\nZur Erklärung der germanischen Lautverschiebung. Mémoires de la Société néophilologique de Helsinki 7. Société néophilologique, Helsingfors 1924\nGermanerna: en inledning till studiet av deras språk och kultur. Natur och kultur 42. Söderström, Helsingfors 1925\nDie Germanen: eine Einführung in die Geschichte ihrer Sprache und Kultur. Walter de Gruyter & Co, Leipzig 1928\nSprachforschung und Siedlungsgeschichte. Mémoires de la Société néophilologique de Helsinki 8. Société néo-philologique, Helsingfors 1929\nDe första germanerna. Lundequistska bokhandeln, Uppsala 1930\nDie neuen Runen- und Bilderfunde aus der Unter-Weser (Oldenburg). Commentationes humanarum litterarum 3–4. Finska vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1930\nZu den neugefundenen Runeinschriften aus der Unterweser. Von Magnus Hammarström und T. E. Karsten. Commentationes humanarum litterarum 97. Finska vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1930\nGermanische Minderheitenprobleme von nordischem Gesichtspunkt aus betrachet: Sprachlich-kulturgeschichtliche Skizzen. Commentationes humanarum litterarum 4: 3. Finska vetenskapssocieteten, Helsingfors 1932\nIst gemeinnord: Torg \"Markt\" ein slavisches Lehnwort? Annales Academiae scientiarum Fennicae. Series B 27, 11. Suomalainen tiedeakatemia, Helsinki 1932\nPopulärt vetenskapliga uppsatser: Våra ortnamn; Runskriftens vägar i Norden; Blandspråk och lånord. Föreningen för nordisk filologi i Helsingfors 1935\nEn blick på finländska dop- och släktnamn: föredrag. Helsingfors 1939\nNär nådde finnarna Östersjön och när trädde de i beröring med germaner? Den östersjöfinska linna-borgens ursprung: föredrag. Societas scientiarum fennica. Årsbok 18 B nro 2. Helsingfors 1940\nDie alten nordischen und germanischen Völkerbeziehungen Finnlands im Lichte der neueren Forschung: eine Übersicht der Hauptergebnisse. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk 88. Finska vetenskaps-societeten, Helsingfors 1941\nFinnar och germaner: tre årtusendens folkförbindelser. Folkmålsstudier 9. Föreningen för nordisk filologi i Helsingfors 1941\nÜber die Archäologie als Hilfsquelle für germanisch-finnische Lehnwortforschung. Bidrag till kännedom av Finlands natur och folk 88, 3. Finska vetenskaps-societeten, Helsingfors 1942\nVåra äldre tyska kulturförbildelser. Svenska tysklandsvänners i Finland skriftserie 1. Svenska tysklandsvänner i Finland, Åbo 1942\nBeröringar mellan svenskt och finskt folkspräk. 1933–1937","title":"Selected works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karsten, Tor Evert (1870–1942)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//kansallisbiografia.fi/kansallisbiografia/henkilo/6996"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"951-746-446-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-746-446-0"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q225891#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000109264625"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/94254949"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtmrBBHb8Xf6Tk9bkHBfq"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90331465"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169335248"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb169335248"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/101474288"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007291371005171"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000082670"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no95036775"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/wt7bgvdf0stf90d"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mub20191041207&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36047238"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068105932"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810636941505606"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/136759"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA06032203?l=en"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd101474288.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/086151592"}],"text":"Kohvakka, Hannele: ”Karsten, Tor Evert (1870–1942)”, Suomen kansallisbiografia, osa 5, s. 16–17. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura, 2005. ISBN 951-746-446-0. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhaphiolepis_umbellata	Rhaphiolepis umbellata	["1 References"]	Species of flowering plant Rhaphiolepis umbellata Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Rosales Family: Rosaceae Genus: Rhaphiolepis Species: R. umbellata Binomial name Rhaphiolepis umbellataMakino Synonyms Laurus umbellata Thunb. Mespilus sieboldii Blume Rhaphiolepis indica f. umbellata (Thunb.) Hatus. Rhaphiolepis indica var. umbellata (Thunb.) H. Ohashi Rhaphiolepis japonica var. integerrima Hook. f. Rhaphiolepis ovata Briot Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhaphiolepis umbellata. Rhaphiolepis umbellata is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Growing to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall and wide, it is an evergreen shrub with glossy oval leaves, and scented white flowers, sometimes tinged with pink, in early summer. This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit. It is used in Japan as an astringent and a dyeing agent. The bark contains (−)-catechin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and (+)-catechin 5-0-β-d-glucopyranoside. The veins of the leaves are obvious and special. The sprouts are covered with white fluff. The sprouts and the leaves. Fruits look somewhat like little figs. References ^ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965. ^ "RHS Plant Selector - Rhaphiolepis umbellata". Retrieved 30 May 2013. ^ Gen-Ichiro Nonaka; Emiko Ezakia; Katsuya Hayashia; Itsuo Nishioka (1983). "Flavanol glucosides from rhubarb and Rhaphiolepis umbellata". Phytochemistry. 22 (7): 1659–61. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)80105-8. Taxon identifiersRhaphiolepis umbellata Wikidata: Q3281222 Wikispecies: Rhaphiolepis umbellata APNI: 163933 BOLD: 403635 CoL: 4S4JG EPPO: RAHUM FNA: 242411040 FoC: 242411040 GBIF: 5371572 GRIN: 30871 iNaturalist: 367951 IPNI: 731413-1 MoBotPF: 290648 NCBI: 398295 NSWFlora: Rhaphiolepis~umbellata NZOR: 4dc5c735-c869-481b-8a69-a5b7b81d3c78 NZPCN: 2908 Observation.org: 507682 Open Tree of Life: 382000 PalDat: Rhaphiolepis_umbellata PfaF: Rhaphiolepis umbellata PFI: 9532 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:731413-1 RHS: 14464 Tropicos: 27807220 VicFlora: 08293fb9-b58b-4163-b5e2-dc9d0c250853 WFO: wfo-0001016277 This Maleae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhaphiolepis umbellata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rhaphiolepis_umbellata"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"flowering plant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flowering_plant"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Rosaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosaceae"},{"link_name":"native","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_plant"},{"link_name":"evergreen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evergreen"},{"link_name":"shrub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RHSAZ-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Horticultural Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Horticultural_Society"},{"link_name":"Award of Garden Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Award_of_Garden_Merit"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"(−)-catechin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(%E2%88%92)-catechin_7-O-%CE%B2-d-glucopyranoside"},{"link_name":"(+)-catechin 5-0-β-d-glucopyranoside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(%2B)-catechin_5-0-%CE%B2-d-glucopyranoside"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nonaka-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8E%9A%E8%91%89%E7%9F%B3%E6%96%91%E6%9C%A8_Rhaphiolepis_umbellata_20210324101356_04.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8E%9A%E8%91%89%E7%9F%B3%E6%96%91%E6%9C%A8_Rhaphiolepis_umbellata_20210324101356_11.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E5%8E%9A%E8%91%89%E7%9F%B3%E6%96%91%E6%9C%A8_Rhaphiolepis_umbellata_20210324101356_07.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yeddo_hawthorne_---_Rhaphiolepis_umbellata.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rhaphiolepis_umbellata4.jpg"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rhaphiolepis umbellata.Rhaphiolepis umbellata is a species of flowering plant in the family Rosaceae, native to Korea, Japan and Taiwan. Growing to 1.5 m (5 ft) tall and wide, it is an evergreen shrub with glossy oval leaves, and scented white flowers, sometimes tinged with pink, in early summer.[2]This plant has gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.[3] It is used in Japan as an astringent and a dyeing agent. The bark contains (−)-catechin 7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside and (+)-catechin 5-0-β-d-glucopyranoside.[4]The veins of the leaves are obvious and special.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sprouts are covered with white fluff.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe sprouts and the leaves.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFruits look somewhat like little figs.","title":"Rhaphiolepis umbellata"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-27807220","url_text":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\""}]},{"reference":"RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1405332965","url_text":"978-1405332965"}]},{"reference":"\"RHS Plant Selector - Rhaphiolepis umbellata\". Retrieved 30 May 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1598","url_text":"\"RHS Plant Selector - Rhaphiolepis umbellata\""}]},{"reference":"Gen-Ichiro Nonaka; Emiko Ezakia; Katsuya Hayashia; Itsuo Nishioka (1983). \"Flavanol glucosides from rhubarb and Rhaphiolepis umbellata\". Phytochemistry. 22 (7): 1659–61. doi:10.1016/0031-9422(83)80105-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2883%2980105-8","url_text":"10.1016/0031-9422(83)80105-8"}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/tro-27807220","external_links_name":"\"The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species\""},{"Link":"http://apps.rhs.org.uk/plantselector/plant?plantid=1598","external_links_name":"\"RHS Plant Selector - Rhaphiolepis umbellata\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0031-9422%2883%2980105-8","external_links_name":"10.1016/0031-9422(83)80105-8"},{"Link":"https://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/163933","external_links_name":"163933"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=403635","external_links_name":"403635"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4S4JG","external_links_name":"4S4JG"},{"Link":"https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/RAHUM","external_links_name":"RAHUM"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242411040","external_links_name":"242411040"},{"Link":"http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242411040","external_links_name":"242411040"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/5371572","external_links_name":"5371572"},{"Link":"https://npgsweb.ars-grin.gov/gringlobal/taxonomydetail.aspx?id=30871","external_links_name":"30871"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/367951","external_links_name":"367951"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/731413-1","external_links_name":"731413-1"},{"Link":"https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=290648","external_links_name":"290648"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=398295","external_links_name":"398295"},{"Link":"https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Rhaphiolepis~umbellata","external_links_name":"Rhaphiolepis~umbellata"},{"Link":"https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/4dc5c735-c869-481b-8a69-a5b7b81d3c78","external_links_name":"4dc5c735-c869-481b-8a69-a5b7b81d3c78"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://nzpcn.org.nz/flora_details.aspx?ID=2908","external_links_name":"2908"},{"Link":"https://observation.org/species/507682/","external_links_name":"507682"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=382000","external_links_name":"382000"},{"Link":"https://www.paldat.org/pub/Rhaphiolepis_umbellata","external_links_name":"Rhaphiolepis_umbellata"},{"Link":"https://pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Rhaphiolepis+umbellata","external_links_name":"Rhaphiolepis umbellata"},{"Link":"http://dryades.units.it/floritaly/index.php?procedure=taxon_page&tipo=all&id=9532","external_links_name":"9532"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A731413-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:731413-1"},{"Link":"https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/14464/wd/Details","external_links_name":"14464"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/27807220","external_links_name":"27807220"},{"Link":"https://vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au/flora/taxon/08293fb9-b58b-4163-b5e2-dc9d0c250853","external_links_name":"08293fb9-b58b-4163-b5e2-dc9d0c250853"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0001016277","external_links_name":"wfo-0001016277"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhaphiolepis_umbellata&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4th_Regiment_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Heavy_Artillery	4th Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment	["1 History","1.1 29th and 30th Unattached Companies","2 Complement","3 References","4 Notes","5 See also"]	4th Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment, U.S. VolunteersActiveAugust 1864 to 17 June 1865CountryUnited States of AmericaAllegianceUnionBranchUnited States ArmyTypeHeavy artillerySize1829Military unit Private Joseph N. Walls of Co. G, 4th Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress The 4th Massachusetts Volunteer Heavy Artillery Regiment was a unit that served in the Union Army during the latter part of the American Civil War. It was formed from former Unattached Companies of Heavy Artillery raised by Massachusetts to serve the state and for the defenses of Washington, D.C. History In the late summer of 1864, fourteen companies of heavy artillery were raised throughout Massachusetts for the purpose of coastal defense of the state. They were to be "unattached", thus not part of a regiment, and sent to various military locations for a one-year term. They were numbered 17 through 30, and were the Unattached Companies of Heavy Artillery. They encamped on Gallops Island in Boston Harbor, where they organized and were mustered in during latter part of August and into the first days of September 1864. In September, they were ordered to Washington, DC for garrison duty in the forts surrounding the capital. The last companies to leave, the 29th and 30th, left on 26 Sept and 29 Oct, respectively. On 12 Nov 1864, a War Department order consolidated 12 of the companies, numbered 17 through 28, into one regiment, the 4th Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Col William Sterling King, formerly of the 35th Massachusetts Infantry, was put in command. They remained in Washington for the remainder of the war, until their mustering out on 17 June 1865. 29th and 30th Unattached Companies While the 17th through 28th Unattached Companies were combined into a single regiment, the 29th and 30th remained single units. They also served in garrisoning the forts around the capital until their time of mustering out on 16 June 1865. The 29th, with 157 officers and enlisted men, lost 2 to disease, while the 30th lost none of their 150 volunteers. Complement The regiment consisted of 72 officers and 1757 enlisted men, 21 of them dying by disease or accident. References Headley, Phineas Camp (1866). Massachusetts in the Rebellion. Boston, MA: Walker, Fuller & Co. Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (State Historian) (1896). Massachusetts in the Army and Navy During the War of 1861-65, Vol I. Boston, MA: Wright and Potter Printing Co, State Printers. Bowen, James L (1889). Massachusetts in the War 1861-65. Springfield, MA: Clark W Bryer + Co. Adjutant General (1933). Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines in the Civil War, Vol VI. Norwood, MA: Norwood Press. p. 1. Notes ^ Mass Soldiers, pg 67 ^ Mass Soldiers Vol VI, pg 1 ^ Higginson, pg 176,564 Note that an artillery company was composed of around 150 men, compared to an infantry regiment of about 100. See also List of Massachusetts Civil War Units Massachusetts in the American Civil War	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Private_Joseph_N._Walls_of_Co._G,_4th_Massachusetts_Heavy_Artillery_Regiment_in_uniform_LCCN2016646166.jpg"},{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."}],"text":"Military unitPrivate Joseph N. Walls of Co. G, 4th Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of CongressThe 4th Massachusetts Volunteer Heavy Artillery Regiment was a unit that served in the Union Army during the latter part of the American Civil War. It was formed from former Unattached Companies of Heavy Artillery raised by Massachusetts to serve the state and for the defenses of Washington, D.C.","title":"4th Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gallops Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallops_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"William Sterling King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Sterling_King"},{"link_name":"35th Massachusetts Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/35th_Regiment_Massachusetts_Volunteer_Infantry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"In the late summer of 1864, fourteen companies of heavy artillery were raised throughout Massachusetts for the purpose of coastal defense of the state. They were to be \"unattached\", thus not part of a regiment, and sent to various military locations for a one-year term. They were numbered 17 through 30, and were the Unattached Companies of Heavy Artillery. They encamped on Gallops Island in Boston Harbor, where they organized and were mustered in during latter part of August and into the first days of September 1864. In September, they were ordered to Washington, DC for garrison duty in the forts surrounding the capital. The last companies to leave, the 29th and 30th, left on 26 Sept and 29 Oct, respectively.[1]On 12 Nov 1864, a War Department order consolidated 12 of the companies, numbered 17 through 28, into one regiment, the 4th Regiment Massachusetts Heavy Artillery. Col William Sterling King, formerly of the 35th Massachusetts Infantry, was put in command.[2] They remained in Washington for the remainder of the war, until their mustering out on 17 June 1865.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"29th and 30th Unattached Companies","text":"While the 17th through 28th Unattached Companies were combined into a single regiment, the 29th and 30th remained single units. They also served in garrisoning the forts around the capital until their time of mustering out on 16 June 1865. The 29th, with 157 officers and enlisted men, lost 2 to disease, while the 30th lost none of their 150 volunteers.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The regiment consisted of 72 officers and 1757 enlisted men, 21 of them dying by disease or accident.[3]","title":"Complement"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"}],"text":"^ Mass Soldiers, pg 67\n\n^ Mass Soldiers Vol VI, pg 1\n\n^ Higginson, pg 176,564 Note that an artillery company was composed of around 150 men, compared to an infantry regiment of about 100.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Private Joseph N. Walls of Co. G, 4th Massachusetts Heavy Artillery Regiment. From the Liljenquist Family Collection of Civil War Photographs, Prints and Photographs Division, Library of Congress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Private_Joseph_N._Walls_of_Co._G%2C_4th_Massachusetts_Heavy_Artillery_Regiment_in_uniform_LCCN2016646166.jpg/220px-Private_Joseph_N._Walls_of_Co._G%2C_4th_Massachusetts_Heavy_Artillery_Regiment_in_uniform_LCCN2016646166.jpg"}]	[{"title":"List of Massachusetts Civil War Units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Massachusetts_Civil_War_Units"},{"title":"Massachusetts in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts_in_the_American_Civil_War"}]	[{"reference":"Headley, Phineas Camp (1866). Massachusetts in the Rebellion. Boston, MA: Walker, Fuller & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/massachusettsin00headgoog","url_text":"Massachusetts in the Rebellion"}]},{"reference":"Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (State Historian) (1896). Massachusetts in the Army and Navy During the War of 1861-65, Vol I. Boston, MA: Wright and Potter Printing Co, State Printers.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bowen, James L (1889). Massachusetts in the War 1861-65. Springfield, MA: Clark W Bryer + Co.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Adjutant General (1933). Massachusetts Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines in the Civil War, Vol VI. Norwood, MA: Norwood Press. p. 1.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/massachusettsin00headgoog","external_links_name":"Massachusetts in the Rebellion"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Collins_(Australian_religious_writer)	Paul Collins (Australian religious writer)	["1 Doctrinal controversy","2 Writings","3 References","4 External links"]	Australian religious writer Paul Collins (born March 1940 in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian historian, broadcaster and writer currently based in Canberra. Doctrinal controversy In March 2001 he resigned from his role as a Catholic priest due to a dispute with the Vatican’s Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith over his book, Papal Power. In explaining his resignation, Collins cited the increasing rigidity and sectarianism of the Vatican, stating that the August 2000 declaration Dominus Iesus expressed "a profoundly anti-ecumenical spirit at odds with the sense of God’s grace permeating the whole cosmos". Writings Mixed Blessings (Penguin Books, 1986) No Set Agenda: Australia’s Catholic Church faces an uncertain future (David Lovell Publishing, 1992) God's Earth: Religion as if matter really mattered (Harper Collins, 1995) Papal Power: A proposal for change in Catholicism's third millennium (Harper Collins, 1997) Upon This Rock: The popes and their changing role (Melbourne University Press, 2000) From Inquisition to Freedom: Seven prominent Catholics and their struggle with the Vatican (Simon and Schuster, 2001) Hell's Gates: The terrible journey of Alexander Pearce, Van Diemen's Land cannibal (Hardie Grant, 2002) Between The Rock and a Hard Place: Being Catholic today (ABC Books, 2004) God's New Man: The legacy of Pope John Paul II and the election of Benedict XVI (Melbourne University Press, 2006) Burn: The epic story of bushfire in Australia (Allen & Unwin, 2006) Believers: Does Australian Catholicism have a Future? (UNSW Press, 2008) Judgment Day: The struggle for life on Earth (UNSW Press, 2010) The birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century (The Perseus Books Group, 2013) A Very Contrary Irishman: The life and travels of Jeremiah O'Flynn (Morning Star, 2014) Absolute Power: How the Pope became the most influential man in the world (PublicAffairs, 2018) References ^ Collins, Paul. "Reasons for Resignation". The Association for the Rights of Catholics. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2012. External links Profile on HarperCollins website Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Netherlands Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"}],"text":"Paul Collins (born March 1940 in Melbourne, Australia) is an Australian historian, broadcaster and writer currently based in Canberra.","title":"Paul Collins (Australian religious writer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Doctrine_of_the_Faith"},{"link_name":"Dominus Iesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominus_Iesus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"In March 2001 he resigned from his role as a Catholic priest due to a dispute with the Vatican’s Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith over his book, Papal Power. In explaining his resignation, Collins cited the increasing rigidity and sectarianism of the Vatican, stating that the August 2000 declaration Dominus Iesus expressed \"a profoundly anti-ecumenical spirit at odds with the sense of God’s grace permeating the whole cosmos\".[1]","title":"Doctrinal controversy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mixed Blessings (Penguin Books, 1986)\nNo Set Agenda: Australia’s Catholic Church faces an uncertain future (David Lovell Publishing, 1992)\nGod's Earth: Religion as if matter really mattered (Harper Collins, 1995)\nPapal Power: A proposal for change in Catholicism's third millennium (Harper Collins, 1997)\nUpon This Rock: The popes and their changing role (Melbourne University Press, 2000)\nFrom Inquisition to Freedom: Seven prominent Catholics and their struggle with the Vatican (Simon and Schuster, 2001)\nHell's Gates: The terrible journey of Alexander Pearce, Van Diemen's Land cannibal (Hardie Grant, 2002)\nBetween The Rock and a Hard Place: Being Catholic today (ABC Books, 2004)\nGod's New Man: The legacy of Pope John Paul II and the election of Benedict XVI (Melbourne University Press, 2006)\nBurn: The epic story of bushfire in Australia (Allen & Unwin, 2006)\nBelievers: Does Australian Catholicism have a Future? (UNSW Press, 2008)\nJudgment Day: The struggle for life on Earth (UNSW Press, 2010)\nThe birth of the West: Rome, Germany, France, and the Creation of Europe in the Tenth Century (The Perseus Books Group, 2013)\nA Very Contrary Irishman: The life and travels of Jeremiah O'Flynn (Morning Star, 2014)\nAbsolute Power: How the Pope became the most influential man in the world (PublicAffairs, 2018)","title":"Writings"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Collins, Paul. \"Reasons for Resignation\". The Association for the Rights of Catholics. Archived from the original on 11 August 2011. Retrieved 26 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811170708/http://arcc-catholic-rights.org/collins2001.htm","url_text":"\"Reasons for Resignation\""},{"url":"http://arcc-catholic-rights.org/collins2001.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110811170708/http://arcc-catholic-rights.org/collins2001.htm","external_links_name":"\"Reasons for Resignation\""},{"Link":"http://arcc-catholic-rights.org/collins2001.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.harpercollinsreligious.com.au/authors/profiles/paul_collins.html","external_links_name":"Profile on HarperCollins website"},{"Link":"http://www.paulcollinscatholicwriter.com.au/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000081090933","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29767287","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJpJdKHgq8TKJf4kH4fTHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14524567m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14524567m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/174155522","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007455380405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92096010","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p23960301X","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hx5bd6","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/078871301","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Robinson_Crusoe	Little Robinson Crusoe	["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Preservation","4 References","5 External links"]	1924 film by Edward F. Cline Little Robinson CrusoeStill with Tote Du Crow and Jackie CooganDirected byEdward F. ClineWritten byWillard MackStarringJackie CooganCinematographyFrank B. GoodRobert MartinDistributed byMetro-Goldwyn-MayerRelease date August 25, 1924 (1924-08-25) Running time70 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageSilent (English intertitles) Little Robinson Crusoe is a 1924 American comedy film starring Jackie Coogan. The film was directed by Edward F. Cline and written by Willard Mack. Plot Mickey Hogan (Jackie Coogan) is an orphan cabin boy on a ship commanded by a cruel captain (Tom Santschi). His only friend is a black cat, called Man Friday. A storm shipwrecks Mickey on an island, where is made into a captive war god. The next island is run by a white man Adolphe Schmidt (Bert Sprotte), who lives there with his daughter Gretta (Gloria Grey). Cast Jackie Coogan as Mickey Hogan Chief Daniel J. O'Brien as Chief of Police Will Walling as Captain of Police Tom Santschi as Captain Dynes Clarence Wilson as 'Singapore' Scroggs Eddie Boland as Wireless Operator Noble Johnson as Marimba (cannibal chief) Tote Du Crow as Ugandi Medicine Man Bert Sprotte as Adolphe Schmidt Gloria Grey as Gretta Schmidt Preservation A copy of Little Robinson Crusoe is housed at the Gosfilmofond in Moscow. References ^ The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog: Little Robinson Crusoe External links Little Robinson Crusoe at IMDb Synopsis at AllMovie vteFilms directed by Edward F. Cline Circus Days (1923) Three Ages (1923) Captain January (1924) Little Robinson Crusoe (1924) Along Came Ruth (1924) When a Man's a Man (1924) The Rag Man (1925) Old Clothes (1925) Let It Rain (1927) Soft Cushions (1927) Ladies' Night in a Turkish Bath (1928) Vamping Venus (1928) The Head Man (1928) The Crash (1928) Broadway Fever (1929) His Lucky Day (1929) The Forward Pass (1929) In the Next Room (1930) Sweet Mama (1930) Leathernecking (1930) The Widow from Chicago (1930) Hook, Line and Sinker (1930) The Naughty Flirt (1931) Cracked Nuts (1931) The Girl Habit (1931) Million Dollar Legs (1932) Parole Girl (1933) So This Is Africa (1933) Fighting to Live (1934) Peck's Bad Boy (1934) The Dude Ranger (1934) When a Man's a Man (1935) The Cowboy Millionaire (1935) F-Man (1936) On Again-Off Again (1937) Forty Naughty Girls (1937) High Flyers (1937) Hawaii Calls (1938) Go Chase Yourself (1938) Breaking the Ice (1938) Peck's Bad Boy with the Circus (1938) My Little Chickadee (1940) The Villain Still Pursued Her (1940) The Bank Dick (1940) Hello, Sucker (1941) Meet the Chump (1941) Cracked Nuts (1941) Never Give a Sucker an Even Break (1941) Private Snuffy Smith (1942) What's Cookin'? (1942) Private Buckaroo (1942) Give Out, Sisters (1942) Behind the Eight Ball (1942) He's My Guy (1943) Crazy House (1943) Swingtime Johnny (1943) Hat Check Honey (1944) Slightly Terrific (1944) Night Club Girl (1945) See My Lawyer (1945) Penthouse Rhythm (1945) Bringing Up Father (1946) Jiggs and Maggie in Society (1947) This article about a silent comedy film from the 1920s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Jackie Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Coogan"},{"link_name":"Edward F. Cline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_F._Cline"},{"link_name":"Willard Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willard_Mack"}],"text":"Little Robinson Crusoe is a 1924 American comedy film starring Jackie Coogan. The film was directed by Edward F. Cline and written by Willard Mack.","title":"Little Robinson Crusoe"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tom Santschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Santschi"},{"link_name":"Bert Sprotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Sprotte"},{"link_name":"Gloria Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Grey"}],"text":"Mickey Hogan (Jackie Coogan) is an orphan cabin boy on a ship commanded by a cruel captain (Tom Santschi). His only friend is a black cat, called Man Friday. A storm shipwrecks Mickey on an island, where is made into a captive war god. The next island is run by a white man Adolphe Schmidt (Bert Sprotte), who lives there with his daughter Gretta (Gloria Grey).","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jackie Coogan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Coogan"},{"link_name":"Will Walling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Will_Walling"},{"link_name":"Tom Santschi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Santschi"},{"link_name":"Clarence Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_Wilson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Eddie Boland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Boland"},{"link_name":"Noble Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noble_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Tote Du Crow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tote_Du_Crow"},{"link_name":"Bert Sprotte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bert_Sprotte"},{"link_name":"Gloria Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Grey"}],"text":"Jackie Coogan as Mickey Hogan\nChief Daniel J. O'Brien as Chief of Police\nWill Walling as Captain of Police\nTom Santschi as Captain Dynes\nClarence Wilson as 'Singapore' Scroggs\nEddie Boland as Wireless Operator\nNoble Johnson as Marimba (cannibal chief)\nTote Du Crow as Ugandi Medicine Man\nBert Sprotte as Adolphe Schmidt\nGloria Grey as Gretta Schmidt","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gosfilmofond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosfilmofond"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A copy of Little Robinson Crusoe is housed at the Gosfilmofond in Moscow.[1]","title":"Preservation"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://lcweb2.loc.gov:8081/diglib/ihas/loc.mbrs.sfdb.1529/default.html","external_links_name":"The Library of Congress American Silent Feature Film Survival Catalog: Little Robinson Crusoe"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0015074/","external_links_name":"Little Robinson Crusoe"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v99871","external_links_name":"Synopsis"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Little_Robinson_Crusoe&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lorne-Southern_Lakes	Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes	["1 Members of the Legislative Assembly","2 Election results","2.1 2021","2.2 2016","2.3 2011","3 References"]	Provincial electoral district in Yukon, CanadaMount Lorne-Southern Lakes Yukon electoral districtBoundaries of Mount Lorne-Southern LakesTerritorial electoral districtLegislatureYukon Legislative AssemblyMLA John StreickerLiberalDistrict created2009First contested2011Last contested2021DemographicsElectors (2021)1,618Census subdivision(s)Carcross, Carcross 4, Macpherson-Grizzly Valley, Marsh Lake, Mt. Lorne, Tagish, Whitehorse, Unorganized, Yukon, Unorganized Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes is an electoral district which returns a member (known as an MLA) to the Legislative Assembly of Yukon in Canada. It is one of the Yukon's eight rural ridings. The district was first contested in the 2011 election. It was created by merging most of the former districts of Mount Lorne and Southern Lakes. The riding includes the Yukon communities of Carcross, Tagish, Marsh Lake, and Mount Lorne as well part of the traditional territory of the Carcross/Tagish First Nation, the Teslin Tlingit Council, and the Kwanlin Dün First Nation. Members of the Legislative Assembly Assembly Years Member Party 33rd 2011–2016 Kevin Barr New Democratic 34th 2016–2021 John Streicker Liberal 35th 2021–Present Election results 2021 vte2021 Yukon general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal John Streicker 446 38.98 +0.5% Yukon Party Eric Schroff 406 35.48 +11.3% New Democratic Erik Pinkerton 292 25.52 -11.8% Total valid votes 1,144 Total rejected ballots Turnout Eligible voters Liberal hold Swing -4.98 Source(s) "Unofficial Election Results 2021". Elections Yukon. Retrieved 24 April 2021. 2016 2016 Yukon general election Party Candidate Votes % ±% Liberal John Streicker 451 38.5% +27.9% NDP Kevin Barr 437 37.3% -9.5% Yukon Party Rob Schneider 284 24.2% -13.7% Total 1172 100.0% – 2011 vte2011 Yukon general election Party Candidate Votes % New Democratic Kevin Barr 488 46.8% Yukon Party Deborah Fulmer 395 37.9% Liberal Ted Adel 111 10.6% First Nations Party Stanley James 49 4.7% Total 1,043 100.0% Source(s) "Report of the Chief Electoral Officer of Yukon on the 2011 General Election" (PDF). Elections Yukon. 2011. Retrieved January 22, 2017. References ^ Unofficial Results, Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes Elections Yukon, November 7, 2016. Retrieved January 22, 2017 vteYukon territorial electoral districtsRural Klondike Kluane Lake Laberge Mayo-Tatchun Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes Pelly-Nisutlin Vuntut Gwitchin Watson Lake Whitehorse Copperbelt North Copperbelt South Mountainview Porter Creek Centre Porter Creek North Porter Creek South Riverdale North Riverdale South Takhini-Kopper King Whitehorse Centre Whitehorse West Defunct Bonanza Campbell Carmacks-Kluane Copperbelt Dawson Faro Hootalinqua Mayo McIntyre-Takhini Mount Lorne North Dawson Ogilvie Pelly River Ross River-Southern Lakes South Dawson Southern Lakes Tatchun Whitehorse Whitehorse East Whitehorse North Whitehorse North Centre Whitehorse Porter Creek Whitehorse Porter Creek West Whitehorse Riverdale Whitehorse South Centre Yukon Electoral District No. 1 Yukon Electoral District No. 2 See also: 2016 election List of elections Legislative Assembly	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electoral district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Yukon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukon"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"2011 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Yukon_general_election"},{"link_name":"Mount Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lorne_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Southern Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Lakes_(electoral_district)"},{"link_name":"Carcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcross"},{"link_name":"Tagish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagish,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Marsh Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_Lake,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Mount Lorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Lorne,_Yukon"},{"link_name":"Carcross/Tagish First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carcross/Tagish_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Teslin Tlingit Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teslin_Tlingit_Council"},{"link_name":"Kwanlin Dün First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwanlin_D%C3%BCn_First_Nation"}],"text":"Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes is an electoral district which returns a member (known as an MLA) to the Legislative Assembly of Yukon in Canada. It is one of the Yukon's eight rural ridings.The district was first contested in the 2011 election. It was created by merging most of the former districts of Mount Lorne and Southern Lakes. The riding includes the Yukon communities of Carcross, Tagish, Marsh Lake, and Mount Lorne as well part of the traditional territory of the Carcross/Tagish First Nation, the Teslin Tlingit Council, and the Kwanlin Dün First Nation.","title":"Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Members of the Legislative Assembly"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2021","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2016","title":"Election results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2011","title":"Election results"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://electionsyukon.ca/en/content/unofficial-election-results-2021","external_links_name":"\"Unofficial Election Results 2021\""},{"Link":"http://www.electionsyukon.gov.yk.ca/docs/elections_report_2011.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Report of the Chief Electoral Officer of Yukon on the 2011 General Election\""},{"Link":"http://results.electionsyk.ca/results/07.htm","external_links_name":"Unofficial Results, Mount Lorne-Southern Lakes"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_method_for_complex_Hermitian_matrices	Jacobi method for complex Hermitian matrices	["1 Derivation","2 References"]	In mathematics, the Jacobi method for complex Hermitian matrices is a generalization of the Jacobi iteration method. The Jacobi iteration method is also explained in "Introduction to Linear Algebra" by Strang (1993). Derivation The complex unitary rotation matrices Rpq can be used for Jacobi iteration of complex Hermitian matrices in order to find a numerical estimation of their eigenvectors and eigenvalues simultaneously. Similar to the Givens rotation matrices, Rpq are defined as: ( R p q ) m , n = δ m , n m , n ≠ p , q , ( R p q ) p , p = + 1 2 e − i θ , ( R p q ) q , p = + 1 2 e − i θ , ( R p q ) p , q = − 1 2 e + i θ , ( R p q ) q , q = + 1 2 e + i θ {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(R_{pq})_{m,n}&=\delta _{m,n}&\qquad m,n\neq p,q,\\(R_{pq})_{p,p}&={\frac {+1}{\sqrt {2}}}e^{-i\theta },\\(R_{pq})_{q,p}&={\frac {+1}{\sqrt {2}}}e^{-i\theta },\\(R_{pq})_{p,q}&={\frac {-1}{\sqrt {2}}}e^{+i\theta },\\(R_{pq})_{q,q}&={\frac {+1}{\sqrt {2}}}e^{+i\theta }\end{aligned}}} Each rotation matrix, Rpq, will modify only the pth and qth rows or columns of a matrix M if it is applied from left or right, respectively: ( R p q M ) m , n = { M m , n m ≠ p , q 1 2 ( M p , n e − i θ − M q , n e + i θ ) m = p 1 2 ( M p , n e − i θ + M q , n e + i θ ) m = q ( M R p q † ) m , n = { M m , n n ≠ p , q 1 2 ( M m , p e + i θ − M m , q e − i θ ) n = p 1 2 ( M m , p e + i θ + M m , q e − i θ ) n = q {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}(R_{pq}M)_{m,n}&={\begin{cases}M_{m,n}&m\neq p,q\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(M_{p,n}e^{-i\theta }-M_{q,n}e^{+i\theta })&m=p\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(M_{p,n}e^{-i\theta }+M_{q,n}e^{+i\theta })&m=q\end{cases}}\\(MR_{pq}^{\dagger })_{m,n}&={\begin{cases}M_{m,n}&n\neq p,q\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(M_{m,p}e^{+i\theta }-M_{m,q}e^{-i\theta })&n=p\\{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(M_{m,p}e^{+i\theta }+M_{m,q}e^{-i\theta })&n=q\end{cases}}\end{aligned}}} A Hermitian matrix, H is defined by the conjugate transpose symmetry property: H † = H ⇔ H i , j = H j , i ∗ {\displaystyle H^{\dagger }=H\ \Leftrightarrow \ H_{i,j}=H_{j,i}^{*}} By definition, the complex conjugate of a complex unitary rotation matrix, R is its inverse and also a complex unitary rotation matrix: R p q † = R p q − 1 ⇒ R p q † † = R p q − 1 † = R p q − 1 − 1 = R p q . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R_{pq}^{\dagger }&=R_{pq}^{-1}\\\Rightarrow \ R_{pq}^{\dagger ^{\dagger }}&=R_{pq}^{-1^{\dagger }}=R_{pq}^{-1^{-1}}=R_{pq}.\end{aligned}}} Hence, the complex equivalent Givens transformation T {\displaystyle T} of a Hermitian matrix H is also a Hermitian matrix similar to H: T ≡ R p q H R p q † , T † = ( R p q H R p q † ) † = R p q † † H † R p q † = R p q H R p q † = T {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}T&\equiv R_{pq}HR_{pq}^{\dagger },&&\\T^{\dagger }&=(R_{pq}HR_{pq}^{\dagger })^{\dagger }=R_{pq}^{\dagger ^{\dagger }}H^{\dagger }R_{pq}^{\dagger }=R_{pq}HR_{pq}^{\dagger }=T\end{aligned}}} The elements of T can be calculated by the relations above. The important elements for the Jacobi iteration are the following four: T p , p = H p , p + H q , q 2 − R e { H p , q e − 2 i θ } , T p , q = H p , p − H q , q 2 + i I m { H p , q e − 2 i θ } , T q , p = H p , p − H q , q 2 − i I m { H p , q e − 2 i θ } , T q , q = H p , p + H q , q 2 + R e { H p , q e − 2 i θ } . {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{clrcl}T_{p,p}&=&&{\frac {H_{p,p}+H_{q,q}}{2}}&-\ \ \ \mathrm {Re} \{H_{p,q}e^{-2i\theta }\},\\T_{p,q}&=&&{\frac {H_{p,p}-H_{q,q}}{2}}&+\ i\ \mathrm {Im} \{H_{p,q}e^{-2i\theta }\},\\T_{q,p}&=&&{\frac {H_{p,p}-H_{q,q}}{2}}&-\ i\ \mathrm {Im} \{H_{p,q}e^{-2i\theta }\},\\T_{q,q}&=&&{\frac {H_{p,p}+H_{q,q}}{2}}&+\ \ \ \mathrm {Re} \{H_{p,q}e^{-2i\theta }\}.\end{array}}} Each Jacobi iteration with RJpq generates a transformed matrix, TJ, with TJp,q = 0. The rotation matrix RJp,q is defined as a product of two complex unitary rotation matrices. R p q J ≡ R p q ( θ 2 ) R p q ( θ 1 ) , with θ 1 ≡ 2 ϕ 1 − π 4 and θ 2 ≡ ϕ 2 2 , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}R_{pq}^{J}&\equiv R_{pq}(\theta _{2})\,R_{pq}(\theta _{1}),{\text{ with}}\\\theta _{1}&\equiv {\frac {2\phi _{1}-\pi }{4}}{\text{ and }}\theta _{2}\equiv {\frac {\phi _{2}}{2}},\end{aligned}}} where the phase terms, ϕ 1 {\displaystyle \phi _{1}} and ϕ 2 {\displaystyle \phi _{2}} are given by: tan ⁡ ϕ 1 = I m { H p , q } R e { H p , q } , tan ⁡ ϕ 2 = 2 \| H p , q \| H p , p − H q , q . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\tan \phi _{1}&={\frac {\mathrm {Im} \{H_{p,q}\}}{\mathrm {Re} \{H_{p,q}\}}},\\\tan \phi _{2}&={\frac {2\|H_{p,q}\|}{H_{p,p}-H_{q,q}}}.\end{aligned}}} Finally, it is important to note that the product of two complex rotation matrices for given angles θ1 and θ2 cannot be transformed into a single complex unitary rotation matrix Rpq(θ). The product of two complex rotation matrices are given by: [ R p q ( θ 2 ) R p q ( θ 1 ) ] m , n = { δ m , n m , n ≠ p , q , − i e − i θ 1 sin ⁡ θ 2 m = p and n = p , − e + i θ 1 cos ⁡ θ 2 m = p and n = q , e − i θ 1 cos ⁡ θ 2 m = q and n = p , + i e + i θ 1 sin ⁡ θ 2 m = q and n = q . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\left_{m,n}={\begin{cases}\ \ \ \ \delta _{m,n}&m,n\neq p,q,\\-ie^{-i\theta _{1}}\,\sin {\theta _{2}}&m=p{\text{ and }}n=p,\\-e^{+i\theta _{1}}\,\cos {\theta _{2}}&m=p{\text{ and }}n=q,\\\ \ \ \ e^{-i\theta _{1}}\,\cos {\theta _{2}}&m=q{\text{ and }}n=p,\\+ie^{+i\theta _{1}}\,\sin {\theta _{2}}&m=q{\text{ and }}n=q.\end{cases}}\end{aligned}}} References Strang, G. (1993), Introduction to Linear Algebra, MA: Wellesley Cambridge Press. vteNumerical linear algebraKey concepts Floating point Numerical stability Problems System of linear equations Matrix decompositions Matrix multiplication (algorithms) Matrix splitting Sparse problems Hardware CPU cache TLB Cache-oblivious algorithm SIMD Multiprocessing Software ATLAS MATLAB Basic Linear Algebra Subprograms (BLAS) LAPACK Specialized libraries General purpose software	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jacobi method for complex Hermitian matrices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrices"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix"},{"link_name":"Jacobi iteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm"},{"link_name":"Hermitian matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrices"},{"link_name":"Givens rotation matrices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givens_rotation"},{"link_name":"Hermitian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrix"},{"link_name":"unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrices"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix"},{"link_name":"unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrices"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_matrix"},{"link_name":"Givens transformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givens_rotation"},{"link_name":"Hermitian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrices"},{"link_name":"Hermitian matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitian_matrices"},{"link_name":"Jacobi iteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm"},{"link_name":"Jacobi iteration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi_eigenvalue_algorithm"},{"link_name":"unitary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_matrices"},{"link_name":"rotation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Givens_rotation"}],"text":"The complex unitary rotation matrices Rpq can be used for Jacobi iteration of complex Hermitian matrices in order to find a numerical estimation of their eigenvectors and eigenvalues simultaneously.Similar to the Givens rotation matrices, Rpq are defined as:(\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n \n )\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n δ\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n ,\n n\n ≠\n p\n ,\n q\n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n \n )\n \n p\n ,\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n θ\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n \n )\n \n q\n ,\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n θ\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n \n )\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n i\n θ\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n (\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n \n )\n \n q\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n +\n 1\n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n i\n θ\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(R_{pq})_{m,n}&=\\delta _{m,n}&\\qquad m,n\\neq p,q,\\\\[10pt](R_{pq})_{p,p}&={\\frac {+1}{\\sqrt {2}}}e^{-i\\theta },\\\\[10pt](R_{pq})_{q,p}&={\\frac {+1}{\\sqrt {2}}}e^{-i\\theta },\\\\[10pt](R_{pq})_{p,q}&={\\frac {-1}{\\sqrt {2}}}e^{+i\\theta },\\\\[10pt](R_{pq})_{q,q}&={\\frac {+1}{\\sqrt {2}}}e^{+i\\theta }\\end{aligned}}}Each rotation matrix, Rpq, will modify only the pth and qth rows or columns of a matrix M if it is applied from left or right, respectively:(\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n M\n \n )\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n M\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n m\n ≠\n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n p\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n θ\n \n \n −\n \n M\n \n q\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n i\n θ\n \n \n )\n \n \n m\n =\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n p\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n θ\n \n \n +\n \n M\n \n q\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n i\n θ\n \n \n )\n \n \n m\n =\n q\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n (\n M\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n †\n \n \n \n )\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n M\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n n\n ≠\n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n m\n ,\n p\n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n i\n θ\n \n \n −\n \n M\n \n m\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n θ\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n =\n p\n \n \n \n \n \n \n 1\n \n 2\n \n \n \n (\n \n M\n \n m\n ,\n p\n \n \n \n e\n \n +\n i\n θ\n \n \n +\n \n M\n \n m\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n θ\n \n \n )\n \n \n n\n =\n q\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}(R_{pq}M)_{m,n}&={\\begin{cases}M_{m,n}&m\\neq p,q\\\\[8pt]{\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2}}}(M_{p,n}e^{-i\\theta }-M_{q,n}e^{+i\\theta })&m=p\\\\[8pt]{\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2}}}(M_{p,n}e^{-i\\theta }+M_{q,n}e^{+i\\theta })&m=q\\end{cases}}\\\\[8pt](MR_{pq}^{\\dagger })_{m,n}&={\\begin{cases}M_{m,n}&n\\neq p,q\\\\{\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2}}}(M_{m,p}e^{+i\\theta }-M_{m,q}e^{-i\\theta })&n=p\\\\[8pt]{\\frac {1}{\\sqrt {2}}}(M_{m,p}e^{+i\\theta }+M_{m,q}e^{-i\\theta })&n=q\\end{cases}}\\end{aligned}}}A Hermitian matrix, H is defined by the conjugate transpose symmetry property:H\n \n †\n \n \n =\n H\n \n ⇔\n \n \n H\n \n i\n ,\n j\n \n \n =\n \n H\n \n j\n ,\n i\n \n \n ∗\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle H^{\\dagger }=H\\ \\Leftrightarrow \\ H_{i,j}=H_{j,i}^{*}}By definition, the complex conjugate of a complex unitary rotation matrix, R is its inverse and also a complex unitary rotation matrix:R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n †\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n \n ⇒\n \n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n \n †\n \n †\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n −\n \n 1\n \n †\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n −\n \n 1\n \n −\n 1\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}R_{pq}^{\\dagger }&=R_{pq}^{-1}\\\\[6pt]\\Rightarrow \\ R_{pq}^{\\dagger ^{\\dagger }}&=R_{pq}^{-1^{\\dagger }}=R_{pq}^{-1^{-1}}=R_{pq}.\\end{aligned}}}Hence, the complex equivalent Givens transformation \n \n \n \n T\n \n \n {\\displaystyle T}\n \n of a Hermitian matrix H is also a Hermitian matrix similar to H:T\n \n \n \n ≡\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n H\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n †\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n †\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n (\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n H\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n †\n \n \n \n )\n \n †\n \n \n =\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n \n †\n \n †\n \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n †\n \n \n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n †\n \n \n =\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n H\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n †\n \n \n =\n T\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}T&\\equiv R_{pq}HR_{pq}^{\\dagger },&&\\\\[6pt]T^{\\dagger }&=(R_{pq}HR_{pq}^{\\dagger })^{\\dagger }=R_{pq}^{\\dagger ^{\\dagger }}H^{\\dagger }R_{pq}^{\\dagger }=R_{pq}HR_{pq}^{\\dagger }=T\\end{aligned}}}The elements of T can be calculated by the relations above. The important elements for the Jacobi iteration are the following four:T\n \n p\n ,\n p\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n p\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n q\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n \n \n \n R\n e\n \n {\n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n 2\n i\n θ\n \n \n }\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n p\n \n \n −\n \n H\n \n q\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n i\n \n \n I\n m\n \n {\n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n 2\n i\n θ\n \n \n }\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n q\n ,\n p\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n p\n \n \n −\n \n H\n \n q\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n i\n \n \n I\n m\n \n {\n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n 2\n i\n θ\n \n \n }\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n T\n \n q\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n p\n \n \n +\n \n H\n \n q\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n +\n \n \n \n \n R\n e\n \n {\n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n 2\n i\n θ\n \n \n }\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{array}{clrcl}T_{p,p}&=&&{\\frac {H_{p,p}+H_{q,q}}{2}}&-\\ \\ \\ \\mathrm {Re} \\{H_{p,q}e^{-2i\\theta }\\},\\\\[8pt]T_{p,q}&=&&{\\frac {H_{p,p}-H_{q,q}}{2}}&+\\ i\\ \\mathrm {Im} \\{H_{p,q}e^{-2i\\theta }\\},\\\\[8pt]T_{q,p}&=&&{\\frac {H_{p,p}-H_{q,q}}{2}}&-\\ i\\ \\mathrm {Im} \\{H_{p,q}e^{-2i\\theta }\\},\\\\[8pt]T_{q,q}&=&&{\\frac {H_{p,p}+H_{q,q}}{2}}&+\\ \\ \\ \\mathrm {Re} \\{H_{p,q}e^{-2i\\theta }\\}.\\end{array}}}Each Jacobi iteration with RJpq generates a transformed matrix, TJ, with TJp,q = 0. The rotation matrix RJp,q is defined as a product of two complex unitary rotation matrices.R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n J\n \n \n \n \n \n ≡\n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n (\n \n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n (\n \n θ\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n ,\n \n with\n \n \n \n \n \n \n θ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n ≡\n \n \n \n 2\n \n ϕ\n \n 1\n \n \n −\n π\n \n 4\n \n \n \n and \n \n \n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n ≡\n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n 2\n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}R_{pq}^{J}&\\equiv R_{pq}(\\theta _{2})\\,R_{pq}(\\theta _{1}),{\\text{ with}}\\\\[8pt]\\theta _{1}&\\equiv {\\frac {2\\phi _{1}-\\pi }{4}}{\\text{ and }}\\theta _{2}\\equiv {\\frac {\\phi _{2}}{2}},\\end{aligned}}}where the phase terms, \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi _{1}}\n \n and \n \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi _{2}}\n \n are given by:tan\n ⁡\n \n ϕ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n \n I\n m\n \n {\n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n R\n e\n \n {\n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n }\n \n \n \n ,\n \n \n \n \n tan\n ⁡\n \n ϕ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n =\n \n \n \n 2\n \n \|\n \n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \|\n \n \n \n \n H\n \n p\n ,\n p\n \n \n −\n \n H\n \n q\n ,\n q\n \n \n \n \n \n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\tan \\phi _{1}&={\\frac {\\mathrm {Im} \\{H_{p,q}\\}}{\\mathrm {Re} \\{H_{p,q}\\}}},\\\\[8pt]\\tan \\phi _{2}&={\\frac {2\|H_{p,q}\|}{H_{p,p}-H_{q,q}}}.\\end{aligned}}}Finally, it is important to note that the product of two complex rotation matrices for given angles θ1 and θ2 cannot be transformed into a single complex unitary rotation matrix Rpq(θ). The product of two complex rotation matrices are given by:[\n \n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n (\n \n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n R\n \n p\n q\n \n \n (\n \n θ\n \n 1\n \n \n )\n \n ]\n \n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n =\n \n \n {\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n δ\n \n m\n ,\n n\n \n \n \n \n m\n ,\n n\n ≠\n p\n ,\n q\n ,\n \n \n \n \n −\n i\n \n e\n \n −\n i\n \n θ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n \n \n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n =\n p\n \n and \n \n n\n =\n p\n ,\n \n \n \n \n −\n \n e\n \n +\n i\n \n θ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n \n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n =\n p\n \n and \n \n n\n =\n q\n ,\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n e\n \n −\n i\n \n θ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n cos\n ⁡\n \n \n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n =\n q\n \n and \n \n n\n =\n p\n ,\n \n \n \n \n +\n i\n \n e\n \n +\n i\n \n θ\n \n 1\n \n \n \n \n \n sin\n ⁡\n \n \n θ\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n m\n =\n q\n \n and \n \n n\n =\n q\n .\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\begin{aligned}\\left[R_{pq}(\\theta _{2})\\,R_{pq}(\\theta _{1})\\right]_{m,n}={\\begin{cases}\\ \\ \\ \\ \\delta _{m,n}&m,n\\neq p,q,\\\\[8pt]-ie^{-i\\theta _{1}}\\,\\sin {\\theta _{2}}&m=p{\\text{ and }}n=p,\\\\[8pt]-e^{+i\\theta _{1}}\\,\\cos {\\theta _{2}}&m=p{\\text{ and }}n=q,\\\\[8pt]\\ \\ \\ \\ e^{-i\\theta _{1}}\\,\\cos {\\theta _{2}}&m=q{\\text{ and }}n=p,\\\\[8pt]+ie^{+i\\theta _{1}}\\,\\sin {\\theta _{2}}&m=q{\\text{ and }}n=q.\\end{cases}}\\end{aligned}}}","title":"Derivation"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Strang, G. (1993), Introduction to Linear Algebra, MA: Wellesley Cambridge Press","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Strang","url_text":"Strang, G."}]}]	[]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_C_series	Waco Custom Cabin series	["1 Design","2 Designation clarification","3 Operational history","4 Variants","4.1 1935 OC Series (54+ built)","4.2 1935 UC Series (30+ built)","4.3 1936 QC Series (C-6) (120 built)","4.4 1937–38 GC Series (C-7 and C-8) (96+ built)","4.5 1938 VN Series (N-8) (20 ca. built)","4.6 1939 RE Series (30 built)","4.7 Military designations","5 Operators","5.1 Civil operators","5.2 Military operators","6 Aircraft on display","7 Specifications (ZQC-6)","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Notes","9.2 Bibliography","10 External links"]	Waco Custom Cabin series Waco EQC-6 marked as Grant McConachie's aircraft Role Four to five place cabin sesquiplaneType of aircraft Manufacturer Waco Aircraft Company First flight 1935 Introduction 1935 Primary user Private individuals, air taxiis Produced 1935–1939 Number built 350+ Variants Waco E series, Waco N series The Waco Custom Cabins were a series of up-market single-engined four-to-five-seat cabin sesquiplanes of the late 1930s produced by the Waco Aircraft Company of the United States. "Custom Cabin" was Waco's own description of the aircraft which despite minor differences, were all fabric-covered biplanes. Design Nearly all of the Waco Custom Cabins were powered by radial engines (there being one factory-built exception, the MGC-8) and the purchaser could specify almost any commercially available engine and Waco would build an aircraft powered by it, hence the profusion of designations, as the first letter indicates the engine installed. Some models were offered in case someone wanted a specific engine but not all were built. Fuselage structure was typical for the period, being welded steel tubing with light wood strips to fair the shape in. The wings were made of spruce with two spars each, having ailerons on only the upper wings, mounted on a false spar. Split flaps were installed on the undersides of the upper wings, though two designs were used depending on model – placed either mid-chord (OC, UC and QC), or in the conventional position at the trailing edge of the wing (GC and N). The model N was unusual in being the only model with flaps on the lower wings while the model E was the only one with plain flaps. Wing bracing was with a heavily canted N strut joining upper and lower wings, assisted by a single strut bracing the lower wing to the upper fuselage longeron, except on the E series which replaced the single strut with flying and landing wires. Elevators and rudder were aerodynamically counterbalanced and braced with wire cables. Both could be trimmed, the rudder via a ground-adjustable tab, the elevators via jack screw on the OC, UC and QC, while the GC, E and N used a single trim tab on the port (left) elevator. The main landing gear was sprung with oleo struts, and a castoring tailwheel was fitted on all versions except the VN model, which had a nosewheel. Designation clarification Waco had been building a series of successful cabin biplanes, when in 1935 they introduced a new series of upmarket cabin sesquiplanes intended for the wealthy private individual or business. The original biplanes had been given a designation ending in C, however with the new Custom Cabin, Waco decided to differentiate the new design and existing C types that remained in production were recoded as C-S types to indicate Standard Cabin, until Waco changed their designation again in 1936 to just an S. For example, the 1934 Standard Cabin YKC was redesignated as a YKC-S in 1935, and as a YKS-6 in 1936. 1936 also saw the adoption of a numerical suffix to indicate the model year of the design, as "-6" for 1936, "-7" for 1937, etc. Since it referred to a model and not the year of production, the "-7" was carried into 1939 for some Custom Cabins, while others were designated "-8". In 1936, Waco started using a short form to refer to the types of aircraft without the engine and model identifiers resulting in C-6, C-7 and C-8 however as Waco only built one type of Custom cabin in each of those years, they refer to the QC-6, GC-7 and GC-8 series respectively. Operational history The Custom Cabin series, with its improved performance proved to be popular and many were purchased by small commercial aviation firms and non-aviation businesses. Approximately 300 Custom Cabin Wacos of all types (excluding the Waco E series and the Waco N series), were produced between 1935 and 1939. Some were employed as "executive transports". Many served in the Canadian bush country, where they normally operated on skis in winter and EDO floats in summer. Many of these Canadian Wacos were ordered and built as freighters with additional doors. In 1936 an EQC-6 operated by Speers Airways of Regina, Saskatchewan was the first non-military government operated air ambulance in Canada. With the onset of World War II, examples were impressed into the air forces of many Allied nations, including the US (USAAC and US Navy), the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Most were used as utility aircraft, however a small number were operated by the US Civil Air Patrol, conducting anti-submarine patrols off the US coastline from March 1942 to August 1943 armed with 50- or 100-pound bombs. A single impressed ZGC-7 referred to as the Big Waco, RAF serial AX695, was used by the British Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) along with a Standard Cabin YKC named Little Waco to support their activities behind Axis lines. Flight Regiment 19, Finnish Air Force (Swedish Volunteer Air Force) used one Waco ZQC-6 (OH-SLA) during the Russo-Finnish Winter War in support of Finnish military operations. Numerous Custom Cabin series aircraft of several sub-models are currently registered in the US, and more are in under restoration. This is still a popular design among owners of classic aircraft. Variants Waco YOC at Virginia Aviation Museum. This aircraft was once owned by Hollywood artist Walter Matthew Jeffries who was responsible for the design of the original Starship Enterprise. The Waco Custom cabin series included all of the enlarged-cabin sesquiplanes from 1935 and can be further divided into six basic models, OC, UC QC, GC, RE and VN, with additional subtypes differing primarily in engine installation (indicated by the first letter of the designation or by a low dash number, i.e. -1, -2) and by model year (dash numbers -6, -7, -8). Letters were not used sequentially. Each basic type was offered with almost any engine the customer wished and designations were created accordingly, however some engines were more popular than others resulting in some types being offered, but never built. Due to the wide variety of engines already offered, it was both relatively easy and common to change the installed engine, resulting in a lot of confusion as to the correct designation to use for a specific airframe. The RE series is more refined aerodynamically than earlier models; the wings are fully plywood-skinned, and instead of a bulky compression strut carrying lift loads, a more conventional set of streamlined flying wires completes the wing structure. It has the fastest cruise speed of any of the Waco cabin models, with a Vne of 270 mph. 1935 OC Series (54+ built) UOC 210 hp (157 kW) Continental R-670-A or 225 hp (168 kW) Continental R-670-B engine. four built. 1935 Waco YOC YOC 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. 50+ YOC and YOC-1 built. Built as UOC and re-engined. YOC-1 285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. Built as UOC and re-engined. One impressed by USAAF as UC-72N. Waco CUC of 1935. Anoka-Blaine airport near Minneapolis, June 2006 1935 UC Series (30+ built) CUC 250 hp (186 kW) Wright R-760-E engine. 30+ built of all CUC types. CUC-1 285 hp (213 kW) Wright R-760-E1 engine. Built as CUC and re-engined. One impressed by USAAF as UC-72F. CUC-2 320 hp (239 kW) Wright R-760-E2 engine. Built as CUC and re-engined. A Waco ZQC-6 1936 QC Series (C-6) (120 built) AQC-6 330 hp (246 kW) Jacobs L-6 engine. Seven built. One impressed by USAAF as UC-72G. AQC-6 Freighter: At least two aircraft ordered through Fleet Aircraft and built for use in Canada with additional freight doors on both sides of the fuselage and equipped for floats. Engine same as for standard AQC-6. Additional aircraft may have been modified. CQC-6 250 hp (186 kW) Wright R-760-E engine. None built. DQC-6 285 hp (213 kW) Wright R-760-E1 engine. 11 built. EQC-6 320 hp (239 kW) Wright R-760-E2 engine. 20 built. USCG used three as J2W-1 SQC-6 300 hp (224 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Jr. engine. None built. UQC-6 210 hp (157 kW) Continental R-670 or 225 hp (168 kW);hp Continental W-670-K or 220 hp (164 kW);hp Continental W-670-6. None built. VQC-6 250 hp (186 kW) Continental W-670-M1 engine. One built. YQC-6 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. 13 built. One ex-RAAF example re-engined with 200 hp (149 kW);hp DeHavilland Gypsy 6 inline engine. ZQC-6 285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. 68 built. One impressed by the USAAF as UC-72Q and five as UC-72H.; Swedish AF Tp-8a ZQC-6 Freighter: At least eight aircraft ordered through Fleet Aircraft and built for use in Canada with additional freight doors on both sides of the fuselage and equipped for floats. Engine same as for standard ZQC-6. Additional aircraft may have been modified. 1937–38 GC Series (C-7 and C-8) (96+ built) WACO AGC-8 AGC-8 300 hp (224 kW) Jacobs L-6 engine. 17 built, two modified to EGC-8. Two impressed by USAAF as UC-72P. DGC-7 285 hp (213 kW) Wright R-760-E1 engine. Two built. EGC-7 320 hp (239 kW) Wright R-760-E2 engine. 38 built. EGC-8 same as EGC-7 for 1938. Seven built, plus two modified from AGC-8, and one used to trial 260 hp (194 kW) Menasco C-6S-4 for MGC-8. Four impressed by USAAF as UC-72B MGC-8 Menasco Buccaneer inline engine. One modified, unknown number built. UGC-7 210 hp (157 kW) Continental R-670 engine. None built. VGC-7 250 hp (186 kW) Continental W-670-M1 engine. None built. YGC-7 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. None built. YGC-8 225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. Trailling edge flaps. None built. ZGC-7 300 hp (224 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. 28 built. Four impressed by USAAF as UC-72E ZGC-8 same as ZGC-7 for 1938, four built. Waco AVN-8 at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum. 1938 VN Series (N-8) (20 ca. built) Main article: Waco N series AVN-8 330 hp (246 kW) Jacobs L-6 engine. ZVN-8 285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. EAA AirVenture Museum's Waco ARE originally modified for the New York Daily News for aerial photography, with enlarged windows. 1939 RE Series (30 built) Main article: Waco E series ARE Aristocrat 330 hp (246 kW) Jacobs L-6 (four built, one impressed by USAAF as UC-72A) HRE Aristocrat 300 hp (224 kW) Lycoming R-680-E3 (five built, two impressed by USAAF as UC-72C) SRE Aristocrat 450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Jr SB-2/-3 (21 built, 13 impressed by USAAF as UC-72) WRE Aristocrat 450 hp (336 kW) Wright R-975 – none built Military designations A-54 Royal Australian Air Force designation for impressed YQC-6 Tp-8a Swedish Air Force designation for ZQC-6. Tp-8 was a generic designation for all Wacos. J2W US Coast Guard designation for three EQC-6 bought from Waco. Additional aircraft impressed by the US Navy were undesignated. UC-72/C-72 US Army Air Forces designation for impressed Custom Cabin series Wacos. Main article: Waco C-72 UC-72B : EGC-8 four impressed UC-72E : ZGC-7 four impressed UC-72P : AGC-8 two impressed UC-72Q : ZQC-6 one impressed UC-72G : AQC-6 one impressed UC-72H : ZQC-6 five impressed UC-72F : CUC-1 one impressed Operators Civil operators Wacos were used in small numbers by a very large number of individual operators in many countries. Military operators Most operators operated either a single example, or a very small number. Argentina Argentine Navy (EQC-6 and UOC) Australia Royal Australian Air Force impressed (YQC-6) Brazil Exército Brasileiro (30 EGC-7) Canada Royal Canadian Air Force impressed (AQC-6) Department of National Defence purchased (two ZQC-6) Finland Finnish Air Force impressed (ZQC-6) Netherlands Royal Netherlands Air Force possibly impressed (EGC-7) New Zealand Royal New Zealand Air Force impressed (UOC) Nicaragua Nicaraguan Air Force (EGC-7) South Africa South African Air Force impressed at least ten Wacos of different types (CUC and YOC) Sweden Swedish Air Force (ZQC-6) United Kingdom Royal Air Force impressed (ZVN-8) and ZGC-7) United States United States Coast Guard (three EQC-6) United States Navy United States Army Air Forces (impressed 18 of various types – see above) Aircraft on display Aside from the large number of privately owned Wacos that continue to exist, a number have also found their way into museums. Museum Location Type Identity Canadian Museum of Flight Langley, BC AQC-6 CF-CCW EAA AirVenture Museum Oshkosh, WI ARE NC20953 Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum Maryland Heights, MO AVN-8 NC19378 Golden Wings Flying Museum Minneapolis, MN CUC-1 NC15233 Virginia Aviation Museum Richmond, VA YOC NC17740 War Eagles Air Museum Santa Teresa, NM EGC-8 NC19354 Yukon Transportation Museum Whitehorse, YT ZQC-6 CF-BDZ Specifications (ZQC-6) Data from Juptner, U.S. Civil Aircraft Series, Vol. 6General characteristics Crew: one Capacity: four passengers Length: 26 ft 8 in (8.13 m) Upper wingspan: 35 ft 0 in (10.67 m) Lower wingspan: 24 ft 6 in (7.47 m) Height: 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m) Wing area: 244 sq ft (22.7 m2) total Airfoil: Clark Y Empty weight: 2,023 lb (918 kg) Gross weight: 3,500 lb (1,588 kg) Powerplant: 1 × Jacobs L-5 seven cylinder radial engine, 285 hp (213 kW) , first letter in designation (Z) indicates engine installed. Propellers: 2-bladed Performance Maximum speed: 166 mph (267 km/h, 144 kn) Cruise speed: 150 mph (240 km/h, 130 kn) Service ceiling: 17,000 ft (5,200 m) See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waco Custom Cabin. Related development Waco Standard Cabin series Waco S series Waco F series Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Avro Club Cadet Avro 641 Commodore Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing Bristol Type 110A Brown-Young BY-1 Canadian Vickers Vanessa Cunningham-Hall PT-6 Stinson SB-1 Detroiter Related lists List of civil aircraft List of aircraft of World War II List of aircraft of the United States during World War II List of military aircraft of the United States List of military aircraft of Sweden List of military aircraft of Finland References Notes ^ a b Aerofiles 'That Waco Coding System' accessed 10 June 09 ^ Brandly, 1981 ^ Brandley, 1986, p.76 ^ http://www.wdm.ca/skteacherguide/WDMResearch/AirAmbulance_TeacherGuide.pdf Saskatchewan's Air Ambulance Service, by Janet MacKenzie, 30 September 2002 – Accessed 29 May 2012 ^ Congressional Record – Awarding a Congressional Gold Medal to members of the Civil Air Patrol Archived 2016-01-14 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 27 June 2012 ^ a b Jenner and List 1999, pp.9, 27, 45–46 ^ a b Brandly, 1986, p.74 ^ a b c d Swanborough & Bowers, 1990, p.534 ^ a b c Aerofiles – USAAF Impressed Wacos, 2009 ^ a b Francillon, 1970, p.8 ^ a b Annerfalk, 1999, p.188 ^ Golden Years of Aviation (aircraft registrations) Archived 2012-02-19 at the Wayback Machine, accessdate 29 May 2012 ^ "World Air Forces Argentina Air Force". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. ^ "World Air Forces Brazil Air Force". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. ^ "World Air Forces Canada Air Force". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012. ^ Brandley, Raymond H. (1981). Waco Airplanes – The Versatile Cabin Series. United States: R.H. Brandly. p. 67. ISBN 0-9602734-2-5. ^ "World Air Forces Finland Air Force". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. ^ "World Air Forces Netherlands Air Force". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. ^ Duxbury, 1987, p.57 ^ "World Air Forces Nicaragua Air Force". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012. ^ Brandley, Raymond H. (1981). Waco Airplanes – The Versatile Cabin Series. United States: R.H. Brandly. p. 86. ISBN 0-9602734-2-5. ^ *FAA Registry Search for Waco Archived 2012-02-17 at the Wayback Machine accessed 12 June 2009 ^ Waco AQC-6 Retrieved 28 June 2012 ^ WACO ARE – NC20953 Retrieved 28 June 2012 ^ Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum List of Aircraft Retrieved 28 June 2012 ^ Golden Wings Flying Museum – The Collection Retrieved 27 June 2012 ^ Virginia Aviation Museum Historic Aircraft (p 25) Archived 2016-05-12 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved 28 June 2012 ^ War Eagles Air Museum Newsletter First Quarter 2005 Retrieved 28 June 2012 ^ Waco CF-BDZ Retrieved 10 January 2024 ^ Juptner, 1993, pp.353–355 Bibliography Annerfalk, Anders (1999). Flygvapnet – An illustrated history of the Swedish Air Force. Ljungsbro, Sweden: Aviatic Forlag. ISBN 91-86642-049. Brandley, Raymond H. (1986). Waco Aircraft Production 1923–1942 – Troy, Ohio: Waco Aircraft Co (Second ed.). R.H. Brandly. ISBN 978-0960273454. Brandley, Raymond H. (1989). Waco Airplanes – Ask Any Pilot – The Authentic History of Waco Airplanes and Biographies of... R.H. Brandly. ISBN 0-9602734-0-9. Brandley, Raymond H. (1981). Waco Airplanes – Ask Any Pilot – The Versatile Cabin Series. R.H. Brandly. ISBN 0-9602734-2-5. Duxbury, David; Ewing, Ross; MacPherson, Ross (1987). Aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force. Singapore: Heinmann. ISBN 0-86863-412-3. Francillon, Rene J. (1970). Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force in the Pacific. Aero Pictorials 3. Fallbrook CA: Aero Publishers Inc. LCCN 76-114412. Green, William (1965). The Aircraft of the World. Macdonald & Co. (Publishers) Ltd. Jenner, Robin; List, David; Badrocke, Mike (1999). The Long Range Desert Group 1940–1945. Oxford, UK: Osprey Publishing. ISBN 1-85532-958-1. Juptner, Joseph P. (1962). U.S. Civil Aircraft Vol. 1. Los Angeles, California: Aero Publishers, Inc. LCCN 62-15967. Juptner, Joseph P. (1993). U.S. Civil Aircraft Vol. 6. McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0830643714. Kobernuss, Fred O. (1999). Waco – Symbol of Courage and Excellence. unk.: Mystic Bay Publisher. ISBN 1-887961-01-1. Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-115-3. Swanborough, Gordon; Bowers, Peter (1990). US Navy Aircraft Since 1911. Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-838-0. FAA Registry Search for Waco Various (26 April 2009). "Aerofiles Waco Page". Retrieved 7 June 2009. Various (26 April 2009). "45 USAAF Impressed Wacos". Retrieved 23 May 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Waco Custom Cabin. Data on Waco aircraft at Aerofiles.com FAA Registry Search for Waco Tp 8 and Tp 8a American Waco Club vteWaco aircraftCompanydesignationsNamed types Aristocrat Aristocraft Cootie Custom Cabin Mailplane Primary Glider Pursuit Standard Cabin Sportsman Straightwing Taperwing Numbered types 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 90 BS-165 220-T C-225 240-A 300T-A Open cockpitbiplanes A series D series F series CRG M series O series GXE Standard Cabinbiplanes Standard Cabin C series Standard Cabin S series Custom Cabinsesquiplanes C series E series N series Monoplanes RPT MilitarydesignationsGliders CG-3 CG-4 CG-13 CG-15 Powered transports C-62 UC-72 Trainers JW (Navy) PT-14 (USAAC) vteSwedish military aircraft designations 1926–currentAttack aircraft (A) A 1 A 28 A 29 A 32 A 36 AJ 37 A 38 JAS 39 Bombers (B) B 1 B 2 B 3 B 4 B 5 B 6 B 7 B 8 B 16 B 17 B 18 B 24 B 26 Army aeroplanes (Fpl) Fpl 51 Fpl 53 Fpl 54 Fpl 61 Gliders (G/Lg/Se) G 101 Se 102 Se 103 Se 104 Lg 105 Helicopter (Hkp) Hkp 1 Hkp 2 Hkp 3 Hkp 4 Hkp 5 HKP 6 HKP 9 HKP 10 HKP 11 HKP 14 HKP 15 HKP 16 Fighters (J) J 1 J 2 J 3 J 4 J 5 J 6 J 7 J 8 J 9 J 10 J 11 J 12 J 19 J 20 J 21/21R J 22 J 23 J 24 J 26 J 27 J 28 J 29 J 30 J 31 J 32 J 33 J 34 J 35 JA 37 JAS 39 Advanced trainers (Ö) Ö 1 Ö 2 Ö 3 Ö 4 Ö 5 Ö 6 Ö 7 Ö 8 Ö 9 Trials aircraft (P) P 1 P 2 P 3 P 4 P 5 P 6 P 7 P 8/P 8A/P 8B P 9A/P 9B Reconnaissance (S) S 1 S 2 S 3 S 4 S 5 S 6 S 7 S 8 S 9 S 10 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 S 17 S 18 S 22 S 26 S 29 S 31 S 32 S 35 SF 37/SH 37 JAS 39 S 100 Trainers (Sk) Sk 1 Sk 2 Sk 3 Sk 4 Sk 5 Sk 6 Sk 7 Sk 8 Sk 9 Sk 10 Sk 11 Sk 12 Sk 14 Sk 15 Sk 16 Sk 25 Sk 26 Sk 28 Sk 35 Sk 38 Sk 40 Sk 50 Sk 60 Sk 61 Torpedo bombers (T) T 1 T 2 T 16 T 18 Transports (Trp/Tp) Trp 1 Trp 2/2A Trp 3 Trp 4 Tp 5 Tp 6 Tp 7 Tp 8/8A Tp 9 Tp 10 Tp 16 Tp 24 Tp 45 Tp 46 Tp 47 Tp 52 Tp 53 Tp 54 Tp 55 Tp 78 Tp 79 Tp 80 Tp 81 Tp 82 Tp 83 Tp 84 Tp 85 Tp 86 Tp 87 Tp 88 Tp 89 Tp 91 Tp 100 Tp 101 Tp 102 Tp 103 vteAustralian Defence Force aircraft serial-number prefixesItalics indicate prefixes not used.RAAF Series One1921–34 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 RAAF Series Two1935–63 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22 A23 A24 A25 A26 A27 A28 A29 A30 A30 A31 A32 A33 A34 A35 A36 A37 A37 A37 A38 A39 A40 A41 A42 A43 A44 A44 A45 A46 A47 A48 A49 A50 A51 A52 A53 A54 A55 A56 A57 A58 A59 A60 A61 A62 A63 A64 A65 A66 A67 A68 (I) A68 (II) A69 A70 A71 A72 A73 A74 A75 A76 A77 A78 A79 A80 A81 A82 A83 A84 A85 A86 A87 A88 A89 A90 A91 A92 A93 A94 A95 A96 A97 A98 A99 A100 RAN Series1 N1 N2 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 RAAF Series ThreeTri-Service series1964–present A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 A11 A12 A13 A14 A15 A16 A17/N17 A18 A19 A20 A21 A22/N22 A23 N24 A25 A26 A27 N28 N29 A30 A31 A32 A33 A34 A35 A36 A37 A38 A39 A40/N40 A41 N42 A43 A44 A45 A46 A47 N48 N49 A51 N52 A53 A54 A55 A56 A69 Lists Aircraft of the RAAF Aircraft of the RAN Aircraft of the Australian Army 1 Prior to adoption of Tri-Service prefixes.	[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Waco Custom Cabin series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Split flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)#Split_flap"},{"link_name":"plain flaps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flap_(aircraft)#Plain_flap"}],"text":"Nearly all of the Waco Custom Cabins were powered by radial engines (there being one factory-built exception, the MGC-8) and the purchaser could specify almost any commercially available engine and Waco would build an aircraft powered by it, hence the profusion of designations, as the first letter indicates the engine installed. Some models were offered in case someone wanted a specific engine but not all were built. Fuselage structure was typical for the period, being welded steel tubing with light wood strips to fair the shape in. The wings were made of spruce with two spars each, having ailerons on only the upper wings, mounted on a false spar. Split flaps were installed on the undersides of the upper wings, though two designs were used depending on model – placed either mid-chord (OC, UC and QC), or in the conventional position at the trailing edge of the wing (GC and N). The model N was unusual in being the only model with flaps on the lower wings while the model E was the only one with plain flaps. Wing bracing was with a heavily canted N strut joining upper and lower wings, assisted by a single strut bracing the lower wing to the upper fuselage longeron, except on the E series which replaced the single strut with flying and landing wires. Elevators and rudder were aerodynamically counterbalanced and braced with wire cables. Both could be trimmed, the rudder via a ground-adjustable tab, the elevators via jack screw on the OC, UC and QC, while the GC, E and N used a single trim tab on the port (left) elevator. The main landing gear was sprung with oleo struts, and a castoring tailwheel was fitted on all versions except the VN model, which had a nosewheel.","title":"Design"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cabin biplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_Standard_Cabin_Series"},{"link_name":"sesquiplanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesquiplane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aerofiles-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Production-3"}],"text":"Waco had been building a series of successful cabin biplanes, when in 1935 they introduced a new series of upmarket cabin sesquiplanes intended for the wealthy private individual or business. The original biplanes had been given a designation ending in C, however with the new Custom Cabin, Waco decided to differentiate the new design and existing C types that remained in production were recoded as C-S types to indicate Standard Cabin, until Waco changed their designation again in 1936 to just an S.[1] For example, the 1934 Standard Cabin YKC was redesignated as a YKC-S in 1935, and as a YKS-6 in 1936.[1] 1936 also saw the adoption of a numerical suffix to indicate the model year of the design, as \"-6\" for 1936, \"-7\" for 1937, etc. Since it referred to a model and not the year of production, the \"-7\" was carried into 1939 for some Custom Cabins, while others were designated \"-8\".[2] In 1936, Waco started using a short form to refer to the types of aircraft without the engine and model identifiers resulting in C-6, C-7 and C-8 however as Waco only built one type of Custom cabin in each of those years, they refer to the QC-6, GC-7 and GC-8 series respectively.[3]","title":"Designation clarification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"EDO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edo_Aircraft_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Regina, Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regina,_Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Civil Air Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Air_Patrol"},{"link_name":"anti-submarine patrols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-submarine_warfare"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"RAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Long Range Desert Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Range_Desert_Group"},{"link_name":"Standard Cabin YKC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_Standard_Cabin_series"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"Flight Regiment 19, Finnish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_Regiment_19,_Finnish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Russo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"Finnish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Winter War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_War"}],"text":"The Custom Cabin series, with its improved performance proved to be popular and many were purchased by small commercial aviation firms and non-aviation businesses. Approximately 300 Custom Cabin Wacos of all types (excluding the Waco E series and the Waco N series), were produced between 1935 and 1939. Some were employed as \"executive transports\". Many served in the Canadian bush country, where they normally operated on skis in winter and EDO floats in summer. Many of these Canadian Wacos were ordered and built as freighters with additional doors. In 1936 an EQC-6 operated by Speers Airways of Regina, Saskatchewan was the first non-military government operated air ambulance in Canada.[4] \nWith the onset of World War II, examples were impressed into the air forces of many Allied nations, including the US (USAAC and US Navy), the United Kingdom, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. Most were used as utility aircraft, however a small number were operated by the US Civil Air Patrol, conducting anti-submarine patrols off the US coastline from March 1942 to August 1943 armed with 50- or 100-pound bombs.[5] A single impressed ZGC-7 referred to as the Big Waco, RAF serial AX695, was used by the British Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) along with a Standard Cabin YKC named Little Waco to support their activities behind Axis lines.[6] Flight Regiment 19, Finnish Air Force (Swedish Volunteer Air Force) used one Waco ZQC-6 (OH-SLA) during the Russo-Finnish Winter War in support of Finnish military operations. \nNumerous Custom Cabin series aircraft of several sub-models are currently registered in the US, and more are in under restoration. This is still a popular design among owners of classic aircraft.","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1935_Waco_YOC_Richmond_VA_MDF_5992.jpg"},{"link_name":"Virginia Aviation Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Aviation_Museum"},{"link_name":"Walter Matthew Jeffries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Matthew_Jeffries"},{"link_name":"Starship Enterprise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starship_Enterprise"},{"link_name":"flying wires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_wires"}],"text":"Waco YOC at Virginia Aviation Museum. This aircraft was once owned by Hollywood artist Walter Matthew Jeffries who was responsible for the design of the original Starship Enterprise.The Waco Custom cabin series included all of the enlarged-cabin sesquiplanes from 1935 and can be further divided into six basic models, OC, UC QC, GC, RE and VN, with additional subtypes differing primarily in engine installation (indicated by the first letter of the designation or by a low dash number, i.e. -1, -2) and by model year (dash numbers -6, -7, -8). Letters were not used sequentially.\nEach basic type was offered with almost any engine the customer wished and designations were created accordingly, however some engines were more popular than others resulting in some types being offered, but never built. Due to the wide variety of engines already offered, it was both relatively easy and common to change the installed engine, resulting in a lot of confusion as to the correct designation to use for a specific airframe.The RE series is more refined aerodynamically than earlier models; the wings are fully plywood-skinned, and instead of a bulky compression strut carrying lift loads, a more conventional set of streamlined flying wires completes the wing structure. It has the fastest cruise speed of any of the Waco cabin models, with a Vne of 270 mph.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Continental R-670-A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_R-670-A"},{"link_name":"Continental R-670-B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_R-670-B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WACOYOC-1935.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jacobs L-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_L-4"},{"link_name":"Jacobs L-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_L-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waco_CUC_NC15233_Herrick_Colln_MNn_13.06.06R.jpg"}],"sub_title":"1935 OC Series (54+ built)","text":"UOC\n210 hp (157 kW) Continental R-670-A or 225 hp (168 kW) Continental R-670-B engine. four built.1935 Waco YOCYOC\n225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. 50+ YOC and YOC-1 built. Built as UOC and re-engined.\nYOC-1\n285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. Built as UOC and re-engined. One impressed by USAAF as UC-72N.Waco CUC of 1935. Anoka-Blaine airport near Minneapolis, June 2006","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wright R-760-E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-760-E"},{"link_name":"Wright R-760-E1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-760-E1"},{"link_name":"USAAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USAAF"},{"link_name":"Wright R-760-E2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-760-E2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waco_ZQC-6.jpg"}],"sub_title":"1935 UC Series (30+ built)","text":"CUC\n250 hp (186 kW) Wright R-760-E engine. 30+ built of all CUC types.\nCUC-1\n285 hp (213 kW) Wright R-760-E1 engine. Built as CUC and re-engined. One impressed by USAAF as UC-72F.\nCUC-2\n320 hp (239 kW) Wright R-760-E2 engine. Built as CUC and re-engined.A Waco ZQC-6","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jacobs L-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_L-6"},{"link_name":"Fleet Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandley86p74-7"},{"link_name":"USCG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USCG"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN_Putnam-8"},{"link_name":"Continental W-670-K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_W-670-K"},{"link_name":"Continental W-670-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_W-670-6"},{"link_name":"Continental W-670-M1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_W-670-M1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAAF_impressed-9"},{"link_name":"Fleet Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleet_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brandley86p74-7"}],"sub_title":"1936 QC Series (C-6) (120 built)","text":"AQC-6\n330 hp (246 kW) Jacobs L-6 engine. Seven built. One impressed by USAAF as UC-72G.\nAQC-6 Freighter: At least two aircraft ordered through Fleet Aircraft and built for use in Canada with additional freight doors on both sides of the fuselage and equipped for floats. Engine same as for standard AQC-6. Additional aircraft may have been modified.[7]CQC-6\n250 hp (186 kW) Wright R-760-E engine. None built.\nDQC-6\n285 hp (213 kW) Wright R-760-E1 engine. 11 built.\nEQC-6\n320 hp (239 kW) Wright R-760-E2 engine. 20 built. USCG used three as J2W-1[8]\nSQC-6\n300 hp (224 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Jr. engine. None built.\nUQC-6\n210 hp (157 kW) Continental R-670 or 225 hp (168 kW);hp Continental W-670-K or 220 hp (164 kW);hp Continental W-670-6. None built.\nVQC-6\n250 hp (186 kW) Continental W-670-M1 engine. One built.\nYQC-6\n225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. 13 built. One ex-RAAF example re-engined with 200 hp (149 kW);hp DeHavilland Gypsy 6 inline engine.\nZQC-6\n285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. 68 built. One impressed by the USAAF as UC-72Q and five as UC-72H.;[9] Swedish AF Tp-8a\nZQC-6 Freighter: At least eight aircraft ordered through Fleet Aircraft and built for use in Canada with additional freight doors on both sides of the fuselage and equipped for floats. Engine same as for standard ZQC-6. Additional aircraft may have been modified.[7]","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WACO_AGC-8.jpg"},{"link_name":"Menasco C-6S-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menasco_C-6S-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Waco_AVN-8_N19378_HARM_St_Louis_10.06.06R.jpg"},{"link_name":"Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Aircraft_Restoration_Museum"}],"sub_title":"1937–38 GC Series (C-7 and C-8) (96+ built)","text":"WACO AGC-8AGC-8\n300 hp (224 kW) Jacobs L-6 engine. 17 built, two modified to EGC-8. Two impressed by USAAF as UC-72P.\nDGC-7\n285 hp (213 kW) Wright R-760-E1 engine. Two built.\nEGC-7\n320 hp (239 kW) Wright R-760-E2 engine. 38 built.\nEGC-8\nsame as EGC-7 for 1938. Seven built, plus two modified from AGC-8, and one used to trial 260 hp (194 kW) Menasco C-6S-4 for MGC-8. Four impressed by USAAF as UC-72B\nMGC-8\nMenasco Buccaneer inline engine. One modified, unknown number built.\nUGC-7\n210 hp (157 kW) Continental R-670 engine. None built.\nVGC-7\n250 hp (186 kW) Continental W-670-M1 engine. None built.\nYGC-7\n225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. None built.\nYGC-8\n225 hp (168 kW) Jacobs L-4 engine. Trailling edge flaps. None built.\nZGC-7\n300 hp (224 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine. 28 built. Four impressed by USAAF as UC-72E\nZGC-8\nsame as ZGC-7 for 1938, four built.Waco AVN-8 at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WACO-ARE.jpg"},{"link_name":"EAA AirVenture Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EAA_AirVenture_Museum"},{"link_name":"New York Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_News_(New_York)"}],"sub_title":"1938 VN Series (N-8) (20 ca. built)","text":"AVN-8\n330 hp (246 kW) Jacobs L-6 engine.\nZVN-8\n285 hp (213 kW) Jacobs L-5 engine.EAA AirVenture Museum's Waco ARE originally modified for the New York Daily News for aerial photography, with enlarged windows.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lycoming R-680-E3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lycoming_R-680"},{"link_name":"Pratt & Whitney Wasp Jr SB-2/-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_Wasp_Jr_SB-2/-3"},{"link_name":"Wright R-975","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-975"}],"sub_title":"1939 RE Series (30 built)","text":"ARE Aristocrat\n330 hp (246 kW) Jacobs L-6 (four built, one impressed by USAAF as UC-72A)\nHRE Aristocrat\n300 hp (224 kW) Lycoming R-680-E3 (five built, two impressed by USAAF as UC-72C)\nSRE Aristocrat\n450 hp (336 kW) Pratt & Whitney Wasp Jr SB-2/-3 (21 built, 13 impressed by USAAF as UC-72)\nWRE Aristocrat\n450 hp (336 kW) Wright R-975 – none built","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF&RNZAF-10"},{"link_name":"Swedish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flygvapnet-11"},{"link_name":"US Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN_Putnam-8"},{"link_name":"UC-72/C-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_C-72"},{"link_name":"US Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAAF_impressed-9"}],"sub_title":"Military designations","text":"A-54\nRoyal Australian Air Force designation for impressed YQC-6[10]Tp-8a\nSwedish Air Force designation for ZQC-6. Tp-8 was a generic designation for all Wacos.[11]J2W\nUS Coast Guard designation for three EQC-6 bought from Waco. Additional aircraft impressed by the US Navy were undesignated.[8]UC-72/C-72\nUS Army Air Forces designation for impressed Custom Cabin series Wacos.[9]UC-72B\n : \nEGC-8\n four impressed\n\n\nUC-72E\n : \nZGC-7\n four impressed\n\n\nUC-72P\n : \nAGC-8\n two impressed\n\n\nUC-72Q\n : \nZQC-6\n one impressed\n\n\nUC-72G\n : \nAQC-6\n one impressed\n\n\nUC-72H\n : \nZQC-6\n five impressed\n\n\nUC-72F\n : \nCUC-1\n one impressed","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Civil operators","text":"Wacos were used in small numbers by a very large number of individual operators in many countries.[12]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"Argentine Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_Navy"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAAF&RNZAF-10"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Exército Brasileiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Army"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Department of National Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Finnish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Royal Netherlands Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Royal New Zealand Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Nicaragua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaragua"},{"link_name":"Nicaraguan Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicaraguan_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"South African Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_African_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Swedish Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flygvapnet-11"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN_Putnam-8"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USN_Putnam-8"},{"link_name":"United States Army Air Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USAAF_impressed-9"}],"sub_title":"Military operators","text":"Most operators operated either a single example, or a very small number.ArgentinaArgentine Navy (EQC-6 and UOC)[13]AustraliaRoyal Australian Air Force impressed (YQC-6)[10]BrazilExército Brasileiro (30 EGC-7)[14]CanadaRoyal Canadian Air Force impressed (AQC-6)[15]\nDepartment of National Defence purchased (two ZQC-6)[16]FinlandFinnish Air Force impressed (ZQC-6)[17]NetherlandsRoyal Netherlands Air Force possibly impressed (EGC-7)[18]New ZealandRoyal New Zealand Air Force impressed (UOC)[19]NicaraguaNicaraguan Air Force (EGC-7)[20]South AfricaSouth African Air Force impressed at least ten Wacos of different types (CUC and YOC)[citation needed]SwedenSwedish Air Force (ZQC-6)[11]United KingdomRoyal Air Force impressed (ZVN-8)[21] and ZGC-7[6])United StatesUnited States Coast Guard (three EQC-6)[8]\nUnited States Navy[8]\nUnited States Army Air Forces (impressed 18 of various types – see above)[9]","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Aside from the large number of privately owned Wacos that continue to exist,[22] a number have also found their way into museums.","title":"Aircraft on display"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"Clark Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Y"},{"link_name":"Jacobs L-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobs_L-5"},{"link_name":"radial engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radial_engine"}],"text":"Data from Juptner, U.S. Civil Aircraft Series, Vol. 6[30]General characteristicsCrew: one\nCapacity: four passengers\nLength: 26 ft 8 in (8.13 m)\nUpper wingspan: 35 ft 0 in (10.67 m)\nLower wingspan: 24 ft 6 in (7.47 m)\nHeight: 8 ft 8 in (2.64 m)\nWing area: 244 sq ft (22.7 m2) total\nAirfoil: Clark Y\nEmpty weight: 2,023 lb (918 kg)\nGross weight: 3,500 lb (1,588 kg)\nPowerplant: 1 × Jacobs L-5 seven cylinder radial engine, 285 hp (213 kW) , first letter in designation (Z) indicates engine installed.\nPropellers: 2-bladedPerformanceMaximum speed: 166 mph (267 km/h, 144 kn)\nCruise speed: 150 mph (240 km/h, 130 kn)\nService ceiling: 17,000 ft (5,200 m)","title":"Specifications (ZQC-6)"}]	[{"image_text":"Waco YOC at Virginia Aviation Museum. This aircraft was once owned by Hollywood artist Walter Matthew Jeffries who was responsible for the design of the original Starship Enterprise.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/1935_Waco_YOC_Richmond_VA_MDF_5992.jpg/220px-1935_Waco_YOC_Richmond_VA_MDF_5992.jpg"},{"image_text":"1935 Waco YOC","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/WACOYOC-1935.jpg/220px-WACOYOC-1935.jpg"},{"image_text":"Waco CUC of 1935. Anoka-Blaine airport near Minneapolis, June 2006","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Waco_CUC_NC15233_Herrick_Colln_MNn_13.06.06R.jpg/220px-Waco_CUC_NC15233_Herrick_Colln_MNn_13.06.06R.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Waco ZQC-6","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Waco_ZQC-6.jpg/220px-Waco_ZQC-6.jpg"},{"image_text":"WACO AGC-8","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/WACO_AGC-8.jpg/220px-WACO_AGC-8.jpg"},{"image_text":"Waco AVN-8 at the Historic Aircraft Restoration Museum.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Waco_AVN-8_N19378_HARM_St_Louis_10.06.06R.jpg/220px-Waco_AVN-8_N19378_HARM_St_Louis_10.06.06R.jpg"},{"image_text":"EAA AirVenture Museum's Waco ARE originally modified for the New York Daily News for aerial photography, with enlarged windows.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/WACO-ARE.jpg/220px-WACO-ARE.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Waco Custom Cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Waco_Custom_Cabin"},{"title":"Waco Standard Cabin series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_Standard_Cabin_series"},{"title":"Waco S series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_S_series"},{"title":"Waco F series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_F_series"},{"title":"Avro Club Cadet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_Club_Cadet"},{"title":"Avro 641 Commodore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avro_641_Commodore"},{"title":"Beechcraft Model 17 Staggerwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beechcraft_Model_17_Staggerwing"},{"title":"Bristol Type 110A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Type_110A"},{"title":"Brown-Young BY-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown-Young_BY-1"},{"title":"Canadian Vickers Vanessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Vickers_Vanessa"},{"title":"Cunningham-Hall PT-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham-Hall_PT-6"},{"title":"Stinson SB-1 Detroiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinson_Detroiter"},{"title":"List of civil aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_civil_aircraft"},{"title":"List of aircraft of World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of aircraft of the United States during World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_aircraft_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_United_States"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Sweden"},{"title":"List of military aircraft of Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_Finland"}]	[{"reference":"\"World Air Forces Argentina Air Force\". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125034502/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/argentina/arg.html","url_text":"\"World Air Forces Argentina Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/argentina/arg.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Air Forces Brazil Air Force\". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121018212416/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/brazil/brz.html","url_text":"\"World Air Forces Brazil Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/brazil/brz.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Air Forces Canada Air Force\". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on December 11, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121211095214/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/canada/can.html","url_text":"\"World Air Forces Canada Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/canada/can.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brandley, Raymond H. (1981). Waco Airplanes – The Versatile Cabin Series. United States: R.H. Brandly. p. 67. ISBN 0-9602734-2-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9602734-2-5","url_text":"0-9602734-2-5"}]},{"reference":"\"World Air Forces Finland Air Force\". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125064912/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/finland/fin.html","url_text":"\"World Air Forces Finland Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/finland/fin.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Air Forces Netherlands Air Force\". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125030417/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/netherlands/net.html","url_text":"\"World Air Forces Netherlands Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/netherlands/net.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"World Air Forces Nicaragua Air Force\". www.worldairforces.com. Archived from the original on January 25, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120125074213/http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/nicaragua/nic.html","url_text":"\"World Air Forces Nicaragua Air Force\""},{"url":"http://www.worldairforces.com/Countries/nicaragua/nic.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Brandley, Raymond H. (1981). Waco Airplanes – The Versatile Cabin Series. United States: R.H. Brandly. p. 86. ISBN 0-9602734-2-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9602734-2-5","url_text":"0-9602734-2-5"}]},{"reference":"Annerfalk, Anders (1999). Flygvapnet – An illustrated history of the Swedish Air Force. Ljungsbro, Sweden: Aviatic Forlag. ISBN 91-86642-049.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anders_Annerfalk","url_text":"Annerfalk, Anders"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86642-049","url_text":"91-86642-049"}]},{"reference":"Brandley, Raymond H. (1986). Waco Aircraft Production 1923–1942 – Troy, Ohio: Waco Aircraft Co (Second ed.). R.H. Brandly. ISBN 978-0960273454.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0960273454","url_text":"978-0960273454"}]},{"reference":"Brandley, Raymond H. (1989). Waco Airplanes – Ask Any Pilot – The Authentic History of Waco Airplanes and Biographies of... R.H. Brandly. ISBN 0-9602734-0-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9602734-0-9","url_text":"0-9602734-0-9"}]},{"reference":"Brandley, Raymond H. (1981). Waco Airplanes – Ask Any Pilot – The Versatile Cabin Series. R.H. Brandly. ISBN 0-9602734-2-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9602734-2-5","url_text":"0-9602734-2-5"}]},{"reference":"Duxbury, David; Ewing, Ross; MacPherson, Ross (1987). Aircraft of the Royal New Zealand Air Force. Singapore: Heinmann. ISBN 0-86863-412-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86863-412-3","url_text":"0-86863-412-3"}]},{"reference":"Francillon, Rene J. (1970). Royal Australian Air Force and Royal New Zealand Air Force in the Pacific. 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Waco – Symbol of Courage and Excellence. unk.: Mystic Bay Publisher. ISBN 1-887961-01-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-887961-01-1","url_text":"1-887961-01-1"}]},{"reference":"Simpson, Rod (2001). Airlife's World Aircraft. Airlife Publishing Ltd. ISBN 1-84037-115-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84037-115-3","url_text":"1-84037-115-3"}]},{"reference":"Swanborough, Gordon; Bowers, Peter (1990). US Navy Aircraft Since 1911. Putnam. ISBN 0-85177-838-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-838-0","url_text":"0-85177-838-0"}]},{"reference":"Various (26 April 2009). \"Aerofiles Waco Page\". Retrieved 7 June 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://aerofiles.com/_waco.html","url_text":"\"Aerofiles Waco Page\""}]},{"reference":"Various (26 April 2009). \"45 USAAF Impressed Wacos\". Retrieved 23 May 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://aerofiles.com/waco-usaaf.html","url_text":"\"45 USAAF Impressed Wacos\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://aerofiles.com/wacodata.html","external_links_name":"Aerofiles 'That Waco Coding System'"},{"Link":"http://www.wdm.ca/skteacherguide/WDMResearch/AirAmbulance_TeacherGuide.pdf","external_links_name":"http://www.wdm.ca/skteacherguide/WDMResearch/AirAmbulance_TeacherGuide.pdf"},{"Link":"http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r112:S10MY2-0006:","external_links_name":"Congressional Record – Awarding a Congressional Gold Medal to members of the Civil Air Patrol"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160114220704/http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/z?r112:S10MY2-0006:","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.goldenyears.ukf.net/","external_links_name":"Golden Years of Aviation (aircraft 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Park_Road_68	Texas Park Road 68	["1 Route description","2 History","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]	Route map: PR 68Hueco Tanks State Park RoadPR 68 highlighted in redRoute informationMaintained by TxDOTLength2.060 mi (3.315 km)Existed1974–presentMajor junctionsSouth end RM 2775North endHueco Tanks State Historic Site LocationCountryUnited StatesStateTexasCountiesEl Paso Highway system Highways in Texas Interstate US State Toll Loops Spurs FM/RM Park Rec ← PR 67→ PR 69 Texas Park Road 68 (Hueco Tanks State Park Road) is a state park road in Hueco Tanks State Historic Site in El Paso County, Texas. Route description The southern terminus of Park Road 68 is at RM 2775 at the southern boundary of Hueco Tanks State Historic Site. It proceeds two miles (3.2 km) northward from there, entirely within the state park. History Park Road 68 was established along its current route in 1974. Major intersections The entire route is in El Paso County. LocationmikmDestinationsNotes Hueco Tanks State Historic Site0.00.0 RM 2775Southern terminus 2.13.4Northern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi See also U.S. Roads portal Texas portal References ^ a b c d e Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). "Park Road No. 68". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 950. Retrieved July 15, 2021. ^ Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 892. Retrieved July 15, 2021. External links KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/Texas Park Road 68KML is from Wikidata Geographic data related to Texas Park Road 68 at OpenStreetMap	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hueco Tanks State Historic Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hueco_Tanks_State_Historic_Site"},{"link_name":"El Paso County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_68-1"}],"text":"Texas Park Road 68 (Hueco Tanks State Park Road) is a state park road in Hueco Tanks State Historic Site in El Paso County, Texas.[1]","title":"Texas Park Road 68"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"RM 2775","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranch_to_Market_Road_2775"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_950-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_68-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mapbook_892-3"}],"text":"The southern terminus of Park Road 68 is at RM 2775 at the southern boundary of Hueco Tanks State Historic Site.[2] It proceeds two miles (3.2 km) northward from there, entirely within the state park.[1][3]","title":"Route description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PR_68-1"}],"text":"Park Road 68 was established along its current route in 1974.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"El Paso County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Paso_County,_Texas"}],"text":"The entire route is in El Paso County.","title":"Major intersections"}]	[]	[{"title":"U.S. Roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._Roads"},{"title":"Texas portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Texas"}]	[{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (n.d.). \"Park Road No. 68\". Highway Designation Files. Texas Department of Transportation.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/PR/PR0068.htm","url_text":"\"Park Road No. 68\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Department_of_Transportation","url_text":"Texas Department of Transportation"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 950. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/950.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]},{"reference":"Transportation Planning and Programming Division (2018). Texas County Mapbook (PDF) (Map) (2018 ed.). 1:72,224. Texas Department of Transportation. p. 892. Retrieved July 15, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/892.pdf","url_text":"Texas County Mapbook"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.dot.state.tx.us/tpp/hwy/PR/PR0068.htm","external_links_name":"\"Park Road No. 68\""},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/950.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"http://www.dot.state.tx.us/apps-cg/grid_search/_includes/countymapbook/Pages/892.pdf","external_links_name":"Texas County Mapbook"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_Park_Road_68&action=raw","external_links_name":"KML file"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Attached_KML/Texas_Park_Road_68&action=edit","external_links_name":"edit"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/2751962","external_links_name":"Texas Park Road 68"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday_(disambiguation)	Super Bowl Sunday (disambiguation)	[]	Super Bowl Sunday is the day during which the NFL’s annual Super Bowl championship game is played. Super Bowl Sunday may also refer to: Super Bowl Sunday (This Is Us), an episode from an American television drama series Super Bowl Sunday (video game), a 1985 video game Super Bowl Sunday (song), a song by the band Maps and Atlases from their album Lightlessness is Nothing New Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Super Bowl Sunday.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Super Bowl Sunday (This Is Us)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday_(This_Is_Us)"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl Sunday (video game)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Super Bowl Sunday (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Bowl_Sunday_(song)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Super_Bowl_Sunday_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"Super Bowl Sunday may also refer to:Super Bowl Sunday (This Is Us), an episode from an American television drama series\nSuper Bowl Sunday (video game), a 1985 video game\nSuper Bowl Sunday (song), a song by the band Maps and Atlases from their album Lightlessness is Nothing NewTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Super Bowl Sunday.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"Super Bowl Sunday (disambiguation)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Super_Bowl_Sunday_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_Wisconsin_Infantry_Regiment	30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment	["1 Service","2 Detailed Service","3 Casualties","4 Commanders","5 Notable members","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]	Union Army infantry regiment 30th Wisconsin Infantry RegimentFlag of WisconsinActiveOctober 21, 1862 – September 20, 1865CountryUnited StatesAllegianceUnionBranchInfantrySizeRegimentEngagementsAmerican Civil War Sully's Expedition Against the Sioux in Dakota Territory CommandersColonelDaniel J. DillMilitary unit The 30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War. Service The 30th Wisconsin Infantry was organized at Camp Randall, Madison, Wisconsin, and mustered into federal service October 21, 1862. Duty at Green Bay, West Bay and other points in Wisconsin, enforcing draft, etc., until March, 1863. Headquarters of regiment at Camp Randall until December 26, 1862, then at Camp Reno, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Companies "D" "F," "I" and "K" ordered to St. Louis, Missouri, May 2, 1863. Guard boats and supplies for Sully's Northwestern Indian Expedition up the Missouri River till August. Companies "I" and "K" ordered to Milwaukee. Companies "D" and "F" at Fann Island, and fatigue duty building Fort Sully till December, 1863. Companies "E" and "G" at Bayfield and Superior City, Wisconsin, May 26–August 21, 1863, then report to Milwaukee. Company "G" ordered to Davenport, Iowa, December 5, 1863. Company "I" moved to St. Louis, Mo., April, 1864, and thence to Fort Union, Dakota Territory, and duty there until June, 1865. While at Fort Sully the 30th WIS helped rescue the James L. Fisk wagon train at Fort Dilts. Rejoined regiment at St. Louis, Missouri, June 22, 1865. Companies "A," "C," "F" and "H" left Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 20, 1864, to join Sully's Northwestern Indian Expedition. Moved from St. Louis to Fort Sully, Dakota Territory, thence to Fort Rice, and duty there until October. Moved to Sioux City October 12–November 2. Company "D" join. Moved to Quincy, Illinois, thence to Louisville, Kentucky, November 24–29. Companies "B," "E," "G" and "K" left Milwaukee for Dakota Territory April, 1864. Duty at Fort Wadsworth July 1–September 29. Ordered to St. Louis, Missouri, thence to relief of Paducah, Kentucky, October 29. Moved to St. Louis December 6–10, and join balance of regiment. Moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky, December 12 and assigned to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Military District of Kentucky. Moved to Louisville, Kentucky, January 10, 1865, and provost duty there until September; also conducting prisoners to various points. Companies "B," "E" and "G" moved to Frankfort, Kentucky, February, 1865, and duty there until June. Mustered out September 20, 1865. Detailed Service The 30th Wisconsin Infantry was recruited under the call of July, 1862, for 300,000 men. The first man to enlist was James Berry of Company D, on July 21, 1862. Enlistments closed on August 23, 1862, with a full regiment of 1020 men. Many of the enlistment papers were made out for the Twenty-fifth Regiment, but volunteering was so brisk that thirteen full regiments were raised from the 21st to the 33rd Wisconsin, inclusive, within thirty days from the call. The average age of the men was twenty-five years and six months; their average height was 5 ft. 7 7–10 inches. Many were lumbermen, farmers and miners, and a number were Indians from the Chippewa Reservation. Nearly 90% were born in the United States. The regiment was mustered into the United States service, October 18, 1862, at Camp Randall, near Madison, Wisconsin. As mustered in, the regiment was composed as follows: Company A, Captain Samuel Harriman, from St. Croix, Polk and Pierce Counties Company B, Captain Lewis S. Burton, from Iowa and Lafayette Counties Company C, Captain A. A. Arnold, from Trempealeau County Company D, Captain David С. Fulton, from St. Croix, Polk and Pierce Counties Company E, Captain Edward Devlin, from Iowa and Lafayette Counties Company F, Captain Martin A. Driebelbis, from Pierce County Company G, Captain Asa B. Swain, from Waushara County Company H, Captain Andrew Bedal, from Waushara County Company I, Captain Napoleon B. Greer, from Eau Claire County Company K, Captain John Klatt, from Chippewa County Subsequently, regimental headquarters remained at Camp Randall, while portions of the regiment were almost constantly detached in the performance of various kinds of duty. On May 2, 1863, companies D, F, I and K, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Bartlett, were ordered to the upper Missouri River, to support the Indian expedition under General Alfred Sully. These companies served with this command at different points on the river, from Sioux City, Iowa, to Fort Pierre, Dakota Territory, until the August 10, 1863, when companies I and К were ordered to report at Camp Washburn, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, leaving companies D and F at Fort Pierre; these companies arrived at Milwaukee on September 12, 1863. On the May 26, companies G and E left Camp Randall, the former for Superior, Wis., and the latter for Bayfield, Wisconsin, in anticipation of trouble with the Indians at these points. They remained at these stations, respectively, until the middle of August, when they were recalled; arrived on August 31 at Camp Washburn, which was placed under command of Major John Clowney, of this regiment. The remaining companies, at various times, were sent to various parts of the state to maintain order during the enrollment and draft, under the Conscription Act. Colonel Daniel J. Dill was Post Commandant at Camp Randall during this time. In the December, 1863, the regiment was transferred to Camp Washburn, and subsequently to Camp Reno, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where the headquarters of the regiment were established. In March, 1864, detachments of the regiment were ordered to various points in Dakota Territory and Northwestern Minnesota, and in General Sully's campaign against the Sioux Indians, moving from point to point during the summer, performing many marches and participating in several engagements with Indians. On October 1, 1864, detachments of the 30th Wisconsin were stationed at various places in Dakota Territory as follows: Companies A, C, F, and H, under the immediate command of Colonel Dill, at Fort Rice, of which post Lieutenant Colonel Bartlett was placed in command; Companies B, E, G and К under command of Major Clowney, at Fort Wadsworth (later renamed to Fort Sisseton) near Coteau des Prairies; Company D, under command of Captain Fulton, at Fort Sully, and Company I, under command of Captain Greer, at Fort Union. Orrin C. Hall, the First Sergeant of Company I, was killed in action during a skirmish with Sioux warriors near Fort Union on April 27, 1865. Companies A, C, F and H, commanded by Colonel Dill, left Fort Rice, Dakota, Friday, October 12, 1864, and descending the Missouri river in flat boats built by themselves, arrived November 2, 1864, at Sioux City, Iowa, where they were joined by Company D, under command of Lieutenant Lewis O. Marshall, Captain David С. Fulton having been promoted Major of the 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery Battalion on October 14. Continuing their journey down the river they arrived at St. Joseph, Missouri, November 17, 1864. Company H having been detained by floating ice, Captain Bedal abandoned his boat a few miles above St. Joseph, and marched his command to the city, rejoining the other companies November 23. Leaving St. Joseph on November 24, and proceeding by rail, they arrived on the following day at Quincy, Illinois, and thence proceeded by way of Springfield, Illinois, and Indianapolis, Indiana, arriving on November 29, 1864, at Louisville, Kentucky, where they went into camp. Companies B, E, G and K, under command of Major Clowney, left Fort Wadsworth, Dakota Territory, on the September 29, 1864, en route for Fort Snelling, Minn., where they arrived on the October 20, having marched upwards of four hundred miles in twenty days, making an average of 20½ miles per day. Embarking on steamboats at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, on October 20, they descended the Mississippi to St. Louis, Missouri, where they arrived on October 26, and were quartered in Benton Barracks. They left St. Louis on the October 29, and arrived the next day at Paducah, Kentucky, at the mouth of the Tennessee River. Here they were employed in guard duty until December 6, 1864, when they again embarked and proceeding up the Ohio River, landed at Louisville December 10, where they rejoined the balance of the regiment, with the exception of Co. I, which still remained at Fort Union, Dakota Territory. On the December 12, 1864, the nine companies of the Thirtieth left Louisville by rail, and next day went into camp at Bowling Green, Kentucky. Here the regiment was assigned to the Second Brigade, Second Division, Military District of Kentucky. Colonel Dill took command of the Brigade, and Major Clowney that of the Regiment. On the 10th of January 10, 1865, the Regiment left Bowling green for Louisville, arriving on the 12th, where they were assigned to duty as guard to the military prison in that city. On January 20, 1865, Companies A, D and F, under command of Captain Meacham, of Company F, were detached as provost guard in Louisville. On the February 8, 1865, Companies B, E and G, under command of Major Clowney, proceeded by rail to Frankfort, Kentucky, sixty five miles from Louisville, under orders to assume the duties of permanent garrison of that city. Company B, on the March 30, moved from Frankfort to Georgetown, Kentucky, near which they were stationed as garrison, under command of Lieutenant William H. Gill. Lieutenant Colonel Bartlett rejoined and assumed command of the Regiment at Louisville in the latter part of February, 1865, and on April 17, 1865, Colonel Dill was appointed Provost Marshal General of Kentucky. Company В rejoined the command May 27, and early in June Companies E and G returned to Louisville, where Company I also rejoined the regiment on June 22, 1865, having been relieved from duty at Fort Union, Dakota Territory on June 4 by Company B of the 1st United States Volunteer Infantry. During the service of the Regiment in Kentucky it was engaged in running down and capturing bands of guerrillas in the Department. The regiment was mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on September 20, 1865, and immediately started for home, arriving at Madison, Wisconsin, on September 25, 1865, where it was paid and disbanded. Casualties The 30th Wisconsin suffered 2 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 2 officers and 65 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 69 fatalities. Commanders Colonel Daniel J. Dill (July 22, 1862 – September 20, 1865) nominally commanded the regiment for its entire service, but was detached as provost marshal of Kentucky near the end of the war. Before joining the 30th Wisconsin Infantry, he was captain of Co. B in the 6th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. After the war he served in the Wisconsin State Assembly. Major John Clowney (February 8, 1865 – September 20, 1865) had command of the regiment when Colonel Dill and Lt. Colonel Edward M. Barlett were assigned to provost and court martial duty. Notable members Arthur Lockard Cox, son of Charles B. Cox, was first lieutenant and later captain of Co. A. Cornelius A. Davenport was enlisted in Co. H for the last three years of the war. After the war he was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly. Edward M. Bartlett, brother of M. D. Bartlett, was lieutenant colonel of the regiment through most of the regiment's service. Toward the end of the war he was detached and assigned to court martial duty at Louisville. See also American Civil War portal List of Wisconsin Civil War units Wisconsin in the American Civil War References ^ a b "30th Regiment Infantry". civilwararchive.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016. ^ Roster of the thirtieth Wisconsin Infantry Volunteers: mustered in, October 18, 1862, Madison, Wis., mustered out, September 20, 1865, Louisville, Ky, M.J. Cantwell, for the Association, 1896 External links Letters by Private Robert Richards of Co. E. to his sister Caroline The Civil War Archive	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"volunteer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Volunteers"},{"link_name":"infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infantry"},{"link_name":"regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment"},{"link_name":"Union Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Army"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"}],"text":"Military unitThe 30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment was a volunteer infantry regiment that served in the Union Army during the American Civil War.","title":"30th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Camp Randall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Randall"},{"link_name":"Madison, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"James L. Fisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_L._Fisk"},{"link_name":"Fort Dilts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Dilts"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civilwararchive-1"}],"text":"The 30th Wisconsin Infantry was organized at Camp Randall, Madison, Wisconsin, and mustered into federal service October 21, 1862. Duty at Green Bay, West Bay and other points in Wisconsin, enforcing draft, etc., until March, 1863. Headquarters of regiment at Camp Randall until December 26, 1862, then at Camp Reno, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Companies \"D\" \"F,\" \"I\" and \"K\" ordered to St. Louis, Missouri, May 2, 1863. Guard boats and supplies for Sully's Northwestern Indian Expedition up the Missouri River till August. Companies \"I\" and \"K\" ordered to Milwaukee. Companies \"D\" and \"F\" at Fann Island, and fatigue duty building Fort Sully till December, 1863. Companies \"E\" and \"G\" at Bayfield and Superior City, Wisconsin, May 26–August 21, 1863, then report to Milwaukee. Company \"G\" ordered to Davenport, Iowa, December 5, 1863. Company \"I\" moved to St. Louis, Mo., April, 1864, and thence to Fort Union, Dakota Territory, and duty there until June, 1865. While at Fort Sully the 30th WIS helped rescue the James L. Fisk wagon train at Fort Dilts. Rejoined regiment at St. Louis, Missouri, June 22, 1865. Companies \"A,\" \"C,\" \"F\" and \"H\" left Milwaukee, Wisconsin, April 20, 1864, to join Sully's Northwestern Indian Expedition. Moved from St. Louis to Fort Sully, Dakota Territory, thence to Fort Rice, and duty there until October. Moved to Sioux City October 12–November 2. Company \"D\" join. Moved to Quincy, Illinois, thence to Louisville, Kentucky, November 24–29. Companies \"B,\" \"E,\" \"G\" and \"K\" left Milwaukee for Dakota Territory April, 1864. Duty at Fort Wadsworth July 1–September 29. Ordered to St. Louis, Missouri, thence to relief of Paducah, Kentucky, October 29. Moved to St. Louis December 6–10, and join balance of regiment. Moved to Bowling Green, Kentucky, December 12 and assigned to 2nd Brigade, 2nd Division, Military District of Kentucky. Moved to Louisville, Kentucky, January 10, 1865, and provost duty there until September; also conducting prisoners to various points. Companies \"B,\" \"E\" and \"G\" moved to Frankfort, Kentucky, February, 1865, and duty there until June. Mustered out September 20, 1865.[1]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alfred Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Sully"},{"link_name":"Sioux City, Iowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sioux_City,_Iowa"},{"link_name":"Fort Pierre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Pierre,_South_Dakota"},{"link_name":"Dakota Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakota_Territory"},{"link_name":"Daniel J. Dill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Dill"},{"link_name":"Fort Rice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Rice"},{"link_name":"Fort Sisseton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sisseton"},{"link_name":"Fort Sully","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sully_(South_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Fort Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Union_(North_Dakota)"},{"link_name":"Fort Snelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Snelling"},{"link_name":"Benton Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benton_Barracks"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The 30th Wisconsin Infantry was recruited under the call of July, 1862, for 300,000 men. The first man to enlist was James Berry of Company D, on July 21, 1862. Enlistments closed on August 23, 1862, with a full regiment of 1020 men. Many of the enlistment papers were made out for the Twenty-fifth Regiment, but volunteering was so brisk that thirteen full regiments were raised from the 21st to the 33rd Wisconsin, inclusive, within thirty days from the call.The average age of the men was twenty-five years and six months; their average height was 5 ft. 7 7–10 inches. Many were lumbermen, farmers and miners, and a number were Indians from the Chippewa Reservation. Nearly 90% were born in the United States.The regiment was mustered into the United States service, October 18, 1862, at Camp Randall, near Madison, Wisconsin. As mustered in, the regiment was composed as follows:Company A, Captain Samuel Harriman, from St. Croix, Polk and Pierce Counties\nCompany B, Captain Lewis S. Burton, from Iowa and Lafayette Counties\nCompany C, Captain A. A. Arnold, from Trempealeau County\nCompany D, Captain David С. Fulton, from St. Croix, Polk and Pierce Counties\nCompany E, Captain Edward Devlin, from Iowa and Lafayette Counties\nCompany F, Captain Martin A. Driebelbis, from Pierce County\nCompany G, Captain Asa B. Swain, from Waushara County\nCompany H, Captain Andrew Bedal, from Waushara County\nCompany I, Captain Napoleon B. Greer, from Eau Claire County\nCompany K, Captain John Klatt, from Chippewa CountySubsequently, regimental headquarters remained at Camp Randall, while portions of the regiment were almost constantly detached in the performance of various kinds of duty.On May 2, 1863, companies D, F, I and K, under command of Lieutenant Colonel Bartlett, were ordered to the upper Missouri \nRiver, to support the Indian expedition under General Alfred Sully. These companies served with this command at different points on the river, from Sioux City, Iowa, to Fort Pierre, Dakota Territory, until the August 10, 1863, when companies I and К were ordered to report at Camp Washburn, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, leaving companies D and F at Fort Pierre; these companies arrived at Milwaukee on September 12, 1863.On the May 26, companies G and E left Camp Randall, the former for Superior, Wis., and the latter for Bayfield, Wisconsin, in anticipation of trouble with the Indians at these points. They remained at these stations, respectively, until the middle of August, when they were recalled; arrived on August 31 at Camp Washburn, which was placed under command of Major John Clowney, of this regiment. The remaining companies, at various times, were sent to various parts of the state to maintain order during the enrollment and draft, under the Conscription Act. Colonel Daniel J. Dill was Post Commandant at Camp Randall during this time.In the December, 1863, the regiment was transferred to Camp Washburn, and subsequently to Camp Reno, at Milwaukee, Wisconsin, where the headquarters of the regiment were established. In March, 1864, detachments of the regiment were ordered to various points in Dakota Territory and Northwestern Minnesota, and in General Sully's campaign against the Sioux Indians, moving from point to point during the summer, performing many marches and participating in several engagements with Indians.On October 1, 1864, detachments of the 30th Wisconsin were stationed at various places in Dakota Territory as follows: Companies A, C, F, and H, under the immediate command of Colonel Dill, at Fort Rice, of which post Lieutenant Colonel Bartlett was placed in command; Companies B, E, G and К under command of Major Clowney, at Fort Wadsworth (later renamed to Fort Sisseton) near Coteau des Prairies; Company D, under command of Captain Fulton, at Fort Sully, and Company I, under command of Captain Greer, at Fort Union. Orrin C. Hall, the First Sergeant of Company I, was killed in action during a skirmish with Sioux warriors near Fort Union on April 27, 1865.Companies A, C, F and H, commanded by Colonel Dill, left Fort Rice, Dakota, Friday, October 12, 1864, and descending the Missouri river in flat boats built by themselves, arrived November 2, 1864, at Sioux City, Iowa, where they were joined by Company D, under command of Lieutenant Lewis O. Marshall, Captain David С. Fulton having been promoted Major of the 1st Wisconsin Heavy Artillery Battalion on October 14. Continuing their journey down the river they arrived at St. Joseph, Missouri, November 17, 1864. Company H having been detained by floating ice, Captain Bedal abandoned his boat a few miles above St. Joseph, and marched his command to the city, rejoining the other companies November 23. Leaving St. Joseph on November 24, and proceeding by rail, they arrived on the following day at Quincy, Illinois, and thence proceeded by way of Springfield, Illinois, and Indianapolis, Indiana, arriving on November 29, 1864, at Louisville, Kentucky, where they went into camp.Companies B, E, G and K, under command of Major Clowney, left Fort Wadsworth, Dakota Territory, on the September 29, 1864, en route for Fort Snelling, Minn., where they arrived on the October 20, having marched upwards of four hundred miles in twenty days, making an average of 20½ miles per day. Embarking on steamboats at Fort Snelling, Minnesota, on October 20, they descended the Mississippi to St. Louis, Missouri, where they arrived on October 26, and were quartered in Benton Barracks. They left St. Louis on the October 29, and arrived the next day at Paducah, Kentucky, at the mouth of the Tennessee River. Here they were employed in guard duty until December 6, 1864, when they again embarked and proceeding up the Ohio River, landed at Louisville December 10, where they rejoined the balance of the regiment, with the exception of Co. I, which still remained at Fort Union, Dakota Territory.On the December 12, 1864, the nine companies of the Thirtieth left Louisville by rail, and next day went into camp at Bowling Green, Kentucky. Here the regiment was assigned to the Second Brigade, Second Division, Military District of Kentucky. Colonel Dill took command of the Brigade, and Major Clowney that of the Regiment. On the 10th of January 10, 1865, the Regiment left Bowling green for Louisville, arriving on the 12th, where they were assigned to duty as guard to the military prison in that city. On January 20, 1865, Companies A, D and F, under command of Captain Meacham, of Company F, were detached as provost guard in Louisville. On the February 8, 1865, Companies B, E and G, under command of Major Clowney, proceeded by rail to Frankfort, Kentucky, sixty five miles from Louisville, under orders to assume the duties of permanent garrison of that city. Company B, on the March 30, moved from Frankfort to Georgetown, Kentucky, near which they were stationed as garrison, under command of Lieutenant William H. Gill.Lieutenant Colonel Bartlett rejoined and assumed command of the Regiment at Louisville in the latter part of February, 1865, and on April 17, 1865, Colonel Dill was appointed Provost Marshal General of Kentucky. Company В rejoined the command May 27, and early in June Companies E and G returned to Louisville, where Company I also rejoined the regiment on June 22, 1865, having been relieved from duty at Fort Union, Dakota Territory on June 4 by Company B of the 1st United States Volunteer Infantry. During the service of the Regiment in Kentucky it was engaged in running down and capturing bands of guerrillas in the Department.The regiment was mustered out of service at Louisville, Kentucky, on September 20, 1865, and immediately started for home, arriving at Madison, Wisconsin, on September 25, 1865, where it was paid and disbanded.[2]","title":"Detailed Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-civilwararchive-1"}],"text":"The 30th Wisconsin suffered 2 enlisted men killed in action or who later died of their wounds, plus another 2 officers and 65 enlisted men who died of disease, for a total of 69 fatalities.[1]","title":"Casualties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Daniel J. Dill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_J._Dill"},{"link_name":"6th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Wisconsin_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_(United_States)"}],"text":"Colonel Daniel J. Dill (July 22, 1862 – September 20, 1865) nominally commanded the regiment for its entire service, but was detached as provost marshal of Kentucky near the end of the war. Before joining the 30th Wisconsin Infantry, he was captain of Co. B in the 6th Wisconsin Infantry Regiment. After the war he served in the Wisconsin State Assembly.\nMajor John Clowney (February 8, 1865 – September 20, 1865) had command of the regiment when Colonel Dill and Lt. Colonel Edward M. Barlett were assigned to provost and court martial duty.","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles B. Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_B._Cox"},{"link_name":"Cornelius A. Davenport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius_A._Davenport"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Assembly"},{"link_name":"M. D. Bartlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._D._Bartlett"}],"text":"Arthur Lockard Cox, son of Charles B. Cox, was first lieutenant and later captain of Co. A.\nCornelius A. Davenport was enlisted in Co. H for the last three years of the war. After the war he was a member of the Wisconsin State Assembly.\nEdward M. Bartlett, brother of M. D. Bartlett, was lieutenant colonel of the regiment through most of the regiment's service. Toward the end of the war he was detached and assigned to court martial duty at Louisville.","title":"Notable members"}]	[]	[{"title":"American Civil War portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War"},{"title":"List of Wisconsin Civil War units","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wisconsin_Civil_War_units"},{"title":"Wisconsin in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_in_the_American_Civil_War"}]	[{"reference":"\"30th Regiment Infantry\". civilwararchive.com. Retrieved June 2, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unwiinf3.htm#30thinf","url_text":"\"30th Regiment Infantry\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.civilwararchive.com/Unreghst/unwiinf3.htm#30thinf","external_links_name":"\"30th Regiment Infantry\""},{"Link":"http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/cgi-bin/WI/WI-idx?type=header;pview=hide;id=WI.RichardsR","external_links_name":"Letters by Private Robert Richards of Co. E. to his sister Caroline"},{"Link":"http://www.civilwararchive.com/unionwi.htm","external_links_name":"The Civil War Archive"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamity_Crush	Calamity Crush	["1 Formats and track listing","2 Personnel","3 Charts","4 Release history","5 References","6 External links"]	1984 single by Foetus Art Terrorism"Calamity Crush"Single by Foetus Art TerrorismB-side"Catastrophe Crunch"ReleasedOctober 1984 (1984-10)RecordedMarch – April 1984 (1984-04) at Wave Studios, Hoxton, LondonGenreIndustrialLabelSome BizzareSelf ImmolationSongwriter(s)J. G. ThirlwellProducer(s)J. G. ThirlwellJ. G. Thirlwell singles chronology "Tell Me, What Is the Bane of Your Life" (1982) "Calamity Crush" (1984) "Finely Honed Machine" (1984) Calamity Crush is a song by Foetus Art Terrorism, written by J. G. Thirlwell. It was released as a single in October 1984 by Self Immolation. Formats and track listing All songs written by J. G. Thirlwell UK 12" single (WOMB FAT 11.12) "Calamity Crush" "Catastrophe Crunch" Personnel Adapted from the Calamity Crush J. G. Thirlwell (as Foetus Art Terrorism) – vocals, instruments, musical arrangement, record producer Warne Livesey – production Charts Chart (1984) Peakposition UK Indie Chart 4 Release history Region Date Label Format Catalog United Kingdom 1984 Some Bizzare Label Self Immolation LP WOMB FAT 11.12 Japan Nippon Columbia Co., Ltd. YW-7423-AX References ^ "Foetus: Calamity Crush/Catastrophe Crunch > Overview". Allmusic. Retrieved September 26, 2015. ^ Tell Me, What Is the Bane of Your Life (sleeve). Foetus Art Terrorism. United Kingdom: Self Immolation. 1984.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ Lazell, Barry (1997). Indie Hits 1980-1989. Cherry Red Books. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2014. External links "Calamity Crush" at Discogs (list of releases) Calamity Crush at foetus.org vteJG ThirlwellFoetusStudio albums Deaf (1981) Ache (1982) Hole (1984) Nail (1985) Thaw (1988) Gash (1995) Flow (2001) Love (2005) Hide (2010) Soak (2013) Live, remix,and compilations Rife (1988) Sink (1989) Male (1992) Boil (1996) York (1997) Blow (2001) Damp (2006) Vein (2007) Limb (2009) EPs, singles, and misc. "Wash It All Off" (1981) "Tell Me, What Is the Bane of Your Life" (1982) Custom Built for Capitalism (1982) "Calamity Crush" (1984) "Finely Honed Machine" (1984) Bedrock (1987) Ramrod (1987) Null (1995) (not adam) (2004) Steroid Maximus ¡Quilombo! (1991) Gondwanaland (1992) Ectopia (2002) Manorexia Volvox Turbo (2001) The Radiolarian Ooze (2002) The Mesopelagic Waters (2010) Dinoflagellate Blooms (2011) With Wiseblood "Motorslug" (1985) "Stumbo" (1986) Dirtdish (1987) With Flesh Volcano Slut (1987) With Lydia Lunch Stinkfist (1987) Don't Fear the Reaper (1991) Related articles The Immaculate Consumptive The Venture Bros. Thirsty Ear Some Bizzare Records Self Immolation (record label) Manorexia Steroid Maximus Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foetus Art Terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foetus_(band)"},{"link_name":"J. G. Thirlwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Thirlwell"},{"link_name":"Self Immolation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Immolation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-allmusic-1"}],"text":"Calamity Crush is a song by Foetus Art Terrorism, written by J. G. Thirlwell. It was released as a single in October 1984 by Self Immolation.[1]","title":"Calamity Crush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"J. G. Thirlwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Thirlwell"}],"text":"All songs written by J. G. ThirlwellUK 12\" single (WOMB FAT 11.12)\"Calamity Crush\"\n\"Catastrophe Crunch\"","title":"Formats and track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-linearnotes-2"},{"link_name":"J. G. Thirlwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._G._Thirlwell"},{"link_name":"vocals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singing"},{"link_name":"instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instrument"},{"link_name":"musical arrangement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"record producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"Warne Livesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warne_Livesey"}],"text":"Adapted from the Calamity Crush [2]J. G. Thirlwell (as Foetus Art Terrorism) – vocals, instruments, musical arrangement, record producer\nWarne Livesey – production","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Foetus: Calamity Crush/Catastrophe Crunch > Overview\". Allmusic. Retrieved September 26, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001311155","url_text":"\"Foetus: Calamity Crush/Catastrophe Crunch > Overview\""}]},{"reference":"Tell Me, What Is the Bane of Your Life (sleeve). Foetus Art Terrorism. United Kingdom: Self Immolation. 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foetus_(band)","url_text":"Foetus Art Terrorism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self_Immolation","url_text":"Self Immolation"}]},{"reference":"Lazell, Barry (1997). Indie Hits 1980-1989. Cherry Red Books. Archived from the original on June 5, 2011. Retrieved September 5, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605084555/http://www.cherryred.co.uk/books/indiehits/f.htm","url_text":"Indie Hits 1980-1989"},{"url":"http://www.cherryred.co.uk/books/indiehits/f.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/mw0001311155","external_links_name":"\"Foetus: Calamity Crush/Catastrophe Crunch > Overview\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110605084555/http://www.cherryred.co.uk/books/indiehits/f.htm","external_links_name":"Indie Hits 1980-1989"},{"Link":"http://www.cherryred.co.uk/books/indiehits/f.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.discogs.com/master/376547","external_links_name":"Calamity Crush"},{"Link":"http://foetus.org/content/discography/releases/foetus-art-terrorism-calamity-crush","external_links_name":"Calamity Crush"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/release-group/ed5eaa61-8bb0-3de5-b896-9b3b45b1ae1e","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz release group"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal-Crumpler-Parker_House	Royal–Crumpler–Parker House	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 34°59′51″N 78°19′54″W / 34.99750°N 78.33167°W / 34.99750; -78.33167Historic house in North Carolina, United States United States historic placeRoyal–Crumpler–Parker HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places Show map of North CarolinaShow map of the United StatesLocation512 Sunset Ave., Clinton, North CarolinaCoordinates34°59′51″N 78°19′54″W / 34.99750°N 78.33167°W / 34.99750; -78.33167Area1 acre (0.40 ha)Builtc. 1918 (1918)Built byRoyal, HardyArchitectural styleBungalow/craftsmanMPSSampson County MRANRHP reference No.86000578Added to NRHPMarch 17, 1986 Royal–Crumpler–Parker House is a historic home located at Clinton, Sampson County, North Carolina. It was built about 1918, and is a one-story, rectangular, Bungalow / American Craftsman style frame dwelling. It has a wide, low, cross-gable roof; is sheathed in weatherboard; and dormers. It features a wraparound porch with octagonal greenhouse. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. References ^ a b "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ Thomas Butchko and Jim Sumner (May 1985). "Royal–Crumpler–Parker House" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places – Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2015-04-01. vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in North CarolinaTopics Contributing property Keeper of the Register Historic district History of the National Register of Historic Places National Park Service Property types Listsby county Alamance Alexander Alleghany Anson Ashe Avery Beaufort Bertie Bladen Brunswick Buncombe Burke Cabarrus Caldwell Camden Carteret Caswell Catawba Chatham Cherokee Chowan Clay Cleveland Columbus Craven Cumberland Currituck Dare Davidson Davie Duplin Durham Edgecombe Forsyth Franklin Gaston Gates Graham Granville Greene Guilford Halifax Harnett Haywood Henderson Hertford Hoke Hyde Iredell Jackson Johnston Jones Lee Lenoir Lincoln Macon Madison Martin McDowell Mecklenburg Mitchell Montgomery Moore Nash New Hanover Northampton Onslow Orange Pamlico Pasquotank Pender Perquimans Person Pitt Polk Randolph Richmond Robeson Rockingham Rowan Rutherford Sampson Scotland Stanly Stokes Surry Swain Transylvania Tyrrell Union Vance Wake Warren Washington Watauga Wayne Wilkes Wilson Yadkin Yancey Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks This article about a property in Sampson County, North Carolina on the National Register of Historic Places is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clinton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinton,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Sampson County, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_County,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Bungalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bungalow"},{"link_name":"American Craftsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Craftsman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nrhpinv-2"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-1"}],"text":"Historic house in North Carolina, United StatesUnited States historic placeRoyal–Crumpler–Parker House is a historic home located at Clinton, Sampson County, North Carolina. It was built about 1918, and is a one-story, rectangular, Bungalow / American Craftsman style frame dwelling. It has a wide, low, cross-gable roof; is sheathed in weatherboard; and dormers. It features a wraparound porch with octagonal greenhouse.[2]It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.[1]","title":"Royal–Crumpler–Parker House"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"Thomas Butchko and Jim Sumner (May 1985). \"Royal–Crumpler–Parker House\" (pdf). National Register of Historic Places – Nomination and Inventory. North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office. Retrieved 2015-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/SP0223.pdf","url_text":"\"Royal–Crumpler–Parker House\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal%E2%80%93Crumpler%E2%80%93Parker_House&params=34_59_51_N_78_19_54_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"34°59′51″N 78°19′54″W / 34.99750°N 78.33167°W / 34.99750; -78.33167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Royal%E2%80%93Crumpler%E2%80%93Parker_House&params=34_59_51_N_78_19_54_W_type:landmark_region:US-NC","external_links_name":"34°59′51″N 78°19′54″W / 34.99750°N 78.33167°W / 34.99750; -78.33167"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/64000465_text","external_links_name":"Sampson County MRA"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/86000578","external_links_name":"86000578"},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"https://files.nc.gov/ncdcr/nr/SP0223.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Royal–Crumpler–Parker House\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Royal%E2%80%93Crumpler%E2%80%93Parker_House&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Davis_Fellow	Lady Davis Fellows	["1 Notable Fellows","2 References","3 External links"]	Research grant award This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lady Davis Fellows" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Lady Davis Fellow is a program of The Lady Davis Foundation for the scholars to carry out research in various areas on the campuses of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Israel. The Lady Davis Fellows are selected on the basis of demonstrated talent and promising ideas for their research. The Lady Davis Foundation also provide fellowships for visiting professors along with postdoctoral and doctoral researchers. The fellowships are initially provided for the period of one year. To date, the foundation has supported about 1700 scholars all around the world including visiting professors, postdoctoral and doctoral researchers in Science, Engineering, Arts and Literature to serve as a Lady Davis Fellow. The fellowship is named after the wife of Sir Mortimer Davis, Henriette Marie Meyer. Notable Fellows Lawrence D. Brown (visiting professor) Ofer Feldman (visiting professor) Paul B. Fenton (visiting professor) Richard M. Karp (visiting professor) Peter J. Stang (visiting professor) Eiichi Nakamura (chemist) (visiting professor) Carl M. Bender (visiting professor) Ruth Pachter Gadi Rothenberg (visiting professor) Eric Weinstein (visiting professor) Norman Stillman (visiting professor) Kendall Houk (visiting professor) Samuel L. Braunstein Anne Bayefsky (visiting professor) Paul W. Franks Ingram Olkin (visiting professor) Michael D. Fried (visiting professor) Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz (visiting professor) Paul Goldberg (geologist) Steven B. Bowman Aaron W. Hughes (visiting professor) Yael S. Feldman Joanna B. Michlic Mario Szegedy John A. Stanturf Charles Blattberg (visiting professor) Jan-Erik Lane (visiting professor) Shaye J. D. Cohen (visiting professor) Marshall Jordan Breger (visiting professor) Igor Rivin (visiting professor) Tomek Bartoszyński (visiting professor) Paul Wiegmann Jeffrey R. Wool Yin Xiaowei Daniel Sinausia References External links Official website vteHebrew University of JerusalemAcademics Lady Davis Fellows Virtual Melton Research Academy of the Hebrew Language Albert Einstein Archives Berman Medical Library Center for Jewish Art Einstein Institute of Mathematics Einstein Papers Project Hadassah Medical Center Institute for Medical Research Center for Neural Computation Israel Institute for Advanced Studies Racah Institute of Physics (Racah Lectures) Sassoon Center for the Study of Antisemitism Spielberg Jewish Film Archive Yissum Research Development Company Campus Draped Seated Woman Goldstein Synagogue Hebrew University Stadium Nature Park & Galleries Publications Israel Journal of Mathematics Israel Law Review Jerusalem Review of Legal Studies Journal d'Analyse Mathématique Schools Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare Braun School of Public Health and Community Medicine Jerusalem School of Business Administration Related Erdős Lectures Hebrew University bombing National Library of Israel See also: Higher education in Israel This Israel-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew University of Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_University_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Technion - Israel Institute of Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technion_-_Israel_Institute_of_Technology"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"Sir Mortimer Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortimer_Davis"},{"link_name":"Henriette Marie Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henriette_Marie_Meyer"}],"text":"The Lady Davis Fellow is a program of The Lady Davis Foundation for the scholars to carry out research in various areas on the campuses of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem and the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology in Israel. The Lady Davis Fellows are selected on the basis of demonstrated talent and promising ideas for their research. The Lady Davis Foundation also provide fellowships for visiting professors along with postdoctoral and doctoral researchers. The fellowships are initially provided for the period of one year. To date, the foundation has supported about 1700 scholars all around the world including visiting professors, postdoctoral and doctoral researchers in Science, Engineering, Arts and Literature to serve as a Lady Davis Fellow. The fellowship is named after the wife of Sir Mortimer Davis, Henriette Marie Meyer.","title":"Lady Davis Fellows"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lawrence D. Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrence_D._Brown"},{"link_name":"Ofer Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofer_Feldman"},{"link_name":"Paul B. Fenton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_B._Fenton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Richard M. Karp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_M._Karp"},{"link_name":"Peter J. Stang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_J._Stang"},{"link_name":"Eiichi Nakamura (chemist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiichi_Nakamura_(chemist)"},{"link_name":"Carl M. Bender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_M._Bender"},{"link_name":"Ruth Pachter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ruth_Pachter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eric Weinstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Weinstein"},{"link_name":"Norman Stillman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Stillman"},{"link_name":"Kendall Houk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kendall_Houk"},{"link_name":"Samuel L. Braunstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_L._Braunstein"},{"link_name":"Anne Bayefsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Bayefsky"},{"link_name":"Paul W. Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_W._Franks"},{"link_name":"Ingram Olkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingram_Olkin"},{"link_name":"Michael D. Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_D._Fried"},{"link_name":"Włodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Julian_Korab-Karpowicz"},{"link_name":"Paul Goldberg (geologist)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Goldberg_(geologist)"},{"link_name":"Steven B. Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_B._Bowman"},{"link_name":"Aaron W. Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_W._Hughes"},{"link_name":"Yael S. Feldman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yael_S._Feldman"},{"link_name":"Joanna B. Michlic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joanna_B._Michlic"},{"link_name":"Mario Szegedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mario_Szegedy"},{"link_name":"John A. Stanturf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_A._Stanturf&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Blattberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Blattberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jan-Erik Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan-Erik_Lane"},{"link_name":"Shaye J. D. Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shaye_J._D._Cohen"},{"link_name":"Marshall Jordan Breger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshall_Jordan_Breger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Igor Rivin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor_Rivin"},{"link_name":"Tomek Bartoszyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomek_Bartoszy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Paul Wiegmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Wiegmann"},{"link_name":"Jeffrey R. Wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jeffrey_R._Wool&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yin Xiaowei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yin_Xiaowei"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sinausia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Sinausia&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Lawrence D. Brown (visiting professor)\nOfer Feldman (visiting professor)\nPaul B. Fenton (visiting professor)\nRichard M. Karp (visiting professor)\nPeter J. Stang (visiting professor)\nEiichi Nakamura (chemist) (visiting professor)\nCarl M. Bender (visiting professor)\nRuth Pachter\nGadi Rothenberg (visiting professor)\nEric Weinstein (visiting professor)\nNorman Stillman (visiting professor)\nKendall Houk (visiting professor)\nSamuel L. Braunstein\nAnne Bayefsky (visiting professor)\nPaul W. Franks\nIngram Olkin (visiting professor)\nMichael D. Fried (visiting professor)\nWłodzimierz Julian Korab-Karpowicz (visiting professor)\nPaul Goldberg (geologist)\nSteven B. Bowman\nAaron W. Hughes (visiting professor)\nYael S. Feldman\nJoanna B. Michlic\nMario Szegedy\nJohn A. Stanturf\nCharles Blattberg (visiting professor)\nJan-Erik Lane (visiting professor)\nShaye J. D. Cohen (visiting professor)\nMarshall Jordan Breger (visiting professor)\nIgor Rivin (visiting professor)\nTomek Bartoszyński (visiting professor)\nPaul Wiegmann\nJeffrey R. Wool\nYin Xiaowei\nDaniel Sinausia","title":"Notable Fellows"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lady+Davis+Fellows%22","external_links_name":"\"Lady Davis Fellows\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lady+Davis+Fellows%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lady+Davis+Fellows%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lady+Davis+Fellows%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lady+Davis+Fellows%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lady+Davis+Fellows%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://ldft.huji.ac.il/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lady_Davis_Fellows&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confluphyllia	Confluphyllia	["1 References"]	Confluphyllia Confluphyllia juncta specimines Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Cnidaria Class: Hexacorallia Order: Scleractinia Family: Caryophylliidae Genus: ConfluphylliaCairns & Zibrowius, 1997 Confluphyllia is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Caryophylliidae. The species of this genus are found in Australia. Species: Confluphyllia juncta Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997 References ^ a b c "Confluphyllia Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 11 May 2021. Taxon identifiersConfluphyllia Wikidata: Q20722550 ADW: Confluphyllia AFD: Confluphyllia CoL: 84MHH GBIF: 2259005 IRMNG: 1200501 ITIS: 571713 Open Tree of Life: 4714592 uBio: 253047 WoRMS: 267336 This Scleractinia-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cnidarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnidaria"},{"link_name":"Caryophylliidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caryophylliidae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GBIF-1"}],"text":"Confluphyllia is a genus of cnidarians belonging to the family Caryophylliidae.[1]The species of this genus are found in Australia.[1]Species:[1]Confluphyllia juncta Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997","title":"Confluphyllia"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Confluphyllia Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 11 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2259005","url_text":"\"Confluphyllia Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2259005","external_links_name":"\"Confluphyllia Cairns & Zibrowius, 1997\""},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Confluphyllia/","external_links_name":"Confluphyllia"},{"Link":"https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Confluphyllia","external_links_name":"Confluphyllia"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/84MHH","external_links_name":"84MHH"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2259005","external_links_name":"2259005"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1200501","external_links_name":"1200501"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=571713","external_links_name":"571713"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=4714592","external_links_name":"4714592"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=253047","external_links_name":"253047"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=267336","external_links_name":"267336"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Confluphyllia&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crnuzi	Crnuzi	["1 References"]	Coordinates: 43°34′N 19°30′E / 43.567°N 19.500°E / 43.567; 19.500Village in Zlatibor District, SerbiaCrnuziVillageCrnuziCoordinates: 43°34′N 19°30′E / 43.567°N 19.500°E / 43.567; 19.500Country SerbiaDistrictZlatibor DistrictMunicipalityPribojPopulation (2002) • Total445Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST) Crnuzi is a village in the municipality of Priboj, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 445 people. References ^ Popis stanovništva, domaćinstava i Stanova 2002. Knjiga 1: Nacionalna ili etnička pripadnost po naseljima. Republika Srbija, Republički zavod za statistiku Beograd 2003. ISBN 86-84433-00-9 vteCities, towns and villages in the Zlatibor DistrictUžice Bioska Bjelotići Buar Dobrodo Drežnik Drijetanj Duboko Gorjani Gostinica Gubin Do Kačer Kamenica Karan Keserovina Kotroman Kremna Kršanje Krvavci Lelići Ljubanje Mokra Gora Nikojevići Panjak Pear Ponikovica Potočanje Potpeće Raduša Ravni Ribaševina Sevojno Skržuti Stapari Strmac Trnava Vitasi Volujac Vrutci Zbojštica Zlakusa Bajina Bašta Aluga Bačevci Beserovina Cerje Crvica Dobrotin Draksin Dub Gvozdac Jagoštica Jakalj Jelovik Konjska Reka Kostojevići Lještansko Lug Mala Reka Obajgora Okletac Ovčinja Pepelj Perućac Pilica Pridoli Rača Rastište Rogačica Sijerač Solotuša Strmovo Višesava Zaglavak Zaovine Zarožje Zaugline Zlodol Kosjerić Bjeloperica Brajkovići Cikote Donja Pološnica Drenovci Dubnica Galovići Godečevo Godljevo Gornja Pološnica Makovište Mionica Mrčići Mušići Paramun Radanovci Rosići Ruda Bukva Seča Reka Ševrljuge Skakavci Stojići Subjel Tubići Varda Požega Bakionica Čestobrodica Donja Dobrinja Dražinovići Duškovci Glumač Godovik Gornja Dobrinja Gorobilje Gugalj Jelen Do Kalenići Lopaš Loret Ljutice Mađer Mala Ježevica Milićevo Selo Mršelji Otanj Papratište Pilatovići Prijanovići Prilipac Radovci Rasna Rečice Roge Rupeljevo Srednja Dobrinja Svračkovo Tabanovići Tometino Polje Tučkovo Tvrdići Uzići Velika Ježevica Visibaba Vranjani Zaselje Zdravčići Čajetina Alin Potok Branešci Dobroselica Drenova Golovo Gostilje Jablanica Kriva Reka Ljubiš Mačkat Mušvete Rakovica Rožanstvo Rudine Sainovina Semegnjevo Sirogojno Šljivovica Stublo Tripkova Trnava Željine Zlatibor Arilje Bjeluša Bogojevići Brekovo Cerova Dobrače Dragojevac Grdovići Grivska Kruščica Latvica Mirosaljci Pogled Radobuđa Radoševo Severovo Stupčevići Trešnjevica Vigošte Virovo Visoka Vrane Nova Varoš Akmačići Amzići Bistrica Božetići Brdo Bukovik Burađa Čelice Debelja Draglica Draževići Drmanovići Gornje Trudovo Jasenovo Komarani Kućani Ljepojevići Miševići Negbina Ojkovica Radijevići Radoinja Rutoši Seništa Štitkovo Tisovica Trudovo Vilovi Vraneša Prijepolje Aljinovići Balići Bare Biskupići Bjelahova Brajkovac Brodarevo Brvine Bukovik Čadinje Čauševići Crkveni Toci Divci Donje Babine Donji Stranjani Drenova Đurašići Dušmanići Džurovo Gojakovići Gornje Babine Gornje Goračiće Gornji Stranjani Gostun Gračanica Grobnice Hisardžik Hrta Ivanje Ivezići Izbičanj Jabuka Junčevići Kaćevo Kamena Gora Karaula Karoševina Kašice Koprivna Kosatica Koševine Kovačevac Kruševo Kučin Ljiljci Lučice Mataruge Međani Mijani Mijoska Milakovići Mileševo Miljevići Milošev Do Mrčkovina Muškovina Oraovac Orašac Osoje Oštra Stijena Potkrš Potok Pranjci Pravoševo Rasno Ratajska Sedobro Seljane Seljašnica Skokuće Slatina Sopotnica Taševo Vinicka Velika Zupa Vrbovo Zabrdnji Toci Zalug Zastup Zavinograđe Zvijezd Sjenica Aliveroviće Bagačiće Bare Bačija Bioc Blato Boguti Božov Potok Boljare Borišiće Boroviće Breza Brnjica Buđevo Caričina Cetanoviće Čedovo Čipalje Čitluk Crčevo Crvsko Doliće Donje Goračiće Donje Lopiže Dragojloviće Draževiće Družiniće Dubnica Duga Poljana Dujke Dunišiće Fijulj Goluban Gornje Lopiže Goševo Grabovica Gradac Grgaje Jevik Jezero Kalipolje Kamešnica Kanjevina Karajukića Bunari Kijevci Kladnica Kneževac Koznik Kokošiće Krajinoviće Krivaja Krće Krnja Jela Krstac Lijeva Reka Ljutaje Mašoviće Medare Međugor Milići Papiće Petrovo Polje Plana Poda Ponorac Pralja Raškoviće Rasno Raspoganče Rastenoviće Raždaginja Šare Skradnik Štavalj Strajiniće Stup Sugubine Sušica Šušure Trešnjevica Trijebine Tutiće Tuzinje Ugao Ursule Ušak Uvac Vapa Veskoviće Visočka Višnjeva Višnjice Vrapci Vrbnica Vrsjenice Zabrđe Žabren Zahumsko Zaječiće Žitniće Priboj Akmačići Banja Batkovići Brezna Bučje Čitluk Crnugovići Crnuzi Dobrilovići Hercegovačka Goleša Jelača Kalafati Kaluđerovići Kasidoli Kratovo Krnjača Kukurovići Mažići Miliješ Plašće Požegrmac Pribojska Goleša Pribojske Čelice Rača Ritošići Sjeverin Sočice Strmac Zabrđe Zabrnjica Zagradina Zaostro Živinice Municipalities or cities of Serbia 43°34′N 19°30′E / 43.567°N 19.500°E / 43.567; 19.500 This Zlatibor District, Serbia location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipalities_of_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Priboj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priboj"},{"link_name":"Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Village in Zlatibor District, SerbiaCrnuzi is a village in the municipality of Priboj, Serbia. According to the 2002 census, the village has a population of 445 people.[1]","title":"Crnuzi"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crnuzi&params=43_34_N_19_30_E_region:RS_type:city_source:kolossus-nlwiki","external_links_name":"43°34′N 19°30′E / 43.567°N 19.500°E / 43.567; 19.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crnuzi&params=43_34_N_19_30_E_type:city(445)_region:RS-16","external_links_name":"43°34′N 19°30′E / 43.567°N 19.500°E / 43.567; 19.500"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Crnuzi&params=43_34_N_19_30_E_region:RS_type:city_source:kolossus-nlwiki","external_links_name":"43°34′N 19°30′E / 43.567°N 19.500°E / 43.567; 19.500"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crnuzi&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_AONB	Cornwall National Landscape	["1 Designation","2 Management","3 References"]	Coordinates: 50°30′32″N 4°35′49″W / 50.509°N 4.597°W / 50.509; -4.597Designated coastal areas and a moorland in southwesternmost county of England CornwallCape CornwallLocation of Cornwall AONBLocationCornwall, EnglandCoordinates50°30′32″N 4°35′49″W / 50.509°N 4.597°W / 50.509; -4.597Established1959Websitewww.cornwall-landscape.org The Cornwall National Landscape (formerly the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) covers 958 square kilometres (370 sq mi) in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom; that is, about 27% of the total area of the county. It comprises 12 separate areas, designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 for special landscape protection. Of the areas, eleven cover stretches of coastline; the twelfth is Bodmin Moor. The areas are together treated as a single Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB): all AONBs have been rebranded as National Landscapes since November 2023. Section 85 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 places a duty on all relevant authorities when discharging any function affecting land within an AONB to have regard to the purpose of conserving and enhancing natural beauty. Section 89 places a statutory duty on Local Planning Authorities with an AONB within their administrative area to produce a 5-year management plan. Designation The areas were designated in 1959, except for the Camel estuary which was added in 1981. The list of designated areas is: Hartland (Morwenstow and Kilkhampton) Pentire Point to Widemouth Camel Estuary Trevose Head to Stepper Point (Bedruthan to Padstow) St Agnes Godrevy to Portreath West Penwith South Coast—Western (Lizard and Marazion to Helford River) South Coast—Central (Mylor and the Roseland to Porthpean) South Coast—Eastern (Par Sands to Looe) Rame Head Bodmin Moor There are separate AONBs covering the Tamar Valley (which is partly in Cornwall and partly in Devon—the east bank of the river Tamar forms the boundary between Cornwall/Kernow and Devon), and the Isles of Scilly, which is administered for most purposes separately to Cornwall. Management The Cornwall AONB is managed by a Partnership of 21 organisations Cornwall Agri-food Council Cornwall Association of Local Councils Cornwall Council Cornwall Heritage Trust Cornwall Rural Community Charity Cornwall Sustainable Tourism Project (CoaST) Cornwall Wildlife Trust Country Land and Business Association ERCCIS (Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly) Historic England Farming & Wildlife Advisory Group (FWAG) King Harry Ferry National Farmers Union National Trust Natural England Rural Cornwall & Isles of Scilly Partnership (RCP) University of Exeter in Cornwall VisitCornwall Volunteer Cornwall Westcountry Rivers Trust The Partnership meets twice a year to identify the prioritisation of action and the implementation of the Plan. The Partnership also has an advisory role, providing advice to Cornwall Council and other organisations on matters such as planning and project development. The Partnership is supported by a team of officers—the Cornwall AONB Unit who exist to administer the Partnership, undertake delivery, access resources, influence, enable and support Partner organisations in the delivery of the Management Plan. The first Cornwall AONB Management Plan was adopted by the members of the Cornwall AONB Partnership in July 2004. The latest Cornwall AONB Management Plan, 2022-27, was adopted by Cornwall Council and the members of the Cornwall AONB Partnership in May 2022. References ^ "Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty". protectedplanet.net. ^ "Cornwall National Landscape". The Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. ^ Cornwall AONB Archived August 29, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 20 April 2012 ^ Cornwall AONB: Explore Archived 2015-12-20 at the Wayback Machine. Accessed 21 December 2015 ^ a b "Cornwall AONB Partnership". Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. ^ "Management Plan". The Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. vteNational Landscapes in EnglandEast of England Chilterns Dedham Vale Norfolk Coast Suffolk & Essex Coast & Heaths East Midlands Lincolnshire Wolds North East Northumberland Coast North Pennines North West Arnside and Silverdale Forest of Bowland North Pennines Solway Coast South East Chichester Harbour Chilterns Cotswolds Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs High Weald Isle of Wight Kent Downs North Wessex Downs Surrey Hills Former: East Hampshire1 South Hampshire Coast2 Sussex Downs1 South West Blackdown Hills Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs Cornwall Cotswolds Dorset East Devon Isles of Scilly Mendip Hills North Devon Coast North Wessex Downs Quantock Hills South Devon Tamar Valley Wye Valley3 West Midlands Cannock Chase Cotswolds Malvern Hills Shropshire Hills Wye Valley3 Yorkshire andthe Humber Forest of Bowland Howardian Hills Nidderdale North Pennines 1 Now part of South Downs National Park 2 Now part of New Forest National Park 3 Partly in Wales	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Parks_and_Access_to_the_Countryside_Act_1949"},{"link_name":"Bodmin Moor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodmin_Moor"},{"link_name":"Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Countryside_and_Rights_of_Way_Act_2000"}],"text":"Designated coastal areas and a moorland in southwesternmost county of EnglandThe Cornwall National Landscape (formerly the Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty) covers 958 square kilometres (370 sq mi) in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom; that is, about 27% of the total area of the county. It comprises 12 separate areas, designated under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 for special landscape protection. Of the areas, eleven cover stretches of coastline; the twelfth is Bodmin Moor. The areas are together treated as a single Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB): all AONBs have been rebranded as National Landscapes since November 2023.[2]\nSection 85 of the Countryside and Rights of Way Act 2000 places a duty on all relevant authorities when discharging any function affecting land within an AONB to have regard to the purpose of conserving and enhancing natural beauty. Section 89 places a statutory duty on Local Planning Authorities with an AONB within their administrative area to produce a 5-year management plan.","title":"Cornwall National Landscape"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aonb-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-where-4"},{"link_name":"Morwenstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morwenstow"},{"link_name":"Kilkhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilkhampton"},{"link_name":"Pentire Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentire_Point"},{"link_name":"Widemouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widemouth_Bay"},{"link_name":"Camel Estuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camel_Estuary"},{"link_name":"Trevose Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevose_Head"},{"link_name":"Stepper Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stepper_Point"},{"link_name":"Bedruthan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bedruthan"},{"link_name":"Padstow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padstow"},{"link_name":"St Agnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Agnes,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Godrevy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godrevy"},{"link_name":"Portreath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portreath"},{"link_name":"Penwith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penwith"},{"link_name":"Lizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lizard"},{"link_name":"Marazion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marazion"},{"link_name":"Helford River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helford_River"},{"link_name":"Mylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylor,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"the Roseland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roseland_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Porthpean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Porthpean"},{"link_name":"Par Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par,_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Looe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Looe"},{"link_name":"Rame Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rame_Head"},{"link_name":"Tamar Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Tamar"},{"link_name":"Isles of Scilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isles_of_Scilly"}],"text":"The areas were designated in 1959, except for the Camel estuary which was added in 1981.[3] The list of designated areas is:[4]Hartland (Morwenstow and Kilkhampton)\nPentire Point to Widemouth\nCamel Estuary\nTrevose Head to Stepper Point (Bedruthan to Padstow)\nSt Agnes\nGodrevy to Portreath\nWest Penwith\nSouth Coast—Western (Lizard and Marazion to Helford River)\nSouth Coast—Central (Mylor and the Roseland to Porthpean)\nSouth Coast—Eastern (Par Sands to Looe)\nRame Head\nBodmin MoorThere are separate AONBs covering the Tamar Valley (which is partly in Cornwall and partly in Devon—the east bank of the river Tamar forms the boundary between Cornwall/Kernow and Devon), and the Isles of Scilly, which is administered for most purposes separately to Cornwall.","title":"Designation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cornwall Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Council"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Heritage Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Heritage_Trust"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Wildlife Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Wildlife_Trust"},{"link_name":"Country Land and Business Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_Land_and_Business_Association"},{"link_name":"Historic England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England"},{"link_name":"King Harry Ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Harry_Ferry"},{"link_name":"National Farmers Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Farmers%27_Union_of_England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"link_name":"Natural England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_England"},{"link_name":"University of Exeter in Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Exeter_in_Cornwall"},{"link_name":"Westcountry Rivers Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westcountry_Rivers_Trust"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-partnership-5"},{"link_name":"Cornwall Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Council"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-partnership-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-plan-6"}],"text":"The Cornwall AONB is managed by a Partnership of 21 organisationsCornwall Agri-food Council\nCornwall Association of Local Councils\nCornwall Council\nCornwall Heritage Trust\nCornwall Rural Community Charity\nCornwall Sustainable Tourism Project (CoaST)\nCornwall Wildlife Trust\nCountry Land and Business Association\nERCCIS (Environmental Records Centre for Cornwall & the Isles of Scilly)\nHistoric England\nFarming & Wildlife Advisory Group (FWAG)\nKing Harry Ferry\nNational Farmers Union\nNational Trust\nNatural England\nRural Cornwall & Isles of Scilly Partnership (RCP)\nUniversity of Exeter in Cornwall\nVisitCornwall\nVolunteer Cornwall\nWestcountry Rivers TrustThe Partnership meets twice a year to identify the prioritisation of action and the implementation of the Plan. The Partnership also has an advisory role, providing advice to Cornwall Council and other organisations on matters such as planning and project development. The Partnership is supported by a team of officers—the Cornwall AONB Unit who exist to administer the Partnership, undertake delivery, access resources, influence, enable and support Partner organisations in the delivery of the Management Plan.The first Cornwall AONB Management Plan was adopted by the members of the Cornwall AONB Partnership[5] in July 2004. The latest Cornwall AONB Management Plan, 2022-27, was adopted by Cornwall Council and the members of the Cornwall AONB Partnership[5] in May 2022.[6]","title":"Management"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty\". protectedplanet.net.","urls":[{"url":"http://protectedplanet.net/sites/Cornwall_Area_Of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty","url_text":"\"Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cornwall National Landscape\". The Cornwall Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty.","urls":[{"url":"https://cornwall-landscape.org/","url_text":"\"Cornwall National Landscape\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cornwall AONB Partnership\". Archived from the original on 11 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121011024838/http://www.cornwall-aonb.gov.uk/partnership.html","url_text":"\"Cornwall AONB Partnership\""},{"url":"http://www.cornwall-aonb.gov.uk/partnership.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Management Plan\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetverikovo	Chetverikovo	["1 Geography","2 References"]	Village in Vologda Oblast, RussiaChetverikovo ЧетвериковоVillageChetverikovoShow map of Vologda OblastChetverikovoShow map of RussiaCoordinates: 59°10′N 38°19′E / 59.167°N 38.317°E / 59.167; 38.317CountryRussiaRegionVologda OblastDistrictSheksninsky DistrictTime zoneUTC+3:00 Chetverikovo (Russian: Четвериково) is a rural locality (a village) in Zheleznodorozhnoye Rural Settlement, Sheksninsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2002. Geography Chetverikovo is located 16 km southwest of Sheksna (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pacha is the nearest rural locality. References ^ Деревня Четвериково на карте ^ Данные переписи 2002 года: таблица 2С. М.: Федеральная служба государственной статистики, 2004. ^ Расстояние от Шексны до Четверикова vteRural localities in Sheksninsky District Afanasovo Alexeyevo Alferovo Andreykovo Andryushino Anisimovo Ankimarovo Antipino Aristovo Artemyevo Bekarevo Beloye Beregovoy Bereznik Biryuchevo Bolshaya Mushnya Bolshaya Stepanovskaya Bolshoy Ovinets Bolshoye Ivanovskoye Bolshoye Mitenino Bolshoye Pankino Boryatino Boyarovo Bratkovo Bratovets Bronnikovo Brykino Bugry Bulatovo Burakovo Bylino Chagino Charomskoye Cherneyevo Chetverikovo Churilovo Churovskoye Davydkovo Davydovo Demenskoye Demidovo Demino Demsino Deryagino Dobrets Domshino Dubki Dudkino Dumino Durasovo Dyakonitsa Dyakonovskoye Fedorovo Fedotovo Filyakovo Florida Fonino Gavrilovo Gerasimovo Globena Glupovskoye Glyadkovo Gologuzka Gorodskoye Gorokhovskoye Gramotino Grigoryevskoye Gubino Gushchino Gvozdevo Ignatovskoye Igumnovo Irma Ivankovo Kalikino Kameshnik Kameshnitsa Kapustino Katayevo Kelbuy Khanevo Khodyrevo Khoroshevo Kichino Kirgody Kiselevo Knyazhe Kochino Koluberevo Komarovo Konshevo Koposikha Kopylovo Korotkovo Koryakino Koshcheyevo Kostinskoye Kotovo Kovshovo Kozhevnikovo Krasnoye Krasny Kholm Krenevo Kukino Kulpino Kurovo Kurya Kuryakovo Kvasyunino Larionovo Leonovo Leushkino Levinskaya Lgovo Loginovo Lukinki Lupanda Lyskovo Lyubomirovo Lyutchik Machevo Makaryino Malaya Mushnya Malinukha Maloye Pankino Maly Ovinets Malyino Matveyevskoye Maurino Maximkovo Maximovskoye Medvezhye Mikhaylovskoye Mineyka Mironkovo Mititsyno Mitkino Mitrokhovo Molodishchevo Molodki Mys Myshkino Nazarovo Nefedkovo Nesterovo Nikolskoye Nizhny Dor Nizhnyaya Gorka Nizkiye Nokshino Norovka Novo Novoselki Obukhovo Osyutino Pacha Pakhomovo Panfilovo Pankino Papushino Pashnets Pavlikovo Pavlovskoye Pegusha Perkhino Pervino Pleshchakovo Poddubye Podgorny Podolets Polezhayevo Polyana Potanino Pozdeyevo Progress Prokino Pryadino Pustoshka Pyryayevo Pyzheyevo Ramenye Razbuy Rebyachyevo Rechnaya Sosnovka Roitsa Romannikovo Roshcha Rusanovo Rylovo Rzhanitsyno Saunino Seletskaya Seltsa Semkino Shapkino Shelomovo Shelukhino Shigoyevo Shipitsyno Skorynino Slavyanka Slizovo Sobolevo Sobolino Sokolye Sologost Solovarka Spitsy Starovo Staroye Selo Sukholomovo Suslovskoye Svatkovo Svetilovo Syamichi Syromyatkino Sızma Tarkanovo Telibanovo Timshino Tirkovo Tochka Troshino Turtsevo Tyapino Uloshkovo Ustyanovo Uvarovo Vakarino Vaneyevo Vasilyevo Vasilyevskoye Vaskovo Velikoye Velyushevo Verkhny Dor Vinogradovo Volkovo Vorkop Vorontsovo Voterka Yakunina Gora Yedoma Yefimovo Yekimovskoye Yeremino Yershovo Yurochkino Zadnyaya Zaozerye Zarechnoye Zhabino Zhayno Zolotukha Zverinets Zytsovo This Sheksninsky District location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"rural locality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Types_of_inhabited_localities_in_Russia"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Russia"},{"link_name":"Sheksninsky District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheksninsky_District"},{"link_name":"Vologda Oblast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Chetverikovo (Russian: Четвериково) is a rural locality (a village) in Zheleznodorozhnoye Rural Settlement, Sheksninsky District, Vologda Oblast, Russia. The population was 14 as of 2002.[2]","title":"Chetverikovo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sheksna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheksna,_Sheksninsky_District,_Vologda_Oblast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chetverikovo is located 16 km southwest of Sheksna (the district's administrative centre) by road. Pacha is the nearest rural locality.[3]","title":"Geography"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Chetverikovo&params=59_10_N_38_19_E_type:city_region:RU-VLG","external_links_name":"59°10′N 38°19′E / 59.167°N 38.317°E / 59.167; 38.317"},{"Link":"https://mapdata.ru/vologodskaya-oblast/sheksninskiy-rayon/derevnya-chetverikovo/","external_links_name":"Деревня Четвериково на карте"},{"Link":"http://allroutes.ru/rasstoyanie_sheksna_chetverikovo","external_links_name":"Расстояние от Шексны до Четверикова"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chetverikovo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samsarasuchus	Samsarasuchus	["1 Reference"]	Extinct genus of reptiles SamsarasuchusTemporal range: Early Triassic (Induan), 251.9–251.2 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Clade: Archosauromorpha Clade: Archosauriformes Family: †Proterosuchidae Subfamily: †Chasmatosuchinae Genus: †SamsarasuchusEzcurra et al., 2023 Species: †S. pamelae Binomial name †Samsarasuchus pamelaeEzcurra et al., 2023 Samsarasuchus is an extinct genus of archosauriform reptile from the Early Triassic of India. This genus has one known species, Samsarasuchus pamelae. Samsarasuchus lived a few million years after the Permian-Triassic extinction, the largest known mass extinction event. It was a member of the Proterosuchidae, a group of successful crocodile-like reptiles that survived the extinction event and were among the earliest successful archosauromorphs. Samsarasuchus is known from several vertebrae recovered from the Panchet Formation of West Bengal, India. The formation has been dated to the Induan, the earliest stage of the Triassic period. It was classified in the Chasmatosuchinae, a subfamily of proterosuchids that contains a majority of genera in the family, including the Permian Archosaurus. It is the only valid proterosuchid from India; Ankistrodon, another proterosuchid previously described from the Panchet Formation, is considered a nomen dubium due to its non-diagnostic remains. The genus name Samsarasuchus references saṃsāra, the eternal cycle of death and rebirth in Indian religions, referring to the recovery of global ecosystems after the Permian-Triassic extinction event. The species name honors paleontologist Pamela Lamplugh Robinson. Reference ^ a b c d Ezcurra, Martín D.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Sengupta, Dhurjati P.; Sen, Kasturi; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Sookias, Roland B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J. (25 October 2023). "A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (10). doi:10.1098/rsos.230387. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 10598453. PMID 37885992. ^ Yirka, Bob; Phys.org. "New proterosuchid species from 250 million years ago found in India". phys.org. Retrieved 2023-10-31. ^ Science, Aristos Georgiou; Reporter, Health (2023-10-24). "New species of croc-like creature from 250 million years ago discovered". Newsweek. Retrieved 2023-10-31. vteArchosauromorpha Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Diapsida Clade: Sauria Clade: Archelosauria Sauropsida see Sauropsida Archosauromorpha see below↓ ArchosauromorphaArchosauromorpha †Aenigmastropheus †Czatkowiella †Elachistosuchus? †Elessaurus †Malutinisuchus †Mecistotrachelos †Prolacertoides †Protorosaurus †Rhombopholis †Vritramimosaurus †Tanysauria Jesairosaurus? Trachelosauridae Austronaga Dinocephalosaurus Fuyuansaurus? Gracilicollum? Protanystropheus Pectodens Sclerostropheus? Trachelosaurus Sharovipterygidae? Ozimek Sharovipteryx Tanystropheidae Amotosaurus Augustaburiania Cosesaurus Fuyuansaurus? Gracilicollum? Gwyneddosaurus Langobardisaurus Luxisaurus Macrocnemus Raibliania Sclerostropheus? Tanystropheus Tanytrachelos Sharovipterygidae? Crocopoda †Boreopricea †Cryptovaranoides? †Tasmaniosaurus †Teyujagua †Allokotosauria see Allokotosauria †Rhynchosauria see Rhynchosauria †Prolacertidae? Kadimakara Prolacerta Archosauriformes see below↓ ArchosauriformesArchosauriformes †Antarctanax †Cuyosuchus †Eorasaurus? †Kalisuchus †Koilamasuchus †Sarmatosuchus †Syntomiprosopus †Proterosuchidae Archosaurus Chasmatosuchus? Gamosaurus Jaikosuchus Proterosuchus Samsarasuchus Tsylmosuchus? Vonhuenia? †Protopyknosia Kranosaura Triopticus †Erythrosuchidae Bharitalasuchus Chalishevia Erythrosuchus Fugusuchus? Garjainia Guchengosuchus Shansisuchus Uralosaurus Eucrocopoda †Asperoris †Dorosuchus †Heteropelta †Litorosuchus †Marcianosuchus †Polymorphodon †Vancleavea †Euparkeriidae Euparkeria Halazhaisuchus Osmolskina †Proterochampsia see Proterochampsia Crurotarsi†Phytosauria see Phytosauria ArchosauriaIncertae sedis †Sikannisuchus? †Smok Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia includes birds Pseudosuchia see Pseudosuchia includes crocodilians Related topicsTooth taxa †Crosbysaurus †Lucianosaurus †Tecovasaurus †Palaeosaurus †Protecovasaurus †Uatchitodon †Zanclodon Nomina dubia †Albisaurus †Ankistrodon †Avipes †Blomosuchus †Collilongus †Exilisuchus †Fenhosuchus †Megacnemus †Microcnemus †Vjushkovisaurus †Wangisuchus Paraphyletic groups Proterosuchia Protorosauria Thecodontia Possible members Choristodera Drepanosauromorpha Kuehneosauridae Ichthyosauromorpha Sauropterygia Thalattosauria Category	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archosauriform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosauriformes"},{"link_name":"reptile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reptile"},{"link_name":"Early Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Triassic"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Permian-Triassic extinction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian%E2%80%93Triassic_extinction_event"},{"link_name":"mass extinction event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction_event"},{"link_name":"Proterosuchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterosuchidae"},{"link_name":"crocodile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"vertebrae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebra"},{"link_name":"Panchet Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchet_Formation"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Induan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Induan"},{"link_name":"Triassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triassic"},{"link_name":"Chasmatosuchinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasmatosuchidae"},{"link_name":"subfamily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subfamily"},{"link_name":"Permian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permian"},{"link_name":"Archosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaurus"},{"link_name":"Ankistrodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankistrodon"},{"link_name":"nomen dubium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"saṃsāra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra"},{"link_name":"Indian religions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_religions"},{"link_name":"Pamela Lamplugh Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pamela_Lamplugh_Robinson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Samsarasuchus is an extinct genus of archosauriform reptile from the Early Triassic of India. This genus has one known species, Samsarasuchus pamelae.[1][2][3] Samsarasuchus lived a few million years after the Permian-Triassic extinction, the largest known mass extinction event. It was a member of the Proterosuchidae, a group of successful crocodile-like reptiles that survived the extinction event and were among the earliest successful archosauromorphs.[1]Samsarasuchus is known from several vertebrae recovered from the Panchet Formation of West Bengal, India. The formation has been dated to the Induan, the earliest stage of the Triassic period. It was classified in the Chasmatosuchinae, a subfamily of proterosuchids that contains a majority of genera in the family, including the Permian Archosaurus. It is the only valid proterosuchid from India; Ankistrodon, another proterosuchid previously described from the Panchet Formation, is considered a nomen dubium due to its non-diagnostic remains.[1]The genus name Samsarasuchus references saṃsāra, the eternal cycle of death and rebirth in Indian religions, referring to the recovery of global ecosystems after the Permian-Triassic extinction event. The species name honors paleontologist Pamela Lamplugh Robinson.[1]","title":"Samsarasuchus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass 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India\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//phys.org/news/2023-10-proterosuchid-species-million-years-india.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"New species of croc-like creature from 250 million years ago 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tosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allokotosauria"},{"link_name":"Allokotosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Allokotosauria"},{"link_name":"Rhynchosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchosaur"},{"link_name":"Rhynchosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Rhynchosauria"},{"link_name":"Prolacertidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolacertidae"},{"link_name":"Kadimakara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kadimakara_australiensis"},{"link_name":"Prolacerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prolacerta"},{"link_name":"Archosauriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosauriformes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sharovipteryx_BW.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macrocnemus_BW.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prolacerta_broomi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Archosauriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosauriformes"},{"link_name":"Archosauriformes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosauriformes"},{"link_name":"Antarctanax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctanax"},{"link_name":"Cuyosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuyosuchus"},{"link_name":"Eorasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eorasaurus"},{"link_name":"Kalisuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisuchus"},{"link_name":"Koilamasuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koilamasuchus"},{"link_name":"Sarmatosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatosuchus"},{"link_name":"Syntomiprosopus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syntomiprosopus"},{"link_name":"Proterosuchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterosuchidae"},{"link_name":"Archosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaurus"},{"link_name":"Chasmatosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasmatosuchus"},{"link_name":"Gamosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamosaurus"},{"link_name":"Jaikosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaikosuchus"},{"link_name":"Proterosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterosuchus"},{"link_name":"Samsarasuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Tsylmosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsylmosuchus"},{"link_name":"Vonhuenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vonhuenia"},{"link_name":"Protopyknosia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopyknosia"},{"link_name":"Kranosaura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kranosaura"},{"link_name":"Triopticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triopticus"},{"link_name":"Erythrosuchidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrosuchidae"},{"link_name":"Bharitalasuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharitalasuchus"},{"link_name":"Chalishevia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalishevia"},{"link_name":"Erythrosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythrosuchus"},{"link_name":"Fugusuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugusuchus"},{"link_name":"Garjainia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garjainia"},{"link_name":"Guchengosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guchengosuchus"},{"link_name":"Shansisuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shansisuchus"},{"link_name":"Uralosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uralosaurus"},{"link_name":"Eucrocopoda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucrocopoda"},{"link_name":"Asperoris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asperoris"},{"link_name":"Dorosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorosuchus"},{"link_name":"Heteropelta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heteropelta"},{"link_name":"Litorosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litorosuchus"},{"link_name":"Marcianosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcianosuchus"},{"link_name":"Polymorphodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polymorphodon"},{"link_name":"Vancleavea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancleavea"},{"link_name":"Euparkeriidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euparkeriidae"},{"link_name":"Euparkeria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euparkeria"},{"link_name":"Halazhaisuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halazhaisuchus"},{"link_name":"Osmolskina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osmolskina"},{"link_name":"Proterochampsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterochampsia"},{"link_name":"Proterochampsia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Proterochampsia"},{"link_name":"Crurotarsi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crurotarsi"},{"link_name":"Phytosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytosaur"},{"link_name":"Phytosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Phytosauria"},{"link_name":"Archosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archosaur"},{"link_name":"Incertae sedis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incertae_sedis"},{"link_name":"Sikannisuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikannisuchus"},{"link_name":"Smok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smok_wawelski"},{"link_name":"Avemetatarsalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avemetatarsalia"},{"link_name":"Avemetatarsalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia"},{"link_name":"birds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"link_name":"Pseudosuchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosuchia"},{"link_name":"Pseudosuchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Pseudosuchia"},{"link_name":"crocodilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crocodilia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Proterosuchus_BW.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Erythrosuchus.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Euparkeria_white_background.png"},{"link_name":"Crosbysaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosbysaurus"},{"link_name":"Lucianosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucianosaurus"},{"link_name":"Tecovasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tecovasaurus"},{"link_name":"Palaeosaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palaeosaurus"},{"link_name":"Protecovasaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protecovasaurus"},{"link_name":"Uatchitodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uatchitodon"},{"link_name":"Zanclodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zanclodon"},{"link_name":"Nomina dubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nomen_dubium"},{"link_name":"Albisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albisaurus"},{"link_name":"Ankistrodon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ankistrodon"},{"link_name":"Avipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avipes"},{"link_name":"Blomosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blomosuchus"},{"link_name":"Collilongus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collilongus"},{"link_name":"Exilisuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exilisuchus"},{"link_name":"Fenhosuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fenhosuchus"},{"link_name":"Megacnemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megacnemus"},{"link_name":"Microcnemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcnemus"},{"link_name":"Vjushkovisaurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vjushkovisaurus"},{"link_name":"Wangisuchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangisuchus"},{"link_name":"Paraphyletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphyly"},{"link_name":"Proterosuchia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proterosuchia"},{"link_name":"Protorosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protorosauria"},{"link_name":"Thecodontia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thecodontia"},{"link_name":"Choristodera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choristodera"},{"link_name":"Drepanosauromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drepanosaur"},{"link_name":"Kuehneosauridae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuehneosauridae"},{"link_name":"Ichthyosauromorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichthyosauromorpha"},{"link_name":"Sauropterygia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sauropterygia"},{"link_name":"Thalattosauria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thalattosauria"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Archosauromorphs"}],"text":"^ a b c d Ezcurra, Martín D.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Sengupta, Dhurjati P.; Sen, Kasturi; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Sookias, Roland B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J. (25 October 2023). \"A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction\". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (10). doi:10.1098/rsos.230387. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 10598453. PMID 37885992.\n\n^ Yirka, Bob; Phys.org. \"New proterosuchid species from 250 million years ago found in India\". phys.org. Retrieved 2023-10-31.\n\n^ Science, Aristos Georgiou; Reporter, Health (2023-10-24). \"New species of croc-like creature from 250 million years ago discovered\". Newsweek. Retrieved 2023-10-31.vteArchosauromorpha\nKingdom: Animalia\nPhylum: Chordata\nClass: Sauropsida\nClade: Diapsida\nClade: Sauria\nClade: Archelosauria\nSauropsida\nsee Sauropsida\nArchosauromorpha\nsee below↓\nArchosauromorphaArchosauromorpha\n†Aenigmastropheus\n†Czatkowiella\n†Elachistosuchus?\n†Elessaurus\n†Malutinisuchus\n†Mecistotrachelos\n†Prolacertoides\n†Protorosaurus\n†Rhombopholis\n†Vritramimosaurus\n†Tanysauria\nJesairosaurus?\nTrachelosauridae\nAustronaga\nDinocephalosaurus\nFuyuansaurus?\nGracilicollum?\nProtanystropheus\nPectodens\nSclerostropheus?\nTrachelosaurus\nSharovipterygidae?\nOzimek\nSharovipteryx\nTanystropheidae\nAmotosaurus\nAugustaburiania\nCosesaurus\nFuyuansaurus?\nGracilicollum?\nGwyneddosaurus\nLangobardisaurus\nLuxisaurus\nMacrocnemus\nRaibliania\nSclerostropheus?\nTanystropheus\nTanytrachelos\nSharovipterygidae?\nCrocopoda\n†Boreopricea\n†Cryptovaranoides?\n†Tasmaniosaurus\n†Teyujagua\n†Allokotosauria\nsee Allokotosauria\n†Rhynchosauria\nsee Rhynchosauria\n†Prolacertidae?\nKadimakara\nProlacerta\nArchosauriformes\nsee below↓\n\n\n\nArchosauriformesArchosauriformes\n†Antarctanax\n†Cuyosuchus\n†Eorasaurus?\n†Kalisuchus\n†Koilamasuchus\n†Sarmatosuchus\n†Syntomiprosopus\n†Proterosuchidae\nArchosaurus\nChasmatosuchus?\nGamosaurus\nJaikosuchus\nProterosuchus\nSamsarasuchus\nTsylmosuchus?\nVonhuenia?\n†Protopyknosia\nKranosaura\nTriopticus\n†Erythrosuchidae\nBharitalasuchus\nChalishevia\nErythrosuchus\nFugusuchus?\nGarjainia\nGuchengosuchus\nShansisuchus\nUralosaurus\nEucrocopoda\n†Asperoris\n†Dorosuchus\n†Heteropelta\n†Litorosuchus\n†Marcianosuchus\n†Polymorphodon\n†Vancleavea\n†Euparkeriidae\nEuparkeria\nHalazhaisuchus\nOsmolskina\n†Proterochampsia\nsee Proterochampsia\nCrurotarsi†Phytosauria\nsee Phytosauria\nArchosauriaIncertae sedis\n†Sikannisuchus?\n†Smok\nAvemetatarsalia\nsee Avemetatarsalia\nincludes birds\nPseudosuchia\nsee Pseudosuchia\nincludes crocodilians\n\n\n\nRelated topicsTooth taxa\n†Crosbysaurus\n†Lucianosaurus\n†Tecovasaurus\n†Palaeosaurus\n†Protecovasaurus\n†Uatchitodon\n†Zanclodon\nNomina dubia\n†Albisaurus\n†Ankistrodon\n†Avipes\n†Blomosuchus\n†Collilongus\n†Exilisuchus\n†Fenhosuchus\n†Megacnemus\n†Microcnemus\n†Vjushkovisaurus\n†Wangisuchus\nParaphyletic groups\nProterosuchia\nProtorosauria\nThecodontia\nPossible members\nChoristodera\nDrepanosauromorpha\nKuehneosauridae\nIchthyosauromorpha\nSauropterygia\nThalattosauria\n\n Category","title":"Reference"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Ezcurra, Martín D.; Bandyopadhyay, Saswati; Sengupta, Dhurjati P.; Sen, Kasturi; Sennikov, Andrey G.; Sookias, Roland B.; Nesbitt, Sterling J.; Butler, Richard J. (25 October 2023). \"A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction\". Royal Society Open Science. 10 (10). doi:10.1098/rsos.230387. ISSN 2054-5703. PMC 10598453. PMID 37885992.","urls":[{"url":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387","url_text":"\"A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.230387","url_text":"10.1098/rsos.230387"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703","url_text":"2054-5703"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10598453","url_text":"10598453"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37885992","url_text":"37885992"}]},{"reference":"Yirka, Bob; Phys.org. \"New proterosuchid species from 250 million years ago found in India\". phys.org. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://phys.org/news/2023-10-proterosuchid-species-million-years-india.html","url_text":"\"New proterosuchid species from 250 million years ago found in India\""}]},{"reference":"Science, Aristos Georgiou; Reporter, Health (2023-10-24). \"New species of croc-like creature from 250 million years ago discovered\". Newsweek. Retrieved 2023-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsweek.com/new-species-croc-like-creature-250-million-years-ago-discovered-1837080","url_text":"\"New species of croc-like creature from 250 million years ago discovered\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsos.230387","external_links_name":"\"A new archosauriform species from the Panchet Formation of India and the diversification of Proterosuchidae after the end-Permian mass extinction\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsos.230387","external_links_name":"10.1098/rsos.230387"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2054-5703","external_links_name":"2054-5703"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10598453","external_links_name":"10598453"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37885992","external_links_name":"37885992"},{"Link":"https://phys.org/news/2023-10-proterosuchid-species-million-years-india.html","external_links_name":"\"New proterosuchid species from 250 million years ago found in India\""},{"Link":"https://www.newsweek.com/new-species-croc-like-creature-250-million-years-ago-discovered-1837080","external_links_name":"\"New species of croc-like creature from 250 million years ago discovered\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games	Archery at the 2015 Pan American Games	["1 Venue","2 Competition schedule","3 Medal table","4 Medalists","5 Participating nations","6 Qualification","7 See also","8 References"]	International sporting eventArchery at the 2015 Pan American GamesArchery pictogram for the GamesVenueVarsity StadiumDatesJuly 14–18No. of events4 (2 men, 2 women)Competitors64 from 15 nations«2011 2019» Archery at the2015 Pan American GamesQualification IndividualmenwomenTeammenwomenvte Archery competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto was held from July 14 to 18 at Varsity Stadium. Just like in the Olympics, the archery competition was conducted using the recurve bow. A total of four archery events were held: two each for men and women. The 2015 World Archery Championships were scheduled for later in July, to not conflict with the games. Venue The Varsity Stadium, in Toronto, was the venue for the archery competitions The competitions took place at the Varsity Stadium, located on the downtown campus of the University of Toronto. The facility is about five kilometers from the athletes village. The stadium will have a capacity of 2,000 people per session. Competition schedule The following is the competition schedule for the archery competitions: Q Qualifications R32 Round of 32 R16 Round of 16 ¼ Quarterfinals ½ Semifinals B Bronze medal match F Final Event↓/Date → Tue 14 Wed 15 Thu 16 Fri 17 Sat 18 Men's individual Q R32 R16 ¼ ½ B F Men's team Q ¼ ½ B F Women's individual Q R32 R16 ¼ ½ B F Women's team Q ¼ ½ B F Medal table * Host nation (Canada)RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal1 Mexico21142 United States12143 Colombia11024 Brazil0011 Canada*0011Totals (5 entries)44412 Medalists Event Gold Silver Bronze Men's individualdetails Luis Álvarez Mexico Brady Ellison United States Jason Lyon Canada Men's teamdetails MexicoJuan René Serrano Ernesto Horacio BoardmanLuis Álvarez United StatesZach Garrett Brady EllisonCollin Klimitchek BrazilMarcus Vinicius D'AlmeidaBernardo OliveiraDaniel Xavier Women's individualdetails Khatuna Lorig United States Ana Rendón Colombia Karla Hinojosa Mexico Women's teamdetails ColombiaAna RendónNatalia SánchezMaira Sepúlveda MexicoKarla Hinojosa Aída RománAlejandra Valencia United StatesAriel Gibilaro Khatuna LorigLa Nola Pritchard Participating nations A total of 15 countries have qualified athletes. The number of athletes a nation has entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country. Argentina (5) Brazil (6) Canada (6) Chile (6) Colombia (6) Costa Rica (1) Cuba (6) Dominican Republic (4) Ecuador (1) El Salvador (2) Guatemala (3) Mexico (6) Puerto Rico (2) United States (6) Venezuela (4) Qualification Main article: Archery at the 2015 Pan American Games – Qualification A total of 64 archers (32 per gender) qualified to compete at the games. There was three qualification tournaments for countries to qualify their athletes. A nation may enter only three athletes per gender. If a nation does qualify the maximum number of athletes, it will also qualify for the team event in the respective gender. See also Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics References ^ "Competition Schedule" (PDF). toronto2015.org. TO2015. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2014. ^ a b "Archery". toronto2015.org. TO2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ Owen, David (January 12, 2015). "Toronto 2015 to set record for female participation". insidethegames.biz. Insidethegames. Retrieved February 22, 2015. ^ "Varsity Stadium". toronto2015.org. TO2015. Archived from the original on 22 July 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ "Toronto 2015 Pan Am Games Ticket Program Guide" (PDF). toronto2015.org. TO2015. 20 April 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 April 2015. Retrieved 26 April 2015. ^ "Archery - Event Overview - Men Individual". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Archery - Event Overview - Men Team". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Archery - Event Overview - Women Individual". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Archery - Event Overview - Women Team". Archived from the original on 13 January 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2017. ^ "Qualification System Archey" (PDF). coparco.org. World Archery Americas. Retrieved 23 October 2014. vteArchery at the Pan American Games 1979 1983 1987 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 2023 vteEvents at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto, Canada Archery Athletics Badminton Baseball Basketball Beach volleyball Bowling Boxing Canoeing Cycling Diving Equestrian Fencing Field hockey Football Gymnastics Golf Handball Judo Karate Modern pentathlon Racquetball Roller sports Rowing Rugby sevens Sailing Shooting Softball Squash Swimming Synchronized swimming Table tennis Taekwondo Tennis Triathlon Volleyball Water polo Water skiing Weightlifting Wrestling Chronological summary	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Archery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery"},{"link_name":"2015 Pan American Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Varsity Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"recurve bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recurve_bow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-a-2"},{"link_name":"2015 World Archery Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Archery_Championships"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Archery competitions at the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto was held from July 14 to 18 at Varsity Stadium.[1] Just like in the Olympics, the archery competition was conducted using the recurve bow.[2] A total of four archery events were held: two each for men and women.[2]The 2015 World Archery Championships were scheduled for later in July, to not conflict with the games.[3]","title":"Archery at the 2015 Pan American Games"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Archery2015pan.jpg"},{"link_name":"Varsity Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Varsity Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varsity_Stadium"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"athletes village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Don_Lands#Canary_District"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Varsity Stadium, in Toronto, was the venue for the archery competitionsThe competitions took place at the Varsity Stadium, located on the downtown campus of the University of Toronto. The facility is about five kilometers from the athletes village. The stadium will have a capacity of 2,000 people per session.[4]","title":"Venue"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The following is the competition schedule for the archery competitions:[5]","title":"Competition schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"}],"text":"* Host nation (Canada)","title":"Medal table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chile_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Costa Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_Rica_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Ecuador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecuador_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Puerto Rico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puerto_Rico_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela_at_the_2015_Pan_American_Games"}],"text":"A total of 15 countries have qualified athletes. The number of athletes a nation has entered is in parentheses beside the name of the country.Argentina (5)\n Brazil (6)\n Canada (6)\n Chile (6)\n Colombia (6)\n Costa Rica (1)\n Cuba (6)\n Dominican Republic (4)\n Ecuador (1)\n El Salvador (2)\n Guatemala (3)\n Mexico (6)\n Puerto Rico (2)\n United States (6)\n Venezuela (4)","title":"Participating nations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"A total of 64 archers (32 per gender) qualified to compete at the games. There was three qualification tournaments for countries to qualify their athletes. A nation may enter only three athletes per gender. If a nation does qualify the maximum number of athletes, it will also qualify for the team event in the respective gender.[10]","title":"Qualification"}]	[{"image_text":"The Varsity Stadium, in Toronto, was the venue for the archery competitions","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Archery2015pan.jpg/220px-Archery2015pan.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Archery at the 2016 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archery_at_the_2016_Summer_Olympics"}]	[{"reference":"\"Competition Schedule\" (PDF). toronto2015.org. TO2015. 18 August 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 September 2014. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_musical_instruments	Bamboo musical instruments	["1 Overview","1.1 Flutes","1.2 Other bamboo instruments","2 Gallery","3 References"]	Musical instruments, commonly flutes, made of bamboo This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bamboo musical instruments" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Wind instruments made of bamboo played by students in Talaud, North Sulawesi, Indonesia. An example of a slit drum or scraper from the Philippines known as a kagul by the Maguindanaon people Bamboo's natural hollow form makes it an obvious choice for many musical instruments. In South and South East Asia, traditional uses of bamboo the instrument include various types of woodwind instruments, such as flutes, and devices like xylophones and organs, which require resonating sections. In some traditional instruments bamboo is the primary material, while others combine bamboo with other materials such as wood and leather. Overview Bamboo has been used to create a variety of instruments including flutes, mouth organs, saxophones, trumpets, drums and xylophones. Flutes There are numerous types of bamboo flutes made all over the world, such as the dizi, xiao, shakuhachi, palendag and jinghu. In the Indian subcontinent, it is a very popular and highly respected musical instrument, available even to the poorest and the choice of many highly venerated maestros of classical music. It is known and revered above all as the divine flute forever associated with Lord Krishna, who is always portrayed holding a bansuri in sculptures and paintings. Four of the instruments used in Polynesia for traditional hula are made of bamboo: nose flute, rattle, stamping pipes and the jaw harp. Bamboo may be used in the construction of the Australian didgeridoo instead of the more traditional eucalyptus wood. Other bamboo instruments In Indonesia and the Philippines, bamboo has been used for making various kinds of musical instruments, including the kolintang, angklung and bumbong. Bamboo is also used to make slit drums. Traditional Philippine banda kawayan (bamboo bands) use a variety of bamboo musical instruments, including the marimba, angklung, panpipes and bumbong, as well as bamboo versions of western instruments, such as clarinets, saxophones, and tubas. The Las Piñas Bamboo Organ in the Philippines has pipes made of bamboo culms. The modern amplified string instrument, the Chapman stick, is also constructed using bamboo. The khene (also spelled khaen, kaen and khen; Lao: ແຄນ, Thai: แคน) is a mouth organ of Lao origin whose pipes, which are usually made of bamboo, are connected with a small, hollowed-out hardwood reservoir into which air is blown, creating a sound similar to that of the cello. In the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, the valiha, a long tube zither made of a single bamboo stalk, is considered the national instrument. Bamboo has also recently been used for the manufacture of guitars and ukuleles. Bamboo Ukuleles are constructed of solid cross laminated bamboo strips not plywood. The bamboo solid wood strips are similar to bamboo manufactured flooring. Gallery Top and bottom-side views of a shakuhachi, end-blown bamboo flutes from Japan Toka, bamoo clapper, Assam, Nepal Bamboo tanggetang tube zither, Sumatra Bamboo tube-zither drum Bamboo tube-zither drum Bamboo gong or slit drum, Agung a tamlang, Philippines Indonesian slit drum Sasando tube zither Bamboo half-tube zithers Double-reed clarinet, North Africa Magruna double reed clarinet, Libya Bamboo trumpet, Sulawesi, Indonesia Siku, Pan pipes, Bolivia or Peru, Andes Mountains Pan pipes, New Ireland Province, Queensland, Australia bamboo Jew's Harp Ainu Jew's Harpo Bali Indonesia Xylophone-player, photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas Bala, African xylophone Bamboo marimba, one of the instruments created by Harry Partch bamboo flutes Bansuri, Indian Subcontinent Sáo, Vietnamese flute Angklung, Indonesia Kolintang xylophone and angklung, Indonesia Bamboo organ, Saint Joseph Parish Church, Las Piñas, Metro Manila, Philippine Bamboo saxophone, Argentina Khene, mouth organ, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos Sheng mouth organ, China Lusheng mouth organ Ploong, a musical instrument of the Mru people, Bangladesh Jinghu, Chinese bowed string instrument Musician Agustinus Sasundu of Sangihe, with a bamboo wind instrument References ^ Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). "Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines". PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang – A home for Pasikings. Retrieved June 12, 2006. ^ "Origins and development of bamboo music". bbc.co.uk. 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011. Authority control databases: National Germany	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kagul.jpg"},{"link_name":"scraper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scraper_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"kagul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kagul"},{"link_name":"Maguindanaon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maguindanaon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"},{"link_name":"musical instruments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_instruments"}],"text":"Wind instruments made of bamboo played by students in Talaud, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.An example of a slit drum or scraper from the Philippines known as a kagul by the Maguindanaon people[1]Bamboo's natural hollow form makes it an obvious choice for many musical instruments. In South and South East Asia, traditional uses of bamboo the instrument include various types of woodwind instruments, such as flutes, and devices like xylophones and organs, which require resonating sections. In some traditional instruments bamboo is the primary material, while others combine bamboo with other materials such as wood and leather.","title":"Bamboo musical instruments"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bamboo has been used to create a variety of instruments including flutes, mouth organs, saxophones, trumpets, drums and xylophones.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bamboo flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_flutes"},{"link_name":"dizi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizi_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"xiao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiao_(flute)"},{"link_name":"shakuhachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakuhachi"},{"link_name":"palendag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palendag"},{"link_name":"jinghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_flutes"},{"link_name":"Lord Krishna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Krishna"},{"link_name":"bansuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansuri"},{"link_name":"Polynesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesia"},{"link_name":"hula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hula"},{"link_name":"nose flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nose_flute"},{"link_name":"jaw harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw_harp"},{"link_name":"didgeridoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didgeridoo"},{"link_name":"eucalyptus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucalyptus"}],"sub_title":"Flutes","text":"There are numerous types of bamboo flutes made all over the world, such as the dizi, xiao, shakuhachi, palendag and jinghu. In the Indian subcontinent, it is a very popular and highly respected musical instrument, available even to the poorest and the choice of many highly venerated maestros of classical music. It is known and revered above all as the divine flute forever associated with Lord Krishna, who is always portrayed holding a bansuri in sculptures and paintings. Four of the instruments used in Polynesia for traditional hula are made of bamboo: nose flute, rattle, stamping pipes and the jaw harp. Bamboo may be used in the construction of the Australian didgeridoo instead of the more traditional eucalyptus wood.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kolintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolintang"},{"link_name":"angklung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angklung"},{"link_name":"bumbong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bumbong&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"slit drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drum"},{"link_name":"banda kawayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_Kawayan_Pilipinas"},{"link_name":"marimba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marimba"},{"link_name":"panpipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panpipes"},{"link_name":"clarinets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarinet"},{"link_name":"saxophones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"link_name":"tubas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuba"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Las Piñas Bamboo Organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as_Bamboo_Organ"},{"link_name":"Chapman stick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_stick"},{"link_name":"khene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khene"},{"link_name":"Lao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_language"},{"link_name":"Thai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"valiha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valiha"},{"link_name":"ukuleles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukulele"}],"sub_title":"Other bamboo instruments","text":"In Indonesia and the Philippines, bamboo has been used for making various kinds of musical instruments, including the kolintang, angklung and bumbong.\nBamboo is also used to make slit drums. Traditional Philippine banda kawayan (bamboo bands) use a variety of bamboo musical instruments, including the marimba, angklung, panpipes and bumbong, as well as bamboo versions of western instruments, such as clarinets, saxophones, and tubas.[2] The Las Piñas Bamboo Organ in the Philippines has pipes made of bamboo culms. The modern amplified string instrument, the Chapman stick, is also constructed using bamboo. The khene (also spelled khaen, kaen and khen; Lao: ແຄນ, Thai: แคน) is a mouth organ of Lao origin whose pipes, which are usually made of bamboo, are connected with a small, hollowed-out hardwood reservoir into which air is blown, creating a sound similar to that of the cello. In the Indian Ocean island of Madagascar, the valiha, a long tube zither made of a single bamboo stalk, is considered the national instrument.Bamboo has also recently been used for the manufacture of guitars and ukuleles. Bamboo Ukuleles are constructed of solid cross laminated bamboo strips not plywood. The bamboo solid wood strips are similar to bamboo manufactured flooring.","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shakuhachi-2.png"},{"link_name":"bamboo flutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo_flute"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF.JPG"},{"link_name":"Toka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toka_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Assam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assam"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Buisciter_van_bamboe_TMnr_1027-5.jpg"},{"link_name":"tanggetang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tanggetang&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"tube zither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_zither"},{"link_name":"Sumatra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumatra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Buisciter_van_bamboe_TMnr_15-410.jpg"},{"link_name":"tube-zither","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tube_zither"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Buisciter_met_%C3%A9%C3%A9n_snaar_TMnr_1330-130.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agung_a_Tamlang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Agung a tamlang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agung_a_tamlang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Spleettrom_van_bamboe_TMnr_15-415.jpg"},{"link_name":"slit drum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slit_drum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alat_Musik_Sasando_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sasando","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasando"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_half-tube_bamboo_zithers.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dubbel_enkelriet_(%27dubbel-klarinet%27)_van_bamboe_TMnr_4296-5a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Dubbel_enkelriet_(klarinet)_van_bamboe_TMnr_3492-4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Magruna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magruna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Trompet_van_bamboe_TMnr_2236-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siku_(09).jpg"},{"link_name":"Siku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siku_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"Pan pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_pipes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PNG_Pipes_QM_r.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pan pipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_pipes"},{"link_name":"New Ireland Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ireland_Province"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maultrom_2a.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jew's Harp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jew%27s_Harp"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mukkuri.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ainu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainu_music"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nusa-Dua_Bali_Indonesia_Xylophone-player-01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bala_player.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boo_I.jpg"},{"link_name":"instruments created by Harry Partch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_instruments_by_Harry_Partch"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Severalbambooflutes.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bansuri_bamboo_flute_23inch.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bansuri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bansuri"},{"link_name":"Indian Subcontinent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Subcontinent"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Th%E1%BB%95i_s%C3%A1o.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sáo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1o"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angklung-arumba.jpg"},{"link_name":"Angklung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angklung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Angklung-kolintang.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kolintang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolintang"},{"link_name":"angklung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angklung"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bamboo_organ_of_Las_Pi%C3%B1as_I_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(music)"},{"link_name":"Las Piñas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Pi%C3%B1as"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saxos_de_bamb%C3%BA_por_Angel_Sampedro_del_R%C3%ADo,_luthier_argentino.jpg"},{"link_name":"saxophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxophone"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khenesarong.jpg"},{"link_name":"Khene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khene"},{"link_name":"mouth organ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mouth_organ"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chinese_flutes_circa_1900.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheng_(instrument)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Miao_musicians.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lusheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusheng"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ploong.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ploong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploong"},{"link_name":"Mru people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mru_people"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jinghu.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jinghu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jinghu_(instrument)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agustinus_Sasundu_Maestro_Musik_Tiup_Bambu_Indonesia.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sangihe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangihe_Island"}],"text":"Top and bottom-side views of a shakuhachi, end-blown bamboo flutes from Japan\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tToka, bamoo clapper, Assam, Nepal\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo tanggetang tube zither, Sumatra\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo tube-zither drum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo tube-zither drum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo gong or slit drum, Agung a tamlang, Philippines\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tIndonesian slit drum\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSasando tube zither\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo half-tube zithers\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDouble-reed clarinet, North Africa\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMagruna double reed clarinet, Libya\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo trumpet, Sulawesi, Indonesia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSiku, Pan pipes, Bolivia or Peru, Andes Mountains\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPan pipes, New Ireland Province, Queensland, Australia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbamboo Jew's Harp\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAinu Jew's Harpo\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBali Indonesia Xylophone-player, photo by CEphoto, Uwe Aranas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBala, African xylophone\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo marimba, one of the instruments created by Harry Partch\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tbamboo flutes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBansuri, Indian Subcontinent\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSáo, Vietnamese flute\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAngklung, Indonesia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKolintang xylophone and angklung, Indonesia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo organ, Saint Joseph Parish Church, Las Piñas, Metro Manila, Philippine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBamboo saxophone, Argentina\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tKhene, mouth organ, Vietnam, Cambodia, Laos\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSheng mouth organ, China\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLusheng mouth organ\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPloong, a musical instrument of the Mru people, Bangladesh\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJinghu, Chinese bowed string instrument\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMusician Agustinus Sasundu of Sangihe, with a bamboo wind instrument","title":"Gallery"}]	[{"image_text":"Wind instruments made of bamboo played by students in Talaud, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg/250px-Bamboo_wind_instruments.jpg"},{"image_text":"An example of a slit drum or scraper from the Philippines known as a kagul by the Maguindanaon people[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Kagul.jpg/150px-Kagul.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"Mercurio, Philip Dominguez (2006). \"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines\". PnoyAndTheCity: A center for Kulintang – A home for Pasikings. Retrieved June 12, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pnoyandthecity.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Origins and development of bamboo music\". bbc.co.uk. 2011. Retrieved March 27, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/origins-and-development-of-bamboo-music/11926.html","url_text":"\"Origins and development of bamboo music\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Bamboo+musical+instruments%22","external_links_name":"\"Bamboo musical instruments\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Bamboo+musical+instruments%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Bamboo+musical+instruments%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Bamboo+musical+instruments%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Bamboo+musical+instruments%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Bamboo+musical+instruments%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.pnoyandthecity.blogspot.com/","external_links_name":"\"Traditional Music of the Southern Philippines\""},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/origins-and-development-of-bamboo-music/11926.html","external_links_name":"\"Origins and development of bamboo music\""},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4143968-5","external_links_name":"Germany"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Allen_(Cardinal)	William Allen (cardinal)	["1 Early life","2 College at Douai","3 Rome and Rheims","4 Political activism","5 Spanish Armada","6 Last years","7 Legacy","8 Works","9 Notes","10 See also","11 Sources","12 Further reading","12.1 Older studies"]	English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church William AllenCardinal, Prefect of the Vatican LibraryChurchCatholic ChurchOther post(s)Cardinal-Priest of Santi Silvestro e Martino ai Monti (1587–1594)OrdersOrdination1565Created cardinal7 August 1587by Pope Sixtus VRankCardinal-priestPersonal detailsBorn1532Rossall (near present-day Fleetwood), Lancashire, EnglandDied16 October 1594 (aged 62)Rome, Papal StatesBuriedChurch of St Thomas of Canterbury at the English College, RomeNationalityEnglishDenominationRoman CatholicParentsJohn AllenPrevious post(s)Canon of York William Allen (1532 – 16 October 1594), also known as Guilielmus Alanus or Gulielmus Alanus, was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was an ordained priest, but was never a bishop. His main role was setting up colleges to train English missionary priests with the mission of returning secretly to England to keep Roman Catholicism alive there. Allen assisted in the planning of the Spanish Armada's attempted invasion of England in 1588. It failed badly, but if it had succeeded he would probably have been made Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. The Douai-Rheims Bible, a complete translation into English from Latin, was printed under Allen's orders. His activities were part of the Counter Reformation, but they led to an intense response in England and in Ireland. He advised and recommended Pope Pius V to pronounce Elizabeth I deposed. After the Pope declared her excommunicated and deposed, Elizabeth intensified the persecution of her Roman Catholic religious opponents. Early life Allen was born in 1532, at Rossall Hall in Rossall, Lancashire, England. He was the third son of John Allen by his marriage to Jane Lister. In 1547, at the age of fifteen, he entered Oriel College, Oxford, graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1550, and was elected a Fellow of his College. In 1554, he was promoted by seniority to Master of Arts, and two years later, in 1556, was made Principal and Proctor of Saint Mary's Hall. Allen seems also to have been a canon at York Minster in or about 1558, indicating that he had most likely received tonsure, the initial step towards ordination that conferred clerical status. Upon the accession of Elizabeth I, he refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, but was allowed to remain at the University of Oxford until 1561. His public opposition to the newly Protestantized Church of England forced him to leave the country, and in 1561, after resigning his benefices, he left England to seek refuge at Louvain and its University, where he joined many other academics from Oxford and Cambridge who had refused to take the Oath of Supremacy. There, he continued his theological studies and began to write apologetic, polemic, and controversialist treatises. In the following year, because of ill health, he was advised to return to his native Lancashire. He devoted himself to the re-conversion of his native land to the old faith. In particular, he worked to dissuade the Roman Catholic faithful from attending Anglican worship, an outward compromise of their faith and conscience that many made, to avoid ruin from fines, confiscations, and other disabilities. During this period as a clandestine missionary in England, Allen formed the conviction that the people were not set against Rome by choice, but by force and by circumstances; and the majority were only too ready, in response to his sermons and ministrations, to return to Roman Catholicism. He was convinced that the Protestant hold over the Kingdom, favoured by the policies of Elizabeth, could only be temporary. When his presence was discovered by the Queen's agents, he fled from Lancashire and withdrew to Oxford, where he had many acquaintances. After writing a treatise in defence of the power of the priest to remit sins, Allen was obliged to move to Norfolk, under the protection of the family of the Duke of Norfolk, but already in 1565 had once again to leave for the Continent. He was never to return. Travelling to the Low Countries, he was ordained as a priest shortly afterwards at Malines in Flanders and began to lecture in theology at the Benedictine College there. College at Douai Allen was always convinced that the Protestant wave over the country, due to the action of Elizabeth, could only be temporary and that the whole future depended on there being a supply of trained clergy and controversialists ready to come into the country whenever Catholicism should be restored. In 1567, Allen went to Rome for the first time and conceived his plans for establishing a College where students from England and Wales could live together and finish their theological education. The idea subsequently developed into the establishment of a missionary college, or seminary, to supply England with priests as long as the schism with the See of Rome persisted. With the help of friends, and notably of the Benedictine abbots of the neighbouring monasteries, a beginning was made in a rented house at Douai on Michaelmas Day, 29 September 1568, which marked the inauguration of the English College, Douai. Allen was to be joined by many English exiles, including Edmund Campion. Douai was thought suitable for Allen's new College because of the recent foundation there of the University of Douai by Pope Paul IV, under the patronage of King Philip II of Spain, to whose dominions Douai then belonged, and because the foundation had the active encouragement of Jean Vendeville, a law professor at the university, who had accompanied Allen on his journey back from Rome. On 31 January 1570, through the influence of Vendeville, Allen was given the post of Professor of Sacred Scripture. Allen's College became central to the "English mission" for the re-conversion of England. Amongst the "seminary priests", as they were called, over 160 former students from Douai are known to have been put to death under the Penal Laws; more were imprisoned. Students celebrated the news of each martyrdom, and, by special dispensation, said a solemn Mass of thanksgiving. Rome and Rheims Title page from the 1582 Douai-Rheims New Testament, "specially for the discouerie of the CORRVPTIONS of diuers late translations, and for cleering the CONTROVERSIES in religion." The number of students at the new college rose rapidly to one hundred and twenty, and the Pope summoned Allen to Rome to establish a similar college there. In 1575 Allen made a second journey to Rome, where by order of Pope Gregory XIII he assisted in the establishment of the English College at Rome. To that end, the ancient English Hospice in Rome was taken over and converted into a seminary for the sending of missionaries to England, and Jesuits were placed in the College to assist Maurice Clenock DD, Rector of the College. The Pope appointed Allen to be a Canon in Courtray (now in West Flanders, Belgium, and known as Kortrijk), and he returned to Douai in July 1576, but there he had to face a new difficulty. Besides the plots to assassinate him by agents of the Queen of England, the rebels against the rule of the Spanish Crown, encouraged by Elizabeth and her emissaries, now present in Douai, expelled the students of the University from Douai in March 1578. Allen then re-established the College at Rheims, a city then under the patronage and protection of the House of Guise. The collegians took refuge at the University of Rheims, where they were well received, and continued their work as before, and Allen was soon afterwards elected a canon in the Chapter of Rheims Cathedral. Thomas Stapleton, Richard Bristow, Gregory Martin, and Morgan Phillips were amongst Allen's companions. From the College press came a constant stream of polemic, controversialist, and other Roman Catholic literature, which for obvious reasons could not be printed in England. Allen took a prominent part in this. One of the chief works undertaken in the early years of the College was the preparation under Allen's direction of the well-known Douai Bible, a translation from Latin into English. The New Testament was published in 1582 when the College was at Rheims; but the Old Testament, although completed at the same time, was delayed, due to a lack of funds. It was eventually printed and published at Douai, in 1609, two years before the Authorized King James Version prepared on James's orders by the Church of England. Political activism In 1577 Allen began a correspondence with the Jesuit priest Robert Parsons. Allen was again summoned to Rome in 1579 and was charged with suppressing an insurrection within the English College, caused by contrasts between students from Wales and the rest of the students from England. It was during this visit that he was appointed as one of the Commissioners charged with submitting proposals for the revision of the Latin Vulgate Bible. Brought into personal contact with Parsons, Allen was captivated by his personality and charisma, and Parsons became a trusted friend. Under Allen's orders, the English College at Rome was placed under the control of the Society of Jesus, as part of a plan to send Jesuit missionaries to England by 1580. Under Allen's instructions, the first Jesuits to be sent, Parsons and Edmund Campion, were to work closely in England with other Roman Catholic priests. The mission met with little success, as Campion was put to death only after a year's work, and Parsons again had to flee to mainland Europe. King Philip II of Spain recommended Allen to become a Cardinal with the Pope in 1587. Allen himself saw his work as "scholastical attempts" to end the English schism from Rome. His efforts to secure this were completely unsuccessful, and arguably made matters worse for supporters of the Church of Rome in England, Wales, and Ireland. Pope Pius V, in his papal bull Regnans in Excelsis (1570), sentenced Elizabeth to both excommunication and "deposition" from the throne, and, upon the pain of excommunication, "released and forbade" her subjects from their allegiance to the Queen. Returning to Rheims, Allen allowed himself to be drawn into the political intrigues of Parsons for the furtherance of Philip's interests in England and Ireland. Parsons had already resolved to remove Allen from the seminary at Rheims, and to that end, as far back as 6 April 1581, had recommended Allen to Philip II of Spain, with a view to the King's securing Allen's appointment as a cardinal. On 18 September 1581, Pope Gregory XIII named Allen "Prefect of the English Mission". Allen and Parsons went to Rome again in 1585, and there Allen remained for the rest of his life. In 1587, whilst he was the subject of the intrigue by Philip's agents, he wrote, helped by Parsons, a book in defence of Sir William Stanley, an English officer who had surrendered the town of Deventer in Overijssel, part of the territory of the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, to King Philip's armies. Allen wrote that all Englishmen were obliged, under the pain of eternal damnation, to follow that example, as Elizabeth was "no lawful queen" in the eyes of God. Allen helped in the planning of the attempted Spanish invasion of England, and would probably have been made Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor if it had been successful. Allen was the head of the Roman Catholic Church in England under the Pope, and in this position, just after the death of Mary, Queen of Scots, he wrote to Philip II on 19 March 1587 to encourage him to undertake an invasion of England, stating that the Roman Catholics in England (and in Ireland) were clamouring for the King of Spain to come and punish "this woman, hated by God and man". He was made a Cardinal by Pope Sixtus V on 7 August 1587. Spanish Armada Portrait of Elizabeth made to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada, depicted in the background. Allen was then once more in Rome, having been summoned by the pope after a dangerous illness two years before. He never left the city of Rome again, but he kept in constant correspondence and communication with his countrymen back in England. It had been due to his influence that the Society of Jesus, to which he was greatly attached, undertook to join in the work of the English mission; and now Allen and Parsons became joint leaders of the "Spanish Party" amongst the Roman Catholics in England and in Ireland. On the advice and recommendation of King Philip, Allen was created a Cardinal in 1587, and he was prepared to return to England immediately, should the invasion prove successful. However, both Allen and Parsons erred in estimating how much support they would find. The vast majority of the remaining Roman Catholic faithful in the Kingdom of England remained loyal to their own Queen against Spain and King Philip, and to them, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, in 1588, was an event that gave cause to rejoice. Allen outlived the defeat of the Armada by some six years. To the end of his life, he reportedly remained fully convinced that the people of England and their Sovereign would soon become Roman Catholics once again. Upon his elevation, Allen wrote to the English College at Rheims that he owed his Cardinal's hat (also) to Parsons. One of his first acts was to order the publication, under his own name and authority, of two works for the purpose of inciting Roman Catholics in England to rise up against Elizabeth: The Declaration of the Sentence of Sixtus V, a broadside, and a book, An Admonition to the nobility and people of England (Antwerp, 1588). After the failure of the Armada, Philip, to rid himself of the financial burden of supporting Allen as Cardinal, nominated him to the Archbishopric of Malines. This, however, never received the Pope's confirmation. Last years Pope Gregory XIV granted and bestowed on Allen the title of Prefect of the Vatican Library. In 1589, he assisted in the establishment of the English College at Valladolid in Spain. He took part in four Conclaves of the Church, although his influence diminished after the failure of the Armada. Before his death in Rome, he appeared to have changed his mind about the wisdom of Jesuit politics in Rome and in England. Certainly, his political activities could give grounds and cause for Elizabeth's government to regard the English seminaries on the Continent as hotbeds of treason. Allen continued to reside at the English College, Rome, until his death. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, as a Cardinal he had lived in poverty and died in debt at Rome on 16 October 1594. He was buried in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity adjoining the College. Legacy Allen's foundations at Douai survive today in two seminaries, one being the Venerable English College, Rome founded in 1579 by Allen and Pope Gregory XIII, which still bears the coat of arms of Allen as the college crest; the other being Allen Hall, Chelsea, in London, successor in spirit to Saint Edmund's College, Ware. Until 2011, when it closed, there also existed Saint Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, or Ushaw College, near Durham, in the north of England, where the College's coat-of-arms, granted by the Earl Marshal, who was also the Duke of Norfolk, incorporated the three hares or coneys from Allen's ancestral arms. The English College at Valladolid continues to prepare and educate Englishmen and Welshmen for the priesthood. Cardinal Allen Catholic High School in Fleetwood, Lancashire, near Allen's place of birth, is named in his honour. Until it closed about 1980, there was another secondary school named after Allen in Enfield, Middlesex, and a grammar school for boys in West Derby, Liverpool, carried his name until 1983 when it was renamed Cardinal Heenan Catholic High School. Works A list of Allen's works is given in Joseph Gillow's Biographical Dictionary of the English Catholics. The following is a list of his printed publications: Certain Brief Reasons concerning the Catholick Faith (Douay, 1564) A Defense and Declaration of the Catholike Churches Doctrine touching Purgatory, and Prayers of the Soules Departed (Antwerp, 1565), re-edited in 1886 A Treatise made in defence of the Lawful Power and Authoritie of the Preesthoode to remitte sinnes &c. (1578) De Sacramentis (Antwerp, 1565; Douay, 1603) An Apology for the English Seminaries (1581) Apologia Martyrum (1583) Martyrium R. P. Edmundi Campiani, S. J. (1583) An Answer to the Libel of English Justice (Mons, 1584) The Copie of a Letter written by M. Doctor Allen concerning the Yeelding up of the Citie of Daventrie, unto his Catholike Majestie, by Sir William Stanley Knight (Antwerp, 1587), reprinted by the Chetham Society, 1851 An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland, concerning the present Warres made for the Execution of his Holines Sentence, by the highe and mightie Kinge Catholike of Spain, by the Cardinal of Englande (1588) A Declaration of the sentence and deposition of Elizabeth, the usurper and pretended Queene of England (1588; reprinted London, 1842). Notes ^ "William Allen (1532-1594)". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 26 February 2020. ^ Miranda, Salvador. "William Allen". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 8 October 2010. ^ a b c Records and Recollections of St. Cuthbert's College Ushaw, Preston, E. Buller and Son, 1889, p. 65. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ a b c d e Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "William Allen" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Taunton 1911, p. 692. ^ a b c Brady, William Maziere. The episcopal succession in England, Scotland and Ireland, A.D. 1400 to 1875, Vol. 3, Tipografia Della Pace, 1877, pp. 37 et seq. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain. ^ "Catholic Life March 2010". Scribd.com. Retrieved 2 February 2012. ^ Taunton 1911. ^ Law, Thomas Graves. "Parsons Robert (1546-1610)". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. 43. ^ Taunton 1911, p. 693. See also Richard Bristow William Reynolds (theologian) Thomas Worthington (Douai) Sources Attribution: This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ward, Bernard (1913). "William Allen". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Taunton, Ethelred Luke (1911). "Allen, William". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 692–693. Further reading Bauer, Stefan. The Censorship and Fortuna of Platina's Lives of the Popes in the Sixteenth Century (Brepols, 2006). ISBN 978-2-503-51814-5. Bossy, John. The English Catholic Community, 1570–1850 (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1975). Carrafiello, Michael L. "English Catholicism and the Jesuit mission of 1580–1581." The Historical Journal 37.4 (1994): 761–774. Duffy, Eamon. "Allen, William (1532–1594)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008) accessed 18 Aug 2017 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/391. Duffy, Eamon. "William, Cardinal Allen, 1532–1594." British Catholic History 22.3 (1995): 265–290. Tarrago, Rafael E. "Bloody Bess: The Persecution of Catholics in Elizabethan England." Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture 7.1 (2004): 117–133. Older studies Thomas Francis Knox, Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen (London, 1882). Thomas Francis Knox, First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay: Historical Introduction (London, 1877). Alphons Bellesheim, Wilhelm Cardinal Allen und die englischen Seminare auf dem Festlande (Mainz, 1885) First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douai (London, 1878). Ethelred Taunton, History of the Jesuits in England (London, 1901). Catholic Church titles Preceded byGabriele Paleotti Cardinal Priest of Ss. Silvestro e Martino ai Monti 1587–1594 Succeeded byFrancesco Cornaro (iuniore) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Douai-Rheims Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai-Rheims_Bible"},{"link_name":"Counter Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_Reformation"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I"},{"link_name":"excommunicated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excommunicated"}],"text":"William Allen (1532 – 16 October 1594), also known as Guilielmus Alanus or Gulielmus Alanus,[1] was an English Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church. He was an ordained priest, but was never a bishop.[2] His main role was setting up colleges to train English missionary priests with the mission of returning secretly to England to keep Roman Catholicism alive there. Allen assisted in the planning of the Spanish Armada's attempted invasion of England in 1588. It failed badly, but if it had succeeded he would probably have been made Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor. The Douai-Rheims Bible, a complete translation into English from Latin, was printed under Allen's orders. His activities were part of the Counter Reformation, but they led to an intense response in England and in Ireland. He advised and recommended Pope Pius V to pronounce Elizabeth I deposed. After the Pope declared her excommunicated and deposed, Elizabeth intensified the persecution of her Roman Catholic religious opponents.","title":"William Allen (cardinal)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rossall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rossall"},{"link_name":"Oriel College, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oriel_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Master of Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randr-3"},{"link_name":"Proctor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proctor"},{"link_name":"Saint Mary's Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"York Minster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Minster"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"},{"link_name":"tonsure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Oath of Supremacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oath_of_Supremacy"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"benefices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benefice"},{"link_name":"Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leuven"},{"link_name":"University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_University_of_Leuven"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randr-3"},{"link_name":"Anglican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglicanism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"Malines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechelen"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-randr-3"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"}],"text":"Allen was born in 1532, at Rossall Hall in Rossall, Lancashire, England. He was the third son of John Allen by his marriage to Jane Lister. In 1547, at the age of fifteen, he entered Oriel College, Oxford, graduated Bachelor of Arts in 1550, and was elected a Fellow of his College. In 1554, he was promoted by seniority to Master of Arts,[3] and two years later, in 1556, was made Principal and Proctor of Saint Mary's Hall.Allen seems also to have been a canon at York Minster in or about 1558,[4] indicating that he had most likely received tonsure, the initial step towards ordination that conferred clerical status.[5] Upon the accession of Elizabeth I, he refused to take the Oath of Supremacy, but was allowed to remain at the University of Oxford until 1561.His public opposition to the newly Protestantized Church of England forced him to leave the country, and in 1561, after resigning his benefices, he left England to seek refuge at Louvain and its University, where he joined many other academics from Oxford and Cambridge who had refused to take the Oath of Supremacy. There, he continued his theological studies and began to write apologetic, polemic, and controversialist treatises. In the following year, because of ill health, he was advised to return to his native Lancashire.[3] He devoted himself to the re-conversion of his native land to the old faith. In particular, he worked to dissuade the Roman Catholic faithful from attending Anglican worship, an outward compromise of their faith and conscience that many made, to avoid ruin from fines, confiscations, and other disabilities.[5]During this period as a clandestine missionary in England, Allen formed the conviction that the people were not set against Rome by choice, but by force and by circumstances; and the majority were only too ready, in response to his sermons and ministrations, to return to Roman Catholicism. He was convinced that the Protestant hold over the Kingdom, favoured by the policies of Elizabeth, could only be temporary. When his presence was discovered by the Queen's agents, he fled from Lancashire and withdrew to Oxford, where he had many acquaintances.[4]After writing a treatise in defence of the power of the priest to remit sins, Allen was obliged to move to Norfolk, under the protection of the family of the Duke of Norfolk, but already in 1565 had once again to leave for the Continent. He was never to return. Travelling to the Low Countries, he was ordained as a priest shortly afterwards at Malines in Flanders[3] and began to lecture in theology at the Benedictine College there.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"},{"link_name":"seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary"},{"link_name":"Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai"},{"link_name":"English College, Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_College,_Douai"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"Edmund Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Campion"},{"link_name":"University of Douai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Douai"},{"link_name":"Pope Paul IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Paul_IV"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Jean Vendeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Vendeville"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady-6"},{"link_name":"seminary priests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seminary_priest"},{"link_name":"Penal Laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics"}],"text":"Allen was always convinced that the Protestant wave over the country, due to the action of Elizabeth, could only be temporary and that the whole future depended on there being a supply of trained clergy and controversialists ready to come into the country whenever Catholicism should be restored. In 1567, Allen went to Rome for the first time and conceived his plans for establishing a College where students from England and Wales could live together and finish their theological education. The idea subsequently developed into the establishment of a missionary college, or seminary, to supply England with priests as long as the schism with the See of Rome persisted. With the help of friends, and notably of the Benedictine abbots of the neighbouring monasteries, a beginning was made in a rented house at Douai on Michaelmas Day, 29 September 1568, which marked the inauguration of the English College, Douai.[4][5]Allen was to be joined by many English exiles, including Edmund Campion. Douai was thought suitable for Allen's new College because of the recent foundation there of the University of Douai by Pope Paul IV, under the patronage of King Philip II of Spain, to whose dominions Douai then belonged, and because the foundation had the active encouragement of Jean Vendeville, a law professor at the university, who had accompanied Allen on his journey back from Rome. On 31 January 1570, through the influence of Vendeville, Allen was given the post of Professor of Sacred Scripture.[6]Allen's College became central to the \"English mission\" for the re-conversion of England. Amongst the \"seminary priests\", as they were called, over 160 former students from Douai are known to have been put to death under the Penal Laws; more were imprisoned. Students celebrated the news of each martyrdom, and, by special dispensation, said a solemn Mass of thanksgiving.","title":"College at Douai"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Douai-Rheims_New_Testament_(1582).jpg"},{"link_name":"English College at Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_English_College,_Rome"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuit"},{"link_name":"Maurice Clenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Clenock"},{"link_name":"DD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheims"},{"link_name":"House of Guise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Guise"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"University of Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_University"},{"link_name":"Rheims Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reims_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Thomas Stapleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Stapleton_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Richard Bristow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bristow"},{"link_name":"Gregory Martin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregory_Martin_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"Morgan Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morgan_Phillips_(priest)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Douai Bible","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douai_Bible"},{"link_name":"King James Version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_James_Version"},{"link_name":"James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_I_of_England"}],"text":"Title page from the 1582 Douai-Rheims New Testament, \"specially for the discouerie of the CORRVPTIONS of diuers late translations, and for cleering the CONTROVERSIES in religion.\"The number of students at the new college rose rapidly to one hundred and twenty, and the Pope summoned Allen to Rome to establish a similar college there. In 1575 Allen made a second journey to Rome, where by order of Pope Gregory XIII he assisted in the establishment of the English College at Rome. To that end, the ancient English Hospice in Rome was taken over and converted into a seminary for the sending of missionaries to England, and Jesuits were placed in the College to assist Maurice Clenock DD, Rector of the College.[5]The Pope appointed Allen to be a Canon in Courtray (now in West Flanders, Belgium, and known as Kortrijk), and he returned to Douai in July 1576, but there he had to face a new difficulty. Besides the plots to assassinate him by agents of the Queen of England, the rebels against the rule of the Spanish Crown, encouraged by Elizabeth and her emissaries, now present in Douai, expelled the students of the University from Douai in March 1578. Allen then re-established the College at Rheims, a city then under the patronage and protection of the House of Guise.[5] The collegians took refuge at the University of Rheims, where they were well received, and continued their work as before, and Allen was soon afterwards elected a canon in the Chapter of Rheims Cathedral. Thomas Stapleton, Richard Bristow, Gregory Martin, and Morgan Phillips were amongst Allen's companions.[7]From the College press came a constant stream of polemic, controversialist, and other Roman Catholic literature, which for obvious reasons could not be printed in England. Allen took a prominent part in this. One of the chief works undertaken in the early years of the College was the preparation under Allen's direction of the well-known Douai Bible, a translation from Latin into English. The New Testament was published in 1582 when the College was at Rheims; but the Old Testament, although completed at the same time, was delayed, due to a lack of funds. It was eventually printed and published at Douai, in 1609, two years before the Authorized King James Version prepared on James's orders by the Church of England.","title":"Rome and Rheims"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Parsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Parsons_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Vulgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgate"},{"link_name":"Society of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911-8"},{"link_name":"Edmund Campion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Campion"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_V"},{"link_name":"papal bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_bull"},{"link_name":"Regnans in Excelsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regnans_in_Excelsis"},{"link_name":"Philip II of Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady-6"},{"link_name":"Sir William Stanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Stanley_(Elizabethan)"},{"link_name":"Deventer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deventer"},{"link_name":"Overijssel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overijssel"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Lord Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chancellor"},{"link_name":"Mary, Queen of Scots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"Pope Sixtus V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brady-6"}],"text":"In 1577 Allen began a correspondence with the Jesuit priest Robert Parsons. Allen was again summoned to Rome in 1579 and was charged with suppressing an insurrection within the English College, caused by contrasts between students from Wales and the rest of the students from England. It was during this visit that he was appointed as one of the Commissioners charged with submitting proposals for the revision of the Latin Vulgate Bible. Brought into personal contact with Parsons, Allen was captivated by his personality and charisma, and Parsons became a trusted friend. Under Allen's orders, the English College at Rome was placed under the control of the Society of Jesus, as part of a plan to send Jesuit missionaries to England by 1580.[8] Under Allen's instructions, the first Jesuits to be sent, Parsons and Edmund Campion, were to work closely in England with other Roman Catholic priests. The mission met with little success, as Campion was put to death only after a year's work, and Parsons again had to flee to mainland Europe.[9]King Philip II of Spain recommended Allen to become a Cardinal with the Pope in 1587.Allen himself saw his work as \"scholastical attempts\" to end the English schism from Rome. His efforts to secure this were completely unsuccessful, and arguably made matters worse for supporters of the Church of Rome in England, Wales, and Ireland. Pope Pius V, in his papal bull Regnans in Excelsis (1570), sentenced Elizabeth to both excommunication and \"deposition\" from the throne, and, upon the pain of excommunication, \"released and forbade\" her subjects from their allegiance to the Queen.Returning to Rheims, Allen allowed himself to be drawn into the political intrigues of Parsons for the furtherance of Philip's interests in England and Ireland. Parsons had already resolved to remove Allen from the seminary at Rheims, and to that end, as far back as 6 April 1581, had recommended Allen to Philip II of Spain, with a view to the King's securing Allen's appointment as a cardinal.[5] On 18 September 1581, Pope Gregory XIII named Allen \"Prefect of the English Mission\".[6]Allen and Parsons went to Rome again in 1585, and there Allen remained for the rest of his life. In 1587, whilst he was the subject of the intrigue by Philip's agents, he wrote, helped by Parsons, a book in defence of Sir William Stanley, an English officer who had surrendered the town of Deventer in Overijssel, part of the territory of the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands, to King Philip's armies. Allen wrote that all Englishmen were obliged, under the pain of eternal damnation, to follow that example, as Elizabeth was \"no lawful queen\" in the eyes of God.[5]Allen helped in the planning of the attempted Spanish invasion of England, and would probably have been made Archbishop of Canterbury and Lord Chancellor if it had been successful. Allen was the head of the Roman Catholic Church in England under the Pope, and in this position, just after the death of Mary, Queen of Scots, he wrote to Philip II on 19 March 1587 to encourage him to undertake an invasion of England, stating that the Roman Catholics in England (and in Ireland) were clamouring for the King of Spain to come and punish \"this woman, hated by God and man\".[5] He was made a Cardinal by Pope Sixtus V on 7 August 1587.[6]","title":"Political activism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Elizabeth_I_(Armada_Portrait).jpg"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England"},{"link_name":"Spanish Armada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Armada"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ward-4"},{"link_name":"Rheims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheims"},{"link_name":"An Admonition to the nobility and people of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Admonition_to_the_nobility_and_people_of_England"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"}],"text":"Portrait of Elizabeth made to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada, depicted in the background.Allen was then once more in Rome, having been summoned by the pope after a dangerous illness two years before. He never left the city of Rome again, but he kept in constant correspondence and communication with his countrymen back in England. It had been due to his influence that the Society of Jesus, to which he was greatly attached, undertook to join in the work of the English mission; and now Allen and Parsons became joint leaders of the \"Spanish Party\" amongst the Roman Catholics in England and in Ireland.[4]On the advice and recommendation of King Philip, Allen was created a Cardinal in 1587, and he was prepared to return to England immediately, should the invasion prove successful. However, both Allen and Parsons erred in estimating how much support they would find. The vast majority of the remaining Roman Catholic faithful in the Kingdom of England remained loyal to their own Queen against Spain and King Philip, and to them, the defeat of the Spanish Armada, in 1588, was an event that gave cause to rejoice.[4]Allen outlived the defeat of the Armada by some six years. To the end of his life, he reportedly remained fully convinced that the people of England and their Sovereign would soon become Roman Catholics once again. Upon his elevation, Allen wrote to the English College at Rheims that he owed his Cardinal's hat (also) to Parsons. One of his first acts was to order the publication, under his own name and authority, of two works for the purpose of inciting Roman Catholics in England to rise up against Elizabeth: The Declaration of the Sentence of Sixtus V, a broadside, and a book, An Admonition to the nobility and people of England (Antwerp, 1588). After the failure of the Armada, Philip, to rid himself of the financial burden of supporting Allen as Cardinal, nominated him to the Archbishopric of Malines. This, however, never received the Pope's confirmation.[5]","title":"Spanish Armada"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vatican Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_Library"},{"link_name":"English College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_College,_Valladolid"},{"link_name":"Valladolid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valladolid"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"},{"link_name":"English College, Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venerable_English_College,_Rome"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692-5"}],"text":"Pope Gregory XIV granted and bestowed on Allen the title of Prefect of the Vatican Library. In 1589, he assisted in the establishment of the English College at Valladolid in Spain. He took part in four Conclaves of the Church, although his influence diminished after the failure of the Armada. Before his death in Rome, he appeared to have changed his mind about the wisdom of Jesuit politics in Rome and in England.[5] Certainly, his political activities could give grounds and cause for Elizabeth's government to regard the English seminaries on the Continent as hotbeds of treason.[5]Allen continued to reside at the English College, Rome, until his death. According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, as a Cardinal he had lived in poverty and died in debt at Rome on 16 October 1594.[5] He was buried in the Chapel of the Holy Trinity adjoining the College.","title":"Last years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Venerable English College, Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_College,_Rome"},{"link_name":"Allen Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Hall_(Chelsea)"},{"link_name":"Chelsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelsea,_London"},{"link_name":"Saint Edmund's College, Ware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Edmund%27s_College_(Ware)"},{"link_name":"Ushaw College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushaw_College"},{"link_name":"Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durham,_England"},{"link_name":"Earl Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Marshal"},{"link_name":"Duke of Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Norfolk"},{"link_name":"three hares or coneys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_hares"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Allen Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Allen_Catholic_High_School"},{"link_name":"Fleetwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleetwood"},{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Enfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Enfield"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"grammar school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammar_school"},{"link_name":"West Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Derby"},{"link_name":"Cardinal Heenan Catholic High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_Heenan_Catholic_High_School"}],"text":"Allen's foundations at Douai survive today in two seminaries, one being the Venerable English College, Rome founded in 1579 by Allen and Pope Gregory XIII, which still bears the coat of arms of Allen as the college crest; the other being Allen Hall, Chelsea, in London, successor in spirit to Saint Edmund's College, Ware. Until 2011, when it closed, there also existed Saint Cuthbert's College, Ushaw, or Ushaw College, near Durham, in the north of England, where the College's coat-of-arms, granted by the Earl Marshal, who was also the Duke of Norfolk, incorporated the three hares or coneys from Allen's ancestral arms. The English College at Valladolid continues to prepare and educate Englishmen and Welshmen for the priesthood. Cardinal Allen Catholic High School in Fleetwood, Lancashire, near Allen's place of birth, is named in his honour. Until it closed about 1980, there was another secondary school named after Allen in Enfield, Middlesex, and a grammar school for boys in West Derby, Liverpool, carried his name until 1983 when it was renamed Cardinal Heenan Catholic High School.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Gillow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Gillow"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaunton1911693-10"},{"link_name":"Chetham Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chetham_Society"},{"link_name":"An Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland, concerning the present Warres made for the Execution of his Holines Sentence, by the highe and mightie Kinge Catholike of Spain, by the Cardinal of Englande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Admonition_to_the_nobility_and_people_of_England"}],"text":"A list of Allen's works is given in Joseph Gillow's Biographical Dictionary of the English Catholics.[10] The following is a list of his printed publications:Certain Brief Reasons concerning the Catholick Faith (Douay, 1564)\nA Defense and Declaration of the Catholike Churches Doctrine touching Purgatory, and Prayers of the Soules Departed (Antwerp, 1565), re-edited in 1886\nA Treatise made in defence of the Lawful Power and Authoritie of the Preesthoode to remitte sinnes &c. (1578)\nDe Sacramentis (Antwerp, 1565; Douay, 1603)\nAn Apology for the English Seminaries (1581)\nApologia Martyrum (1583)\nMartyrium R. P. Edmundi Campiani, S. J. (1583)\nAn Answer to the Libel of English Justice (Mons, 1584)\nThe Copie of a Letter written by M. Doctor Allen concerning the Yeelding up of the Citie of Daventrie, unto his Catholike Majestie, by Sir William Stanley Knight (Antwerp, 1587), reprinted by the Chetham Society, 1851\nAn Admonition to the Nobility and People of England and Ireland, concerning the present Warres made for the Execution of his Holines Sentence, by the highe and mightie Kinge Catholike of Spain, by the Cardinal of Englande (1588)\nA Declaration of the sentence and deposition of Elizabeth, the usurper and pretended Queene of England (1588; reprinted London, 1842).","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"William Allen (1532-1594)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/fr/11988904/william_allen/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"William Allen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1587.htm#Allen#Allen"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-randr_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-randr_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-randr_3-2"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ward_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ward_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ward_4-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ward_4-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ward_4-4"},{"link_name":"\"William Allen\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/William_Allen"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911692_5-12"},{"link_name":"Taunton 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaunton1911"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brady_6-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brady_6-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Brady_6-2"},{"link_name":"Brady, William Maziere. The episcopal succession in England, Scotland and Ireland, A.D. 1400 to 1875, Vol. 3, Tipografia Della Pace, 1877, pp. 37 et seq.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=605BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bishop+Edward+Dicconson&pg=PA255"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Catholic Life March 2010\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.scribd.com/doc/27796354/Catholic-Life-March-2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911_8-0"},{"link_name":"Taunton 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaunton1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Parsons Robert (1546-1610)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Parsons,_Robert_(1546-1610)_(DNB00)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaunton1911693_10-0"},{"link_name":"Taunton 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTaunton1911"}],"text":"^ \"William Allen (1532-1594)\". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 26 February 2020.\n\n^ Miranda, Salvador. \"William Allen\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 8 October 2010.\n\n^ a b c Records and Recollections of St. Cuthbert's College Ushaw, Preston, E. Buller and Son, 1889, p. 65. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\n^ a b c d e Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"William Allen\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Taunton 1911, p. 692.\n\n^ a b c Brady, William Maziere. The episcopal succession in England, Scotland and Ireland, A.D. 1400 to 1875, Vol. 3, Tipografia Della Pace, 1877, pp. 37 et seq. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.\n\n^ \"Catholic Life March 2010\". Scribd.com. Retrieved 2 February 2012.\n\n^ Taunton 1911.\n\n^ Law, Thomas Graves. \"Parsons Robert (1546-1610)\". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. 43.\n\n^ Taunton 1911, p. 693.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"William Allen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/William_Allen"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Taunton, Ethelred Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_Taunton"},{"link_name":"Allen, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Allen,_William"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"Attribution:This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Ward, Bernard (1913). \"William Allen\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Taunton, Ethelred Luke (1911). \"Allen, William\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 692–693.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bauer, Stefan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauer,_Stefan"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-503-51814-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-503-51814-5"},{"link_name":"accessed 18 Aug 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/391,"}],"text":"Bauer, Stefan. The Censorship and Fortuna of Platina's Lives of the Popes in the Sixteenth Century (Brepols, 2006). ISBN 978-2-503-51814-5.\nBossy, John. The English Catholic Community, 1570–1850 (Darton, Longman and Todd, 1975).\nCarrafiello, Michael L. \"English Catholicism and the Jesuit mission of 1580–1581.\" The Historical Journal 37.4 (1994): 761–774.\nDuffy, Eamon. \"Allen, William (1532–1594)\", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008) accessed 18 Aug 2017 doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/391.\nDuffy, Eamon. \"William, Cardinal Allen, 1532–1594.\" British Catholic History 22.3 (1995): 265–290.\nTarrago, Rafael E. \"Bloody Bess: The Persecution of Catholics in Elizabethan England.\" Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture 7.1 (2004): 117–133.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Francis Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Knox"},{"link_name":"Alphons Bellesheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphons_Bellesheim"},{"link_name":"Ethelred Taunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_Taunton"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1234966#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/191819/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000108684943"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/9856234"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxxkJ4bGV8HHp6t9GPhHC"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/7044859"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5319640"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119889049"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119889049"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058527717506706"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/119510278"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/nome/SBLV277647"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007257668605171"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13939629"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n86042278"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//libris.kb.se/khwz2w830skzh23"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2008452170&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068478003"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810586254205606"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/158069"},{"link_name":"Vatican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/21914"},{"link_name":"CiNii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02210478?l=en"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119510278.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/785886"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nc6mc5"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/027958345"}],"sub_title":"Older studies","text":"Thomas Francis Knox, Letters and Memorials of Cardinal Allen (London, 1882).\nThomas Francis Knox, First and Second Diaries of the English College, Douay: Historical Introduction (London, 1877).\nAlphons Bellesheim, Wilhelm Cardinal Allen und die englischen Seminare auf dem Festlande (Mainz, 1885)\nFirst and Second Diaries of the English College, Douai (London, 1878).\nEthelred Taunton, History of the Jesuits in England (London, 1901).Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nCatalonia\nGermany\nItaly\nIsrael\nBelgium\nUnited States\nSweden\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPoland\nPortugal\nVatican\nAcademics\nCiNii\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"Title page from the 1582 Douai-Rheims New Testament, \"specially for the discouerie of the CORRVPTIONS of diuers late translations, and for cleering the CONTROVERSIES in religion.\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Douai-Rheims_New_Testament_%281582%29.jpg/250px-Douai-Rheims_New_Testament_%281582%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Philip II of Spain recommended Allen to become a Cardinal with the Pope in 1587.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_Philip_II_of_Spain_by_Sofonisba_Anguissola_-_002b.jpg"},{"image_text":"Portrait of Elizabeth made to commemorate the defeat of the Spanish Armada, depicted in the background.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg/300px-Elizabeth_I_%28Armada_Portrait%29.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Richard Bristow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bristow"},{"title":"William Reynolds (theologian)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Reynolds_(theologian)"},{"title":"Thomas Worthington (Douai)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Worthington_(Douai)"}]	[{"reference":"\"William Allen (1532-1594)\". data.bnf.fr. Retrieved 26 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.bnf.fr/fr/11988904/william_allen/","url_text":"\"William Allen (1532-1594)\""}]},{"reference":"Miranda, Salvador. \"William Allen\". The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church. Retrieved 8 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1587.htm#Allen#Allen","url_text":"\"William Allen\""}]},{"reference":"Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). \"William Allen\" . Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/William_Allen","url_text":"\"William Allen\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"\"Catholic Life March 2010\". Scribd.com. Retrieved 2 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scribd.com/doc/27796354/Catholic-Life-March-2010","url_text":"\"Catholic Life March 2010\""}]},{"reference":"Law, Thomas Graves. \"Parsons Robert (1546-1610)\". Dictionary of National Biography, 1885-1900. 43.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Parsons,_Robert_(1546-1610)_(DNB00)","url_text":"\"Parsons Robert (1546-1610)\""}]},{"reference":"Ward, Bernard (1913). \"William Allen\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/William_Allen","url_text":"William Allen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]},{"reference":"Taunton, Ethelred Luke (1911). \"Allen, William\". In Chisholm, Hugh (ed.). Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 692–693.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethelred_Taunton","url_text":"Taunton, Ethelred Luke"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Allen,_William","url_text":"Allen, William"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/fr/11988904/william_allen/","external_links_name":"\"William Allen (1532-1594)\""},{"Link":"http://cardinals.fiu.edu/bios1587.htm#Allen#Allen","external_links_name":"\"William Allen\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/William_Allen","external_links_name":"\"William Allen\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=605BAAAAYAAJ&dq=Bishop+Edward+Dicconson&pg=PA255","external_links_name":"Brady, William Maziere. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Barraca	Federico García Lorca	["1 Life and career","1.1 Early years","1.2 As a young writer","1.3 The Second Republic","2 Assassination","3 Search for remains","4 Censorship","5 Memorials","6 Major works","6.1 Poetry collections","6.2 Select translations","6.3 Plays","6.4 Short plays","6.5 Filmscripts","6.6 Operas","6.7 Drawings and paintings","7 Works related to García Lorca","8 Notes","9 References","10 Sources","11 Further reading","12 External links"]	Spanish poet, dramatist and theatre director (1898–1936) For the statue, see Monument to Federico García Lorca. For the poems by Radnóti and Kavvadias, see Works related to Federico García Lorca § Poetry. In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is García and the second or maternal family name is Lorca. Federico García LorcaGarcía Lorca in 1932BornFederico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca(1898-06-05)5 June 1898Fuente Vaqueros, Granada, SpainDied19 August 1936(1936-08-19) (aged 38)Near Alfacar, Granada, SpainNationalitySpanishEducationColumbia University University of GranadaOccupations Playwright poet theatre director MovementGeneration of '27Parent(s)Federico García RodríguezVicenta Lorca RomeroSignature Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936), known as Federico García Lorca (English: /ɡɑːrˌsiːə ˈlɔːrkə/ gar-SEE-ə LOR-kə), was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27, a group consisting mostly of poets who introduced the tenets of European movements (such as symbolism, futurism, and surrealism) into Spanish literature. He initially rose to fame with Romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads, 1928), a book of poems depicting life in his native Andalusia. His poetry incorporated traditional Andalusian motifs and avant-garde styles. After a sojourn in New York City from 1929 to 1930—documented posthumously in Poeta en Nueva York (Poet in New York, 1942)—he returned to Spain and wrote his best-known plays, Blood Wedding (1932), Yerma (1934), and The House of Bernarda Alba (1936). García Lorca was homosexual and suffered from depression after the end of his relationship with sculptor Emilio Aladrén Perojo. García Lorca also had a close emotional relationship for a time with Salvador Dalí, who said he rejected García Lorca's sexual advances. García Lorca was assassinated by Nationalist forces at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. His remains have never been found, and the motive remains in dispute; some theorize he was targeted for being gay, a socialist, or both, while others view a personal dispute as the more likely cause. Life and career Early years García Lorca c. 1904 Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca was born on 5 June 1898, in Fuente Vaqueros, a small town 17 km west of Granada, southern Spain. His father, Federico García Rodríguez, was a prosperous landowner with a farm in the fertile vega (valley) near Granada and a comfortable villa in the heart of the city. García Rodríguez saw his fortunes rise with a boom in the sugar industry. García Lorca's mother, Vicenta Lorca Romero, was a teacher. In 1905 the family moved from Fuente Vaqueros to the nearby town of Valderrubio (at the time named Asquerosa). In 1909, when the boy was 11, his family moved to the regional capital of Granada, where there was the equivalent of a high school; their best-known residence there is the summer home called the Huerta de San Vicente, on what were then the outskirts of the city of Granada. For the rest of his life, he maintained the importance of living close to the natural world, praising his upbringing in the country. All three of these homes—Fuente Vaqueros, Valderrubio, and Huerta de San Vicente—are today museums.García Lorca with his sister Isabel García Lorca in Granada c. 1914 In 1915, after graduating from secondary school, García Lorca attended the University of Granada. During this time his studies included law, literature, and composition. Throughout his adolescence, he felt a deeper affinity for music than for literature. When he was 11 years old, he began six years of piano lessons with Antonio Segura Mesa, a harmony teacher in the local conservatory and a composer. It was Segura who inspired Federico's dream of a career in music. His first artistic inspirations arose from scores by Claude Debussy, Frédéric Chopin and Ludwig van Beethoven. Later, with his friendship with composer Manuel de Falla, Spanish folklore became his muse. García Lorca did not turn to writing until Segura's death in 1916, and his first prose works, such as "Nocturne", "Ballade", and "Sonata", drew on musical forms. His milieu of young intellectuals gathered in El Rinconcillo at the Café Alameda in Granada. In 1916 and 1917, García Lorca traveled throughout Castile, León, and Galicia, in northern Spain, with a professor of his university, who also encouraged him to write his first book, Impresiones y paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes—printed at his father's expense in 1918). Fernando de los Rios persuaded García Lorca's parents to let him move to the progressive, Oxbridge-inspired Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid in 1919, while nominally attending classes at the University of Madrid. As a young writer Federico García Lorca with Salvador Dalí, Turó Park de la Guineueta, Barcelona, 1925At the Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid, García Lorca befriended Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí and many other creative artists who were, or would become, influential across Spain. He was taken under the wing of the poet Juan Ramón Jiménez, becoming close to playwright Eduardo Marquina and Gregorio Martínez Sierra, the Director of Madrid's Teatro Eslava. In 1919–20, at Sierra's invitation, he wrote and staged his first play, The Butterfly's Evil Spell. It was a verse play dramatising the impossible love between a cockroach and a butterfly, with a supporting cast of other insects; it was laughed off the stage by an unappreciative public after only four performances and influenced García Lorca's attitude to the theatre-going public for the rest of his career. He would later claim that Mariana Pineda, written in 1927, was, in fact, his first play. During the time at the Residencia de Estudiantes, he pursued degrees in law and philosophy, though he had more interest in writing than in study. García Lorca's first book of poems, Libro de poemas, was published in 1921, collecting work written from 1918, and selected with the help of his brother Francisco (nicknamed Paquito). They concern the themes of religious faith, isolation, and nature that had filled his prose reflections. Early in 1922, at Granada García Lorca joined the composer Manuel de Falla in order to promote the Concurso de Cante Jondo, a festival dedicated to enhance flamenco performance and its cante jondo style. The year before, García Lorca had begun to write his Poema del cante jondo ("Poem of the Deep Song", not published until 1931), so he naturally composed an essay on the art of flamenco, and began to speak publicly in support of the Concurso. At the music festival in June he met the celebrated Manuel Torre, a flamenco cantaor. The next year in Granada he also collaborated with Falla and others on the musical production of a play for children, La niña que riega la albahaca y el príncipe preguntón (The Girl that Waters the Basil and the Inquisitive Prince) adapted by Lorca from an Andalusian story. Inspired by the same structural form of sequence as "Deep Song", his collection Suites (1923) was never finished and was not published until 1983.Postcard from Lorca and Dalí to Antonio de Luna, signed "Federico". "Dear Antoñito: In the midst of a delicious ambience of sea, phonographs and cubist paintings I greet you and I hug you. Dalí and I are preparing something that will be 'moll bé.' Something 'moll bonic.' Without realizing it, I have deposited myself in the Catalan. Goodbye Antonio. Say hello to your father. And salute yourself with my finest unalterable friendship. You've seen what they've done with Paquito! (Silence)" Above, penned by Dalí: "Greetings from Salvador Dalí" Over the next few years, García Lorca became increasingly involved in Spain's avant-garde. He published a poetry collection called Canciones (Songs), although it did not contain songs in the usual sense. Shortly after, Lorca was invited to exhibit a series of drawings at the Galeries Dalmau in Barcelona, from 25 June to 2 July 1927. Lorca's sketches were a blend of popular and avant-garde styles, complementing Canción. Both his poetry and drawings reflected the influence of traditional Andalusian motifs, Cubist syntax, and a preoccupation with sexual identity. Several drawings consisted of superimposed dreamlike faces (or shadows). He later described the double faces as self-portraits, showing "man's capacity for crying as well as winning," in line with his conviction that sorrow and joy were as inseparable as life and death. Green wind. Green branches. The ship out on the sea and the horse on the mountain. With the shadow at the waist she dreams on her balcony, green flesh, green hair, with eyes of cold silver. From "Romance Sonámbulo", ("Sleepwalking Romance"), García Lorca Romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads, 1928), part of his Cancion series, became his best known book of poetry. It was a highly stylised imitation of the ballads and poems that were still being told throughout the Spanish countryside. García Lorca describes the work as a "carved altar piece" of Andalusia with "gypsies, horses, archangels, planets, its Jewish and Roman breezes, rivers, crimes, the everyday touch of the smuggler and the celestial note of the naked children of Córdoba. A book that hardly expresses visible Andalusia at all, but where the hidden Andalusia trembles." In 1928, the book brought him fame across Spain and the Hispanic world, and it was only much later that he gained notability as a playwright. For the rest of his life, the writer would search for the elements of Andaluce culture, trying to find its essence without resorting to the "picturesque" or the clichéd use of "local colour". His second play, Mariana Pineda, with stage settings by Salvador Dalí, opened to great acclaim in Barcelona in 1927. In 1926, García Lorca wrote the play The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife, which would not be shown until the early 1930s. It was a farce about fantasy, based on the relationship between a flirtatious, petulant wife and a hen-pecked shoemaker.Lorca as a student at Columbia University, 1929From 1925 to 1928, he was passionately involved with Dalí. Although Dali's friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion, Dalí said he rejected the erotic advances of the poet. With the success of "Gypsy Ballads", came an estrangement from Dalí and the breakdown of a love affair with sculptor Emilio Aladrén Perojo. These brought on an increasing depression, a situation exacerbated by his anguish over his homosexuality. He felt he was trapped between the persona of the successful author, which he was forced to maintain in public, and the tortured, authentic self, which he could acknowledge only in private. He also had the sense that he was being pigeon-holed as a "gypsy poet". He wrote: "The gypsies are a theme. And nothing more. I could just as well be a poet of sewing needles or hydraulic landscapes. Besides, this gypsyism gives me the appearance of an uncultured, ignorant and primitive poet that you know very well I'm not. I don't want to be typecast." Growing estrangement between García Lorca and his closest friends reached its climax when surrealists Dalí and Luis Buñuel collaborated on their 1929 film Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog). García Lorca interpreted it, perhaps erroneously, as a vicious attack upon himself. At this time Dalí also met his future wife Gala. Aware of these problems (though not perhaps of their causes), García Lorca's family arranged for him to make a lengthy visit to the United States in 1929–30. In June 1929, García Lorca travelled to the US with Fernando de los Rios on the RMS Olympic, a sister liner to the RMS Titanic. They stayed mostly in New York City, where Rios started a lecture tour and García Lorca enrolled at Columbia University School of General Studies, funded by his parents. He studied English but, as before, was absorbed more by writing than by study. At Columbia, he lived in room 617 in Furnald Hall before moving to room 1231 in John Jay Hall. He also spent time in Vermont and later in Havana, Cuba. His collection Poeta en Nueva York (Poet in New York, published posthumously in 1940) explores alienation and isolation through some graphically experimental poetic techniques and was influenced by the Wall Street crash which he personally witnessed. This condemnation of urban capitalist society and materialistic modernity was a sharp departure from his earlier work and label as a folklorist. His play of this time, El público (The Public), was not published until the late 1970s and has never been published in its entirety, the complete manuscript apparently lost. However, the Hispanic Society of America in New York City retains several of his personal letters. The Second Republic García Lorca's return to Spain in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic. In 1931, García Lorca was appointed director of a student theatre company, Teatro Universitario La Barraca (The Shack). It was funded by the Second Republic's Ministry of Education, and it was charged with touring Spain's rural areas in order to introduce audiences to classical Spanish theatre free of charge. With a portable stage and little equipment, they sought to bring theatre to people who had never seen any, with García Lorca directing as well as acting. He commented: "Outside of Madrid, the theatre, which is in its very essence a part of the life of the people, is almost dead, and the people suffer accordingly, as they would if they had lost their two eyes, or ears, or a sense of taste. We are going to give it back to them." His experiences traveling through impoverished rural Spain and New York (particularly amongst the disenfranchised African-American population), transformed him into a passionate advocate of the theatre of social action. He wrote "The theatre is a school of weeping and of laughter, a free forum, where men can question norms that are outmoded or mistaken and explain with living example the eternal norms of the human heart." While touring with La Barraca, García Lorca wrote his now best-known plays, the "Rural Trilogy" of Blood Wedding, Yerma and The House of Bernarda Alba, which all rebelled against the norms of bourgeois Spanish society. He called for a rediscovery of the roots of European theatre and the questioning of comfortable conventions such as the popular drawing-room comedies of the time. His work challenged the accepted role of women in society and explored taboo issues of homoeroticism and class. García Lorca wrote little poetry in this last period of his life, declaring in 1936, "theatre is poetry that rises from the book and becomes human enough to talk and shout, weep and despair." Bust of Federico García Lorca in Santoña, Cantabria Travelling to Buenos Aires in 1933, to give lectures and direct the Argentine premiere of Blood Wedding, García Lorca spoke of his distilled theories on artistic creation and performance in the famous lecture Play and Theory of the Duende. This attempted to define a schema of artistic inspiration, arguing that great art depends upon a vivid awareness of death, connection with a nation's soil, and an acknowledgment of the limitations of reason. As well as returning to the classical roots of theatre, García Lorca also turned to traditional forms in poetry. His last poetic work, Sonetos de amor oscuro (Sonnets of Dark Love, 1936), was long thought to have been inspired by his passion for Rafael Rodríguez Rapún, young actor and secretary of La Barraca. Documents and mementos revealed in 2012, suggest that the actual inspiration was Juan Ramírez de Lucas, a 19-year-old with whom Lorca hoped to emigrate to Mexico. The love sonnets are inspired by the 16th-century poet San Juan de la Cruz. La Barraca's subsidy was cut in half by the rightist government elected in 1934, and its last performance was given in April 1936. Lorca spent summers at the Huerta de San Vicente from 1926 to 1936. Here he wrote, totally or in part, some of his major works, among them When Five Years Pass (Así que pasen cinco años) (1931), Blood Wedding (1932), Yerma (1934) and Diván del Tamarit (1931–1936). The poet lived in the Huerta de San Vicente in the days just before his arrest and assassination in August 1936. Although García Lorca's drawings do not often receive attention, he was also a talented artist. Assassination Political and social tensions had greatly intensified after the July 1936 murder of prominent monarchist and anti-Popular Front spokesman José Calvo Sotelo by Republican Assault Guards (Guardias de asalto). García Lorca knew that he would be considered abhorrent by the rising right wing for his outspoken socialist views. Granada was so tumultuous that it had not had a mayor for months; no one dared accept the job. When García Lorca's brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, agreed to accept the position, he was assassinated within a week. On the same day he was shot, 19 August 1936, García Lorca was arrested. It is thought that García Lorca was shot and killed by Nationalist militia on 19 August 1936. The author Ian Gibson in his book The Assassination of García Lorca argues that he was shot with three others (Joaquín Arcollas Cabezas, Francisco Galadí Melgar and Dióscoro Galindo González) at a place known as the Fuente Grande ('Great Spring') which is on the road between Víznar and Alfacar. Police reports released by radio station Cadena SER in April 2015, conclude that Lorca was executed by fascist forces. The Franco-era report, dated 9 July 1965, describes the writer as a "socialist" and "freemason belonging to the Alhambra lodge", who engaged in "homosexual and abnormal practices". Significant controversy exists about the motives and details of García Lorca's murder. Personal, non-political motives have been suggested. García Lorca's biographer, Stainton, states that his killers made remarks about his sexual orientation, suggesting that it played a role in his death. Ian Gibson suggests that García Lorca's assassination was part of a campaign of mass killings intended to eliminate supporters of the Leftist Popular Front. However, Gibson proposes that rivalry between the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) and the fascist Falange was a major factor in Lorca's death. At the time of his arrest, Lorca was hiding in the house of Luis Rosales, two of whose brothers were high-ranking Falange members. Former CEDA Parliamentary Deputy Ramón Ruiz Alonso arrested García Lorca at the Rosales's home, and was the one responsible for the original denunciation that led to the arrest warrant being issued. Then I realized I had been murdered. They looked for me in cafes, cemeteries and churches .... but they did not find me. They never found me? No. They never found me. From "The Fable And Round of the Three Friends", Poet in New York (1929), García Lorca It has been argued that García Lorca was apolitical and had many friends in both Republican and Nationalist camps. Gibson disputes this in his 1978 book about the poet's death. He cites, for example, Mundo Obrero's published manifesto, which Lorca later signed, and alleges that García Lorca was an active supporter of the Popular Front. García Lorca read out this manifesto at a banquet in honour of fellow poet Rafael Alberti on 9 February 1936. Many anti-communists were sympathetic to García Lorca or assisted him. In the days before his arrest, he found shelter in the house of the artist and leading Falange member, Luis Rosales. Indeed, evidence suggests that Rosales was very nearly shot as well by the Civil Governor Valdés for helping García Lorca. Poet Gabriel Celaya wrote in his memoirs that he once found García Lorca in the company of Falangist José Maria Aizpurúa. Celaya further wrote that Lorca dined every Friday with Falangist founder and leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera. On 11 March 1937, an article appeared in the Falangist press denouncing the murder and lionizing García Lorca; the article opened: "The finest poet of Imperial Spain has been assassinated." Jean-Louis Schonberg also put forward the 'homosexual jealousy' theory. Search for remains Olive tree marking putative site of Lorca's burial, as it was in 1999 The later 20th, and particularly the 21st centuries have seen numerous, unsuccessful attempts to locate García Lorca's remains. The first published account is in a 1949 book by the British Hispanist Gerald Brenan, The Face of Spain. By the 21st century advances in technology gave scope for identifying remains of victims of Francoist repression. The year 2000 saw the foundation of the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory, which grew out of the quest by a sociologist, Emilio Silva-Barrera, to locate and identify the remains of his grandfather, who was shot by Franco's forces in 1936. Three efforts have been made in the 21st century to locate García Lorca's body. The first, in 2009, in the García Lorca Memorial Park; the second, in 2014, less than a kilometer from the first excavation, and the last, in 2016, in Alfacar. In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into García Lorca's death. The García Lorca family dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar, but no human remains were found. The investigation was ultimately dropped and a further investigation was begun in 2016, but met with no more success. In late October 2009, a team of archaeologists and historians from the University of Granada began excavations outside Alfacar. The site was identified three decades previously by a man who said he had helped dig Lorca's grave. Lorca was thought to be buried with at least three other men beside a winding mountain road that connects the villages of Víznar and Alfacar. The excavations began at the request of another victim's family. Following a long-standing objection, the Lorca family also gave their permission. In October 2009, Francisco Espínola, a spokesman for the Justice Ministry of the Andalusian regional government, said that after years of pressure García Lorca's body would "be exhumed in a matter of weeks." Lorca's relatives, who had initially opposed an exhumation, said they might provide a DNA sample in order to identify his remains. In late November 2009, after two weeks of excavating the site, organic material that was believed to be human bones were recovered. The remains were taken to the University of Granada for examination. But in mid-December 2009, doubts were raised as to whether the poet's remains would be found. The dig produced "not one bone, item of clothing or bullet shell", said Begoña Álvarez, justice minister of Andalucia. She added, "the soil was only 40 cm (16in) deep, making it too shallow for a grave." The failed excavation cost €70,000. In January 2012, a local historian, Miguel Caballero Pérez, author of "The last 13 hours of García Lorca", applied for permission to excavate another area less than half a kilometre from the site, where he believes Lorca's remains are located. Claims in 2016, by Stephen Roberts, an associate professor in Spanish literature at Nottingham University, and others that the poet's body was buried in a well in Alfacar have not been substantiated. In 2021, it was reported that there would be an investigation of mass graves at Barranco de Víznar (a locality near Víznar where there is a memorial to Lorca). This project had the support of families who believed that relatives were buried there. The archaeologist directing the investigation explained that the poet was only one of hundreds of people whose remains might be there. Excavations at the site were still in progress in 2024. Censorship This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Francisco Franco's regime placed a general ban on García Lorca's work, which was not rescinded until 1953. That year, a (censored) Obras completas (Complete Works) was released. Following this, Blood Wedding, Yerma and The House of Bernarda Alba were successfully played on the main Spanish stages. Obras completas did not include his late heavily homoerotic Sonnets of Dark Love, written in November 1935 and shared only with close friends. They were lost until 1983/4 when they were finally published in draft form. (No final manuscripts have ever been found.) It was only after Franco's death that García Lorca's life and death could be openly discussed in Spain. This was not only because of political censorship, but also because of the reluctance of the García Lorca family to allow publication of unfinished poems and plays prior to the publication of a critical edition of his works. South African Roman Catholic poet Roy Campbell, who enthusiastically supported the Nationalists both during and after the Civil War, later produced acclaimed translations of Lorca's work. In his poem "The Martyrdom of F. Garcia Lorca", Campbell wrote, Not only did he lose his life By shots assassinated: But with a hammer and a knife Was after that—translated. Memorials Monument to Federico García Lorca, Madrid In Granada, the city of his birth, the Park Federico García Lorca is dedicated to his memory and includes the Huerta de San Vicente, the Lorca family summer home, opened as a museum in 1995. The grounds, including nearly two hectares of land, the two adjoining houses, works of art, and the original furnishings have been preserved. There is a statue of Lorca on the Avenida de la Constitución in the city center, and a cultural center bearing his name was opened in 2015. The Parque Federico García Lorca, in Alfacar, is near Fuente Grande; in 2009, excavations in it failed to locate Lorca's body. Close to the olive tree indicated by some as marking the location of the grave, there is a stone memorial to Federico García Lorca and all other victims of the Civil War, 1936–1939. Flowers are laid at the memorial every year on the anniversary of his death, and a commemorative event including music and readings of the poet's works is held every year in the park to mark the anniversary. On 17 August 2011, to remember the 75th anniversary of Lorca's assassination and to celebrate his life and legacy, this event included dance, song, poetry and dramatic readings and attracted hundreds of spectators. At the Barranco de Víznar, between Víznar and Alfacar, there is a memorial stone bearing the words "Lorca eran todos, 18-8-2002" ("All were Lorca ..."). The Barranco de Víznar is the site of mass graves and has been proposed as another possible location of the poet's remains. The poem De profundis in Leiden, Netherlands, the last of a set of 110 Wall poems in Leiden to be painted Lorca is honored by a statue prominently located in Madrid's Plaza de Santa Ana. Political philosopher David Crocker reported in 2014 that "the statue, at least, is still an emblem of the contested past: each day, the Left puts a red kerchief on the neck of the statue, and someone from the Right comes later to take it off". In Paris Lorca is commeorated in the Federico García Lorca Garden on the Seine. Lorca's one-time room at the Hotel Castelar in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he lived for six months in 1933, has been kept as a museum. In 2014, Lorca was one of the inaugural honourees in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have "made significant contributions in their fields". The Indonesian composer Ananda Sukarlan has composed music based on some of his poems in 2016 to commemorate the 80th anniversary of his death, commissioned by the Spanish Embassy in Indonesia and the Ubud Writers & Readers Festival (Bali) where it was premiered by soprano Mariska Setiawan. The Fundación Federico García Lorca, directed by Lorca's niece Laura García Lorca, sponsors the celebration and dissemination of the writer's work and is currently building the Centro Federico García Lorca in Madrid. The Lorca family deposited all Federico documents in their possession with the foundation, which holds them on their behalf. Major works Poetry collections Impresiones y paisajes (Impressions and Landscapes 1918) Libro de poemas (Book of Poems 1921) Poema del cante jondo (Poem of the Deep Song; written in 1921 but not published until 1931) Suites (written between 1920 and 1923, published posthumously in 1983) Canciones (Songs written between 1921 and 1924, published in 1927) Romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads 1928) Odes (written 1928) Poeta en Nueva York (written 1930 – published posthumously in 1940, first translation into English as Poet in New York 1940) Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías (Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías 1935) Seis poemas galegos (Six Galician poems 1935) Sonetos del amor oscuro (Sonnets of Dark Love 1936, not published until 1983) Lament for the Death of a Bullfighter and Other Poems (1937) Primeras canciones (First Songs 1936) Diván del Tamarit (The Tamarit Divan, poems written 1931–34 and not published until after his death in a special edition of Revista Hispánica Moderna in 1940). Selected Poems (1941) Select translations Poem of the Deep Song – Poema del Cante Jondo, translated by Carlos Bauer (includes original Spanish verses). City Lights Books, 1987 ISBN 0-87286-205-4 Poem of the Deep Song, translated by Ralph Angel. Sarabande Books, 2006 ISBN 1-932511-40-7 Gypsy Ballads: A Version of the Romancero Gitano of Federico García Lorca Translated by Michael Hartnett. Goldsmith Press 1973 "Poet in New York-Poeta en Nueva York," translated by Pablo Medina and Mark Statman (includes original Spanish, with a preface by Edward Hirsch), Grove Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8021-4353-2; 0-8021-4353-9 Gypsy Ballads, bilingual edition translated by Jane Duran and Gloria García Lorca. Enitharmon Press 2016 Sonnets of Dark Love - The Tamarit Divan, bilingual edition translated by Jane Duran and Gloria García Lorca with essays by Christopher Maurer and Andrés Soria Olmedo. Enitharmon Press 2016 Yerma, translated by Kathryn Phillips-Miles and Simon Deefholts, "The Clapton Press". 18 October 2020. 2020. ISBN 978-1-9996453-9-9 Plays Christ: A Religious Tragedy (unfinished 1917) The Butterfly's Evil Spell: (written 1919–20, first production 1920) The Billy-Club Puppets: (written 1922–5, first production 1937) The Puppet Play of Don Cristóbal: (written 1923, first production 1935) Mariana Pineda (written 1923–25, first production 1927) The Curse of the Butterfly, first production 1927 in the Teatro Eslava, Madrid The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife: (written 1926–30, first production 1930, revised 1933) The Love of Don Perlimplín and Belisa in the Garden: (written 1928, first production 1933) The Public: (written 1929–30, first production 1972); only an incomplete draft is known When Five Years Pass: (written 1931, first production 1945) Blood Wedding: (written 1932, first production 1933) Yerma (written 1934, first production 1934) Doña Rosita the Spinster: (written 1935, first production 1935) Play Without a Title: (only one act, written 1936, first production 1986) The House of Bernarda Alba: (written 1936, first production 1945) Dreams of my Cousin Aurelia: (unfinished) Short plays El paseo de Buster Keaton (Buster Keaton goes for a stroll 1928) La doncella, el marinero y el estudiante (The Maiden, the Sailor and the Student 1928) Quimera (Dream 1928) Filmscripts Viaje a la luna (Trip to the Moon 1929) Operas Lola, la Comedianta (Lola, the Actress/Comedian, unfinished collaboration with Manuel de Falla 1923) Drawings and paintings Salvador Dalí, 1925. 160 × 140 mm. Ink and colored pencil on paper. Private collection, Barcelona, Spain Bust of a Dead Man, 1932. Ink and colored pencil on paper. Chicago, Illinois Works related to García Lorca Main article: Works related to Federico García Lorca Notes ^ Spanish pronunciation: ^ According to Spanish naming customs, a person usually uses their father's surname as their main surname. As García is a very widely used name, García Lorca is often referred to by his mother's less-common surname, Lorca. See, for example, "Translating Lorca". New Statesman (UK). 10 November 2008. Spanish conventions require his name to be listed under "G". ^ For more in-depth information about the Lorca-Dalí connection see Lorca-Dalí: el amor que no pudo ser and The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí, both by Ian Gibson. References ^ "Generation of 1927". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., n.d. Web. 18 November 2015 ^ Ian Gibson, The Assassination of Federico García Lorca. Penguin (1983) ISBN 0-14-006473-7 ^ Wood, Michael (24 November 1977). "The Lorca Murder Case". The New York Review of Books. 24 (19). Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Estefania, Rafael (18 August 2006). "Poet's death still troubles Spain". BBC News. Retrieved 14 October 2008. ^ "Federico Garcia Lorca". Routledge Modern and Contemporary Dramatists. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. ^ a b Maurer (2001) p. ix ^ "Patronato Federico García Lorca, Fuentevaqueros, Granada, Spain". www.patronatogarcialorca.org. ^ "Casa Museo Federico Garcia Lorca – Valderrubio". www.museolorcavalderrubio.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2015. ^ "Huerta de San Vicente". huertadesanvicente.com. ^ a b Stevenson, Robert (Summer 2007). "'Musical Moments' in the Career of Manuel de Falla's Favorite Friend Federico García Lorca". Inter-American Music Review. 17 (1–2): 265–276. ProQuest 1310726. ^ a b c d e f Maurer (2001) p. x ^ a b Maurer (2001) p. xi ^ Federico García Lorca, "El cante jondo (Primitivo canto andaluz)" (1922), reprinted in a collection of his essays entitled Prosa (Madrid: Alianza Editorial 1969, 1972) at 7–34. ^ José Luis Cano, García Lorca (Barcelona: Salvat Editores 1985) at 54–56 (Concurso), at 56–58 (play), and 174. ^ Dalmau, Josep (2 July 1927). "Exposició de dibuixos de Federico García Lorca". Barcelona. ^ Leslie, Stainton (2013). Lorca – a Dream of Life. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1448213443. ^ a b Maurer (2001) p. xii ^ a b Maurer (2001) p. xiii ^ Encyclopædia Britannica: "From 1925 to 1928, García Lorca was passionately involved with Salvador Dalí. The intensity of their relationship led García Lorca to acknowledge, if not entirely accept, his own homosexuality." ^ Bosque, Alain (1969). "Conversations with Dalí" (PDF). pp. 19–20. S.D.: He was homosexual, as everyone knows, and madly in love with me. He tried to screw me twice... I was extremely annoyed, because I wasn't homosexual, and I wasn't interested in giving in. Besides, it hurts. So nothing came of it. But I felt awfully flattered vis-à-vis the prestige. Deep down I felt that he was a great poet and that I owe him a tiny bit of the Divine Dalí's asshole. ^ Buñuel, Luis. My Last Sigh. Translated by Abigail Israel. University of Minnesota Press, 2003. ISBN 0-8166-4387-3. P. 66. ^ a b c d e f g Maurer (2001) p. xiv ^ "CU summer housing: Lorca slept here – News from Columbia's Rare Book & Manuscript Library". blogs.cul.columbia.edu. Retrieved 22 March 2022. ^ Smith, Dinitia (4 July 2000). "Poetic Love Affair With New York; For Garcia Lorca, the City Was a Spiritual Metaphor". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 March 2022. ^ García Lorca, Federico (1958). "Poeta en Nueva York". Madrid. ^ Río, Ángel del (1948). "Historia de la Literatura Española". New York. pp. 340–343. ^ Río, Ángel del. Columbia University. Amelia A. de del Rio. Barnard College. II Antología general de la Literatura Española, Federico García Lorca, pp. 785–791, Libro De Poemas, 1960 . Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York Library of Congress Card Number 60-6296 ^ "Hispanic Society of America". 16 October 2015. ^ "Lorca in NY". 5 April – 20 July 2013, Back Tomorrow: Federico García Lorca / Poet in New York, New York Public Library Exhibition. Fifth Avenue at 42nd Street Stephen A. Schwarzman Building, Wachenheim Gallery. ^ a b Maurer (2001) pxv. ^ Arriving Where We Started by Barbara Probst, 1998. She interviewed surviving FUE/Barraca members in Paris. ^ Roiz Menéndez, Julia (7 November 2020). "'Rafael Rodríguez Rapún fue el último gran amor de Federico García Lorca'". ^ Tremlett, Giles (10 May 2012). "Name of Federico García Lorca's lover emerges after 70 years: Box of mementoes reveals that young art critic Juan Ramírez de Lucas had brief affair with Spanish poet". The Guardian. UK. ^ a b Maurer (2001), pxvii. ^ "Huerta de San Vicente". Huerta de San Vicente. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ Cavanaugh, Cecilia J., "Lorca's Drawings And Poems". ^ Hernández, Mario, "Line of Light and Shadow" (trans), 383 drawings. ^ Zhooee, Time, 20 July 1936 ^ a b c Gibson, Ian (1996). El assasinato de García Lorca (in Spanish). Barcelona: Plaza & Janes. p. 255. ISBN 978-84-663-1314-8. ^ Graham, Helen (2006). The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0192803771. ^ Beevor, Antony. Battle for Spain. The Spanish Civil War 1936–1939. Penguin Books. 2006. London. p. 100 ^ Preston, Paul. The Spanish Civil War. Reaction, Revolution & Revenge. Harper Perennial. London. 2006. pp. 107–108 ^ Gibson, Ian. The Assassination of Federico García Lorca. Penguin Books. London. 1983. p. 164 ^ López, Alexandro (30 April 2015). "Documents confirm fascists murdered Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Ser, Cadena (22 April 2015). "Los documentos sobre la muerte de Lorca". Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ El Pais (23 April 2015). "Lorca murdered after confessing, says Franco-era police report". El Pais. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Stainton, Lorca: A Dream of Life. ^ Gibson, Ian (1996). El assasinato de García Lorca (in Spanish). Barcelona: Plaza & Janes. p. 52. ISBN 978-84-663-1314-8. ^ Arnaud Imatz, "La vraie mort de Garcia Lorca" 2009 40 La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire, 31–34, at pp. 31–2, quoting from the Memoirs. ^ Luis Hurtado Alvarez, Unidad (11 March 1937) ^ "Federico Garcia Lorca. L'homme – L'oeuvre" 1956 (Paris, Plon). ^ Gerald Brenan, The Face of Spain, Chapter 6, 'Granada'. (Serif, London, 2010). ^ "New search for Lorca's grave begins", El Pais, 19 NOV 2014, ^ "Granada abre un barranco lleno de versos y muertos" ^ Giles Tremlett. "No remains found". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ "Lorca family to allow exhumation". BBC News. 18 September 2008. Retrieved 28 May 2009. ^ "Judge opens investigation into death of Spanish poet Federico García Lorca". The Guardian. 18 August 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Abend, Lisa (29 October 2009). "Exhuming Lorca's remains and Franco's ghosts". Time.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ Gibson pp. 467–8 ^ Giles Tremlett in Madrid (18 December 2009). "article "Spanish archeologists fail to find Federico García Lorca's grave"". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ "Lorca's Granada" pp. 113–123 ^ a b c Kingstone, Steve (28 October 2009). "article 28 October 2009". BBC News. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ Woolls, Daniel (5 October 2009). "Spain: Garcia Lorca Grave to be Opened in Weeks". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ ""The Leader" Article "First bones found"". Theleader.info. Archived from the original on 25 February 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ Castillo, Raquel (17 December 2009). "Doubts rise over Spanish poet Lorca's remains". Reuters. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ "article "Spanish dig fails to find grave of poet Lorca"". BBC News. 18 December 2009. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ Giles Tremlett in Madrid (18 December 2009). "article 18 Dec 09 – "No remains found"". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ Hedgecoe, Guy (2 December 2014). "Lorca's grave may be uncovered 78 years after execution". The Irish Times. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ ""Las trece ultimas horas en la vida de Garcia Lorca" (in Spanish)". Elimparcial.es. Retrieved 19 March 2014. ^ Govan, Fiona (6 January 2012). "New search underway for civil war grave of poet Lorca". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2014. ^ Badcock, James (13 April 2016). "Remains of Federico García Lorca 'hidden at the bottom of a well'". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ Cano. "Fusilados en el Barranco" (in Spanish). Retrieved 17 May 2021. ^ Junquera (2024). "Un niño sin nombre entre los fusilados del barranco de Víznar". ^ Roy Campbell, Selected Poems, Henry Regnery Company, 1955. Page 283. "On the Martyrdom of F. Garcia Lorca." ^ "Huertadesanvicente.com". Huertadesanvicente.com. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ "Federico García Lorca center". Universo Lorca. Retrieved 5 May 2024. ^ "Democratic Development and Reckoning with the Past: The Case of Spain in Comparative Context". Retrieved 16 November 2014. ^ Luongo, Michael. Frommer's Buenos Aires. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley Publishing, 2001. ^ Shelter, Scott (14 March 2016). "The Rainbow Honor Walk: San Francisco's LGBT Walk of Fame". Quirky Travel Guy. Retrieved 28 July 2019. ^ "Castro's Rainbow Honor Walk Dedicated Today". SFist – San Francisco News, Restaurants, Events, & Sports. 2 September 2014. Archived from the original on 10 August 2019. Retrieved 13 August 2019. ^ Carnivele, Gary (2 July 2016). "Second LGBT Honorees Selected for San Francisco's Rainbow Honor Walk". We The People. Retrieved 12 August 2019. ^ "The Lorca Foundation". Garcia-lorca.org. Archived from the original on 18 July 2012. Retrieved 14 August 2012. ^ Classe, O.; Ac02468681, [Anonymus (2000). Encyclopedia of literary translation into English. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781884964367. Retrieved 14 August 2012.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) Sources Cao, Antonio (1984). García Lorca y las Vanguardias. London: Tamesis. ISBN 0-729-30202-4. Gibson, Ian (1989). Federico García Lorca. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-14224-9. OCLC 21600658. Stainton, Leslie (1999). Lorca: A Dream of Life. London: Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-374-19097-6. OCLC 246338520. Doggart, Sebastian; Thompson, Michael, eds. (1999). Fire, Blood and the Alphabet: One Hundred Years of Lorca. Durham: University of Durham. ISBN 0-907310-44-3. OCLC 43821099. Mario Hernandez Translated by Christopher Maurer (1991). Line of Light and Shadow: The Drawings of Federico García Lorca. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1122-4. Maurer, Christopher (2001) Federico García Lorca: Selected Poems Penguin. Lorca, Francisco Garcia. In the Green Morning: Memories of Frederico (Peter Owen, 1989) translated by Christopher Maurer, prologue by Mario Hernandez. Further reading Auclair, Marcelle (1968). Enfances et mort de Garcia Lorca (in French). Paris, France: Éditions du Seuil. OCLC 598851. (477 pages) Spanish translation: Auclair, Marcelle; García Lorca, Federico; Alberti, Aitana (trans.) (1972). Vida y Muerte de García Lorca (in Spanish). Mexico City: Ediciones Era. OCLC 889360. (411 pages). Includes excerpts from García Lorca's works. Cao, Antonio (1984). García Lorca y las Vanguardias. London: Tamesis. ISBN 0-729-30202-4. Mayhew, Jonathan. (2009). Apocryphal Lorca: Translation, Parody, Kitsch. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51203-7. Pastor, Ben (pseudonym for Maria Verbena Volpi) (2019). The Horseman's Song. London: Bitter Lemon Press. ISBN 9-781-91224-2115.. The plot of the novel centers around the investigation into Garcia Lorca's murder. Eisenberg, Daniel (1990). "Unanswered Questions about Lorca' Death". Angélica. Vol. 1. pp. 93–107. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Federico García Lorca. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Federico García Lorca Wikimedia Commons has media related to Federico García Lorca. The Lorca Foundation Huerta De San Vicente, Grandada—The Lorca Family home now a museum "Lorca censored to hide sexuality"—article in The Independent, 14 March 2009 LGB biography of García Lorca Works by or about Federico García Lorca at Internet Archive Works by Federico García Lorca at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks) Federico Garcia Lorca Poems "Lorca and Censorship: The Gay Artist Made Heterosexual"—essay by Eisenberg, D.; Florida State University Federico García Lorca was killed on official orders, say 1960s police files—The Guardian A film of Lorca's poetry read at a Lorca Festival in Stroud, England vtePlays by Federico García Lorca The Butterfly's Evil Spell The Billy-Club Puppets Mariana Pineda The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife The Love of Don Perlimplín and Belisa in the Garden The Public When Five Years Pass The Puppet Play of Don Cristóbal Blood Wedding Yerma Doña Rosita the Spinster Play Without a Title The House of Bernarda Alba vteFederico García Lorca's Blood WeddingFilms Blood Wedding (1977) Blood Wedding (1981) The Bride (2015) Other Bluthochzeit (opera) vteFederico García Lorca's The House of Bernarda AlbaFilms The House of Bernarda Alba (1982) The House of Bernarda Alba (1987) Rukmavati Ki Haveli (1991) Stage Las Hermanas (ballet) Bernarda Alba (musical) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Argentina Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland Belgium United States Sweden Latvia Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece 2 Korea Croatia Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz RKD Artists ULAN People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM SNAC IdRef	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monument to Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"Works related to Federico García Lorca § Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Works_related_to_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca#Poetry"},{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"/ɡɑːrˌsiːə ˈlɔːrkə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"gar-SEE-ə LOR-kə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Generation of '27","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generation_of_%2727"},{"link_name":"symbolism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symbolism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"futurism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurism"},{"link_name":"surrealism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealism"},{"link_name":"Spanish literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_literature"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Romancero gitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancero_gitano"},{"link_name":"Andalusia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Poeta en Nueva York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeta_en_Nueva_York"},{"link_name":"Blood Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Yerma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerma"},{"link_name":"The House of Bernarda Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Bernarda_Alba"},{"link_name":"homosexual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexual"},{"link_name":"depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)"},{"link_name":"Emilio Aladrén Perojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aladr%C3%A9n_Perojo"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"assassinated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assassination"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-review-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist"}],"text":"For the statue, see Monument to Federico García Lorca. For the poems by Radnóti and Kavvadias, see Works related to Federico García Lorca § Poetry.In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is García and the second or maternal family name is Lorca.Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca[a] (5 June 1898 – 19 August 1936), known as Federico García Lorca[b] (English: /ɡɑːrˌsiːə ˈlɔːrkə/ gar-SEE-ə LOR-kə), was a Spanish poet, playwright, and theatre director. García Lorca achieved international recognition as an emblematic member of the Generation of '27, a group consisting mostly of poets who introduced the tenets of European movements (such as symbolism, futurism, and surrealism) into Spanish literature.[1]He initially rose to fame with Romancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads, 1928), a book of poems depicting life in his native Andalusia. His poetry incorporated traditional Andalusian motifs and avant-garde styles. After a sojourn in New York City from 1929 to 1930—documented posthumously in Poeta en Nueva York (Poet in New York, 1942)—he returned to Spain and wrote his best-known plays, Blood Wedding (1932), Yerma (1934), and The House of Bernarda Alba (1936).García Lorca was homosexual and suffered from depression after the end of his relationship with sculptor Emilio Aladrén Perojo. García Lorca also had a close emotional relationship for a time with Salvador Dalí, who said he rejected García Lorca's sexual advances.García Lorca was assassinated[2][3][4] by Nationalist forces at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War. His remains have never been found, and the motive remains in dispute; some theorize he was targeted for being gay, a socialist, or both, while others view a personal dispute as the more likely cause.","title":"Federico García Lorca"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca_a_los_seis_a%C3%B1os_de_edad.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fuente Vaqueros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuente_Vaqueros"},{"link_name":"Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granada"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerix-8"},{"link_name":"sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sugar"},{"link_name":"Valderrubio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valderrubio"},{"link_name":"Huerta de San Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerta_de_San_Vicente"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerix-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federico_garcia_lorca_con_su_hermana_isabel_en_granada_en_1914.jpg"},{"link_name":"Isabel García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Isabel_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabel_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"University of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Granada"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevenson2007-12"},{"link_name":"Claude Debussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Debussy"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Ludwig van Beethoven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stevenson2007-12"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Falla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerx-13"},{"link_name":"Castile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"León","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le%C3%B3n_(historical_region)"},{"link_name":"Galicia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Impresiones y paisajes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impresiones_y_paisajes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresiones_y_paisajes"},{"link_name":"Fernando de los Rios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando_de_los_Rios"},{"link_name":"Oxbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxbridge"},{"link_name":"Residencia de Estudiantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residencia_de_Estudiantes"},{"link_name":"University of Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complutense_University_of_Madrid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerx-13"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"García Lorca c. 1904Federico del Sagrado Corazón de Jesús García Lorca[5] was born on 5 June 1898, in Fuente Vaqueros, a small town 17 km west of Granada, southern Spain.[6] His father, Federico García Rodríguez, was a prosperous landowner with a farm in the fertile vega (valley) near Granada and a comfortable villa in the heart of the city. García Rodríguez saw his fortunes rise with a boom in the sugar industry. García Lorca's mother, Vicenta Lorca Romero, was a teacher. In 1905 the family moved from Fuente Vaqueros to the nearby town of Valderrubio (at the time named Asquerosa). In 1909, when the boy was 11, his family moved to the regional capital of Granada, where there was the equivalent of a high school; their best-known residence there is the summer home called the Huerta de San Vicente, on what were then the outskirts of the city of Granada. For the rest of his life, he maintained the importance of living close to the natural world, praising his upbringing in the country.[6] All three of these homes—Fuente Vaqueros, Valderrubio, and Huerta de San Vicente—are today museums.[7][8][9]García Lorca with his sister Isabel García Lorca [es] in Granada c. 1914In 1915, after graduating from secondary school, García Lorca attended the University of Granada. During this time his studies included law, literature, and composition. Throughout his adolescence, he felt a deeper affinity for music than for literature. When he was 11 years old, he began six years of piano lessons with Antonio Segura Mesa, a harmony teacher in the local conservatory and a composer. It was Segura who inspired Federico's dream of a career in music.[10] His first artistic inspirations arose from scores by Claude Debussy, Frédéric Chopin and Ludwig van Beethoven.[10] Later, with his friendship with composer Manuel de Falla, Spanish folklore became his muse. García Lorca did not turn to writing until Segura's death in 1916, and his first prose works, such as \"Nocturne\", \"Ballade\", and \"Sonata\", drew on musical forms.[11] His milieu of young intellectuals gathered in El Rinconcillo at the Café Alameda in Granada. In 1916 and 1917, García Lorca traveled throughout Castile, León, and Galicia, in northern Spain, with a professor of his university, who also encouraged him to write his first book, Impresiones y paisajes [es] (Impressions and Landscapes—printed at his father's expense in 1918). Fernando de los Rios persuaded García Lorca's parents to let him move to the progressive, Oxbridge-inspired Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid in 1919, while nominally attending classes at the University of Madrid.[11]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salvador_Dal%C3%AD,_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca,_Barcelona,_1925.jpg"},{"link_name":"Luis Buñuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerx-13"},{"link_name":"Juan Ramón Jiménez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Marquina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Marquina"},{"link_name":"Gregorio Martínez Sierra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorio_Mart%C3%ADnez_Sierra"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerx-13"},{"link_name":"The Butterfly's Evil Spell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butterfly%27s_Evil_Spell"},{"link_name":"Mariana Pineda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Pineda_(play)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerx-13"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxi-14"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Falla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla"},{"link_name":"Concurso de Cante Jondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurso_de_Cante_Jondo"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"cante jondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cante_jondo"},{"link_name":"Poema del cante jondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poema_del_cante_jondo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poema_del_cante_jondo"},{"link_name":"flamenco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flamenco"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Manuel Torre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Torre"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxi-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Postal_de_Federico_a_Antonio_de_Luna.jpg"},{"link_name":"avant-garde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant-garde"},{"link_name":"Galeries Dalmau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeries_Dalmau#1927:_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusians"},{"link_name":"Cubist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cubist"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stainton-18"},{"link_name":"Romancero gitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancero_gitano"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxii-19"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxii-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiii-20"},{"link_name":"Mariana Pineda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Pineda_(play)"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerx-13"},{"link_name":"The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoemaker%27s_Prodigious_Wife_(play)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LorcaSundial.jpg"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-conversations-23"},{"link_name":"Emilio Aladrén Perojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Aladr%C3%A9n_Perojo"},{"link_name":"homosexuality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homosexuality"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiii-20"},{"link_name":"surrealists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrealist"},{"link_name":"Luis Buñuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Bu%C3%B1uel"},{"link_name":"Un Chien Andalou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Un_Chien_Andalou"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Gala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gala_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"RMS Olympic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Olympic"},{"link_name":"RMS Titanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Titanic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiv-25"},{"link_name":"Columbia University School of General Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_School_of_General_Studies"},{"link_name":"Furnald Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furnald_Hall"},{"link_name":"John Jay Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jay_Hall"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Poeta en Nueva York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeta_en_Nueva_York"},{"link_name":"Wall Street crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street_crash"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiv-25"},{"link_name":"El público","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_(play)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic Society of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_Society_of_America"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"As a young writer","text":"Federico García Lorca with Salvador Dalí, Turó Park de la Guineueta, Barcelona, 1925At the Residencia de Estudiantes in Madrid, García Lorca befriended Luis Buñuel and Salvador Dalí and many other creative artists who were, or would become, influential across Spain.[11] He was taken under the wing of the poet Juan Ramón Jiménez, becoming close to playwright Eduardo Marquina and Gregorio Martínez Sierra, the Director of Madrid's Teatro Eslava.[11]In 1919–20, at Sierra's invitation, he wrote and staged his first play, The Butterfly's Evil Spell. It was a verse play dramatising the impossible love between a cockroach and a butterfly, with a supporting cast of other insects; it was laughed off the stage by an unappreciative public after only four performances and influenced García Lorca's attitude to the theatre-going public for the rest of his career. He would later claim that Mariana Pineda, written in 1927, was, in fact, his first play. During the time at the Residencia de Estudiantes, he pursued degrees in law and philosophy, though he had more interest in writing than in study.[11]García Lorca's first book of poems, Libro de poemas, was published in 1921, collecting work written from 1918, and selected with the help of his brother Francisco (nicknamed Paquito). They concern the themes of religious faith, isolation, and nature that had filled his prose reflections.[12] Early in 1922, at Granada García Lorca joined the composer Manuel de Falla in order to promote the Concurso de Cante Jondo, a festival dedicated to enhance flamenco performance and its cante jondo style. The year before, García Lorca had begun to write his Poema del cante jondo [es] (\"Poem of the Deep Song\", not published until 1931), so he naturally composed an essay on the art of flamenco,[13] and began to speak publicly in support of the Concurso. At the music festival in June he met the celebrated Manuel Torre, a flamenco cantaor. The next year in Granada he also collaborated with Falla and others on the musical production of a play for children, La niña que riega la albahaca y el príncipe preguntón (The Girl that Waters the Basil and the Inquisitive Prince) adapted by Lorca from an Andalusian story.[14] Inspired by the same structural form of sequence as \"Deep Song\", his collection Suites (1923) was never finished and was not published until 1983.[12]Postcard from Lorca and Dalí to Antonio de Luna, signed \"Federico\". \"Dear Antoñito: In the midst of a delicious ambience of sea, phonographs and cubist paintings I greet you and I hug you. Dalí and I are preparing something that will be 'moll bé.' Something 'moll bonic.' Without realizing it, I have deposited myself in the Catalan. Goodbye Antonio. Say hello to your father. And salute yourself with my finest unalterable friendship. You've seen what they've done with Paquito! (Silence)\" Above, penned by Dalí: \"Greetings from Salvador Dalí\"Over the next few years, García Lorca became increasingly involved in Spain's avant-garde. He published a poetry collection called Canciones (Songs), although it did not contain songs in the usual sense. Shortly after, Lorca was invited to exhibit a series of drawings at the Galeries Dalmau in Barcelona, from 25 June to 2 July 1927.[15] Lorca's sketches were a blend of popular and avant-garde styles, complementing Canción. Both his poetry and drawings reflected the influence of traditional Andalusian motifs, Cubist syntax, and a preoccupation with sexual identity. Several drawings consisted of superimposed dreamlike faces (or shadows). He later described the double faces as self-portraits, showing \"man's capacity for crying as well as winning,\" in line with his conviction that sorrow and joy were as inseparable as life and death.[16]Green wind. Green branches.\nThe ship out on the sea\nand the horse on the mountain.\nWith the shadow at the waist\nshe dreams on her balcony,\ngreen flesh, green hair,\nwith eyes of cold silver.\n\n\n\nFrom \"Romance Sonámbulo\", (\"Sleepwalking Romance\"), García LorcaRomancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads, 1928), part of his Cancion series, became his best known book of poetry.[17] It was a highly stylised imitation of the ballads and poems that were still being told throughout the Spanish countryside. García Lorca describes the work as a \"carved altar piece\" of Andalusia with \"gypsies, horses, archangels, planets, its Jewish and Roman breezes, rivers, crimes, the everyday touch of the smuggler and the celestial note of the naked children of Córdoba. A book that hardly expresses visible Andalusia at all, but where the hidden Andalusia trembles.\"[17] In 1928, the book brought him fame across Spain and the Hispanic world, and it was only much later that he gained notability as a playwright. For the rest of his life, the writer would search for the elements of Andaluce culture, trying to find its essence without resorting to the \"picturesque\" or the clichéd use of \"local colour\".[18]His second play, Mariana Pineda, with stage settings by Salvador Dalí, opened to great acclaim in Barcelona in 1927.[11] In 1926, García Lorca wrote the play The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife, which would not be shown until the early 1930s. It was a farce about fantasy, based on the relationship between a flirtatious, petulant wife and a hen-pecked shoemaker.Lorca as a student at Columbia University, 1929From 1925 to 1928, he was passionately involved with Dalí.[19] Although Dali's friendship with Lorca had a strong element of mutual passion,[c] Dalí said he rejected the erotic advances of the poet.[20] With the success of \"Gypsy Ballads\", came an estrangement from Dalí and the breakdown of a love affair with sculptor Emilio Aladrén Perojo. These brought on an increasing depression, a situation exacerbated by his anguish over his homosexuality. He felt he was trapped between the persona of the successful author, which he was forced to maintain in public, and the tortured, authentic self, which he could acknowledge only in private. He also had the sense that he was being pigeon-holed as a \"gypsy poet\". He wrote: \"The gypsies are a theme. And nothing more. I could just as well be a poet of sewing needles or hydraulic landscapes. Besides, this gypsyism gives me the appearance of an uncultured, ignorant and primitive poet that you know very well I'm not. I don't want to be typecast.\"[18]Growing estrangement between García Lorca and his closest friends reached its climax when surrealists Dalí and Luis Buñuel collaborated on their 1929 film Un Chien Andalou (An Andalusian Dog). García Lorca interpreted it, perhaps erroneously, as a vicious attack upon himself.[21] At this time Dalí also met his future wife Gala. Aware of these problems (though not perhaps of their causes), García Lorca's family arranged for him to make a lengthy visit to the United States in 1929–30.In June 1929, García Lorca travelled to the US with Fernando de los Rios on the RMS Olympic, a sister liner to the RMS Titanic.[22] They stayed mostly in New York City, where Rios started a lecture tour and García Lorca enrolled at Columbia University School of General Studies, funded by his parents. He studied English but, as before, was absorbed more by writing than by study. At Columbia, he lived in room 617 in Furnald Hall before moving to room 1231 in John Jay Hall.[23][24] He also spent time in Vermont and later in Havana, Cuba.His collection Poeta en Nueva York (Poet in New York, published posthumously in 1940) explores alienation and isolation through some graphically experimental poetic techniques and was influenced by the Wall Street crash which he personally witnessed.[25]\n[26]\n[27]This condemnation of urban capitalist society and materialistic modernity was a sharp departure from his earlier work and label as a folklorist.[22] His play of this time, El público (The Public), was not published until the late 1970s and has never been published in its entirety, the complete manuscript apparently lost. However, the Hispanic Society of America in New York City retains several of his personal letters.[28][29]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"Second Spanish Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiv-25"},{"link_name":"Second Republic's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiv-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiv-25"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiv-25"},{"link_name":"Blood Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Yerma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerma"},{"link_name":"The House of Bernarda Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Bernarda_Alba"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxiv-25"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxv-33"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federicogarcialorca1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Santoña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Duende","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duende_(art)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxv-33"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Rafael Rodríguez Rapún","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Rodr%C3%ADguez_Rap%C3%BAn"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Juan Ramírez de Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%ADrez_de_Lucas"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Guardian-36"},{"link_name":"San Juan de la Cruz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan_de_la_Cruz"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxvii-37"},{"link_name":"Huerta de San Vicente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huerta_de_San_Vicente"},{"link_name":"When Five Years Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Five_Years_Pass"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"}],"sub_title":"The Second Republic","text":"García Lorca's return to Spain in 1930 coincided with the fall of the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera and the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic.[22] In 1931, García Lorca was appointed director of a student theatre company, Teatro Universitario La Barraca (The Shack). It was funded by the Second Republic's Ministry of Education, and it was charged with touring Spain's rural areas in order to introduce audiences to classical Spanish theatre free of charge. With a portable stage and little equipment, they sought to bring theatre to people who had never seen any, with García Lorca directing as well as acting. He commented: \"Outside of Madrid, the theatre, which is in its very essence a part of the life of the people, is almost dead, and the people suffer accordingly, as they would if they had lost their two eyes, or ears, or a sense of taste. We [La Barraca] are going to give it back to them.\"[22] His experiences traveling through impoverished rural Spain and New York (particularly amongst the disenfranchised African-American population), transformed him into a passionate advocate of the theatre of social action.[22] He wrote \"The theatre is a school of weeping and of laughter, a free forum, where men can question norms that are outmoded or mistaken and explain with living example the eternal norms of the human heart.\"[22]While touring with La Barraca, García Lorca wrote his now best-known plays, the \"Rural Trilogy\" of Blood Wedding, Yerma and The House of Bernarda Alba, which all rebelled against the norms of bourgeois Spanish society.[22] He called for a rediscovery of the roots of European theatre and the questioning of comfortable conventions such as the popular drawing-room comedies of the time. His work challenged the accepted role of women in society and explored taboo issues of homoeroticism and class. García Lorca wrote little poetry in this last period of his life, declaring in 1936, \"theatre is poetry that rises from the book and becomes human enough to talk and shout, weep and despair.\"[30]Bust of Federico García Lorca in Santoña, CantabriaTravelling to Buenos Aires in 1933, to give lectures and direct the Argentine premiere of Blood Wedding, García Lorca spoke of his distilled theories on artistic creation and performance in the famous lecture Play and Theory of the Duende. This attempted to define a schema of artistic inspiration, arguing that great art depends upon a vivid awareness of death, connection with a nation's soil, and an acknowledgment of the limitations of reason.[30][31]As well as returning to the classical roots of theatre, García Lorca also turned to traditional forms in poetry. His last poetic work, Sonetos de amor oscuro (Sonnets of Dark Love, 1936), was long thought to have been inspired by his passion for Rafael Rodríguez Rapún, young actor and secretary of La Barraca.[32] Documents and mementos revealed in 2012, suggest that the actual inspiration was Juan Ramírez de Lucas, a 19-year-old with whom Lorca hoped to emigrate to Mexico.[33] The love sonnets are inspired by the 16th-century poet San Juan de la Cruz.[34] La Barraca's subsidy was cut in half by the rightist government elected in 1934, and its last performance was given in April 1936.Lorca spent summers at the Huerta de San Vicente from 1926 to 1936. Here he wrote, totally or in part, some of his major works, among them When Five Years Pass (Así que pasen cinco años) (1931), Blood Wedding (1932), Yerma (1934) and Diván del Tamarit (1931–1936). The poet lived in the Huerta de San Vicente in the days just before his arrest and assassination in August 1936.[35]Although García Lorca's drawings do not often receive attention, he was also a talented artist.[36][37]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Popular Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"José Calvo Sotelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Calvo_Sotelo"},{"link_name":"Republican Assault Guards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto"},{"link_name":"Guardias de asalto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guardia_de_Asalto"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"right wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"socialist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialism"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Maurerxvii-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson_1996_255-42"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Ian Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gibson_(author)"},{"link_name":"Víznar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADznar"},{"link_name":"Alfacar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfacar"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Cadena SER","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadena_SER"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson_1996_255-42"},{"link_name":"Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Confederation_of_the_Autonomous_Right"},{"link_name":"Falange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"Falange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"Ramón Ruiz Alonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Ruiz_Alonso"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gibson_1996_255-42"},{"link_name":"Mundo Obrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mundo_Obrero"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Rafael Alberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Alberti"},{"link_name":"Falange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"Luis Rosales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Rosales"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Celaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Celaya"},{"link_name":"Falangist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangism"},{"link_name":"José Antonio Primo de Rivera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Primo_de_Rivera"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"Falangist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falangist"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Political and social tensions had greatly intensified after the July 1936 murder of prominent monarchist and anti-Popular Front spokesman José Calvo Sotelo by Republican Assault Guards (Guardias de asalto).[38] García Lorca knew that he would be considered abhorrent by the rising right wing for his outspoken socialist views.[34] Granada was so tumultuous that it had not had a mayor for months; no one dared accept the job. When García Lorca's brother-in-law, Manuel Fernández-Montesinos, agreed to accept the position, he was assassinated within a week. On the same day he was shot, 19 August 1936, García Lorca was arrested.[39]It is thought that García Lorca was shot and killed by Nationalist militia[40][41] on 19 August 1936.[42] The author Ian Gibson in his book The Assassination of García Lorca argues that he was shot with three others (Joaquín Arcollas Cabezas, Francisco Galadí Melgar and Dióscoro Galindo González) at a place known as the Fuente Grande ('Great Spring') which is on the road between Víznar and Alfacar.[43] Police reports released by radio station Cadena SER in April 2015, conclude that Lorca was executed by fascist forces. The Franco-era report, dated 9 July 1965, describes the writer as a \"socialist\" and \"freemason belonging to the Alhambra lodge\", who engaged in \"homosexual and abnormal practices\".[44][45][46]Significant controversy exists about the motives and details of García Lorca's murder. Personal, non-political motives have been suggested. García Lorca's biographer, Stainton, states that his killers made remarks about his sexual orientation, suggesting that it played a role in his death.[47] Ian Gibson suggests that García Lorca's assassination was part of a campaign of mass killings intended to eliminate supporters of the Leftist Popular Front.[39] However, Gibson proposes that rivalry between the right-wing Spanish Confederation of the Autonomous Right (CEDA) and the fascist Falange was a major factor in Lorca's death. At the time of his arrest, Lorca was hiding in the house of Luis Rosales, two of whose brothers were high-ranking Falange members. Former CEDA Parliamentary Deputy Ramón Ruiz Alonso arrested García Lorca at the Rosales's home, and was the one responsible for the original denunciation that led to the arrest warrant being issued.Then I realized I had been murdered.\nThey looked for me in cafes, cemeteries and churches\n.... but they did not find me.\nThey never found me?\nNo. They never found me.\n\n\n\nFrom \"The Fable And Round of the Three Friends\", Poet in New York (1929), García LorcaIt has been argued[by whom?] that García Lorca was apolitical and had many friends in both Republican and Nationalist camps. Gibson disputes this in his 1978 book about the poet's death.[39] He cites, for example, Mundo Obrero's published manifesto, which Lorca later signed, and alleges that García Lorca was an active supporter of the Popular Front.[48] García Lorca read out this manifesto at a banquet in honour of fellow poet Rafael Alberti on 9 February 1936.Many anti-communists were sympathetic to García Lorca or assisted him. In the days before his arrest, he found shelter in the house of the artist and leading Falange member, Luis Rosales. Indeed, evidence suggests that Rosales was very nearly shot as well by the Civil Governor Valdés for helping García Lorca. Poet Gabriel Celaya wrote in his memoirs that he once found García Lorca in the company of Falangist José Maria Aizpurúa. Celaya further wrote that Lorca dined every Friday with Falangist founder and leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera.[49] On 11 March 1937, an article appeared in the Falangist press denouncing the murder and lionizing García Lorca; the article opened: \"The finest poet of Imperial Spain has been assassinated.\"[50] Jean-Louis Schonberg also put forward the 'homosexual jealousy' theory.[51]","title":"Assassination"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lorca_Olive_Tree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gerald Brenan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Brenan"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_for_the_Recovery_of_Historical_Memory"},{"link_name":"Emilio Silva-Barrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emilio_Silva"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-65"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-65"},{"link_name":"Andalusian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andalusia"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBC-65"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"Víznar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADznar"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Publico-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"Olive tree marking putative site of Lorca's burial, as it was in 1999The later 20th, and particularly the 21st centuries have seen numerous, unsuccessful attempts to locate García Lorca's remains. The first published account is in a 1949 book by the British Hispanist Gerald Brenan, The Face of Spain.[52] By the 21st century advances in technology gave scope for identifying remains of victims of Francoist repression. The year 2000 saw the foundation of the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory, which grew out of the quest by a sociologist, Emilio Silva-Barrera, to locate and identify the remains of his grandfather, who was shot by Franco's forces in 1936.Three efforts have been made in the 21st century to locate García Lorca's body. The first, in 2009, in the García Lorca Memorial Park; the second, in 2014, less than a kilometer from the first excavation,[53] and the last, in 2016, in Alfacar.[54] In 2008, a Spanish judge opened an investigation into García Lorca's death. The García Lorca family dropped objections to the excavation of a potential gravesite near Alfacar, but no human remains were found.[55][56] The investigation was ultimately dropped and a further investigation was begun in 2016, but met with no more success.[57]In late October 2009, a team of archaeologists and historians from the University of Granada began excavations outside Alfacar.[58] The site was identified three decades previously by a man who said he had helped dig Lorca's grave.[59][60] Lorca was thought to be buried with at least three other men beside a winding mountain road that connects the villages of Víznar and Alfacar.[61]The excavations began at the request of another victim's family.[62] Following a long-standing objection, the Lorca family also gave their permission.[62] In October 2009, Francisco Espínola, a spokesman for the Justice Ministry of the Andalusian regional government, said that after years of pressure García Lorca's body would \"be exhumed in a matter of weeks.\"[63] Lorca's relatives, who had initially opposed an exhumation, said they might provide a DNA sample in order to identify his remains.[62]In late November 2009, after two weeks of excavating the site, organic material that was believed to be human bones were recovered. The remains were taken to the University of Granada for examination.[64] But in mid-December 2009, doubts were raised as to whether the poet's remains would be found.[65] The dig produced \"not one bone, item of clothing or bullet shell\", said Begoña Álvarez, justice minister of Andalucia. She added, \"the soil was only 40 cm (16in) deep, making it too shallow for a grave.\"[66][67] The failed excavation cost €70,000.[68]In January 2012, a local historian, Miguel Caballero Pérez, author of \"The last 13 hours of García Lorca\",[69] applied for permission to excavate another area less than half a kilometre from the site, where he believes Lorca's remains are located.[70]Claims in 2016, by Stephen Roberts, an associate professor in Spanish literature at Nottingham University, and others that the poet's body was buried in a well in Alfacar have not been substantiated.[71]In 2021, it was reported that there would be an investigation of mass graves at Barranco de Víznar (a locality near Víznar where there is a memorial to Lorca). This project had the support of families who believed that relatives were buried there. The archaeologist directing the investigation explained that the poet was only one of hundreds of people whose remains might be there.[72]\nExcavations at the site were still in progress in 2024.[73]","title":"Search for remains"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Francisco Franco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Franco"},{"link_name":"regime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS"},{"link_name":"Roy Campbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Campbell_(poet)"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"}],"text":"Francisco Franco's regime placed a general ban on García Lorca's work, which was not rescinded until 1953. That year, a (censored) Obras completas (Complete Works) was released. Following this, Blood Wedding, Yerma and The House of Bernarda Alba were successfully played on the main Spanish stages. Obras completas did not include his late heavily homoerotic Sonnets of Dark Love, written in November 1935 and shared only with close friends. They were lost until 1983/4 when they were finally published in draft form. (No final manuscripts have ever been found.) It was only after Franco's death that García Lorca's life and death could be openly discussed in Spain. This was not only because of political censorship, but also because of the reluctance of the García Lorca family to allow publication of unfinished poems and plays prior to the publication of a critical edition of his works.South African Roman Catholic poet Roy Campbell, who enthusiastically supported the Nationalists both during and after the Civil War, later produced acclaimed translations of Lorca's work. In his poem \"The Martyrdom of F. Garcia Lorca\", Campbell wrote,Not only did he lose his life\nBy shots assassinated:\nBut with a hammer and a knife\nWas after that—translated.[74]","title":"Censorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madrid_-_Plaza_de_Santa_Ana,_monumento_a_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monument to Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"Park Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-78"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Federico_Garcia_Lorca_-_De_profundis_-_Langebrug,_Leiden.JPG"},{"link_name":"Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Wall poems in Leiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_poems_in_Leiden"},{"link_name":"a statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monument_to_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"Plaza de Santa Ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaza_de_Santa_Ana"},{"link_name":"David Crocker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Crocker"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Hotel Castelar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Castelar"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Rainbow Honor Walk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rainbow_Honor_Walk"},{"link_name":"walk of fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_halls_and_walks_of_fame"},{"link_name":"Castro neighborhood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castro_District,_San_Francisco"},{"link_name":"LGBTQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBTQ"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:022-82"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-84"},{"link_name":"Ananda Sukarlan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Sukarlan"},{"link_name":"Mariska Setiawan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariska_Setiawan"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Centro Federico García Lorca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centro_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"text":"Monument to Federico García Lorca, MadridIn Granada, the city of his birth, the Park Federico García Lorca is dedicated to his memory and includes the Huerta de San Vicente, the Lorca family summer home, opened as a museum in 1995. The grounds, including nearly two hectares of land, the two adjoining houses, works of art, and the original furnishings have been preserved.[75] There is a statue of Lorca on the Avenida de la Constitución in the city center, and a cultural center bearing his name was opened in 2015.[76]The Parque Federico García Lorca, in Alfacar, is near Fuente Grande; in 2009, excavations in it failed to locate Lorca's body. Close to the olive tree indicated by some as marking the location of the grave, there is a stone memorial to Federico García Lorca and all other victims of the Civil War, 1936–1939. Flowers are laid at the memorial every year on the anniversary of his death, and a commemorative event including music and readings of the poet's works is held every year in the park to mark the anniversary. On 17 August 2011, to remember the 75th anniversary of Lorca's assassination and to celebrate his life and legacy, this event included dance, song, poetry and dramatic readings and attracted hundreds of spectators. At the Barranco de Víznar, between Víznar and Alfacar, there is a memorial stone bearing the words \"Lorca eran todos, 18-8-2002\" (\"All were Lorca ...\"). The Barranco de Víznar is the site of mass graves and has been proposed as another possible location of the poet's remains.The poem De profundis in Leiden, Netherlands, the last of a set of 110 Wall poems in Leiden to be paintedLorca is honored by a statue prominently located in Madrid's Plaza de Santa Ana. Political philosopher David Crocker reported in 2014 that \"the statue, at least, is still an emblem of the contested past: each day, the Left puts a red kerchief on the neck of the statue, and someone from the Right comes later to take it off\".[77] In Paris Lorca is commeorated in the Federico García Lorca Garden on the Seine.Lorca's one-time room at the Hotel Castelar in Buenos Aires, Argentina, where he lived for six months in 1933, has been kept as a museum.[78] In 2014, Lorca was one of the inaugural honourees in the Rainbow Honor Walk, a walk of fame in San Francisco's Castro neighborhood noting LGBTQ people who have \"made significant contributions in their fields\".[79][80][81] The Indonesian composer Ananda Sukarlan has composed music based on some of his poems in 2016 to commemorate the 80th anniversary of his death, commissioned by the Spanish Embassy in Indonesia and the Ubud Writers & Readers Festival (Bali) where it was premiered by soprano Mariska Setiawan.The Fundación Federico García Lorca, directed by Lorca's niece Laura García Lorca, sponsors the celebration and dissemination of the writer's work and is currently[when?] building the Centro Federico García Lorca [es] in Madrid. The Lorca family deposited all Federico documents in their possession with the foundation, which holds them on their behalf.[82]","title":"Memorials"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Impresiones y paisajes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impresiones_y_paisajes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresiones_y_paisajes"},{"link_name":"Poema del cante jondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poema_del_cante_jondo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poema_del_cante_jondo"},{"link_name":"Romancero gitano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romancero_gitano"},{"link_name":"Poet in New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poet_in_New_York"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"Llanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Llanto_por_Ignacio_S%C3%A1nchez_Mej%C3%ADas&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llanto_por_Ignacio_S%C3%A1nchez_Mej%C3%ADas"},{"link_name":"Seis poemas galegos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seis_poemas_galegos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seis_poemas_galegos"},{"link_name":"Sonetos del amor oscuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonetos_del_amor_oscuro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonetos_del_amor_oscuro"},{"link_name":"Diván del Tamarit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Div%C3%A1n_del_Tamarit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Div%C3%A1n_del_Tamarit"}],"sub_title":"Poetry collections","text":"Impresiones y paisajes [es] (Impressions and Landscapes 1918)\nLibro de poemas (Book of Poems 1921)\nPoema del cante jondo [es] (Poem of the Deep Song; written in 1921 but not published until 1931)\nSuites (written between 1920 and 1923, published posthumously in 1983)\nCanciones (Songs written between 1921 and 1924, published in 1927)\nRomancero gitano (Gypsy Ballads 1928)\nOdes (written 1928)\nPoeta en Nueva York (written 1930 – published posthumously in 1940, first translation into English as Poet in New York 1940)[83]\nLlanto por Ignacio Sánchez Mejías [es] (Lament for Ignacio Sánchez Mejías 1935)\nSeis poemas galegos [es] (Six Galician poems 1935)\nSonetos del amor oscuro [es] (Sonnets of Dark Love 1936, not published until 1983)\nLament for the Death of a Bullfighter and Other Poems (1937)\nPrimeras canciones (First Songs 1936)\nDiván del Tamarit [es] (The Tamarit Divan, poems written 1931–34 and not published until after his death in a special edition of Revista Hispánica Moderna in 1940).\nSelected Poems (1941)","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"City Lights Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Lights_Books"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-87286-205-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87286-205-4"},{"link_name":"Ralph Angel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Angel"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-932511-40-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932511-40-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8021-4353-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-4353-2"},{"link_name":"Jane Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Duran"},{"link_name":"Enitharmon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enitharmon_Press"},{"link_name":"Jane Duran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Duran"},{"link_name":"Enitharmon Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enitharmon_Press"},{"link_name":"\"The Clapton Press\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//theclaptonpress.com/yerma-by-federico-garcia-lorca/"}],"sub_title":"Select translations","text":"Poem of the Deep Song – Poema del Cante Jondo, translated by Carlos Bauer (includes original Spanish verses). City Lights Books, 1987 ISBN 0-87286-205-4\nPoem of the Deep Song, translated by Ralph Angel. Sarabande Books, 2006 ISBN 1-932511-40-7\nGypsy Ballads: A Version of the Romancero Gitano of Federico García Lorca Translated by Michael Hartnett. Goldsmith Press 1973\n\"Poet in New York-Poeta en Nueva York,\" translated by Pablo Medina and Mark Statman (includes original Spanish, with a preface by Edward Hirsch), Grove Press, 2008, ISBN 978-0-8021-4353-2; 0-8021-4353-9\nGypsy Ballads, bilingual edition translated by Jane Duran and Gloria García Lorca. Enitharmon Press 2016\nSonnets of Dark Love - The Tamarit Divan, bilingual edition translated by Jane Duran and Gloria García Lorca with essays by Christopher Maurer and Andrés Soria Olmedo. Enitharmon Press 2016\nYerma, translated by Kathryn Phillips-Miles and Simon Deefholts, \"The Clapton Press\". 18 October 2020. 2020. ISBN 978-1-9996453-9-9","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Butterfly's Evil Spell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Butterfly%27s_Evil_Spell"},{"link_name":"The Billy-Club Puppets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Billy-Club_Puppets"},{"link_name":"The Puppet Play of Don Cristóbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Puppet_Play_of_Don_Crist%C3%B3bal"},{"link_name":"Mariana Pineda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariana_Pineda_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Shoemaker%27s_Prodigious_Wife_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Love of Don Perlimplín and Belisa in the Garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Love_of_Don_Perlimpl%C3%ADn_and_Belisa_in_the_Garden"},{"link_name":"The Public","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Public_(play)"},{"link_name":"When Five Years Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_Five_Years_Pass"},{"link_name":"Blood Wedding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Wedding"},{"link_name":"Yerma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerma"},{"link_name":"Doña Rosita the Spinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Do%C3%B1a_Rosita_the_Spinster"},{"link_name":"Play Without a Title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Play_Without_a_Title"},{"link_name":"The House of Bernarda Alba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_House_of_Bernarda_Alba"}],"sub_title":"Plays","text":"Christ: A Religious Tragedy (unfinished 1917)\nThe Butterfly's Evil Spell: (written 1919–20, first production 1920)\nThe Billy-Club Puppets: (written 1922–5, first production 1937)\nThe Puppet Play of Don Cristóbal: (written 1923, first production 1935)\nMariana Pineda (written 1923–25, first production 1927)\nThe Curse of the Butterfly, first production 1927 in the Teatro Eslava, Madrid\nThe Shoemaker's Prodigious Wife: (written 1926–30, first production 1930, revised 1933)\nThe Love of Don Perlimplín and Belisa in the Garden: (written 1928, first production 1933)\nThe Public: (written 1929–30, first production 1972); only an incomplete draft is known\nWhen Five Years Pass: (written 1931, first production 1945)\nBlood Wedding: (written 1932, first production 1933)\nYerma (written 1934, first production 1934)\nDoña Rosita the Spinster: (written 1935, first production 1935)\nPlay Without a Title: (only one act, written 1936, first production 1986)\nThe House of Bernarda Alba: (written 1936, first production 1945)\nDreams of my Cousin Aurelia: (unfinished)","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buster Keaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buster_Keaton"}],"sub_title":"Short plays","text":"El paseo de Buster Keaton (Buster Keaton goes for a stroll 1928)\nLa doncella, el marinero y el estudiante (The Maiden, the Sailor and the Student 1928)\nQuimera (Dream 1928)","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Filmscripts","text":"Viaje a la luna (Trip to the Moon 1929)","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manuel de Falla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Falla"}],"sub_title":"Operas","text":"Lola, la Comedianta (Lola, the Actress/Comedian, unfinished collaboration with Manuel de Falla 1923)","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Drawings and paintings","text":"Salvador Dalí, 1925. 160 × 140 mm. Ink and colored pencil on paper. Private collection, Barcelona, Spain\nBust of a Dead Man, 1932. Ink and colored pencil on paper. Chicago, Illinois","title":"Major works"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works related to García Lorca"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"[feðeˈɾiko ðel saˈɣɾaðo koɾaˈθon/koɾaˈson de xeˈsus ɣaɾˈθi.a/ɣaɾˈsi.a ˈloɾka]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Spanish naming customs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_naming_customs#Forms_of_address"},{"link_name":"\"Translating Lorca\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.newstatesman.com/theatre/2008/11/lorca-play-johnston-stage"},{"link_name":"New Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Statesman"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Ian Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Gibson_(author)"}],"text":"^ Spanish pronunciation: [feðeˈɾiko ðel saˈɣɾaðo koɾaˈθon/koɾaˈson de xeˈsus ɣaɾˈθi.a/ɣaɾˈsi.a ˈloɾka]\n\n^ According to Spanish naming customs, a person usually uses their father's surname as their main surname. As García is a very widely used name, García Lorca is often referred to by his mother's less-common surname, Lorca. See, for example, \"Translating Lorca\". New Statesman (UK). 10 November 2008. Spanish conventions require his name to be listed under \"G\".[citation needed]\n\n^ For more in-depth information about the Lorca-Dalí connection see Lorca-Dalí: el amor que no pudo ser and The Shameful Life of Salvador Dalí, both by Ian Gibson.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-729-30202-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-729-30202-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-571-14224-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-14224-9"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21600658","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/21600658"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-374-19097-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-19097-6"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"246338520","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/246338520"},{"link_name":"Doggart, Sebastian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Doggart"},{"link_name":"University of Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Durham"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-907310-44-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907310-44-3"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"43821099","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/43821099"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8223-1122-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1122-4"}],"text":"Cao, Antonio (1984). García Lorca y las Vanguardias. London: Tamesis. ISBN 0-729-30202-4.\nGibson, Ian (1989). Federico García Lorca. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-14224-9. OCLC 21600658.\nStainton, Leslie (1999). Lorca: A Dream of Life. London: Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-374-19097-6. OCLC 246338520.\nDoggart, Sebastian; Thompson, Michael, eds. (1999). Fire, Blood and the Alphabet: One Hundred Years of Lorca. Durham: University of Durham. ISBN 0-907310-44-3. OCLC 43821099.\nMario Hernandez Translated by Christopher Maurer (1991). Line of Light and Shadow: The Drawings of Federico García Lorca. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1122-4.\nMaurer, Christopher (2001) Federico García Lorca: Selected Poems Penguin.\nLorca, Francisco Garcia. In the Green Morning: Memories of Frederico (Peter Owen, 1989) translated by Christopher Maurer, prologue by Mario Hernandez.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auclair, Marcelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelle_Auclair"},{"link_name":"Éditions du Seuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"598851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/598851"},{"link_name":"Auclair, Marcelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelle_Auclair"},{"link_name":"Ediciones Era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_(Editorial)"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"889360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/889360"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-729-30202-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-729-30202-4"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-226-51203-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51203-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9-781-91224-2115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-781-91224-2115"},{"link_name":"Eisenberg, Daniel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Eisenberg"},{"link_name":"\"Unanswered Questions about Lorca' Death\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180327025211/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Lorca/Unanswered_Questions_about_Lorca's_Death.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Lorca/Unanswered_Questions_about_Lorca's_Death.htm"}],"text":"Auclair, Marcelle (1968). Enfances et mort de Garcia Lorca (in French). Paris, France: Éditions du Seuil. OCLC 598851. (477 pages)Spanish translation: Auclair, Marcelle; García Lorca, Federico; Alberti, Aitana (trans.) (1972). Vida y Muerte de García Lorca (in Spanish). Mexico City: Ediciones Era. OCLC 889360. (411 pages). Includes excerpts from García Lorca's works.Cao, Antonio (1984). García Lorca y las Vanguardias. London: Tamesis. ISBN 0-729-30202-4.\nMayhew, Jonathan. (2009). Apocryphal Lorca: Translation, Parody, Kitsch. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51203-7.\nPastor, Ben (pseudonym for Maria Verbena Volpi) (2019). The Horseman's Song. London: Bitter Lemon Press. ISBN 9-781-91224-2115.. The plot of the novel centers around the investigation into Garcia Lorca's murder.\nEisenberg, Daniel [in Spanish] (1990). \"Unanswered Questions about Lorca' Death\". Angélica. Vol. 1. pp. 93–107. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018.","title":"Further reading"}]	[{"image_text":"García Lorca c. 1904","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca_a_los_seis_a%C3%B1os_de_edad.jpg/220px-Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca_a_los_seis_a%C3%B1os_de_edad.jpg"},{"image_text":"García Lorca with his sister Isabel García Lorca [es] in Granada c. 1914","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Federico_garcia_lorca_con_su_hermana_isabel_en_granada_en_1914.jpg/220px-Federico_garcia_lorca_con_su_hermana_isabel_en_granada_en_1914.jpg"},{"image_text":"Federico García Lorca with Salvador Dalí, Turó Park de la Guineueta, Barcelona, 1925","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD%2C_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca%2C_Barcelona%2C_1925.jpg/220px-Salvador_Dal%C3%AD%2C_Federico_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca%2C_Barcelona%2C_1925.jpg"},{"image_text":"Postcard from Lorca and Dalí to Antonio de Luna, signed \"Federico\". \"Dear Antoñito: In the midst of a delicious ambience of sea, phonographs and cubist paintings I greet you and I hug you. Dalí and I are preparing something that will be 'moll bé.' Something 'moll bonic.' Without realizing it, I have deposited myself in the Catalan. Goodbye Antonio. Say hello to your father. And salute yourself with my finest unalterable friendship. You've seen what they've done with Paquito! (Silence)\" Above, penned by Dalí: \"Greetings from Salvador Dalí\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Postal_de_Federico_a_Antonio_de_Luna.jpg/220px-Postal_de_Federico_a_Antonio_de_Luna.jpg"},{"image_text":"Lorca as a student at Columbia University, 1929","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/LorcaSundial.jpg/220px-LorcaSundial.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bust of Federico García Lorca in Santoña, Cantabria","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Federicogarcialorca1.jpg/220px-Federicogarcialorca1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Olive tree marking putative site of Lorca's burial, as it was in 1999","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Lorca_Olive_Tree.jpg/170px-Lorca_Olive_Tree.jpg"},{"image_text":"Monument to Federico García Lorca, Madrid","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Madrid_-_Plaza_de_Santa_Ana%2C_monumento_a_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca.jpg/220px-Madrid_-_Plaza_de_Santa_Ana%2C_monumento_a_Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca.jpg"},{"image_text":"The poem De profundis in Leiden, Netherlands, the last of a set of 110 Wall poems in Leiden to be painted","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Federico_Garcia_Lorca_-_De_profundis_-_Langebrug%2C_Leiden.JPG/220px-Federico_Garcia_Lorca_-_De_profundis_-_Langebrug%2C_Leiden.JPG"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"The Clapton Press\". 18 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://theclaptonpress.com/yerma-by-federico-garcia-lorca/","url_text":"\"The Clapton Press\""}]},{"reference":"Wood, Michael (24 November 1977). \"The Lorca Murder Case\". The New York Review of Books. 24 (19). Archived from the original on 6 September 2009. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090906221112/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=8337","url_text":"\"The Lorca Murder Case\""},{"url":"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=8337","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Estefania, Rafael (18 August 2006). \"Poet's death still troubles Spain\". BBC News. Retrieved 14 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5262420.stm","url_text":"\"Poet's death still troubles Spain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"}]},{"reference":"\"Federico Garcia Lorca\". Routledge Modern and Contemporary Dramatists. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091330/http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/rmcd/9780415362436/lorca.asp","url_text":"\"Federico Garcia Lorca\""},{"url":"http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/rmcd/9780415362436/lorca.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Patronato Federico García Lorca, Fuentevaqueros, Granada, Spain\". www.patronatogarcialorca.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.patronatogarcialorca.org/casamuseo.php","url_text":"\"Patronato Federico García Lorca, Fuentevaqueros, Granada, Spain\""}]},{"reference":"\"Casa Museo Federico Garcia Lorca – Valderrubio\". www.museolorcavalderrubio.com. Archived from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815013631/http://museolorcavalderrubio.com/","url_text":"\"Casa Museo Federico Garcia Lorca – Valderrubio\""},{"url":"http://www.museolorcavalderrubio.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Huerta de San Vicente\". huertadesanvicente.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://huertadesanvicente.com/recuerdos.php","url_text":"\"Huerta de San Vicente\""}]},{"reference":"Stevenson, Robert (Summer 2007). \"'Musical Moments' in the Career of Manuel de Falla's Favorite Friend Federico García Lorca\". Inter-American Music Review. 17 (1–2): 265–276. ProQuest 1310726.","urls":[{"url":"https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/IAMR/article/view/53424/56060","url_text":"\"'Musical Moments' in the Career of Manuel de Falla's Favorite Friend Federico García Lorca\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1310726","url_text":"1310726"}]},{"reference":"Dalmau, Josep (2 July 1927). \"Exposició de dibuixos de Federico García Lorca\". Barcelona.","urls":[{"url":"http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934456&view=dalmau&lang=en","url_text":"\"Exposició de dibuixos de Federico García Lorca\""}]},{"reference":"Leslie, Stainton (2013). Lorca – a Dream of Life. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1448213443.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sSPQXJGRt6oC&q=dalmau&pg=PT502","url_text":"Lorca – a Dream of Life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1448213443","url_text":"978-1448213443"}]},{"reference":"Bosque, Alain (1969). \"Conversations with Dalí\" (PDF). pp. 19–20. S.D.: He was homosexual, as everyone knows, and madly in love with me. He tried to screw me twice... I was extremely annoyed, because I wasn't homosexual, and I wasn't interested in giving in. Besides, it hurts. So nothing came of it. But I felt awfully flattered vis-à-vis the prestige. Deep down I felt that he was a great poet and that I owe him a tiny bit of the Divine Dalí's asshole.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ubu.com/historical/dali/dali_conversations.pdf","url_text":"\"Conversations with Dalí\""}]},{"reference":"\"CU summer housing: Lorca slept here – News from Columbia's Rare Book & Manuscript Library\". blogs.cul.columbia.edu. Retrieved 22 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.cul.columbia.edu/rbml/2018/05/21/cu-summer-housing-lorca-slept-here/","url_text":"\"CU summer housing: Lorca slept here – News from Columbia's Rare Book & Manuscript Library\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Dinitia (4 July 2000). \"Poetic Love Affair With New York; For Garcia Lorca, the City Was a Spiritual Metaphor\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 22 March 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/04/books/poetic-love-affair-with-new-york-for-garcia-lorca-city-was-spiritual-metaphor.html","url_text":"\"Poetic Love Affair With New York; For Garcia Lorca, the City Was a Spiritual Metaphor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"García Lorca, Federico (1958). \"Poeta en Nueva York\". Madrid.","urls":[{"url":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43294226","url_text":"\"Poeta en Nueva York\""}]},{"reference":"Río, Ángel del (1948). \"Historia de la Literatura Española\". 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The Guardian. UK.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/may/10/name-garcia-lover-emerges","url_text":"\"Name of Federico García Lorca's lover emerges after 70 years: Box of mementoes reveals that young art critic Juan Ramírez de Lucas had brief affair with Spanish poet\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huerta de San Vicente\". Huerta de San Vicente. Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.huertadesanvicente.com/e_pre_huerta.php","url_text":"\"Huerta de San Vicente\""}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Ian (1996). El assasinato de García Lorca (in Spanish). Barcelona: Plaza & Janes. p. 255. ISBN 978-84-663-1314-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-663-1314-8","url_text":"978-84-663-1314-8"}]},{"reference":"Graham, Helen (2006). The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0192803771.","urls":[{"url":"https://academic.oup.com/book/878","url_text":"The Spanish Civil War. A very short introduction"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0192803771","url_text":"978-0192803771"}]},{"reference":"López, Alexandro (30 April 2015). \"Documents confirm fascists murdered Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca\". World Socialist Web Site. Retrieved 21 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2015/04/30/lorc-a30.html","url_text":"\"Documents confirm fascists murdered Spanish poet Federico Garcia Lorca\""}]},{"reference":"Ser, Cadena (22 April 2015). \"Los documentos sobre la muerte de Lorca\". 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ISBN 978-84-663-1314-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-663-1314-8","url_text":"978-84-663-1314-8"}]},{"reference":"Arnaud Imatz, \"La vraie mort de Garcia Lorca\" 2009 40 La Nouvelle Revue d'Histoire, 31–34, at pp. 31–2, quoting from the Memoirs.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Federico Garcia Lorca. L'homme – L'oeuvre\" 1956 (Paris, Plon).","urls":[]},{"reference":"Giles Tremlett. \"No remains found\". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/18/federico-garcia-lorca-grave-alfacar","url_text":"\"No remains found\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"}]},{"reference":"\"Lorca family to allow exhumation\". BBC News. 18 September 2008. 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The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 8 January 2012. Retrieved 19 March 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8997854/New-search-underway-for-civil-war-grave-of-poet-Lorca.html#","url_text":"\"New search underway for civil war grave of poet Lorca\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120108085521/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/8997854/New-search-underway-for-civil-war-grave-of-poet-Lorca.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Badcock, James (13 April 2016). \"Remains of Federico García Lorca 'hidden at the bottom of a well'\". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. 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Retrieved 14 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=myLDA0_brhcC&pg=RA1-PA494","url_text":"Encyclopedia of literary translation into English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781884964367","url_text":"9781884964367"}]},{"reference":"Cao, Antonio (1984). García Lorca y las Vanguardias. London: Tamesis. ISBN 0-729-30202-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-729-30202-4","url_text":"0-729-30202-4"}]},{"reference":"Gibson, Ian (1989). Federico García Lorca. London: Faber and Faber. ISBN 0-571-14224-9. OCLC 21600658.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-571-14224-9","url_text":"0-571-14224-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21600658","url_text":"21600658"}]},{"reference":"Stainton, Leslie (1999). Lorca: A Dream of Life. London: Farrar Straus & Giroux. ISBN 0-374-19097-6. OCLC 246338520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-374-19097-6","url_text":"0-374-19097-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/246338520","url_text":"246338520"}]},{"reference":"Doggart, Sebastian; Thompson, Michael, eds. (1999). Fire, Blood and the Alphabet: One Hundred Years of Lorca. Durham: University of Durham. ISBN 0-907310-44-3. OCLC 43821099.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Doggart","url_text":"Doggart, Sebastian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Durham","url_text":"University of Durham"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-907310-44-3","url_text":"0-907310-44-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43821099","url_text":"43821099"}]},{"reference":"Mario Hernandez Translated by Christopher Maurer (1991). Line of Light and Shadow: The Drawings of Federico García Lorca. Duke University Press. ISBN 0-8223-1122-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-1122-4","url_text":"0-8223-1122-4"}]},{"reference":"Auclair, Marcelle (1968). Enfances et mort de Garcia Lorca (in French). Paris, France: Éditions du Seuil. OCLC 598851.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelle_Auclair","url_text":"Auclair, Marcelle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ditions_du_Seuil","url_text":"Éditions du Seuil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/598851","url_text":"598851"}]},{"reference":"Auclair, Marcelle; García Lorca, Federico; Alberti, Aitana (trans.) (1972). Vida y Muerte de García Lorca (in Spanish). Mexico City: Ediciones Era. OCLC 889360.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcelle_Auclair","url_text":"Auclair, Marcelle"},{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Era_(Editorial)","url_text":"Ediciones Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889360","url_text":"889360"}]},{"reference":"Cao, Antonio (1984). García Lorca y las Vanguardias. London: Tamesis. ISBN 0-729-30202-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-729-30202-4","url_text":"0-729-30202-4"}]},{"reference":"Mayhew, Jonathan. (2009). Apocryphal Lorca: Translation, Parody, Kitsch. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-51203-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press","url_text":"University of Chicago Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-51203-7","url_text":"978-0-226-51203-7"}]},{"reference":"Pastor, Ben (pseudonym for Maria Verbena Volpi) (2019). The Horseman's Song. London: Bitter Lemon Press. ISBN 9-781-91224-2115.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-781-91224-2115","url_text":"9-781-91224-2115"}]},{"reference":"Eisenberg, Daniel [in Spanish] (1990). \"Unanswered Questions about Lorca' Death\". Angélica. Vol. 1. pp. 93–107. Archived from the original on 27 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Eisenberg","url_text":"Eisenberg, Daniel"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180327025211/http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Lorca/Unanswered_Questions_about_Lorca's_Death.htm","url_text":"\"Unanswered Questions about Lorca' Death\""},{"url":"http://users.ipfw.edu/jehle/deisenbe/Lorca/Unanswered_Questions_about_Lorca's_Death.htm","url_text":"the original"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://theclaptonpress.com/yerma-by-federico-garcia-lorca/","external_links_name":"\"The Clapton Press\""},{"Link":"http://www.newstatesman.com/theatre/2008/11/lorca-play-johnston-stage","external_links_name":"\"Translating Lorca\""},{"Link":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Generation-of-1927","external_links_name":"Generation of 1927"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090906221112/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=8337","external_links_name":"\"The Lorca Murder Case\""},{"Link":"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/article-preview?article_id=8337","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/5262420.stm","external_links_name":"\"Poet's death still troubles Spain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727091330/http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/rmcd/9780415362436/lorca.asp","external_links_name":"\"Federico Garcia Lorca\""},{"Link":"http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/rmcd/9780415362436/lorca.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.patronatogarcialorca.org/casamuseo.php","external_links_name":"\"Patronato Federico García Lorca, Fuentevaqueros, Granada, Spain\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815013631/http://museolorcavalderrubio.com/","external_links_name":"\"Casa Museo Federico Garcia Lorca – Valderrubio\""},{"Link":"http://www.museolorcavalderrubio.com/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://huertadesanvicente.com/recuerdos.php","external_links_name":"\"Huerta de San Vicente\""},{"Link":"https://revistas.uchile.cl/index.php/IAMR/article/view/53424/56060","external_links_name":"\"'Musical Moments' in the Career of Manuel de Falla's Favorite Friend Federico García Lorca\""},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1310726","external_links_name":"1310726"},{"Link":"http://pandora.girona.cat/viewer.vm?id=2934456&view=dalmau&lang=en","external_links_name":"\"Exposició de dibuixos de Federico García Lorca\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sSPQXJGRt6oC&q=dalmau&pg=PT502","external_links_name":"Lorca – a Dream of Life"},{"Link":"http://www.ubu.com/historical/dali/dali_conversations.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Conversations with Dalí\""},{"Link":"https://blogs.cul.columbia.edu/rbml/2018/05/21/cu-summer-housing-lorca-slept-here/","external_links_name":"\"CU summer housing: Lorca slept here – News from Columbia's Rare Book & Manuscript Library\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/04/books/poetic-love-affair-with-new-york-for-garcia-lorca-city-was-spiritual-metaphor.html","external_links_name":"\"Poetic Love Affair With New York; For Garcia Lorca, the City Was a Spiritual Metaphor\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","external_links_name":"0362-4331"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/version/43294226","external_links_name":"\"Poeta en Nueva York\""},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/3426914","external_links_name":"\"Historia de la Literatura Española\""},{"Link":"http://www.hispanicsociety.org/","external_links_name":"\"Hispanic Society of America\""},{"Link":"http://lorcanyc.com/program","external_links_name":"\"Lorca in NY\""},{"Link":"https://eldiariocantabria.publico.es/articulo/entrevistas/rafael-rodriguez-rapun-ultimo-gran-amor-federico-garcia-lorca/20201106214213085858.html","external_links_name":"\"'Rafael Rodríguez Rapún fue el último gran amor de Federico García Lorca'\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2012/may/10/name-garcia-lover-emerges","external_links_name":"\"Name of Federico García Lorca's lover emerges after 70 years: Box of mementoes reveals that young art critic Juan Ramírez de Lucas had brief affair with Spanish poet\""},{"Link":"http://www.huertadesanvicente.com/e_pre_huerta.php","external_links_name":"\"Huerta de San Vicente\""},{"Link":"https://academic.oup.com/book/878","external_links_name":"The Spanish Civil War. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidiani_Tall	Tidiani Tall	["1 References","1.1 Sources"]	Emir Tijani TallEmirPredecessorUmar TallSuccessorMuniruDied1887SokotoAïssatou HayatouIssueCoumba Tall Madina Tall Fadima Tall Addafini Abdulahi FatherAlfa Amadou TallReligionIslam Tidiani Tall (c.1840 – 1887; also spelled Tijani) was a Toucouleur leader who succeeded his uncle, El Hadj Umar Tall, as head of the Toucouleur Empire in the former Massina Empire following Umar's 1864 death near Bandiagara. Tidiani was born the son of Alfa Amadou Tall, El Hadj Umar's elder brother. While a boy, his father went to Sokoto to visit his brother during his return from the Hajj. During the next twenty years he lived with his uncle and father in Timbo, Jégunko, and Dinguiraye, all in the Futa Jallon, as well as in Nioro du Sahel in Kaarta. He settled with his uncle in Hamdullahi, former capital of the Massina after their victory at the battle of Taayawal in 1862. Tidiani and his cousin Muhammad Makki (c.1835- 1864)(Umar's second son) were the de facto heads of the administration there. The native Fula people, led by the prince Ba Lobbo Bari and the al-Bekkay of Timbuktu, revolted and besieged Hamdullahi from June 1863 to February 1864. In January 1864, El-Hadji Umar sent Tijani to seek help from the Dogons of Bandiagara and to form a new army. The alliance led by Balobbo entered Hamdullahi at the beginning of February 1864, and Umar and his companions escaped on the 6th of that month. On February 11, Tidiani arrived at Déguembéré, but his uncle was already dead along with his entourage, including among others his sons Muhammad Makki, Hadi and Muhammad Mahi. Tijani succeeded in defeating Balobbo's alliance and retaking all of Massina in 1864, and made Bandiagara his capital. He retained much of the administrative apparatus of his Fula predecessors and maintained good relations with his Dogon allies. Ahmadu Tall, Umar's eldest son and Faama of Segou, was not able to re-establish control over Tijani's portion of the empire. Tijani died in 1887 and was succeeded by Muniru, who was eventually superseded by Ahmadu Tall after the fall of Segou to the French in 1890. Preceded byEl-Hadj Umar Tall Emir of the Toucouleur Masina Empire 1864–1887 Succeeded bySaidou Tapsirou References ^ a b Imperato, James Pascal (1977). Historical Dictionary of Mali. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. Retrieved 23 September 2023. Sources B.O. Oloruntimeehin. The Segu Tukulor Empire. Humanities Press, New York (1972). SBN 391002066 David Robinson, La guerre sainte d'al-Hajj Umar: Le Soudan Occidental au milieu du XIXe siécle, Karthala, 1988 This Malian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toucouleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_people"},{"link_name":"El Hadj Umar Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Hadj_Umar_Tall"},{"link_name":"Toucouleur Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toucouleur_Empire"},{"link_name":"Massina Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massina_Empire"},{"link_name":"Bandiagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiagara"},{"link_name":"Hajj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hajj"},{"link_name":"Timbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbo,_Guinea"},{"link_name":"Dinguiraye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinguiraye"},{"link_name":"Futa Jallon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futa_Jallon"},{"link_name":"Nioro du Sahel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nioro_du_Sahel"},{"link_name":"Kaarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaarta"},{"link_name":"Hamdullahi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamdullahi"},{"link_name":"Massina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massina_Empire"},{"link_name":"Fula people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fula_people"},{"link_name":"Ba Lobbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Lobbo"},{"link_name":"Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"Dogons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people"},{"link_name":"Bandiagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandiagara"},{"link_name":"Ahmadu Tall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmadu_Tall"},{"link_name":"Faama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faama"},{"link_name":"Segou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segou"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistDict-1"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HistDict-1"}],"text":"Tidiani Tall (c.1840 – 1887; also spelled Tijani) was a Toucouleur leader who succeeded his uncle, El Hadj Umar Tall, as head of the Toucouleur Empire in the former Massina Empire following Umar's 1864 death near Bandiagara.Tidiani was born the son of Alfa Amadou Tall, El Hadj Umar's elder brother. While a boy, his father went to Sokoto to visit his brother during his return from the Hajj. During the next twenty years he lived with his uncle and father in Timbo, Jégunko, and Dinguiraye, all in the Futa Jallon, as well as in Nioro du Sahel in Kaarta.He settled with his uncle in Hamdullahi, former capital of the Massina after their victory at the battle of Taayawal in 1862. Tidiani and his cousin Muhammad Makki (c.1835- 1864)(Umar's second son) were the de facto heads of the administration there. The native Fula people, led by the prince Ba Lobbo Bari and the al-Bekkay of Timbuktu, revolted and besieged Hamdullahi from June 1863 to February 1864.In January 1864, El-Hadji Umar sent Tijani to seek help from the Dogons of Bandiagara and to form a new army. The alliance led by Balobbo entered Hamdullahi at the beginning of February 1864, and Umar and his companions escaped on the 6th of that month. On February 11, Tidiani arrived at Déguembéré, but his uncle was already dead along with his entourage, including among others his sons Muhammad Makki, Hadi and Muhammad Mahi.Tijani succeeded in defeating Balobbo's alliance and retaking all of Massina in 1864, and made Bandiagara his capital. He retained much of the administrative apparatus of his Fula predecessors and maintained good relations with his Dogon allies. Ahmadu Tall, Umar's eldest son and Faama of Segou, was not able to re-establish control over Tijani's portion of the empire.[1]Tijani died in 1887 and was succeeded by Muniru, who was eventually superseded by Ahmadu Tall[clarification needed] after the fall of Segou to the French in 1890.[1]","title":"Tidiani Tall"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Imperato, James Pascal (1977). Historical Dictionary of Mali. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press. p. 99. Retrieved 23 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000impe/page/14/mode/2up","url_text":"Historical Dictionary of Mali"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio0000impe/page/14/mode/2up","external_links_name":"Historical Dictionary of Mali"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tidiani_Tall&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Falwell_Field	Bank of the James Stadium	["1 Name","2 Renovations","3 References","4 External links"]	Coordinates: 37°23′34″N 79°09′56″W / 37.392816°N 79.165623°W / 37.392816; -79.165623 Bank of the James StadiumFormer namesCalvin Falwell Field at City Stadium (2005–2019)City Stadium (1940–2004)Location3180 Fort AvenueLynchburg, Virginia 25401Coordinates37°23′34″N 79°09′56″W / 37.392816°N 79.165623°W / 37.392816; -79.165623OwnerCity of LynchburgOperatorLynchburg Baseball Corp.Capacity4,281Field sizeRight Field – 325 ft (99 m)Center Field – 390 ft (120 m)Left Field – 325 ft (99 m)SurfaceGrassConstructionBroke ground1938OpenedApril 11, 1940 (1940-04-11)Renovated2004Construction costUS$280,000($6.13 million in 2023 dollars)ArchitectGavin HaddenTenantsLynchburg Senators (VL) 1940-1942 Lynchburg Cardinals (PL) 1943-1955 Lynchburg Senators (ApL) 1959 Savannah/Lynchburg White Sox (SAL) 1962 Lynchburg White Sox (SAL) 1963 Lynchburg White Sox (SL) 1964-1965 Lynchburg White Sox (CL) 1966-1969 Lynchburg Twins (CL) 1970-1974 Lynchburg Rangers (CL) 1975 Lynchburg Mets (CL) 1976-1987 Lynchburg Red Sox (CL) 1988-1994 Lynchburg Hillcats (CL/Low-A East) (1963–present) Bank of the James Stadium, formerly Calvin Falwell Field at City Stadium and originally named "City Stadium", is a ballpark located in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States, and the current home of the minor league Lynchburg Hillcats team. The baseball stadium was built in conjunction with an adjacent 6,000-person football stadium known modern day as "City Stadium". The New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers played in the inaugural game at City Stadium (the baseball portion) on April 11, 1940, in front of an estimated crowd of 7,000. The following professional baseball teams have all fielded affiliates of their parent club in Lynchburg: the Washington Senators, St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago White Sox, Minnesota Twins, Texas Rangers, New York Mets, Boston Red Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, and Atlanta Braves. The stadium is currently home to the Lynchburg Hillcats of the Carolina League, and is one of the oldest active ballparks in Minor League Baseball. The Hillcats have been an affiliate of the Cleveland Guardians since 2015. From 2010 to 2014 they were affiliated with the Atlanta Braves. In 2005, the Hillcats set an attendance record with a total of 151,266 fans passing through the gates. Name City Stadium opened in 1940. It was renovated and the field was renamed Calvin Falwell Field at City Stadium in 2004. In March 2020, the name was changed to Bank of the James Stadium when the city entered into a six-year naming rights deal worth $50,000 annually with Bank of the James, proceeds to be equally split between the city and the team. Renovations The interior of Calvin Falwell Field The stadium has had many major renovations since its inception in 1939. The first major renovation occurred in 1978. The renovation included reconstructing the outfield fence, grandstand roof, grandstand screen and adding new lights. In 1981, a clubhouse was added to accommodate both the football and baseball stadiums. In 2002 plans began for a $6.5 million renovation to Lynchburg City Stadium. The renovation included a complete renovation of the concourse with the addition of seat back chairs, and two picnic areas. The renovation also included the addition of two new concession stands, eight luxury boxes, a new press box, arcade room, spacious bathrooms and a state-of-the-art scoreboard. Prior to the 2005 season, six new luxury boxes were added in addition to a video board in right field. In August 2004, the field was dedicated to Calvin F. Falwell, President of the Lynchburg Baseball Corporation since its inception in 1966. References ^ 1634–1699: McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1700–1799: McCusker, J. J. (1992). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States (PDF). American Antiquarian Society. 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. "Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–". Retrieved February 29, 2024. ^ Pahigian, Josh (2007). The Ultimate Minor League Baseball Road Trip: A Fan's Guide to AAA, AA, A, and Independent League Stadiums. Guilford, Connecticut: Globe Pequot. ISBN 978-1-59921-024-7. Retrieved November 8, 2011. ^ Hill, Benjamin (February 18, 2021). "Been a while: Oldest Minor League ballparks". MiLB.com. Retrieved April 18, 2021. ^ a b "A Baseball Icon and a Gentleman". The News & Advance. Lynchburg. August 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2014. ^ Spedden, Zach (March 11, 2020). "New for 2020: Bank of James Stadium". Ballpark Digest. August Publications. Retrieved April 29, 2020. External links "Calvin Falwell Field \| Lynchburg Hillcats". MiLB.com. Archived from the original on April 11, 2018. Seating Chart \| Lynchburg Hillcats Calvin Falwell Field at Lynchburg City Stadium (2004) – Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues Lynchburg City Stadium (pre-renovation) – Ball Parks of the Minor Leagues vteBallparks in the Carolina LeagueNorth Division Arthur W. Perdue Stadium Bank of the James Stadium Five County Stadium Grainger Stadium Salem Memorial Ballpark Virginia Credit Union Stadium South Division Atrium Health Ballpark Joseph P. Riley Jr. Park Segra Park Segra Stadium SRP Park TicketReturn.com Field	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ballpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballpark"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"minor league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg Hillcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Hillcats"},{"link_name":"New York Yankees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Yankees"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Dodgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Dodgers"},{"link_name":"Washington Senators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Senators_(1901%E2%80%9360)"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Cardinals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Cardinals"},{"link_name":"Chicago White Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_White_Sox"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Twins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Twins"},{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"New York Mets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Mets"},{"link_name":"Boston Red Sox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Red_Sox"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Pirates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Pirates"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Reds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Reds"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"},{"link_name":"Lynchburg Hillcats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynchburg_Hillcats"},{"link_name":"Carolina League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_League"},{"link_name":"Minor League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cleveland Guardians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Guardians"},{"link_name":"Atlanta Braves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlanta_Braves"}],"text":"Bank of the James Stadium, formerly Calvin Falwell Field at City Stadium and originally named \"City Stadium\", is a ballpark located in Lynchburg, Virginia, United States, and the current home of the minor league Lynchburg Hillcats team.The baseball stadium was built in conjunction with an adjacent 6,000-person football stadium known modern day as \"City Stadium\". The New York Yankees and the Brooklyn Dodgers played in the inaugural game at City Stadium (the baseball portion) on April 11, 1940, in front of an estimated crowd of 7,000. The following professional baseball teams have all fielded affiliates of their parent club in Lynchburg: the Washington Senators, St. Louis Cardinals, Chicago White Sox, Minnesota Twins, Texas Rangers, New York Mets, Boston Red Sox, Pittsburgh Pirates, Cincinnati Reds, and Atlanta Braves. The stadium is currently home to the Lynchburg Hillcats of the Carolina League, and is one of the oldest active ballparks in Minor League Baseball.[3] The Hillcats have been an affiliate of the Cleveland Guardians since 2015. From 2010 to 2014 they were affiliated with the Atlanta Braves. In 2005, the Hillcats set an attendance record with a total of 151,266 fans passing through the gates.","title":"Bank of the James Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icon-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"City Stadium opened in 1940. It was renovated and the field was renamed Calvin Falwell Field at City Stadium in 2004.[4] In March 2020, the name was changed to Bank of the James Stadium when the city entered into a six-year naming rights deal worth $50,000 annually with Bank of the James, proceeds to be equally split between the city and the team.[5]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Calvin_Falwell_Field_Interior.jpg"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-icon-4"}],"text":"The interior of Calvin Falwell FieldThe stadium has had many major renovations since its inception in 1939. The first major renovation occurred in 1978. The renovation included reconstructing the outfield fence, grandstand roof, grandstand screen and adding new lights. In 1981, a clubhouse was added to accommodate both the football and baseball stadiums. In 2002 plans began for a $6.5 million renovation to Lynchburg City Stadium. The renovation included a complete renovation of the concourse with the addition of seat back chairs, and two picnic areas. The renovation also included the addition of two new concession stands, eight luxury boxes, a new press box, arcade room, spacious bathrooms and a state-of-the-art scoreboard. Prior to the 2005 season, six new luxury boxes were added in addition to a video board in right field. In August 2004, the field was dedicated to Calvin F. Falwell, President of the Lynchburg Baseball Corporation since its inception in 1966.[4]","title":"Renovations"}]	[{"image_text":"The interior of Calvin Falwell Field","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Calvin_Falwell_Field_Interior.jpg/220px-Calvin_Falwell_Field_Interior.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"McCusker, J. J. (1997). How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda (PDF). American Antiquarian Society.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_J._McCusker","url_text":"McCusker, J. J."},{"url":"https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf","url_text":"How Much Is That in Real Money? 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Retrieved April 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.milb.com/news/oldest-11-minor-league-ballparks","url_text":"\"Been a while: Oldest Minor League ballparks\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Baseball Icon and a Gentleman\". The News & Advance. Lynchburg. August 23, 2011. Retrieved February 24, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newsadvance.com/opinion/editorials/a-baseball-icon-and-a-gentleman/article_9f0330b0-233c-5ea9-8dc5-90e04c401b3c.html","url_text":"\"A Baseball Icon and a Gentleman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_News_%26_Advance","url_text":"The News & Advance"}]},{"reference":"Spedden, Zach (March 11, 2020). \"New for 2020: Bank of James Stadium\". Ballpark Digest. August Publications. Retrieved April 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://ballparkdigest.com/2020/03/11/new-for-2020-bank-of-james-stadium/","url_text":"\"New for 2020: Bank of James Stadium\""}]},{"reference":"\"Calvin Falwell Field \| Lynchburg Hillcats\". MiLB.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kennie_Chopart	Kennie Chopart	["1 Notes"]	Danish footballer (born 1990) Kennie ChopartPersonal informationFull name Kennie Knak ChopartDate of birth (1990-06-01) 1 June 1990 (age 34)Place of birth Tarm, DenmarkHeight 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in)Position(s) Right BackTeam informationCurrent team FramNumber 9Youth careeruntil 2005 Ådum I&U2005–2008 Tarm IF 2008–2009 Esbjerg fBSenior careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2009–2011 Esbjerg fB 5 (0)2011–2012 Varde IF 2012–2014 Stjarnan 39 (8)2014 Arendal 25 (10)2015 Fjölnir 11 (6)2016–2023 KR 166 (23)2024– Fram 5 (0) Club domestic league appearances and goals, correct as of 16 May 2024 Kennie Knak Chopart (born 1 June 1990) is a Danish professional football forward who plays in the Besta deildin for Fram. Having previously played for rival Reykjavík side Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir, he transferred to KR Reykjavik in 2016. In July 2016, he scored two goals in a Europa League qualifying game against Glenavon Notes ^ Kennie Knak Chopart - Knattspyrnusamband Íslands ^ "Arendal Fotball.no \| 7 Kennie Knak Chopart". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-14. ^ "Glenavon beaten 6-0 in Europa League match". BBC Sport.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(association_football)"},{"link_name":"Besta deildin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Arvalsdeild"},{"link_name":"Fram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knattspyrnuf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_Fram"},{"link_name":"Reykjavík","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk"},{"link_name":"Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ungmennaf%C3%A9lagi%C3%B0_Fj%C3%B6lnir"},{"link_name":"Europa League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europa_League"},{"link_name":"Glenavon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenavon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Kennie Knak Chopart (born 1 June 1990) is a Danish professional football forward who plays in the Besta deildin for Fram. Having previously played for rival Reykjavík side Ungmennafélagið Fjölnir, he transferred to KR Reykjavik in 2016. In July 2016, he scored two goals in a Europa League qualifying game against Glenavon[3]","title":"Kennie Chopart"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Kennie Knak Chopart - Knattspyrnusamband Íslands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=289278"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Arendal Fotball.no \| 7 Kennie Knak Chopart\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150402131923/http://www.arendalfotball.no/spillere/kennie/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.arendalfotball.no/spillere/kennie/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Glenavon beaten 6-0 in Europa League match\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36741200"}],"text":"^ Kennie Knak Chopart - Knattspyrnusamband Íslands\n\n^ \"Arendal Fotball.no \| 7 Kennie Knak Chopart\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-14.\n\n^ \"Glenavon beaten 6-0 in Europa League match\". BBC Sport.","title":"Notes"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Arendal Fotball.no \| 7 Kennie Knak Chopart\". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131923/http://www.arendalfotball.no/spillere/kennie/","url_text":"\"Arendal Fotball.no \| 7 Kennie Knak Chopart\""},{"url":"http://www.arendalfotball.no/spillere/kennie/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Glenavon beaten 6-0 in Europa League match\". BBC Sport.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36741200","url_text":"\"Glenavon beaten 6-0 in Europa League match\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.ksi.is/mot/motalisti/felagsmadur/?pLeikmadurNr=289278","external_links_name":"Kennie Knak Chopart - Knattspyrnusamband Íslands"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131923/http://www.arendalfotball.no/spillere/kennie/","external_links_name":"\"Arendal Fotball.no \| 7 Kennie Knak Chopart\""},{"Link":"http://www.arendalfotball.no/spillere/kennie/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/36741200","external_links_name":"\"Glenavon beaten 6-0 in Europa League match\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allington_Pippin	Allington Pippin	["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]	Apple cultivar 'Allington Pippin'GenusMalusSpeciesM. domesticaHybrid parentage'King of the Pippins' x 'Cox's Orange Pippin'Cultivar'Allington Pippin'Origin England, Lincolnshire, prior to year 1884 'Allington Pippin' is an English cultivar of domesticated apple, with a strong flavour that includes hints of pineapple. The Allington Pippin was developed prior to year 1884 by Thomas Laxton in Lincolnshire, England through a cross breeding of Cox's Orange Pippin and the King of the Pippins. This name was not given until 1894, when George Bunyard named it after the village of Allington near Maidstone in Kent, where one of the Bunyard's nurseries was situated. This apple is conical shaped and its outer skin is combined from flashy colours of red and orange, flushed and striped, with some russeting. Its special mellowing to sharp fruit candy or pineapple flavour is appreciated in multipurpose use: cooking, fresh eating and flavourful apple cider. Allington is rather a strong fruit, it has a good storage record of three months or more, and keeps shape in cooking. 'Allington Pippin' has a biennial bearing tendency, flowers are partially self-sterile, mid season; harvest period is late. The tree is average on general tendency to diseases, but blossom is susceptible to frost. See also Reinette References ^ a b c d Allington Pippin at Orange Pippin ^ "Allington Pippin", National Fruit Collection, University of Reading and Brogdale Collections, retrieved 31 October 2015 ^ a b "ALLINGTON PIPPIN United Kingdom 1894 - $36.95 : Trees of Antiquity". Retrieved 24 December 2014. External links Media related to Allington Pippin at Wikimedia Commons vteApples List of apple cultivars Species Malus domestica Malus niedzwetzkyana Malus sieversii Table apples Adams Pearmain Aia Ilu Airlie Red Flesh Akane Åkerö Alkmene Allington Pippin Ambrosia Anna Annurca Ariane Arkansas Black Ashmead's Kernel Aurora Golden Gala Autumn Bough Autumn Glory Baldwin Beacon Beauty of Bath Belle de Boskoop Bellflower Ben Davis Birgit Bonnier Braeburn Brina Cameo Champion Civni (Rubens) Claygate Pearmain Clivia Cornish Aromatic Cornish Gilliflower Cortland Cosmic Crisp Court Pendu Plat Cox's Orange Pippin Crimson Gold Cripps Red Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) Delbard Jubilée Delbarestivale Delrouval Devonshire Quarrenden Discovery Dorsett Golden Dougherty Duchess of Oldenburg Dumelow's Seedling Egremont Russet Ellison's Orange Elstar Empire Enterprise Envy Esopus Spitzenburg Eva EverCrisp Fiesta Filippa Flamenco Florina Fuji Gala Gascoyne's Scarlet Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg Ginger Gold Golden Delicious Golden Orange Goldspur Granny Smith Gravenstein Grimes Golden Haralson Hokuto Honeycrisp Honeygold Idared Ingrid Marie James Grieve Jazz Jersey Black Jonadel Jonagold Jonathan Jubilee Julieta Jupiter Kanzi Karmijn de Sonnaville King of the Pippins Knobby Russet Lady Alice Laxton's Superb Liberty Liveland Raspberry Lodi Lord Lambourne Lucombe's Seedling Macoun McIntosh Melba Melrose Mutsu Newtown Pippin Nicola Opal Sciros (Pacific Rose) Pam's Delight Papirovka Paula Red Pink Pearl Pinova Prima Pristine Rajka Ralls Janet Rambo Rave Red Astrachan Red Delicious Red Pineapple Redlove apples Rhode Island Greening Ribston Pippin Roxbury Russet Sandow Sansa Sekai Ichi Spartan Splendour Star of Devon Stayman Sturmer Pippin Summerfree Sundowner Sunset Suntan SweeTango Taliaferro Tartu Rose Tentation Tompkins King Topaz Wealthy Winesap Winston Worcester Pearmain Wyken Pippin York Imperial Zestar Cooking apples Antonovka Bismarck Blenheim Orange Bramley Calville Blanc d'hiver Campanino Chelmsford Wonder Costard Creston Crimson Bramley Flower of Kent Golden Noble Granny Smith Grenadier King Byerd Manks Codlin Newton Wonder Norfolk Biffin Northern Spy Reinette du Canada Rome Upton Pyne White Transparent Wolf River Cider apples Brown Snout Cap of Liberty Chisel Jersey Coccagee Crimson King Dabinett Dufflin Ellis Bitter Foxwhelp Golden Russet Golden Spire Hangdown Harrison Cider Kingston Black Major Michelin Poveshon Redstreak Slack-ma-Girdle Styre Tom Putt Woodcock Yarlington Mill Ornamental apple Flamenco Goldspur Wijcik McIntosh Apple productsFood Apple butter Apple cake Apple cheese Apple chip Apple cider vinegar Apple crisp Apple flour Apple pie Apple sauce Apple seed oil Apple strudel Baked apple Candy apple Caramel apple Himmel und Erde Jewish apple cake Pectin Drink Apfelwein Apple cider Apple juice Applejack Calvados Cider Ice cider Pommeau Agriculture Apple picking Apple scab Applecrab Arctic Apples Fruit tree pruning Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Johnny Appleseed Malling series Malus Pearmain Pollination Pome PRI disease resistant apple breeding program Reinette Russeting US Apple Association Lists Countries by apple production Apple diseases Apples Cultivars Production This article about apples or apple cultivars is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"},{"link_name":"apple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple"},{"link_name":"pineapple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pineapple"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pip-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Laxton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Laxton"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire, England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire,_England"},{"link_name":"Cox's Orange Pippin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin"},{"link_name":"King of the Pippins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Pippins"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NFC-2"},{"link_name":"George Bunyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Bunyard&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ant-3"},{"link_name":"russeting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russeting"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pip-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ant-3"},{"link_name":"apple cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_cider"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pip-1"},{"link_name":"biennial bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_bearing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pip-1"}],"text":"'Allington Pippin' is an English cultivar of domesticated apple, with a strong flavour that includes hints of pineapple.[1]The Allington Pippin was developed prior to year 1884 by Thomas Laxton in Lincolnshire, England through a cross breeding of Cox's Orange Pippin and the King of the Pippins.[2] This name was not given until 1894, when George Bunyard named it after the village of Allington near Maidstone in Kent, where one of the Bunyard's nurseries was situated.This apple is conical shaped[3] and its outer skin is combined from flashy colours of red and orange, flushed and striped, with some russeting.[1] Its special mellowing to sharp fruit candy[3] or pineapple flavour is appreciated in multipurpose use: cooking, fresh eating and flavourful apple cider. Allington is rather a strong fruit, it has a good storage record of three months or more, and keeps shape in cooking.[1]'Allington Pippin' has a biennial bearing tendency, flowers are partially self-sterile, mid season; harvest period is late. The tree is average on general tendency to diseases, but blossom is susceptible to frost.[1]","title":"Allington Pippin"}]	[]	[{"title":"Reinette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinette"}]	[{"reference":"\"Allington Pippin\", National Fruit Collection, University of Reading and Brogdale Collections, retrieved 31 October 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=121&&fruit=apple","url_text":"\"Allington Pippin\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALLINGTON PIPPIN United Kingdom 1894 - $36.95 : Trees of Antiquity\". Retrieved 24 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treesofantiquity.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=18","url_text":"\"ALLINGTON PIPPIN United Kingdom 1894 - $36.95 : Trees of Antiquity\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.orangepippin.com/apples/allington-pippin","external_links_name":"Allington Pippin"},{"Link":"http://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=121&&fruit=apple","external_links_name":"\"Allington Pippin\""},{"Link":"http://www.treesofantiquity.com/index.php?main_page=product_info&cPath=1&products_id=18","external_links_name":"\"ALLINGTON PIPPIN United Kingdom 1894 - $36.95 : Trees of Antiquity\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Allington_Pippin&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_Order_of_Avallon	Monastic Order of Avallon	["1 History","2 Doctrine","3 Judicial cases","4 References"]	Orthodox Christian religious order Monastic Order of AvallonClassificationCeltic Orthodox ChurchOrientationOrthodox Christianneo-druidismRegionFranceFounderHenri HillionOrigin1970 France The Monastic Order of Avallon is an Orthodox Christian religious order founded in France in 1970 by Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han (1923–1980). Hillion was a former member of Order of St. Columban, which belongs to the Celtic Orthodox Church. History In his Abbey of Ker Avalenn, at a place called Les Sept-Saints, near Le Vieux-Marché, Côtes-d'Armor, then in the abbey of Run Meno built by the monks, the Monastic Order of Avallon became, under the leadership of Father Bernard Ghoul, consecrated in 1972, the largest spiritual community of Brittany in the 1970s, alongside the Cistercian abbey of Boquen led by the reformer Father Bernard Besret. The number of followers is over 500. It published Le Journal d'Avallon in the early 1970s. The growth of the Order, helped by a weak internal discipline, led to the founding of a second community in Montpellier by Paul Fournier of Brescia, but it also led to the dilution of community spirit and monastic way of life. In the 1970s, several splinter groups appeared, including the Brotherhood of Druids of the West and the Celtic missionary companions. In 1976, after the failure of a reform project initiated by Father Bernard, the Abbey of Run Meno was gradually abandoned. The Order continued to exist, outside the monastic context, within the community of Montpellier, but it had disappeared by 1993. The name of the Monastic Order of Avallon was perpetuated by one of its founders engaged in alternative medicine. Centers Arc-en-Ciel, the Institut Rennais de Gestion de la Santé, and the Institut Européen de Gestion de la Santé all belong to the group. The Order was listed as a cult in the 1995 report of French Parliamentary Commission and was classified in the category of "neo-pagan" groups. Doctrine The Order operates independently of the Celtic Church, but according to its founder monks, the apostolic lineage has nonetheless been granted, as a charismatic individual, by Celtic Bishop Michel Raoult Iltud. The Order has therefore a dual affiliation: Orthodox Christian and neo-druidism. The group says it is neither religious nor ecclesiastical and aims primarily at young people. Its statutes state that the order is "monastical in the etymological meaning of the word which means that everyone must take care of himself". In the order, a member starts as simple monk, then becomes elder, under the leadership of an abbot. Judicial cases In the 1990s, institutes affiliated to the Order sued French newspaper Paris Match which in 1994 had published an article entitled "Sectes de la mort: la filière bretonne" in which it was said these institutes were part of Order of the Solar Temple. In 2005, the founder Jacques Dubreuil was part of a "collective group against the religious intolerance within the judicial system" and filed a complaint to the UN which required the dissolution of anti-cult association UNADFI. On 13 December 2005, the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris issued an unfavorable verdict to the Order. On 3 April 2007, the Court of Cassation confirmed the decision given on 29 November 2005 by the Court of Appeal of Rennes and dismissed the Order's complaint for defamation against the magazine Un Autre Finistère which, in its edition of October 2000, cited the Order in an article entitled "Sectes en Finistère: ce qui a changé", criticizing its doctrines and methods. References ^ Renaud Marhic, Alain Kerlidou, Sectes & mouvements initiatiques en Bretagne: du celtisme au nouvel âge, Terre de brume editions, 1996 , pp. 25-29 ^ Jean Marie Mayeur; Yves Marie Hilaire (2001). Dictionnaire du monde religieux dans la France contemporaine: Les marges du religieux "Sectes", dissidences et ésotérisme (in French). Beauchesne. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7010-1418-6. Retrieved 26 August 2009. ^ Jean-Pierre Chantin (2004). Des "sectes" dans la France contemporaine: 1905-2000, contestations ou innovations religieuses (in French). p. 80. ISBN 978-2-7089-6855-4. Retrieved 26 August 2009. ^ Cyril Le Tallec (2004). Mouvements et sectes néo-druidiques en France: 1935-1970 (in French). pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-2-296-00800-7. Retrieved 26 August 2009. ^ "Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — Les sectes en France" (in French). Assemblée Nationale. 1995. Retrieved 25 August 2009. ^ Jean-Pierre Van Girt, La France aux cent sectes, Vauvenargues editions, 1997, p. 279 (ISBN 2-7443-0049-7) ^ Jean-Pierre Bayard, Guide sur les sectes et les sociétés secrètes, Philippe Lebaud editions, 2004, p. 55 (ISBN 2-84898-039-7) ^ "Cour d'appel de Paris, 29 mai 2007" (PDF) (in French). Droit des religions. 2007. p. 5. Retrieved 26 August 2009. ^ "Campagnes de rumeurs — Témoignage n° 11" (in French). CAPLC. 3 March 2000. Retrieved 31 August 2009. ^ "L'Église de scientologie et le "collectif contre l'intolérance religieuse dans le système judiciaire" déposent une plainte à l'ONU". Mouvements religieux (in French). Anti-scientologie. March 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2009. ^ UNADFI (30 October 2006). "Quand les sectes instrumentalisent la Justice" (PDF) (in French). UNADFI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2009. ^ "Cour de Cassation, audience publique du 3 avril 2007" (PDF) (in French). Prevensectes. 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2009.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthodoxy"},{"link_name":"Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christianity"},{"link_name":"religious order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order"},{"link_name":"Celtic Orthodox Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Monastic Order of Avallon is an Orthodox Christian religious order founded in France in 1970 by Henri Hillion de Coatmoc'han (1923–1980). Hillion was a former member of Order of St. Columban, which belongs to the Celtic Orthodox Church.[1]","title":"Monastic Order of Avallon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Le Vieux-Marché","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Vieux-March%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Côtes-d'Armor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4tes-d%27Armor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult"},{"link_name":"French Parliamentary Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliamentary_Commission_on_Cults_in_France"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In his Abbey of Ker Avalenn, at a place called Les Sept-Saints, near Le Vieux-Marché, Côtes-d'Armor, then in the abbey of Run Meno[2] built by the monks, the Monastic Order of Avallon became, under the leadership of Father Bernard Ghoul, consecrated in 1972, the largest spiritual community of Brittany in the 1970s, alongside the Cistercian abbey of Boquen led by the reformer Father Bernard Besret. The number of followers is over 500.[3] It published Le Journal d'Avallon in the early 1970s.The growth of the Order, helped by a weak internal discipline, led to the founding of a second community in Montpellier by Paul Fournier of Brescia, but it also led to the dilution of community spirit and monastic way of life. In the 1970s, several splinter groups appeared, including the Brotherhood of Druids of the West and the Celtic missionary companions.[4] In 1976, after the failure of a reform project initiated by Father Bernard, the Abbey of Run Meno was gradually abandoned. The Order continued to exist, outside the monastic context, within the community of Montpellier, but it had disappeared by 1993.The name of the Monastic Order of Avallon was perpetuated by one of its founders engaged in alternative medicine. Centers Arc-en-Ciel, the Institut Rennais de Gestion de la Santé, and the Institut Européen de Gestion de la Santé all belong to the group.The Order was listed as a cult in the 1995 report of French Parliamentary Commission and was classified in the category of \"neo-pagan\" groups.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Celtic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celtic_Church"},{"link_name":"Orthodox Christian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox"},{"link_name":"neo-druidism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-druidism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Order operates independently of the Celtic Church, but according to its founder monks, the apostolic lineage has nonetheless been granted, as a charismatic individual, by Celtic Bishop Michel Raoult Iltud. The Order has therefore a dual affiliation: Orthodox Christian and neo-druidism. The group says it is neither religious nor ecclesiastical and aims primarily at young people. Its statutes state that the order is \"monastical in the etymological meaning of the word which means that everyone must take care of himself\".[6] In the order, a member starts as simple monk, then becomes elder, under the leadership of an abbot.[7]","title":"Doctrine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Order of the Solar Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tribunal de grande instance de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribunal_de_grande_instance_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Cassation_(France)"},{"link_name":"defamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defamation"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"In the 1990s, institutes affiliated to the Order sued French newspaper Paris Match which in 1994 had published an article entitled \"Sectes de la mort: la filière bretonne\" in which it was said these institutes were part of Order of the Solar Temple.[8][9]In 2005, the founder Jacques Dubreuil was part of a \"collective group against the religious intolerance within the judicial system\" and filed a complaint to the UN[10] which required the dissolution of anti-cult association UNADFI. On 13 December 2005, the Tribunal de grande instance de Paris issued an unfavorable verdict to the Order.[11]On 3 April 2007, the Court of Cassation confirmed the decision given on 29 November 2005 by the Court of Appeal of Rennes and dismissed the Order's complaint for defamation against the magazine Un Autre Finistère which, in its edition of October 2000, cited the Order in an article entitled \"Sectes en Finistère: ce qui a changé\", criticizing its doctrines and methods.[12]","title":"Judicial cases"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Jean Marie Mayeur; Yves Marie Hilaire (2001). Dictionnaire du monde religieux dans la France contemporaine: Les marges du religieux \"Sectes\", dissidences et ésotérisme (in French). Beauchesne. p. 128. ISBN 978-0-7010-1418-6. Retrieved 26 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=chQ-z_5EYIkC&dq=%22ordre+monastique+d%27avallon%22&pg=PA128","url_text":"Dictionnaire du monde religieux dans la France contemporaine: Les marges du religieux \"Sectes\", dissidences et ésotérisme"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7010-1418-6","url_text":"978-0-7010-1418-6"}]},{"reference":"Jean-Pierre Chantin (2004). Des \"sectes\" dans la France contemporaine: 1905-2000, contestations ou innovations religieuses (in French). p. 80. ISBN 978-2-7089-6855-4. Retrieved 26 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Chantin","url_text":"Jean-Pierre Chantin"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OoLXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ordre+monastique+d%27avallon%22","url_text":"Des \"sectes\" dans la France contemporaine: 1905-2000, contestations ou innovations religieuses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7089-6855-4","url_text":"978-2-7089-6855-4"}]},{"reference":"Cyril Le Tallec (2004). Mouvements et sectes néo-druidiques en France: 1935-1970 (in French). pp. 103–104. ISBN 978-2-296-00800-7. Retrieved 26 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OCOyveceVAQC&dq=%22ordre+monastique+d%27avallon%22&pg=PA103","url_text":"Mouvements et sectes néo-druidiques en France: 1935-1970"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-296-00800-7","url_text":"978-2-296-00800-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — Les sectes en France\" (in French). Assemblée Nationale. 1995. Retrieved 25 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp","url_text":"\"Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — Les sectes en France\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cour d'appel de Paris, 29 mai 2007\" (PDF) (in French). Droit des religions. 2007. p. 5. Retrieved 26 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.droitdesreligions.net/pdf_ca/20072905.pdf","url_text":"\"Cour d'appel de Paris, 29 mai 2007\""}]},{"reference":"\"Campagnes de rumeurs — Témoignage n° 11\" (in French). CAPLC. 3 March 2000. Retrieved 31 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.coordiap.com/temo04.htm","url_text":"\"Campagnes de rumeurs — Témoignage n° 11\""}]},{"reference":"\"L'Église de scientologie et le \"collectif contre l'intolérance religieuse dans le système judiciaire\" déposent une plainte à l'ONU\". Mouvements religieux (in French). Anti-scientologie. March 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.anti-scientologie.ch/plainte-onu-2005.htm#collectif%20contre%20l%27intol%C3%A9rance","url_text":"\"L'Église de scientologie et le \"collectif contre l'intolérance religieuse dans le système judiciaire\" déposent une plainte à l'ONU\""}]},{"reference":"UNADFI (30 October 2006). \"Quand les sectes instrumentalisent la Justice\" (PDF) (in French). UNADFI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 June 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612141713/http://www.unadfi.org/IMG/pdf/Quand_les_sectes_instrumentalisent_la_Justice.pdf","url_text":"\"Quand les sectes instrumentalisent la Justice\""},{"url":"http://www.unadfi.org/IMG/pdf/Quand_les_sectes_instrumentalisent_la_Justice.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cour de Cassation, audience publique du 3 avril 2007\" (PDF) (in French). Prevensectes. 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prevensectes.com/cassation.pdf","url_text":"\"Cour de Cassation, audience publique du 3 avril 2007\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=chQ-z_5EYIkC&dq=%22ordre+monastique+d%27avallon%22&pg=PA128","external_links_name":"Dictionnaire du monde religieux dans la France contemporaine: Les marges du religieux \"Sectes\", dissidences et ésotérisme"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OoLXAAAAMAAJ&q=%22ordre+monastique+d%27avallon%22","external_links_name":"Des \"sectes\" dans la France contemporaine: 1905-2000, contestations ou innovations religieuses"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OCOyveceVAQC&dq=%22ordre+monastique+d%27avallon%22&pg=PA103","external_links_name":"Mouvements et sectes néo-druidiques en France: 1935-1970"},{"Link":"http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp","external_links_name":"\"Rapport fait au nom de la Commission d'enquête sur les sectes — Les sectes en France\""},{"Link":"http://www.droitdesreligions.net/pdf_ca/20072905.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cour d'appel de Paris, 29 mai 2007\""},{"Link":"http://www.coordiap.com/temo04.htm","external_links_name":"\"Campagnes de rumeurs — Témoignage n° 11\""},{"Link":"http://www.anti-scientologie.ch/plainte-onu-2005.htm#collectif%20contre%20l%27intol%C3%A9rance","external_links_name":"\"L'Église de scientologie et le \"collectif contre l'intolérance religieuse dans le système judiciaire\" déposent une plainte à l'ONU\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110612141713/http://www.unadfi.org/IMG/pdf/Quand_les_sectes_instrumentalisent_la_Justice.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Quand les sectes instrumentalisent la Justice\""},{"Link":"http://www.unadfi.org/IMG/pdf/Quand_les_sectes_instrumentalisent_la_Justice.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.prevensectes.com/cassation.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Cour de Cassation, audience publique du 3 avril 2007\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_D._LeMay	John D. LeMay	["1 Biography","2 Early life and education","3 Career","4 Selected filmography","5 References","6 External links"]	American actor and filmmaker (born 1962) John D. LeMayJohn D. LeMay headshot from his business website.Born (1962-05-29) May 29, 1962 (age 62)Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S.OccupationActorYears active1985–presentChildren1 John David LeMay (born May 29, 1962) is an American actor and documentary filmmaker. He has starred in numerous TV shows, films, and theatre productions. Biography John D. LeMay was born in St. Paul, Minnesota on 29 May 1962. In 1970, the LeMay family relocated to Normal, Illinois. LeMay grew up wanting to be a professional football quarterback and played with the Normal Might Mites in the eighth grade. LeMay considered himeslf to be a class clown that enjoyed being in front of people and making them laugh. Early life and education As a public school student in the second grade, LeMay got his first taste in theatrical productions by playing the part of Sneezy in his class production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Playing a "ham" at cub scouts, he discovered that not only could he sing but he was also able to make people laugh. After winning first place in a high school talent contest for his singing, LeMay joined the Normal Parks and Recreation Department's High School theater program to participate in musical comedy. He decided to further his education in Vocal Performance and enrolled at Illinois State University's Theatre Department, during which time he interned with the Theatre Building Chicago and also landed a role in the Bailiwick Repertory Theatre production of Room Service and the Blind Parrot production of American Gothic. After graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Music, combined with a contract major in Musical Theatre in 1984 (the contract allowed him to receive credit in other performance classes such as theatre & dance), LeMay earned his Screen Actors Guild card the following year, and then moved out west to Los Angeles, California. He also added a middle initial "D" to his name so as not to be confused with another actor by the same name. Career For the next two years, LeMay worked with an agent who kept him busy doing commercials and guest spots on television series. His first gig was on Remington Steele in 1985, followed by appearances in The Facts of Life and the 1985 revival of The Twilight Zone. He also appeared as a medical intern in the 1987 comedy film The Couch Trip just prior to winning the lead role as Ryan Dallion on the horror gothic anthology series Friday the 13th: The Series. A few weeks before his audition, LeMay had accompanied a friend on a Thursday evening to a "spiritualist centre" in Hollywood. Visitors were asked to submit a handwritten question on a piece of paper and place it into a bowl. A middle-aged seer pulled LeMay's question and he was told that he would be expecting a job offer from "back East". LeMay interpreted this as meaning New York City. Shortly afterwards, he received a call to audition for a series in Toronto. Says LeMay, "I convinced myself that the job was mine -- that the great beyond was taking care of me. That being said, I prepared myself for every audition ... I remember us Robey going over the sides near a dumpster in the Paramount lot. It all seemed glamorous at the time." Following his departure from the series, LeMay racked up more television credits with guest spots on the historical war drama series Tour Of Duty, Gabriel's Fire, Eddie Dodd, and Over My Dead Body. In 1993, LeMay starred in part nine of the Friday the 13th film series Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday. Playing the heroic role of Steven Freeman who battled the hockey-masked maniacal killer Jason Vorhees to save his infant daughter. LeMay worked under the guidance of director Adam Marcus for New Line Cinema. In 2014 LeMay moved to Boise, Idaho and started his own video production company called FEAT1STFILMS. The company produces branded video content for websites and social media, helping business and individuals share their stories visually with a broader audience. Selected filmography Year(s) Title Role Notes 1985 The New Kids Redneck 1986 The Twilight Zone Ted/Gay Man In Aqua Vita and Dead Run, respectively. 1988 The Couch Trip Dr. Smet's Resident 1989 The Freeway Maniac Lover in Truck 1987–1989 Friday the 13th: The Series Ryan Dallion TV series 1990 Over My Dead Body Murray TV series 1990 Tour of Duty SP4 Michael Kelman TV series 1991 Eddie Dodd TV series 1993 Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday Steven Freeman 1996 Without a Map Paul 2001 Three Shots Robert 2001 Totally Blonde Guy in Bar References ^ https://johndlemay.tripod.com/faq.html ^ Draven, Danny (5 October 2015). The Filmmaker's Book of the Dead A Mortal's Guide to Making Horror Movies. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. ISBN 9781317439097. Retrieved 24 July 2023. ^ Kilpin, Kris (17–23 November 1988). "If it's Friday, it's his series". Drama-Logue. No. 46. p. 4. Retrieved 7 August 2023. ^ Kilpin, Kris (17–23 November 1988). "If it's Friday, it's his series". Drama-Logue. No. 46. p. 5. Retrieved 7 August 2023. ^ a b c d "John D. LeMay - Biography". johndlemay.tripod.com. Retrieved 8 July 2023. ^ https://alumni.illinoisstate.edu/association/notable-alumni/arts-entertainment/ ^ "Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday". 13 August 1993. Retrieved 8 July 2023 – via IMDb. ^ "Information about feat1stfilms, its founders and creative team". FEAT1STFILMS. Retrieved 8 July 2023. External links John D. LeMay at IMDb John D. LeMay - Welcome To My Official Site Friday the 13th - The Series :GALLERY Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States	[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"John David LeMay (born May 29, 1962) is an American actor and documentary filmmaker. He has starred in numerous TV shows, films, and theatre productions.","title":"John D. LeMay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Paul, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Paul,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"Normal, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"John D. LeMay was born in St. Paul, Minnesota on 29 May 1962. In 1970, the LeMay family relocated to Normal, Illinois.[1][2] LeMay grew up wanting to be a professional football quarterback and played with the Normal Might Mites in the eighth grade. [3] LeMay considered himeslf to be a class clown that enjoyed being in front of people and making them laugh.[4]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_White_and_the_Seven_Dwarfs_(book)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Illinois State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois_State_University"},{"link_name":"Theatre Building Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Building_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Bailiwick Repertory Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailiwick_Repertory_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Room Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Room_Service_(play)"},{"link_name":"Bachelor of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Screen Actors Guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Actors_Guild"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"}],"text":"As a public school student in the second grade, LeMay got his first taste in theatrical productions by playing the part of Sneezy in his class production of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs.[5] Playing a \"ham\" at cub scouts, he discovered that not only could he sing but he was also able to make people laugh. After winning first place in a high school talent contest for his singing, LeMay joined the Normal Parks and Recreation Department's High School theater program to participate in musical comedy. He decided to further his education in Vocal Performance and enrolled at Illinois State University's Theatre Department, during which time he interned with the Theatre Building Chicago and also landed a role in the Bailiwick Repertory Theatre production of Room Service and the Blind Parrot production of American Gothic. After graduating with a Bachelor of Science degree in Music, combined with a contract major in Musical Theatre in 1984[6] (the contract allowed him to receive credit in other performance classes such as theatre & dance), LeMay earned his Screen Actors Guild card the following year, and then moved out west to Los Angeles, California. He also added a middle initial \"D\" to his name so as not to be confused with another actor by the same name.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Remington Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remington_Steele"},{"link_name":"The Facts of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Facts_of_Life_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Twilight Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twilight_Zone_(1985_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Couch Trip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Couch_Trip"},{"link_name":"Friday the 13th: The Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friday_the_13th:_The_Series"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Hollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto,_Canada"},{"link_name":"Robey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louise_Robey"},{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount_Pictures"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-5"},{"link_name":"Tour Of Duty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_Of_Duty"},{"link_name":"Gabriel's Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Fire"},{"link_name":"Eddie Dodd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Dodd"},{"link_name":"Over My Dead Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Over_My_Dead_Body_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Goes_to_Hell:_The_Final_Friday"},{"link_name":"Adam Marcus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Marcus_(director)"},{"link_name":"New Line Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Line_Cinema"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Boise, Idaho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boise,_Idaho"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For the next two years, LeMay worked with an agent who kept him busy doing commercials and guest spots on television series. His first gig was on Remington Steele in 1985, followed by appearances in The Facts of Life and the 1985 revival of The Twilight Zone. He also appeared as a medical intern in the 1987 comedy film The Couch Trip just prior to winning the lead role as Ryan Dallion on the horror gothic anthology series Friday the 13th: The Series.[5]A few weeks before his audition, LeMay had accompanied a friend on a Thursday evening to a \"spiritualist centre\" in Hollywood. Visitors were asked to submit a handwritten question on a piece of paper and place it into a bowl. A middle-aged seer pulled LeMay's question and he was told that he would be expecting a job offer from \"back East\". LeMay interpreted this as meaning New York City. Shortly afterwards, he received a call to audition for a series in Toronto. Says LeMay, \"I convinced myself that the job was mine -- that the great beyond was taking care of me. That being said, I prepared myself for every audition ... I remember us Robey going over the sides near a dumpster in the Paramount lot. It all seemed glamorous at the time.\"[5]Following his departure from the series, LeMay racked up more television credits with guest spots on the historical war drama series Tour Of Duty, Gabriel's Fire, Eddie Dodd, and Over My Dead Body. In 1993, LeMay starred in part nine of the Friday the 13th film series Jason Goes to Hell: The Final Friday. Playing the heroic role of Steven Freeman who battled the hockey-masked maniacal killer Jason Vorhees to save his infant daughter. LeMay worked under the guidance of director Adam Marcus for New Line Cinema.[7]In 2014 LeMay moved to Boise, Idaho and started his own video production company called FEAT1STFILMS. The company produces branded video content for websites and social media, helping business and individuals share their stories visually with a broader audience.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected filmography"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Draven, Danny (5 October 2015). The Filmmaker's Book of the Dead A Mortal's Guide to Making Horror Movies. Taylor & Francis. p. 90. ISBN 9781317439097. Retrieved 24 July 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=OtOoCgAAQBAJ","url_text":"The Filmmaker's Book of the Dead A Mortal's Guide to Making Horror Movies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317439097","url_text":"9781317439097"}]},{"reference":"Kilpin, Kris (17–23 November 1988). \"If it's Friday, it's his series\". Drama-Logue. No. 46. p. 4. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/68th_Armoured_Regiment_(India)	68th Armoured Regiment (India)	["1 Formation","2 History","3 Regimental Insignia","4 References"]	Indian Army regiment 68 Armoured RegimentActive1968 – presentCountry IndiaAllegianceIndiaBranch Indian ArmyTypeArmourSizeRegimentNickname(s)The GladiatorsMotto(s)विजय और सम्मान Vijay aur Samman (Victory and Honour)ColorsGrey, Red and BlueMarchEntry of the GladiatorsEquipmentT-72 M1CommandersNotablecommandersLieutenant General Alok Singh Kler, PVSM, VSMInsigniaAbbreviation68 Armd RegtMilitary unit 68th Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment which is part of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army. The President of India, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam presenting the Standard to 68 Armoured Regiment Release of the 'First day cover' on the occasion of Standard Presentation Formation The regiment was raised on 1 March 1968 by Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) R.N. Thumby at Ahmednagar. It was raised with Vijayanta tanks. Unlike most armoured regiments raised after Independence with a mixed class composition, 68 Armoured Regiment was raised from four different ethnic classes. It drew troops from Rajput troops from the Armoured Corps, Marathas from the Bombay Sappers and the Maratha Light Infantry, Ahirs from the Armoured Corps, Regiment of Artillery and the Kumaon Regiment and Gujjars from the Grenadier and Rajput Regiments. Most of the Armoured troops came from the 66th Armoured Regiment. Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Salim Caleb, MVC was appointed the first Colonel Commandant of the Regiment. History The regiment was made part of the 1st Armoured Division on 30 March 1970. The regiment could not participate in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 as the armoured division was not committed to battle. In 1985, it was converted to T-72 tanks. The regiment took part in Operation Trident, Operation Rakshak and Operation Parakram. The Regiment was presented the ‘President’s Standards’ at Bathinda on 16 May 2005 by the President of India, Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam. The regiment made history crossing the 13,000 feet plus Zoji La pass and being the first armoured regiment to be based near Nyoma in Ladakh. Regimental Insignia The regiment has the nickname "The Gladiators", because of its choice of the regimental march "Entry of the Gladiators". The regiment cap badge of the officers is in silver and depicts four crossed lances with pennons with a gauntlet (mailed fist) at the crossing, each lance symbolising each ethnic class recruited to the regiment. The cap badge worn by the Junior Commissioned Officers and 'other ranks' is identical to that worn by officers, in white metal, and has an additional scroll (in brass plate) with the regimental motto "Vijay aur Samman" in Devanagari script. The shoulder title consists of the numeral "68" within a mailed fist above. The motto of the regiment is 'विजय और सम्मान' (Vijay aur Samman) which translates to 'Victory and Honour'. References ^ a b "Equip tanks with electronic systems: Kalam". 17 May 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ a b c d e f g Nath, Ashok (2009). Izzat: historical records and iconography of Indian cavalry regiments, 1750-2007. Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India. pp. 649–650. ISBN 978-81-902097-7-9. ^ "President to award standard to 68 armoured regiment". 12 May 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ "Gazette of India, No 68" (PDF). 28 December 1968. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ "Speech by Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam". 16 May 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2020. ^ "Modi sarkar counters aggressive China, fighter jets being stationed in Ladakh". 8 October 2014. Retrieved 26 November 2020. vteArmoured Corps of the Indian Army President's Bodyguard 1 Horse (Skinner's Horse) 2nd Lancers (Gardner's Horse) 3 Cavalry 4 Horse (Hodson's Horse) 5 Armd Regt 6 Lancers 7 Light Cavalry 8 Light Cavalry 9 Horse (Deccan Horse) 10 Armd Regt 11 Armd Regt 12 Armd Regt 13 Armd Regt 14 Horse (Scinde Horse) 15 Armd Regt 16 Light Cavalry 17 Horse (Poona Horse) 18 Cavalry 19 Armd Regt 20 Lancers 21 Horse (Central India Horse) 41 Armd Regt 42 Armd Regt 43 Armd Regt 44 Armd Regt 45 Cavalry 46 Armd Regt 47 Armd Regt 48 Armd Regt 49 Armd Regt 50 Armd Regt 51 Armd Regt 52 Armd Regt 53 Armd Regt 54 Armd Regt 55 Armd Regt 56 Armd Regt 57 Armd Regt 58 Armd Regt 59 Armd Regt 60 Armd Regt 61 Cavalry 62 Cavalry 63 Cavalry 64 Cavalry 65 Armd Regt 66 Armd Regt 67 Armd Regt 68 Armd Regt 69 Armd Regt 70 Armd Regt 71 Armd Regt 72 Armd Regt 73 Armd Regt 74 Armd Regt 75 Armd Regt 76 Armd Regt 81 Armd Regt 82 Armd Regt 83 Armd Regt 84 Armd Regt 85 Armd Regt 86 Armd Regt 87 Armd Regt 88 Armd Regt 89 Armd Regt 90 Armd Regt	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"Indian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nath2009-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_President_of_India,_Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_at_the_Presentation_of_Standard_to_68_Armoured_Regiment_a.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_President_of_India,_Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_at_the_Presentation_of_Standard_to_68_Armoured_Regiment_b.jpg"}],"text":"Military unit68th Armoured Regiment is an armoured regiment which is part of the Armoured Corps of the Indian Army.[2]The President of India, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam presenting the Standard to 68 Armoured RegimentRelease of the 'First day cover' on the occasion of Standard Presentation","title":"68th Armoured Regiment (India)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ahmednagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmednagar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nath2009-2"},{"link_name":"Vijayanta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijayanta"},{"link_name":"Rajput","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput"},{"link_name":"Armoured Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_Armoured_Corps"},{"link_name":"Marathas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha"},{"link_name":"Bombay Sappers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay_Engineer_Group"},{"link_name":"Maratha Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Light_Infantry"},{"link_name":"Ahirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahir"},{"link_name":"Regiment of Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regiment_of_Artillery_(India)"},{"link_name":"Kumaon Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumaon_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Gujjars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujjar"},{"link_name":"Grenadier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Grenadiers"},{"link_name":"Rajput Regiments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajput_Regiment"},{"link_name":"66th Armoured Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/66th_Armoured_Regiment_(India)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nath2009-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The regiment was raised on 1 March 1968 by Lieutenant Colonel (later Brigadier) R.N. Thumby at Ahmednagar.[2] It was raised with Vijayanta tanks. \nUnlike most armoured regiments raised after Independence with a mixed class composition, 68 Armoured Regiment was raised from four different ethnic classes. It drew troops from Rajput troops from the Armoured Corps, Marathas from the Bombay Sappers and the Maratha Light Infantry, Ahirs from the Armoured Corps, Regiment of Artillery and the Kumaon Regiment and Gujjars from the Grenadier and Rajput Regiments. Most of the Armoured troops came from the 66th Armoured Regiment.[2][3] Lieutenant Colonel (later Major General) Salim Caleb, MVC was appointed the first Colonel Commandant of the Regiment.[4]","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1st Armoured Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(India)"},{"link_name":"Indo-Pakistani War of 1971","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971"},{"link_name":"T-72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-72"},{"link_name":"Operation Trident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Brasstacks"},{"link_name":"Operation Rakshak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Army_operations_in_Jammu_and_Kashmir"},{"link_name":"Operation Parakram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%932002_India%E2%80%93Pakistan_standoff"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nath2009-2"},{"link_name":"President’s Standards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President%27s_Colour_Award"},{"link_name":"Bathinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathinda"},{"link_name":"A. P. J. Abdul Kalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._J._Abdul_Kalam"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tribuneindia.com-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Zoji La","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoji_La"},{"link_name":"Nyoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyoma"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The regiment was made part of the 1st Armoured Division on 30 March 1970. The regiment could not participate in the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 as the armoured division was not committed to battle. In 1985, it was converted to T-72 tanks. The regiment took part in Operation Trident, Operation Rakshak and Operation Parakram.[2]The Regiment was presented the ‘President’s Standards’ at Bathinda on 16 May 2005 by the President of India, Dr A. P. J. Abdul Kalam.[1][5]The regiment made history crossing the 13,000 feet plus Zoji La pass and being the first armoured regiment to be based near Nyoma in Ladakh.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nath2009-2"},{"link_name":"lances","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance"},{"link_name":"pennons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennon"},{"link_name":"Junior Commissioned Officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Commissioned_Officers"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nath2009-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nath2009-2"}],"text":"The regiment has the nickname \"The Gladiators\", because of its choice of the regimental march \"Entry of the Gladiators\".[2]The regiment cap badge of the officers is in silver and depicts four crossed lances with pennons with a gauntlet (mailed fist) at the crossing, each lance symbolising each ethnic class recruited to the regiment. The cap badge worn by the Junior Commissioned Officers and 'other ranks' is identical to that worn by officers, in white metal, and has an additional scroll (in brass plate) with the regimental motto \"Vijay aur Samman\" in Devanagari script.[2] The shoulder title consists of the numeral \"68\" within a mailed fist above.[2]The motto of the regiment is 'विजय और सम्मान' (Vijay aur Samman) which translates to 'Victory and Honour'.","title":"Regimental Insignia"}]	[{"image_text":"The President of India, Dr APJ Abdul Kalam presenting the Standard to 68 Armoured Regiment","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/The_President_of_India%2C_Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_at_the_Presentation_of_Standard_to_68_Armoured_Regiment_a.jpg/220px-The_President_of_India%2C_Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_at_the_Presentation_of_Standard_to_68_Armoured_Regiment_a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Release of the 'First day cover' on the occasion of Standard Presentation","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/The_President_of_India%2C_Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_at_the_Presentation_of_Standard_to_68_Armoured_Regiment_b.jpg/220px-The_President_of_India%2C_Dr_A_P_J_Abdul_Kalam_at_the_Presentation_of_Standard_to_68_Armoured_Regiment_b.jpg"}]	null	[{"reference":"\"Equip tanks with electronic systems: Kalam\". 17 May 2005. Retrieved 26 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tribuneindia.com/2005/20050517/main9.htm","url_text":"\"Equip tanks with electronic systems: Kalam\""}]},{"reference":"Nath, Ashok (2009). Izzat: historical records and iconography of Indian cavalry regiments, 1750-2007. Centre for Armed Forces Historical Research, United Service Institution of India. pp. 649–650. ISBN 978-81-902097-7-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sGQeQwAACAAJ","url_text":"Izzat: historical records and iconography of Indian cavalry regiments, 1750-2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-902097-7-9","url_text":"978-81-902097-7-9"}]},{"reference":"\"President to award standard to 68 armoured regiment\". 12 May 2005. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_the_1st_D%C3%A1il	Members of the 1st Dáil	["1 Composition of the 1st Dáil","2 Members by constituency","3 Changes","3.1 Vacancies","3.2 By-elections","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References"]	TDs from 1918 to 1921 This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Members of the 1st Dáil" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1st Dáil 2nd Dáil→24 of the 27 TDs present at the first Dáil meeting on 21 January 1919, photographed afterwards on the steps of the Mansion House. The caption gives names in Irish.OverviewLegislative bodyDáil ÉireannJurisdictionIrish RepublicMeeting placeMansion HouseUCD (Earlsfort Terrace)Term21 January 1919 – 10 May 1921Election1918 general electionGovernment1st Dáil ministry(until 22 January 1919)2nd Dáil ministry(1919–1922)Members105Ceann ComhairleSeán T. O'Kelly— Count Plunkett22 January 1919— Cathal Brughauntil 22 January 1919President of Dáil ÉireannÉamon de Valera— Cathal Brughauntil 1 April 1919 The members of the First Dáil, known as Teachtaí Dála (TDs), were the 101 Members of Parliament (MPs) returned from constituencies in Ireland at the 1918 United Kingdom general election. In its first general election, Sinn Féin won 73 seats and viewed the result as a mandate for independence; in accordance with its declared policy of abstentionism, its 69 MPs refused to attend the British House of Commons in Westminster, and established a revolutionary parliament known as Dáil Éireann. The other Irish MPs — 26 unionists and six from the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) — sat at Westminster and for the most part ignored the invitation to attend the Dáil. Thomas Harbison, IPP MP for North East Tyrone, did acknowledge the invitation, but "stated he should decline for obvious reasons". The Dáil met for the first time on 21 January 1919 in Mansion House in Dublin. Only 27 members attended; most of the other Sinn Féin TDs were imprisoned by the British authorities, or in hiding under threat of arrest. All 101 MPs were considered TDs, and their names were called out on the roll of membership, though there was some laughter when Irish Unionist Alliance leader Edward Carson was described as as láthair ("absent"). The database of members of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament) includes for the First Dáil only those elected for Sinn Féin. Composition of the 1st Dáil Party Dec. 1918 May 1921 ● Sinn Féin 73 69 Irish Unionist 22 — Irish Parliamentary 6 2 Labour Unionist 3 — Ind. Unionist 1 1 UUP — 23 Nationalist — 4 Unionist Anti-Partition League — 2 Vacant — 4 Total 105 Government party denoted with bullet (●). Members by constituency Constituency Name Portrait Party affiliation Assumed office Start of Dáil term End of Dáil term Antrim East Robert McCalmont Irish Unionist Resigned in 1919 Abstained George Hanna Elected in 1919 by-electionas Independent Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Antrim Mid Hugh O'Neill Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Antrim North Peter Kerr-Smiley Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Antrim South Charles Curtis Craig Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Armagh Mid James Rolston Lonsdale Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Armagh North William Allen Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Armagh South Patrick Donnelly Irish Parliamentary Nationalist Abstained Belfast Cromac William Arthur Lindsay Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Belfast Duncairn Edward Carson Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Belfast Falls Joseph Devlin Irish Parliamentary Nationalist Abstained Belfast Ormeau Thomas Moles Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Belfast Pottinger Herbert Dixon Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Belfast St Anne's Thomas Henry Burn Labour Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Belfast Shankill Samuel McGuffin Labour Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Belfast Victoria Thompson Donald Labour Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Belfast Woodvale Robert Lynn Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained County Carlow James Lennon Sinn Féin 6 August 1920 Cavan East Arthur Griffith Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Tyrone North West Cavan West Paul Galligan Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Clare East Éamon de Valera Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Mayo East Clare West Brian O'Higgins Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Cork City Liam de Róiste Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 J. J. Walsh Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Cork East David Kent Sinn Féin 9 May 1919 Cork Mid Terence MacSwiney Sinn Féin Died in 1920 1 April 1919 Cork North Patrick O'Keeffe Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Cork North East Thomas Hunter Sinn Féin 9 May 1919 Cork South Michael Collins Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Cork South East Diarmuid Lynch Sinn Féin Resigned in 1920 Never sat in Dáil Cork West Seán Hayes Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Donegal East Edward Kelly Irish Parliamentary Abstained Donegal North Joseph O'Doherty Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Donegal South Peter Ward Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Donegal West Joseph Sweeney Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Down East David Reid Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Down Mid James Craig Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Down North Thomas Watters Brown Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Down South Jeremiah McVeagh Irish Parliamentary Nationalist Abstained Down West Daniel M. Wilson Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Dublin Clontarf Richard Mulcahy Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Dublin College Green Seán T. O'Kelly Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Dublin Harbour Philip Shanahan Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Dublin North Frank Lawless Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Dublin Pembroke Desmond FitzGerald Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Dublin Rathmines Maurice Dockrell Irish Unionist Unionist Anti-Partition League Abstained Dublin South George Gavan Duffy Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Dublin St James's Joseph McGrath Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Dublin St Michan's Michael Staines Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Dublin St Patrick's Constance Markievicz Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Dublin St Stephen's Green Thomas Kelly Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Dublin University Arthur Samuels Irish Unionist Resigned in 1919 Abstained Robert Woods Independent Unionist Abstained William Jellett Elected in 1919 by-electionas Irish Unionist Unionist Anti-Partition League Abstained Fermanagh North Edward Archdale Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Fermanagh South Seán O'Mahony Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Galway Connemara Pádraic Ó Máille Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Galway East Liam Mellows Sinn Féin 21 January 1921 Meath North Galway North Bryan Cusack Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Galway South Frank Fahy Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Kerry East Piaras Béaslaí Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Kerry North James Crowley Sinn Féin 17 June 1919 Kerry South Fionán Lynch Sinn Féin 29 June 1920 Kerry West Austin Stack Sinn Féin Never sat in 1st Dáil Kildare North Domhnall Ua Buachalla Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Kildare South Art O'Connor Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Kilkenny North W. T. Cosgrave Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Kilkenny South James O'Mara Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 King's County Patrick McCartan Sinn Féin Never sat in 1st Dáil Leitrim James Dolan Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Limerick City Michael Colivet Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Limerick East Richard Hayes Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Limerick West Con Collins Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Londonderry City Eoin MacNeill Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 National University Londonderry North Hugh Anderson Irish Unionist Resigned in 1919 Abstained Hugh T. Barrie Elected in 1919 by-electionas Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Londonderry South Denis Henry Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Longford Joseph McGuinness Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Louth John J. O'Kelly Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Mayo North John Crowley Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Mayo South William Sears Sinn Féin 19 August 1919 Mayo West Joseph MacBride Sinn Féin 17 June 1919 Meath South Eamonn Duggan Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Monaghan North Ernest Blythe Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Monaghan South Seán MacEntee Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Queen's County Kevin O'Higgins Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Roscommon North George Noble Plunkett Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Roscommon South Harry Boland Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Queen's University of Belfast William Whitla Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Sligo North J. J. Clancy Sinn Féin 29 June 1920 Sligo South Alexander McCabe Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Tipperary East Pierce McCan Sinn Féin Died in 1919 Never sat in Dáil Tipperary Mid Séamus Burke Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Tipperary North Joseph MacDonagh Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Tipperary South P. J. Moloney Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Tyrone North East Thomas Harbison Irish Parliamentary Nationalist Abstained Tyrone South William Coote Irish Unionist Ulster Unionist Abstained Waterford City William Redmond Irish Parliamentary Abstained Waterford County Cathal Brugha Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Westmeath Laurence Ginnell Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Wexford North Roger Sweetman Sinn Féin Resigned in 1921 21 January 1919 Wexford South James Ryan Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Wicklow East Seán Etchingham Sinn Féin 1 April 1919 Wicklow West Robert Barton Sinn Féin 21 January 1919 Photograph of members of the First Dáil of the Irish Republic, taken on the steps of the Mansion House in Dublin on 9 April 1919. Changes Vacancies When the Sinn Féin executive met on 1 January 1919 to plan for the Dáil's inaugural meeting, it considered appointing substitutes for the imprisoned Sinn Féin TDs who would be unable to attend, but decided against this. When Pierce McCan died on 6 March 1919, his East Tipperary seat was left vacant at Westminster. In April 1919 a Dáil committee considering how to fill the vacancy considered allowing nomination by the Labour Party (which had stood aside in the 1918 election to avoid splitting the nationalist vote) before recommending that the Sinn Féin constituency organisation should nominate. However, in June 1919 the Dáil decided that "it was due to the memory of the late Pierce McCann that his place should not be filled at present". Later vacancies were also left unfilled; when Diarmuid Lynch resigned his seat in 1920, Arthur Griffith said "as the letter of resignation was addressed to the people of South-East Cork, the next step in the matter lay with the South-East Cork Executive of Sinn Fein". Four TDs represented two separate constituencies: Éamon de Valera, Arthur Griffith, Eoin MacNeill and Liam Mellowes. Ordinarily, this would prompt them to choose one constituency to represent, and to move a writ for a by-election in the other constituency. Constituency Outgoing TD Party Reason for vacancy Date of vacancy Ref Tipperary East Pierce McCan Sinn Féin Death in prison 6 March 1919 Cork South East Diarmuid Lynch Sinn Féin Resignation 6 August 1920 Cork Mid Terence MacSwiney Sinn Féin Death from hunger strike 25 October 1920 North Wexford Roger Sweetman Sinn Féin Resignation 27 January 1921 By-elections The following Westminster by-elections to Irish seats were filled by Unionists who sat at Westminster. Winner Party Constituency Date Outgoing Party Reason for vacancy Notes Hugh T. Barrie Irish Unionist North Londonderry 4 March 1919 Hugh Anderson Irish Unionist Resignation The only by-election contested by Sinn Féin, Patrick McGilligan losing. George Hanna Ind. Unionist East Antrim 27 May 1919 Robert McCalmont Irish Unionist Appointed commander of the Irish Guards William Jellett Irish Unionist Dublin University 28 July 1919 Arthur Samuels Irish Unionist Appointed to the High Court of Justice in Ireland See also Historic Dáil constituencies Notes ^ a b c d e Sinn Féin won 73 of 105 constituencies but four were each elected for two constituencies, so there were 69 Sinn Féin MPs from a total of 101. ^ a b A seventh IPP MP, T. P. O'Connor, was elected for the English constituency of Liverpool Scotland. ^ December 1918 column shows the state of parties after the 1918 general election. ^ May 1921 column shows the state of the parties at the dissolution of the 1st Dáil. ^ Arthur Griffith was elected for two constituencies: Cavan East and Tyrone North West. ^ Éamon de Valera was elected for two constituencies: Clare East and Mayo East. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Attended the opening session of the First Dáil on 21 January 1919. ^ Liam Mellows was elected for two constituencies: Galway East and Meath North. ^ Eoin MacNeill was elected for two constituencies: Londonderry City and National University of Ireland. References ^ "Roll Call". Dáil Éireann (1st Dáil) debates. Houses of the Oireachtas. 22 January 1919. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ "Irish Republican 'Parliament'". The Irish Times. 22 January 1919. p. 6. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2020.; Fallon, Donal (21 January 2019). "Opinion: The Democratic Programme of the First Dáil was a radical socialist document". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ "TDs & Senators". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018. ^ a b c "Timeline". Dáil 100. Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ Mitchell, Arthur (1995). Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann, 1919-22. Gill & MacMillan. p. 24. ISBN 9780717114818. ^ "East Tipperary Vacancy". Dáil Éireann debate. Oireachtas. 17 June 1919. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018. ^ "Report of Select Committee on East Tipperary Vacancy – Dáil Éireann (1st Dáil) – Wednesday, 18 June 1919". Oireachtas. 17 June 1919. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020. ^ a b "Resignation Of Deputy For South-East Cork". Dáil Éireann debate. Oireachtas. 6 August 1920. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018. ^ Sweetman, R. M. (28 January 1921). "Mr. Roger Sweetman's Position". The Irish Times. p. 4. Retrieved 10 September 2020. ^ Laffan, Michael (1999). The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923. Cambridge University Press. p. 309. ISBN 9781139426299. Retrieved 13 August 2018. vteMembers of Dáil Éireann 1st Dáil (1919–1921) 2nd Dáil (1921–1922) 3rd Dáil (1922–1923) 4th Dáil (1923–1927) 5th Dáil (1927) 6th Dáil (1927–1932) 7th Dáil (1932–1933) 8th Dáil (1933–1937) 9th Dáil (1937–1938) 10th Dáil (1938–1943) 11th Dáil (1943–1944) 12th Dáil (1944–1948) 13th Dáil (1948–1951) 14th Dáil (1951–1954) 15th Dáil (1954–1957) 16th Dáil (1957–1961) 17th Dáil (1961–1965) 18th Dáil (1965–1969) 19th Dáil (1969–1973) 20th Dáil (1973–1977) 21st Dáil (1977–1981) 22nd Dáil (1981–1982) 23rd Dáil (1982) 24th Dáil (1982–1987) 25th Dáil (1987–1989) 26th Dáil (1989–1992) 27th Dáil (1992–1997) 28th Dáil (1997–2002) 29th Dáil (2002–2007) 30th Dáil (2007–2011) 31st Dáil (2011–2016) 32nd Dáil (2016–2020) 33rd Dáil (2020–present)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"First Dáil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_D%C3%A1il"},{"link_name":"Teachtaí Dála","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teachta_D%C3%A1la"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-double-1"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"returned from constituencies in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_Irish_general_election"},{"link_name":"1918 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Sinn Féin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-double-1"},{"link_name":"abstentionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstentionism#Before_partition"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-double-1"},{"link_name":"British House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Dáil Éireann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann_(Irish_Republic)"},{"link_name":"unionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LiverpoolScotland-2"},{"link_name":"Irish Parliamentary Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party"},{"link_name":"Thomas Harbison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Harbison"},{"link_name":"North East Tyrone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_East_Tyrone_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mansion House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mansion_House,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Irish Unionist Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Unionist_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Edward Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Carson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oireachtas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oireachtas"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The members of the First Dáil, known as Teachtaí Dála (TDs), were the 101[a] Members of Parliament (MPs) returned from constituencies in Ireland at the 1918 United Kingdom general election. In its first general election, Sinn Féin won 73[a] seats and viewed the result as a mandate for independence; in accordance with its declared policy of abstentionism, its 69[a] MPs refused to attend the British House of Commons in Westminster, and established a revolutionary parliament known as Dáil Éireann. The other Irish MPs — 26 unionists and six[b] from the Irish Parliamentary Party (IPP) — sat at Westminster and for the most part ignored the invitation to attend the Dáil. Thomas Harbison, IPP MP for North East Tyrone, did acknowledge the invitation, but \"stated he should decline for obvious reasons\".[1] The Dáil met for the first time on 21 January 1919 in Mansion House in Dublin. Only 27 members attended; most of the other Sinn Féin TDs were imprisoned by the British authorities, or in hiding under threat of arrest. All 101 MPs were considered TDs, and their names were called out on the roll of membership, though there was some laughter when Irish Unionist Alliance leader Edward Carson was described as as láthair (\"absent\").[2] The database of members of the Oireachtas (Irish parliament) includes for the First Dáil only those elected for Sinn Féin.[3]","title":"Members of the 1st Dáil"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Government party denoted with bullet (●).","title":"Composition of the 1st Dáil"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:First_dail_restoration3.jpg"}],"text":"Photograph of members of the First Dáil of the Irish Republic, taken on the steps of the Mansion House in Dublin on 9 April 1919.","title":"Members by constituency"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dail100timeline-13"},{"link_name":"Pierce McCan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierce_McCan"},{"link_name":"East Tipperary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Tipperary_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"splitting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vote_splitting"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_nationalism"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Diarmuid Lynch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diarmuid_Lynch"},{"link_name":"Arthur Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Griffith"},{"link_name":"South-East Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_Cork_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lynchresign-17"}],"sub_title":"Vacancies","text":"When the Sinn Féin executive met on 1 January 1919 to plan for the Dáil's inaugural meeting, it considered appointing substitutes for the imprisoned Sinn Féin TDs who would be unable to attend, but decided against this.[4] When Pierce McCan died on 6 March 1919, his East Tipperary seat was left vacant at Westminster. In April 1919 a Dáil committee considering how to fill the vacancy considered allowing nomination by the Labour Party (which had stood aside in the 1918 election to avoid splitting the nationalist vote)[5] before recommending that the Sinn Féin constituency organisation should nominate.[6] However, in June 1919 the Dáil decided that \"it was due to the memory of the late Pierce McCann that his place should not be filled at present\".[7] Later vacancies were also left unfilled; when Diarmuid Lynch resigned his seat in 1920, Arthur Griffith said \"as the letter of resignation was addressed to the people of South-East Cork, the next step in the matter lay with the South-East Cork Executive of Sinn Fein\".[8]Four TDs represented two separate constituencies: Éamon de Valera, Arthur Griffith, Eoin MacNeill and Liam Mellowes. Ordinarily, this would prompt them to choose one constituency to represent, and to move a writ for a by-election in the other constituency.","title":"Changes"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By-elections","text":"The following Westminster by-elections to Irish seats were filled by Unionists who sat at Westminster.","title":"Changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-double_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-double_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-double_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-double_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-double_1-4"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LiverpoolScotland_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LiverpoolScotland_2-1"},{"link_name":"T. P. O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._P._O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Scotland_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Col1_6-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Col2_7-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-griffith_8-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-dev_9-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-8"},{"link_name":"j","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-9"},{"link_name":"k","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-10"},{"link_name":"l","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-11"},{"link_name":"m","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-12"},{"link_name":"n","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-13"},{"link_name":"o","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-14"},{"link_name":"p","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-15"},{"link_name":"q","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-16"},{"link_name":"r","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-17"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-18"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-19"},{"link_name":"u","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-20"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-21"},{"link_name":"w","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-22"},{"link_name":"x","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-23"},{"link_name":"y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-24"},{"link_name":"z","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-25"},{"link_name":"aa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-jan_10-26"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-mellows_11-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-macneill_12-0"}],"text":"^ a b c d e Sinn Féin won 73 of 105 constituencies but four were each elected for two constituencies, so there were 69 Sinn Féin MPs from a total of 101.\n\n^ a b A seventh IPP MP, T. P. O'Connor, was elected for the English constituency of Liverpool Scotland.\n\n^ December 1918 column shows the state of parties after the 1918 general election.\n\n^ May 1921 column shows the state of the parties at the dissolution of the 1st Dáil.\n\n^ Arthur Griffith was elected for two constituencies: Cavan East and Tyrone North West.\n\n^ Éamon de Valera was elected for two constituencies: Clare East and Mayo East.\n\n^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa Attended the opening session of the First Dáil on 21 January 1919.\n\n^ Liam Mellows was elected for two constituencies: Galway East and Meath North.\n\n^ Eoin MacNeill was elected for two constituencies: Londonderry City and National University of Ireland.","title":"Notes"}]	[{"image_text":"Photograph of members of the First Dáil of the Irish Republic, taken on the steps of the Mansion House in Dublin on 9 April 1919.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/First_dail_restoration3.jpg/220px-First_dail_restoration3.jpg"}]	[{"title":"Historic Dáil constituencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_D%C3%A1il_constituencies"}]	[{"reference":"\"Roll Call\". Dáil Éireann (1st Dáil) debates. Houses of the Oireachtas. 22 January 1919. Archived from the original on 28 August 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-01-22/2/","url_text":"\"Roll Call\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134713/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-01-22/2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Irish Republican 'Parliament'\". The Irish Times. 22 January 1919. p. 6. Archived from the original on 3 December 2010. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1919/0122/Pg006.html#Ar00604","url_text":"\"Irish Republican 'Parliament'\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203210626/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1919/0122/Pg006.html#Ar00604","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fallon, Donal (21 January 2019). \"Opinion: The Democratic Programme of the First Dáil was a radical socialist document\". TheJournal.ie. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/opinion-the-democratic-programme-of-the-first-dail-was-a-truly-radical-document-but-was-dismissed-by-one-td-at-the-time-as-largely-poetry-4450863-Jan2019/","url_text":"\"Opinion: The Democratic Programme of the First Dáil was a radical socialist document\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200927091347/https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/opinion-the-democratic-programme-of-the-first-dail-was-a-truly-radical-document-but-was-dismissed-by-one-td-at-the-time-as-largely-poetry-4450863-Jan2019/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"TDs & Senators\". Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 5 May 2018. Retrieved 28 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/tds/?term=/ie/oireachtas/house/dail/1","url_text":"\"TDs & Senators\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180505193932/http://www.oireachtas.ie/members-hist/default.asp?housetype=0&HouseNum=1&MemberID=670&ConstID=36","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Timeline\". Dáil 100. Houses of the Oireachtas. Archived from the original on 21 January 2021. Retrieved 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dail100.ie/en/timeline/","url_text":"\"Timeline\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121095657/https://www.dail100.ie/en/timeline/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Arthur (1995). Revolutionary Government in Ireland: Dáil Éireann, 1919-22. Gill & MacMillan. p. 24. ISBN 9780717114818.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780717114818","url_text":"9780717114818"}]},{"reference":"\"East Tipperary Vacancy\". Dáil Éireann debate. Oireachtas. 17 June 1919. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 18 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-06-17/17/","url_text":"\"East Tipperary Vacancy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001807/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-06-17/17/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Report of Select Committee on East Tipperary Vacancy – Dáil Éireann (1st Dáil) – Wednesday, 18 June 1919\". Oireachtas. 17 June 1919. Archived from the original on 22 July 2020. Retrieved 22 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-06-18/6/","url_text":"\"Report of Select Committee on East Tipperary Vacancy – Dáil Éireann (1st Dáil) – Wednesday, 18 June 1919\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722144852/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-06-18/6/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Resignation Of Deputy For South-East Cork\". Dáil Éireann debate. Oireachtas. 6 August 1920. Archived from the original on 14 August 2018. Retrieved 13 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1920-08-06/2/","url_text":"\"Resignation Of Deputy For South-East Cork\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001916/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1920-08-06/2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Sweetman, R. M. (28 January 1921). \"Mr. Roger Sweetman's Position\". The Irish Times. p. 4. Retrieved 10 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1921/0128/Pg004.html#Ar00421","url_text":"\"Mr. Roger Sweetman's Position\""}]},{"reference":"Laffan, Michael (1999). The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923. Cambridge University Press. p. 309. ISBN 9781139426299. Retrieved 13 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zbz6p-O39aoC&pg=PA309","url_text":"The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139426299","url_text":"9781139426299"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Members+of+the+1st+D%C3%A1il%22","external_links_name":"\"Members of the 1st Dáil\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Members+of+the+1st+D%C3%A1il%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Members+of+the+1st+D%C3%A1il%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Members+of+the+1st+D%C3%A1il%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Members+of+the+1st+D%C3%A1il%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Members+of+the+1st+D%C3%A1il%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-01-22/2/","external_links_name":"\"Roll Call\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180828134713/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-01-22/2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1919/0122/Pg006.html#Ar00604","external_links_name":"\"Irish Republican 'Parliament'\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101203210626/http://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1919/0122/Pg006.html#Ar00604","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/opinion-the-democratic-programme-of-the-first-dail-was-a-truly-radical-document-but-was-dismissed-by-one-td-at-the-time-as-largely-poetry-4450863-Jan2019/","external_links_name":"\"Opinion: The Democratic Programme of the First Dáil was a radical socialist document\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200927091347/https://www.thejournal.ie/readme/opinion-the-democratic-programme-of-the-first-dail-was-a-truly-radical-document-but-was-dismissed-by-one-td-at-the-time-as-largely-poetry-4450863-Jan2019/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/tds/?term=/ie/oireachtas/house/dail/1","external_links_name":"\"TDs & Senators\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180505193932/http://www.oireachtas.ie/members-hist/default.asp?housetype=0&HouseNum=1&MemberID=670&ConstID=36","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dail100.ie/en/timeline/","external_links_name":"\"Timeline\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210121095657/https://www.dail100.ie/en/timeline/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-06-17/17/","external_links_name":"\"East Tipperary Vacancy\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001807/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-06-17/17/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-06-18/6/","external_links_name":"\"Report of Select Committee on East Tipperary Vacancy – Dáil Éireann (1st Dáil) – Wednesday, 18 June 1919\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200722144852/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1919-06-18/6/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1920-08-06/2/","external_links_name":"\"Resignation Of Deputy For South-East Cork\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180814001916/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/debates/debate/dail/1920-08-06/2/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.irishtimes.com/newspaper/archive/1921/0128/Pg004.html#Ar00421","external_links_name":"\"Mr. Roger Sweetman's Position\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zbz6p-O39aoC&pg=PA309","external_links_name":"The Resurrection of Ireland: The Sinn Féin Party, 1916–1923"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollie_Donan	Hollie Donan	["1 References"]	American football player (1928–2014) "Donan" redirects here. For other uses, see Donnan (disambiguation). Hollie DonanDate of birth(1928-06-24)June 24, 1928Place of birthMontclair, New Jersey, U.S.Date of deathMarch 4, 2014(2014-03-04) (aged 85)Place of deathToms River, New Jersey, U.S.Career informationPosition(s)Defensive tackleHeight6 ft 5 in (196 cm)Weight230 lb (100 kg)US collegePrinceton UniversityCareer highlights and awards First-team All-American (1950) Third-team All-American (1949) 2× First-team All-Eastern (1949, 1950) College Football Hall of Fame Holland Donan (June 24, 1928 – March 4, 2014) was an American football defensive tackle. He played college football for Princeton University, graduating in 1951. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1984. Holland Donan was called the best tackle he ever coached by Princeton coach Charlie Caldwell. According to Caldwell, Donan's size, tremendous speed and uncanny ability to foresee enemy moves were what made him stand out among the nation's football athletes. Head line coach Dick Colman praised him for giving his teammates pep talks and boosting morale. In 1950, Donan led the Tigers to the Lambert Trophy and their first perfect record in 15 seasons. The 6–5, 230- pound bruiser helped arouse his team to a second half come- from-behind win that wiped out a 14-7 Navy lead. Princeton won, 20–14. Donan missed only two minutes on defense that season, and was named Lineman-of- the-Year as well as New Jersey's outstanding athlete. Donan graduated from Princeton in the spring of 1951 with a degree in history, married the same year and entered the U.S. Army where he served in the Transportation Corps. When his military service obligation was over he entered the life insurance business, eventually opening two offices in New York City. References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2014-10-06.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ Keeley, Robert V., ed. (2001). A Half Century Later; Princeton University Class of 1951. Princeton, NJ: Class of 1951, Princeton University. pp. 236–237. ^ Brown, Bud, ed. (1961). 1951 Ten-Year Book. Caldwell, NJ: Progress Publishing Company. pp. 90–91. vteNew York Giants 1951 NFL draft selections Kyle Rote Jim Spavital Ray Krouse Sonny Grandelius Jack Stroud Herb Hannah Joel Williams Fred Benners Hollie Donan Bill Murray Reds Bagnell Bob Hudson Paul Douglass Pat Flanagan Gene Vykukal Alan Pfeifer Bud Sherrod Frank Smith Billy Conn Bill Albright Bernie Lemonick Waldo Binkley Dick Yelvington Dick Kuh Chet Lagod Quincy Armstrong Charley Hubbard Hal Quinn John Considine	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Donnan (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donnan_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"defensive tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defensive_tackle"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"College Football Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Princeton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"Charlie Caldwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Caldwell"},{"link_name":"Dick Colman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Colman"},{"link_name":"Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"Lambert Trophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert-Meadowlands_Trophy"},{"link_name":"Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_Midshipmen_football"},{"link_name":"Lineman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineman_(American_football)"},{"link_name":"U.S. Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army"},{"link_name":"Transportation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transportation_Corps"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Donan\" redirects here. For other uses, see Donnan (disambiguation).Holland Donan (June 24, 1928 – March 4, 2014) was an American football defensive tackle. He played college football for Princeton University, graduating in 1951. He was elected to the College Football Hall of Fame in 1984.[2]Holland Donan was called the best tackle he ever coached by Princeton coach Charlie Caldwell. According to Caldwell, Donan's size, tremendous speed and uncanny ability to foresee enemy moves were what made him stand out among the nation's football athletes. Head line coach Dick Colman praised him for giving his teammates pep talks and boosting morale. In 1950, Donan led the Tigers to the Lambert Trophy and their first perfect record in 15 seasons. The 6–5, 230- pound bruiser helped arouse his team to a second half come- from-behind win that wiped out a 14-7 Navy lead. Princeton won, 20–14. \nDonan missed only two minutes on defense that season, and was named Lineman-of- the-Year as well as New Jersey's outstanding athlete.Donan graduated from Princeton in the spring of 1951 with a degree in history, married the same year and entered the U.S. Army where he served in the Transportation Corps. When his military service obligation was over he entered the life insurance business, eventually opening two offices in New York City.[3]","title":"Hollie Donan"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2014-10-27. Retrieved 2014-10-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027192723/http://www.obrienfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/1817474/Donan-Holland/obituary.php?Printable=true","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"http://www.obrienfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/1817474/Donan-Holland/obituary.php?Printable=true","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Keeley, Robert V., ed. (2001). A Half Century Later; Princeton University Class of 1951. Princeton, NJ: Class of 1951, Princeton University. pp. 236–237.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Brown, Bud, ed. (1961). 1951 Ten-Year Book. Caldwell, NJ: Progress Publishing Company. pp. 90–91.","urls":[]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.footballfoundation.org/Programs/CollegeFootballHallofFame/SearchDetail.aspx?id=1653","external_links_name":"College Football Hall of Fame"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141027192723/http://www.obrienfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/1817474/Donan-Holland/obituary.php?Printable=true","external_links_name":"\"Archived copy\""},{"Link":"http://www.obrienfuneralhome.com/book-of-memories/1817474/Donan-Holland/obituary.php?Printable=true","external_links_name":"the original"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitely_Variable_Transmission	Continuously variable transmission	["1 Types","1.1 Pulley-based","1.2 Toroidal","1.3 Ratcheting","1.4 Hydrostatic/hydraulic","1.5 Cone","1.6 Epicyclic","1.7 Other types","2 Infinitely variable transmissions","3 History","4 Applications","4.1 Passenger vehicles","4.2 Racing cars","4.3 Small vehicles","4.4 Farm and earthmoving equipment","4.5 Power generation systems","4.6 Other uses","5 See also","6 References"]	Automotive transmission technology Pulley-based CVT Automotive transmissions Manual Sequential Non-synchronous Preselector Automatic / Semi-automatic Hydraulic Manumatic Dual-clutch Continuously variable Automated manual vte A continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automated transmission that can change through a continuous range of gear ratios. This contrasts with other transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds. CVTs are used in cars, tractors, side-by-sides, motor scooters, snowmobiles, bicycles, and earthmoving equipment. The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a belt or chain; however, several other designs have also been used at times. Types This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Pulley-based Belt-driven CVT for a motor scooterA PIV chain driveCVT in a Claas Mercator combine harvester. The pulley's effective diameter is changed by pushing the two conical discs either towards or away from each other. The most common type of CVT uses a V-belt which runs between two variable-diameter pulleys. The pulleys consist of two cone-shaped halves that move together and apart. The V-belt runs between these two halves, so the effective diameter of the pulley is dependent on the distance between the two halves of the pulley. The V-shaped cross-section of the belt causes it to ride higher on one pulley and lower on the other; therefore, the gear ratio is adjusted by moving the two sheaves of one pulley closer together and the two sheaves of the other pulley farther apart. As the distance between the pulleys and the length of the belt does not change, both pulleys must be adjusted (one bigger, the other smaller) simultaneously to maintain the proper amount of tension on the belt. Simple CVTs combining a centrifugal drive pulley with a spring-loaded driven pulley often use belt tension to affect the conforming adjustments in the driven pulley. The V-belt needs to be very stiff in the pulley's axial direction to make only short radial movements while sliding in and out of the pulleys. The radial thickness of the belt is a compromise between the maximum gear ratio and torque. Steel-reinforced V-belts are sufficient for low-mass, low-torque applications like utility vehicles and snowmobiles, but higher-mass and -torque applications such as automobiles require a chain. Each element of the chain must have conical sides that fit the pulley when the belt is running on the outermost radius. As the chain moves into the pulleys the contact area gets smaller. As the contact area is proportional to the number of elements, chain belts require many very small elements. A belt-driven design offers approximately 88% efficiency, which, while lower than that of a manual transmission, can be offset by enabling the engine to run at its most efficient RPM regardless of the vehicle's speed. When power is more important than economy, the ratio of the CVT can be changed to allow the engine to turn at the RPM at which it produces the greatest power. In a chain-based CVT, numerous chain elements are arranged along multiple steel bands layered over one another, each of which is thin enough to easily bend. When part of the belt is wrapped around a pulley, the sides of the elements form a conical surface. In the stack of bands, each band corresponds to a slightly different drive ratio, and thus the bands slide over each other and need sufficient lubrication. An additional film of lubricant is applied to the pulleys. The film needs to be thick enough to prevent direct contact between the pulley and the chain, but thin enough to not waste power as each chain element enters it. Some CVTs transfer power to the output pulley via tension in the belt (a "pulling" force), while others use compression of the chain elements (where the input pulley "pushes" the belt, which in turn pushes the output pulley). Positively Infinitely Variable (PIV) chain drives are distinct in that the chain positively interlocks with the conical pulleys. This is achieved by having a stack of many small rectangular plates in each chain link that can slide independently from side-to-side. The plates may be quite thin, around a millimetre thick. The conical pulleys have radial grooves. A groove on one side of the pulley is met with a ridge on the other side and so the sliding plates are pushed back and forth to conform to the pattern, effectively forming teeth of the correct pitch when squeezed between the pulleys. Due to the interlocking surfaces, this type of drive can transmit significant torque and so has been widely used in industrial applications. However, the maximum speed is significantly lower than other pulley-based CVTs. The sliding plates will slowly wear over years of usage. Therefore the plates are made longer than is needed, allowing for more wear before the chain must be refurbished or replaced. Constant lubrication is required and so the housing is usually partially filled with oil. Toroidal Toroidal CVT used in the Nissan Cedric (Y34) Toroidal CVTs, as used on the Nissan Cedric (Y34), and those built by CVTCORP, consist of a series of discs and rollers. The discs can be pictured as two almost-conical parts arranged point-to-point, with the sides dished such that the two parts could fit into the central hole of a torus. One disc is the input, and the other is the output. Between the discs are rollers, which vary the ratio and transfer power from one side to the other. When the rollers' axes are perpendicular to the axis of the discs, the effective diameter is the same for the input discs and the output discs, resulting in a 1:1 drive ratio. For other ratios, the rollers are rotated along the surfaces of the discs so that they are in contact with the discs at points with different diameters, resulting in a drive ratio of something other than 1:1. An advantage of a toroidal CVT is the ability to withstand higher torque loads than a pulley-based CVT. In some toroidal systems, the direction of thrust can be reversed within the CVT, removing the need for an external device to provide a reverse gear. Ratcheting A ratcheting CVT uses a series of one-way clutches or ratchets that rectify and sum only "forward" motion. The on-off characteristics of a typical ratchet means that many of these designs are not continuous in operation (i.e. technically not a CVT), but in practice, there are many similarities in operation, and a ratcheting CVT is able to produce a zero output speed from any given input speed (as per an Infinitely Variable Transmission). The drive ratio is adjusted by changing linkage geometry within the oscillating elements so that the summed maximum linkage speed is adjusted, even when the average linkage speed remains constant. Ratcheting CVTs can transfer substantial torque because their static friction actually increases relative to torque throughput, so slippage is impossible in properly designed systems. Efficiency is generally high because most of the dynamic friction is caused by very slight transitional clutch speed changes. The drawback to ratcheting CVTs is the vibration caused by the successive transition in speed required to accelerate the element, which must supplant the previously operating and decelerating power-transmitting element. The design principle dates back to before the 1930s, with the original design intended to convert rotary motion to oscillating motion and back to rotary motion using roller clutches. This design remains in production as of 2017, for use with low-speed electric motors. An example prototyped as a bicycle transmission was patented in 1994. The operating principle for a ratcheting CVT design, using a Scotch yoke mechanism to convert rotary motion to oscillating motion and non-circular gears to achieve uniform input to output ratio, was patented in 2014. Hydrostatic/hydraulic A hydrostatic CVT uses an engine-driven, positive-displacement pump to deliver oil under pressure to one or more hydraulic motors, the latter creating the torque that is applied to the vehicle's driving wheel(s). The name "hydrostatic CVT," which misuses the term "hydrostatic," differentiates this type of transmission from one that incorporates a hydrodynamic torque multiplier ("torque converter") into its design. In a hydrostatic CVT, the effective "gear ratio" between the engine and the driving wheel(s) is the result of a difference between the pump's displacement—expressed as cubic inches or cubic centimeters per revolution—and the motor's displacement. In a closed system, that is, a system in which all of the pump's output is delivered to the motor(s), this ratio is given by the equation GR = Dm ÷ Dp, where Dp is the pump's effective displacement, Dm is the motor's displacement, and GR is the "gear ratio." In a hydrostatic CVT, the effective "gear ratio" is varied by varying effective displacement of the pump, which will vary the volume of oil delivered to the motor(s) at a given engine speed (RPM). There are several ways in which this may be accomplished, one being to divert some of the pump's output back to the reservoir through an adjustable valve. With such an arrangement, as more oil is diverted by opening the valve, the effective displacement of the pump is reduced and less oil is delivered to the motor, causing it to turn more slowly. Conversely, closing the valve will reduce the volume of oil being diverted, increasing the effective displacement of the pump and causing the motor to turn more rapidly. Another method is to employ a variable displacement pump. When the pump is configured for low displacement, it produces a low volume of oil flow, causing the hydraulic motor(s) to turn more slowly. As the pump's displacement is increased, a greater volume of oil flow is produced for any given engine RPM, causing the motor(s) to turn faster. Advantages of a hydrostatic CVT include: Capacity scalability. A hydrostatic CVT's power-transmission capacity is readily adapted to the application by using a correctly-sized pump and matching hydraulic motor(s). Flexibility. As power transfer from the engine-driven pump to the hydraulic motor(s) is through the medium of flowing oil, the motor(s) can be mounted in otherwise-inconvenient locations by using hoses to convey oil from the pump to the motor(s), thus simplifying the design of all-wheel drive articulated vehicles. Smoothness. As the effective "gear ratio" of a hydrostatic CVT is infinitely-variable, there are no distinct transitions in torque multiplication, such as produced with conventional, geared transmissions. Simplified control. Operation through the full range of forward and reverse speeds can be controlled using a single lever or a foot pedal to actuate a diversion valve or variable-displacement pump. Arbitrarily-slow crawl speeds. The potential for high torque multiplication at very low speeds allows for precise vehicle movement while under load. Disadvantages of a hydrostatic CVT include: Reduced efficiency. Gears are one of the most efficient methods of mechanical power transmission, with efficiencies as high as 90 percent in many cases. In contrast, few hydrostatic transmission systems achieve more than about 65 percent efficiency. This is due to a combination of internal losses in the pump and motor(s), and losses in the piping and valves. Higher cost. For a given level of power-transmitting capacity, a hydrostatic CVT will be more expensive to produce than an equivalent geared transmission. In addition to the pump and motor(s), a hydrostatic system requires the use of an oil reservoir, piping and in many applications, an oil cooler, this last item being necessary to dissipate the waste heat that results from hydrostatic power transmission's relatively-low efficiency. Greater weight. Due to the high oil pressure at which a hydrostatic CVT operates, the pump and motor(s) are under considerable mechanical stress, especially when maximum power and loading is being applied. Hence these items must be very robust in construction, typically resulting in heavy components. Additional weight will be found in the oil reservoir and its oil load, as well as the piping and valving. Uses of hydrostatic CVTs include forage harvesters, combine harvesters, small wheeled/tracked/skid-steer loaders, crawler tractors, and road rollers. One agricultural example, produced by AGCO, splits power between hydrostatic and mechanical transfer to the output shaft via a planetary gear in the forward direction of travel (in reverse, the power transfer is fully hydrostatic). This arrangement reduces the load on the hydrostatic portion of the transmission when in the forward direction by transmitting a significant portion of the torque through more efficient fixed gears. A variant called the Integrated Hydrostatic Transaxle (IHT) uses a single housing for both hydraulic elements and gear-reducing elements, and is used in some mini-tractors and ride-on lawn mowers. The 2008–2010 Honda DN-01 cruiser motorcycle used a hydrostatic CVT in the form of a variable-displacement axial piston pump with a variable-angle swashplate. Cone Evans Variable Speed Countershaft A cone CVT varies the drive ratio by moving a wheel or belt along the axis of one or more conical rollers. The simplest type of cone CVT, the single-cone version, uses a wheel that moves along the slope of the cone, creating variation between the narrow and wide diameters of the cone. Some cone CVT designs use two rollers. In 1903, William Evans and Paul Knauf applied for a patent on a continuously variable transmission using two parallel conical rollers pointing in opposite directions and connected by belts that could be slid along the cones to vary the transmission ratio. The Evans Variable Speed Countershaft, produced in the 1920s, is simpler—the two rollers are arranged with a small constant-width gap between them, and the position of a leather cord that runs between the rollers determines the transmission ratio. Epicyclic In an epicyclic CVT (also called a planetary CVT), the gear ratio is shifted by tilting the axes of spherical rollers to provide different contact radii, which in turn drive input and output discs. This is similar in principle to toroidal CVTs. Production versions include the NuVinci CVT. Other types Friction-disk transmissions were used in several vehicles and small locomotives built in the early 20th century, including the Lambert and Metz automobiles. Used today in snow blowers, these transmissions consist of an output disk that is moved across the surface of the input disk upon which it rolls. When the output disk is adjusted to a position equal to its own radius, the resulting drive ratio is 1:1. The drive ratio can be set to infinity (i.e. a stationary output disk) by moving the output disk to the center of the input disk. The output direction can also be reversed by moving the output disk past the center of the input disk. The transmission on early Plymouth locomotives worked this way, while on tractors using friction disks, the range of reverse speeds was typically limited. Still in development, the magnetic CVT transmits torque using a non-contact magnetic coupling. The design uses two rings of permanent magnets with a ring of steel pole pieces between them to create a planetary gearset using magnets. It is claimed to produce a 3 to 5 percent reduction in fuel consumption compared to a mechanical system. Infinitely variable transmissions This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Diagram of an IVT Some CVTs can also function as an infinitely variable transmission (IVT) which offers an infinite range of low gears (e.g. moving a vehicle forward at an infinitely slow speed). Some IVTs prevent backdriving (where the output shaft can freely rotate, like an automotive transmission in neutral) due to providing high back-driving torque. Other IVTs, such as ratcheting types, allow the output shaft to freely rotate. The types of CVTs which are able to function as IVTs include epicyclic, friction-disk, and ratcheting CVTs. History In 1879, Milton Reeves invented a CVT (then called a variable-speed transmission) for use in sawmilling. In 1896, Reeves began fitting this transmission to his cars, and the Reeves CVT was also used by several other manufacturers. The 1911 Zenith Gradua 6HP motorcycle used a pulley-based Gradua CVT. A year later, the Rudge-Whitworth Multigear was released with a similar but improved CVT. Other early cars to use a CVT were the 1913–1923 David small three-wheeled cyclecars built in Spain, the 1923 Clyno built in the U.K., and the 1926 Constantinesco Saloon built in the U.K. Applications Passenger vehicles See also: List of automobiles with continuously variable transmissions 2000–present Toyota K CVT The first mass-production car to use a CVT was the 1958 DAF 600 from the Netherlands. Its Variomatic transmission was used in several vehicles built by DAF and Volvo until the 1980s. In 1987, the ECVT, the first electronically-controlled steel-belted CVT, was introduced as an optional transmission on the Subaru Justy, Production was limited to 500 units per month due to Van Doorne's limited production output. In June of that year, supplies increased to 3,000 per month, leading Subaru to make the CVT available in the Rex kei car. Subaru has also supplied its CVTs to other manufacturers (e.g., the 1992 Nissan Micra and Fiat Uno and Panda). Also in 1987, second-generation Ford Fiesta and first-generation Fiat Uno were introduced with steel-belted CVTs, which are called CTX and Unomatic in Ford and Fiat, respectively. The 1996 sixth-generation Honda Civic introduced a pulley-based Honda Multi Matic (HMM) CVT which included a multi-plate clutch, not a torque converter, to prevent idle creep. Use of CVTs then spread in the following years to models including the 1998 Nissan Cube, 1999 Rover 25 and 1999 Audi A6. The 1999 Nissan Cedric (Y34) used a toroidal CVT—unlike the pulley-based designs used by other manufacturers—marketed as the Nissan Extroid, which incorporated a torque converter. Nissan then switched from toroidal to pulley-based CVTs in 2003. The version of the CVT used with the VQ35DE engine in the fourth-generation Nissan Altima is claimed to be capable of transmitting higher torque loads than other belt CVTs. The 2019 Toyota Corolla (E210) is available with a CVT assisted by a physical "launch gear" alongside the CVT pulley. At speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph), the launch gear is used to increase acceleration and reduce stress on the CVT. Above this speed, the transmission switches over to the CVT. Several hybrid electric vehicles—such as the Toyota Prius, Nissan Altima, Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, and Ford Escape Hybrid—use electric variable transmissions (EVTs) to control the contribution of power from the electric motor and the internal combustion engine. These differ from standard CVTs in that they are powered by an electric motor in addition to the engine. Marketing terms for CVTs include "Lineartronic" (Subaru), "Xtronic" (Jatco, Nissan, Renault), INVECS-III (Mitsubishi), Multitronic (Volkswagen, Audi), "Autotronic" (Mercedes-Benz) and "IVT" (Hyundai, Kia). Racing cars In the United States, Formula 500 open-wheel racing cars have used CVTs since the early 1970s. CVTs were prohibited from Formula One in 1994 (along with several other electronic systems and driving aids) due to concerns over escalating research and development costs and maintaining a specific level of driver involvement with the vehicles. Small vehicles Many small vehicles—such as snowmobiles, golf carts, and motor scooters—use CVTs, typically of the pulley variety. CVTs in these vehicles often use a rubber belt with a non-stretching fixed circumference manufactured using various highly durable and flexible materials, due to the mechanical simplicity and ease of use outweighing their comparative inefficiency. Some motor scooters include a centrifugal clutch, to assist when idling or manually reversing the scooter. The 1974 Rokon RT340 TCR Automatic off-road motorcycle was fitted with a snowmobile CVT. The first ATV equipped with a CVT was the Polaris Trail Boss in 1985. Farm and earthmoving equipment Combine harvesters used variable belt drives as early as the 1950s. Many small tractors and self-propelled mowers for home and garden use simple rubber belt CVTs. Hydrostatic CVTs are more common on the larger units. In mowing or harvesting operations, the CVT allows the forward speed of the equipment to be adjusted independently of the engine speed; this allows the operator to slow or accelerate as needed to accommodate variations in the thickness of the crop. Hydrostatic CVTs are used in small- to medium-sized agricultural and earthmoving equipment. Since the engines in these machines are typically run at constant power output (to provide hydraulic power or to power machinery), losses in mechanical efficiency are offset by enhanced operational efficiency. For example, in earthmoving equipment, the forward-reverse shuttle times are reduced. The speed and power output of the CVT is used to control the travel speed and sometimes steering of the equipment. In the latter case, the required speed differential to steer the equipment can be supplied by independent CVTs, allowing the steering to be accomplished without several drawbacks associated with other skid steer methods (such as braking losses or loss of tractive effort). The 1965 Wheel Horse 875 and 1075 garden tractors were the first such vehicles to be fitted with a hydrostatic CVT. The design used a variable-displacement swash-plate pump and fixed-displacement gear-type hydraulic motor combined into a single compact package. Reverse ratios were achieved by reversing the flow of the pump through over-centering of the swashplate. Acceleration was limited and smoothed through the use of pressure accumulator and relief valves located between the pump and motor, to prevent the sudden changes in speed possible with direct hydraulic coupling. Subsequent versions included fixed swash plate motors and ball pumps. The 1996 Fendt Vario 926 was the first heavy-duty tractor to be equipped with a IVT transmission. It is not the same thing as a hydrostatic CVT. Over 100,000 tractors have been produced with this transmission. Power generation systems CVTs have been used in aircraft electrical power generation systems since the 1950s. CVTs with flywheels are used as a speed governor between an engine (e.g. a wind turbine) and the electric generator. When the engine is producing sufficient power, the generator is connected directly to the CVT which serves to regulate the engine's speed. When the power output is too low, the generator is disconnected and the energy is stored in the flywheel. It is only when the speed of the flywheel is sufficient that the kinetic energy is converted into electricity, intermittently, at the speed required by the generator. Other uses Some drill presses and milling machines contain a simple belt-drive CVT system to control the speed of the chuck, including the Jet models J-A5816 and J-A5818. In this system, the effective diameter of only the output shaft pulleys is continuously variable. The input pulley connected to the motor is usually fixed in diameter (or sometimes with discrete steps to allow a selection of speed ranges). The operator adjusts the speed of the drill by using a hand wheel that controls the width of the gap between the pulley halves. A tensioner pulley is implemented in the belt transmission to take up or release the slack in the belt as the speed is altered. Winches and hoists are also an application of CVTs, especially for those adapting the transmission ratio to the resistant torque. Bicycles with CVT gearing have had limited commercial success, with one example providing a range of gearing equivalent to an eight-speed shifter. The bicycle's short gearing assisted when cycling uphill, but the CVT was noted to significantly increase the weight of the bicycle. The rise of the electric bicycle has brought a reappraisal of the CVT as a better solution for an optimal drive train set up in comparison to gearing systems historically applied on human powered bicycles. The handsfree and continuously stepless operation combined with low maintenance make the CVT an appealing solution for the use on city eBikes and by commuters. Commercially available executions of eBike CVTs include ratioX and e2 Drives. See also Constant speed drive Friction drive List of automobiles with continuously variable transmissions Power band References ^ Fischetti, Mark (January 2006). "No More Gears". Scientific American. 294 (1): 92–3. Bibcode:2006SciAm.294a..92F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0106-92. PMID 16468439. ^ a b "How CVTs Work". howsuffworks.com. 27 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2020. ^ "CVT Efficiency" (PDF). zeroshift.com. 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Retrieved 15 September 2020. ^ "Nissan's Weird Double CVT Is Perfect for High-Torque Applications". Road & Track. 5 December 2018. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Tech & Trends: Nissan Producing Amazing New CVT". wardsauto.com. 1 December 1999. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "CVTCORP Technology". ^ "How CVTs Work – Toroidal CVTs". howstuffworks.com. 27 April 2005. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Extroid CVTs – For Application to Rear-Wheel-Drive Cars Powered by Large Engine" (PDF). nissan-global.com. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "Developments in Full-Toroidal Traction Drive Infinitely & Continuously Variable Transmissions (CTI Innovative Automotive Transmissions Conference and Exhibition)" (PDF). Torotrak. August 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 September 2012. ^ Franklin, D. (1930). Ingenious mechanisms for designers and inventors ... (1st ed.). Industrial Press. pp. 343–345. ISBN 0-8311-1084-8. ^ "drives". zero-max.com. Archived from the original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 19 September 2009. ^ "US patent US5516132A: Variable-speed transmission". 22 July 1994. Retrieved 17 July 2020. ^ "US patent US9970520B2: Continuous variable transmission with uniform input-to-output ratio that is non-dependent on friction". 18 March 2014. Retrieved 17 July 2020. ^ "AGCO's Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT) Explained". YouTube. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 26 October 2012. ^ "CVT Explained". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2011 – via YouTube. ^ "CVT transmission". Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 27 August 2011 – via YouTube. ^ William Evans and Paul Knauf, Variable-Speed-Transmission Device, U.S. Patent 759872, granted 17 May 1904. ^ William Evans and Paul Knauf, Power-Transmission Device, U.S. Patent 759873, granted 17 May 1904. ^ "Evans Friction Cone Co. advertisement". Machinery Magazine. 19 January 1922. Retrieved 18 July 2020. ^ "Continuously variable planetary transmission". oemoffhighway.com. 21 February 2011. Retrieved 18 July 2020. ^ Engineers, Society of Automotive (1918). "Tractor Friction Transmissions". The Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers: 440. ^ "Magnets offer advantages as an alternative to mechanical gears". engineerlive.com. 7 February 2012. Retrieved 7 February 2012. ^ a b "Magnetic Continuously Variable Transmission". magneticsmag.com. 4 November 2013. Retrieved 16 July 2020. ^ "A tale of two brothers". gasenginemagazine.com. January 2006. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ "Property of Pete Gagan, 1914 Zenith-JAP 8hp 'Gradua' Twin Frame no. 4499 Engine no. 46612". bonhams.com. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ "How it works: CVT". classicsworld.co.uk. 4 January 2019. Retrieved 19 July 2020. ^ "DAVID HISTORIA". autopasion18.com. ^ "When Did Cars Start Using the CVT Automatic?". autotrader.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ Hilton Holloway, Martin Buckley (2002). 20th Century Cars. Carlton. ISBN 978-1-84222-835-7. ^ "Fuji Heavy Industries to increase production of ECVT systems". Nihon Keizai Shimbun. Tokyo: 12. 13 June 1987. ^ "What Is a Continuously Variable Transmission (CVT)?". edmunds.com. 13 February 2001. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ "Fuji Heavy Industries to increase production of ECVT systems". Nihon Keizai Shimbun: 12. 13 June 1987. ^ Poulton, M.L. (1997). Fuel Efficient Car Technology. Computational Mechanics Publications. p. 69. ISBN 978-1-85312-447-1. ^ "Honda Worldwide – Technology Picture Book – CVT". honda.com. Retrieved 19 October 2015. ^ "Audi multitronic transmission". audiworld.com. Retrieved 10 July 2020. ^ "Nissan Technological Development Activities Overview: Xtronic Cvt". nissan-global.com. Archived from the original on 5 September 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2009. ^ "CVT". Jatco. Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. ^ 2019 Toyota Corolla Hatch: Top 5 Things You Need to Know!. 15 April 2018. Archived from the original on 7 November 2021. Retrieved 29 December 2019 – via YouTube. 2019 Toyota Corolla Hatch: Top 5 Things You Need to Know! ^ Keith Collantine (3 May 2007). "Banned! Continuously Variable Transmission". F1fanatic.co.uk. Retrieved 17 June 2011. ^ "use of clutch with CVT". scootnfast.com. Retrieved 6 January 2012. ^ "Fendt History". fendt.com. Retrieved 26 October 2012. ^ "Operating Instructions and Parts Manual 15-inch Variable Speed Drill Press Models: J-A3816, J-A5816, J- A5818" (PDF). jettools.com. ^ "Here's Proof That Commuter Bikes Don't Have to Suck". Wired. Retrieved 8 July 2020. ^ "How A Bike With Infinite Gears Changed The Way I Commute". gizmodo.com.au. 5 February 2017. Retrieved 12 July 2020. ^ Contò and Bianchi, Chiara and Nicola (23 December 2022). "E-Bike Motor Drive: A Review of Configurations and Capabilities". Energies. 16 (1). Retrieved 12 April 2024. ^ Peace, Richard. "Guide To E-Bike Gearing Systems". Electric Bike Report. Retrieved 12 April 2024. ^ Piancastelli, Frizziero and Donnici (August 2014). "Study and optimzation of an innovative CVT concept for bikes". ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences. 9 (8). Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN).: 1289–1296. ISSN 1819-6608. Retrieved 12 April 2024. vteGearsSystems Spur gear systems Worm drive Rack and pinion Epicyclic (planetary) gearing Sun and planet gear Harmonic drive Cycloidal drive Non-circular gear Shapes Spur Bevel Crown Spiral bevel Helical Herringbone Geartooth profiles Involute Cycloid Mechanics Transmission Differential Coupling Train Bicycle gearing Continuously variable transmission Offset ExamplesBicycles Cogset Derailleur Hub gear Shaft-driven bicycle Sprocket Horology Wheel train See also Ball screw Leadscrew Jackscrew Belt drive Chain drive Gear manufacturing Freewheel Spur gear corrected tooth Authority control databases International FAST National Germany Israel United States	[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GearBoxRotRotVar.gif"},{"link_name":"transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanical_device)"},{"link_name":"gear ratios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gear_ratio"},{"link_name":"angular velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angular_velocity"},{"link_name":"side-by-sides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-by-side_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"snowmobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobile"},{"link_name":"earthmoving equipment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_equipment"},{"link_name":"pulleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulley"},{"link_name":"belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_(mechanical)"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_drive"}],"text":"Pulley-based CVTA continuously variable transmission (CVT) is an automated transmission that can change through a continuous range of gear ratios. This contrasts with other transmissions that provide a limited number of gear ratios in fixed steps. The flexibility of a CVT with suitable control may allow the engine to operate at a constant angular velocity while the vehicle moves at varying speeds.CVTs are used in cars, tractors, side-by-sides, motor scooters, snowmobiles, bicycles, and earthmoving equipment. The most common type of CVT uses two pulleys connected by a belt or chain; however, several other designs have also been used at times.","title":"Continuously variable transmission"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CVT-Fliehkraft.JPG"},{"link_name":"motor scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pivgetriebe.png"},{"link_name":"Claas Mercator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claas_Mercator"},{"link_name":"V-belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-belt"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"sheaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheave#Adjustable_pulley"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuffworks-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-howstuffworks-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"manual transmission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manual_transmission"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolutions_per_minute"},{"link_name":"bend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bending"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"lubrication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubrication"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"tension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tension_(physics)"},{"link_name":"compression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compression_(physics)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Pulley-based","text":"Belt-driven CVT for a motor scooterA PIV chain driveCVT in a Claas Mercator combine harvester. The pulley's effective diameter is changed by pushing the two conical discs either towards or away from each other.The most common type of CVT uses a V-belt which runs between two variable-diameter pulleys.[1] The pulleys consist of two cone-shaped halves that move together and apart. The V-belt runs between these two halves, so the effective diameter of the pulley is dependent on the distance between the two halves of the pulley. The V-shaped cross-section of the belt causes it to ride higher on one pulley and lower on the other; therefore, the gear ratio is adjusted by moving the two sheaves of one pulley closer together and the two sheaves of the other pulley farther apart.[2]As the distance between the pulleys and the length of the belt does not change, both pulleys must be adjusted (one bigger, the other smaller) simultaneously to maintain the proper amount of tension on the belt. Simple CVTs combining a centrifugal drive pulley with a spring-loaded driven pulley often use belt tension to affect the conforming adjustments in the driven pulley.[2] The V-belt needs to be very stiff in the pulley's axial direction to make only short radial movements while sliding in and out of the pulleys.The radial thickness of the belt is a compromise between the maximum gear ratio and torque. Steel-reinforced V-belts are sufficient for low-mass, low-torque applications like utility vehicles and snowmobiles, but higher-mass and -torque applications such as automobiles require a chain. Each element of the chain must have conical sides that fit the pulley when the belt is running on the outermost radius. As the chain moves into the pulleys the contact area gets smaller. As the contact area is proportional to the number of elements, chain belts require many very small elements.A belt-driven design offers approximately 88% efficiency,[3] which, while lower than that of a manual transmission, can be offset by enabling the engine to run at its most efficient RPM regardless of the vehicle's speed. When power is more important than economy, the ratio of the CVT can be changed to allow the engine to turn at the RPM at which it produces the greatest power.In a chain-based CVT, numerous chain elements are arranged along multiple steel bands layered over one another, each of which is thin enough to easily bend. When part of the belt is wrapped around a pulley, the sides of the elements form a conical surface.[4][5] In the stack of bands, each band corresponds to a slightly different drive ratio, and thus the bands slide over each other and need sufficient lubrication. An additional film of lubricant is applied to the pulleys. The film needs to be thick enough to prevent direct contact between the pulley and the chain, but thin enough to not waste power as each chain element enters it.[citation needed]Some CVTs transfer power to the output pulley via tension in the belt (a \"pulling\" force), while others use compression of the chain elements (where the input pulley \"pushes\" the belt, which in turn pushes the output pulley).[6][7][8]Positively Infinitely Variable (PIV) chain drives are distinct in that the chain positively interlocks with the conical pulleys. This is achieved by having a stack of many small rectangular plates in each chain link that can slide independently from side-to-side. The plates may be quite thin, around a millimetre thick. The conical pulleys have radial grooves. A groove on one side of the pulley is met with a ridge on the other side and so the sliding plates are pushed back and forth to conform to the pattern, effectively forming teeth of the correct pitch when squeezed between the pulleys. Due to the interlocking surfaces, this type of drive can transmit significant torque and so has been widely used in industrial applications. However, the maximum speed is significantly lower than other pulley-based CVTs. The sliding plates will slowly wear over years of usage. Therefore the plates are made longer than is needed, allowing for more wear before the chain must be refurbished or replaced. Constant lubrication is required and so the housing is usually partially filled with oil.[9][10]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Extroid_CVT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nissan Cedric (Y34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cedric#Tenth_generation_Y34"},{"link_name":"Nissan Cedric (Y34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cedric#Tenth_generation_Y34"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"torus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torus"},{"link_name":"perpendicular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perpendicular"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"Toroidal","text":"Toroidal CVT used in the Nissan Cedric (Y34)Toroidal CVTs, as used on the Nissan Cedric (Y34),[11][12] and those built by CVTCORP,[13] consist of a series of discs and rollers. The discs can be pictured as two almost-conical parts arranged point-to-point, with the sides dished such that the two parts could fit into the central hole of a torus. One disc is the input, and the other is the output. Between the discs are rollers, which vary the ratio and transfer power from one side to the other. When the rollers' axes are perpendicular to the axis of the discs, the effective diameter is the same for the input discs and the output discs, resulting in a 1:1 drive ratio. For other ratios, the rollers are rotated along the surfaces of the discs so that they are in contact with the discs at points with different diameters, resulting in a drive ratio of something other than 1:1.[14]An advantage of a toroidal CVT is the ability to withstand higher torque loads than a pulley-based CVT.[15] In some toroidal systems, the direction of thrust can be reversed within the CVT, removing the need for an external device to provide a reverse gear.[16]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clutches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clutch"},{"link_name":"ratchets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratchet_(device)"},{"link_name":"rotary motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotation_around_a_fixed_axis"},{"link_name":"oscillating motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscillation"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Scotch yoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotch_yoke"},{"link_name":"non-circular gears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-circular_gear"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Ratcheting","text":"A ratcheting CVT uses a series of one-way clutches or ratchets that rectify and sum only \"forward\" motion. The on-off characteristics of a typical ratchet means that many of these designs are not continuous in operation (i.e. technically not a CVT), but in practice, there are many similarities in operation, and a ratcheting CVT is able to produce a zero output speed from any given input speed (as per an Infinitely Variable Transmission). The drive ratio is adjusted by changing linkage geometry within the oscillating elements so that the summed maximum linkage speed is adjusted, even when the average linkage speed remains constant.Ratcheting CVTs can transfer substantial torque because their static friction actually increases relative to torque throughput, so slippage is impossible in properly designed systems. Efficiency is generally high because most of the dynamic friction is caused by very slight transitional clutch speed changes. The drawback to ratcheting CVTs is the vibration caused by the successive transition in speed required to accelerate the element, which must supplant the previously operating and decelerating power-transmitting element.The design principle dates back to before the 1930s, with the original design intended to convert rotary motion to oscillating motion and back to rotary motion using roller clutches.[17] This design remains in production as of 2017, for use with low-speed electric motors.[18] An example prototyped as a bicycle transmission was patented in 1994.[19] The operating principle for a ratcheting CVT design, using a Scotch yoke mechanism to convert rotary motion to oscillating motion and non-circular gears to achieve uniform input to output ratio, was patented in 2014.[20]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"positive-displacement pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positive-displacement_pump#positive-displacement_pumps"},{"link_name":"hydraulic motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_motor"},{"link_name":"hydrostatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrostatics"},{"link_name":"hydrodynamic torque multiplier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_converter"},{"link_name":"variable displacement pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable_displacement_pump"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulics"},{"link_name":"all-wheel drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-wheel_drive"},{"link_name":"articulated vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Articulated_vehicle"},{"link_name":"forage harvesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forage_harvester"},{"link_name":"combine harvesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvester"},{"link_name":"loaders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loader_(equipment)"},{"link_name":"tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"link_name":"road rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_roller"},{"link_name":"AGCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AGCO"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"mini-tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mini-tractor"},{"link_name":"lawn mowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower"},{"link_name":"Honda DN-01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_DN-01"},{"link_name":"cruiser motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser_(motorcycle)"},{"link_name":"swashplate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swashplate"}],"sub_title":"Hydrostatic/hydraulic","text":"A hydrostatic CVT uses an engine-driven, positive-displacement pump to deliver oil under pressure to one or more hydraulic motors, the latter creating the torque that is applied to the vehicle's driving wheel(s). The name \"hydrostatic CVT,\" which misuses the term \"hydrostatic,\" differentiates this type of transmission from one that incorporates a hydrodynamic torque multiplier (\"torque converter\") into its design.In a hydrostatic CVT, the effective \"gear ratio\" between the engine and the driving wheel(s) is the result of a difference between the pump's displacement—expressed as cubic inches or cubic centimeters per revolution—and the motor's displacement. In a closed system, that is, a system in which all of the pump's output is delivered to the motor(s), this ratio is given by the equation GR = Dm ÷ Dp, where Dp is the pump's effective displacement, Dm is the motor's displacement, and GR is the \"gear ratio.\"In a hydrostatic CVT, the effective \"gear ratio\" is varied by varying effective displacement of the pump, which will vary the volume of oil delivered to the motor(s) at a given engine speed (RPM). There are several ways in which this may be accomplished, one being to divert some of the pump's output back to the reservoir through an adjustable valve. With such an arrangement, as more oil is diverted by opening the valve, the effective displacement of the pump is reduced and less oil is delivered to the motor, causing it to turn more slowly. Conversely, closing the valve will reduce the volume of oil being diverted, increasing the effective displacement of the pump and causing the motor to turn more rapidly.Another method is to employ a variable displacement pump. When the pump is configured for low displacement, it produces a low volume of oil flow, causing the hydraulic motor(s) to turn more slowly. As the pump's displacement is increased, a greater volume of oil flow is produced for any given engine RPM, causing the motor(s) to turn faster.Advantages of a hydrostatic CVT include:Capacity scalability. A hydrostatic CVT's power-transmission capacity is readily adapted to the application by using a correctly-sized pump and matching hydraulic motor(s).\nFlexibility. As power transfer from the engine-driven pump to the hydraulic motor(s) is through the medium of flowing oil, the motor(s) can be mounted in otherwise-inconvenient locations by using hoses to convey oil from the pump to the motor(s), thus simplifying the design of all-wheel drive articulated vehicles.\nSmoothness. As the effective \"gear ratio\" of a hydrostatic CVT is infinitely-variable, there are no distinct transitions in torque multiplication, such as produced with conventional, geared transmissions.\nSimplified control. Operation through the full range of forward and reverse speeds can be controlled using a single lever or a foot pedal to actuate a diversion valve or variable-displacement pump.\nArbitrarily-slow crawl speeds. The potential for high torque multiplication at very low speeds allows for precise vehicle movement while under load.Disadvantages of a hydrostatic CVT include:Reduced efficiency. Gears are one of the most efficient methods of mechanical power transmission, with efficiencies as high as 90 percent in many cases. In contrast, few hydrostatic transmission systems achieve more than about 65 percent efficiency. This is due to a combination of internal losses in the pump and motor(s), and losses in the piping and valves.\nHigher cost. For a given level of power-transmitting capacity, a hydrostatic CVT will be more expensive to produce than an equivalent geared transmission. In addition to the pump and motor(s), a hydrostatic system requires the use of an oil reservoir, piping and in many applications, an oil cooler, this last item being necessary to dissipate the waste heat that results from hydrostatic power transmission's relatively-low efficiency.\nGreater weight. Due to the high oil pressure at which a hydrostatic CVT operates, the pump and motor(s) are under considerable mechanical stress, especially when maximum power and loading is being applied. Hence these items must be very robust in construction, typically resulting in heavy components. Additional weight will be found in the oil reservoir and its oil load, as well as the piping and valving.Uses of hydrostatic CVTs include forage harvesters, combine harvesters, small wheeled/tracked/skid-steer loaders, crawler tractors, and road rollers. One agricultural example, produced by AGCO, splits power between hydrostatic and mechanical transfer to the output shaft via a planetary gear in the forward direction of travel (in reverse, the power transfer is fully hydrostatic). This arrangement reduces the load on the hydrostatic portion of the transmission when in the forward direction by transmitting a significant portion of the torque through more efficient fixed gears.[21]A variant called the Integrated Hydrostatic Transaxle (IHT) uses a single housing for both hydraulic elements and gear-reducing elements, and is used in some mini-tractors and ride-on lawn mowers.The 2008–2010 Honda DN-01 cruiser motorcycle used a hydrostatic CVT in the form of a variable-displacement axial piston pump with a variable-angle swashplate.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Evans_friction_cone_-_Hagley_Aug_2009.jpg"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Cone","text":"Evans Variable Speed CountershaftA cone CVT varies the drive ratio by moving a wheel or belt along the axis of one or more conical rollers. The simplest type of cone CVT, the single-cone version, uses a wheel that moves along the slope of the cone, creating variation between the narrow and wide diameters of the cone.Some cone CVT designs use two rollers.[22][23] In 1903, William Evans and Paul Knauf applied for a patent on a continuously variable transmission using two parallel conical rollers pointing in opposite directions and connected by belts that could be slid along the cones to vary the transmission ratio.[24][25] The Evans Variable Speed Countershaft, produced in the 1920s, is simpler—the two rollers are arranged with a small constant-width gap between them, and the position of a leather cord that runs between the rollers determines the transmission ratio.[26]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"epicyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicyclic_gearing"},{"link_name":"NuVinci CVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuVinci_continuously_variable_transmission"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Epicyclic","text":"In an epicyclic CVT (also called a planetary CVT), the gear ratio is shifted by tilting the axes of spherical rollers to provide different contact radii, which in turn drive input and output discs. This is similar in principle to toroidal CVTs. Production versions include the NuVinci CVT.[27]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Friction-disk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_drive"},{"link_name":"Lambert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_(automobile)"},{"link_name":"Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metz_Company"},{"link_name":"snow blowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_blower"},{"link_name":"Plymouth locomotives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth_Locomotive_Works"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magneticsmag.com-30"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-magneticsmag.com-30"}],"sub_title":"Other types","text":"Friction-disk transmissions were used in several vehicles and small locomotives built in the early 20th century, including the Lambert and Metz automobiles. Used today in snow blowers, these transmissions consist of an output disk that is moved across the surface of the input disk upon which it rolls. When the output disk is adjusted to a position equal to its own radius, the resulting drive ratio is 1:1. The drive ratio can be set to infinity (i.e. a stationary output disk) by moving the output disk to the center of the input disk. The output direction can also be reversed by moving the output disk past the center of the input disk. The transmission on early Plymouth locomotives worked this way, while on tractors using friction disks, the range of reverse speeds was typically limited.[28]Still in development, the magnetic CVT transmits torque using a non-contact magnetic coupling.[29] The design uses two rings of permanent magnets with a ring of steel pole pieces between them to create a planetary gearset using magnets.[30] It is claimed to produce a 3 to 5 percent reduction in fuel consumption compared to a mechanical system.[30]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Infinitely_Variable_Transmission_with_rigid_friction_members_(shaped_as_double_cones)_in_planet_configuration.jpg"},{"link_name":"backdriving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backdrive"}],"text":"Diagram of an IVTSome CVTs can also function as an infinitely variable transmission (IVT) which offers an infinite range of low gears (e.g. moving a vehicle forward at an infinitely slow speed). Some IVTs prevent backdriving (where the output shaft can freely rotate, like an automotive transmission in neutral) due to providing high back-driving torque. Other IVTs, such as ratcheting types, allow the output shaft to freely rotate. The types of CVTs which are able to function as IVTs include epicyclic, friction-disk, and ratcheting CVTs.","title":"Infinitely variable transmissions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Milton Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Reeves"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Zenith Gradua 6HP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zenith_Motorcycles#Models"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Rudge-Whitworth Multigear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudge-Whitworth#Rudge_Multigear"},{"link_name":"David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_(company)"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Clyno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clyno"},{"link_name":"Constantinesco Saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinesco_(automobile)"}],"text":"In 1879, Milton Reeves invented a CVT (then called a variable-speed transmission) for use in sawmilling. In 1896, Reeves began fitting this transmission to his cars,[31] and the Reeves CVT was also used by several other manufacturers.The 1911 Zenith Gradua 6HP motorcycle used a pulley-based Gradua CVT.[32][33] A year later, the Rudge-Whitworth Multigear was released with a similar but improved CVT. Other early cars to use a CVT were the 1913–1923 David small three-wheeled cyclecars built in Spain,[34] the 1923 Clyno built in the U.K., and the 1926 Constantinesco Saloon built in the U.K.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of automobiles with continuously variable transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automobiles_with_continuously_variable_transmissions"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Toyota_Super_CVT-i_01.JPG"},{"link_name":"Toyota K CVT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_K_CVT_transmission"},{"link_name":"DAF 600","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DAF_600"},{"link_name":"the Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Variomatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variomatic"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Subaru Justy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Justy#First_generation"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nikkei-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Rex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru_Rex"},{"link_name":"kei car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kei_car"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Nissan Micra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Micra"},{"link_name":"Fiat Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Uno"},{"link_name":"Panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Panda"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Poulton-40"},{"link_name":"second-generation Ford Fiesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Fiesta_(second_generation)"},{"link_name":"first-generation Fiat Uno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiat_Uno#Diesel_and_Selecta_models"},{"link_name":"sixth-generation Honda Civic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda_Civic_(sixth_generation)"},{"link_name":"torque converter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torque_converter"},{"link_name":"idle creep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idle_creep"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Nissan Cube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cube#First_generation_(1998%E2%80%932002)"},{"link_name":"Rover 25","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rover_200_/_25#Rover_25_(1999%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"Audi A6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi_A6#C5_(Typ_4B,_1997%E2%80%932004)"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Nissan Cedric (Y34)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Cedric#Tenth_generation_Y34"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"VQ35DE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_VQ_engine#VQ35DE"},{"link_name":"fourth-generation Nissan Altima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan_Altima#Fourth_generation_(L32;_2007)"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Toyota Corolla (E210)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Corolla_(E210)"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"hybrid electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Ford Escape Hybrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ford_Escape"},{"link_name":"electric variable transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(mechanics)#Electric_variable"},{"link_name":"Subaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subaru"},{"link_name":"Jatco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jatco"},{"link_name":"Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"INVECS-III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INVECS#INVECS-III"},{"link_name":"Mitsubishi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitsubishi_Motors"},{"link_name":"Multitronic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multitronic"},{"link_name":"Volkswagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen"},{"link_name":"Audi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Audi"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz"},{"link_name":"Hyundai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Motor_Company"},{"link_name":"Kia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kia"}],"sub_title":"Passenger vehicles","text":"See also: List of automobiles with continuously variable transmissions2000–present Toyota K CVTThe first mass-production car to use a CVT was the 1958 DAF 600 from the Netherlands.[35] Its Variomatic transmission was used in several vehicles built by DAF and Volvo until the 1980s.[36]In 1987, the ECVT, the first electronically-controlled steel-belted CVT, was introduced as an optional transmission on the Subaru Justy,[37][38] Production was limited to 500 units per month due to Van Doorne's limited production output. In June of that year, supplies increased to 3,000 per month, leading Subaru to make the CVT available in the Rex kei car.[39] Subaru has also supplied its CVTs to other manufacturers (e.g., the 1992 Nissan Micra and Fiat Uno and Panda).[40] Also in 1987, second-generation Ford Fiesta and first-generation Fiat Uno were introduced with steel-belted CVTs, which are called CTX and Unomatic in Ford and Fiat, respectively.The 1996 sixth-generation Honda Civic introduced a pulley-based Honda Multi Matic (HMM) CVT which included a multi-plate clutch, not a torque converter, to prevent idle creep.[41]Use of CVTs then spread in the following years to models including the 1998 Nissan Cube, 1999 Rover 25 and 1999 Audi A6.[42]The 1999 Nissan Cedric (Y34) used a toroidal CVT—unlike the pulley-based designs used by other manufacturers—marketed as the Nissan Extroid, which incorporated a torque converter. Nissan then switched from toroidal to pulley-based CVTs in 2003.[43] The version of the CVT used with the VQ35DE engine in the fourth-generation Nissan Altima is claimed to be capable of transmitting higher torque loads than other belt CVTs.[44]The 2019 Toyota Corolla (E210) is available with a CVT assisted by a physical \"launch gear\" alongside the CVT pulley. At speeds of up to 40 km/h (25 mph), the launch gear is used to increase acceleration and reduce stress on the CVT. Above this speed, the transmission switches over to the CVT.[45]Several hybrid electric vehicles—such as the Toyota Prius, Nissan Altima, Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV, and Ford Escape Hybrid—use electric variable transmissions (EVTs) to control the contribution of power from the electric motor and the internal combustion engine. These differ from standard CVTs in that they are powered by an electric motor in addition to the engine.Marketing terms for CVTs include \"Lineartronic\" (Subaru), \"Xtronic\" (Jatco, Nissan, Renault), INVECS-III (Mitsubishi), Multitronic (Volkswagen, Audi), \"Autotronic\" (Mercedes-Benz) and \"IVT\" (Hyundai, Kia).","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Formula 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_500"},{"link_name":"open-wheel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open-wheel_car"},{"link_name":"racing cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_racing"},{"link_name":"prohibited from Formula One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formula_One_regulations"},{"link_name":"research and development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Research_and_development"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"}],"sub_title":"Racing cars","text":"In the United States, Formula 500 open-wheel racing cars have used CVTs since the early 1970s. CVTs were prohibited from Formula One in 1994 (along with several other electronic systems and driving aids) due to concerns over escalating research and development costs and maintaining a specific level of driver involvement with the vehicles.[46]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"snowmobiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowmobile"},{"link_name":"golf carts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golf_cart"},{"link_name":"motor scooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)"},{"link_name":"centrifugal clutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrifugal_clutch"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Rokon RT340 TCR Automatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rokon_(motorcycle_manufacturer)#RT340_TCR_Automatic/CVT"},{"link_name":"ATV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle"},{"link_name":"Polaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polaris_Inc."},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Small vehicles","text":"Many small vehicles—such as snowmobiles, golf carts, and motor scooters—use CVTs, typically of the pulley variety. CVTs in these vehicles often use a rubber belt with a non-stretching fixed circumference manufactured using various highly durable and flexible materials, due to the mechanical simplicity and ease of use outweighing their comparative inefficiency. Some motor scooters include a centrifugal clutch, to assist when idling or manually reversing the scooter.[47]The 1974 Rokon RT340 TCR Automatic off-road motorcycle was fitted with a snowmobile CVT. The first ATV equipped with a CVT was the Polaris Trail Boss in 1985.[citation needed]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Combine harvesters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combine_harvester"},{"link_name":"tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tractor"},{"link_name":"mowers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawn_mower"},{"link_name":"example needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"},{"link_name":"Wheel Horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wheel_Horse"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fendt_History-48"}],"sub_title":"Farm and earthmoving equipment","text":"Combine harvesters used variable belt drives as early as the 1950s. Many small tractors and self-propelled mowers for home and garden use simple rubber belt CVTs. Hydrostatic CVTs are more common on the larger units.[example needed] In mowing or harvesting operations, the CVT allows the forward speed of the equipment to be adjusted independently of the engine speed; this allows the operator to slow or accelerate as needed to accommodate variations in the thickness of the crop.Hydrostatic CVTs are used in small- to medium-sized agricultural and earthmoving equipment. Since the engines in these machines are typically run at constant power output (to provide hydraulic power or to power machinery), losses in mechanical efficiency are offset by enhanced operational efficiency. For example, in earthmoving equipment, the forward-reverse shuttle times are reduced. The speed and power output of the CVT is used to control the travel speed and sometimes steering of the equipment. In the latter case, the required speed differential to steer the equipment can be supplied by independent CVTs, allowing the steering to be accomplished without several drawbacks associated with other skid steer methods (such as braking losses or loss of tractive effort).The 1965 Wheel Horse 875 and 1075 garden tractors were the first such vehicles to be fitted with a hydrostatic CVT. The design used a variable-displacement swash-plate pump and fixed-displacement gear-type hydraulic motor combined into a single compact package. Reverse ratios were achieved by reversing the flow of the pump through over-centering of the swashplate. Acceleration was limited and smoothed through the use of pressure accumulator and relief valves located between the pump and motor, to prevent the sudden changes in speed possible with direct hydraulic coupling. Subsequent versions included fixed swash plate motors and ball pumps.[citation needed]The 1996 Fendt Vario 926 was the first heavy-duty tractor to be equipped with a IVT transmission. It is not the same thing as a hydrostatic CVT. Over 100,000 tractors have been produced with this transmission.[48]","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"speed governor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_(device)"},{"link_name":"electric generator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_generator"}],"sub_title":"Power generation systems","text":"CVTs have been used in aircraft electrical power generation systems since the 1950s.[citation needed]CVTs with flywheels are used[citation needed] as a speed governor between an engine (e.g. a wind turbine) and the electric generator. When the engine is producing sufficient power, the generator is connected directly to the CVT which serves to regulate the engine's speed. When the power output is too low, the generator is disconnected and the energy is stored in the flywheel. It is only when the speed of the flywheel is sufficient that the kinetic energy is converted into electricity, intermittently, at the speed required by the generator.","title":"Applications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"drill presses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill"},{"link_name":"milling machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milling_(machining)"},{"link_name":"chuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuck_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"tensioner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensioner"},{"link_name":"Winches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winch"},{"link_name":"hoists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoist_(device)"},{"link_name":"Bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"electric bicycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_bicycle"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chiara_Cont%C3%B2-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Richard_Peace-53"},{"link_name":"commuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commuting"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Piancastelli-54"},{"link_name":"ratioX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ratiox.ch"},{"link_name":"e2 Drives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.e2drives.com"}],"sub_title":"Other uses","text":"Some drill presses and milling machines contain a simple belt-drive CVT system to control the speed of the chuck, including the Jet models J-A5816 and J-A5818.[49] In this system, the effective diameter of only the output shaft pulleys is continuously variable. The input pulley connected to the motor is usually fixed in diameter (or sometimes with discrete steps to allow a selection of speed ranges). The operator adjusts the speed of the drill by using a hand wheel that controls the width of the gap between the pulley halves. A tensioner pulley is implemented in the belt transmission to take up or release the slack in the belt as the speed is altered.Winches and hoists are also an application of CVTs, especially for those adapting the transmission ratio to the resistant torque.Bicycles with CVT gearing have had limited commercial success, with one example providing a range of gearing equivalent to an eight-speed shifter.[50] The bicycle's short gearing assisted when cycling uphill, but the CVT was noted to significantly increase the weight of the bicycle.[51]The rise of the electric bicycle has brought a reappraisal of the CVT as a better solution for an optimal drive train set up in comparison to gearing systems historically applied on human powered bicycles.[52][53] The handsfree and continuously stepless operation combined with low maintenance make the CVT an appealing solution for the use on city eBikes and by commuters.[54] Commercially available executions of eBike CVTs include ratioX and e2 Drives.","title":"Applications"}]	[{"image_text":"Pulley-based CVT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/GearBoxRotRotVar.gif"},{"image_text":"Toroidal CVT used in the Nissan Cedric (Y34)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Extroid_CVT.jpg/220px-Extroid_CVT.jpg"},{"image_text":"Evans Variable Speed Countershaft","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Evans_friction_cone_-_Hagley_Aug_2009.jpg/220px-Evans_friction_cone_-_Hagley_Aug_2009.jpg"},{"image_text":"Diagram of an IVT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Infinitely_Variable_Transmission_with_rigid_friction_members_%28shaped_as_double_cones%29_in_planet_configuration.jpg/220px-Infinitely_Variable_Transmission_with_rigid_friction_members_%28shaped_as_double_cones%29_in_planet_configuration.jpg"},{"image_text":"2000–present Toyota K CVT","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Toyota_Super_CVT-i_01.JPG/170px-Toyota_Super_CVT-i_01.JPG"}]	[{"title":"Constant speed drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_speed_drive"},{"title":"Friction drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friction_drive"},{"title":"List of automobiles with continuously variable transmissions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_automobiles_with_continuously_variable_transmissions"},{"title":"Power band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_band"}]	[{"reference":"Fischetti, Mark (January 2006). \"No More Gears\". Scientific American. 294 (1): 92–3. Bibcode:2006SciAm.294a..92F. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican0106-92. PMID 16468439.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006SciAm.294a..92F","url_text":"2006SciAm.294a..92F"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican0106-92","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamerican0106-92"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16468439","url_text":"16468439"}]},{"reference":"\"How CVTs Work\". howsuffworks.com. 27 April 2005. Retrieved 26 August 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://auto.howstuffworks.com/cvt2.htm","url_text":"\"How CVTs Work\""}]},{"reference":"\"CVT Efficiency\" (PDF). zeroshift.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 22 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140714215029/http://www.zeroshift.com/pdf/Seamless%20AMT%20Offers%20Efficient%20Alternative%20To%20CVT.pdf","url_text":"\"CVT Efficiency\""},{"url":"http://www.zeroshift.com/pdf/Seamless%20AMT%20Offers%20Efficient%20Alternative%20To%20CVT.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"XTRONIC CVT \| Nissan \| Technology\". Nissan Motor Corporation Global Website. Nissan Motor Co. Ltd. Archived from the original on 20 January 2011. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nissan-global.com/EN/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/cvt.html","url_text":"\"XTRONIC CVT \| Nissan \| Technology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nissan","url_text":"Nissan Motor Co. Ltd."},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110120043856/http://www.nissan-global.com:80/EN/TECHNOLOGY/OVERVIEW/cvt.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Pushbelt\". Bosch Mobility Solutions. Robert Bosch GmbH. Archived from the original on 8 May 2021. Retrieved 20 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bosch-mobility-solutions.com/en/solutions/transmission-technology/pushbelt/","url_text":"\"Pushbelt\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bosch_GmbH","url_text":"Robert Bosch GmbH"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210508172104/https://www.bosch-mobility-solutions.com/en/solutions/transmission-technology/pushbelt/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Ambrósio, Jorge A. C. (5 July 2005). Advances in Computational Multibody Systems. Springer. p. 271. ISBN 9781402033926. Retrieved 8 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jv6e3oxkI6YC","url_text":"Advances in Computational Multibody Systems"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781402033926","url_text":"9781402033926"}]},{"reference":"Pfeiffer, Friedrich (2008). Mechanical System Dynamics. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Dickens	The Last Dickens	["1 Plot summary","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]	2009 novel by Matthew Pearl The Last Dickens First editionAuthorMatthew PearlLanguageEnglishGenreMystery novelPublisherRandom HousePublication date2009Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typeHardcover (first edition)Pages400 pp (first edition hardcover)ISBN1-4000-6656-5OCLC268547496Preceded byThe Poe Shadow Followed byThe Technologists The Last Dickens is a novel by Matthew Pearl published by Random House. It is a work of historical and literary fiction. The novel is a Washington Post Critics' Pick. It contains some characters from The Dante Club. Plot summary The novel is set in the United States, England, and India in 1867 and 1870. When news of Charles Dickens’s untimely death reaches the office of his struggling American publisher, Fields & Osgood, partner James R. Osgood sends his trusted clerk Daniel Sand to await Dickens's unfinished last novel – The Mystery of Edwin Drood. But when Daniel's body is discovered by the docks and the manuscript is nowhere to be found, Osgood must embark on a transatlantic quest to unearth the novel that will save his venerable business and reveal Daniel's killer. Danger and intrigue abound on the journey, for which Osgood has chosen Rebecca Sand, Daniel's older sister, to help clear her brother's name and achieve their singular mission. As they attempt to uncover Dickens's final mystery, Osgood and Rebecca find themselves racing the clock through a dangerous web of literary lions and drug dealers, sadistic thugs and blue bloods, and competing members of the inner circle. They soon realize that understanding Dickens's lost ending is a matter of life and death, and the hidden key to stopping a murderous mastermind. The novel also includes interspersed sections about Charles Dickens's 1867 reading tour of the United States and Francis Dickens's role as a mounted policeman in Bengal, India. One of the characters carries a walking stick with a qilin (kylin) head attached. See also Novels portal The Mystery of Edwin Drood Francis Dickens Qilin in popular culture References ^ Mundow, Anna. "A Tale of Three Continents, Winningly Traversed." Washington Post. April 4, 2009 External links Official site for author Matthew Pearl Reviews of The Last Dickens Random House page for The Last Dickens Archived 2009-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Slate article by Matthew Pearl about Dickens as a celebrity vteCharles Dickens's The Mystery of Edwin DroodFilm and television The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1935 film) The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1993 film) The Mystery of Edwin Drood (2012 TV miniseries) Stage The Mystery of Edwin Drood (1985 musical) Attempted continuations By T.P. James (1873) The D Case (1989 humorous literary critique) Related The Last Dickens (2009 novel)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Matthew Pearl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Pearl"},{"link_name":"Random House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Random_House"},{"link_name":"Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Dante Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dante_Club"}],"text":"The Last Dickens is a novel by Matthew Pearl published by Random House. It is a work of historical and literary fiction. The novel is a Washington Post Critics' Pick.[citation needed] It contains some characters from The Dante Club.","title":"The Last Dickens"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"James R. Osgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_R._Osgood"},{"link_name":"The Mystery of Edwin Drood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Francis Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dickens"}],"text":"The novel is set in the United States, England, and India in 1867 and 1870.[1] When news of Charles Dickens’s untimely death reaches the office of his struggling American publisher, Fields & Osgood, partner James R. Osgood sends his trusted clerk Daniel Sand to await Dickens's unfinished last novel – The Mystery of Edwin Drood.But when Daniel's body is discovered by the docks and the manuscript is nowhere to be found, Osgood must embark on a transatlantic quest to unearth the novel that will save his venerable business and reveal Daniel's killer. Danger and intrigue abound on the journey, for which Osgood has chosen Rebecca Sand, Daniel's older sister, to help clear her brother's name and achieve their singular mission. As they attempt to uncover Dickens's final mystery, Osgood and Rebecca find themselves racing the clock through a dangerous web of literary lions and drug dealers, sadistic thugs and blue bloods, and competing members of the inner circle. They soon realize that understanding Dickens's lost ending is a matter of life and death, and the hidden key to stopping a murderous mastermind.The novel also includes interspersed sections about Charles Dickens's 1867 reading tour of the United States and Francis Dickens's role as a mounted policeman in Bengal, India. One of the characters carries a walking stick with a qilin (kylin) head attached.","title":"Plot summary"}]	[]	[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg"},{"title":"Novels portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Novels"},{"title":"The Mystery of Edwin Drood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mystery_of_Edwin_Drood"},{"title":"Francis Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Dickens"},{"title":"Qilin in popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qilin_in_popular_culture"}]	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/268547496","external_links_name":"268547496"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/04/03/AR2009040303434.html","external_links_name":"Mundow, Anna. \"A Tale of Three Continents, Winningly Traversed.\" Washington Post. April 4, 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.matthewpearl.com/","external_links_name":"Official site for author Matthew Pearl"},{"Link":"http://www.matthewpearl.com/dickens/reviews.html","external_links_name":"Reviews of The Last Dickens"},{"Link":"http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl/9781400066568.html","external_links_name":"Random House page for The Last Dickens"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090204123344/http://www.randomhouse.com/catalog/display.pperl/9781400066568.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.slate.com/id/2213159/","external_links_name":"Slate article by Matthew Pearl about Dickens as a celebrity"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LBK_(disambiguation)	LBK (disambiguation)	[]	LBK refers to Linearbandkeramik or Linear Pottery culture, a European Neolithic archaeological horizon. LBK may also refer to: Landing Barge, Kitchen, a class of US Navy vessel Ljusdals BK, a bandy club in Sweden LBK, National Rail station code for Long Buckby railway station, England LBK, informal abbreviation for Lubbock, Texas Left Below Knee, a category of amputation Long Buckby railway station, station code Lake Bernadette Killas, a category of buds for life Lynbrook railway station, Melbourne Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title LBK.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Landing Barge, Kitchen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_Barge,_Kitchen"},{"link_name":"Ljusdals BK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljusdals_BK"},{"link_name":"Long Buckby railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Buckby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Lubbock, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubbock,_Texas"},{"link_name":"amputation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amputation"},{"link_name":"Long Buckby railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Buckby_railway_station"},{"link_name":"buds for life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Buds_for_life&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lynbrook railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynbrook_railway_station"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"link_name":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/LBK_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}],"text":"LBK may also refer to:Landing Barge, Kitchen, a class of US Navy vessel\nLjusdals BK, a bandy club in Sweden\nLBK, National Rail station code for Long Buckby railway station, England\nLBK, informal abbreviation for Lubbock, Texas\nLeft Below Knee, a category of amputation\nLong Buckby railway station, station code\nLake Bernadette Killas, a category of buds for life\nLynbrook railway station, MelbourneTopics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title LBK.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.","title":"LBK (disambiguation)"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/LBK_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_of_Yew	The Enchanted Island of Yew	["1 Synopsis","2 Influences","3 Reprint editions","4 References","5 External links"]	1903 novel by L. Frank Baum The Enchanted Island of Yew Cover illustration by Fanny CoryAuthorL. Frank BaumIllustratorFanny Y. CoryLanguageEnglishGenreChildren's novelPublisherBobbs-MerrillPublication date1903Publication placeUnited StatesMedia typePrint (hardcover) The Enchanted Island of Yew: Whereon Prince Marvel Encountered the High Ki of Twi and Other Surprising People is a children's fantasy novel written by L. Frank Baum, illustrated by Fanny Y. Cory, and published by the Bobbs-Merrill Company in 1903. The first edition contained eight color plates and many colored-ink illustrations stamped over the text, and it was dedicated to Kenneth Gage Baum, the youngest of the author's four sons. Synopsis Sesely, daughter of Baron Merd of Heg, and two companions are enjoying a picnic in the Forest of Lurla when they are accosted by a fairy. The fairy, bored with centuries of insipid fairy life, amazes the girls by pleading to be changed into a mortal. Though the girls are surprised that they might have the power to do such a thing, the fairy explains how it can be done. The girls agree to transform the fairy into a human boy for the space of one year. The newly minted male is dubbed Prince Marvel, and, furnished with fairy arms and armor and an enchanted horse (a deer transformed), sets out to have adventures. Since Yew is so dominated by robbers and rogues, Prince Marvel does not have to travel far to find said adventures. He starts off by confronting and besting the bandits of Wul-Takim, the self-styled King of Thieves. Marvel captures all fifty-nine of the band and is ready to send them to the gallows – but Wul-Takim convinces the naive ex-fairy that the robbers are now honest men, whom it would be unfair to hang. Marvel rescues a prisoner from the robbers, a young man named Nerle, who becomes Marvel's squire-boy. The match is a good one: while Marvel yearns for adventure, Nerle actually longs to suffer pain and deprivation, and often reproaches Marvel for saving him from harm. A greater challenge awaits him in Spor, where he faces the Royal Dragon of the hideous and evil King Terribus. The dragon is visually spectacular: ...more than thirty feet in length and covered everywhere with large green scales set with diamonds, making the dragon, whenever it moved, a very glittering spectacle. Its eyes were as big as pie plates, and its mouth—when wide opened—fully as large as a bathtub. Its tail was very long and ended in a golden ball, such as you see on the top of flagstaffs. Its legs, which were as thick as those of an elephant, had scales which were set with rubies and emeralds. The dragon, however, is far less formidable than it appears: its inner fire was blown out in a gale, and its keepers are out of matches. It can't lash its tail or gnash its teeth, either—because they hurt. In the end, even after getting its fire re-lit, the beast refuses to fight Prince Marvel; it's too much a gentleman. With such opposition, it isn't surprising that Marvel is victorious in Spor as well. He persuades King Terribus to become virtuous by magically changing his hideous face into a handsome one. He next has a stay in the curious hidden kingdom of Twi. It is a land of perpetual twilight, hence its name. Everything is doubled in Twi, and everyone is a twin. The people even lack a word for "one". The local rulers, the High Ki of Twi (twins like everyone else), are considering the fate of the intruding Marvel, when he places a spell on the twins, dividing them from their united and shared mind into two separate consciousnesses. The results are chaotic, and Marvel has to remedy the mess by re-uniting the twins. Marvel next exposes the pretended magician Kwytoffle (a fraud, like the more famous Wizard of Oz). He meets his sternest test when he confronts the Red Rogue of Dawna; even then, however, his native fairy abilities enable him to emerge victorious. By the end of his mortal year, Marvel has pacified the formerly troublesome inhabitants; the Island of Yew has become civilized. Baum adapted material from the novel into Prince Marvel, a short play for children printed in 1910 in L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker. Influences In her biography of Baum, Katharine Rogers notes than Baum first used the name Kwytoffle in his stage adaptation of Prince Silverwings and Other Fairy Tales (1902), by Edith Ogden Harrison. In 1903 Baum was working with Harrison on a theater version of her successful book. The play was supposed to premier in the summer of 1904, but the disastrous Iroquois Theater Fire in December 1903 forced the mayor of Chicago (who was, oddly enough, Edith Harrison's husband) to order the city's theaters closed. Silverwings never made it onto the boards. Rogers suggests other influences from Baum's adaptation of Silverwings on his fiction. In the play, Kwytoffle is the name of the Gnome King, who has kidnapped the Storm King's daughter and threatens to throw Silverwings and her other would-be rescuers into his furnace—comparable to elements in Baum's Oz books. Kwytoffle has a problem with beans, just as Baum's Nome King has with eggs. Harrison's Cloud Maidens appear in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. In Silverwings, Charminia, Queen of the Fairies, sends her minions to comfort distressed mortals; in Zixi of Ix Queen Lulea sends a fairy to deliver the magic cloak to the most unhappy person to be found. Reprint editions The Enchanted Island of Yew was out of print for more than fifty years in the middle and later twentieth century. It was re-issued with Cory's illustrations by the small press Buckethead Enterprises of Oz in 1988, and by Books of Wonder, with new illustrations by George O'Connor, in 1996. Subsequent unillustrated editions followed from Lightning Source (2001), Wildside Press (2001), and 1st World Library (2005). References ^ Patrick M. Maund and Peter E. Hanff, "Bibliographia Baumiana: The Enchanted Island of Yew," The Baum Bugle, Vol. 42 No. 1 (Spring 1998), pp. 26-30. ^ Patrick M. Maund, "Bibiliographia Baumiana: L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker and Baum's Own Book for Children", The Baum Bugle, Vol. 40 No. 3 (Winter 1996), pp. 32–33. ^ Katharine M. Rogers, L. Frank Baum, Creator of Oz: A Biography'.' New York, St. Martin's Press, 2002; pp. 102–103. External links The text online at Project Gutenberg The Enchanted Island of Yew public domain audiobook at LibriVox A discussion of the book vteL. Frank BaumBibliographyNovels The Magical Monarch of Mo The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Dot and Tot of Merryland The Master Key The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Enchanted Island of Yew The Marvelous Land of Oz Queen Zixi of Ix The Fate of a Crown The Woggle-Bug Book Annabel Aunt Jane's Nieces Aunt Jane's Nieces Abroad Daughters of Destiny Sam Steele's Adventures on Land and Sea The Twinkle Tales John Dough and the Cherub Ozma of Oz Policeman Bluejay The Last Egyptian Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz Aunt Jane's Nieces at Millville Aunt Jane's Nieces at Work The Road to Oz Aunt Jane's Nieces in Society The Emerald City of Oz Aunt Jane's Nieces and Uncle John The Daring Twins The Flying Girl The Sea Fairies Aunt Jane's Nieces on Vacation Phoebe Daring Sky Island Aunt Jane's Nieces on the Ranch The Patchwork Girl of Oz Aunt Jane's Nieces Out West Tik-Tok of Oz Aunt Jane's Nieces in the Red Cross The Scarecrow of Oz Mary Louise Rinkitink in Oz The Lost Princess of Oz The Tin Woodman of Oz The Magic of Oz Glinda of Oz Short story collections Mother Goose in Prose American Fairy Tales Queer Visitors from the Marvelous Land of Oz Animal Fairy Tales L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker Little Wizard Stories of Oz The Runaway Shadows Poetry collections By the Candelabra's Glare Father Goose: His Book Plays The Maid of Arran The Wizard of Oz (1902) Prince Silverwings The Woggle-Bug The Tik-Tok Man of Oz Films The Fairylogue and Radio-Plays The Patchwork Girl of Oz (1914) The Magic Cloak of Oz His Majesty, the Scarecrow of Oz Violet's Dreams The Gray Nun of Belgium Related people and collaborators Maud Gage Baum (wife) Matilda Joslyn Gage (mother-in-law) Frank Joslyn Baum (son) Harry Neal Baum (son) Roger S. Baum (great-grandson) Jocelyn Burdick (niece) Paul Tietjens Edith Ogden Harrison Isidore Witmark Louis F. Gottschalk Nathaniel D. Mann Frederic Chapin Manuel Klein Arthur Pryor Byron Gay Emerson Hough William Wallace Denslow John R. Neill Related The Dreamer of Oz: The L. Frank Baum Story (1990 film)	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"children's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy"},{"link_name":"L. Frank Baum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum"},{"link_name":"Fanny Y. Cory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._Y._Cory"},{"link_name":"Bobbs-Merrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobbs-Merrill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The Enchanted Island of Yew: Whereon Prince Marvel Encountered the High Ki of Twi and Other Surprising People is a children's fantasy novel written by L. Frank Baum, illustrated by Fanny Y. Cory, and published by the Bobbs-Merrill Company in 1903.[1]The first edition contained eight color plates and many colored-ink illustrations stamped over the text, and it was dedicated to Kenneth Gage Baum, the youngest of the author's four sons.","title":"The Enchanted Island of Yew"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wizard of Oz)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wizard_of_Oz_(character)"},{"link_name":"L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Frank_Baum%27s_Juvenile_Speaker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Sesely, daughter of Baron Merd of Heg, and two companions are enjoying a picnic in the Forest of Lurla when they are accosted by a fairy. The fairy, bored with centuries of insipid fairy life, amazes the girls by pleading to be changed into a mortal. Though the girls are surprised that they might have the power to do such a thing, the fairy explains how it can be done. The girls agree to transform the fairy into a human boy for the space of one year. The newly minted male is dubbed Prince Marvel, and, furnished with fairy arms and armor and an enchanted horse (a deer transformed), sets out to have adventures.Since Yew is so dominated by robbers and rogues, Prince Marvel does not have to travel far to find said adventures. He starts off by confronting and besting the bandits of Wul-Takim, the self-styled King of Thieves. Marvel captures all fifty-nine of the band and is ready to send them to the gallows – but Wul-Takim convinces the naive ex-fairy that the robbers are now honest men, whom it would be unfair to hang. Marvel rescues a prisoner from the robbers, a young man named Nerle, who becomes Marvel's squire-boy. The match is a good one: while Marvel yearns for adventure, Nerle actually longs to suffer pain and deprivation, and often reproaches Marvel for saving him from harm.A greater challenge awaits him in Spor, where he faces the Royal Dragon of the hideous and evil King Terribus. The dragon is visually spectacular:...more than thirty feet in length and covered everywhere with large green scales set with diamonds, making the dragon, whenever it moved, a very glittering spectacle. Its eyes were as big as pie plates, and its mouth—when wide opened—fully as large as a bathtub. Its tail was very long and ended in a golden ball, such as you see on the top of flagstaffs. Its legs, which were as thick as those of an elephant, had scales which were set with rubies and emeralds.The dragon, however, is far less formidable than it appears: its inner fire was blown out in a gale, and its keepers are out of matches. It can't lash its tail or gnash its teeth, either—because they hurt. In the end, even after getting its fire re-lit, the beast refuses to fight Prince Marvel; it's too much a gentleman. With such opposition, it isn't surprising that Marvel is victorious in Spor as well. He persuades King Terribus to become virtuous by magically changing his hideous face into a handsome one.He next has a stay in the curious hidden kingdom of Twi. It is a land of perpetual twilight, hence its name. Everything is doubled in Twi, and everyone is a twin. The people even lack a word for \"one\". The local rulers, the High Ki of Twi (twins like everyone else), are considering the fate of the intruding Marvel, when he places a spell on the twins, dividing them from their united and shared mind into two separate consciousnesses. The results are chaotic, and Marvel has to remedy the mess by re-uniting the twins.Marvel next exposes the pretended magician Kwytoffle (a fraud, like the more famous Wizard of Oz). He meets his sternest test when he confronts the Red Rogue of Dawna; even then, however, his native fairy abilities enable him to emerge victorious. By the end of his mortal year, Marvel has pacified the formerly troublesome inhabitants; the Island of Yew has become civilized.Baum adapted material from the novel into Prince Marvel, a short play for children printed in 1910 in L. Frank Baum's Juvenile Speaker.[2]","title":"Synopsis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edith Ogden Harrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Ogden_Harrison"},{"link_name":"Iroquois Theater Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroquois_Theater_Fire"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_and_the_Wizard_in_Oz"},{"link_name":"Zixi of Ix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Zixi_of_Ix"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In her biography of Baum, Katharine Rogers notes than Baum first used the name Kwytoffle in his stage adaptation of Prince Silverwings and Other Fairy Tales (1902), by Edith Ogden Harrison. In 1903 Baum was working with Harrison on a theater version of her successful book. The play was supposed to premier in the summer of 1904, but the disastrous Iroquois Theater Fire in December 1903 forced the mayor of Chicago (who was, oddly enough, Edith Harrison's husband) to order the city's theaters closed. Silverwings never made it onto the boards.Rogers suggests other influences from Baum's adaptation of Silverwings on his fiction. In the play, Kwytoffle is the name of the Gnome King, who has kidnapped the Storm King's daughter and threatens to throw Silverwings and her other would-be rescuers into his furnace—comparable to elements in Baum's Oz books. Kwytoffle has a problem with beans, just as Baum's Nome King has with eggs. Harrison's Cloud Maidens appear in Dorothy and the Wizard in Oz. In Silverwings, Charminia, Queen of the Fairies, sends her minions to comfort distressed mortals; in Zixi of Ix Queen Lulea sends a fairy to deliver the magic cloak to the most unhappy person to be found.[3]","title":"Influences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Books of Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books_of_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Lightning Source","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightning_Source"},{"link_name":"Wildside Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildside_Press"}],"text":"The Enchanted Island of Yew was out of print for more than fifty years in the middle and later twentieth century. It was re-issued with Cory's illustrations by the small press Buckethead Enterprises of Oz in 1988, and by Books of Wonder, with new illustrations by George O'Connor, in 1996. Subsequent unillustrated editions followed from Lightning Source (2001), Wildside Press (2001), and 1st World Library (2005).","title":"Reprint editions"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/518","external_links_name":"The text online"},{"Link":"https://librivox.org/search?title=The+Enchanted+Island+of+Yew&author=Baum&reader=&keywords=&genre_id=0&status=all&project_type=either&recorded_language=&sort_order=catalog_date&search_page=1&search_form=advanced","external_links_name":"The Enchanted Island of Yew"},{"Link":"http://www.pumperdink.org/BCF/TheEnchantedIslandOfYew.html","external_links_name":"A discussion of the book"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Kareroa	Wesley Kareroa	["1 References"]	Cook Islands politician Wesley KareroaMember of the Cook Islands Parliamentfor OneroaIncumbentAssumed office 9 July 2014Preceded byWinton Pickering Personal detailsBorn15 November 1967Political partyCook Islands Democratic Party Wesley Kareroa (born 15 November 1967) is a Cook Islands politician and member of the Cook Islands Parliament. He is a member of the Cook Islands Democratic Party. Kareroa was born on Rarotonga and educated at Mangaia Primary School and Mangaia College. He worked as an agent for Air Rarotonga. He was first elected to Parliament in the 2014 Cook Islands general election. After the election he was reportedly offered a ministerial position by Prime Minister Henry Puna in exchange for supporting him in the House, but refused. He was re-elected in the 2018 election. In February 2020 he was appointed Democratic Party spokesperson on National Superannuation and Parliamentary Services. He was re-elected at the 2022 Cook Islands general election. References ^ a b "Wesley KAREROA". Cook Islands Parliament. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ "CIP leadership could be reviewed". Cook Islands News. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ "Cooks Democratic Party Leader Calls PM 'Desperate'". Pacific Islands Report. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ Rashneel Kumar (29 June 2018). "No change to election result". Cook Islands News. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ Melina Etches (19 February 2020). "Demos gunning for change". Cook Islands News. Retrieved 3 July 2020. ^ "WARRANT DECLARING THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES AND THE NUMBER OF VOTES RECEIVED BY EACH CANDIDATE" (PDF). Cook Islands Gazette. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022. vteCook Islands Democratic PartyLeaders Tom Davis (1971–1987) Pupuke Robati (1987–1991) Terepai Maoate (1991–2003) Robert Woonton (2003–2004) Terepai Maoate (2004–2010) Robert Wigmore (2010–2012) Wilkie Rasmussen (2012–2015) William (Smiley) Heather (2015–2017) Tina Browne (2017–present) Current Members of Parliament Agnes Armstrong Tina Browne Wesley Kareroa Tetangi Matapo Vaitoti Tupa Related articles Cook Islands First Party Jim Marurai New Alliance Party Robert Woonton This article about a Cook Islands politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParlBio-1"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Cook_Islands"},{"link_name":"Cook Islands Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Cook_Islands)"},{"link_name":"Rarotonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rarotonga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ParlBio-1"},{"link_name":"Air Rarotonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Rarotonga"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2014 Cook Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Cook_Islands_general_election"},{"link_name":"Henry Puna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Puna"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"2018 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Cook_Islands_general_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"2022 Cook Islands general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Cook_Islands_general_election"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Wesley Kareroa (born 15 November 1967)[1] is a Cook Islands politician and member of the Cook Islands Parliament. He is a member of the Cook Islands Democratic Party.Kareroa was born on Rarotonga and educated at Mangaia Primary School and Mangaia College.[1] He worked as an agent for Air Rarotonga.[2] He was first elected to Parliament in the 2014 Cook Islands general election. After the election he was reportedly offered a ministerial position by Prime Minister Henry Puna in exchange for supporting him in the House, but refused.[3] He was re-elected in the 2018 election.[4]In February 2020 he was appointed Democratic Party spokesperson on National Superannuation and Parliamentary Services.[5]He was re-elected at the 2022 Cook Islands general election.[6]","title":"Wesley Kareroa"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Wesley KAREROA\". Cook Islands Parliament. Retrieved 14 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://parliament.gov.ck/team/mr-wesley-kareroa/","url_text":"\"Wesley KAREROA\""}]},{"reference":"\"CIP leadership could be reviewed\". Cook Islands News. 14 May 2014. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cookislandsnews.com/national/politics/item/46766-cip-leadership-could-be-reviewed","url_text":"\"CIP leadership could be reviewed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Cooks Democratic Party Leader Calls PM 'Desperate'\". Pacific Islands Report. 6 January 2015. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2015/01/06/cooks-democratic-party-leader-calls-pm-%E2%80%98desperate%E2%80%99","url_text":"\"Cooks Democratic Party Leader Calls PM 'Desperate'\""}]},{"reference":"Rashneel Kumar (29 June 2018). \"No change to election result\". Cook Islands News. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cookislandsnews.com/national/politics/item/69879-no-change-to-election-result","url_text":"\"No change to election result\""}]},{"reference":"Melina Etches (19 February 2020). \"Demos gunning for change\". Cook Islands News. Retrieved 3 July 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cookislandsnews.com/national/politics/item/75992-demos-gunning-for-change","url_text":"\"Demos gunning for change\""}]},{"reference":"\"WARRANT DECLARING THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES AND THE NUMBER OF VOTES RECEIVED BY EACH CANDIDATE\" (PDF). Cook Islands Gazette. 11 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mfem.gov.ck/images/documents/Statistics_Docs/Elections/Gaz_Public_Notice_9_Declaration_of_Result_of_Poll.pdf","url_text":"\"WARRANT DECLARING THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES AND THE NUMBER OF VOTES RECEIVED BY EACH CANDIDATE\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://parliament.gov.ck/team/mr-wesley-kareroa/","external_links_name":"\"Wesley KAREROA\""},{"Link":"http://www.cookislandsnews.com/national/politics/item/46766-cip-leadership-could-be-reviewed","external_links_name":"\"CIP leadership could be reviewed\""},{"Link":"http://www.pireport.org/articles/2015/01/06/cooks-democratic-party-leader-calls-pm-%E2%80%98desperate%E2%80%99","external_links_name":"\"Cooks Democratic Party Leader Calls PM 'Desperate'\""},{"Link":"http://www.cookislandsnews.com/national/politics/item/69879-no-change-to-election-result","external_links_name":"\"No change to election result\""},{"Link":"http://www.cookislandsnews.com/national/politics/item/75992-demos-gunning-for-change","external_links_name":"\"Demos gunning for change\""},{"Link":"http://www.mfem.gov.ck/images/documents/Statistics_Docs/Elections/Gaz_Public_Notice_9_Declaration_of_Result_of_Poll.pdf","external_links_name":"\"WARRANT DECLARING THE SUCCESSFUL CANDIDATES AND THE NUMBER OF VOTES RECEIVED BY EACH CANDIDATE\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wesley_Kareroa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Cruise_Haymond	Frank Cruise Haymond	["1 Early life, education, and military service","2 Judicial service","3 Death","4 References"]	American judge Frank Cruise Haymond (April 13, 1887 – June 10, 1972) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. Early life, education, and military service Born in Marion County, West Virginia, Haymond graduated from Fairmont State Normal School, later known as Fairmont State University, and attended Harvard University in 1906, graduating with honors in 1910. He received his LL.B. degree from Harvard Law School in 1912. He practiced law in Fairmont and served for six years as judge of the Circuit Court of Marion County. In 1917, Haymond enlisted as a private and went to France with the American Forces in World War I, achieving the rank of captain. In 1919, he married Susan Arnett and fathered two children, William S. Haymond (1923–1987) and Thomas A. Haymond (1925–2001) Both children attended Phillips Academy Andover and graduated from Harvard University. Judicial service In July 1945, Governor Clarence Watson Meadows appointed Haymond to a seat on the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. Haymond was elected to the court in 1946 and was reelected to two more 12-year terms. At the time of his death, June 10, 1972, Haymond had served longer on the high court than any past judge. Haymond "was no legal innovator, and not one to impose his judgment on the situation", but "believed that the courts should not go beyond what he called the plain meaning of a statute or decided case". One of Haymond’s last opinions reversed Judge George Triplett of Randolph County, who had declared incarceration at the aging Moundsville State Penitentiary unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. At the time, according to the New York Times, this prison had the highest per capita murder rate in the nation. Haymond’s opinion excoriated Triplett at length for going beyond precedent and intruding upon the executive and legislative prerogatives. Ironically, less than a decade after Haymond’s death the state Supreme Court unanimously declared imprisonment at the state prison unconstitutional on the grounds that the Haymond court had rejected, and mandated the building of a new penitentiary. In 1970, Haymond was awarded the American Bar Association Medal for his service to the law. Death Haymond lived to be 85, still serving on the Court of Appeals when he died in 1972. References ^ a b c d e f g h The West Virginia Encyclopedia. ^ a b c ABA Journal (1970).	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia"}],"text":"Frank Cruise Haymond (April 13, 1887 – June 10, 1972) was a justice of the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia.","title":"Frank Cruise Haymond"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marion County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marion_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVE-1"},{"link_name":"Fairmont State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont_State_University"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABA-2"},{"link_name":"Harvard Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_Law_School"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABA-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVE-1"},{"link_name":"Fairmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairmont,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVE-1"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Phillips Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Academy"}],"text":"Born in Marion County, West Virginia,[1] Haymond graduated from Fairmont State Normal School, later known as Fairmont State University, and attended Harvard University in 1906, graduating with honors in 1910.[2] He received his LL.B. degree from Harvard Law School in 1912.[2][1] He practiced law in Fairmont and served for six years as judge of the Circuit Court of Marion County.[1]In 1917, Haymond enlisted as a private and went to France with the American Forces in World War I, achieving the rank of captain.In 1919, he married Susan Arnett and fathered two children, William S. Haymond (1923–1987) and Thomas A. Haymond (1925–2001) Both children attended Phillips Academy Andover and graduated from Harvard University.","title":"Early life, education, and military service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clarence Watson Meadows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarence_W._Meadows"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Appeals_of_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVE-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVE-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVE-1"},{"link_name":"Randolph County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randolph_County,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Moundsville State Penitentiary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moundsville_State_Penitentiary"},{"link_name":"cruel and unusual punishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruel_and_unusual_punishment"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVE-1"},{"link_name":"American Bar Association Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bar_Association_Medal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABA-2"}],"text":"In July 1945, Governor Clarence Watson Meadows appointed Haymond to a seat on the Supreme Court of Appeals of West Virginia. Haymond was elected to the court in 1946 and was reelected to two more 12-year terms.[1] At the time of his death, June 10, 1972, Haymond had served longer on the high court than any past judge.[1] Haymond \"was no legal innovator, and not one to impose his judgment on the situation\", but \"believed that the courts should not go beyond what he called the plain meaning of a statute or decided case\".[1]One of Haymond’s last opinions reversed Judge George Triplett of Randolph County, who had declared incarceration at the aging Moundsville State Penitentiary unconstitutional on the grounds that it violated the prohibition against cruel and unusual punishment. At the time, according to the New York Times, this prison had the highest per capita murder rate in the nation. Haymond’s opinion excoriated Triplett at length for going beyond precedent and intruding upon the executive and legislative prerogatives. Ironically, less than a decade after Haymond’s death the state Supreme Court unanimously declared imprisonment at the state prison unconstitutional on the grounds that the Haymond court had rejected, and mandated the building of a new penitentiary.[1]In 1970, Haymond was awarded the American Bar Association Medal for his service to the law.[2]","title":"Judicial service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WVE-1"}],"text":"Haymond lived to be 85, still serving on the Court of Appeals when he died in 1972.[1]","title":"Death"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://www.wvencyclopedia.org/articles/340","external_links_name":"The West Virginia Encyclopedia"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Jiekh9t3HEYC&dq=Frank+C+Haymond&pg=PA860","external_links_name":"ABA Journal"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestations:_Midway	Battlestations: Midway	["1 Gameplay","1.1 Single-player","1.2 Multiplayer","2 Development","2.1 Demo","2.2 Downloadable content","3 Reception","4 Sequel","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]	This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Battlestations: Midway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Battlestations: Midway" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2007 video gameBattlestations:MidwayDeveloper(s)Eidos HungaryPublisher(s)Eidos InteractiveFeral Interactive (Mac OS X)Designer(s)Györei ViktorSzalasci BotondProgrammer(s)Somfai ÁkosArtist(s)Nagy ZoltánComposer(s)Richard JacquesSeriesBattlestationsPlatform(s)Xbox 360, Microsoft Windows, Mac OS XReleaseNA: January 30, 2007EU: February 9, 2007AU: February 16, 2007MacintoshJuly 28, 2008Genre(s)Action, real-time tacticsMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Battlestations: Midway is a video game developed by Eidos Hungary and released in 2007 for the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. The Mac version of this game was developed by Robosoft Technologies, based out of India and published in July 2008 by Feral Interactive. Set in the Pacific during World War II, it is a hybrid of action and real-time tactics as the player can both command their fleet assets and assume control of any one of them at will. The single-player campaign is a series of missions from Pearl Harbor commanding an Elco PT Boat to the Battle of Midway commanding an entire carrier battle group. Gameplay In either the single-player or multiplayer game the player starts with a ship, submarine, aircraft, shipyard, airfield or a combination of any of them. The player can switch between their allocated units in order to complete objectives. Each unit also has its own unique features and controls. For example, using a carrier, shipyard or airfield, players can release carrier aircraft, ships, or land-based aircraft respectively. These units can then be used to engage in naval battles, undersea actions or dogfights and bombing runs. Players are encouraged to work together online. In multiplayer, each player controls a different group of units. Each player has different units allocated to them, each with unique strengths and weaknesses. Each side will have a specific objective to complete, whether it being to destroy or protect a certain unit or reach a certain point on the map. The team wins when they are the first to complete their objective(s). Single-player The single-player campaign contains 11 historically based missions from the American perspective and is played through the eyes of Henry Walker, an aspiring young man trying to follow in his father's footsteps of being a great Navy Admiral, and his best friend Donald Locklear, an ace in the Flying Tigers. Battlestations: Midway offers several challenge levels where the player's skills are tested. The game has appearances by John F. Kennedy, commanding Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109, and Franklin D. Roosevelt. Multiplayer Battlestations: Midway supports multiplayer matches of up to eight players. Matches are team-based, beginning with each player choosing either an Allied or a Japanese starting base from a list of preset slots in the lobby. Each slot has its own unique unit or building allocation. A slot can have up to four units. Each multiplayer map is essentially a "set-piece" battle whereby all of the units on the map at the beginning of the match are the only units available to the players for the entire match. The two exceptions to this are units that can be spawned (e.g. aircraft from airfields, aircraft carriers, etc.) and the planes that respawn in the map "Air Superiority at Luzon", which is very infrequently played. Since December 2012 GameSpy closed down all their support for Battlestations: Midway. Players trying to play the Multiplayer (powered by GameSpy) are getting only error messages. Development This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (January 2016) The game entered development in around March 2002 for Microsoft Windows under the Midway: Naval Battles title for a late 2003 to early 2004 release. After SCi Games acquired the game's publishing rights, the game was rebranded as Battlestations: Midway, and Gizmondo, PlayStation 2, and Xbox versions were commissioned. These versions were later cancelled in favour of an Xbox 360 release. Demo A multiplayer demo was released on the Xbox Live Marketplace on January 18, 2007. The PC demo was followed shortly on January 26 and the Mac OS X demo released on July 24, 2008. The demos contained the multiplayer map Battle of Solomon Islands, which supported up to 8 players. The PC demo worked only for LAN play. Players could disconnect frequently when attempting to play via the internet. The Xbox 360 demo functioned correctly via Xbox Live online play at the time. Downloadable content Eidos released the "Iowa Mission Pack" on the Xbox Live Marketplace on March 28, 2003. This update included several new ship models, as well as the "Raid on Truk" ship challenge and the "Battle of Sibuyan Sea" multiplayer map. It is also preserved and available for the PC version via Mod DB and other place(s). A patch has been released for the PC version. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMacintoshPCXbox 360MetacriticN/A76/10073/100Review scoresPublicationScoreMacintoshPCXbox 360EdgeN/AN/A5/10Electronic Gaming MonthlyN/AN/A6.5/10EurogamerN/AN/A7/10FamitsuN/AN/A(360) 30/4027/40Game InformerN/A6.5/106.5/10GameProN/AN/AGameSpotN/A7.9/107.8/10GameSpyN/AN/AGameZoneN/A8.2/108/10IGNN/A8.5/10(US) 8.5/10(AU) 8.2/10MacLifeN/AN/AMacworldN/AN/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/AN/A7/10PC Gamer (US)N/A82%N/AThe A.V. ClubN/ABBThe Sydney Morning HeraldN/A The PC version received "generally favorable reviews", while the Xbox 360 version received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. In Japan, where the latter was ported and published by Spike on February 7, 2008, Famitsu gave it a score of one six and three sevens, while Famitsu X360 gave it a score of one seven, two eights, and one seven. 411Mania gave the Xbox 360 version nine out of ten, calling it "a must-own for hardcore strategy nuts and World War II hobbyists." Sequel Eidos Interactive released Battlestations: Pacific for Windows and Xbox 360 in May 2009. This sequel takes place right after Battlestations: Midway and has twice as many missions as the game before. It also includes 21 new units and add the ability to command troops to fight on the islands, though the player has no control over any individual land unit. Naval mine and kamikazes have also been added. A new feature includes the ability to play as the Japanese from commanding the Pearl Harbor attack to Midway. Details have been added for a more realistic effect; for example, while submerged in a sub flora and fauna are visible, as well as a sea floor. The game also provides an alternate history timeline for the Japanese, a what-if scenario that tells the story of the IJN's victory at Midway, which later considers Pearl Harbor a threat to its already overextending conquest borderline, therefore forcing an invasion of Hawaii. It is also possible to, at the start of the attack on Pearl Harbor, "kill" the two main characters of Battlestations: Midway. If the player managed to sink Henry's PT boat, the pilot would comment: "His name was Henry. This is not his story." After shooting down Donald's more advanced plane, he would go on to comment that "Fighter ace, huh? At least you died in the air," pointing back to Donald's death on the USS Yorktown at the Battle of the Coral Sea. See also Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy References ^ "Battlestations: Midway". Feral Interactive Support. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ József "Szittyó" Szigetvári, Károly "ZeroCool" Mezei (September 2002). "Új vizekre tévedve… Midway: Naval Battles" . GameStar (in Hungarian). IDG Magyarország Lapkiadó Kft. pp. 18–20. ^ "Virtuális tengeri hadviselés – konzolra hangolva" . 576 Konzol (in Hungarian). Vol. IX, no. 4. Comgame Kft. April 2005. pp. 8–9. ISSN 1417-9296. Retrieved March 21, 2021. ^ "SCi Games announce BATTLESTATIONS: MIDWAY". 2 September 2004. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021. ^ "Battlestations: Midway". Eurogamer. 14 December 2006. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021. ^ "Hungarian Developers Accuse SCi of Theft". 10 July 2006. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021. ^ "E3 06: The tide turns for BattleStations: Midway". 12 May 2006. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021. ^ a b "Battlestations: Midway for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on March 16, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ a b "Battlestations: Midway for Xbox 360 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on November 29, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Edge staff (March 2007). "Battlestations: Midway (X360)". Edge. No. 173. Future plc. p. 87. ^ EGM staff (March 2007). "Battlestations: Midway (X360)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 213. Ziff Davis. p. 88. ^ Reed, Kristan (March 2, 2007). "Battlestations Midway (Xbox 360)". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ a b c Tanaka, John (March 5, 2008). "Gaming Life in Japan". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ a b Vore, Bryan (March 2007). "BattleStations: Midway". Game Informer. No. 167. GameStop. p. 104. Archived from the original on June 4, 2007. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Lunchbox (February 6, 2007). "Review: BattleStations: Midway (X360)". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on January 3, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Mueller, Greg (January 31, 2007). "Battlestations: Midway Review (PC)". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Mueller, Greg (January 31, 2007). "Battlestations: Midway Review (X360)". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Archived from the original on September 5, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Chapman, David (February 16, 2007). "GameSpy: Battlestations: Midway (X360)". GameSpy. IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Smith, Brock (February 22, 2007). "Battlestations: Midway - PC - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Valentino, Nick (February 12, 2007). "Battlestations: Midway - 360 - Review". GameZone. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Miller, Jonathan (January 30, 2007). "Battlestations Midway Review (PC)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Miller, Jonathan (January 26, 2007). "Battlestations Midway Review (X360)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Ring, Bennett (February 16, 2007). "Battlestations Midway AU Review (X360)". IGN. Ziff Davis. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ Stern, Zack (October 3, 2008). "Battlestations Midway". MacLife. Future US. Archived from the original on October 5, 2008. Retrieved July 1, 2021. ^ Holt, Chris (November 23, 2008). "Review: Battlestations Midway". Macworld. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021. ^ "Battlestations: Midway". Official Xbox Magazine. Future US. March 2007. p. 80. ^ "Battlestations: Midway". PC Gamer. Vol. 14, no. 4. Future US. April 2007. p. 58. ^ a b Mastrapa, Gus (March 26, 2007). "Battlestations: Midway". The A.V. Club. G/O Media. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ a b Fish, Eliot (March 12, 2007). "Battlestations: Midway". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2021. ^ McCarver, Chris (February 19, 2007). "Battlestations: Midway (Xbox 360) Review". 411Mania. Archived from the original on February 21, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2021. ^ "Get Ready for War on an Epic Scale With Battlestations: Pacific". Yahoo! Finance. Yahoo!. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008. ^ Battlestations: Pacific Wikipedia ^ "Battlestations: Pacific Release". Eidos Interactive. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 6, 2008. Retrieved March 2, 2008. External links Battlestations: Midway official site Battlestations: Midway at MobyGames vteSquare Enix video game franchisesSquare Enix Bravely Chaos Rings Chocobo Code Age Chrono The Diofield Chronicle Dragon Quest Drakengard Final Fantasy Front Mission Hanjuku Hero Itadaki Street Kingdom Hearts Lord of Vermilion Mana Million Arthur Octopath Traveler Ogre SaGa Schoolgirl Strikers Star Ocean Valkyrie Profile Voice of Cards The World Ends with You Square Enix Europe Championship Manager Gex Just Cause Life Is Strange Taito Arkanoid Battle Gear Bubble Bobble Darius Densha de Go! Groove Coaster Gunslinger Stratos Lufia Sonic Blast Man Space Invaders	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"Eidos Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eidos_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Microsoft Windows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft_Windows"},{"link_name":"Feral Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feral_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Theater"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"action","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_game"},{"link_name":"real-time tactics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_tactics"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Elco PT Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PT_boat#Elco"},{"link_name":"Battle of Midway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Midway"},{"link_name":"carrier battle group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Task_Force_16"}],"text":"2007 video gameBattlestations: Midway is a video game developed by Eidos Hungary and released in 2007 for the Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows. The Mac version of this game was developed by Robosoft Technologies, based out of India and published in July 2008 by Feral Interactive.[1]Set in the Pacific during World War II, it is a hybrid of action and real-time tactics as the player can both command their fleet assets and assume control of any one of them at will. The single-player campaign is a series of missions from Pearl Harbor commanding an Elco PT Boat to the Battle of Midway commanding an entire carrier battle group.","title":"Battlestations: Midway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft"},{"link_name":"shipyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipyard"},{"link_name":"airfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfield"},{"link_name":"carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"}],"text":"In either the single-player or multiplayer game the player starts with a ship, submarine, aircraft, shipyard, airfield or a combination of any of them. The player can switch between their allocated units in order to complete objectives. Each unit also has its own unique features and controls. For example, using a carrier, shipyard or airfield, players can release carrier aircraft, ships, or land-based aircraft respectively. These units can then be used to engage in naval battles, undersea actions or dogfights and bombing runs.Players are encouraged to work together online. In multiplayer, each player controls a different group of units. Each player has different units allocated to them, each with unique strengths and weaknesses. Each side will have a specific objective to complete, whether it being to destroy or protect a certain unit or reach a certain point on the map. The team wins when they are the first to complete their objective(s).","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_ace"},{"link_name":"Flying Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_Tigers"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_Torpedo_Boat_PT-109"},{"link_name":"Franklin D. Roosevelt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt"}],"sub_title":"Single-player","text":"The single-player campaign contains 11 historically based missions from the American perspective and is played through the eyes of Henry Walker, an aspiring young man trying to follow in his father's footsteps of being a great Navy Admiral, and his best friend Donald Locklear, an ace in the Flying Tigers.Battlestations: Midway offers several challenge levels where the player's skills are tested.The game has appearances by John F. Kennedy, commanding Motor Torpedo Boat PT-109, and Franklin D. Roosevelt.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"}],"sub_title":"Multiplayer","text":"Battlestations: Midway supports multiplayer matches of up to eight players. Matches are team-based, beginning with each player choosing either an Allied or a Japanese starting base from a list of preset slots in the lobby. Each slot has its own unique unit or building allocation. A slot can have up to four units. Each multiplayer map is essentially a \"set-piece\" battle whereby all of the units on the map at the beginning of the match are the only units available to the players for the entire match. The two exceptions to this are units that can be spawned (e.g. aircraft from airfields, aircraft carriers, etc.) and the planes that respawn in the map \"Air Superiority at Luzon\", which is very infrequently played.Since December 2012 GameSpy closed down all their support for Battlestations: Midway. Players trying to play the Multiplayer (powered by GameSpy) are getting only error messages.","title":"Gameplay"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SCi Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCi_Games"},{"link_name":"Gizmondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gizmondo"},{"link_name":"PlayStation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_2"},{"link_name":"Xbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_(console)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The game entered development in around March 2002 for Microsoft Windows under the Midway: Naval Battles title for a late 2003 to early 2004 release.[2] After SCi Games acquired the game's publishing rights, the game was rebranded as Battlestations: Midway, and Gizmondo, PlayStation 2, and Xbox versions were commissioned.[3][4][5][6] These versions were later cancelled in favour of an Xbox 360 release.[7]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xbox Live Marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"Battle of Solomon Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Eastern_Solomons"}],"sub_title":"Demo","text":"A multiplayer demo was released on the Xbox Live Marketplace on January 18, 2007. The PC demo was followed shortly on January 26 and the Mac OS X demo released on July 24, 2008. The demos contained the multiplayer map Battle of Solomon Islands, which supported up to 8 players. The PC demo worked only for LAN play. Players could disconnect frequently when attempting to play via the internet. The Xbox 360 demo functioned correctly via Xbox Live online play at the time.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xbox Live Marketplace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_Live_Marketplace"},{"link_name":"\"Battle of Sibuyan Sea\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Sibuyan_Sea#The_Battle_of_the_Sibuyan_Sea_.2824_October.29"},{"link_name":"Mod DB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_DB"}],"sub_title":"Downloadable content","text":"Eidos released the \"Iowa Mission Pack\" on the Xbox Live Marketplace on March 28, 2003. This update included several new ship models, as well as the \"Raid on Truk\" ship challenge and the \"Battle of Sibuyan Sea\" multiplayer map. It is also preserved and available for the PC version via Mod DB and other place(s). A patch has been released for the PC version.","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCX360-9"},{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"PC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"Xbox 360","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xbox_360"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Electronic Gaming Monthly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Eurogamer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-13"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GI-14"},{"link_name":"GamePro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamePro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"GameSpy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"MacLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacLife"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Macworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Official Xbox Magazine (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Xbox_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVClub-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AVClub-28"},{"link_name":"The Sydney Morning Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sydney-29"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sydney-29"},{"link_name":"review aggregation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCPC-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MCX360-9"},{"link_name":"Spike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spike_(company)"},{"link_name":"Famitsu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famitsu"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fam-13"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMacintoshPCXbox 360MetacriticN/A76/100[8]73/100[9]Review scoresPublicationScoreMacintoshPCXbox 360EdgeN/AN/A5/10[10]Electronic Gaming MonthlyN/AN/A6.5/10[11]EurogamerN/AN/A7/10[12]FamitsuN/AN/A(360) 30/40[13]27/40[13]Game InformerN/A6.5/10[14]6.5/10[14]GameProN/AN/A[15]GameSpotN/A7.9/10[16]7.8/10[17]GameSpyN/AN/A[18]GameZoneN/A8.2/10[19]8/10[20]IGNN/A8.5/10[21](US) 8.5/10[22](AU) 8.2/10[23]MacLife[24]N/AN/AMacworld[25]N/AN/AOfficial Xbox Magazine (US)N/AN/A7/10[26]PC Gamer (US)N/A82%[27]N/AThe A.V. ClubN/AB[28]B[28]The Sydney Morning HeraldN/A[29][29]The PC version received \"generally favorable reviews\", while the Xbox 360 version received \"average\" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[8][9] In Japan, where the latter was ported and published by Spike on February 7, 2008, Famitsu gave it a score of one six and three sevens, while Famitsu X360 gave it a score of one seven, two eights, and one seven.[13]411Mania gave the Xbox 360 version nine out of ten, calling it \"a must-own for hardcore strategy nuts and World War II hobbyists.\"[30]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eidos Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square_Enix_Europe"},{"link_name":"Battlestations: Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlestations:_Pacific"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Naval mine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_mine"},{"link_name":"kamikazes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamikazes"},{"link_name":"alternate history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternate_history"},{"link_name":"invasion of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Events_leading_to_the_attack_on_Pearl_Harbor#Concept_of_Japanese_invasion_of_Hawaii"},{"link_name":"USS Yorktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Yorktown_(CV-5)"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Coral Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea"}],"text":"Eidos Interactive released Battlestations: Pacific for Windows and Xbox 360 in May 2009.[31][32] This sequel takes place right after Battlestations: Midway and has twice as many missions as the game before. It also includes 21 new units and add the ability to command troops to fight on the islands, though the player has no control over any individual land unit.[33] Naval mine and kamikazes have also been added. A new feature includes the ability to play as the Japanese from commanding the Pearl Harbor attack to Midway. Details have been added for a more realistic effect; for example, while submerged in a sub flora and fauna are visible, as well as a sea floor. The game also provides an alternate history timeline for the Japanese, a what-if scenario that tells the story of the IJN's victory at Midway, which later considers Pearl Harbor a threat to its already overextending conquest borderline, therefore forcing an invasion of Hawaii. It is also possible to, at the start of the attack on Pearl Harbor, \"kill\" the two main characters of Battlestations: Midway. If the player managed to sink Henry's PT boat, the pilot would comment: \"His name was Henry. This is not his story.\" After shooting down Donald's more advanced plane, he would go on to comment that \"Fighter ace, huh? At least you died in the air,\" pointing back to Donald's death on the USS Yorktown at the Battle of the Coral Sea.","title":"Sequel"}]	[]	[{"title":"Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy"}]	[{"reference":"\"Battlestations: Midway\". Feral Interactive Support. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://support.feralinteractive.com/en/mac-linux-games/bsm/","url_text":"\"Battlestations: Midway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182122/https://support.feralinteractive.com/en/mac-linux-games/bsm/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"József \"Szittyó\" Szigetvári, Károly \"ZeroCool\" Mezei (September 2002). \"Új vizekre tévedve… Midway: Naval Battles\" [Wandering into new waters… Midway: Naval Battles]. GameStar (in Hungarian). IDG Magyarország Lapkiadó Kft. pp. 18–20.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStar","url_text":"GameStar"}]},{"reference":"\"Virtuális tengeri hadviselés – konzolra hangolva\" [Virtual naval warfare – tuned for consoles]. 576 Konzol (in Hungarian). Vol. IX, no. 4. Comgame Kft. April 2005. pp. 8–9. ISSN 1417-9296. Retrieved March 21, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/576-konzol-1998-2008/576%20Konzol%202005-04/page/n9/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Virtuális tengeri hadviselés – konzolra hangolva\""},{"url":"https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/576_Konzol","url_text":"576 Konzol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1417-9296","url_text":"1417-9296"}]},{"reference":"\"SCi Games announce BATTLESTATIONS: MIDWAY\". 2 September 2004. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/sci-games-announce-battlestations-midway","url_text":"\"SCi Games announce BATTLESTATIONS: MIDWAY\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210723014014/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/sci-games-announce-battlestations-midway","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Battlestations: Midway\". Eurogamer. 14 December 2006. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. Retrieved 23 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/eg_bmp_dan","url_text":"\"Battlestations: Midway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurogamer","url_text":"Eurogamer"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210723003250/https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/eg_bmp_dan","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hungarian Developers Accuse SCi of Theft\". 10 July 2006. Archived from the original on 23 July 2021. 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IGN Entertainment. Archived from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/battlestations-midway/765526p1.html","url_text":"\"GameSpy: Battlestations: Midway (X360)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpy","url_text":"GameSpy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201209030102/http://xbox360.gamespy.com/xbox-360/battlestations-midway/765526p1.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Brock (February 22, 2007). \"Battlestations: Midway - PC - Review\". GameZone. Archived from the original on October 2, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamezone.com/reviews/battlestations_midway_pc_review/","url_text":"\"Battlestations: Midway - PC - Review\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081002085303/http://pc.gamezone.com/gzreviews/r24809.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Valentino, Nick (February 12, 2007). \"Battlestations: Midway - 360 - Review\". GameZone. 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Retrieved July 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081005040122/http://www.maclife.com/article/reviews/battlestations_midway","url_text":"\"Battlestations Midway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacLife","url_text":"MacLife"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Future_US","url_text":"Future US"},{"url":"http://www.maclife.com/article/reviews/battlestations_midway","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Holt, Chris (November 23, 2008). \"Review: Battlestations Midway\". Macworld. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.macworld.com/article/193534/battlestationsmidway-2.html","url_text":"\"Review: Battlestations Midway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld","url_text":"Macworld"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182107/https://www.macworld.com/article/193534/battlestationsmidway-2.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Battlestations: Midway\". Official Xbox Magazine. Future US. March 2007. p. 80.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Official_Xbox_Magazine","url_text":"Official Xbox Magazine"}]},{"reference":"\"Battlestations: Midway\". PC Gamer. Vol. 14, no. 4. Future US. April 2007. p. 58.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer","url_text":"PC Gamer"}]},{"reference":"Mastrapa, Gus (March 26, 2007). \"Battlestations: Midway\". The A.V. Club. G/O Media. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.avclub.com/battlestations-midway-1798210996","url_text":"\"Battlestations: Midway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club","url_text":"The A.V. Club"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G/O_Media","url_text":"G/O Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081216024609/http://www.avclub.com/content/games/battlestations_midway","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Fish, Eliot (March 12, 2007). \"Battlestations: Midway\". The Sydney Morning Herald. Fairfax Media. Archived from the original on May 22, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.smh.com.au/technology/battlestations-midway-20070312-gdpn8l.html","url_text":"\"Battlestations: Midway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sydney_Morning_Herald","url_text":"The Sydney Morning Herald"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairfax_Media","url_text":"Fairfax Media"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170522075132/http://www.smh.com.au/news/game-reviews/battlestations-midway/2007/03/10/1173478716486.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"McCarver, Chris (February 19, 2007). \"Battlestations: Midway (Xbox 360) Review\". 411Mania. Archived from the original on February 21, 2007. Retrieved July 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070221174658/http://www.411mania.com/games/reviews/50868","url_text":"\"Battlestations: Midway (Xbox 360) Review\""},{"url":"http://www.411mania.com/games/reviews/50868","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Get Ready for War on an Epic Scale With Battlestations: Pacific\". Yahoo! Finance. Yahoo!. February 28, 2008. Archived from the original on March 2, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080302153520/http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/080228/aqth101.html?.v=33","url_text":"\"Get Ready for War on an Epic Scale With Battlestations: Pacific\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Finance","url_text":"Yahoo! Finance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!","url_text":"Yahoo!"},{"url":"http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/080228/aqth101.html?.v=33","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Battlestations: Pacific Release\". Eidos Interactive. February 28, 2008. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobsann	Lobsann	["1 See also","2 References"]	Coordinates: 48°57′51″N 7°50′48″E / 48.9642°N 7.8467°E / 48.9642; 7.8467Commune in Grand Est, FranceLobsann LüsannCommuneThe town hall in Lobsann Coat of armsLocation of Lobsann LobsannShow map of FranceLobsannShow map of Grand EstCoordinates: 48°57′51″N 7°50′48″E / 48.9642°N 7.8467°E / 48.9642; 7.8467CountryFranceRegionGrand EstDepartmentBas-RhinArrondissementHaguenau-WissembourgCantonReichshoffenGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Elisabeth Weinling-HamelArea12.73 km2 (1.05 sq mi)Population (2021)656 • Density240/km2 (620/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code67271 /67250Elevation157–308 m (515–1,010 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Lobsann is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France. See also Communes of the Bas-Rhin department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ INSEE commune file Wikimedia Commons has media related to Lobsann. vte Communes of the Bas-Rhin department Achenheim Adamswiller Albé Alteckendorf Altenheim Altorf Altwiller Andlau Artolsheim Aschbach Asswiller Avolsheim Baerendorf Balbronn Baldenheim Barembach Barr Bassemberg Batzendorf Beinheim Bellefosse Belmont Benfeld Berg Bergbieten Bernardswiller Bernardvillé Bernolsheim Berstett Berstheim Betschdorf Bettwiller Biblisheim Bietlenheim Bilwisheim Bindernheim Bischheim Bischholtz Bischoffsheim Bischwiller Bissert Bitschhoffen Blaesheim Blancherupt Blienschwiller Bœrsch Bœsenbiesen Bolsenheim Boofzheim Bootzheim Bosselshausen Bossendorf Bourg-Bruche Bourgheim Bouxwiller Breitenau Breitenbach Breuschwickersheim La Broque Brumath Buhl Burbach Bust Buswiller Butten Châtenois Cleebourg Climbach Colroy-la-Roche Cosswiller Crastatt Crœttwiller Dachstein Dahlenheim Dalhunden Dambach Dambach-la-Ville Dangolsheim Daubensand Dauendorf Dehlingen Dettwiller Diebolsheim Diedendorf Dieffenbach-au-Val Dieffenbach-lès-Wœrth Dieffenthal Diemeringen Dimbsthal Dingsheim Dinsheim-sur-Bruche Domfessel Donnenheim Dorlisheim Dossenheim-Kochersberg Dossenheim-sur-Zinsel Drachenbronn-Birlenbach Drulingen Drusenheim Duntzenheim Duppigheim Durningen Durrenbach Durstel Duttlenheim Eberbach-Seltz Ebersheim Ebersmunster Eckartswiller Eckbolsheim Eckwersheim Eichhoffen Elsenheim Engwiller Entzheim Epfig Erckartswiller Ergersheim Ernolsheim-Bruche Ernolsheim-lès-Saverne Erstein Eschau Eschbach Eschbourg Eschwiller Ettendorf Eywiller Fegersheim Fessenheim-le-Bas Flexbourg Forstfeld Forstheim Fort-Louis Fouchy Fouday Friedolsheim Friesenheim Frœschwiller Frohmuhl Furchhausen Furdenheim Gambsheim Geispolsheim Geiswiller-Zœbersdorf Gerstheim Gertwiller Geudertheim Gœrlingen Gœrsdorf Gottenhouse Gottesheim Gougenheim Goxwiller Grandfontaine Grassendorf Grendelbruch Gresswiller Gries Griesheim-près-Molsheim Griesheim-sur-Souffel Gumbrechtshoffen Gundershoffen Gungwiller Gunstett Haegen Haguenausubpr Handschuheim Hangenbieten Harskirchen Hatten Hattmatt Hegeney Heidolsheim Heiligenberg Heiligenstein Hengwiller Herbitzheim Herbsheim Herrlisheim Hessenheim Hilsenheim Hindisheim Hinsbourg Hinsingen Hipsheim Hirschland Hochfelden Hochstett Hœnheim Hœrdt Hoffen Hohengœft Hohfrankenheim Le Hohwald Holtzheim Hunspach Hurtigheim Huttendorf Huttenheim Ichtratzheim Illkirch-Graffenstaden Ingenheim Ingolsheim Ingwiller Innenheim Issenhausen Ittenheim Itterswiller Jetterswiller Kaltenhouse Kauffenheim Keffenach Kertzfeld Keskastel Kesseldorf Kienheim Kilstett Kindwiller Kintzheim Kirchheim Kirrberg Kirrwiller Kleingœft Knœrsheim Kogenheim Kolbsheim Krautergersheim Krautwiller Kriegsheim Kurtzenhouse Kuttolsheim Kutzenhausen Lalaye Lampertheim Lampertsloch Landersheim Langensoultzbach Laubach Lauterbourg Lembach Leutenheim Lichtenberg Limersheim Lingolsheim Lipsheim Littenheim Lixhausen Lobsann Lochwiller Lohr Lorentzen Lupstein Lutzelhouse Mackenheim Mackwiller Maennolsheim Maisonsgoutte Marckolsheim Marlenheim Marmoutier Matzenheim Meistratzheim Melsheim Memmelshoffen Menchhoffen Merkwiller-Pechelbronn Mertzwiller Mietesheim Minversheim Mittelbergheim Mittelhausbergen Mittelschaeffolsheim Mollkirch Molsheimsubpr Mommenheim Monswiller Morsbronn-les-Bains Morschwiller Mothern Muhlbach-sur-Bruche Mulhausen Munchhausen Mundolsheim Mussig Muttersholtz Mutzenhouse Mutzig Natzwiller Neewiller-près-Lauterbourg Neubois Neugartheim-Ittlenheim Neuhaeusel Neuve-Église Neuviller-la-Roche Neuwiller-lès-Saverne Niederbronn-les-Bains Niederhaslach Niederhausbergen Niederlauterbach Niedermodern Niedernai Niederrœdern Niederschaeffolsheim Niedersoultzbach Niedersteinbach Nordheim Nordhouse Nothalten Obenheim Oberbronn Oberdorf-Spachbach Oberhaslach Oberhausbergen Oberhoffen-lès-Wissembourg Oberhoffen-sur-Moder Oberlauterbach Obermodern-Zutzendorf Obernai Oberrœdern Oberschaeffolsheim Obersoultzbach Obersteinbach Odratzheim Oermingen Offendorf Offwiller Ohlungen Ohnenheim Olwisheim Orschwiller Osthoffen Osthouse Ostwald Ottersthal Otterswiller Ottrott Ottwiller Petersbach La Petite-Pierre Pfalzweyer Pfulgriesheim Plaine Plobsheim Preuschdorf Printzheim Puberg Quatzenheim Rangen Ranrupt Ratzwiller Rauwiller Reichsfeld Reichshoffen Reichstett Reinhardsmunster Reipertswiller Retschwiller Reutenbourg Rexingen Rhinau Richtolsheim Riedseltz Rimsdorf Ringendorf Rittershoffen Rœschwoog Rohr Rohrwiller Romanswiller Roppenheim Rosenwiller Rosheim Rossfeld Rosteig Rothau Rothbach Rott Rottelsheim Rountzenheim-Auenheim Russ Saales Saasenheim Saessolsheim Saint-Blaise-la-Roche Saint-Jean-Saverne Saint-Martin Saint-Maurice Saint-Nabor Saint-Pierre Saint-Pierre-Bois Salmbach Sand Sarre-Union Sarrewerden Saulxures Savernesubpr Schaeffersheim Schaffhouse-près-Seltz Schalkendorf Scharrachbergheim-Irmstett Scheibenhard Scherlenheim Scherwiller Schillersdorf Schiltigheim Schirmeck Schirrhein Schirrhoffen Schleithal Schnersheim Schœnau Schœnbourg Schœnenbourg Schopperten Schweighouse-sur-Moder Schwenheim Schwindratzheim Schwobsheim Seebach Sélestatsubpr Seltz Sermersheim Sessenheim Siegen Siewiller Siltzheim Solbach Sommerau Souffelweyersheim Soufflenheim Soultz-les-Bains Soultz-sous-Forêts Sparsbach Stattmatten Steige Steinbourg Steinseltz Still Stotzheim Strasbourgpref Struth Stundwiller Stutzheim-Offenheim Sundhouse Surbourg Thal-Drulingen Thal-Marmoutier Thanvillé Tieffenbach Traenheim Triembach-au-Val Trimbach Truchtersheim Uhlwiller Uhrwiller Urbeis Urmatt Uttenheim Uttenhoffen Uttwiller Val-de-Moder Valff La Vancelle Vendenheim Villé Vœllerdingen Volksberg Wahlenheim Walbourg Waldersbach Waldhambach Waldolwisheim Waltenheim-sur-Zorn Wangen Wangenbourg-Engenthal La Wantzenau Wasselonne Weinbourg Weislingen Weitbruch Weiterswiller Westhoffen Westhouse Westhouse-Marmoutier Weyer Weyersheim Wickersheim-Wilshausen Wildersbach Willgottheim Wilwisheim Wimmenau Windstein Wingen Wingen-sur-Moder Wingersheim-les-Quatre-Bans Wintershouse Wintzenbach Wintzenheim-Kochersberg Wisches Wissembourg Witternheim Wittersheim Wittisheim Wiwersheim Wœrth Wolfisheim Wolfskirchen Wolschheim Wolxheim Zehnacker Zeinheim Zellwiller Zinswiller Zittersheim pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data This Bas-Rhin geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Bas-Rhin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas-Rhin"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Grand Est","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Est"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Commune in Grand Est, FranceLobsann is a commune in the Bas-Rhin department in Grand Est in north-eastern France.[3]","title":"Lobsann"}]	[]	[{"title":"Communes of the Bas-Rhin department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Bas-Rhin_department"}]	[{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 13 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-67271","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lobsann&params=48.9642_N_7.8467_E_type:city(656)_region:FR-GES","external_links_name":"48°57′51″N 7°50′48″E / 48.9642°N 7.8467°E / 48.9642; 7.8467"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lobsann&params=48.9642_N_7.8467_E_type:city(656)_region:FR-GES","external_links_name":"48°57′51″N 7°50′48″E / 48.9642°N 7.8467°E / 48.9642; 7.8467"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-67271","external_links_name":"67271"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-67271","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/metadonnees/cog/commune/COM67271-lobsann","external_links_name":"INSEE commune file"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/247450709","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15271413b","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15271413b","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lobsann&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hand_(1965_film)	The Hand (1965 film)	["1 Plot","2 Legacy","3 Awards","4 References","5 External links"]	1965 filmThe HandDirected byJiří TrnkaWritten byJiří TrnkaMusic byVáclav TrojanDistributed byKrátký Film PrahaRelease date October 26, 1965 (1965-10-26) Running time18 minutesCountryCzechoslovakiaLanguageCzech The Hand (Czech: Ruka) is a 1965 Czechoslovak stop motion puppet animation film directed by Jiří Trnka. It was to be Trnka's final film. Critics and viewers praised The Hand as one of the best animated shorts of all time. The film was first released in 1965. When Trnka died in 1969, the film was banned due to its story that reflects a restrictive environment in which many artists had to work. Plot The film features a conflict between a powerless Harlequin and a powerful Hand. Harlequin is an artist who makes Sculptures. He is commanded by The Hand to make only sculptures of it making a symbolic gesture, but Harlequin decides to resist the Hand as he wishes to make ceramic pots for his flowers. The Hand tries to change his mind by threatening him, manipulating him or by causing trouble for him. The Hand eventually catches Harlequin with a trick and locks him in a cage where he makes the ordered Statue. The Hand rewards him with medals and laurels, but he becomes sad and decides to escape. He brings down the statue and makes a hole in the cage. He jumps out of the cage and runs away while being chased by the Hand. As he runs, he throws away all of his medals and laurels. He gets home in the end and barricades himself there. As he barricades himself in a closet, a pot with a flower falls on him. Harlequin falls to the floor and sees his beloved flowers as he dies. When the Hand gets into the House, Harlequin is already dead. The Hand, now wearing a different glove, uses the closet as a coffin for Harlequin and makes a pompous funeral for him, before expressing a new gesture. Legacy Jiří Trnka Memorial that was unveiled in Plzeň on 17 November 2015, commemorates The Hand. Time Out listed The Hand in its list of top 30 animated shorts of all time. In a Reddit AMA, Rebecca Sugar, creator of the Cartoon Network show Steven Universe named The Hand as having a major influence on her work. Awards List of awards received by The Hand: Jury Special Prize, Annecy, 1965 First Prize in Category of Cartoons, Bergamo, 1965 Silver Prize, Melbourne, 1966 Best Film of All Festival Years (Award from Critics), Annecy, 1990 References ^ Oddball Films: Czech Please! Animated Wonders from the former Czechoslovakia - Thur. May 9th - 8PM ^ 250 Great Animated Shorts: The List-IndieWire ^ "Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -". cartoonresearch.com. ^ Jiri Trnka · Puppet Animation Master (documentary, 1967)-Internet Archive ^ O’Brian, Bennett. "Pretty Clever Films". Jirí Trnka’s The Hand (1965). Retrieved 10 July 2015. ^ Oddball Films: The Spectre of Fascism - Echoes from Totalitarianism - Fri. Dec. 2nd - 8PM ^ Kolářová, Kamila. "Borský park obohatil památník Jiřího Trnky". Info.ZCU.cz. Retrieved 19 November 2015. ^ "The 30 best animated short films ever made". Time Out New York. Retrieved 29 January 2017. ^ "R/Stevenuniverse - Comment by u/CartoonNetwork on "Rebecca, Lamar, and Miki here – ask us anything!"". ^ "Ruka". The Big Cartoon Database. Retrieved 10 July 2015. External links The Hand on IMDb The Hand on MUBI The Hand on AllMovie vteFilms directed by Jiří Trnka Springman and the SS The Czech Year The Emperor's Nightingale Prince Bayaya Old Czech Legends The Good Soldier Schweik A Midsummer Night's Dream The Cybernetic Grandma The Hand	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Czech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_language"},{"link_name":"stop motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stop_motion"},{"link_name":"Jiří Trnka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Trnka"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cartoonresearch.com11-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Hand (Czech: Ruka) is a 1965 Czechoslovak stop motion puppet animation film directed by Jiří Trnka. It was to be Trnka's final film.[1] Critics and viewers praised The Hand as one of the best animated shorts of all time.[2][3][4]The film was first released in 1965. When Trnka died in 1969, the film was banned due to its story that reflects a restrictive environment in which many artists had to work.[5][6]","title":"The Hand (1965 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The film features a conflict between a powerless Harlequin and a powerful Hand. Harlequin is an artist who makes Sculptures. He is commanded by The Hand to make only sculptures of it making a symbolic gesture, but Harlequin decides to resist the Hand as he wishes to make ceramic pots for his flowers. The Hand tries to change his mind by threatening him, manipulating him or by causing trouble for him.The Hand eventually catches Harlequin with a trick and locks him in a cage where he makes the ordered Statue. The Hand rewards him with medals and laurels, but he becomes sad and decides to escape. He brings down the statue and makes a hole in the cage. He jumps out of the cage and runs away while being chased by the Hand. As he runs, he throws away all of his medals and laurels. He gets home in the end and barricades himself there. As he barricades himself in a closet, a pot with a flower falls on him. Harlequin falls to the floor and sees his beloved flowers as he dies. When the Hand gets into the House, Harlequin is already dead. The Hand, now wearing a different glove, uses the closet as a coffin for Harlequin and makes a pompous funeral for him, before expressing a new gesture.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plzeň","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plze%C5%88"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Sugar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Sugar"},{"link_name":"Cartoon Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon_Network"},{"link_name":"Steven Universe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Universe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Jiří Trnka Memorial that was unveiled in Plzeň on 17 November 2015, commemorates The Hand.[7]Time Out listed The Hand in its list of top 30 animated shorts of all time.[8]In a Reddit AMA, Rebecca Sugar, creator of the Cartoon Network show Steven Universe named The Hand as having a major influence on her work.[9]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"List of awards received by The Hand:[10]Jury Special Prize, Annecy, 1965\nFirst Prize in Category of Cartoons, Bergamo, 1965\nSilver Prize, Melbourne, 1966\nBest Film of All Festival Years (Award from Critics), Annecy, 1990","title":"Awards"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -\". cartoonresearch.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://cartoonresearch.com/index.php/cartoons-considered-for-an-academy-award-1966/","url_text":"\"Cartoons Considered For An Academy Award 1966 -\""}]},{"reference":"O’Brian, Bennett. \"Pretty Clever Films\". Jirí Trnka’s The Hand (1965). Retrieved 10 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://prettycleverfilms.com/saturday-morning-cartoons/jiri-trnkas-hand-1965/#.VaAfrfntmko","url_text":"\"Pretty Clever Films\""}]},{"reference":"Kolářová, Kamila. \"Borský park obohatil památník Jiřího Trnky\". Info.ZCU.cz. Retrieved 19 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://info.zcu.cz/clanek.jsp?id=172","url_text":"\"Borský park obohatil památník Jiřího Trnky\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 30 best animated short films ever made\". Time Out New York. Retrieved 29 January 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/the-30-best-animated-short-films-ever-made#tab_panel_2","url_text":"\"The 30 best animated short films ever made\""}]},{"reference":"\"R/Stevenuniverse - Comment by u/CartoonNetwork on \"Rebecca, Lamar, and Miki here – ask us anything!\"\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reddit.com/r/stevenuniverse/comments/aidc83/rebecca_lamar_and_miki_here_ask_us_anything/een0vuk/","url_text":"\"R/Stevenuniverse - Comment by u/CartoonNetwork on \"Rebecca, Lamar, and Miki here – ask us anything!\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ruka\". The Big Cartoon Database. Retrieved 10 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/65728-Ruka","url_text":"\"Ruka\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://oddballfilms.blogspot.com/2013/05/czech-please-animated-wonders-from.html","external_links_name":"Oddball Films: Czech Please! Animated Wonders from the former Czechoslovakia - Thur. 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Dec. 2nd - 8PM"},{"Link":"http://info.zcu.cz/clanek.jsp?id=172","external_links_name":"\"Borský park obohatil památník Jiřího Trnky\""},{"Link":"https://www.timeout.com/newyork/film/the-30-best-animated-short-films-ever-made#tab_panel_2","external_links_name":"\"The 30 best animated short films ever made\""},{"Link":"https://www.reddit.com/r/stevenuniverse/comments/aidc83/rebecca_lamar_and_miki_here_ask_us_anything/een0vuk/","external_links_name":"\"R/Stevenuniverse - Comment by u/CartoonNetwork on \"Rebecca, Lamar, and Miki here – ask us anything!\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.bcdb.com/cartoon/65728-Ruka","external_links_name":"\"Ruka\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0239921/","external_links_name":"The Hand"},{"Link":"https://mubi.com/films/the-hand-1965","external_links_name":"The Hand"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/ruka-v184578","external_links_name":"The Hand"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_apple	Bismarck (apple)	["1 History","2 Tree","2.1 Listed specimens of this tree","3 References","4 External links"]	Apple cultivar Malus domestica 'Bismarck'Hybrid parentageUnknownCultivar'Bismarck'Originaround 1870 Bismarck (Malus domestica 'Bismarck') is an apple cultivar. The fruit from the tree is used for cooking due to its sharp flavour and is most commonly pureed when cooking. History There are several different accounts of the origin on this apple cultivar. One theory is that it originated from Bismarck in Tasmania (now Collinsvale), which was a German settlement. Another theory is that it was raised by F. Fricke, a German settler at Carisbrooke, Victoria, Australia. A third is that it originated in Canterbury, New Zealand. The fruit was grown in Victoria and also in England and across Europe until the 1930s. Tree The tree itself will grow to approximately 25 ft spread and 15 ft in height bearing a large crop of medium size fruit with a green and red skin. The apple is not commonly grown and its distribution is far and few across the globe. The tree and its crop were awarded the RHS First Class Certificate in 1887. Listed specimens of this tree Place Country Age Notes Bank Hall, Lancashire United Kingdom Unknown Situated in the Walled Garden at Bank Hall Fulham, London United Kingdom Unknown Situated in a Private Garden Winchester, Hampshire United Kingdom Unknown Situated in a Private Garden References Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bismarck (apple). ^ "Bismarck", National Fruit Collection, University of Reading and Brogdale Collections, retrieved 4 November 2015 ^ Keepers Nursery (2011) "Malus domestica Bismarck", "Bismarck - Apple - Fruit Trees". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-05. ^ Orange Pippin (2011) "Bismarck apple", http://www.orangepippin.com/apples/bismarck External links Beach, S.A.; Booth, N.O.; Taylor, O.M. (1905), "Bismarck", The apples of New York, vol. 2, Albany: J. B. Lyon, pp. 19–20 vteApples List of apple cultivars Species Malus domestica Malus niedzwetzkyana Malus sieversii Table apples Adams Pearmain Aia Ilu Airlie Red Flesh Akane Åkerö Alkmene Allington Pippin Ambrosia Anna Annurca Ariane Arkansas Black Ashmead's Kernel Aurora Golden Gala Autumn Bough Autumn Glory Baldwin Beacon Beauty of Bath Belle de Boskoop Bellflower Ben Davis Birgit Bonnier Braeburn Brina Cameo Champion Civni (Rubens) Claygate Pearmain Clivia Cornish Aromatic Cornish Gilliflower Cortland Cosmic Crisp Court Pendu Plat Cox's Orange Pippin Crimson Gold Cripps Red Cripps Pink (Pink Lady) Delbard Jubilée Delbarestivale Delrouval Devonshire Quarrenden Discovery Dorsett Golden Dougherty Duchess of Oldenburg Dumelow's Seedling Egremont Russet Ellison's Orange Elstar Empire Enterprise Envy Esopus Spitzenburg Eva EverCrisp Fiesta Filippa Flamenco Florina Fuji Gala Gascoyne's Scarlet Geheimrat Dr. Oldenburg Ginger Gold Golden Delicious Golden Orange Goldspur Granny Smith Gravenstein Grimes Golden Haralson Hokuto Honeycrisp Honeygold Idared Ingrid Marie James Grieve Jazz Jersey Black Jonadel Jonagold Jonathan Jubilee Julieta Jupiter Kanzi Karmijn de Sonnaville King of the Pippins Knobby Russet Lady Alice Laxton's Superb Liberty Liveland Raspberry Lodi Lord Lambourne Lucombe's Seedling Macoun McIntosh Melba Melrose Mutsu Newtown Pippin Nicola Opal Sciros (Pacific Rose) Pam's Delight Papirovka Paula Red Pink Pearl Pinova Prima Pristine Rajka Ralls Janet Rambo Rave Red Astrachan Red Delicious Red Pineapple Redlove apples Rhode Island Greening Ribston Pippin Roxbury Russet Sandow Sansa Sekai Ichi Spartan Splendour Star of Devon Stayman Sturmer Pippin Summerfree Sundowner Sunset Suntan SweeTango Taliaferro Tartu Rose Tentation Tompkins King Topaz Wealthy Winesap Winston Worcester Pearmain Wyken Pippin York Imperial Zestar Cooking apples Antonovka Bismarck Blenheim Orange Bramley Calville Blanc d'hiver Campanino Chelmsford Wonder Costard Creston Crimson Bramley Flower of Kent Golden Noble Granny Smith Grenadier King Byerd Manks Codlin Newton Wonder Norfolk Biffin Northern Spy Reinette du Canada Rome Upton Pyne White Transparent Wolf River Cider apples Brown Snout Cap of Liberty Chisel Jersey Coccagee Crimson King Dabinett Dufflin Ellis Bitter Foxwhelp Golden Russet Golden Spire Hangdown Harrison Cider Kingston Black Major Michelin Poveshon Redstreak Slack-ma-Girdle Styre Tom Putt Woodcock Yarlington Mill Ornamental apple Flamenco Goldspur Wijcik McIntosh Apple productsFood Apple butter Apple cake Apple cheese Apple chip Apple cider vinegar Apple crisp Apple flour Apple pie Apple sauce Apple seed oil Apple strudel Baked apple Candy apple Caramel apple Himmel und Erde Jewish apple cake Pectin Drink Apfelwein Apple cider Apple juice Applejack Calvados Cider Ice cider Pommeau Agriculture Apple picking Apple scab Applecrab Arctic Apples Fruit tree pruning Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Johnny Appleseed Malling series Malus Pearmain Pollination Pome PRI disease resistant apple breeding program Reinette Russeting US Apple Association Lists Countries by apple production Apple diseases Apples Cultivars Production	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cultivar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultivar"}],"text":"Bismarck (Malus domestica 'Bismarck') is an apple cultivar. The fruit from the tree is used for cooking due to its sharp flavour and is most commonly pureed when cooking.","title":"Bismarck (apple)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tasmania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Collinsvale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collinsvale,_Tasmania"},{"link_name":"Carisbrooke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carisbrooke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"There are several different accounts of the origin on this apple cultivar. One theory is that it originated from Bismarck in Tasmania (now Collinsvale), which was a German settlement. Another theory is that it was raised by F. Fricke, a German settler at Carisbrooke, Victoria, Australia. A third is that it originated in Canterbury, New Zealand.[1] The fruit was grown in Victoria and also in England and across Europe until the 1930s.[2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The tree itself will grow to approximately 25 ft spread and 15 ft in height bearing a large crop of medium size fruit with a green and red skin.\nThe apple is not commonly grown and its distribution is far and few across the globe.[3] The tree and its crop were awarded the RHS First Class Certificate in 1887.","title":"Tree"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Listed specimens of this tree","title":"Tree"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Bismarck\", National Fruit Collection, University of Reading and Brogdale Collections, retrieved 4 November 2015","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=570&&fruit=apple","url_text":"\"Bismarck\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bismarck - Apple - Fruit Trees\". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-11-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425142244/http://www.keepers-nursery.co.uk/product.aspx?id=BISMAR&v=3","url_text":"\"Bismarck - Apple - Fruit Trees\""},{"url":"http://www.keepers-nursery.co.uk/product.aspx?id%3DBISMAR%26v%3D3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beach, S.A.; Booth, N.O.; Taylor, O.M. (1905), \"Bismarck\", The apples of New York, vol. 2, Albany: J. B. Lyon, pp. 19–20","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56421#page/40/mode/1up","url_text":"\"Bismarck\""}]}]	[{"Link":"http://www.nationalfruitcollection.org.uk/full2.php?id=570&&fruit=apple","external_links_name":"\"Bismarck\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120425142244/http://www.keepers-nursery.co.uk/product.aspx?id=BISMAR&v=3","external_links_name":"\"Bismarck - Apple - Fruit Trees\""},{"Link":"http://www.keepers-nursery.co.uk/product.aspx?id%3DBISMAR%26v%3D3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.orangepippin.com/apples/bismarck","external_links_name":"http://www.orangepippin.com/apples/bismarck"},{"Link":"https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/56421#page/40/mode/1up","external_links_name":"\"Bismarck\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Murray	Clark Murray	["1 References"]	American sculptor For the Canadian Member of Parliament, see Clark Murray (politician). Clark Murray, Untitled , painted steel, 1974-75, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston Clark Murray (born 1938) is an American sculptor who is best known for his large outdoor constructions of welded and painted steel pipes. Sculptures by Clark Murray include: White Mountains, a 1977 three-ton welded steel pipe sculpture was on loan for a brief time beginning in 1982 at the Laumeier Sculpture Park (St. Louis, Missouri. Its current location is unknown. A 1973 untitled painted steel pipe sculpture at the University of St. Thomas (Houston, Texas) owned by the Menil Collection A 1974-5 untitled painted steel sculpture at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (Houston, Texas) Daughter Kassondra Leigh Murray Golden References Nierengarten-Smith, Beej, Laumeier Sculpture Park First Decade, 1976-1986, St. Louis, Mo., Laumeier Sculpture Park, 1986, 63. See, Ingram, St. Louis Sculpture Park, New York Times, March 22, 1987. Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museum This article about an American sculptor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clark Murray (politician)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Murray_(politician)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Untitled_painted_steel_sculpture_by_Clark_Murray,_1974-75,_Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston.JPG"},{"link_name":"Museum of Fine Arts, Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston"},{"link_name":"Laumeier Sculpture Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laumeier_Sculpture_Park"},{"link_name":"University of St. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_St._Thomas_(Texas)"},{"link_name":"Menil Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menil_Collection"},{"link_name":"Museum of Fine Arts, Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Fine_Arts,_Houston"}],"text":"For the Canadian Member of Parliament, see Clark Murray (politician).Clark Murray, Untitled , painted steel, 1974-75, Museum of Fine Arts, HoustonClark Murray (born 1938) is an American sculptor who is best known for his large outdoor constructions of welded and painted steel pipes.Sculptures by Clark Murray include:White Mountains, a 1977 three-ton welded steel pipe sculpture was on loan for a brief time beginning in 1982 at the Laumeier Sculpture Park (St. Louis, Missouri. Its current location is unknown.\nA 1973 untitled painted steel pipe sculpture at the University of St. Thomas (Houston, Texas) owned by the Menil Collection\nA 1974-5 untitled painted steel sculpture at the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston (Houston, Texas)Daughter Kassondra Leigh Murray Golden","title":"Clark Murray"}]	[{"image_text":"Clark Murray, Untitled , painted steel, 1974-75, Museum of Fine Arts, Houston","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Untitled_painted_steel_sculpture_by_Clark_Murray%2C_1974-75%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Houston.JPG/300px-Untitled_painted_steel_sculpture_by_Clark_Murray%2C_1974-75%2C_Museum_of_Fine_Arts%2C_Houston.JPG"}]	null	[]	[{"Link":"http://siris-artinventories.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=U22GU47771144.42534&profile=ariall&uri=link=3100006~!265292~!3100001~!3100002&aspect=Browse&menu=search&ri=1&source=~!siartinventories&term=Murray%2C+Clark%2C+1938-+%2C+sculptor.&index=AUTHOR#focus","external_links_name":"Art Inventories Catalog, Smithsonian American Art Museum"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Clark_Murray&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latec_Investments_Ltd_v_Hotel_Terrigal_Pty_Ltd	Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd	["1 Facts","2 Issues","3 Previous authorities","3.1 Rice v Rice: between two equities, the first in time prevails","3.2 Competing authorities: purchasers for value without notice","4 Decision","4.1 Kitto J","4.2 Menzies J","4.3 Taylor J","5 Criticism","6 Adoption","7 References"]	Judgement of the High Court of Australia This article relies excessively on references to primary sources. Please improve this article by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Find sources: "Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty LtdCourtHigh Court of AustraliaFull case nameLatec Investments Limited and others v Hotel Terrigal Pty Limited (in liquidation) and others Decided12 April 1965Citations HCA 17, (1965) 113 CLR 265Court membershipJudges sittingKitto, Taylor and Menzies JJCase opinionsA mortgagee fraudulently exercised the power of sale. The sale was void against the mortgagee, but the fraud did not affect an equitable charge subsequently granted to a bona fide purchaser. Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd is a 1965 property law decision of the High Court of Australia. It contains a discussion of the principles upon which the priority of competing equitable interests in land is to be determined.: 266 Facts Latec was the mortgagee of land owned by Hotel Terrigal. Hotel Terrigal fell into arrears in repaying the loan and Latec, purporting to exercise its mortgagee’s power of sale, sold the property. It conducted an auction on an unfavourable day of the week with little time for proper advertisement (to make sure that the property could not be sold at the auction). The highest bid was 58,000 and later Latec sold the property to its wholly owned subsidiary, Southern Hotels for 60,000. Southern became the registered proprietor. Subsequently, Southern granted a floating charge over all its assets as security for the debenture issued to the public to the trustee of the debenture holders, MLC Nominee. The prospectuses for the debentures offered explicitly stated that the Hotel Terrigal was owned by Southern. Five years later, Hotel Terrigal argued that Latec had fraudulently sold the property to Southern, giving rise to an equitable right to rescind and set aside the sale of the property. Issues The issue is about the priority between Hotel Terrigal's and MLC's interest in the property. Hotel Terrigal has the right to apply to the court to have the sale (from Latec to Southern Hotels) set aside. MLC, being the trustee of the debenture holders, is the chargee of the subject property. Previous authorities Rice v Rice: between two equities, the first in time prevails In Rice v Rice, Kindersley VC said: As between persons having only equitable interests, if their equities are in all other respects equal, priority of time gives the better equity; or, qui prior est tempore potior est jure. Competing authorities: purchasers for value without notice There was a conflict of opinion between Lord Westbury and Lord St Leonards concerning the availability of the defence of purchaser for value without notice in the case of competing equitable interests. Lord St Leonards maintained that the defence was always available. In Phillips v Phillips: 281 Lord Westbury said: very conveyance of an equitable interest is an innocent conveyance, that is to say, the grant of a person entitled merely in equity passes only that which he is justly entitled to and no more ... where there are circumstances that give rise to an equity as distinguished from an equitable estate—as for example, an equity to set aside a deed for fraud, or to correct it for mistake—and the purchaser under the instrument maintains the plea of purchase for valuable consideration without notice, the Court will not interfere. This obiter establishes a new category of equitable interests, mere equity, against which the defence of purchase for value without notice is available. In Stump v Gaby,: 290 Lord St Leonards held that "when a decree is made for setting aside a conveyance it relates back, and the grantee is to be treated as having been, from the first, a trustee for the grantor, who therefore has an equitable estate, not mere right of suit." Decision The court unanimously held that MLC's equitable interest prevailed over Hotel Terrigal's interest. However, Kitto, Taylor and Menzies JJ each gave separate judgments. Kitto J Mere equity is an equity which must be made good before an equitable interest can be held to exist. It is distinct from, because logically antecedent to, the equitable interest. The defence of bona fide purchase without notice can only succeed against the equity not the consequential equitable interest. If successful, the "first in time" rule does not apply for it only applies as between equitable interests. In this case, Hotel Terrigal's right to set aside the fraudulent sale made by Latec was a mere equity, and must be postponed to MLC's equitable interests. Menzies J Each line of authorities applies in different circumstances. "if Terrigal were a person instead of a company and the question were whether that person had a devisable interest in the hotel property by virtue of his equity to have the conveyance to Southern set aside, Stump v Gaby applies and Terrigal had an equitable interest in the hotel property." "where the question arises in a contest between Terrigal and MLC Nominees, the holders of an equitable interest in the hotel property acquired without notice of Terrigal's right, the authority Phillips v Phillips applies. Terrigal's equity is not entitled to priority merely because it came into existence at an earlier time." Taylor J The mere equity argument misconceives the significance of Lord Westbury's observation. The Stump v Gaby line of authority established that where the owner of property has been induced by fraud to convey it the grantor continues to have an equitable interest therein and that the interest may be devised or assigned inter vivos and that the grantor's interest in the property does not come into existence only if and when the conveyance is set aside. These cases however has nothing to say concerning the principles upon which the priority of competing equitable interests is to be determined. If such equitable interest is to be postponed, there must be some other reasons than being mere equity. The defence of purchaser for value without notice of a prior equitable interest cannot be generally maintained but it does appear that it has always been allowed to prevail where the person entitled to the earlier interest required the assistance of a court of equity to remove an impediment to his title as a preliminary to asserting his interest. It is because a plaintiff in such cases will be denied the assistance of the court to remove the impediment to his title. Criticism Mere equity may have proprietary characteristics. Many equitable interests rest on curial discretion. Adoption The approach of Menzies J has since been approved by Meagher, Gummow and Lehane in Equity Doctrines & Remedies at –. Bradbrook, MacCallum and Moore criticise the distinctions between mere equities and equitable interests. Most academics favour the judgment of Kitto J. References ^ a b c d ''Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd HCA 17, (1965) 113 CLR 265 (12 April 1965), High Court. ^ Rice v Rice (1853) 2 Drew 73, 61 ER 646, High Court (England and Wales). ^ Phillips v Phillips (1861) 4 De G F & J 208, 45 ER 1164. ^ Stump v Gaby (1852) 2 De G M & G 623, 42 ER 1015.	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clr-1"},{"link_name":"property law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_law"},{"link_name":"High Court of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"equitable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_(law)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clr-1"}],"text":"Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd[1] is a 1965 property law decision of the High Court of Australia. It contains a discussion of the principles upon which the priority of competing equitable interests in land is to be determined.[1]: 266","title":"Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Latec was the mortgagee of land owned by Hotel Terrigal. Hotel Terrigal fell into arrears in repaying the loan and Latec, purporting to exercise its mortgagee’s power of sale, sold the property. It conducted an auction on an unfavourable day of the week with little time for proper advertisement (to make sure that the property could not be sold at the auction). The highest bid was 58,000 and later Latec sold the property to its wholly owned subsidiary, Southern Hotels for 60,000. Southern became the registered proprietor.Subsequently, Southern granted a floating charge over all its assets as security for the debenture issued to the public to the trustee of the debenture holders, MLC Nominee. The prospectuses for the debentures offered explicitly stated that the Hotel Terrigal was owned by Southern.Five years later, Hotel Terrigal argued that Latec had fraudulently sold the property to Southern, giving rise to an equitable right to rescind and set aside the sale of the property.","title":"Facts"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The issue is about the priority between Hotel Terrigal's and MLC's interest in the property.Hotel Terrigal has the right to apply to the court to have the sale (from Latec to Southern Hotels) set aside.MLC, being the trustee of the debenture holders, is the chargee of the subject property.","title":"Issues"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Previous authorities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rice-2"},{"link_name":"Kindersley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Torin_Kindersley"},{"link_name":"VC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_High_Court"}],"sub_title":"Rice v Rice: between two equities, the first in time prevails","text":"In Rice v Rice,[2] Kindersley VC said:As between persons having only equitable interests, if their equities are in all other respects equal, priority of time gives the better equity; or, qui prior est tempore potior est jure.","title":"Previous authorities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord Westbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bethell,_1st_Baron_Westbury"},{"link_name":"Lord St Leonards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Sugden,_1st_Baron_St_Leonards"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clr-1"},{"link_name":"obiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obiter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clr-1"}],"sub_title":"Competing authorities: purchasers for value without notice","text":"There was a conflict of opinion between Lord Westbury and Lord St Leonards concerning the availability of the defence of purchaser for value without notice in the case of competing equitable interests. Lord St Leonards maintained that the defence was always available.In Phillips v Phillips[3][1]: 281 Lord Westbury said:[E]very conveyance of an equitable interest is an innocent conveyance, that is to say, the grant of a person entitled merely in equity passes only that which he is justly entitled to and no more ... where there are circumstances that give rise to an equity as distinguished from an equitable estate—as for example, an equity to set aside a deed for fraud, or to correct it for mistake—and the purchaser under the instrument maintains the plea of purchase for valuable consideration without notice, the Court will not interfere.This obiter establishes a new category of equitable interests, mere equity, against which the defence of purchase for value without notice is available.In Stump v Gaby,[4][1]: 290 Lord St Leonards held that \"when a decree is made for setting aside a conveyance it relates back, and the grantee is to be treated as having been, from the first, a trustee for the grantor, who therefore has an equitable estate, not mere right of suit.\"","title":"Previous authorities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The court unanimously held that MLC's equitable interest prevailed over Hotel Terrigal's interest. However, Kitto, Taylor and Menzies JJ each gave separate judgments.","title":"Decision"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Kitto J","text":"Mere equity is an equity which must be made good before an equitable interest can be held to exist. It is distinct from, because logically antecedent to, the equitable interest.The defence of bona fide purchase without notice can only succeed against the equity not the consequential equitable interest. If successful, the \"first in time\" rule does not apply for it only applies as between equitable interests.In this case, Hotel Terrigal's right to set aside the fraudulent sale made by Latec was a mere equity, and must be postponed to MLC's equitable interests.","title":"Decision"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Menzies J","text":"Each line of authorities applies in different circumstances. \"if Terrigal were a person instead of a company and the question were whether that person had a devisable interest in the hotel property by virtue of his equity to have the conveyance to Southern set aside, Stump v Gaby applies and Terrigal had an equitable interest in the hotel property.\"\"where the question arises in a contest between Terrigal and MLC Nominees, the holders of an equitable interest in the hotel property acquired without notice of Terrigal's right, the authority Phillips v Phillips applies. Terrigal's equity is not entitled to priority merely because it came into existence at an earlier time.\"","title":"Decision"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"court of equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_equity"}],"sub_title":"Taylor J","text":"The mere equity argument misconceives the significance of Lord Westbury's observation.The Stump v Gaby line of authority established that where the owner of property has been induced by fraud to convey it the grantor continues to have an equitable interest therein and that the interest may be devised or assigned inter vivos and that the grantor's interest in the property does not come into existence only if and when the conveyance is set aside. These cases however has nothing to say concerning the principles upon which the priority of competing equitable interests is to be determined. If such equitable interest is to be postponed, there must be some other reasons than being mere equity.The defence of purchaser for value without notice of a prior equitable interest cannot be generally maintained but it does appear that it has always been allowed to prevail where the person entitled to the earlier interest required the assistance of a court of equity to remove an impediment to his title as a preliminary to asserting his interest. It is because a plaintiff in such cases will be denied the assistance of the court to remove the impediment to his title.","title":"Decision"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Mere equity may have proprietary characteristics.Many equitable interests rest on curial discretion.","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The approach of Menzies J has since been approved by Meagher, Gummow and Lehane in\nEquity Doctrines & Remedies at [427]–[435]. Bradbrook, MacCallum and Moore criticise the\ndistinctions between mere equities and equitable interests. Most academics favour the judgment\nof Kitto J.","title":"Adoption"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Latec+Investments+Ltd+v+Hotel+Terrigal+Pty+Ltd%22","external_links_name":"\"Latec Investments Ltd v Hotel Terrigal Pty Ltd\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Latec+Investments+Ltd+v+Hotel+Terrigal+Pty+Ltd%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Latec+Investments+Ltd+v+Hotel+Terrigal+Pty+Ltd%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Latec+Investments+Ltd+v+Hotel+Terrigal+Pty+Ltd%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Latec+Investments+Ltd+v+Hotel+Terrigal+Pty+Ltd%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Latec+Investments+Ltd+v+Hotel+Terrigal+Pty+Ltd%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1965/17.html","external_links_name":"[1965] HCA 17"},{"Link":"https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1965/17.html","external_links_name":"[1965] HCA 17"},{"Link":"http://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1853/1102.pdf","external_links_name":"61 ER 646"},{"Link":"http://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1861/1044.pdf","external_links_name":"45 ER 1164"},{"Link":"http://www.commonlii.org/uk/cases/EngR/1852/1119.pdf","external_links_name":"42 ER 1015"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreham_station_(LIRR)	Shoreham station (LIRR)	["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]	Coordinates: 40°56′57.6″N 72°53′58.3″W / 40.949333°N 72.899528°W / 40.949333; -72.899528ShorehamAccess road to a PSE&G Long Island power line that also leads to the site of the former stationGeneral informationLocationNorth Country Road & Randall RoadShoreham, New YorkCoordinates40°56′57.6″N 72°53′58.3″W / 40.949333°N 72.899528°W / 40.949333; -72.899528Line(s)Wading River BranchHistoryOpened1900Closed1938ElectrifiedNoPrevious namesWardenclyffe (1900–1910)Former services Preceding station Long IslandRail Road Following station Rocky Pointtoward Hicksville Wading River Branch Wading RiverTerminus Shoreham was a station on the Wading River Extension on the Port Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. This is an abandoned station just east of the intersection of North Country Road and Randall Road, along what is now access for Long Island Power Authority power lines. History The Wardenclyffe station was originally built in 1900 in close proximity to Nikola Tesla's wireless transmission station Wardenclyffe Tower. The station was built during the extension of the Port Jefferson Branch to Wading River, which was once slated to continue eastward and rejoin the Main Line at either Riverhead or Calverton. In 1910, the station's name was changed to Shoreham. The line east of Port Jefferson was abandoned in 1938 and the station was torn down in 1950. The right-of-way is now owned by the Long Island Power Authority and used for power lines, but there are plans to create a rail trail for bicycling, running, and walking. References ^ Bob Emery Map of Shoreham Station & Vicinity (TrainsAreFun) ^ Rather, John (2009-04-10). "Agreement Moves Rails-to-Trails Project Forward". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-15. External links Wading River Extension (Unofficial LIRR History.com) Wading River Branch (Arrt's Arrchives) Site of the former Shoreham Long Island Rail Road station (Road and Rail Pictures) Wading River Extension (Trains Are Fun.com) Shoreham Train Station, Tesla Tower and vicinity (Shoreham Historical Society) vteLong Island Rail Road stationsCity Terminal ZoneMain Line (west) Penn Station Grand Central Madison Long Island City Hunterspoint Avenue Sunnyside Woodside Winfield Junction Grand Street Rego Park Forest Hills Hopedale Kew Gardens Westbridge Dunton Jamaica Atlantic Branch(west) Atlantic Terminal Nostrand Avenue East New York Woodhaven Woodhaven Junction Clarenceville Morris Park/Morris Grove/Boland's Landing Jamaica Atlantic Branch (east) Jamaica Beaver Street South Street Cedar Manor Locust Manor Higbie Avenue Springfield Laurelton Rosedale Valley Stream Far Rockaway Branch Valley Stream Gibson Hewlett Woodmere Cedarhurst Lawrence Inwood Far Rockaway Hempstead Branch Bellerose Floral Park Stewart Manor Nassau Boulevard Garden City Country Life Press Hempstead Long Beach Branch Lynbrook Centre Avenue East Rockaway Atlantic Avenue Oceanside Jekyl Island Island Park Wreck Lead Queenswater Club House Long Beach Montauk BranchLower Montauk Long Island City Penny Bridge Laurel Hill Haberman Maspeth Fresh Pond Glendale Ridgewood Richmond Hill Shops Dunton Jamaica Babylon Branch Union Hall Street Canal Street Hillside St. Albans Springfield Gardens Rosedale Valley Stream Lynbrook Rockville Centre Baldwin Freeport Merrick Bellmore Wantagh Seaford Massapequa Massapequa Park Unqua Amityville Copiague Belmont Junction Lindenhurst Babylon Montauk (east) Bay Shore Islip Centre Islip Club House Great River Oakdale Sayville Bayport Blue Point Patchogue East Patchogue Hagerman Bellport Brookhaven Mastic–Shirley Mastic Center Moriches East Moriches Eastport Speonk Westhampton Quogue East Quogue Hampton Bays Canoe Place Suffolk Downs Shinnecock Hills Southampton College Southampton Water Mill Bridgehampton Wainscott East Hampton Amagansett Napeague Beach Fanny Bartlett Promised Land Montauk Oyster Bay Branch Mineola East Williston Albertson Roslyn North Roslyn Greenvale Glen Head Sea Cliff Glen Street Glen Cove Locust Valley Mill Neck Oyster Bay Pt. Jefferson Branch Hicksville Landia Syosset Woodbury Cold Spring Harbor Huntington Greenlawn Northport Kings Park Smithtown St. James Flowerfield Stony Brook Setauket Port Jefferson Miller Place Rocky Point Shoreham Wading River Pt. Washington Branch Woodside Winfield Junction Elmhurst Corona West Flushing Mets–Willets Point Flushing–Main Street Murray Hill Broadway Auburndale Bayside Douglaston Little Neck Great Neck Manhasset Plandome Port Washington Main Line (east) / Ronkonkoma Branch / Greenport BranchMain Line (east) Union Hall Street Canal Street Hillside Hillside Facility Rockaway Junction Willow Tree Hollis Bellaire Queens Village Elmont–UBS Arena Floral Park New Hyde Park Merillon Avenue Mineola Carle Place Westbury New Cassel Hicksville Grumman Bethpage Bethpage Junction Ronkonkoma Branch Farmingdale Republic Pinelawn Wyandanch Edgewood Deer Park Pilgrim State Hospital Thompson Pineaire Brentwood Suffolk Central Islip Central Islip State Hospital Nichols Road Lakeland Ronkonkoma Greenport Branch Hermanville Holbrook Holtsville Medford Bartlett's Fire Place Yaphank East Yaphank Carman's River Upton Road Camp Upton Wampmissic Manorville Calverton Riverhead Aquebogue Jamesport Laurel Mattituck Cutchogue Peconic Southold Greenport Belmont Park Branch Penn Station Woodside Atlantic Terminal Nostrand Avenue East New York Jamaica Belmont Park W. Hempstead Branch Valley Stream Westwood Malverne Lakeview Hempstead Gardens West Hempstead Category CommonsItalics denote closed (or not-yet-opened) stations and line segments. This New York train station–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wading River Extension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wading_River_Extension"},{"link_name":"Port Jefferson Branch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Jefferson_Branch"},{"link_name":"Long Island Rail Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Rail_Road"},{"link_name":"Long Island Power Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Power_Authority"}],"text":"Shoreham was a station on the Wading River Extension on the Port Jefferson Branch of the Long Island Rail Road. This is an abandoned station just east of the intersection of North Country Road and Randall Road, along what is now access for Long Island Power Authority power lines.","title":"Shoreham station (LIRR)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nikola Tesla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla"},{"link_name":"Wardenclyffe Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardenclyffe_Tower"},{"link_name":"Wading River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wading_River_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Line_(Long_Island_Rail_Road)"},{"link_name":"Riverhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverhead_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"Calverton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calverton_(LIRR_station)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"right-of-way","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-of-way_(transportation)"},{"link_name":"Long Island Power Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island_Power_Authority"},{"link_name":"rail trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rail_trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Wardenclyffe station was originally built in 1900 in close proximity to Nikola Tesla's wireless transmission station Wardenclyffe Tower. The station was built during the extension of the Port Jefferson Branch to Wading River, which was once slated to continue eastward and rejoin the Main Line at either Riverhead or Calverton. In 1910, the station's name was changed to Shoreham.The line east of Port Jefferson was abandoned in 1938 and the station was torn down in 1950.[1] The right-of-way is now owned by the Long Island Power Authority and used for power lines, but there are plans to create a rail trail for bicycling, running, and walking.[2]","title":"History"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"Rather, John (2009-04-10). \"Agreement Moves Rails-to-Trails Project Forward\". New York Times. Retrieved 2009-10-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/12/nyregion/long-island/12trailli.html","url_text":"\"Agreement Moves Rails-to-Trails Project Forward\""}]}]	[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shoreham_station_(LIRR)&params=40_56_57.6_N_72_53_58.3_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"40°56′57.6″N 72°53′58.3″W / 40.949333°N 72.899528°W / 40.949333; -72.899528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Shoreham_station_(LIRR)&params=40_56_57.6_N_72_53_58.3_W_type:railwaystation_region:US-NY","external_links_name":"40°56′57.6″N 72°53′58.3″W / 40.949333°N 72.899528°W / 40.949333; -72.899528"},{"Link":"http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirr/wadingriver/MP65-66wadingriverextEmery.jpg","external_links_name":"Bob Emery Map of Shoreham Station & Vicinity (TrainsAreFun)"},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/12/nyregion/long-island/12trailli.html","external_links_name":"\"Agreement Moves Rails-to-Trails Project Forward\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20010303062205/http://lirrhistory.com/wading.html","external_links_name":"Wading River Extension (Unofficial LIRR History.com)"},{"Link":"http://arrts-arrchives.com/contact.html","external_links_name":"Wading River Branch (Arrt's Arrchives)"},{"Link":"http://www.roadandrailpictures.com/rnyshore.htm","external_links_name":"Site of the former Shoreham Long Island Rail Road station (Road and Rail Pictures)"},{"Link":"http://www.trainsarefun.com/lirr/wadingriver/wadingriverext.htm","external_links_name":"Wading River Extension (Trains Are Fun.com)"},{"Link":"http://www.shorehamvillage.org/Historic_photos.html","external_links_name":"Shoreham Train Station, Tesla Tower and vicinity (Shoreham Historical Society)"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoreham_station_(LIRR)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_1913%E2%80%9314	English cricket team in South Africa in 1913–14	["1 Test series summary","1.1 First Test","1.2 Second Test","1.3 Third Test","1.4 Fourth Test","1.5 Fifth Test","2 References","3 External sources","4 Annual reviews","5 Further reading"]	International cricket tour The English cricket team in South Africa in 1913–14 was organised by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The team played as MCC in the non-Test fixtures and as England in the five Test matches. They played 18 first-class matches including the Tests, winning 9 times with 8 draws and 1 defeat. England was captained by Johnny Douglas. South Africa's captain in the Test series was Herbie Taylor. The series is notable for the exceptional bowling of England's Sydney Barnes, and the determined batting of South Africa skipper Herbie Taylor. It would be the last Test series to be played until after World War I, when England toured Australia in December 1920. Test series summary England won the Test series 4–0 with one match drawn. Match length: 4 days (excluding Sundays). Balls per over: 6. First Test 13–17 December 1913 Scorecard South Africa v England 182 (56.4 overs)HW Taylor 109SF Barnes 5/57 (19.4 overs) 450 (144.4 overs)JWHT Douglas 119AW Nourse 2/74 (29 overs) 111 (52.2 overs)AW Nourse 46SF Barnes 5/48 (25 overs) England won by an innings and 157 runsLord's, Durban Umpires: AJ Atfield and FW Grey South Africa won the toss and elected to bat. 16 December was taken as a rest day PAM Hands, PT Lewis, AHC Cooper, GL Tapscott, HV Baumgartner, JM Blanckenberg and JL Cox (all SA), and Hon. LH Tennyson and MW Booth (both ENG) made their Test debuts. Second Test 26–30 December 1913 Scorecard South Africa v England 160 (62.5 overs)GPD Hartigan 51SF Barnes 8/56 (26.5 overs) 403 (135 overs)W Rhodes 152JM Blanckenberg 5/83 (38 overs) 231 (83.4 overs)AW Nourse 56SF Barnes 9/103 (38.4 overs) England won by an innings and 12 runsOld Wanderers, Johannesburg Umpires: AJ Atfield and FW Grey South Africa won the toss and elected to bat. 28 December was taken as a rest day C Newberry (SA) made his Test debut. Third Test 1–5 January 1914 Scorecard England v South Africa 238 (80.1 overs)JB Hobbs 92HW Taylor 3/15 (10 overs) 151 (61.5 overs)JW Zulch 38JW Hearne 5/49 (16 overs) 308 (93.3 overs)CP Mead 86C Newberry 4/72 (22 overs) 304 (109.4 overs)JW Zulch 82SF Barnes 5/102 (38 overs) England won by 91 runsOld Wanderers, Johannesburg Umpires: AJ Atfield and FW Grey England won the toss and elected to bat. 4 January was taken as a rest day CD Dixon and LR Tuckett (both SA) made their Test debuts. Fourth Test 14–18 February 1914 Scorecard South Africa v England 170 (68.5 overs)PAM Hands 51SF Barnes 7/56 (29.5 overs) 163 (75 overs)JB Hobbs 64CP Carter 6/50 (28 overs) 305/9 d (102 overs)HW Taylor 93SF Barnes 7/88 (32 overs) 154/5 (80 overs)JB Hobbs 97JM Blanckenberg 3/43 (15 overs) Match drawnLord's, Durban Umpires: AJ Atfield and FW Grey South Africa won the toss and elected to bat. 15 February was taken as a rest day. D Taylor, FL le Roux and HW Chapman (all SA) made their Test debuts. Fifth Test 27 February–3 March 1914 Scorecard South Africa v England 193 (65.4 overs)PAM Hands 83JWHT Douglas 4/14 (5.4 overs) 411 (144.3 overs)CP Mead 117EB Lundie 4/101 (46.3 overs) 228 (95.1 overs)HW Taylor 87MW Booth 4/49 (24 overs) 11/0 (2.1 overs)JB Hobbs 11* England won by 10 wicketsSt George's Park, Port Elizabeth Umpires: FW Grey and DJ Smith South Africa won the toss and elected to bat. 1 March was taken as a rest day RHM Hands and EB Lundie (both SA) made their Test debuts. After taking 49 wickets at an average of 10.93 in the first four Tests, SF Barnes declined to play due to a "difference of opinion" with the England team management. References ^ Roy Webber, The Playfair Book of Cricket Records, Playfair Books, 1951 ^ "Cricket's darkest day". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 6 March 2019. ^ Frindall, Bill (2000). The Wisden Book Of Test Cricket: Volume 1 1877-1970. London: Headline Book Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 0747272735. External sources Wisden Online 1915 England to South Africa 1913-14 at Test Cricket Tours Annual reviews Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1915 Further reading Bill Frindall, The Wisden Book of Test Cricket 1877-1978, Wisden, 1979 vteInternational cricket tours of South AfricaTest and LOI toursAustralia 1902–03 1921–22 1935–36 1949–50 1957–58 1966–67 1969–70 1993–94 1996–97 1999–2000 2001–02 2005–06 2008–09 2011–12 2013–14 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2019–20 2023 Bangladesh 2002–03 2008–09 2017–18 2021–22 England 1888–89 1891–92 1895–96 1898–99 1905–06 1909–10 1913–14 1922–23 1927–28 1930–31 1938–39 1948–49 1956–57 1964–65 1995–96 1999–2000 2004–05 2009–10 2015–16 2019–20 2020–21 2022-23 India 1992–93 1996–97 2001–02 2006–07 2010–11 2013–14 2017–18 2020 (cancelled) 2021–22 2023–24 Kenya 2001–02 2008–09 New Zealand 1953–54 1961–62 1994–95 2000–01 2005–06 2007–08 2012–13 2015 2016 Pakistan 1994–95 1997–98 2002–03 2006–07 2012–13 2013–14 2018–19 2020–21 Sri Lanka 1994–95 1997–98 2000–01 2002–03 2011–12 2016–17 2018–19 2020–21 West Indies 1998–99 2003–04 2007–08 2014–15 2022–23 Zimbabwe 1999–2000 2004–05 2006–07 2009–10 2010–11 2017–18 2018–19 2023-24 Tournaments hostedMultiple teams 1992–93 1994–95 1996–97 1997–98 1999–2000 2001–02 2003 2007 2009 2022–23 Other toursNote: during the isolation of South Africa from international cricket between 1970 and 1991, there were seven unofficial tours (italicised below) by various teams, collectively known as the South African rebel tours.Australian 1919 1985–86 1986–87 Bangladeshi 2000–01 Dutch 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 2000–01 2001–02 2003–04 2005–06 2021–22 English 1924–25 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1981–82 1989–90 1999–2000 Irish 2000–01 2011–12 2016–17 Kenyan 1995–96 Multi-national 1959–60 Namibian 1992–93 1993–94 Scottish 1991–92 1992–93 2012–13 Sri Lankan 1982–83 West Indian 1982–83 1983–84 See also: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981 This article about an international cricket tour of South Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marylebone Cricket Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marylebone_Cricket_Club"},{"link_name":"first-class matches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-class_cricket"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RW-1"},{"link_name":"Johnny Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Douglas"},{"link_name":"Herbie Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Taylor"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"toured Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cricket_team_in_Australia_in_1920%E2%80%9321"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The English cricket team in South Africa in 1913–14 was organised by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC). The team played as MCC in the non-Test fixtures and as England in the five Test matches. They played 18 first-class matches including the Tests, winning 9 times with 8 draws and 1 defeat.[1]England was captained by Johnny Douglas. South Africa's captain in the Test series was Herbie Taylor. The series is notable for the exceptional bowling of England's Sydney Barnes, and the determined batting of South Africa skipper Herbie Taylor. It would be the last Test series to be played until after World War I, when England toured Australia in December 1920.[2]","title":"English cricket team in South Africa in 1913–14"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"England won the Test series 4–0 with one match drawn.Match length: 4 days (excluding Sundays). Balls per over: 6.","title":"Test series summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9189.html"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"HW Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Taylor"},{"link_name":"SF Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Barnes"},{"link_name":"JWHT Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Douglas"},{"link_name":"AW Nourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Nourse"},{"link_name":"AW Nourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Nourse"},{"link_name":"SF Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_No._1_Ground"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"AJ Atfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Atfield"},{"link_name":"FW Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Grey"},{"link_name":"PAM Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hands"},{"link_name":"PT Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plum_Lewis"},{"link_name":"AHC Cooper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cooper_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"GL Tapscott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Tapscott"},{"link_name":"HV Baumgartner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Baumgartner"},{"link_name":"JM Blanckenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Blanckenberg"},{"link_name":"JL Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Cox_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"Hon. LH Tennyson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Tennyson,_3rd_Baron_Tennyson"},{"link_name":"MW Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Booth"}],"sub_title":"First Test","text":"13–17 December 1913 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa \n\nv\n\n England\n\n\n182 (56.4 overs)HW Taylor 109SF Barnes 5/57 (19.4 overs)\n\n\n\n450 (144.4 overs)JWHT Douglas 119AW Nourse 2/74 (29 overs)\n\n\n111 (52.2 overs)AW Nourse 46SF Barnes 5/48 (25 overs)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEngland won by an innings and 157 runsLord's, Durban Umpires: AJ Atfield and FW Grey \n\n\nSouth Africa won the toss and elected to bat.\n16 December was taken as a rest day\nPAM Hands, PT Lewis, AHC Cooper, GL Tapscott, HV Baumgartner, JM Blanckenberg and JL Cox (all SA), and Hon. LH Tennyson and MW Booth (both ENG) made their Test debuts.","title":"Test series summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9196.html"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"GPD Hartigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Hartigan"},{"link_name":"SF Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Barnes"},{"link_name":"W Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfred_Rhodes"},{"link_name":"JM Blanckenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Blanckenberg"},{"link_name":"AW Nourse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Nourse"},{"link_name":"SF Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Old Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"AJ Atfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Atfield"},{"link_name":"FW Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Grey"},{"link_name":"C Newberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Newberry"}],"sub_title":"Second Test","text":"26–30 December 1913 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa \n\nv\n\n England\n\n\n160 (62.5 overs)GPD Hartigan 51SF Barnes 8/56 (26.5 overs)\n\n\n\n403 (135 overs)W Rhodes 152JM Blanckenberg 5/83 (38 overs)\n\n\n231 (83.4 overs)AW Nourse 56SF Barnes 9/103 (38.4 overs)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nEngland won by an innings and 12 runsOld Wanderers, Johannesburg Umpires: AJ Atfield and FW Grey \n\n\nSouth Africa won the toss and elected to bat.\n28 December was taken as a rest day\nC Newberry (SA) made his Test debut.","title":"Test series summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9199.html"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"JB Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"HW Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Taylor"},{"link_name":"JW Zulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Zulch"},{"link_name":"JW Hearne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._W._Hearne"},{"link_name":"CP Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mead"},{"link_name":"C Newberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Newberry"},{"link_name":"JW Zulch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Zulch"},{"link_name":"SF Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Barnes"},{"link_name":"Old Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"Johannesburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannesburg"},{"link_name":"AJ Atfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Atfield"},{"link_name":"FW Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Grey"},{"link_name":"CD Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cec_Dixon"},{"link_name":"LR Tuckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Tuckett"}],"sub_title":"Third Test","text":"1–5 January 1914 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nEngland \n\nv\n\n South Africa\n\n\n238 (80.1 overs)JB Hobbs 92HW Taylor 3/15 (10 overs)\n\n\n\n151 (61.5 overs)JW Zulch 38JW Hearne 5/49 (16 overs)\n\n\n308 (93.3 overs)CP Mead 86C Newberry 4/72 (22 overs)\n\n\n\n304 (109.4 overs)JW Zulch 82SF Barnes 5/102 (38 overs)\n\n\n\nEngland won by 91 runsOld Wanderers, Johannesburg Umpires: AJ Atfield and FW Grey \n\n\nEngland won the toss and elected to bat.\n4 January was taken as a rest day\nCD Dixon and LR Tuckett (both SA) made their Test debuts.","title":"Test series summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9222.html"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"PAM Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hands"},{"link_name":"SF Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Barnes"},{"link_name":"JB Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"CP Carter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Carter"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Declaration_and_forfeiture"},{"link_name":"HW Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Taylor"},{"link_name":"SF Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney_Barnes"},{"link_name":"JB Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"JM Blanckenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmy_Blanckenberg"},{"link_name":"Lord's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_No._1_Ground"},{"link_name":"Durban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Durban"},{"link_name":"AJ Atfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Atfield"},{"link_name":"FW Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Grey"},{"link_name":"D Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Taylor_(cricketer)"},{"link_name":"FL le Roux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_le_Roux"},{"link_name":"HW Chapman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_William_Chapman"}],"sub_title":"Fourth Test","text":"14–18 February 1914 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa \n\nv\n\n England\n\n\n170 (68.5 overs)PAM Hands 51SF Barnes 7/56 (29.5 overs)\n\n\n\n163 (75 overs)JB Hobbs 64CP Carter 6/50 (28 overs)\n\n\n305/9 d (102 overs)HW Taylor 93SF Barnes 7/88 (32 overs)\n\n\n\n154/5 (80 overs)JB Hobbs 97JM Blanckenberg 3/43 (15 overs)\n\n\n\nMatch drawnLord's, Durban Umpires: AJ Atfield and FW Grey \n\n\nSouth Africa won the toss and elected to bat.\n15 February was taken as a rest day.\nD Taylor, FL le Roux and HW Chapman (all SA) made their Test debuts.","title":"Test series summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scorecard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9226.html"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_cricket_team"},{"link_name":"PAM Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Hands"},{"link_name":"JWHT Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_Douglas"},{"link_name":"CP Mead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Mead"},{"link_name":"EB Lundie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lundie"},{"link_name":"HW Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbie_Taylor"},{"link_name":"MW Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_Booth"},{"link_name":"JB Hobbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Hobbs"},{"link_name":"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Not_out"},{"link_name":"St George's Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George%27s_Park_Cricket_Ground"},{"link_name":"Port Elizabeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Elizabeth"},{"link_name":"FW Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Grey"},{"link_name":"DJ Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_James_Smith"},{"link_name":"RHM Hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Hands"},{"link_name":"EB Lundie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Lundie"},{"link_name":"SF Barnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SF_Barnes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Fifth Test","text":"27 February–3 March 1914 Scorecard \n\n\n\n\nSouth Africa \n\nv\n\n England\n\n\n193 (65.4 overs)PAM Hands 83JWHT Douglas 4/14 (5.4 overs)\n\n\n\n411 (144.3 overs)CP Mead 117EB Lundie 4/101 (46.3 overs)\n\n\n228 (95.1 overs)HW Taylor 87MW Booth 4/49 (24 overs)\n\n\n\n11/0 (2.1 overs)JB Hobbs 11\n\n\n\nEngland won by 10 wicketsSt George's Park, Port Elizabeth Umpires: FW Grey and DJ Smith \n\n\nSouth Africa won the toss and elected to bat.\n1 March was taken as a rest day\nRHM Hands and EB Lundie (both SA) made their Test debuts.\nAfter taking 49 wickets at an average of 10.93 in the first four Tests, SF Barnes declined to play due to a \"difference of opinion\" with the England team management.[3]","title":"Test series summary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisden Online 1915","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154063.html"},{"link_name":"England to South Africa 1913-14","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_3116525.html"}],"text":"Wisden Online 1915\nEngland to South Africa 1913-14 at Test Cricket Tours","title":"External sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisden_Cricketers%27_Almanack"}],"text":"Wisden Cricketers' Almanack 1915","title":"Annual reviews"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bill 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cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_cricket_in_South_Africa_from_1971_to_1981"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_1913%E2%80%9314&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SouthAfrica-cricket-tour-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SouthAfrica-cricket-tour-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SouthAfrica-cricket-tour-stub"}],"text":"Bill Frindall, The Wisden Book of Test Cricket 1877-1978, Wisden, 1979vteInternational cricket tours of South AfricaTest and LOI toursAustralia\n1902–03\n1921–22\n1935–36\n1949–50\n1957–58\n1966–67\n1969–70\n1993–94\n1996–97\n1999–2000\n2001–02\n2005–06\n2008–09\n2011–12\n2013–14\n2015–16\n2016–17\n2017–18\n2019–20\n2023\nBangladesh\n2002–03\n2008–09\n2017–18\n2021–22\nEngland\n1888–89\n1891–92\n1895–96\n1898–99\n1905–06\n1909–10\n1913–14\n1922–23\n1927–28\n1930–31\n1938–39\n1948–49\n1956–57\n1964–65\n1995–96\n1999–2000\n2004–05\n2009–10\n2015–16\n2019–20\n2020–21\n2022-23\nIndia\n1992–93\n1996–97\n2001–02\n2006–07\n2010–11\n2013–14\n2017–18\n2020 (cancelled)\n2021–22\n2023–24\nKenya\n2001–02\n2008–09\nNew Zealand\n1953–54\n1961–62\n1994–95\n2000–01\n2005–06\n2007–08\n2012–13\n2015\n2016\nPakistan\n1994–95\n1997–98\n2002–03\n2006–07\n2012–13\n2013–14\n2018–19\n2020–21\nSri Lanka\n1994–95\n1997–98\n2000–01\n2002–03\n2011–12\n2016–17\n2018–19\n2020–21\nWest Indies\n1998–99\n2003–04\n2007–08\n2014–15\n2022–23\nZimbabwe\n1999–2000\n2004–05\n2006–07\n2009–10\n2010–11\n2017–18\n2018–19\n2023-24\nTournaments hostedMultiple teams\n1992–93\n1994–95\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1999–2000\n2001–02\n2003\n2007\n2009\n2022–23\nOther toursNote: during the isolation of South Africa from international cricket between 1970 and 1991, there were seven unofficial tours (italicised below) by various teams, collectively known as the South African rebel tours.Australian\n1919\n1985–86\n1986–87\nBangladeshi\n2000–01\nDutch\n1996–97\n1997–98\n1998–99\n2000–01\n2001–02\n2003–04\n2005–06\n2021–22\nEnglish\n1924–25\n1972–73\n1973–74\n1974–75\n1975–76\n1981–82\n1989–90\n1999–2000\nIrish\n2000–01\n2011–12\n2016–17\nKenyan\n1995–96\nMulti-national\n1959–60\nNamibian\n1992–93\n1993–94\nScottish\n1991–92\n1992–93\n2012–13\nSri Lankan\n1982–83\nWest Indian\n1982–83\n1983–84\nSee also: International cricket in South Africa from 1971 to 1981This article about an international cricket tour of South Africa is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]	[]	null	[{"reference":"\"Cricket's darkest day\". ESPN Cricinfo. Retrieved 6 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149134.html","url_text":"\"Cricket's darkest day\""}]},{"reference":"Frindall, Bill (2000). The Wisden Book Of Test Cricket: Volume 1 1877-1970. London: Headline Book Publishing. p. 136. ISBN 0747272735.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0747272735","url_text":"0747272735"}]}]	[{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9189.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9196.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9199.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9222.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"https://cricketarchive.com/Archive/Scorecards/9/9226.html","external_links_name":"Scorecard"},{"Link":"http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/149134.html","external_links_name":"\"Cricket's darkest day\""},{"Link":"http://content-uk.cricinfo.com/wisdenalmanack/content/story/154063.html","external_links_name":"Wisden Online 1915"},{"Link":"http://test-cricket-tours.co.uk/page_3116525.html","external_links_name":"England to South Africa 1913-14"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=English_cricket_team_in_South_Africa_in_1913%E2%80%9314&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peace_Otodoke!!	Peace Otodoke!!	["1 Information","2 Track list","3 Charts"]	This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Peace Otodoke!!" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2007 single by Ami Suzuki"Peace Otodoke!!"Single by Ami Suzukifrom the album Connetta Released7 March 2007GenreJ-popLabelAvex TraxSongwriter(s)Ami Suzuki joins THC!!Ami Suzuki singles chronology "O.K. Funky God" (2007) "Peace Otodoke!!" (2007) "Soremo kitto shiawase" (2007) "Peace Otodoke!!" is the tenth single released by Japanese singer Ami Suzuki under label Avex Trax. It was released on 7 March 2007. Information "Peace Otodoke!!" would be the second of the three collaboration Weekly single to be released. This will be the first time Ami has collaboration project with THC!!. "Peace Otodoke!!" is a limited-release single. Track list Peace Otodoke!! Peace Otodoke!!: 夏の湘南キャンペーンセットver. Narration Drama「join」#2: The Days Before Charts Oricon Sales Chart (Japan) Release Chart Peak position First week sales 7 March 2007 Oricon Weekly Singles Chart 46 3,614 copies vteAmi Suzuki Discography Studio albums SA Infinity Eighteen Vol. 1 Infinity Eighteen Vol.2 Around the World Connetta Dolce Supreme Show EPs Snow Ring Compilation albums Fun for Fan Amix World Blooming Ami Selection Singles "Love the Island" "Alone in My Room" "All Night Long" "White Key" "Nothing Without You" "Don't Leave Me Behind/Silent Stream" "Be Together" "Our Days" "Happy New Millennium" "Thank You 4 Every Day Every Body" "Forever Love" "Delightful" "Eventful" "Negaigoto" "Around the World" "Little Crystal" "Fantastic" "Alright!" "Like a Love?" "O.K. Funky God" "Peace Otodoke!!" "Sore mo Kitto Shiawase" "Free Free" "Potential Breakup Song" "Super Music Maker" "One" "Can't Stop the Disco" "Reincarnation" "Kiss Kiss Kiss" "Love the Island" Other singles "Hopeful" DVDs Amigo's Parlor Shake Shake Shake Ami-Go-Round Tour Suzuki Ami Around the World: Live House Tour 2005 Principal collaborators Tetsuya Komuro Yasutaka Nakata Related articles Avex Group Max Matsuura Sony Music Entertainment Japan This 2000s Japanese single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte	[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ami Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Avex Trax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avex_Trax"}],"text":"2007 single by Ami Suzuki\"Peace Otodoke!!\" is the tenth single released by Japanese singer Ami Suzuki under label Avex Trax. It was released on 7 March 2007.","title":"Peace Otodoke!!"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"\"Peace Otodoke!!\" would be the second of the three collaboration Weekly single to be released. This will be the first time Ami has collaboration project with THC!!.\"Peace Otodoke!!\" is a limited-release single.","title":"Information"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Peace Otodoke!!\nPeace Otodoke!!: 夏の湘南キャンペーンセットver.\nNarration Drama「join」#2: The Days Before","title":"Track list"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Ami_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Ami_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ami_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Ami Suzuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Suzuki"},{"link_name":"Discography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Suzuki_discography"},{"link_name":"Studio albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Suzuki_discography#Studio_albums"},{"link_name":"SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SA_(album)"},{"link_name":"Infinity Eighteen Vol. 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Eighteen_Vol._1"},{"link_name":"Infinity Eighteen Vol.2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinity_Eighteen_Vol.2"},{"link_name":"Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_(Ami_Suzuki_album)"},{"link_name":"Connetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connetta"},{"link_name":"Dolce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolce_(album)"},{"link_name":"Supreme Show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Show"},{"link_name":"EPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Suzuki_discography#EPs"},{"link_name":"Snow Ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Ring"},{"link_name":"Compilation albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Suzuki_discography#Compilation_albums"},{"link_name":"Fun for Fan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fun_for_Fan"},{"link_name":"Amix World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amix_World"},{"link_name":"Blooming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blooming_(album)"},{"link_name":"Ami Selection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Selection"},{"link_name":"Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami_Suzuki_discography#Singles"},{"link_name":"Love the Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_the_Island"},{"link_name":"Alone in My Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alone_in_My_Room_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"All Night Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Night_Long_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"White Key","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Key"},{"link_name":"Nothing Without You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nothing_Without_You_(song)"},{"link_name":"Don't Leave Me Behind/Silent Stream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%27t_Leave_Me_Behind/Silent_Stream"},{"link_name":"Be Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be_Together_(TM_Network_song)#Ami_Suzuki_version"},{"link_name":"Our Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Days"},{"link_name":"Happy New Millennium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Happy_New_Millennium"},{"link_name":"Thank You 4 Every Day Every Body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_You_4_Every_Day_Every_Body"},{"link_name":"Forever Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forever_Love_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"Delightful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delightful_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"Eventful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eventful_(song)"},{"link_name":"Negaigoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negaigoto"},{"link_name":"Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Around_the_World_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"Fantastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantastic_(song)"},{"link_name":"Like a Love?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like_a_Love%3F"},{"link_name":"O.K. Funky God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O.K._Funky_God"},{"link_name":"Peace Otodoke!!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Sore mo Kitto Shiawase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sore_mo_Kitto_Shiawase"},{"link_name":"Free Free","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Free"},{"link_name":"Potential Breakup Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potential_Breakup_Song#Ami_Suzuki_version"},{"link_name":"Super Music Maker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Music_Maker"},{"link_name":"One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"Can't Stop the Disco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Stop_the_Disco"},{"link_name":"Reincarnation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reincarnation_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"Kiss Kiss Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Kiss_Kiss_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"Love the Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_the_Island"},{"link_name":"Hopeful","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hopeful_(Ami_Suzuki_song)"},{"link_name":"Amigo's Parlor Shake Shake Shake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amigo%27s_Parlor_Shake_Shake_Shake"},{"link_name":"Ami-Go-Round Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ami-Go-Round_Tour"},{"link_name":"Suzuki Ami Around the World: Live House Tour 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzuki_Ami_Around_the_World:_Live_House_Tour_2005"},{"link_name":"Tetsuya Komuro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetsuya_Komuro"},{"link_name":"Yasutaka Nakata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasutaka_Nakata"},{"link_name":"Avex Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avex_Group"},{"link_name":"Max Matsuura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Matsuura"},{"link_name":"Sony Music Entertainment Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Music_Entertainment_Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kscd.svg"},{"link_name":"2000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000s_in_music"},{"link_name":"Japanese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"single","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_Otodoke!!&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:2000s-Japan-single-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:2000s-Japan-single-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2000s-Japan-single-stub"}],"text":"Oricon Sales Chart (Japan)vteAmi Suzuki\nDiscography\nStudio albums\nSA\nInfinity Eighteen Vol. 1\nInfinity Eighteen Vol.2\nAround the World\nConnetta\nDolce\nSupreme Show\nEPs\nSnow Ring\nCompilation albums\nFun for Fan\nAmix World\nBlooming\nAmi Selection\nSingles\n\"Love the Island\"\n\"Alone in My Room\"\n\"All Night Long\"\n\"White Key\"\n\"Nothing Without You\"\n\"Don't Leave Me Behind/Silent Stream\"\n\"Be Together\"\n\"Our Days\"\n\"Happy New Millennium\"\n\"Thank You 4 Every Day Every Body\"\n\"Forever Love\"\n\"Delightful\"\n\"Eventful\"\n\"Negaigoto\"\n\"Around the World\"\n\"Little Crystal\"\n\"Fantastic\"\n\"Alright!\"\n\"Like a Love?\"\n\"O.K. Funky God\"\n\"Peace Otodoke!!\"\n\"Sore mo Kitto Shiawase\"\n\"Free Free\"\n\"Potential Breakup Song\"\n\"Super Music Maker\"\n\"One\"\n\"Can't Stop the Disco\"\n\"Reincarnation\"\n\"Kiss Kiss Kiss\"\n\"Love the Island\"\nOther singles\n\"Hopeful\"\n\nDVDs\nAmigo's Parlor Shake Shake Shake\nAmi-Go-Round Tour\nSuzuki Ami Around the World: Live House Tour 2005\nPrincipal collaborators\nTetsuya Komuro\nYasutaka Nakata\nRelated articles\nAvex Group\nMax Matsuura\nSony Music Entertainment JapanThis 2000s Japanese single–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Charts"}]	[]	null	[]	[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Peace+Otodoke%21%21%22","external_links_name":"\"Peace Otodoke!!\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Peace+Otodoke%21%21%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Peace+Otodoke%21%21%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Peace+Otodoke%21%21%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Peace+Otodoke%21%21%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Peace+Otodoke%21%21%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peace_Otodoke!!&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

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