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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltwater_economics
Saltwater and freshwater economics
["1 History","2 Differences","2.1 Discretionary policies","2.2 Internal model consistency (\"rational expectations\")","2.3 Fiscal policy","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]
Part of a series onMacroeconomics Basic concepts Aggregate demand Aggregate supply Business cycle CAGR Deflation Demand shock Disinflation Effective demand Expectations Adaptive Rational Financial crisis Growth Inflation Demand-pull Cost-push Interest rate Investment Liquidity trap Measures of national income and output GDP GNI NNI Microfoundations Money Endogenous Money creation Demand for money Liquidity preference Money supply National accounts SNA Nominal rigidity Price level Recession Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Saving Unemployment Policies Fiscal Monetary Commercial Central bank Universal basic income Models IS–LM AD–AS Keynesian cross Multiplier Accelerator Phillips curve Arrow–Debreu Harrod–Domar Solow–Swan Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans Overlapping generations General equilibrium DSGE Endogenous growth Matching theory Mundell–Fleming Overshooting NAIRU Related fields Econometrics Economic statistics Monetary economics Development economics International economics SchoolsMainstream Keynesian Neo- New Monetarism New classical Real business-cycle theory Stockholm Supply-side New neoclassical synthesis Saltwater and freshwater Heterodox Austrian Chartalism Modern monetary theory Ecological Post-Keynesian Circuitism Disequilibrium Marxian Market monetarism People François Quesnay Adam Smith Thomas Robert Malthus Karl Marx Léon Walras Knut Wicksell Irving Fisher Wesley Clair Mitchell John Maynard Keynes Alvin Hansen Michał Kalecki Gunnar Myrdal Simon Kuznets Joan Robinson Friedrich Hayek John Hicks Richard Stone Hyman Minsky Milton Friedman Paul Samuelson Lawrence Klein Edmund Phelps Robert Lucas Jr. Edward C. Prescott Peter Diamond William Nordhaus Joseph Stiglitz Thomas J. Sargent Paul Krugman N. Gregory Mankiw See also Macroeconomic model Publications in macroeconomics Economics Applied Microeconomics Political economy Mathematical economics Money portal Business portalvte In economics, the freshwater school (or sometimes sweetwater school) comprises US-based macroeconomists who, in the early 1970s, challenged the prevailing consensus in macroeconomics research. A key element of their approach was the argument that macroeconomics had to be dynamic and based on how individuals and institutions interact in markets and make decisions under uncertainty. This new approach was centered in the faculties of the University of Chicago, Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Northwestern University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Rochester. They were called the "freshwater school" because Chicago, Pittsburgh, Ithaca, Minneapolis, Madison, Rochester etc. are close to the North American Great Lakes. The established methodological approach to macroeconomic research was primarily defended by economists at the universities and other institutions near the east and west coasts of the United States. These included University of California, Berkeley, University of California, Los Angeles, Brown University, Duke University, Harvard University, MIT, University of Pennsylvania, Princeton University, Columbia University, and Yale University. They were therefore often called "saltwater schools". History The terms "freshwater" and "saltwater" were first used in reference to economists by Robert E. Hall in 1976, to contrast the views of these two groups on macroeconomic research. More than anything else it was a methodological disagreement about to what extent researchers should employ the theory of economic decision making and how individuals and firms interact in markets when striving to account for aggregate ("macroeconomic") phenomena. In many respects, the saltwater-freshwater dichotomy no longer holds true. In his overview article from 2006, Greg Mankiw writes: An old adage holds that science progresses funeral by funeral. Today, with the benefits of longer life expectancy, it would be more accurate (if less vivid) to say that science progresses retirement by retirement. In macroeconomics, as the older generation of protagonists has retired or neared retirement, it has been replaced by a younger generation of macroeconomists who have adopted a culture of greater civility. At the same time, a new consensus has emerged about the best way to understand economic fluctuations. Like the neoclassical-Keynesian synthesis of an earlier generation, the new synthesis attempts to merge the strengths of the competing approaches that preceded it. Differences The differences in methodological approach to answer aggregate economic questions lead to different policy implications. Discretionary policies One of the main differences between so-called "freshwater economics" and "saltwater economics" were in their findings on the effects of and relative importance of structural and discretionary policies. An implication of saltwater economic theory was that the government has an important role to play in order to actively and discretionarily stabilize the economy over the business cycle through striving to fine-tune "aggregate demand". Researchers associated with the "freshwater school" found that government economic policies are of utmost importance for both the economy's abilities to respond to shocks and for its long-term potential to provide welfare to its citizens. These economic policies are the rules and structure of the economy. They might be how markets are regulated, what government insurance programs are provided, the tax system, and the degree of redistribution, etc. Most researchers that have been associated with the "freshwater school" have, however, found it hard to identify mechanisms through which it is possible for governments to actively stabilize the economy through discretionary changes in aggregate public spending. Internal model consistency ("rational expectations") Another important difference between so-called "freshwater economics" and "saltwater economics" is what is required from an economic model and, in particular, about the internal consistency of the economic model. In general, "saltwater economists" insist less on internal model consistency than freshwater economists. Typically, they find "examples of irrational behavior interesting and important." Like behavioral psychologists, they tend to be interested in situations where individuals and groups behave in a seemingly boundedly rational way. In contrast, freshwater economists have in general been interested in accounting for the behaviour of large groups of people interacting in markets, and believe that understanding market failures requires framing problems that way. Fiscal policy See also: Fiscal policy "Saltwater Keynesian economists" argue that business cycles represent market failures, and should be counteracted through discretionary changes in aggregate public spending and the short-term nominal interest rate. "Freshwater economists" often reject the effectiveness of discretionary changes in aggregate public spending as a means to efficiently stabilize business cycles. Economists loosely associated with the "freshwater school" have found that market failures might be important both as a cause of and as amplification and propagation of business cycles. However, it does not follow from these findings that governments can effectively mitigate business cycles fluctuations through discretionary changes in aggregate public spending or the short-term nominal interest rate. Instead they find, in general, that government policies would be more effective if they concentrate on structural reforms that target identified market failures. These economists also emphasize that the government budget constraint is the unavoidable accounting identity and connection between deficits, debt, and inflation. See also Freshwater theories New classical macroeconomics Homo economicus Lucas critique Efficient-market hypothesis Rational expectations Real business cycle theory Ricardian equivalence Saltwater theories New Keynesian economics Neoclassical synthesis Imperfect competition Market failures Price and wage stickiness Bounded rationality Liquidity trap General Schools of economic thought Chicago school of economics Notes ^ a b c d Gordon, Robert J. (2003), Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment, Cambridge University Press, pp. 226–227, ISBN 978-0-521-53142-9 ^ a b Kilborn, Peter T. (1988-07-23), "'Fresh Water' Economists Gain", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-11-27 ^ Warsh, David (2006), Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 105, 270–272, ISBN 978-0-393-05996-0 ^ Mankiw, Greg (2006), "The Macroeconomist as Scientist and Engineer", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (4): 29–46, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.214.5101, doi:10.1257/jep.20.4.29 ^ Warsh, David (1988-09-04), "The Third Coast", The Boston Globe, retrieved 2009-11-27 ^ Arnold Kling. (2002). Sweetwater vs. Saltwater Archived 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine. ^ a b Thomas F. Cooley. (2009-09-08). Animal Planet Vs. Economic Reasoning . External links The State of Economics:The other-worldly philosophers in The Economist.com. Background on "fresh water" and "salt water" macroeconomics, by Robert Waldmann vteEconomicsTheoretical Microeconomics Decision theory Price theory Game theory Contract theory Mechanism design Macroeconomics Mathematical economics Computational economics Behavioral economics Pluralism in economics Empirical Econometrics Economic statistics Experimental economics Economic history Applied Agricultural Behavioral Business Cultural Demographic Development Digitization Ecological Education Engineering Environmental Evolutionary Expeditionary Feminist Financial Geographical Happiness Health Historical Humanistic Industrial organization Information Institutional Knowledge Labour Law Managerial Monetary Natural resource Organizational Participation Personnel Planning Policy Public Public choice / Social choice theory Regional Rural Service Socio Sociological Solidarity Statistics Urban Welfare Schools(history) Mainstream Heterodox American (National) Ancient thought Anarchist Mutualism Austrian Behavioral Buddhist Chartalism Modern monetary theory Chicago Classical Critique of political economy Democracy Disequilibrium Ecological Evolutionary Feminist Georgism Happiness Historical Humanistic Institutional Keynesian Neo- (neoclassical–Keynesian synthesis) New Post- Circuitism Malthusianism Marginalism Marxian Neo- Mercantilism Mixed Neoclassical Lausanne New classical Real business-cycle theory New institutional Physiocracy Socialist Stockholm Supply-side Thermo Economists de Mandeville Quesnay Smith Malthus Say Ricardo von Thünen List Bastiat Cournot Mill Gossen Marx Walras Jevons George Menger Marshall Edgeworth Clark Pareto von Böhm-Bawerk von Wieser Veblen Fisher Pigou Heckscher von Mises Schumpeter Keynes Knight Polanyi Frisch Sraffa Myrdal Hayek Kalecki Röpke Kuznets Tinbergen Robinson von Neumann Hicks Lange Leontief Galbraith Koopmans Schumacher Friedman Samuelson Simon Buchanan Arrow Baumol Solow Rothbard Greenspan Sowell Becker Ostrom Sen Lucas Stiglitz Thaler Hoppe Krugman Piketty more Lists Glossary Economists Publications (journals) Schools Category Index Lists Outline Publications Business portal vteMacroeconomicsBasic concepts Aggregate demand Aggregate supply Business cycle CAGR Deflation Demand shock Disinflation Effective demand Expectations Adaptive Rational Financial crisis Growth Inflation Demand-pull Cost-push Interest rate Investment Liquidity trap Measures of national income and output GDP GNI NNI Microfoundations Money Endogenous Money creation Demand for money Liquidity preference Money supply National accounts SNA Nominal rigidity Price level Recession Shrinkflation Stagflation Supply shock Saving UnemploymentPolicies Fiscal Monetary Commercial Central bank Universal basic incomeModels IS–LM AD–AS Keynesian cross Multiplier Accelerator Phillips curve Arrow–Debreu Harrod–Domar Solow–Swan Ramsey–Cass–Koopmans Overlapping generations General equilibrium DSGE Endogenous growth Matching theory Mundell–Fleming Overshooting NAIRURelated fields Econometrics Economic statistics Monetary economics Development economics International economicsSchoolsMainstream Keynesian Neo- New Monetarism New classical Real business-cycle theory Stockholm Supply-side New neoclassical synthesis Saltwater and freshwaterHeterodox Austrian Chartalism Modern monetary theory Ecological Post-Keynesian Circuitism Disequilibrium Marxian Market monetarismNotable macroeconomists François Quesnay Adam Smith Thomas Robert Malthus Karl Marx Léon Walras Knut Wicksell Irving Fisher Wesley Clair Mitchell John Maynard Keynes Alvin Hansen Michał Kalecki Gunnar Myrdal Simon Kuznets Joan Robinson Friedrich Hayek John Hicks Richard Stone Hyman Minsky Milton Friedman Paul Samuelson Lawrence Klein Edmund Phelps Robert Lucas Jr. Edward C. Prescott Peter Diamond William Nordhaus Joseph Stiglitz Thomas J. Sargent Paul Krugman N. Gregory MankiwCritiqueCritique of political economySee also Macroeconomic model Publications in macroeconomics Economics Applied Microeconomics Political economy Mathematical economics Category
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A key element of their approach was the argument that macroeconomics had to be dynamic and based on how individuals and institutions interact in markets and make decisions under uncertainty.[1]This new approach was centered in the faculties of the University of Chicago, Carnegie Mellon University, Cornell University, Northwestern University, the University of Minnesota, the University of Wisconsin-Madison and the University of Rochester. They were called the \"freshwater school\" because Chicago, Pittsburgh, Ithaca, Minneapolis, Madison, Rochester etc. are close to the North American Great Lakes.[1]The established methodological approach to macroeconomic research was primarily defended by economists at the universities and other institutions near the east and west coasts of the United States. 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Hall in 1976, to contrast the views of these two groups on macroeconomic research.[1] More than anything else it was a methodological disagreement about to what extent researchers should employ the theory of economic decision making and how individuals and firms interact in markets when striving to account for aggregate (\"macroeconomic\") phenomena.In many respects, the saltwater-freshwater dichotomy no longer holds true.[1][2][3] In his overview article from 2006, Greg Mankiw writes:An old adage holds that science progresses funeral by funeral. Today, with the benefits of longer life expectancy, it would be more accurate (if less vivid) to say that science progresses retirement by retirement. In macroeconomics, as the older generation of protagonists has retired or neared retirement, it has been replaced by a younger generation of macroeconomists who have adopted a culture of greater civility. At the same time, a new consensus has emerged about the best way to understand economic fluctuations. [...] Like the neoclassical-Keynesian synthesis of an earlier generation, the new synthesis attempts to merge the strengths of the competing approaches that preceded it.[4]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The differences in methodological approach to answer aggregate economic questions lead to different policy implications.","title":"Differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"business cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_cycle"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYfreshwater-2"}],"sub_title":"Discretionary policies","text":"One of the main differences between so-called \"freshwater economics\" and \"saltwater economics\" were in their findings on the effects of and relative importance of structural and discretionary policies.An implication of saltwater economic theory was that the government has an important role to play in order to actively and discretionarily stabilize the economy over the business cycle through striving to fine-tune \"aggregate demand\".[5]Researchers associated with the \"freshwater school\" found that government economic policies are of utmost importance for both the economy's abilities to respond to shocks and for its long-term potential to provide welfare to its citizens. 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They might be how markets are regulated, what government insurance programs are provided, the tax system, and the degree of redistribution, etc. Most researchers that have been associated with the \"freshwater school\" have, however, found it hard to identify mechanisms through which it is possible for governments to actively stabilize the economy through discretionary changes in aggregate public spending.[2]","title":"Differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooley-7"}],"sub_title":"Internal model consistency (\"rational expectations\")","text":"Another important difference between so-called \"freshwater economics\" and \"saltwater economics\" is what is required from an economic model and, in particular, about the internal consistency of the economic model.In general, \"saltwater economists\" insist less on internal model consistency than freshwater economists. Typically, they find \"examples of irrational behavior interesting and important.\"[6] Like behavioral psychologists, they tend to be interested in situations where individuals and groups behave in a seemingly boundedly rational way.In contrast, freshwater economists have in general been interested in accounting for the behaviour of large groups of people interacting in markets, and believe that understanding market failures requires framing problems that way.[7]","title":"Differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fiscal policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiscal_policy"},{"link_name":"Keynesian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keynesian_economics"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cooley-7"}],"sub_title":"Fiscal policy","text":"See also: Fiscal policy\"Saltwater Keynesian economists\" argue that business cycles represent market failures, and should be counteracted through discretionary changes in aggregate public spending and the short-term nominal interest rate.\"Freshwater economists\" often reject the effectiveness of discretionary changes in aggregate public spending as a means to efficiently stabilize business cycles. Economists loosely associated with the \"freshwater school\" have found that market failures might be important both as a cause of and as amplification and propagation of business cycles. However, it does not follow from these findings that governments can effectively mitigate business cycles fluctuations through discretionary changes in aggregate public spending or the short-term nominal interest rate. Instead they find, in general, that government policies would be more effective if they concentrate on structural reforms that target identified market failures. These economists also emphasize that the government budget constraint is the unavoidable accounting identity and connection between deficits, debt, and inflation.[7]","title":"Differences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gordonessays_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gordonessays_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gordonessays_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-gordonessays_1-3"},{"link_name":"Gordon, Robert J.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Gordon"},{"link_name":"Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=VXINsDT1sFwC"},{"link_name":"Cambridge University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-521-53142-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53142-9"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYfreshwater_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-NYfreshwater_2-1"},{"link_name":"\"'Fresh Water' Economists Gain\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1988/07/23/business/fresh-water-economists-gain.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Warsh, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warsh"},{"link_name":"Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=woPhdVyCArcC"},{"link_name":"W. W. Norton & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-393-05996-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05996-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Journal of Economic Perspectives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives"},{"link_name":"CiteSeerX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1.1.214.5101","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.5101"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1257/jep.20.4.29","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.20.4.29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Warsh, David","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warsh"},{"link_name":"\"The Third Coast\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8077621.html"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Arnold Kling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Kling"},{"link_name":"Sweetwater vs. Saltwater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.techcentralstation.com/article.aspx?id=110502D"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110429225858/http://www.techcentralstation.com/article.aspx?id=110502D"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cooley_7-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-cooley_7-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas F. Cooley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_F._Cooley"},{"link_name":"Animal Planet Vs. Economic Reasoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.forbes.com/2009/09/08/recesion-behavioral-economics-akerlof-shiller-opinions-columnists-thomas-f-cooley.html"}],"text":"^ a b c d Gordon, Robert J. (2003), Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment, Cambridge University Press, pp. 226–227, ISBN 978-0-521-53142-9\n\n^ a b Kilborn, Peter T. (1988-07-23), \"'Fresh Water' Economists Gain\", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-11-27\n\n^ Warsh, David (2006), Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 105, 270–272, ISBN 978-0-393-05996-0\n\n^ Mankiw, Greg (2006), \"The Macroeconomist as Scientist and Engineer\", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (4): 29–46, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.214.5101, doi:10.1257/jep.20.4.29\n\n^ Warsh, David (1988-09-04), \"The Third Coast\", The Boston Globe, retrieved 2009-11-27\n\n^ Arnold Kling. (2002). Sweetwater vs. Saltwater Archived 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine.\n\n^ a b Thomas F. Cooley. (2009-09-08). Animal Planet Vs. Economic Reasoning .","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"New classical macroeconomics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_classical_macroeconomics"},{"title":"Homo economicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homo_economicus"},{"title":"Lucas critique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_critique"},{"title":"Efficient-market hypothesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efficient-market_hypothesis"},{"title":"Rational expectations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_expectations"},{"title":"Real business cycle theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_business_cycle_theory"},{"title":"Ricardian equivalence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardian_equivalence"},{"title":"New Keynesian economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Keynesian_economics"},{"title":"Neoclassical synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neoclassical_synthesis"},{"title":"Imperfect competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfect_competition"},{"title":"Market failures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_failures"},{"title":"Price and wage stickiness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticky_(economics)"},{"title":"Bounded rationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bounded_rationality"},{"title":"Liquidity trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquidity_trap"},{"title":"Schools of economic thought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schools_of_economic_thought"},{"title":"Chicago school of economics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_school_of_economics"}]
[{"reference":"Gordon, Robert J. (2003), Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment, Cambridge University Press, pp. 226–227, ISBN 978-0-521-53142-9","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_J._Gordon","url_text":"Gordon, Robert J."},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=VXINsDT1sFwC","url_text":"Productivity Growth, Inflation, and Unemployment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-53142-9","url_text":"978-0-521-53142-9"}]},{"reference":"Kilborn, Peter T. (1988-07-23), \"'Fresh Water' Economists Gain\", The New York Times, retrieved 2009-11-27","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/23/business/fresh-water-economists-gain.html","url_text":"\"'Fresh Water' Economists Gain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Warsh, David (2006), Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations, W. W. Norton & Company, pp. 105, 270–272, ISBN 978-0-393-05996-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warsh","url_text":"Warsh, David"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=woPhdVyCArcC","url_text":"Knowledge and the Wealth of Nations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._W._Norton_%26_Company","url_text":"W. W. Norton & Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-05996-0","url_text":"978-0-393-05996-0"}]},{"reference":"Mankiw, Greg (2006), \"The Macroeconomist as Scientist and Engineer\", Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20 (4): 29–46, CiteSeerX 10.1.1.214.5101, doi:10.1257/jep.20.4.29","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Economic_Perspectives","url_text":"Journal of Economic Perspectives"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.214.5101","url_text":"10.1.1.214.5101"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1257%2Fjep.20.4.29","url_text":"10.1257/jep.20.4.29"}]},{"reference":"Warsh, David (1988-09-04), \"The Third Coast\", The Boston Globe, retrieved 2009-11-27","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Warsh","url_text":"Warsh, David"},{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1P2-8077621.html","url_text":"\"The Third Coast\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Malcolm_Macgregor
John Malcolm Macgregor
["1 Career","2 Family","3 References","4 Sources"]
British diplomat John Malcolm Macgregor CVO (born 3 October 1946) is a retired British diplomat who was ambassador to Poland and Austria. Career John Malcolm Macgregor was educated at Kibworth Beauchamp Grammar School (now Beauchamp College) and Balliol College, Oxford (where he was organ scholar), then obtained a Certificate in Education at Birmingham University. He taught at Cranleigh School 1969–73, then joined the Diplomatic Service. Between posts at the Foreign and Commonwealth Office he served in New Delhi, Prague, Paris and Düsseldorf before being appointed ambassador to Poland 1998–2000 and to Austria 2003–07. He then retired from the Diplomatic Service and was dean of the University of Kent at Brussels 2007–09. Subsequently, he was a governor of Chichester University, and visiting professor at Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México and at Canterbury Christ Church University. Family John Malcolm Macgregor is married to Judith Macgregor (née Brown), also a British ambassador. They have three sons and a daughter. References ^ a b John Macgregor: Farewell Symphony Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Vienna Review ^ John Macgregor, Brussels School of International Studies, University of Kent ^ John Macgregor Archived 23 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine, University of Chichester ^ Leading professionals announced as Visiting Professors Archived 4 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, Canterbury Christ Church University Sources MACGREGOR, John Malcolm, Who's Who 2013, A & C Black, 2013; online edn, Oxford University Press, December 2012. Diplomatic posts Preceded bySir Christopher Hum British Ambassador to Poland 1998–2001 Succeeded bySir Michael Pakenham Preceded byAntony Ford British Ambassador to Austria 2003–2007 Succeeded bySimon Smith This British diplomat-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_der_Gro%C3%9Fe
Charlemagne
["1 Name","2 Early life and rise to power","2.1 Political background and ancestry","2.2 Birth","2.3 Language and education","2.4 Accession and reign with Carloman","3 King of the Franks and the Lombards","3.1 Annexation of the Lombard Kingdom","3.2 Frontier wars in Saxony and Spain","3.3 Building the dynasty","3.4 Saxon resistance and reprisal","3.5 Benevento, Bavaria, and Pepin's revolt","3.6 Continued wars with the Saxons and Avars","4 Reign as emperor","4.1 Coronation","4.2 Governing the empire","4.3 Conflict and diplomacy with the east","4.4 Wars with the Danes","4.5 Final years and death","5 Legacy","5.1 Political legacy","5.2 Carolingian Renaissance","5.3 Memory and historiography","5.4 Religious impact and veneration","6 Wives, concubines, and children","7 Appearance and iconography","8 Notes","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 Bibliography","10 Further reading","10.1 Primary sources in English translation","10.2 Secondary works","11 External links"]
King of the Franks, first Holy Roman Emperor For other uses, see Charlemagne (disambiguation). CharlemagneA denarius of Charlemagne dated c. 812–814 with the inscription KAROLVS IMP AVG(Karolus Imperator Augustus)King of the FranksReign9 October 768 – 28 January 814Coronation9 October 768NoyonPredecessorPepin the ShortSuccessorLouis the PiousKing of the LombardsReignJune 774 – 28 January 814PredecessorDesideriusSuccessorBernardEmperor of the Carolingian EmpireReign25 December 800 – 28 January 814Coronation25 December 800Old St. Peter's Basilica, RomeSuccessorLouis the PiousBorn(748-04-02)2 April 748Died(814-01-28)28 January 814Aachen, FranciaBurialAachen CathedralSpouses Desiderata(m. c. 770; annulled 771) Hildegard(m. 771; d. 783) Fastrada(m. c. 783; d. 794) Luitgard(m. c. 794; d. 800) IssueAmong others Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin of Italy Louis the Pious DynastyCarolingianFatherPepin the ShortMotherBertrada of LaonReligionChalcedonian Christianity (Pre-Schism Catholic)Signum manus Carolingian dynasty Pippinids Pippin the Elder (c. 580–640) Grimoald (616–656) Childebert the Adopted (d. 662) Arnulfings Arnulf of Metz (582–640) Ansegisel (d. 662 or 679) Chlodulf of Metz (d. 696 or 697) Pepin of Herstal (635–714) Grimoald II (d. 714) Drogo of Champagne (670–708) Theudoald (d. 741) Carolingians Charles Martel (686–741) Carloman (d. 754) Pepin the Short (714–768) Carloman I (751–771) Charlemagne (742–814) Pepin the Hunchback (768–811) Charles the Younger (772–811) Pepin of Italy (773–810) Louis the Pious (778–840) Pepin I of Aquitaine (797–838) After the Treaty of Verdun (843) Lothair I, Holy Roman Emperor(795–855; Middle Francia) Charles the Bald (823–877)(West Francia) Louis the German (804–876)(East Francia) vte Charlemagne (/ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/ SHAR-lə-mayn, -⁠MAYN; 2 April 748 – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814. He united most of Western and Central Europe and was the first recognized emperor to rule in the west after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, approximately three centuries earlier. Charlemagne's reign was marked by political and social changes that had lasting impact on Europe throughout the Middle Ages. A member of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty, Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon. With his brother, Carloman I, he became king of the Franks in 768 following Pepin's death and became the sole ruler three years later. Charlemagne continued his father's policy of protecting the papacy and became its chief defender, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy in 774. His reign saw a period of expansion that led to the conquests of Bavaria, Saxony and northern Spain, as well as other campaigns that led Charlemagne to extend his rule over a large part of Europe. Charlemagne spread Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as seen at the Massacre of Verden against the Saxons. He also sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid during the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Spanish affairs. In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position as the first emperor in the West in over 300 years brought him into conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople. Through his assumption of the imperial title, he is considered the forerunner to the line of Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the nineteenth century. As king and emperor, Charlemagne engaged in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, military organization, and religion, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability of his reign began a period of cultural activity known as the Carolingian Renaissance. Charlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest at Aachen Cathedral in Aachen, his imperial capital city. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Louis the Pious. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided and eventually coalesced into West and East Francia, which later became France and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively. Charlemagne's profound impact on the Middle Ages and influence on the territory he ruled has led him to be called the "Father of Europe" by many historians. He is seen as a folk hero and founding figure by many European states and a number of historical royal houses of Europe trace their lineage back to him. Charlemagne has been the subject of artworks, monuments and literature during and after the medieval period and is venerated by the Catholic Church. Name A number of languages were spoken in Charlemagne's world, and he was known to contemporaries as Karlus in the Old High German he spoke; as Karlo to Romance speakers; and as Carolus (or Karolus) in Latin, the formal language of writing and diplomacy. Charles is the modern English form of these names. The name Charlemagne, as the emperor is normally known in English, comes from the French Charles-le-magne ("Charles the Great"). In modern German, he is known as Karl der Große. The Latin epithet magnus ("great") may have been associated with him during his lifetime, but this is not certain. The contemporary Royal Frankish Annals routinely call him Carolus magnus rex ("Charles the great king"). That epithet is attested in the works of the Poeta Saxo around 900, and it had become commonly applied to him by 1000. Charlemagne was named after his grandfather, Charles Martel. That name, and its derivatives, are unattested before their use by Charles Martel and Charlemagne. Karolus was adapted by Slavic languages as their word for "king" (Russian: korol', Polish: król and Slovak: král) through Charlemagne's influence or that of his great-grandson, Charles the Fat. Early life and rise to power Political background and ancestry Francia in 714 By the sixth century, the western Germanic tribe of the Franks had been Christianised; this was due in considerable measure to the conversion of their king, Clovis I, to Catholicism. The Franks had established a kingdom in Gaul in the wake of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire. This kingdom, Francia, grew to encompass nearly all of present-day France and Switzerland, along with parts of modern Germany and the Low Countries under the rule of the Merovingian dynasty. Francia was often divided under different Merovingian kings, due to the partible inheritance practiced by the Franks. The late seventh century saw a period of war and instability following the murder of King Childeric II, which led to factional struggles among the Frankish aristocrats. Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his 687 victory at the Battle of Tertry. Pepin was the grandson of two important figures of Austrasia: Arnulf of Metz and Pepin of Landen. The mayors of the palace had gained influence as the Merovingian kings' power waned due to divisions of the kingdom and several succession crises. Pepin was eventually succeeded by his son Charles, later known as Charles Martel. Charles did not support a Merovingian successor upon the death of King Theuderic IV in 737, leaving the throne vacant. He made plans to divide the kingdom between his sons, Carloman and Pepin the Short, who succeeded him after his death in 741. The brothers placed the Merovingian Childeric III on the throne in 743. In 747, Carloman abdicated and entered a monastery in Rome. He had at least two sons; the elder, Drogo, took his place. Birth Charlemagne was the first-born son of Pepin the Short and his wife, Bertrada, a member of an influential, noble Austrasian family. His birth date is uncertain, although it was most likely in 748. An older tradition based on three sources, however, gives a birth year of 742. The ninth-century biographer Einhard reports Charlemagne as being in his seventy-second year at his death; the Royal Frankish Annals imprecisely gives his age at death as about 71, and his original epitaph called him a septuagenarian. Einhard said that he did not know much about Charlemagne's early life; some modern scholars believe that not knowing the emperor's true age, he presented an exact date in keeping with the Roman imperial biographies of Suetonius which he used as a model. All three sources may have been influenced by Psalm 90: "The days of our years are threescore years and ten". German scholar Karl Werner challenged the acceptance of 742, citing an addition to the Annales Petaviani which records Charlemagne's birth in 747. Lorsch Abbey commemorated Charlemagne's date of birth as 2 April from the mid-ninth century, and this date is likely to be genuine. As the annalists recorded the start of the year from Easter rather than 1 January, historian Matthias Becher built on Werner's work and showed that 2 April in the year recorded would have actually been in 748; the date 2 April 748 has become widely accepted by scholars. Roger Collins, believing that Pepin and Bertrada did not marry until 749, considers Charlemagne an illegitimate child. Charlemagne's place of birth is also unknown, and the Frankish palaces in Vaires-sur-Marne and Quierzy are among the places suggested by scholars. Pepin the Short held an assembly in Düren in 748, but it cannot be proven that it took place in April or if Bertrada was with him. Language and education Sketch thought to be of Charlemagne, c. 800 Einhard refers to Charlemagne's patrius sermo ("native tongue"). Most scholars have identified this as a form of Old High German, probably a Rhenish Franconian dialect. Due to the prevalence in Francia of "rustic Roman", he was probably functionally bilingual in Germanic and Romance dialects at an early age. Charlemagne also spoke Latin and, according to Einhard, could understand and (perhaps) speak some Greek. Charlemagne's father Pepin had been educated at the abbey of Saint-Denis, although the extent of Charlemagne's formal education is unknown. He almost certainly was trained in military matters as a youth in Pepin's court, which was itinerant. Charlemagne also asserted his own education in the liberal arts in encouraging their study by his children and others, although it is unknown whether his study was as a child or at court during his later life. The question of Charlemagne's literacy is debated, with little direct evidence from contemporary sources. He normally had texts read aloud to him and dictated responses and decrees, but this was not unusual even for a literate ruler at the time. German historian Johannes Fried considers it likely that Charlemagne would have been able to read, but the medievalist Paul Dutton writes that "the evidence for his ability to read is circumstantial and inferential at best" and concludes that it is likely that he never properly mastered the skill. Einhard makes no direct mention of Charlemagne reading, and recorded that he only attempted to learn to write later in life. Accession and reign with Carloman There are only occasional references to Charlemagne in the Frankish annals during his father's lifetime. By 751 or 752, Pepin had deposed Childeric and replaced him as king. Early Carolingian-influenced sources claim that Pepin's seizure of the throne was sanctioned beforehand by Pope Stephen II, but modern historians dispute this. It is possible that papal approval came only when Stephen travelled to Francia in 754 (apparently to request Pepin's aid against the Lombards), and on this trip anointed Pepin as king; this legitimized his rule. Charlemagne had been sent to greet and escort the Pope, and he and his younger brother Carloman were anointed with their father. Pepin sidelined Drogo around the same time, sending him and his brother to a monastery. Charlemagne began issuing charters in his own name in 760. The following year, he joined his father's campaign against Aquitaine. Aquitaine, led by Dukes Hunald and Waiofar, was constantly in rebellion during Pepin's reign. Pepin fell ill on campaign there and died on 24 September 768, and Charlemagne and Carloman succeeded their father. They had separate coronations, Charlemagne at Noyon and Carloman at Soissons, on 9 October. The brothers maintained separate palaces and spheres of influence, although they were considered joint rulers of a single Frankish kingdom. The Royal Frankish Annals report that Charlemagne ruled Austrasia and Carloman ruled Burgundy, Provence, Aquitaine, and Alamannia, with no mention made of which brother received Neustria. The immediate concern of the brothers was the ongoing uprising in Aquitaine. They marched into Aquitaine together, but Carloman returned to Francia for unknown reasons and Charlemagne completed the campaign on his own. Charlemagne's capture of Duke Hunald marked the end of ten years of war that had been waged in the attempt to bring Aquitaine into line. Carloman's refusal to participate in the war against Aquitaine led to a rift between the kings. It is uncertain why Carloman abandoned the campaign; the brothers may have disagreed about control of the territory, or Carloman was focused on securing his rule in the north of Francia. Regardless of the strife between the kings, they maintained a joint rule for practical reasons. Charlemagne and Carloman worked to obtain the support of the clergy and local elites to solidify their positions. Pope Stephen III was elected in 768, but was briefly deposed by Antipope Constantine II before being restored to Rome. Stephen's papacy experienced continuing factional struggles, so he sought support from the Frankish kings. Both brothers sent troops to Rome, each hoping to exert his own influence. The Lombard king Desiderius also had interests in Roman affairs, and Charlemagne attempted to enlist him as an ally. Desiderius already had alliances with Bavaria and Benevento through the marriages of his daughters to their dukes, and an alliance with Charlemagne would add to his influence. Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada, went on his behalf to Lombardy in 770 and brokered a marriage alliance before returning to Francia with his new bride. Desiderius's daughter is traditionally known as Desiderata, although she may have been named Gerperga. Anxious about the prospect of a Frankish–Lombard alliance, Pope Stephen sent a letter to both Frankish kings decrying the marriage and separately sought closer ties with Carloman. Charlemagne had already had a relationship with the Frankish noblewoman Himiltrude, and they had a son in 769 named Pepin. Paul the Deacon wrote in his 784 Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium that Pepin was born "before legal marriage", but does not say whether Charles and Himiltrude ever married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage (friedelehe), or if married after Pepin was born. Pope Stephen's letter described the relationship as a legitimate marriage, but he had a vested interest in preventing Charlemagne from marrying Desiderius's daughter. Carloman died suddenly on 4 December 771, leaving Charlemagne sole king of the Franks. He moved immediately to secure his hold on his brother's territory, forcing Carloman's widow Gerberga to flee to Desiderius's court in Lombardy with their children. Charlemagne ended his marriage to Desiderius's daughter and married Hildegard, daughter of count Gerold, a powerful magnate in Carloman's kingdom. This was a reaction to Desiderius's sheltering of Carloman's family and a move to secure Gerold's support. King of the Franks and the Lombards Annexation of the Lombard Kingdom Political map of Europe in 771, showing the Franks and their neighbors Charlemagne's first campaigning season as sole king of the Franks was spent on the eastern frontier in his first war against the Saxons, who had been engaging in border raids on the Frankish kingdom when Charlemagne responded by destroying the pagan irminsul at Eresburg and seizing their gold and silver. The success of the war helped secure Charlemagne's reputation among his brother's former supporters and funded further military action. The campaign was the beginning of over thirty years of nearly-continuous warfare against the Saxons by Charlemagne. Pope Adrian I succeeded Stephen III in 772, and sought the return of papal control of cities that had been captured by Desiderius. Unsuccessful in dealing with the Lombard king directly, Adrian sent emissaries to Charlemagne to gain his support for recovering papal territory. Charlemagne, in response to this appeal and the dynastic threat of Carloman's sons in the Lombard court, gathered his forces to intervene. He first sought a diplomatic solution, offering gold to Desiderius in exchange for the return of the papal territories and his nephews. This overture was rejected, and Charlemagne's army (commanded by himself and his uncle, Bernard) crossed the Alps to besiege the Lombard capital of Pavia in late 773. Charlemagne's second son (also named Charles) was born in 772, and Charlemagne brought the child and his wife to the camp at Pavia. Hildegard was pregnant, and gave birth to a daughter named Adelhaid. The baby was sent back to Francia, but died on the way. Charlemagne left Bernard to maintain the siege at Pavia while he took a force to capture Verona, where Desiderius's son Adalgis had taken Carloman's sons. Charlemagne captured the city; no further record exists of his nephews or of Carloman's wife, and their fate is unknown. Historian Janet Nelson compares them to the Princes in the Tower in the Wars of the Roses. Fried suggests that the boys were forced into a monastery (a common solution of dynastic issues), or "an act of murder smooth Charlemagne’s ascent to power." Adalgis was not captured by Charlemagne, and fled to Constantinople. Pope Adrian receiving Charlemagne at Rome Charlemagne left the siege in April 774 to celebrate Easter in Rome. Pope Adrian arranged a formal welcome for the Frankish king, and they swore oaths to each other over the relics of St. Peter. Adrian presented a copy of the agreement between Pepin and Stephen III outlining the papal lands and rights Pepin had agreed to protect and restore. It is unclear which lands and rights the agreement involved, which remained a point of dispute for centuries. Charlemagne placed a copy of the agreement in the chapel above St. Peter's tomb as a symbol of his commitment, and left Rome to continue the siege. Disease struck the Lombards shortly after his return to Pavia, and they surrendered the city by June 774. Charlemagne deposed Desiderius and took the title of King of the Lombards. The takeover of one kingdom by another was "extraordinary", and the authors of The Carolingian World call it "without parallel". Charlemagne secured the support of the Lombard nobles and Italian urban elites to seize power in a mainly-peaceful annexation. Historian Rosamond McKitterick suggests that the elective nature of the Lombard monarchy eased Charlemagne's takeover, and Collins attributes the easy conquest to the Lombard elite's "presupposition that rightful authority was in the hands of the one powerful enough to seize it". Charlemagne soon returned to Francia with the Lombard royal treasury and with Desiderius and his family, who would be confined to a monastery for the rest of their lives. Frontier wars in Saxony and Spain Charlemagne's additions to the Frankish Kingdom The Saxons took advantage of Charlemagne's absence in Italy to raid the Frankish borderlands, leading to a Frankish counter-raid in the autumn of 774 and a reprisal campaign the following year. Charlemagne was soon drawn back to Italy as Duke Hrodgaud of Friuli rebelled against him. He quickly crushed the rebellion, distributing Hrodgaud's lands to the Franks to consolidate his rule in Lombardy. Charlemagne wintered in Italy, consolidating his power by issuing charters and legislation and taking Lombard hostages. Amid the 775 Saxon and Friulian campaigns, his daughter Rotrude was born in Francia. Returning north, Charlemagne waged another brief, destructive campaign against the Saxons in 776. This led to the submission of many Saxons, who turned over captives and lands and submitted to baptism. In 777, Charlemagne held an assembly at Paderborn with Frankish and Saxon men; many more Saxons came under his rule, but the Saxon magnate Widukind fled to Denmark to prepare for a new rebellion. Also at the Paderborn assembly were representatives of dissident factions from al-Andalus (Muslim Spain). They included the son and son-in-law of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, the former governor of Córdoba ousted by Caliph Abd al-Rahman in 756, who sought Charlemagne's support for al-Fihri's restoration. Also present was Sulayman al-Arabi, governor of Barcelona and Girona, who wanted to become part of the Frankish kingdom and receive Charlemagne's protection rather than remain under the rule of Córdoba. Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity to strengthen the security of the kingdom's southern frontier and extend his influence, agreed to intervene. Crossing the Pyrenees, his army found little resistance until an ambush by Basque forces in 778 at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Franks, defeated in the battle, withdrew with most of their army intact. Building the dynasty Adrian crowning Louis, as Charlemagne looks on Charlemagne returned to Francia to greet his newborn twin sons, Louis and Lothair, who were born while he was in Spain; Lothair died in infancy. Again, Saxons had seized on the king's absence to raid. Charlemagne sent an army to Saxony in 779 while he held assemblies, legislated, and addressed a famine in Francia. Hildegard gave birth to another daughter, Bertha. Charlemagne returned to Saxony in 780, holding assemblies at which he received hostages from Saxon nobles and oversaw their baptism. He and Hildegard traveled with their four younger children to Rome in the spring of 781, leaving Pepin and Charles at Worms, to make a journey first requested by Adrian in 775. Adrian baptized Carloman and renamed him Pepin, a name he shared with his half-brother. Louis and the newly-renamed Pepin were then anointed and crowned. Pepin was appointed king of the Lombards, and Louis king of Aquitaine. This act was not nominal, since the young kings were sent to live in their kingdoms under the care of regents and advisors. A delegation from the Byzantine Empress Irene met Charlemagne during his stay in Rome; Charlemagne agreed to betroth his daughter Rotrude to Irene's son, Emperor Constantine VI. Hildegard gave birth to her eighth child, Gisela, during this trip to Italy. After the royal family's return to Francia, she had her final pregnancy and died from its complications on 30 April 783. The child, named after her, died shortly thereafter. Charlemagne commissioned epitaphs for his wife and daughter, and arranged for a Mass to be said daily at Hildegard's tomb. Charlemagne's mother Bertrada died shortly after Hildegard, on 12 July 783. Charlemagne was remarried to Fastrada, daughter of the East Frankish count Radolf, by the end of the year. Saxon resistance and reprisal In summer 782, Widukind returned from Denmark to attack the Frankish positions in Saxony. He defeated a Frankish army, possibly due to rivalry among the Frankish counts leading it. Charlemagne came to Verden after learning of the defeat, but Widukind fled before his arrival. Charlemagne summoned the Saxon magnates to an assembly and compelled them to turn prisoners over to him, since he regarded their previous acts as treachery. The annals record that Charlemagne had 4,500 Saxon prisoners beheaded in the massacre of Verden. Fried writes, "Although this figure may be exaggerated, the basic truth of the event is not in doubt", and historian Alessandro Barbero calls it "perhaps the greatest stain on his reputation." Charlemagne issued the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, probably in the immediate aftermath of (or as a precursor of) the massacre. With a harsh set of laws which included the death penalty for pagan practices, the Capitulatio "constituted a program for the forced conversion of the Saxons" and was "aimed ... at suppressing Saxon identity". Charlemagne's focus for the next several years would be on his attempt to complete the subjugation of the Saxons. Concentrating first in Westphalia in 783, he pushed into Thuringia in 784 as his son Charles the Younger continued operations in the west. At each stage of the campaigns, the Frankish armies seized wealth and carried Saxon captives into slavery. Unusually, Charlemagne campaigned through the winter instead of resting his army. By 785, he had suppressed the Saxon resistance and completely commanded Westphalia. That summer, he met Widukind and convinced him to end his resistance. Widukind agreed to be baptized with Charlemagne as his godfather, ending this phase of the Saxon Wars. Benevento, Bavaria, and Pepin's revolt Charlemagne travelled to Italy in 786, arriving by Christmas. Aiming to extend his influence further into southern Italy, he marched into the Duchy of Benevento. Duke Arechis fled to a fortified position at Salerno before offering Charlemagne his fealty. Charlemagne accepted his submission and hostages, who included Arechis's son Grimoald. In Italy, Charlemagne also met with envoys from Constantinople. Empress Irene had called the 787 Second Council of Nicaea, but did not inform Charlemagne or invite any Frankish bishops. Charlemagne, probably in reaction to the perceived slight of the exclusion, broke the betrothal of his daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI. A solidus from Benevento, with Grimoald's effigy and Charlemagne's name (DOMS CAR RX, the Lord King Charles) After Charlemagne left Italy, Arechis sent envoys to Irene to offer an alliance; he suggested that she send a Byzantine army with Adalgis, the exiled son of Desiderus, to remove the Franks from power in Lombardy. Before his plans could be finalised, Aldechis and his elder son Romuald died of illness within weeks of each other. Charlemagne sent Grimoald back to Benevento to serve as duke and return it to Frankish suzerainty. The Byzantine army invaded, but were repulsed by the Frankish and Lombard forces. As affairs were being settled in Italy, Charlemagne turned his attention to Bavaria. Bavaria was ruled by Duke Tassilo, Charlemagne's first cousin, who had been installed by Pepin the Short in 748. Tassilo's sons were also grandsons of Desiderius, and a potential threat to Charlemagne's rule in Lombardy. The neighbouring rulers had a growing rivalry throughout their reigns, but had sworn oaths of peace to each other in 781. In 784, Rotpert (Charlemagne's viceroy in Italy) accused Tassilo of conspiring with Widukind in Saxony and unsuccessfully attacked the Bavarian city of Bolzano. Charlemagne gathered his forces to prepare for an invasion of Bavaria in 787. Dividing the army, the Franks launched a three-pronged attack. Quickly realizing his poor position, Tassilo agreed to surrender and recognise Charlemagne as his overlord. The following year, Tassilo was accused of plotting with the Avars to attack Charlemagne. He was deposed and sent to a monastery, and Charlemagne absorbed Bavaria into his kingdom. Charlemagne spent the next few years based in Regensburg, largely focused on consolidating his rule of Bavaria and warring against the Avars. Successful campaigns against them were launched from Bavaria and Italy in 788, and Charlemagne led campaigns in 791 and 792. Charlemagne gave Charles the Younger rule of Maine in Neustria in 789, leaving Pepin the Hunchback his only son without lands. His relationship with Himiltrude was now apparently seen as illegitimate at his court, and Pepin was sidelined from the succession. In 792, as his father and brothers were gathered in Regensburg, Pepin conspired with Bavarian nobles to assassinate them and install himself as king. The plot was discovered and revealed to Charlemagne before it could proceed; Pepin was sent to a monastery, and many of his co-conspirators were executed. The early 790s saw a marked focus on ecclesiastical affairs by Charlemagne. He summoned a council in Regensburg in 792 to address the theological controversy over the adoptionism doctrine in the Spanish church and formulate a response to the Second Council of Nicea. The council condemned adoptionism as heresy and led to the production of the Libri Carolini, a detailed argument against Nicea's canons. In 794, Charlemagne called another council in Frankfurt. The council confirmed Regensburg's positions on adoptionism and Nicea, recognised the deposition of Tassilo, set grain prices, reformed Frankish coinage, forbade abbesses from blessing men, and endorsed prayer in vernacular languages. Soon after the council, Fastrada fell ill and died; Charlemagne married the Alamannian noblewoman Luitgard shortly afterwards. Continued wars with the Saxons and Avars Charlemagne gathered an army after the council of Frankfurt as Saxon resistance continued, beginning a series of annual campaigns which lasted through 799. The campaigns of the 790s were even more destructive than those of earlier decades, with the annal writers frequently noting Charlemagne "burning", "ravaging", "devastating", and "laying waste" the Saxon lands. Charlemagne forcibly removed a large number of Saxons to Francia, installing Frankish elites and soldiers in their place. His extended wars in Saxony led to his establishing his court in Aachen, which had easy access to the frontier. He built a large palace there, including a chapel which is now part of the Aachen Cathedral. Einhard joined the court at that time. Pepin of Italy (Carloman) engaged in further wars against the Avars in the south, which led to the collapse of their kingdom and the eastward expansion of Frankish rule. Charlemagne also worked to expand his influence through diplomatic means during the 790s wars, focusing on the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. Charles the Younger proposed a marriage pact with the daughter of King Offa of Mercia, but Offa insisted that Charlemagne's daughter Bertha also be given as a bride for his son. Charlemagne refused the arrangement, and the marriage did not take place. Charlemagne and Offa entered into a formal peace in 796, protecting trade and securing the rights of English pilgrims to pass through Francia on their way to Rome. Charlemagne was also the host and protector of several deposed English rulers who were later restored: Eadbehrt of Kent, Ecgberht, King of Wessex, and Eardwulf of Northumbria. Nelson writes that Charlemagne treated the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms "like satellite states," establishing direct relations with English bishops. Charlemagne also forged an alliance with Alfonso II of Asturias, although Einhard calls Alfonso his "dependent". Reign as emperor Coronation After Leo III became pope in 795, he faced political opposition. His enemies accused him of a number of crimes and physically attacked him in April 799, attempting to remove his eyes and tongue. Leo escaped and fled north to seek Charlemagne's help. Charlemagne continued his campaign against the Saxons before breaking off to meet Leo at Paderborn in September. Hearing evidence from the pope and his enemies, he sent Leo back to Rome with royal legates who were instructed to reinstate the pope and conduct a further investigation. In August of the following year, Charlemagne made plans to go to Rome after an extensive tour of his lands in Neustria. Charlemagne met Leo in November near Mentana at the twelfth milestone outside Rome, the traditional location where Roman emperors began their formal entry into the city. Charlemagne presided over an assembly to hear the charges, but believed that no one could sit in judgement of the pope. Leo swore an oath on 23 December, declaring his innocence of all charges. At mass in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Day 800, Leo proclaimed Charlemagne emperor and crowned him. Charlemagne was the first reigning emperor in the west since the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476. His son, Charles the Younger, was anointed king by Leo at the same time. Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne. From Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis, volume 1, France, second quarter of the 14th century Historians differ about the intentions of the imperial coronation, the extent to which Charlemagne was aware of it or participated in its planning, and the significance of the events for those present and for Charlemagne's reign. Contemporary Frankish and papal sources differ in their emphasis on, and representation of, events. Einhard writes that Charlemagne would not have entered the church if he knew about the pope's plan; modern historians have regarded his report as truthful or rejected it as a literary device demonstrating Charlemagne's humility. Collins says that the actions surrounding the coronation indicate that it was planned by Charlemagne as early as his meeting with Leo in 799, and Fried writes that Charlemagne planned to adopt the title of emperor by 798 "at the latest." During the years before the coronation, Charlemagne's courtier Alcuin referred to his realm as an Imperium Christianum ("Christian Empire") in which "just as the inhabitants of the Roman Empire had been united by a common Roman citizenship", the new empire would be united by a common Christian faith. This is the view of French scholar Henri Pirenne, who says that "Charles was the Emperor of the ecclesia as the Pope conceived it, of the Roman Church, regarded as the universal Church". The Roman Empire remained a significant contemporary power in European politics for Leo and Charlemagne, especially in Italy. The Byzantines continued to hold a substantial portion of Italy, with their borders not far south of Rome. Empress Irene had seized the throne from her son Constantine VI in 797, deposing and blinding him. Irene, the first Byzantine empress, faced opposition in Constantinople because of her gender and her means of accession. One of the earliest narrative sources for the coronation, the Annals of Lorsch, presented a female ruler in Constantinople as a vacancy in the imperial title which justified Leo's coronation of Charlemagne. Pirenne disagrees, saying that the coronation "was not in any sense explained by the fact that at this moment a woman was reigning in Constantinople." Leo's main motivations may have been the desire to increase his standing after his political difficulties, placing himself as a power broker and securing Charlemagne as a powerful ally and protector. The Byzantine Empire's lack of ability to influence events in Italy and support the papacy were also important to Leo's position. According to the Royal Frankish Annals, Leo prostrated himself before Charlemagne after crowning him (an act of submission standard in Roman coronation rituals from the time of Diocletian). This account presents Leo not as Charlemagne's superior, but as the agent of the Roman people who acclaimed Charlemagne as emperor. Historian Henry Mayr-Harting says that the assumption of the imperial title by Charlemagne was an effort to incorporate the Saxons into the Frankish realm, since they did not have a native tradition of kingship. However, Costambeys et al. note in The Carolingian World that "since Saxony had not been in the Roman empire it is hard to see on what basis an emperor would have been any more welcomed." These authors write that the decision to take the title of emperor was aimed at furthering Charlemagne's influence in Italy, as an appeal to traditional authority recognised by Italian elites within and (especially) outside his control. Collins agrees that becoming emperor gave Charlemagne "the right to try to impose his rule over the whole of ", considering this a motivation for the coronation. He notes the "element of political and military risk" inherent in the affair due to the opposition of the Byzantine Empire and potential opposition from the Frankish elite, as the imperial title could draw him further into Mediterranean politics. Collins sees several of Charlemagne's actions as attempts to ensure that his new title had a distinctly-Frankish context. Charlemagne's coronation led to a centuries-long ideological conflict between his successors and Constantinople known as the problem of two emperors, which could be seen as a rejection or usurpation of the Byzantine emperors' claim to be the universal, preeminent rulers of Christendom. Historian James Muldoon writes that Charlemagne may have had a more limited view of his role, seeing the title as representing dominion over lands he already ruled. However, the title of emperor gave Charlemagne enhanced prestige and ideological authority. He immediately incorporated his new title into documents he issued, adopting the formula "Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great peaceful emperor governing the Roman empire, and who is by the mercy of God king of the Franks and the Lombards" instead of the earlier form "Charles, by the grace of God king of the Franks and Lombards and patrician of the Romans." The avoidance of the specific claim of being a "Roman emperor", as opposed to the more-neutral "emperor governing the Roman empire", may have been to improve relations with the Byzantines. This formulation (with the continuation of his earlier royal titles) may also represent a view of his role as emperor as being the ruler of the people of the city of Rome, as he was of the Franks and the Lombards. Governing the empire Charlemagne's throne in Aachen Cathedral Charlemagne left Italy in the summer of 801 after adjudicating several ecclesiastical disputes in Rome, and never returned to the city. Continuing trends and a ruling style established in the 790s, Charlemagne's reign from 801 onward is a "distinct phase" characterized by more-sedentary rule from Aachen. Although conflict continued until the end of his reign, the relative peace of the imperial period focused on internal governance. The Franks continued to wage war, increasingly focused on defending and securing the empire's frontiers, and Charlemagne rarely led armies personally. A significant expansion of the Spanish March was achieved with a series of campaigns by Louis against the Emirate of Cordoba, culminating in the 801 capture of Barcelona. The 802 Capitulare missorum generale was an expansive piece of legislation, with provisions governing the conduct of royal officials and requiring that all free men take an oath of loyalty to him. The capitulary reformed the institution of the missi dominici, officials who would now be assigned in pairs (a cleric and a lay aristocrat) to administer justice and oversee governance in defined territories. The emperor also ordered the revision of the Lombard and Frankish legal codes. In addition to the missi, Charlemagne also ruled parts the empire with his sons as sub-kings. Although Pepin and Louis had some authority as kings in Italy and Aquitaine, Charlemagne had the ultimate authority and directly intervened. Charles, their elder brother, had been given lands in Neustria in 789 or 790 and made a king in 800. The 806 charter Divisio Regnorum (Division of the Realm) set the terms of Charlemagne's succession. Charles, as his eldest son in good favour, was given the largest share of the inheritance: rule of Francia, Saxony, Nordgau, and parts of Alemannia. The two younger sons were confirmed in their kingdoms and gained additional territories; most of Bavaria and Alemmannia was given to Pepin, and Provence, Septimania, and parts of Burgundy were given to Louis. Charlemagne did not address the inheritance of the imperial title. The Divisio also provided that if any of the brothers predeceased Charlemagne, their sons would inherit their share; peace was urged among his descendants. Conflict and diplomacy with the east 15th-century woodcut of Charlemagne and Irene After his coronation, Charlemagne sought recognition of his imperial title from Constantinople. Several delegations were exchanged between Charlemagne and Irene in 802 and 803. According to contemporary Byzantine chronicler Thophanes, Charlemagne made an offer of marriage to Irene which she was close to accepting. Irene was deposed and replaced by Nikephoros I, who was unwilling to recognize Charlemagne as emperor. The two empires conflicted over control of the Adriatic Sea (especially Istria and Veneto) several times during Nikephoros' reign. Charlemagne sent envoys to Constantinople in 810 to make peace, giving up his claims to Veneto. Nikephoros died in battle before the envoys could leave Constantinople but his son-in-law and successor Michael I confirmed the peace, sending his own envoys to Aachen to recognize Charlemagne as emperor. Charlemagne soon issued the first Frankish coins bearing his imperial title, although papal coins minted in Rome had used the title as early as 800. He sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid during the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Spanish affairs. As an early sign of friendship, Charlemagne requested an elephant as a gift from Harun. Harun later provided an elephant named Abul-Abbas, which arrived at Aachen in 802. Harun also sought to undermine Charlemagne's relations with the Byzantines, with whom he was at war. As part of his outreach, Harun gave Charlemagne nominal rule of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and other gifts. According to Einhard, Charlemagne "zealously strove to make friendships with kings beyond the seas" in order "that he might get some help and relief to the Christians living under their rule." A surviving administrative document, the Basel roll, shows the work done by his agents in Palestine in furtherance of this goal. Harun's death lead to a succession crisis and, under his successors, churches and synagogues were destroyed in the caliphate. Unable to intervene directly, Charlemagne sent specially-minted coins and arms to the eastern Christians to defend and restore their churches and monasteries. The coins with their inscriptions were also an important tool of imperial propaganda. Johannes Fried writes that deteriorating relations with Baghdad after Harun's death may have been the impetus for renewed negotiations with Constantinople which led to Charlemagne's peace with Michael in 811. As emperor, Charlemagne became involved in a religious dispute between Eastern and Western Christians over the recitation of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, the fundamental statement of orthodox Christian belief. The original text of the creed, adopted at the Council of Constantinople, professed that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father. A tradition developed in Western Europe that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father "and the Son", inserting the Latin term filioque into the creed. The difference did not cause significant conflict until 807, when Frankish monks in Bethlehem were denounced as heretics by a Greek monk for using the filioque form. The Frankish monks appealed the dispute to Rome, where Pope Leo affirmed the text of the creed omitting the phrase and passed the report on to Charlemagne. Charlemagne summoned a council at Aachen in 809 which defended the use of filioque, and sent the decision to Rome. Leo said that the Franks could maintain their tradition, but asserted that the canonical creed did not include filioque. He commissioned two silver shields with the creed in Latin and Greek (omitting the filioque), which he hung in St. Peter's Basilica. Another product of the 809 Aachen council was the Handbook of 809, an illustrated calendrical and astronomical compendium. Wars with the Danes Europe at the death of the Charlemagne in 814 Scandinavia had been brought into contact with the Frankish world through Charlemagne's wars with the Saxons. Raids on Charlemagne's lands by the Danes began around 800. Charlemagne engaged in his final campaign in Saxony in 804, seizing Saxon territory east of the Elbe, removing its Saxon population, and giving the land to his Obotrite allies. The Danish king Gudfred, uneasy at the extension of Frankish power, offered to meet with Charlemagne to arrange peace and (possibly) hand over Saxons who had fled to him; the talks were unsuccessful. The northern frontier was quiet until 808, when Gudfred and some allied Slavic tribes led an incursion into the Obotrite lands and extracted tribute from over half the territory. Charles the Younger led an army across the Elbe in response, but only attacked some of Gudfred's Slavic allies. Gudfred again attempted diplomatic overtures in 809, but no peace was apparently made. Danish pirates raided Frisia in 810, although it is uncertain if they were connected to Gudfred. Charlemagne sent an army to secure Frisia while he led a force against Gudfred, who had reportedly challenged the emperor to face him in battle. The battle never took place, since Gudfred was murdered by two of his own men before Charlemagne's arrival. Gudfred's nephew and successor Hemming immediately sued for peace, and a commission led by Charlemagne's cousin Wala reached a settlement with the Danes in 811. The Danes did not pose a threat for the remainder of Charlemagne's reign, but the effects of this war and their earlier expansion in Saxony helped set the stage for the intense Viking raids across Europe later in the ninth century. Final years and death A portion of Charlemagne's death shroud. Illustrating a quadriga (a four-horse chariot), it was manufactured in Constantinople. The Carolingian dynasty experienced a number of losses in 810 and 811, when Charlemagne's sister Gisela, his daughter Rotrude, and his sons Pepin the Hunchback, Pepin of Italy, and Charles the Younger died. The deaths of Charles and Pepin of Italy left Charlemagne's earlier plans for succession in disarray. He declared Pepin of Italy's son Bernard ruler of Italy and made his own only surviving son, Louis, heir to the rest of the empire. Charlemagne also made a new will detailing the disposal of his property at his death, with bequests to the church, his children, and his grandchildren. Einhard (possibly relying on tropes from Suetonius's The Twelve Caesars) says that Charlemagne viewed the deaths of his family members, his fall from a horse, astronomical phenomena, and the collapse of part of the palace in his last years as signs of his impending death. Charlemagne continued to govern with energy during his final year, ordering bishops to assemble in five ecclesiastical councils. These culminated in a large assembly at Aachen, where Charlemagne crowned Louis as his co-emperor and Bernard as king in a ceremony on 11 September 813. Charlemagne became ill in the autumn of 813 and spent his last months praying, fasting, and studying the gospels. He developed pleurisy, and was bedridden for seven days before dying on the morning of 28 January 814. Thegan, a biographer of Louis, records the emperor's last words as "Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit" (quoting from Luke 23:46). Charlemagne's body was prepared and buried in the chapel at Aachen by his daughters and palace officials that day. Louis arrived at Aachen thirty days after his father's death, making a formal adventus and taking charge of the palace and the empire. Charlemagne's remains were exhumed by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1165, and reinterred in a new casket by Frederick II in 1215. The Proserpina sarcophagus in which Charlemagne is thought to have been originally buriedThe Karlsschrein, in which Frederick II reinterred Charlemagne in 1215 Legacy Political legacy Partition of the Carolingian Empire after the 843 Treaty of Verdun The stability and peace of Charlemagne's reign did not long outlive him. Louis' reign was marked by strife, including a number of rebellions by his sons. After Louis' death, the empire was divided among his sons into West, East, and Middle Francia by the Treaty of Verdun. Middle Francia was divided several more times over the course of subsequent generations. Carolingians would rule – with some interruptions – in East Francia (later the Kingdom of Germany) until 911, and in West Francia (which would become France) until 987. After 887, the imperial title was held sporadically by a series of non-dynastic Italian rulers before it lapsed in 924. The East Francian king Otto the Great conquered Italy, and was crowned emperor in 962. Otto founded the Holy Roman Empire, which would last until its dissolution in 1806. According to historian Jennifer Davis, Charlemagne "invented medieval rulership" and his influence can be seen at least into the nineteenth century. Charlemagne is often known as "the father of Europe" because of the influence of his reign and the legacy he left across the large area of the continent he ruled. The political structures he established remained in place through his Carolingian successors, and continued to exert influence into the eleventh century. Charlemagne is considered an ancestor of several European ruling houses, including the Capetian dynasty, the Ottonian dynasty, the House of Luxembourg, the House of Ivrea and the House of Habsburg. The Ottonians and Capetians, direct successors of the Carolingans, drew on the legacy of Charlemagne to bolster their legitimacy and prestige; the Ottonians and their successors held their German coronations in Aachen through the Middle Ages. The marriage of Philip II of France to Isabella of Hainault (a direct descendant of Charlemagne) was seen as a sign of increased legitimacy for their son, Louis VIII, and the French kings' association with Charlemagne's legacy was stressed until the monarchy's end. German and French rulers, such as Frederick Barbarossa and Napoleon, cited the influence of Charlemagne and associated themselves with him. The city of Aachen has, since 1949, awarded an international prize (the Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen) in honour of Charlemagne. It is awarded annually to those who promote European unity. Recipients of the prize include Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi (founder of the pan-European movement), Alcide De Gasperi, and Winston Churchill. Carolingian Renaissance Contacts with the wider Mediterranean world through Spain and Italy, the influx of foreign scholars at court, and the relative stability and length of Charlemagne's reign led to a cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance. Although the beginnings of this revival can be seen under his predecessors, Charles Martel and Pepin, Charlemagne took an active and direct role in shaping intellectual life which led to the revival's zenith. Charlemagne promoted learning as a matter of policy and direct patronage, with the aim of creating a more effective clergy. The Admonitio generalis and Epistola de litteris colendis outlined his policies and aims for education. Intellectual life at court was dominated by Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Visigothic and Italian scholars, including Dungal of Bobbio, Alcuin of York, Theodulf of Orléans, and Peter of Pisa; Franks such as Einhard and Angelbert also made substantial contributions. Aside from the intellectual activity at the palace, Charlemagne promoted ecclesiastical schools and publicly-funded schools for the children of the elite and future clergy. Students learned basic Latin literacy and grammar, arithmetic, and other subjects of the medieval liberal arts. From their education, it was expected that even rural priests could provide their parishioners with basic instruction in religious matters and (possibly) the literacy required for worship. Latin was standardised and its use brought into territories well beyond the former Roman Empire, forming a second language community of speakers and writers and sustaining Latin creativity in the Middle Ages. Carolingian authors produced extensive works, including legal treatises, histories, poetry, and religious texts. Scriptoria in monasteries and cathedrals focused on copying new and old works, producing an estimated 90,000 manuscripts during the ninth century. The Carolingian minuscule script was developed and popularized in medieval copying, influencing Renaissance and modern typefaces. Scholar John J. Contreni considers the educational and learning revival under Charlemagne and his successors "one of the most durable and resilient elements of the Carolingian legacy". Memory and historiography Charlemagne was a frequent subject of, and inspiration for, medieval writers after his death. Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni, according to Johannes Fired, "can be said to have revived the defunct literary genre of the secular biography." Einhard drew on classical sources, such as Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars, the orations of Cicero, and Tacitus' Agricola to frame his work's structure and style. The Carolingian period also saw a revival of the mirrors for princes genre. The author of the Latin poem Visio Karoli Magni, written c. 865, uses facts (apparently from Einhard) and his own observations on the decline of Charlemagne's family after their civil wars later in the ninth century as the bases of a visionary tale about Charles meeting a prophetic spectre in a dream. Notker's Gesta Karoli Magni, written for Charlemagne's great-grandson Charles the Fat, presents moral anecdotes (exempla) to highlight the emperor's qualities as a ruler. Manfred III of Saluzzo depicted as Charlemagne (Castello della Manta, 1420s) Charlemagne, as a figure of myth and emulation, grew over the centuries; Matthias Becher writes that over 1,000 legends are recorded about him, far outstripping subsequent emperors and kings. Later medieval writers depicted Charlemagne as a crusader and Christian warrior. Charlemagne is the main figure of the medieval literary cycle known as the Matter of France. Works in this cycle, which originated during the Crusades, centre on characterisations of the emperor as a leader of Christian knights in wars against Muslims. The cycle includes chansons de geste (epic poems) such as the Song of Roland and chronicles such as the Historia Caroli Magni, also known as the (Pseudo-)Turpin Chronicle. Charlemagne was depicted as one of the Nine Worthies, a fixture in medieval literature and art as an exemplar of a Christian king. Attention to Charlemagne became more scholarly in the early modern period as Eindhard's Vita and other sources began to be published. Political philosophers debated his legacy; Montesquieu viewed him as the first constitutional monarch and protector of freemen, but Voltaire saw him as a despotic ruler and representative of the medieval period as a Dark Age. As early as the sixteenth century, debate between German and French writers began about Charlemagne's "nationality". These contrasting portraits – a French Charlemagne versus a German Karl der Große – became especially pronounced during the nineteenth century with Napoleon's use of Charlemagne's legacy and the rise of German nationalism. German historiography and popular perception focused on the Massacre of Verden, emphasised with Charlemagne as the "butcher" of the Germanic Saxons or downplayed as an unfortunate part of the legacy of a great German ruler. Propaganda in Nazi Germany initially portrayed Charlemagne as an enemy of Germany, a French ruler who worked to take away the freedom and native religion of the German people. This quickly shifted as Adolf Hitler endorsed a portrait of Charlemagne as a great unifier of disparate German tribes into a common nation, allowing Hitler to co-opt Charlemagne's legacy as an ideological model for his expansionist policies. Historiography after World War II focused on Charlemagne as "the father of Europe" rather than a nationalistic figure, a view first advanced during the nineteenth century by German romantic philosopher Friedrich Schlegel. This view has led to Charlemagne's adoption as a political symbol of European integration. Modern historians increasingly place Charlemagne in the context of the wider Mediterranean world, following the work of Belgian historian Henri Pirenne. Religious impact and veneration The Palatine Chapel, built by Charlemagne at the Aachen palace Charlemagne gave much attention to religious and ecclesiastical affairs, holding 23 synods during his reign. His synods were called to address specific issues at particular times, but generally dealt with church administration and organization, education of the clergy, and the proper forms of liturgy and worship. Charlemagne used the Christian faith as a unifying factor in the realm and, in turn, worked to impose unity on the church. He implemented an edited version of the Dionysio-Hadriana book of canon law acquired from Pope Adrian, required use of the Rule of St. Benedict in monasteries throughout the empire, and promoted a standardized liturgy adapted from the rites of the Roman Church to conform with Frankish practices. Carolingian policies promoting unity did not eliminate the diverse practices throughout the empire, but created a shared ecclesiastical identity – according to Rosamond McKitterick, "unison, not unity." The condition of all his subjects as a "Christian people" was an important concern. Charlemagne's policies encouraged preaching to the laity, particularly in vernacular languages they would understand. He believed it essential to be able to recite the Lord's Prayer and the Apostles' Creed, and made efforts to ensure that the clergy taught them and other basics of Christian morality. Religious historian Thomas F. X. Noble writes that the efforts of Charlemagne and his successors to standardise Christian doctrine and practices and harmonise Frankish practices were essential steps in the development of Christianity in Europe, and the Roman Catholic or Latin Church "as a historical phenomenon, not as a theological or ecclesiological one, is a Carolingian construction." He says that the medieval European concept of Christendom as an overarching community of Western Christians, rather than a collection of local traditions, is the result of Carolingian policies and ideology. Charlemagne's doctrinal policies promoting the use of filioque and opposing the Second Council of Nicea were key steps in the growing divide between Western and Eastern Christianity. Emperor Otto II attempted to have Charlemagne canonised in 1000. In 1165, Frederick Barbarossa convinced Antipope Paschal III to elevate Charlemagne to sainthood. Since Paschal's acts were not considered valid, Charlemagne was not recognized as a saint by the Holy See. Despite this lack of official recognition, his cult was observed in Aachen, Reims, Frankfurt, Zurich and Regensburg, and he has been venerated in France since the reign of Charles V. Charlemagne also drew attention from figures of the Protestant Reformation, with Martin Luther criticising his apparent subjugation to the papacy by accepting his coronation from Leo. John Calvin and other Protestant thinkers viewed him as a forerunner of the Reformation, however, noting the Libri Carolini's condemnation of the worship of images and relics and conflicts by Charlemagne and his successors with the temporal power of the popes. Wives, concubines, and children Further information: Carolingian dynasty Wives and their children Himiltrude (768–770) Pepin the Hunchback (c. 769/770–811) Desiderata, daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards (m. 770–771) Hildegard (m. 771–783) daughter of Gerold of Anglachgau Charles the Younger (c. 772/773–811), Duke of Maine Adalhaid (773/4–774), born while her parents were on campaign in Italy. She was sent back to Francia, but died before reaching Lyons Rotrude (or Hruodrud) (c. 775–810) Carloman, renamed Pepin (777–810), King of Italy Louis (778–840), King of Aquitaine since 781, crowned co-emperor in 813, senior Emperor from 814 Lothair (778–779/780), twin of Louis, he died in infancy Bertha (779/780–826) Gisela (b. 782) Hildegard (782–783) Fastrada (m. 783–794) Theodrada (b. 785), Abbess of Argenteuil Hiltrude (b. 787, d. after 808) Luitgard (m. 794–800) Concubines and their children Gersuinda Adaltrude Madelgard Ruodhaid (d. 852), Abbess of Faremoutiers Regina Drogo (801–855), Bishop of Metz Hugh (c. 802–844), archchancellor of the Empire Adallind Theodoric (b. 807) Unknown partners Hroudhaid (b. 784) Richbod (805–844), Abbot of Saint-Riquier Bernard (fl. 843), Abbot of Moutiers-Saint-Jean Abbey Chrothais (d 814) Charlemagne instructing his son, Louis the Pious Charlemagne had at least twenty children with his wives and other partners. After the death of his wife Luitgard in 800, he did not remarry but had children with unmarried partners. He was determined that all his children, including his daughters, should receive an education in the liberal arts. His children were taught in accordance with their aristocratic status, which included training in riding and weaponry for his sons and embroidery, spinning and weaving for his daughters. Rosamond McKitterick writes that Charlemagne exercised "a remarkable degree of patriarchal control ... over his progeny," noting that only a handful of his children and grandchildren were raised outside his court. Pepin of Italy and Louis reigned as kings from childhood and lived at their courts. Careers in the church were arranged for his illegitimate sons. His daughters were resident at court or at Chelles Abbey (where Charlemagne's sister was abbess), and those at court may have fulfilled the duties of queen after 800. Louis and Pepin of Italy married and had children during their father's lifetime, and Charlemagne brought Pepin's daughters into his household after Pepin's death. Rotrude had been betrothed to Emperor Constantine VI, but the betrothal was ended. None of Charlemagne's daughters married, although several had children with unmarried partners. Bertha had two sons, Nithard and Hartnid, with Charlemagne's courtier Angilbert; Rotrude had a son named Louis, possibly with Count Rorgon; and Hiltrude had a son named Richbod, possibly with a count named Richwin. The Divisio Regnorum issued by Charlemagne in 806 provided that his legitimate daughters be allowed to marry or become nuns after his death. Theodrada entered a convent, but the decisions of his other daughters are unknown. Appearance and iconography Further information: Iconography of Charlemagne Top: Carolingian-era equestrian statuette depicting Charlemagne or Charles the Bald. Bottom: Bust of Charlemagne, an idealised portrayal and reliquary said to contain Charlemagne's skull cap, produced in the 14th century. Einhard gives a first-hand description of Charlemagne's appearance later in life: He was heavily built, sturdy, and of considerable stature, although not exceptionally so, since his height was seven times the length of his own foot. He had a round head, large and lively eyes, a slightly larger nose than usual, white but still attractive hair, a bright and cheerful expression, a short and fat neck, and he enjoyed good health, except for the fevers that affected him in the last few years of his life. Charlemagne's tomb was opened in 1861 by scientists who reconstructed his skeleton and measured it at 1.92 metres (6 ft 4 in) in length, roughly equivalent to Einhard's seven feet. A 2010 estimate of his height from an X-ray and CT scan of his tibia was 1.84 metres (6 ft 0 in); this puts him in the 99th percentile of height for his period, given that average male height of his time was 1.69 metres (5 ft 7 in). The width of the bone suggested that he was slim. Charlemagne wore his hair short, abandoning the Merovingian tradition of long-haired monarchs. He had a moustache (possibly imitating the Ostrogothic king Theoderic the Great), in contrast with the bearded Merovingian kings; future Carolingian monarchs would adopt this style. Paul Dutton notes the ubiquitous crown in portraits of Charlemagne and other Carolingian rulers, replacing the earlier Merovingian long hair. A ninth-century statuette depicts Charlemagne or his grandson, Charles the Bald and shows the subject as moustachioed with short hair; this also appears on contemporary coinage. By the twelfth century, Charlemagne was described as bearded rather than moustachioed in literary sources such as the Song of Roland, the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle, and other works in Latin, French, and German. The Pseudo-Turpin uniquely says that his hair was brown. Later art and iconography of Charlemagne followed suit, generally depicting him in a later medieval style as bearded with longer hair. Notes ^ a b Alternative birth years for Charlemagne include 742 and 747. There has been scholarly debate over this topic, see Birth and early life. For full treatment of the debate, see Nelson 2019, pp. 28–29. See further Karl Ferdinand Werner, Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in Francia 1, 1973, pp. 115–57 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine);Matthias Becher: Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in: Francia 19/1, 1992, pp. 37–60 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine) ^ Also found in English as Charles the Great; Old High German: KarlusRomance vernacular: KarloLatin: Carolus ^ "At 747 the scribe had written: 'Et ipso anno fuit natus Karolus rex' ('and in that year, King Charles was born')." ^ Historian Johannes Fried writes that "Comparisons with other images allow us to interpret it as a sketch of an ancient emperor or king, or even of Charlemagne himself. However sketchy and unaccomplished the drawing is, its message and its moral could not be clearer: the ruler appears here as a powerful protector, guarding the Church with his weapons and—as the following text emphasizes—restoring it according to the dictates of the faith and the Church Fathers in preparation for the impending end time." ^ Charlemagne's third son (Carloman) was also born in 776, based on the four-year-old's 780 baptism in Pavia. ^ German: Zweikaiserproblem, "two-emperors problem" ^ Latin: Karolus serenissimus augustus a deo coronatus magnus pacificus imperator Romanum gubernans imperium, qui et per misercordiam dei rex francorum atque langobardorum ^ Latin: Carolus gratia dei rex francorum et langobardorum ac patricius Romanorum ^ For more on the Basel roll, see McCormick 2011. ^ Through Beatrice of Vermandois, great-great granddaughter of Pepin of Italy and grandmother of Hugh Capet, ^ Through Hedwiga, great-great granddaughter of Louis the Pious and mother of Henry the Fowler ^ Through Albert II, Count of Namur, great-grandson of Louis IV of France and great-great-grandfather of Henry the Blind ^ Berengar II of Italy was a great-great-great grandson of Louis the Pious. ^ The nature of Himiltrude's relationship to Charlemagne is uncertain. A 770 letter by Pope Stephen III describes both Carloman and Charlemagne "by will and decision...joined in lawful marriage... wives of great beauty from the same fatherland as yourselves." Stephen wrote this in the context of attempting to dissuade either king from entering into a marriage alliance with Desiderius. By 784, at Charlemagne's court, Paul the Deacon wrote that their son Pepin was born "before legal marriage", but whether he means Charles and Himiltrude were never married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage or friedelehe, or if they married after Pepin was born is unclear. Roger Collins, Johannes Fried, and Janet Nelson all portray Himiltrude as a wife of Charlemagne in some capacity. Fried also dates the beginning of their relationship to 763 or even earlier. ^ Janet Nelson considers it a depiction of Charlemagne; Paul Dutton says that it was "long thought to depict Charlemagne and now attributed by most to Charles the Bald," and Johannes Fried presents both as possibilities but considers it "highly contentious." 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p. 433. ^ "Laureates". ^ Contreni 1984, p. 60. ^ Contreni 1984, pp. 59, 61, 64. ^ Contreni 1995, p. 709. ^ Contreni 1984, p. 64. ^ Contreni 1984, pp. 61, 68. ^ Contreni 1984, pp. 65–66. ^ Contreni 1984, p. 66–67. ^ Contreni 1995, p. 715. ^ Leonhardt 2016, pp. 160–2. ^ Contreni 1995, pp. 748–756. ^ Contreni 1984, pp. 70. ^ Contreni 1995, p. 711. ^ a b Contreni 1984, p. 73. ^ Fried 2016, p. 277. ^ McKitterick 2008, p. 15–20. ^ Fried 2016, pp. 518–519. ^ Geary 1987, pp. 275–283. ^ McKitterick 2008, p. 20. ^ a b Becher 2005, p. 138. ^ a b c Fried 2016, p. 539. ^ Hardman & Ailes 2017, pp. 1–9. ^ Kuskin 1999, pp. 513, 547–548 fn24. ^ Becher 2005, p. 142–144. ^ a b Becher 2005, p. 144. ^ Becher 2005, p. 142. ^ Becher 2005, p. 146. ^ Becher 2005, pp. 146–148. ^ Fried 2016, p. 541–542. ^ Fried 2016, p. 542–544. ^ Fried 2016, p. 542–546. ^ Becher 2005, p. 148. ^ Fried 2016, p. 548. ^ Fried 2016, p. 549–551. ^ Noble 2015, p. 294. ^ Noble 2015, pp. 289–290, 295–296. ^ McKitterick 1996, p. 61. ^ Noble 2015, pp. 269–297. ^ McKitterick 1996. ^ McKitterick 1996, p. 82. ^ Noble 2015, pp. 287–288. ^ Noble 2015, p. 294–295. ^ Noble 2015, pp. 301–302. ^ Noble 2015, p. 287. ^ Noble 2015, pp. 306–307. ^ Noble 2015, pp. 292, 306–307. ^ Siecienski 2010, p. 87. ^ a b Fried 2016, p. 537. ^ a b Becher 2005, p. 143. ^ Fried 2016, p. 538. ^ a b c Nelson 2019, pp. xxxiv–xxxv. ^ a b c Costambeys, Innes & MacLean 2011, p. xxi. ^ Nelson 2019, p. 105. ^ Collins 1998, p. 40. ^ Fried 2016, p. 50-51. ^ Nelson 2019, pp. 91, 107, 285–286. ^ Fried 2016, p. 50. ^ Nelson 2019, p. 440. ^ Nelson 2019, p. 443. ^ McKitterick 2008, p. 93. ^ McKitterick 2008, p. 91. ^ McKitterick 2008, pp. 94–95. ^ McKitterick 2008, pp. 91–93. ^ Nelson 2019, pp. 225–226. ^ Nelson 2019, p. 441. ^ Nelson 2019, p. 435. ^ Barbero 2004, p. 116. ^ Barbero 2004, p. 118. ^ Ruhli, Blumich & Henneberg 2010. ^ Dutton 2016, pp. 21–22. ^ Dutton 2016, pp. 24–26. ^ Dutton 2016, pp. 24, 26. ^ Dutton 2016, pp. 22–23. ^ Nelson 2019, pp. xxxvi, 495. ^ a b Dutton 2016, p. 35. ^ Fried 2016, p. 216. ^ Fried 2016, p. 516. ^ Dutton 2016, pp. 24–25. ^ Coxon 2021, pp. 31, 196. ^ Coxon 2021, p. 196. ^ Dutton 2016, p. 27–30. Bibliography Arnold, Benjamin (1997). Medieval Germany , 500–1300 A Political Interpretation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-61091-6. Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. Translated by Allan Cameron. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23943-2. Becher, Matthias (2005). Charlemagne. Translated by Bachrach, David S. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09796-2. Bouchard, Constance (2010). Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-81220-140-6. Chambers, William Walker; Wilkie, John Ritchie (2014). A Short History of the German Language (RLE Linguistics E: Indo-European Linguistics). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-91852-3. Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-333-65055-4. Contreni, John J. (1984), "The Carolingian Renaissance", in Treadgold, Warren T. (ed.), Renaissances before the Renaissance: cultural revivals of late antiquity and the Middle Ages, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-1198-4 Contreni, John J. (1995). "The Carolingian Renaissance: Education and Literary Culture". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume II:c.700-900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139055710. Costambeys, Marios; Innes, Matthew; MacLean, Simon (2011). The Carolingian World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56366-6. Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of masculinity in medieval German literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-78735-221-6. S2CID 239135035. Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7. Davis, Jennifer R. (2015). Charlemagne's Practice of Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07699-0. Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-06228-4. Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-263-9. Freeman, Elizabeth (2017). ""Charles the Great, or Just Plain Charles: Was Charlemagne a Great Medieval Leader?"". Agora. 52 (1): 10–19. Fried, Johannes (2016). Charlemagne. Translated by Lewis, Peter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674737396. Geary, Patrick J. (1987). "Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century: The Visio Karoli Magni". Frühmittelalterliche Studien. 21: 274–294. doi:10.1515/9783110242195.274. S2CID 165699647. Goffart, Walter (1986). "Paul the Deacon's 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession". Traditio. 42: 59–93. doi:10.1017/S0362152900004049. S2CID 151941720. Hägermann, Dieter (2011) . Carlo Magno: Il signore dell'Occidente . Translated by Giuseppe Albertoni. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. Hardman, Philipa; Ailes, Marianne (2017). The Legend of Charlemagne in Medieval England. Cambridge: DS Brewer. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-1-84384-472-3. Heather, Peter (2009). Empires and Barbarians:The Fall of Rome and the birth of Europe. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-989226-6. Jackman, Donald C. (2010). Ius hereditarium Encountered III: Ezzo's Chess Match. Editions Enlaplage. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-1-936466-54-2. Kuskin, William (1999). "Caxton's Worthies Series: The Production of Literary Culture". ELH. 66 (3): 511–551. doi:10.1353/elh.1999.0027. JSTOR 30032085. S2CID 162260451. Retrieved 2 December 2023. Lewis, Andrew W. (1977). "Dynastic Structures and Capetian Throne-Right: the Views of Giles of Paris". Traditio. 33 (1): 225–252. doi:10.1017/S0362152900009119. JSTOR 27831029. Retrieved 9 March 2024. Mayr-Harting, Henry (1996). "Charlemagne, the Saxons, and the Imperial Coronation of 800". The English Historical Review. 111 (444 November): 1113–1133. doi:10.1093/ehr/CXI.444.1113. McCormick, Michael (2011). Charlemagne's Survey of the Holy Land: Wealth, Personnel, and Buildings of a Mediterranean Church between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. McKitterick, Rosamond (1996). "Unity and Diversity in the Carolingian Church". Studies in Church History. 32: 59–82. doi:10.1017/S0424208400015333. S2CID 163254629. McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-139-47285-2. Muldoon, James (1999). Empire and Order:Concepts of Empire 800-1800. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0-312-22226-2. Nelson, Janet L. (2007). Courts, elites, and gendered power in the early Middle Ages Charlemagne and others. Ashgate. ISBN 9780754659334. OCLC 1039829293. Nelson, Janet L. (2019). King and Emperor: A New Life of Charlemagne. Oakland: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520314207. Noble, Thomas F. X. (2015). "Carolingian Religion". Church History. 84 (2): 287–307. doi:10.1017/S0009640715000104. S2CID 231888268. Nonn, Ulrich (2008). "Karl Martell – Name und Beiname". In Ludwig, Uwe; Schlipp, Thomas (eds.). Nomen et Fraternitas. Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde - Ergänzungsbände. Vol. 62. Berlin, New York: DeGruyter. pp. 575–586. doi:10.1515/9783110210477.3.575. ISBN 978-3-11-020238-0. Pirenne, Henri (2012) . Mohammed and Charlemagne. Mineola, NY: Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-12225-0. Riché, Pierre (1993). The Carolingians: A Family Who Forged Europe. Middle Ages Series. Translated by Allen, Michael Idomir. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0812210965. Ruhli, F.J.; Blumich, B.; Henneberg, M. (2010). "Charlemagne was very tall, but not robust". Economics and Human Biology. 8 (2): 289–90. doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2009.12.005. PMID 20153271. Siecienski, Anthony Edward (2010). The Filioque: History of a Doctrinal Controversy. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195372045. Sterk, Andrea (1 October 1988). "The Silver Shields of Pope Leo III: A Reassessment of the Evidence". Comitatus: A Journal of Medieval and Renaissance Studies. 19: 62–79. Tanner, Heather (2004). Families, Friends and Allies: Boulogne and Politics in Northern France and England. Brill. ISBN 978-9-04740-255-8. Waldman, Carl; Mason, Catherine (2006). Encyclopedia of European Peoples. New York: Facts on File. ISBN 978-0816049646. Further reading Primary sources in English translation Alcuin (1941). The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne: A Translation, with an Introduction, the Latin Text, and Notes. Translated by Howell, Wilbur Samuel. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Alcuin (1974). Alcott, Stephen (ed.). Alcuin of York, c. AD 732 to 804: His life and letters. Translated by Alcott, Stephen. York: Sessions Book Trust. ISBN 0-900657-21-9. Bachrach, Bernard S., ed. (1973). Liber Historiae Francorum. Translated by Bachrach, Bernard S. Lawrence, KS: Coronodo Press. ISBN 978-0872910584. Davis, Raymond, ed. (1992). The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes. Translated by Davis, Raymond. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9780853230182. Einhard; Notker (1969). Two Lives of Charlemagne. Translated by Thorpe, Lewis. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140442137. Einhard (1998). Dutton, Paul (ed.). Charlemagne's Courtier: The Complete Einhard. Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures. Translated by Dutton, Paul. Petersborough, ON: Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-134-9. Dutton, Paul, ed. (2004). Carolingian Civilization: A Reader. Petersborough, ON: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-492-7. Goodman, Peter, ed. (1985). Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Translated by Goodman, Peter. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806119397. King, P.D., ed. (1997). Charlemagne: Translated Sources. Translated by King, P.D. Lancaster: P.D. King. ISBN 978-0951150306. McKitterick, Rosamond; van Espelo, Dorine; Pollard, Richard; Price, Richard, eds. (2021). Codex Epistolaris Carolinus: Letters from the popes to the Frankish rulers, 739-791. Translated by McKitterick, Rosamond; van Espelo, Dorine; Pollard, Richard; Price, Richard. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-80034-871-4. Lyon, H.R.; Percival, John, eds. (1975). The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration. Documents of Medieval History. Translated by Lyon, H.R.; Percival, John. London: Arnold. ISBN 9780713158137. Scholz, Bernhard Walter; Rogers, Barbara, eds. (1970). Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. Translated by Scholz, Bernhard Walter; Rogers, Barbara. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08790-7. Secondary works Bachrach, Bernard S. (2011). Early Carolingian Warfare Prelude to Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2144-2. Cantor, Norman F. (2015). Civilization of the Middle Ages: Completely Revised and Expanded Edition, A. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-244460-8. Collins, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33365-808-6. Collins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. History of Spain. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Pub. Fouracre, Paul (2005). "The Long Shadow of the Merovingians". In Joanna Story (ed.). Charlemagne: Empire and Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-71907-089-1. Ganshof, F. L. (1971). The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History. trans. Janet Sondheimer. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0635-5. Gregory, Timothy E. (2005). A History of Byzantium. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-63123-513-2. James, David; Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, Muḥammad b ʻUmar (2009). Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya: a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a translation, notes and comments. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41547-552-5. Leonhardt, Jürgen (2016) . Latin: story of a World Language. Translated by Kenneth Kronenberg. Harvard. ISBN 9780674659964. OL 35499574M. Lewers Langston, Aileen; Buck, J. Orton Jr., eds. (1974). Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co. McKitterick, Rosamond (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987. London: Logman. ISBN 9780582490055. McKitterick, Rosamond, ed. (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume II:c.700-900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139055710. Riché, Pierre (1978). Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne. Middle Ages Series. Translated by McNamara, Jo Ann. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1342-3. Santosuosso, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-9153-3. Sarti, Laury (2016). "Frankish Romanness and Charlemagne's Empire". Speculum. 91 (4): 1040–58. doi:10.1086/687993. S2CID 163283337. Sypeck, Jeff (2006). Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-079706-5. External links Charlemagne at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from Wikiversity The Making of Charlemagne's Europe (freely available database of prosopographical and socio-economic data from legal documents dating to Charlemagne's reign, produced by King's College London) Internet Medieval Sourcebook, a collection of primary sources of Charlemagne's reign edited by Paul Halsall of Fordham University Einhard. "Vita Karoli Magni". Medieval Latin (in Latin). The Latin Library. Works by or about Charlemagne at Internet Archive An interactive map of Charlemagne's travels Emperor Charles I the GreatCarolingian dynasty Died: 28 January 814 Regnal titles Preceded byPepin the Short King of the Franks 768–814with Carloman I (768–771)with Charles the Younger (800–811) Succeeded byLouis the Pious New creationProblem of two emperorsConstantine VI as undisputedByzantine emperor Holy Roman Emperor 800–814with Louis the Pious (813–814) Preceded byDesiderius King of the Lombards 774–814with Pepin of Italy (781–810)with Bernard of Italy (810–814) Succeeded byBernard of Italy vteHistory of the Catholic ChurchGeneral History of the Catholic Church By country or region Ecclesiastical history Timeline Papacy Papal primacy Catholic ecumenical councils First seven Catholic Bible Biblical canon Vulgate Crusading movement History of the Roman Curia Religious institutes Christian monasticism Catholic culture Art Role in civilization Vatican City Papal States Latin Church Eastern 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II Louis II Louis III Carloman II Charles the Fat OdoR Charles III Robert IR RudolphB Louis IV Lothair Louis V House of Capet (987–1328) Hugh Capet Robert II Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV House of Valois (1328–1589) Philip VI John II Charles V Charles VI Charles VII Louis XI Charles VIII Louis XII Francis I Henry II Francis II Charles IX Henry III House of Lancaster (1422–1453) Henry VI of England House of Bourbon (1589–1792) Henry IV Louis XIII Louis XIV Louis XV Louis XVI Louis XVII House of Bonaparte (1804–1814; 1815) Napoleon I Napoleon II House of Bourbon (1814–1815; 1815–1830) Louis XVIII Charles X Louis XIX Henry V House of Orléans (1830–1848) Louis Philippe I Louis Philippe II House of Bonaparte (1852–1870) Napoleon III Debatable or disputed rulers are in italics. vteKing Charlemagne and the Matter of FranceKey people Charlemagne Roland Ganelon Naimon Oliver Renaud de Montauban Paladins andother characters Agolant Agrican Albracca Angelica Astolfo Atlantes Aude Aymon Baligant Blancandrin Bradamante Bramimonde Brandimarte Brunello Charlot Doon de Mayence Ferragut Fierabras Garin de Monglane Girart de Roussillon Huon of Bordeaux Marfisa Marsile Maugris Melissa Oberon Ogier the Dane Pinabel Rodomonte Ruggiero Sacripante Turpin William of Gellone Zerbino Horses and other animals Bayard Gaignun Gramimond Hippogriff Marmorie Passecerf Rabicano Sautperdu Sorel Tachëbrun Tencendur Veillantif Swords and other objects Almace Curtana Durendal Hauteclere Joyeuse Murgleys Olifant Précieuse Places Aachen La Brèche de Roland Roncevaux Pass Chansons de gesteand other works The Song of Roland Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne Chanson de Guillaume Gormond et Isembart The Four Sons of Aymon Karlamagnús saga Orlando Innamorato Orlando Furioso Morgante vtePippinids, Arnulfings and CarolingiansLegend: → ≡ "father of",* ≡ "brother of" Begga, the daughter of Pepin I, married Ansegisel, the son of Arnulf of Metz, and was the mother of Pepin II.Pippinids Carloman → Pepin I → Grimoald I → Childebert the Adopted Arnulfings Arnulf of Metz → Chlodulf of Metz Ansegisel → Pepin II, his sons Drogo, sons Arnulf Hugh of Champagne Godfrey Pepin Grimoald I, son Theudoald Charles Martel, sons Carloman Pepin III Grifo Bernard Jerome Remigius Childebrand I, son Nibelung I → Nibelungids EarlyCarolingiansSons of Charles MartelCarloman, son Drogo Pepin III, sonsCharlemagne, sons Pepin the Hunchback Charles the Younger Pepin Louis the Pious Lothair Drogo Hugh Theoderic Carloman, son Pepin Pepin Bernard, sons Wala Adalhard Bernhar CarolingianEmpireSons of CharlemagnePepin, son Bernard → Pepin, Count of Vermandois → Counts of Vermandois Louis the Pious,sons Arnulf of Sens Lothair I, sons Louis II of Italy → Ermengard → Louis the Blind → BosonidsLothair II → HughCharles Pepin I, son Pepin II Louis the German,sons Carloman → Arnulf → Louis the Child Ratold Zwentibold → Godfrey OttoLouis the Younger → Louis HughCharles the Fat → BernardRatold → Adalbert Charles the Bald,sons Louis the Stammerer → Louis III Carloman II Charles the SimpleCharles the ChildCarlomanLothair the Lame Drogo Pepin Charles WestFranciaWest Francia was in the hands of the Robertians from 888 until 898. It was the last Carolingian kingdom.Charles the Simple, sons Louis IV Arnulf Drogo Rorico Louis IV, sons Lothair IV Charles Louis Charles of Lorraine Henry Lothair IV, sons Louis V Arnulf Charles of Lorraine, sons Otto Louis Charles Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF 2 3 4 5 WorldCat National Norway Chile Spain France BnF data Argentina Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Finland United States Sweden Latvia Taiwan Japan Czech Republic Australia Greece Romania Croatia Netherlands Poland Russia Vatican Academics CiNii Artists ULAN People Netherlands Deutsche Biographie Trove Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland SNAC 2 IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charlemagne (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"/ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"SHAR-lə-mayn, -⁠MAYN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-birth-1"},{"link_name":"King of the Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings"},{"link_name":"King of the Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Lombards"},{"link_name":"Emperor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Western","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Europe"},{"link_name":"Central Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Europe"},{"link_name":"fall of the Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Carolingian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Pepin the Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short"},{"link_name":"Bertrada of Laon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon"},{"link_name":"Carloman I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_I"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"northern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bavaria#Bavaria_and_the_Agilolfings_under_Frankish_overlordship"},{"link_name":"Saxony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Saxony"},{"link_name":"northern Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_March"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Verden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Verden"},{"link_name":"Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxons"},{"link_name":"Abbasid caliph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Harun al-Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid"},{"link_name":"Pope Leo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III"},{"link_name":"Eastern Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_Empire"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Carolingian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Aachen Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia"},{"link_name":"East Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"venerated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatification"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"}],"text":"King of the Franks, first Holy Roman EmperorFor other uses, see Charlemagne (disambiguation).Charlemagne[b] (/ˈʃɑːrləmeɪn, ˌʃɑːrləˈmeɪn/ SHAR-lə-mayn, -⁠MAYN; 2 April 748[a] – 28 January 814) was King of the Franks from 768, King of the Lombards from 774, and Emperor of what is now known as the Carolingian Empire from 800, holding these titles until his death in 814. He united most of Western and Central Europe and was the first recognized emperor to rule in the west after the fall of the Western Roman Empire, approximately three centuries earlier. Charlemagne's reign was marked by political and social changes that had lasting impact on Europe throughout the Middle Ages.A member of the Frankish Carolingian dynasty, Charlemagne was the eldest son of Pepin the Short and Bertrada of Laon. With his brother, Carloman I, he became king of the Franks in 768 following Pepin's death and became the sole ruler three years later. Charlemagne continued his father's policy of protecting the papacy and became its chief defender, removing the Lombards from power in northern Italy in 774. His reign saw a period of expansion that led to the conquests of Bavaria, Saxony and northern Spain, as well as other campaigns that led Charlemagne to extend his rule over a large part of Europe. Charlemagne spread Christianity to his new conquests (often by force), as seen at the Massacre of Verden against the Saxons. He also sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid during the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Spanish affairs.In 800, Charlemagne was crowned emperor in Rome by Pope Leo III. Although historians debate the coronation's significance, the title represented the height of his prestige and authority. Charlemagne's position as the first emperor in the West in over 300 years brought him into conflict with the Eastern Roman Empire in Constantinople. Through his assumption of the imperial title, he is considered the forerunner to the line of Holy Roman Emperors, which persisted into the nineteenth century. As king and emperor, Charlemagne engaged in a number of reforms in administration, law, education, military organization, and religion, which shaped Europe for centuries. The stability of his reign began a period of cultural activity known as the Carolingian Renaissance.Charlemagne died in 814 and was laid to rest at Aachen Cathedral in Aachen, his imperial capital city. He was succeeded by his only surviving son, Louis the Pious. After Louis, the Frankish kingdom was divided and eventually coalesced into West and East Francia, which later became France and the Holy Roman Empire, respectively. Charlemagne's profound impact on the Middle Ages and influence on the territory he ruled has led him to be called the \"Father of Europe\" by many historians. He is seen as a folk hero and founding figure by many European states and a number of historical royal houses of Europe trace their lineage back to him. Charlemagne has been the subject of artworks, monuments and literature during and after the medieval period and is venerated by the Catholic Church.","title":"Charlemagne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German"},{"link_name":"Romance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French#History"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008116-4"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20192,_68-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20192-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016529-6"},{"link_name":"epithet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithet"},{"link_name":"Royal Frankish Annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Frankish_Annals"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2004413-7"},{"link_name":"Poeta Saxo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poeta_Saxo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried20164-8"},{"link_name":"Charles Martel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher200542%E2%80%9343-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENonn2008575-10"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Polish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_language"},{"link_name":"Slovak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovak_language"},{"link_name":"Charles the Fat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Fat"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried20165-11"}],"text":"A number of languages were spoken in Charlemagne's world, and he was known to contemporaries as Karlus in the Old High German he spoke; as Karlo to Romance speakers; and as Carolus (or Karolus)[2] in Latin, the formal language of writing and diplomacy.[3] Charles is the modern English form of these names. The name Charlemagne, as the emperor is normally known in English, comes from the French Charles-le-magne (\"Charles the Great\").[1] In modern German, he is known as Karl der Große.[4] The Latin epithet magnus (\"great\") may have been associated with him during his lifetime, but this is not certain. The contemporary Royal Frankish Annals routinely call him Carolus magnus rex (\"Charles the great king\").[5] That epithet is attested in the works of the Poeta Saxo around 900, and it had become commonly applied to him by 1000.[6]Charlemagne was named after his grandfather, Charles Martel.[7] That name, and its derivatives, are unattested before their use by Charles Martel and Charlemagne.[8] Karolus was adapted by Slavic languages as their word for \"king\" (Russian: korol', Polish: król and Slovak: král) through Charlemagne's influence or that of his great-grandson, Charles the Fat.[9]","title":"Name"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francia_714.png"},{"link_name":"Germanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_peoples"},{"link_name":"Franks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franks"},{"link_name":"Christianised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanic_Christianity"},{"link_name":"Clovis I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clovis_I"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006270,_274%E2%80%9375-12"},{"link_name":"Gaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaul"},{"link_name":"Fall of the Western Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009305%E2%80%93306-13"},{"link_name":"Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia"},{"link_name":"Low Countries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countries"},{"link_name":"Merovingian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201135-14"},{"link_name":"partible inheritance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partible_inheritance"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201135%E2%80%9337-15"},{"link_name":"Childeric II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childeric_II"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201138-16"},{"link_name":"Pepin of Herstal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Herstal"},{"link_name":"mayor of the palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_the_palace"},{"link_name":"Austrasia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrasia"},{"link_name":"Battle of Tertry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tertry"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003292-17"},{"link_name":"Arnulf of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnulf_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Pepin of Landen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrassetto2003292%E2%80%9393-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201916-19"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaldmanMason2006271-20"},{"link_name":"Theuderic IV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theuderic_IV"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200865-21"},{"link_name":"Carloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_(mayor_of_the_palace)"},{"link_name":"Pepin the Short","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Short"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201151%E2%80%9352-22"},{"link_name":"Childeric III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childeric_III"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200871-23"},{"link_name":"Drogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogo_(mayor_of_the_palace)"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201155-24"}],"sub_title":"Political background and ancestry","text":"Francia in 714By the sixth century, the western Germanic tribe of the Franks had been Christianised; this was due in considerable measure to the conversion of their king, Clovis I, to Catholicism.[10] The Franks had established a kingdom in Gaul in the wake of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire.[11] This kingdom, Francia, grew to encompass nearly all of present-day France and Switzerland, along with parts of modern Germany and the Low Countries under the rule of the Merovingian dynasty.[12] Francia was often divided under different Merovingian kings, due to the partible inheritance practiced by the Franks.[13] The late seventh century saw a period of war and instability following the murder of King Childeric II, which led to factional struggles among the Frankish aristocrats.[14]Pepin of Herstal, mayor of the palace of Austrasia, ended the strife between various kings and their mayors with his 687 victory at the Battle of Tertry.[15] Pepin was the grandson of two important figures of Austrasia: Arnulf of Metz and Pepin of Landen.[16] The mayors of the palace had gained influence as the Merovingian kings' power waned due to divisions of the kingdom and several succession crises.[17] Pepin was eventually succeeded by his son Charles, later known as Charles Martel.[18] Charles did not support a Merovingian successor upon the death of King Theuderic IV in 737, leaving the throne vacant.[19] He made plans to divide the kingdom between his sons, Carloman and Pepin the Short, who succeeded him after his death in 741.[20] The brothers placed the Merovingian Childeric III on the throne in 743.[21] In 747, Carloman abdicated and entered a monastery in Rome. He had at least two sons; the elder, Drogo, took his place.[22]","title":"Early life and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bertrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertrada_of_Laon"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201961,_64-65-25"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201617-26"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201929-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201156-28"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201615-29"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199832-30"},{"link_name":"Einhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200411-31"},{"link_name":"Suetonius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suetonius"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher200541-32"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201928%E2%80%9328-33"},{"link_name":"Psalm 90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalm_90"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4germann2011xxx-34"},{"link_name":"Annales Petaviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_Petaviani"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2004350_n7-35"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"Lorsch Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorsch_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201928-37"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200412-38"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201929-27"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201615%E2%80%9316-39"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201929-27"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201156-28"},{"link_name":"Roger Collins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Collins"},{"link_name":"illegitimate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legitimacy_(family_law)"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199832-30"},{"link_name":"Vaires-sur-Marne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaires-sur-Marne"},{"link_name":"Quierzy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quierzy"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201968-40"},{"link_name":"Düren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BCren"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEH%C3%A4germann2011xxxiii-41"}],"sub_title":"Birth","text":"Charlemagne was the first-born son of Pepin the Short and his wife, Bertrada,[23] a member of an influential, noble Austrasian family.[24] His birth date is uncertain, although it was most likely in 748.[25][26][27][28] An older tradition based on three sources, however, gives a birth year of 742. The ninth-century biographer Einhard reports Charlemagne as being in his seventy-second year at his death; the Royal Frankish Annals imprecisely gives his age at death as about 71, and his original epitaph called him a septuagenarian.[29] Einhard said that he did not know much about Charlemagne's early life; some modern scholars believe that not knowing the emperor's true age, he presented an exact date in keeping with the Roman imperial biographies of Suetonius which he used as a model.[30][31] All three sources may have been influenced by Psalm 90: \"The days of our years are threescore years and ten\".[32]German scholar Karl Werner challenged the acceptance of 742, citing an addition to the Annales Petaviani which records Charlemagne's birth in 747.[33][c] Lorsch Abbey commemorated Charlemagne's date of birth as 2 April from the mid-ninth century, and this date is likely to be genuine.[34][35] As the annalists recorded the start of the year from Easter rather than 1 January, historian Matthias Becher built on Werner's work and showed that 2 April in the year recorded would have actually been in 748;[25] the date 2 April 748 has become widely accepted by scholars.[36][25][26] Roger Collins, believing that Pepin and Bertrada did not marry until 749, considers Charlemagne an illegitimate child.[28] Charlemagne's place of birth is also unknown, and the Frankish palaces in Vaires-sur-Marne and Quierzy are among the places suggested by scholars.[37] Pepin the Short held an assembly in Düren in 748, but it cannot be proven that it took place in April or if Bertrada was with him.[38]","title":"Early life and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlemagne_c_800.jpg"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201968-40"},{"link_name":"Old High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German"},{"link_name":"Rhenish Franconian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhenish_Franconian_languages"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChambersWilkie201433-44"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008318-45"},{"link_name":"rustic Roman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulgar_Latin"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201968-40"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201624-46"},{"link_name":"Saint-Denis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Denis,_Seine-Saint-Denis"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201671%E2%80%9372-47"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201672-48"},{"link_name":"itinerant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itinerant_court"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201614%E2%80%9315-49"},{"link_name":"liberal arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal_arts_education#History"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201672-48"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201675%E2%80%9380-50"},{"link_name":"Johannes Fried","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Fried"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016271-51"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201675-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201691-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998120-54"}],"sub_title":"Language and education","text":"Sketch thought to be of Charlemagne,[d] c. 800Einhard refers to Charlemagne's patrius sermo (\"native tongue\").[37] Most scholars have identified this as a form of Old High German, probably a Rhenish Franconian dialect.[40][41] Due to the prevalence in Francia of \"rustic Roman\", he was probably functionally bilingual in Germanic and Romance dialects at an early age.[37] Charlemagne also spoke Latin and, according to Einhard, could understand and (perhaps) speak some Greek.[42]Charlemagne's father Pepin had been educated at the abbey of Saint-Denis, although the extent of Charlemagne's formal education is unknown.[43] He almost certainly was trained in military matters as a youth in Pepin's court,[44] which was itinerant.[45] Charlemagne also asserted his own education in the liberal arts in encouraging their study by his children and others, although it is unknown whether his study was as a child or at court during his later life.[44] The question of Charlemagne's literacy is debated, with little direct evidence from contemporary sources. He normally had texts read aloud to him and dictated responses and decrees, but this was not unusual even for a literate ruler at the time.[46] German historian Johannes Fried considers it likely that Charlemagne would have been able to read,[47] but the medievalist Paul Dutton writes that \"the evidence for his ability to read is circumstantial and inferential at best\"[48] and concludes that it is likely that he never properly mastered the skill.[49] Einhard makes no direct mention of Charlemagne reading, and recorded that he only attempted to learn to write later in life.[50]","title":"Early life and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"annals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annals"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200873-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200871%E2%80%9372-56"},{"link_name":"Pope Stephen II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_II"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201132-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201134-58"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200871-23"},{"link_name":"anointed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anointing"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200872-59"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201134-58"},{"link_name":"Carloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carloman_I"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200872%E2%80%9373-60"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201162-61"},{"link_name":"Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200874-62"},{"link_name":"Hunald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunald_I"},{"link_name":"Waiofar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiofar"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201164-63"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200875-64"},{"link_name":"Noyon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noyon"},{"link_name":"Soissons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soissons"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201991-65"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200877-66"},{"link_name":"Burgundy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burgundy"},{"link_name":"Provence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provence"},{"link_name":"Alamannia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alamannia"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200877-66"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201165-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201165-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201165-67"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201165-67"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200879-68"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201165-67"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200880-69"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200880-69"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200881-70"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200882-71"},{"link_name":"Pope Stephen III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III"},{"link_name":"Antipope Constantine II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Constantine_II"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201999-72"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201999,_101-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019100%E2%80%93101-74"},{"link_name":"Desiderius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019101-75"},{"link_name":"Bavaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"Benevento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duchy_of_Benevento"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201984%E2%80%9385,_101-76"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019101-75"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019106-77"},{"link_name":"Desiderata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderata_of_the_Lombards"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson200731-78"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201165-67"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019104%E2%80%93106-79"},{"link_name":"Himiltrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiltrude"},{"link_name":"Pepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201991-65"},{"link_name":"Paul the Deacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon"},{"link_name":"friedelehe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedelehe"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoffart1986-80"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200884-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200887-82"},{"link_name":"Gerberga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerberga,_wife_of_Carloman_I"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019108%E2%80%93109-83"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201166-84"},{"link_name":"Hildegard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)"},{"link_name":"Gerold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerold_of_Anglachgau"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201166-84"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019109%E2%80%93110-85"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200889-86"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019110%E2%80%93111-87"}],"sub_title":"Accession and reign with Carloman","text":"There are only occasional references to Charlemagne in the Frankish annals during his father's lifetime.[51] By 751 or 752, Pepin had deposed Childeric and replaced him as king.[52] Early Carolingian-influenced sources claim that Pepin's seizure of the throne was sanctioned beforehand by Pope Stephen II,[53] but modern historians dispute this.[54][21] It is possible that papal approval came only when Stephen travelled to Francia in 754 (apparently to request Pepin's aid against the Lombards), and on this trip anointed Pepin as king; this legitimized his rule.[55][54] Charlemagne had been sent to greet and escort the Pope, and he and his younger brother Carloman were anointed with their father.[56] Pepin sidelined Drogo around the same time, sending him and his brother to a monastery.[57]Charlemagne began issuing charters in his own name in 760. The following year, he joined his father's campaign against Aquitaine.[58] Aquitaine, led by Dukes Hunald and Waiofar, was constantly in rebellion during Pepin's reign.[59] Pepin fell ill on campaign there and died on 24 September 768, and Charlemagne and Carloman succeeded their father.[60] They had separate coronations, Charlemagne at Noyon and Carloman at Soissons, on 9 October.[61] The brothers maintained separate palaces and spheres of influence, although they were considered joint rulers of a single Frankish kingdom.[62] The Royal Frankish Annals report that Charlemagne ruled Austrasia and Carloman ruled Burgundy, Provence, Aquitaine, and Alamannia, with no mention made of which brother received Neustria.[62] The immediate concern of the brothers was the ongoing uprising in Aquitaine.[63] They marched into Aquitaine together, but Carloman returned to Francia for unknown reasons and Charlemagne completed the campaign on his own.[63] Charlemagne's capture of Duke Hunald marked the end of ten years of war that had been waged in the attempt to bring Aquitaine into line.[63]Carloman's refusal to participate in the war against Aquitaine led to a rift between the kings.[63][64] It is uncertain why Carloman abandoned the campaign; the brothers may have disagreed about control of the territory,[63][65] or Carloman was focused on securing his rule in the north of Francia.[65] Regardless of the strife between the kings, they maintained a joint rule for practical reasons.[66] Charlemagne and Carloman worked to obtain the support of the clergy and local elites to solidify their positions.[67]Pope Stephen III was elected in 768, but was briefly deposed by Antipope Constantine II before being restored to Rome.[68] Stephen's papacy experienced continuing factional struggles, so he sought support from the Frankish kings.[69] Both brothers sent troops to Rome, each hoping to exert his own influence.[70] The Lombard king Desiderius also had interests in Roman affairs, and Charlemagne attempted to enlist him as an ally.[71] Desiderius already had alliances with Bavaria and Benevento through the marriages of his daughters to their dukes,[72] and an alliance with Charlemagne would add to his influence.[71] Charlemagne's mother, Bertrada, went on his behalf to Lombardy in 770 and brokered a marriage alliance before returning to Francia with his new bride.[73] Desiderius's daughter is traditionally known as Desiderata, although she may have been named Gerperga.[74][63] Anxious about the prospect of a Frankish–Lombard alliance, Pope Stephen sent a letter to both Frankish kings decrying the marriage and separately sought closer ties with Carloman.[75]Charlemagne had already had a relationship with the Frankish noblewoman Himiltrude, and they had a son in 769 named Pepin.[61] Paul the Deacon wrote in his 784 Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium that Pepin was born \"before legal marriage\", but does not say whether Charles and Himiltrude ever married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage (friedelehe), or if married after Pepin was born.[76] Pope Stephen's letter described the relationship as a legitimate marriage, but he had a vested interest in preventing Charlemagne from marrying Desiderius's daughter.[77]Carloman died suddenly on 4 December 771, leaving Charlemagne sole king of the Franks.[78] He moved immediately to secure his hold on his brother's territory, forcing Carloman's widow Gerberga to flee to Desiderius's court in Lombardy with their children.[79][80] Charlemagne ended his marriage to Desiderius's daughter and married Hildegard, daughter of count Gerold, a powerful magnate in Carloman's kingdom.[80] This was a reaction to Desiderius's sheltering of Carloman's family[81] and a move to secure Gerold's support.[82][83]","title":"Early life and rise to power"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"King of the Franks and the Lombards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:771_CE,_Europe.svg"},{"link_name":"war against the Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Wars"},{"link_name":"irminsul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irminsul"},{"link_name":"Eresburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eresburg"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201699-88"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019116-89"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016122-90"},{"link_name":"Pope Adrian I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019117-91"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019117%E2%80%93118-92"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019131%E2%80%93132-93"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard,_son_of_Charles_Martel"},{"link_name":"besiege","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Pavia_(773%E2%80%93774)"},{"link_name":"Pavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pavia"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019133-94"},{"link_name":"Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019133-94"},{"link_name":"Adalgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adalgis"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019133,_134-95"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019134%E2%80%93135-96"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201167-97"},{"link_name":"Janet Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janet_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Princes in the Tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princes_in_the_Tower"},{"link_name":"Wars of the Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019130-98"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016100-99"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019146-100"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlemagne_and_Pope_Adrian_I.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pope Adrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Adrian_I"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016101-101"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019135%E2%80%93138-102"},{"link_name":"agreement between Pepin and Stephen III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donation_of_Pepin"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019139%E2%80%93140-103"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016112-104"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019139%E2%80%93141-105"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019142%E2%80%93144-106"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199861%E2%80%9363-107"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199862-108"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201167-97"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199862-108"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019147-109"},{"link_name":"Rosamond McKitterick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosamond_McKitterick"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008109-110"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199862-108"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019147%E2%80%93148-111"}],"sub_title":"Annexation of the Lombard Kingdom","text":"Political map of Europe in 771, showing the Franks and their neighborsCharlemagne's first campaigning season as sole king of the Franks was spent on the eastern frontier in his first war against the Saxons, who had been engaging in border raids on the Frankish kingdom when Charlemagne responded by destroying the pagan irminsul at Eresburg and seizing their gold and silver.[84] The success of the war helped secure Charlemagne's reputation among his brother's former supporters and funded further military action.[85] The campaign was the beginning of over thirty years of nearly-continuous warfare against the Saxons by Charlemagne.[86]Pope Adrian I succeeded Stephen III in 772, and sought the return of papal control of cities that had been captured by Desiderius.[87] Unsuccessful in dealing with the Lombard king directly, Adrian sent emissaries to Charlemagne to gain his support for recovering papal territory. Charlemagne, in response to this appeal and the dynastic threat of Carloman's sons in the Lombard court, gathered his forces to intervene.[88] He first sought a diplomatic solution, offering gold to Desiderius in exchange for the return of the papal territories and his nephews.[89] This overture was rejected, and Charlemagne's army (commanded by himself and his uncle, Bernard) crossed the Alps to besiege the Lombard capital of Pavia in late 773.[90]Charlemagne's second son (also named Charles) was born in 772, and Charlemagne brought the child and his wife to the camp at Pavia. Hildegard was pregnant, and gave birth to a daughter named Adelhaid. The baby was sent back to Francia, but died on the way.[90] Charlemagne left Bernard to maintain the siege at Pavia while he took a force to capture Verona, where Desiderius's son Adalgis had taken Carloman's sons.[91] Charlemagne captured the city; no further record exists of his nephews or of Carloman's wife, and their fate is unknown.[92][93] Historian Janet Nelson compares them to the Princes in the Tower in the Wars of the Roses.[94] Fried suggests that the boys were forced into a monastery (a common solution of dynastic issues), or \"an act of murder smooth[ed] Charlemagne’s ascent to power.\"[95] Adalgis was not captured by Charlemagne, and fled to Constantinople.[96]Pope Adrian receiving Charlemagne at RomeCharlemagne left the siege in April 774 to celebrate Easter in Rome.[97] Pope Adrian arranged a formal welcome for the Frankish king, and they swore oaths to each other over the relics of St. Peter.[98] Adrian presented a copy of the agreement between Pepin and Stephen III outlining the papal lands and rights Pepin had agreed to protect and restore.[99] It is unclear which lands and rights the agreement involved, which remained a point of dispute for centuries.[100] Charlemagne placed a copy of the agreement in the chapel above St. Peter's tomb as a symbol of his commitment, and left Rome to continue the siege.[101]Disease struck the Lombards shortly after his return to Pavia, and they surrendered the city by June 774.[102] Charlemagne deposed Desiderius and took the title of King of the Lombards.[103] The takeover of one kingdom by another was \"extraordinary\",[104] and the authors of The Carolingian World call it \"without parallel\".[93] Charlemagne secured the support of the Lombard nobles and Italian urban elites to seize power in a mainly-peaceful annexation.[104][105] Historian Rosamond McKitterick suggests that the elective nature of the Lombard monarchy eased Charlemagne's takeover,[106] and Collins attributes the easy conquest to the Lombard elite's \"presupposition that rightful authority was in the hands of the one powerful enough to seize it\".[104] Charlemagne soon returned to Francia with the Lombard royal treasury and with Desiderius and his family, who would be confined to a monastery for the rest of their lives.[107]","title":"King of the Franks and the Lombards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg"},{"link_name":"Frankish Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankish_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019154%E2%80%93156-112"},{"link_name":"Hrodgaud of Friuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodgaud_of_Friuli"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019157%E2%80%93159-113"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019159-114"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019159%E2%80%93161-115"},{"link_name":"Friulian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friuli"},{"link_name":"Rotrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotrude"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019157-116"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-118"},{"link_name":"baptism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptism"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019162%E2%80%93163-119"},{"link_name":"Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn"},{"link_name":"Widukind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Widukind"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019164%E2%80%93165-120"},{"link_name":"al-Andalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Andalus"},{"link_name":"Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yusuf_ibn_Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fihri"},{"link_name":"Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emirate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"Abd al-Rahman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman"},{"link_name":"Sulayman al-Arabi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulayman_al-Arabi"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019164%E2%80%93166-121"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019166-122"},{"link_name":"Basque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basques"},{"link_name":"Battle of Roncevaux Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Roncevaux_Pass"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019167%E2%80%93170,_173-123"}],"sub_title":"Frontier wars in Saxony and Spain","text":"Charlemagne's additions to the Frankish KingdomThe Saxons took advantage of Charlemagne's absence in Italy to raid the Frankish borderlands, leading to a Frankish counter-raid in the autumn of 774 and a reprisal campaign the following year.[108] Charlemagne was soon drawn back to Italy as Duke Hrodgaud of Friuli rebelled against him.[109] He quickly crushed the rebellion, distributing Hrodgaud's lands to the Franks to consolidate his rule in Lombardy.[110] Charlemagne wintered in Italy, consolidating his power by issuing charters and legislation and taking Lombard hostages.[111] Amid the 775 Saxon and Friulian campaigns, his daughter Rotrude was born in Francia.[112]Returning north, Charlemagne waged another brief, destructive campaign against the Saxons in 776.[e] This led to the submission of many Saxons, who turned over captives and lands and submitted to baptism.[114] In 777, Charlemagne held an assembly at Paderborn with Frankish and Saxon men; many more Saxons came under his rule, but the Saxon magnate Widukind fled to Denmark to prepare for a new rebellion.[115]Also at the Paderborn assembly were representatives of dissident factions from al-Andalus (Muslim Spain). They included the son and son-in-law of Yusuf ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Fihri, the former governor of Córdoba ousted by Caliph Abd al-Rahman in 756, who sought Charlemagne's support for al-Fihri's restoration. Also present was Sulayman al-Arabi, governor of Barcelona and Girona, who wanted to become part of the Frankish kingdom and receive Charlemagne's protection rather than remain under the rule of Córdoba.[116] Charlemagne, seeing an opportunity to strengthen the security of the kingdom's southern frontier and extend his influence, agreed to intervene.[117] Crossing the Pyrenees, his army found little resistance until an ambush by Basque forces in 778 at the Battle of Roncevaux Pass. The Franks, defeated in the battle, withdrew with most of their army intact.[118]","title":"King of the Franks and the Lombards"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Couronnement_de_Louis_Ier_le_Pieux.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019168,_172-124"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019181-125"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019172%E2%80%93173-126"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019175%E2%80%93179-127"},{"link_name":"Bertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha,_daughter_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019181-125"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019173-128"},{"link_name":"Worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worms,_Germany"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019181-125"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019182%E2%80%93186-129"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016136-117"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019186-130"},{"link_name":"Empress Irene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irene_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Constantine VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_VI"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019191-131"},{"link_name":"Gisela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela,_daughter_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019182%E2%80%93183-132"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019203-133"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019203-133"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019204%E2%80%93205-134"},{"link_name":"Fastrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastrada"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019205-135"}],"sub_title":"Building the dynasty","text":"Adrian crowning Louis, as Charlemagne looks onCharlemagne returned to Francia to greet his newborn twin sons, Louis and Lothair, who were born while he was in Spain;[119] Lothair died in infancy.[120] Again, Saxons had seized on the king's absence to raid. Charlemagne sent an army to Saxony in 779[121] while he held assemblies, legislated, and addressed a famine in Francia.[122] Hildegard gave birth to another daughter, Bertha.[120] Charlemagne returned to Saxony in 780, holding assemblies at which he received hostages from Saxon nobles and oversaw their baptism.[123]He and Hildegard traveled with their four younger children to Rome in the spring of 781, leaving Pepin and Charles at Worms, to make a journey first requested by Adrian in 775.[120] Adrian baptized Carloman and renamed him Pepin, a name he shared with his half-brother.[124] Louis and the newly-renamed Pepin were then anointed and crowned. Pepin was appointed king of the Lombards, and Louis king of Aquitaine.[113] This act was not nominal, since the young kings were sent to live in their kingdoms under the care of regents and advisors.[125] A delegation from the Byzantine Empress Irene met Charlemagne during his stay in Rome; Charlemagne agreed to betroth his daughter Rotrude to Irene's son, Emperor Constantine VI.[126]Hildegard gave birth to her eighth child, Gisela, during this trip to Italy.[127] After the royal family's return to Francia, she had her final pregnancy and died from its complications on 30 April 783. The child, named after her, died shortly thereafter.[128] Charlemagne commissioned epitaphs for his wife and daughter, and arranged for a Mass to be said daily at Hildegard's tomb.[128] Charlemagne's mother Bertrada died shortly after Hildegard, on 12 July 783.[129] Charlemagne was remarried to Fastrada, daughter of the East Frankish count Radolf, by the end of the year.[130]","title":"King of the Franks and the Lombards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019193-136"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019193%E2%80%93195-137"},{"link_name":"Verden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verden_an_der_Aller"},{"link_name":"massacre of Verden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Verden"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019195%E2%80%93196-138"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016126-139"},{"link_name":"Alessandro Barbero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessandro_Barbero"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200446-140"},{"link_name":"Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulatio_de_partibus_Saxoniae"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019196%E2%80%93197-141"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero200447-142"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019197-143"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"},{"link_name":"Thuringia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuringia"},{"link_name":"Charles the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019200%E2%80%93202-144"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199855-145"},{"link_name":"Saxon Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saxon_Wars"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019208%E2%80%93209-146"}],"sub_title":"Saxon resistance and reprisal","text":"In summer 782, Widukind returned from Denmark to attack the Frankish positions in Saxony.[131] He defeated a Frankish army, possibly due to rivalry among the Frankish counts leading it.[132] Charlemagne came to Verden after learning of the defeat, but Widukind fled before his arrival. Charlemagne summoned the Saxon magnates to an assembly and compelled them to turn prisoners over to him, since he regarded their previous acts as treachery. The annals record that Charlemagne had 4,500 Saxon prisoners beheaded in the massacre of Verden.[133] Fried writes, \"Although this figure may be exaggerated, the basic truth of the event is not in doubt\",[134] and historian Alessandro Barbero calls it \"perhaps the greatest stain on his reputation.\"[135] Charlemagne issued the Capitulatio de partibus Saxoniae, probably in the immediate aftermath of (or as a precursor of) the massacre.[136] With a harsh set of laws which included the death penalty for pagan practices, the Capitulatio \"constituted a program for the forced conversion of the Saxons\"[137] and was \"aimed ... at suppressing Saxon identity\".[138]Charlemagne's focus for the next several years would be on his attempt to complete the subjugation of the Saxons. Concentrating first in Westphalia in 783, he pushed into Thuringia in 784 as his son Charles the Younger continued operations in the west. At each stage of the campaigns, the Frankish armies seized wealth and carried Saxon captives into slavery.[139] Unusually, Charlemagne campaigned through the winter instead of resting his army.[140] By 785, he had suppressed the Saxon resistance and completely commanded Westphalia. That summer, he met Widukind and convinced him to end his resistance. Widukind agreed to be baptized with Charlemagne as his godfather, ending this phase of the Saxon Wars.[141]","title":"King of the Franks and the Lombards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016139%E2%80%93140-147"},{"link_name":"Duke Arechis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arechis_II_of_Benevento"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Grimoald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimoald_III_of_Benevento"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019228-148"},{"link_name":"Second Council of Nicaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019225%E2%80%93226,_230-149"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg"},{"link_name":"solidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidus_(coin)"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019234-150"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016142-151"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019240-152"},{"link_name":"invaded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_expedition_to_Calabria_(788/789)"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019240%E2%80%93241-153"},{"link_name":"Tassilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tassilo_III,_Duke_of_Bavaria"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019186%E2%80%93187-154"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016152-155"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019188%E2%80%93190-156"},{"link_name":"Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolzano"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019213%E2%80%93214-157"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019243%E2%80%93244-158"},{"link_name":"Avars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonian_Avars"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019251%E2%80%93254-159"},{"link_name":"Regensburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regensburg"},{"link_name":"warring against","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avar_Wars"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019294-160"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019257-161"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016157-162"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine_(province)#Early_Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019270-163"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019270,_274%E2%80%93275-164"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019285%E2%80%93287,_438-165"},{"link_name":"adoptionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoptionism"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019283%E2%80%93284-166"},{"link_name":"heresy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heresy"},{"link_name":"Libri Carolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libri_Carolini"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019289%E2%80%93292-167"},{"link_name":"council in Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019302-168"},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019306%E2%80%93314-169"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019304-170"},{"link_name":"Luitgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitgard_(Frankish_queen)"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019340,_377%E2%80%93379-171"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich%C3%A91993135-172"}],"sub_title":"Benevento, Bavaria, and Pepin's revolt","text":"Charlemagne travelled to Italy in 786, arriving by Christmas. Aiming to extend his influence further into southern Italy, he marched into the Duchy of Benevento.[142] Duke Arechis fled to a fortified position at Salerno before offering Charlemagne his fealty. Charlemagne accepted his submission and hostages, who included Arechis's son Grimoald.[143] In Italy, Charlemagne also met with envoys from Constantinople. Empress Irene had called the 787 Second Council of Nicaea, but did not inform Charlemagne or invite any Frankish bishops. Charlemagne, probably in reaction to the perceived slight of the exclusion, broke the betrothal of his daughter Rotrude and Constantine VI.[144]A solidus from Benevento, with Grimoald's effigy and Charlemagne's name (DOMS CAR RX, the Lord King Charles)After Charlemagne left Italy, Arechis sent envoys to Irene to offer an alliance; he suggested that she send a Byzantine army with Adalgis, the exiled son of Desiderus, to remove the Franks from power in Lombardy.[145] Before his plans could be finalised, Aldechis and his elder son Romuald died of illness within weeks of each other.[146] Charlemagne sent Grimoald back to Benevento to serve as duke and return it to Frankish suzerainty.[147] The Byzantine army invaded, but were repulsed by the Frankish and Lombard forces.[148]As affairs were being settled in Italy, Charlemagne turned his attention to Bavaria. Bavaria was ruled by Duke Tassilo, Charlemagne's first cousin, who had been installed by Pepin the Short in 748.[149] Tassilo's sons were also grandsons of Desiderius, and a potential threat to Charlemagne's rule in Lombardy.[150] The neighbouring rulers had a growing rivalry throughout their reigns, but had sworn oaths of peace to each other in 781.[151] In 784, Rotpert (Charlemagne's viceroy in Italy) accused Tassilo of conspiring with Widukind in Saxony and unsuccessfully attacked the Bavarian city of Bolzano.[152] Charlemagne gathered his forces to prepare for an invasion of Bavaria in 787. Dividing the army, the Franks launched a three-pronged attack. Quickly realizing his poor position, Tassilo agreed to surrender and recognise Charlemagne as his overlord.[153] The following year, Tassilo was accused of plotting with the Avars to attack Charlemagne. He was deposed and sent to a monastery, and Charlemagne absorbed Bavaria into his kingdom.[154] Charlemagne spent the next few years based in Regensburg, largely focused on consolidating his rule of Bavaria and warring against the Avars.[155] Successful campaigns against them were launched from Bavaria and Italy in 788,[156] and Charlemagne led campaigns in 791 and 792.[157]Charlemagne gave Charles the Younger rule of Maine in Neustria in 789, leaving Pepin the Hunchback his only son without lands.[158] His relationship with Himiltrude was now apparently seen as illegitimate at his court, and Pepin was sidelined from the succession.[159] In 792, as his father and brothers were gathered in Regensburg, Pepin conspired with Bavarian nobles to assassinate them and install himself as king. The plot was discovered and revealed to Charlemagne before it could proceed; Pepin was sent to a monastery, and many of his co-conspirators were executed.[160]The early 790s saw a marked focus on ecclesiastical affairs by Charlemagne. He summoned a council in Regensburg in 792 to address the theological controversy over the adoptionism doctrine in the Spanish church and formulate a response to the Second Council of Nicea.[161] The council condemned adoptionism as heresy and led to the production of the Libri Carolini, a detailed argument against Nicea's canons.[162] In 794, Charlemagne called another council in Frankfurt.[163] The council confirmed Regensburg's positions on adoptionism and Nicea, recognised the deposition of Tassilo, set grain prices, reformed Frankish coinage, forbade abbesses from blessing men, and endorsed prayer in vernacular languages.[164] Soon after the council, Fastrada fell ill and died;[165] Charlemagne married the Alamannian noblewoman Luitgard shortly afterwards.[166][167]","title":"King of the Franks and the Lombards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019319%E2%80%93321-173"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019323%E2%80%93324-174"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019325%E2%80%93326,_329%E2%80%93331-175"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"Aachen Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019356%E2%80%93359-176"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019340-177"},{"link_name":"Pepin of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019326,_333-178"},{"link_name":"Offa of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Offa_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019270%E2%80%93271-179"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201683-180"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201684%E2%80%9385-181"},{"link_name":"Eadbehrt of Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadberht_III_Pr%C3%A6n"},{"link_name":"Ecgberht, King of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecgberht,_King_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Eardwulf of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eardwulf_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019352,_400,_460-182"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016466-183"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019353-184"},{"link_name":"Alfonso II of Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfonso_II_of_Asturias"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199874-185"}],"sub_title":"Continued wars with the Saxons and Avars","text":"Charlemagne gathered an army after the council of Frankfurt as Saxon resistance continued, beginning a series of annual campaigns which lasted through 799.[168] The campaigns of the 790s were even more destructive than those of earlier decades, with the annal writers frequently noting Charlemagne \"burning\", \"ravaging\", \"devastating\", and \"laying waste\" the Saxon lands.[169] Charlemagne forcibly removed a large number of Saxons to Francia, installing Frankish elites and soldiers in their place.[170] His extended wars in Saxony led to his establishing his court in Aachen, which had easy access to the frontier. He built a large palace there, including a chapel which is now part of the Aachen Cathedral.[171] Einhard joined the court at that time.[172] Pepin of Italy (Carloman) engaged in further wars against the Avars in the south, which led to the collapse of their kingdom and the eastward expansion of Frankish rule.[173]Charlemagne also worked to expand his influence through diplomatic means during the 790s wars, focusing on the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms of Britain. Charles the Younger proposed a marriage pact with the daughter of King Offa of Mercia, but Offa insisted that Charlemagne's daughter Bertha also be given as a bride for his son.[174] Charlemagne refused the arrangement, and the marriage did not take place.[175] Charlemagne and Offa entered into a formal peace in 796, protecting trade and securing the rights of English pilgrims to pass through Francia on their way to Rome.[176] Charlemagne was also the host and protector of several deposed English rulers who were later restored: Eadbehrt of Kent, Ecgberht, King of Wessex, and Eardwulf of Northumbria.[177][178] Nelson writes that Charlemagne treated the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms \"like satellite states,\" establishing direct relations with English bishops.[179] Charlemagne also forged an alliance with Alfonso II of Asturias, although Einhard calls Alfonso his \"dependent\".[180]","title":"King of the Franks and the Lombards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leo III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_III"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011160-186"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998152-187"},{"link_name":"Paderborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paderborn"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008115-188"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998143-189"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011161-190"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011161-190"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998145-191"},{"link_name":"Mentana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentana"},{"link_name":"formal entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventus_(ceremony)"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998145-191"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019381-192"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"Romulus Augustulus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009368-193"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean201196-194"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Karel_Leo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008115-188"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011161,_163,_165-195"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011165%E2%80%93166-196"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998147-197"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016408-198"},{"link_name":"Alcuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998151-199"},{"link_name":"Henri Pirenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Pirenne"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne2012233-200"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019361-201"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019370-202"},{"link_name":"Annals of Lorsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annales_laureshamenses"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019384-203"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPirenne2012234n-204"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011167-205"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011167-205"},{"link_name":"prostrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prostration"},{"link_name":"Diocletian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocletian"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon199924-206"},{"link_name":"[202]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayr-Harting1996-207"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011167-205"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011167-205"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998148-208"},{"link_name":"[203]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998148-208"},{"link_name":"[204]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998149-209"},{"link_name":"[205]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998150%E2%80%93151-210"},{"link_name":"problem of two emperors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Problem_of_two_emperors"},{"link_name":"[f]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-211"},{"link_name":"[206]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon199921-212"},{"link_name":"[207]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon199925%E2%80%9326-213"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011168-214"},{"link_name":"[209]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008115%E2%80%93116-215"},{"link_name":"[g]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-216"},{"link_name":"patrician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)#Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_period"},{"link_name":"[h]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-217"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008116-4"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon199926-218"},{"link_name":"[210]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldoon199926-218"},{"link_name":"[211]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011168%E2%80%93169-219"}],"sub_title":"Coronation","text":"After Leo III became pope in 795, he faced political opposition. His enemies accused him of a number of crimes and physically attacked him in April 799, attempting to remove his eyes and tongue.[181] Leo escaped and fled north to seek Charlemagne's help.[182] Charlemagne continued his campaign against the Saxons before breaking off to meet Leo at Paderborn in September.[183][184] Hearing evidence from the pope and his enemies, he sent Leo back to Rome with royal legates who were instructed to reinstate the pope and conduct a further investigation.[185] In August of the following year, Charlemagne made plans to go to Rome after an extensive tour of his lands in Neustria.[185][186] Charlemagne met Leo in November near Mentana at the twelfth milestone outside Rome, the traditional location where Roman emperors began their formal entry into the city.[186] Charlemagne presided over an assembly to hear the charges, but believed that no one could sit in judgement of the pope. Leo swore an oath on 23 December, declaring his innocence of all charges.[187] At mass in St. Peter's Basilica on Christmas Day 800, Leo proclaimed Charlemagne emperor and crowned him. Charlemagne was the first reigning emperor in the west since the deposition of Romulus Augustulus in 476.[188] His son, Charles the Younger, was anointed king by Leo at the same time.[189]Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne. From Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis, volume 1, France, second quarter of the 14th centuryHistorians differ about the intentions of the imperial coronation, the extent to which Charlemagne was aware of it or participated in its planning, and the significance of the events for those present and for Charlemagne's reign.[183] Contemporary Frankish and papal sources differ in their emphasis on, and representation of, events.[190] Einhard writes that Charlemagne would not have entered the church if he knew about the pope's plan; modern historians have regarded his report as truthful or rejected it as a literary device demonstrating Charlemagne's humility.[191] Collins says that the actions surrounding the coronation indicate that it was planned by Charlemagne as early as his meeting with Leo in 799,[192] and Fried writes that Charlemagne planned to adopt the title of emperor by 798 \"at the latest.\"[193] During the years before the coronation, Charlemagne's courtier Alcuin referred to his realm as an Imperium Christianum (\"Christian Empire\") in which \"just as the inhabitants of the Roman Empire had been united by a common Roman citizenship\", the new empire would be united by a common Christian faith.[194] This is the view of French scholar Henri Pirenne, who says that \"Charles was the Emperor of the ecclesia as the Pope conceived it, of the Roman Church, regarded as the universal Church\".[195]The Roman Empire remained a significant contemporary power in European politics for Leo and Charlemagne, especially in Italy. The Byzantines continued to hold a substantial portion of Italy, with their borders not far south of Rome. Empress Irene had seized the throne from her son Constantine VI in 797, deposing and blinding him.[196] Irene, the first Byzantine empress, faced opposition in Constantinople because of her gender and her means of accession.[197] One of the earliest narrative sources for the coronation, the Annals of Lorsch, presented a female ruler in Constantinople as a vacancy in the imperial title which justified Leo's coronation of Charlemagne.[198] Pirenne disagrees, saying that the coronation \"was not in any sense explained by the fact that at this moment a woman was reigning in Constantinople.\"[199] Leo's main motivations may have been the desire to increase his standing after his political difficulties, placing himself as a power broker and securing Charlemagne as a powerful ally and protector.[200] The Byzantine Empire's lack of ability to influence events in Italy and support the papacy were also important to Leo's position.[200] According to the Royal Frankish Annals, Leo prostrated himself before Charlemagne after crowning him (an act of submission standard in Roman coronation rituals from the time of Diocletian). This account presents Leo not as Charlemagne's superior, but as the agent of the Roman people who acclaimed Charlemagne as emperor.[201]Historian Henry Mayr-Harting says that the assumption of the imperial title by Charlemagne was an effort to incorporate the Saxons into the Frankish realm, since they did not have a native tradition of kingship.[202] However, Costambeys et al. note in The Carolingian World that \"since Saxony had not been in the Roman empire it is hard to see on what basis an emperor would have been any more welcomed.\"[200] These authors write that the decision to take the title of emperor was aimed at furthering Charlemagne's influence in Italy, as an appeal to traditional authority recognised by Italian elites within and (especially) outside his control.[200]Collins agrees that becoming emperor gave Charlemagne \"the right to try to impose his rule over the whole of [Italy]\", considering this a motivation for the coronation.[203] He notes the \"element of political and military risk\"[203] inherent in the affair due to the opposition of the Byzantine Empire and potential opposition from the Frankish elite, as the imperial title could draw him further into Mediterranean politics.[204] Collins sees several of Charlemagne's actions as attempts to ensure that his new title had a distinctly-Frankish context.[205]Charlemagne's coronation led to a centuries-long ideological conflict between his successors and Constantinople known as the problem of two emperors,[f] which could be seen as a rejection or usurpation of the Byzantine emperors' claim to be the universal, preeminent rulers of Christendom.[206] Historian James Muldoon writes that Charlemagne may have had a more limited view of his role, seeing the title as representing dominion over lands he already ruled.[207] However, the title of emperor gave Charlemagne enhanced prestige and ideological authority.[208][209] He immediately incorporated his new title into documents he issued, adopting the formula \"Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great peaceful emperor governing the Roman empire, and who is by the mercy of God king of the Franks and the Lombards\"[g] instead of the earlier form \"Charles, by the grace of God king of the Franks and Lombards and patrician of the Romans.\"[h][2] The avoidance of the specific claim of being a \"Roman emperor\", as opposed to the more-neutral \"emperor governing the Roman empire\", may have been to improve relations with the Byzantines.[210] This formulation (with the continuation of his earlier royal titles) may also represent a view of his role as emperor as being the ruler of the people of the city of Rome, as he was of the Franks and the Lombards.[210][211]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg"},{"link_name":"throne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Throne_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"[212]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019387%E2%80%93389-220"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011168-214"},{"link_name":"[213]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011173%E2%80%93174-221"},{"link_name":"[214]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019472-222"},{"link_name":"[208]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011168-214"},{"link_name":"[215]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011170-223"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019462-224"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998169-225"},{"link_name":"Spanish March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_March"},{"link_name":"801 capture of Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Barcelona_(801)"},{"link_name":"[218]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199874%E2%80%9375-226"},{"link_name":"Capitulare missorum generale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitularia_missorum_specialia"},{"link_name":"oath of loyalty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loyalty_oath"},{"link_name":"[219]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019495%E2%80%93496-227"},{"link_name":"[220]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998154-228"},{"link_name":"capitulary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitulary"},{"link_name":"missi dominici","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missus_dominicus"},{"link_name":"[221]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016450%E2%80%93451-229"},{"link_name":"[222]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016448%E2%80%93449-230"},{"link_name":"[223]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019409,_411-231"},{"link_name":"[224]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019410%E2%80%93415-232"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998157-233"},{"link_name":"[226]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019429-234"},{"link_name":"Nordgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margraviate_of_the_Nordgau"},{"link_name":"[227]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016477-235"},{"link_name":"[225]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998157-233"},{"link_name":"[228]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019432%E2%80%93435-236"}],"sub_title":"Governing the empire","text":"Charlemagne's throne in Aachen CathedralCharlemagne left Italy in the summer of 801 after adjudicating several ecclesiastical disputes in Rome,[212] and never returned to the city.[208] Continuing trends and a ruling style established in the 790s,[213] Charlemagne's reign from 801 onward is a \"distinct phase\"[214] characterized by more-sedentary rule from Aachen.[208] Although conflict continued until the end of his reign, the relative peace of the imperial period focused on internal governance. The Franks continued to wage war, increasingly focused on defending and securing the empire's frontiers,[215][216] and Charlemagne rarely led armies personally.[217] A significant expansion of the Spanish March was achieved with a series of campaigns by Louis against the Emirate of Cordoba, culminating in the 801 capture of Barcelona.[218]The 802 Capitulare missorum generale was an expansive piece of legislation, with provisions governing the conduct of royal officials and requiring that all free men take an oath of loyalty to him.[219][220] The capitulary reformed the institution of the missi dominici, officials who would now be assigned in pairs (a cleric and a lay aristocrat) to administer justice and oversee governance in defined territories.[221] The emperor also ordered the revision of the Lombard and Frankish legal codes.[222]In addition to the missi, Charlemagne also ruled parts the empire with his sons as sub-kings.[223] Although Pepin and Louis had some authority as kings in Italy and Aquitaine, Charlemagne had the ultimate authority and directly intervened.[224] Charles, their elder brother, had been given lands in Neustria in 789 or 790 and made a king in 800.[225]The 806 charter Divisio Regnorum (Division of the Realm) set the terms of Charlemagne's succession.[226] Charles, as his eldest son in good favour, was given the largest share of the inheritance: rule of Francia, Saxony, Nordgau, and parts of Alemannia. The two younger sons were confirmed in their kingdoms and gained additional territories; most of Bavaria and Alemmannia was given to Pepin, and Provence, Septimania, and parts of Burgundy were given to Louis.[227] Charlemagne did not address the inheritance of the imperial title.[225] The Divisio also provided that if any of the brothers predeceased Charlemagne, their sons would inherit their share; peace was urged among his descendants.[228]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woodcut_illustration_of_Irene,_Empress_of_the_East,_and_Charlemagne_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"[229]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011167%E2%80%93168-237"},{"link_name":"Thophanes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophanes_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998153-238"},{"link_name":"Nikephoros I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikephoros_I"},{"link_name":"[230]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998153-238"},{"link_name":"Adriatic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adriatic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Istria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istria"},{"link_name":"Veneto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veneto"},{"link_name":"Michael I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe"},{"link_name":"[231]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019458%E2%80%93459-239"},{"link_name":"[232]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick2008116%E2%80%93117-240"},{"link_name":"Abbasid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate"},{"link_name":"Harun al-Rashid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harun_al-Rashid"},{"link_name":"[233]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201660-241"},{"link_name":"Abul-Abbas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abul-Abbas"},{"link_name":"[234]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201660%E2%80%9361-242"},{"link_name":"Church of the Holy Sepulchre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre"},{"link_name":"[235]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016441-243"},{"link_name":"Basel roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_roll"},{"link_name":"[236]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019449%E2%80%93452-244"},{"link_name":"[i]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-245"},{"link_name":"[237]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016442-246"},{"link_name":"[238]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016442%E2%80%93446-247"},{"link_name":"[239]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016444-248"},{"link_name":"Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicene_Creed"},{"link_name":"Council of Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Council_of_Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"the Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Father"},{"link_name":"Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_the_Son"},{"link_name":"filioque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filioque"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019449-249"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019449-249"},{"link_name":"[241]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019449%E2%80%93450-250"},{"link_name":"council at Aachen in 809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Councils_of_Aachen"},{"link_name":"[242]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019452%E2%80%93453-251"},{"link_name":"St. Peter's Basilica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica"},{"link_name":"[240]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019449-249"},{"link_name":"[243]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESterk1988-252"},{"link_name":"Handbook of 809","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handbook_of_809"},{"link_name":"calendrical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Date_of_Easter"},{"link_name":"[244]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016488%E2%80%93490-253"}],"sub_title":"Conflict and diplomacy with the east","text":"15th-century woodcut of Charlemagne and IreneAfter his coronation, Charlemagne sought recognition of his imperial title from Constantinople.[229] Several delegations were exchanged between Charlemagne and Irene in 802 and 803. According to contemporary Byzantine chronicler Thophanes, Charlemagne made an offer of marriage to Irene which she was close to accepting.[230] Irene was deposed and replaced by Nikephoros I, who was unwilling to recognize Charlemagne as emperor.[230] The two empires conflicted over control of the Adriatic Sea (especially Istria and Veneto) several times during Nikephoros' reign. Charlemagne sent envoys to Constantinople in 810 to make peace, giving up his claims to Veneto. Nikephoros died in battle before the envoys could leave Constantinople but his son-in-law and successor Michael I confirmed the peace, sending his own envoys to Aachen to recognize Charlemagne as emperor.[231] Charlemagne soon issued the first Frankish coins bearing his imperial title, although papal coins minted in Rome had used the title as early as 800.[232]He sent envoys and initiated diplomatic contact with the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid during the 790s, due to their mutual interest in Spanish affairs.[233] As an early sign of friendship, Charlemagne requested an elephant as a gift from Harun. Harun later provided an elephant named Abul-Abbas, which arrived at Aachen in 802.[234] Harun also sought to undermine Charlemagne's relations with the Byzantines, with whom he was at war. As part of his outreach, Harun gave Charlemagne nominal rule of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem and other gifts.[235] According to Einhard, Charlemagne \"zealously strove to make friendships with kings beyond the seas\" in order \"that he might get some help and relief to the Christians living under their rule.\" A surviving administrative document, the Basel roll, shows the work done by his agents in Palestine in furtherance of this goal.[236][i]Harun's death lead to a succession crisis and, under his successors, churches and synagogues were destroyed in the caliphate.[237] Unable to intervene directly, Charlemagne sent specially-minted coins and arms to the eastern Christians to defend and restore their churches and monasteries. The coins with their inscriptions were also an important tool of imperial propaganda.[238] Johannes Fried writes that deteriorating relations with Baghdad after Harun's death may have been the impetus for renewed negotiations with Constantinople which led to Charlemagne's peace with Michael in 811.[239]As emperor, Charlemagne became involved in a religious dispute between Eastern and Western Christians over the recitation of the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed, the fundamental statement of orthodox Christian belief. The original text of the creed, adopted at the Council of Constantinople, professed that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father. A tradition developed in Western Europe that the Holy Spirit proceeded from the Father \"and the Son\", inserting the Latin term filioque into the creed.[240] The difference did not cause significant conflict until 807, when Frankish monks in Bethlehem were denounced as heretics by a Greek monk for using the filioque form.[240] The Frankish monks appealed the dispute to Rome, where Pope Leo affirmed the text of the creed omitting the phrase and passed the report on to Charlemagne.[241] Charlemagne summoned a council at Aachen in 809 which defended the use of filioque, and sent the decision to Rome. Leo said that the Franks could maintain their tradition, but asserted that the canonical creed did not include filioque.[242] He commissioned two silver shields with the creed in Latin and Greek (omitting the filioque), which he hung in St. Peter's Basilica.[240][243] Another product of the 809 Aachen council was the Handbook of 809, an illustrated calendrical and astronomical compendium.[244]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_814.svg"},{"link_name":"Scandinavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavia"},{"link_name":"[245]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016461-254"},{"link_name":"Danes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danes_(tribe)"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998167-255"},{"link_name":"Elbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbe"},{"link_name":"Obotrite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obotrites"},{"link_name":"[247]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998163-256"},{"link_name":"Gudfred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gudfred"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998167-255"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016462-257"},{"link_name":"[248]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016462-257"},{"link_name":"[249]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016462%E2%80%93463-258"},{"link_name":"[246]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998167-255"},{"link_name":"[250]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019459-259"},{"link_name":"[251]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998168-260"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016463-261"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998169-225"},{"link_name":"[252]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016463-261"},{"link_name":"[216]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019462-224"},{"link_name":"Hemming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemming_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"Wala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wala_of_Corbie"},{"link_name":"[217]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998169-225"},{"link_name":"Viking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vikings"},{"link_name":"[253]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011171-262"},{"link_name":"[254]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998170-263"}],"sub_title":"Wars with the Danes","text":"Europe at the death of the Charlemagne in 814Scandinavia had been brought into contact with the Frankish world through Charlemagne's wars with the Saxons.[245] Raids on Charlemagne's lands by the Danes began around 800.[246] Charlemagne engaged in his final campaign in Saxony in 804, seizing Saxon territory east of the Elbe, removing its Saxon population, and giving the land to his Obotrite allies.[247] The Danish king Gudfred, uneasy at the extension of Frankish power, offered to meet with Charlemagne to arrange peace and (possibly) hand over Saxons who had fled to him;[246][248] the talks were unsuccessful.[248]The northern frontier was quiet until 808, when Gudfred and some allied Slavic tribes led an incursion into the Obotrite lands and extracted tribute from over half the territory.[249][246] Charles the Younger led an army across the Elbe in response, but only attacked some of Gudfred's Slavic allies.[250] Gudfred again attempted diplomatic overtures in 809, but no peace was apparently made.[251] Danish pirates raided Frisia in 810, although it is uncertain if they were connected to Gudfred.[252] Charlemagne sent an army to secure Frisia while he led a force against Gudfred, who had reportedly challenged the emperor to face him in battle.[217][252] The battle never took place, since Gudfred was murdered by two of his own men before Charlemagne's arrival.[216] Gudfred's nephew and successor Hemming immediately sued for peace, and a commission led by Charlemagne's cousin Wala reached a settlement with the Danes in 811.[217] The Danes did not pose a threat for the remainder of Charlemagne's reign, but the effects of this war and their earlier expansion in Saxony helped set the stage for the intense Viking raids across Europe later in the ninth century.[253][254]","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg"},{"link_name":"shroud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud"},{"link_name":"quadriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quadriga"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"Gisela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela,_Abbess_of_Chelles"},{"link_name":"[255]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019440,_453-264"},{"link_name":"Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[256]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins1998158-265"},{"link_name":"will","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Testament_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"[257]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019468%E2%80%93470-266"},{"link_name":"tropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trope_(literature)"},{"link_name":"The Twelve Caesars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Twelve_Caesars"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019480%E2%80%93481-267"},{"link_name":"[259]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019478%E2%80%93480-268"},{"link_name":"[260]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019476-269"},{"link_name":"gospels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gospel"},{"link_name":"[258]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019480%E2%80%93481-267"},{"link_name":"pleurisy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleurisy"},{"link_name":"[261]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016514-270"},{"link_name":"Thegan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thegan_of_Trier"},{"link_name":"Luke 23:46","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bible.oremus.org/?passage=Luke%2023:46&version=nrsv"},{"link_name":"[262]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019481-271"},{"link_name":"chapel at Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen"},{"link_name":"[263]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019482%E2%80%93483-272"},{"link_name":"adventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventus_(ceremony)"},{"link_name":"[264]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019483%E2%80%93484-273"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Frederick II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"[265]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016520-274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AachenerDomSarg.jpg"},{"link_name":"Proserpina sarcophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proserpina_sarcophagus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regione_mosana,_karlsschrein,_reliquiario_a_cassa_di_carlomagno,_1182-1215,_06.jpg"},{"link_name":"Karlsschrein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karlsschrein"}],"sub_title":"Final years and death","text":"A portion of Charlemagne's death shroud. Illustrating a quadriga (a four-horse chariot), it was manufactured in Constantinople.The Carolingian dynasty experienced a number of losses in 810 and 811, when Charlemagne's sister Gisela, his daughter Rotrude, and his sons Pepin the Hunchback, Pepin of Italy, and Charles the Younger died.[255] The deaths of Charles and Pepin of Italy left Charlemagne's earlier plans for succession in disarray. He declared Pepin of Italy's son Bernard ruler of Italy and made his own only surviving son, Louis, heir to the rest of the empire.[256] Charlemagne also made a new will detailing the disposal of his property at his death, with bequests to the church, his children, and his grandchildren.[257] Einhard (possibly relying on tropes from Suetonius's The Twelve Caesars) says that Charlemagne viewed the deaths of his family members, his fall from a horse, astronomical phenomena, and the collapse of part of the palace in his last years as signs of his impending death.[258] Charlemagne continued to govern with energy during his final year, ordering bishops to assemble in five ecclesiastical councils.[259] These culminated in a large assembly at Aachen, where Charlemagne crowned Louis as his co-emperor and Bernard as king in a ceremony on 11 September 813.[260]Charlemagne became ill in the autumn of 813 and spent his last months praying, fasting, and studying the gospels.[258] He developed pleurisy, and was bedridden for seven days before dying on the morning of 28 January 814.[261] Thegan, a biographer of Louis, records the emperor's last words as \"Into your hands, Lord, I commend my spirit\" (quoting from Luke 23:46).[262] Charlemagne's body was prepared and buried in the chapel at Aachen by his daughters and palace officials that day.[263] Louis arrived at Aachen thirty days after his father's death, making a formal adventus and taking charge of the palace and the empire.[264] Charlemagne's remains were exhumed by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa in 1165, and reinterred in a new casket by Frederick II in 1215.[265]The Proserpina sarcophagus in which Charlemagne is thought to have been originally buriedThe Karlsschrein, in which Frederick II reinterred Charlemagne in 1215","title":"Reign as emperor"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vertrag_von_Verdun_en.svg"},{"link_name":"West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Francia"},{"link_name":"East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Francia"},{"link_name":"Middle Francia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Francia"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Verdun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Verdun"},{"link_name":"[266]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011379%E2%80%93381-275"},{"link_name":"[267]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011394-276"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009368-193"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_France"},{"link_name":"[268]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERich%C3%A91993278-277"},{"link_name":"[269]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011424%E2%80%93427-278"},{"link_name":"[270]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold199783-279"},{"link_name":"Otto the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)"},{"link_name":"[271]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather2009369-280"},{"link_name":"Holy Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"dissolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Holy_Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[272]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavies1996316%E2%80%9317-281"},{"link_name":"[273]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2015434-282"},{"link_name":"[274]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreeman201719-283"},{"link_name":"[275]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011407,_432-284"},{"link_name":"Capetian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capetian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[j]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-286"},{"link_name":"Ottonian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[k]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-288"},{"link_name":"House of Luxembourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Luxembourg"},{"link_name":"[l]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-290"},{"link_name":"House of Ivrea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Ivrea"},{"link_name":"[m]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-292"},{"link_name":"House of Habsburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Habsburg"},{"link_name":"[280]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016528-293"},{"link_name":"Philip II of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_II_of_France"},{"link_name":"Isabella of Hainault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isabella_of_Hainault"},{"link_name":"Louis VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_VIII"},{"link_name":"[281]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016527%E2%80%93528-294"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2015433-295"},{"link_name":"Karlspreis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlemagne_Prize"},{"link_name":"[282]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavis2015433-295"},{"link_name":"Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_von_Coudenhove-Kalergi"},{"link_name":"Alcide De Gasperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[283]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-296"}],"sub_title":"Political legacy","text":"Partition of the Carolingian Empire after the 843 Treaty of VerdunThe stability and peace of Charlemagne's reign did not long outlive him. Louis' reign was marked by strife, including a number of rebellions by his sons. After Louis' death, the empire was divided among his sons into West, East, and Middle Francia by the Treaty of Verdun.[266] Middle Francia was divided several more times over the course of subsequent generations.[267] Carolingians would rule – with some interruptions – in East Francia (later the Kingdom of Germany) until 911,[188] and in West Francia (which would become France) until 987.[268] After 887, the imperial title was held sporadically by a series of non-dynastic Italian rulers[269] before it lapsed in 924.[270] The East Francian king Otto the Great conquered Italy, and was crowned emperor in 962.[271] Otto founded the Holy Roman Empire, which would last until its dissolution in 1806.[272]According to historian Jennifer Davis, Charlemagne \"invented medieval rulership\" and his influence can be seen at least into the nineteenth century.[273] Charlemagne is often known as \"the father of Europe\" because of the influence of his reign and the legacy he left across the large area of the continent he ruled.[274] The political structures he established remained in place through his Carolingian successors, and continued to exert influence into the eleventh century.[275]Charlemagne is considered an ancestor of several European ruling houses, including the Capetian dynasty,[j] the Ottonian dynasty,[k] the House of Luxembourg,[l] the House of Ivrea[m] and the House of Habsburg. The Ottonians and Capetians, direct successors of the Carolingans, drew on the legacy of Charlemagne to bolster their legitimacy and prestige; the Ottonians and their successors held their German coronations in Aachen through the Middle Ages.[280] The marriage of Philip II of France to Isabella of Hainault (a direct descendant of Charlemagne) was seen as a sign of increased legitimacy for their son, Louis VIII, and the French kings' association with Charlemagne's legacy was stressed until the monarchy's end.[281] German and French rulers, such as Frederick Barbarossa and Napoleon, cited the influence of Charlemagne and associated themselves with him.[282]The city of Aachen has, since 1949, awarded an international prize (the Karlspreis der Stadt Aachen) in honour of Charlemagne. It is awarded annually to those who promote European unity.[282] Recipients of the prize include Richard von Coudenhove-Kalergi (founder of the pan-European movement), Alcide De Gasperi, and Winston Churchill.[283]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolingian Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[284]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198460-297"},{"link_name":"[285]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198459,_61,_64-298"},{"link_name":"[286]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni1995709-299"},{"link_name":"Admonitio generalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admonitio_generalis"},{"link_name":"[287]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198464-300"},{"link_name":"Dungal of Bobbio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungal_of_Bobbio"},{"link_name":"Theodulf of Orléans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodulf_of_Orl%C3%A9ans"},{"link_name":"Peter of Pisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_of_Pisa"},{"link_name":"Angelbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angelbert"},{"link_name":"[288]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198461,_68-301"},{"link_name":"[289]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198465%E2%80%9366-302"},{"link_name":"[290]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198466%E2%80%9367-303"},{"link_name":"[291]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni1995715-304"},{"link_name":"[292]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeonhardt2016160%E2%80%932-305"},{"link_name":"[293]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni1995748%E2%80%93756-306"},{"link_name":"[294]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198470-307"},{"link_name":"Scriptoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptorium"},{"link_name":"[295]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni1995711-308"},{"link_name":"Carolingian minuscule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule"},{"link_name":"Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198473-309"},{"link_name":"[296]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEContreni198473-309"}],"sub_title":"Carolingian Renaissance","text":"Contacts with the wider Mediterranean world through Spain and Italy, the influx of foreign scholars at court, and the relative stability and length of Charlemagne's reign led to a cultural revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.[284] Although the beginnings of this revival can be seen under his predecessors, Charles Martel and Pepin, Charlemagne took an active and direct role in shaping intellectual life which led to the revival's zenith.[285] Charlemagne promoted learning as a matter of policy and direct patronage, with the aim of creating a more effective clergy.[286] The Admonitio generalis and Epistola de litteris colendis outlined his policies and aims for education.[287]Intellectual life at court was dominated by Irish, Anglo-Saxon, Visigothic and Italian scholars, including Dungal of Bobbio, Alcuin of York, Theodulf of Orléans, and Peter of Pisa; Franks such as Einhard and Angelbert also made substantial contributions.[288] Aside from the intellectual activity at the palace, Charlemagne promoted ecclesiastical schools and publicly-funded schools for the children of the elite and future clergy.[289] Students learned basic Latin literacy and grammar, arithmetic, and other subjects of the medieval liberal arts.[290] From their education, it was expected that even rural priests could provide their parishioners with basic instruction in religious matters and (possibly) the literacy required for worship.[291] Latin was standardised and its use brought into territories well beyond the former Roman Empire, forming a second language community of speakers and writers and sustaining Latin creativity in the Middle Ages.[292]Carolingian authors produced extensive works, including legal treatises, histories, poetry, and religious texts.[293][294] Scriptoria in monasteries and cathedrals focused on copying new and old works, producing an estimated 90,000 manuscripts during the ninth century.[295] The Carolingian minuscule script was developed and popularized in medieval copying, influencing Renaissance and modern typefaces.[296] Scholar John J. Contreni considers the educational and learning revival under Charlemagne and his successors \"one of the most durable and resilient elements of the Carolingian legacy\".[296]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vita Karoli Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_Karoli_Magni"},{"link_name":"[297]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016277-310"},{"link_name":"Tacitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tacitus"},{"link_name":"Agricola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricola_(book)"},{"link_name":"[298]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200815%E2%80%9320-311"},{"link_name":"mirrors for princes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirrors_for_princes"},{"link_name":"[299]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016518%E2%80%93519-312"},{"link_name":"Visio Karoli Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visio_Karoli_Magni"},{"link_name":"[300]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeary1987275%E2%80%93283-313"},{"link_name":"Notker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer"},{"link_name":"exempla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exempla"},{"link_name":"[301]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200820-314"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Manfred_III_of_Saluzzo_as_Charlemagne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manfred III of Saluzzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_III_of_Saluzzo"},{"link_name":"Castello della Manta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castello_della_Manta"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005138-315"},{"link_name":"[302]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005138-315"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016539-316"},{"link_name":"literary cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_cycle"},{"link_name":"Matter of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_of_France"},{"link_name":"Crusades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"chansons de geste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanson_de_geste"},{"link_name":"Song of Roland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_of_Roland"},{"link_name":"Historia Caroli Magni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historia_Caroli_Magni"},{"link_name":"[304]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardmanAiles20171%E2%80%939-317"},{"link_name":"Nine Worthies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_Worthies"},{"link_name":"[305]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuskin1999513,_547%E2%80%93548_fn24-318"},{"link_name":"[306]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005142%E2%80%93144-319"},{"link_name":"Montesquieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montesquieu"},{"link_name":"Voltaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voltaire"},{"link_name":"Dark Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_Ages_(historiography)"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005144-320"},{"link_name":"[308]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005142-321"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016539-316"},{"link_name":"[309]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005146-322"},{"link_name":"Massacre of Verden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacre_of_Verden"},{"link_name":"[310]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005146%E2%80%93148-323"},{"link_name":"Propaganda in Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[311]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016541%E2%80%93542-324"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"[312]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016542%E2%80%93544-325"},{"link_name":"[313]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016542%E2%80%93546-326"},{"link_name":"[314]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005148-327"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schlegel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schlegel"},{"link_name":"[303]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016539-316"},{"link_name":"European integration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_integration"},{"link_name":"[315]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016548-328"},{"link_name":"[316]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016549%E2%80%93551-329"}],"sub_title":"Memory and historiography","text":"Charlemagne was a frequent subject of, and inspiration for, medieval writers after his death. Einhard's Vita Karoli Magni, according to Johannes Fired, \"can be said to have revived the defunct literary genre of the secular biography.\"[297] Einhard drew on classical sources, such as Suetonius' The Twelve Caesars, the orations of Cicero, and Tacitus' Agricola to frame his work's structure and style.[298] The Carolingian period also saw a revival of the mirrors for princes genre.[299] The author of the Latin poem Visio Karoli Magni, written c. 865, uses facts (apparently from Einhard) and his own observations on the decline of Charlemagne's family after their civil wars later in the ninth century as the bases of a visionary tale about Charles meeting a prophetic spectre in a dream.[300] Notker's Gesta Karoli Magni, written for Charlemagne's great-grandson Charles the Fat, presents moral anecdotes (exempla) to highlight the emperor's qualities as a ruler.[301]Manfred III of Saluzzo depicted as Charlemagne (Castello della Manta, 1420s)Charlemagne, as a figure of myth and emulation, grew over the centuries; Matthias Becher writes that over 1,000 legends are recorded about him, far outstripping subsequent emperors and kings.[302] Later medieval writers depicted Charlemagne as a crusader and Christian warrior.[302][303] Charlemagne is the main figure of the medieval literary cycle known as the Matter of France. Works in this cycle, which originated during the Crusades, centre on characterisations of the emperor as a leader of Christian knights in wars against Muslims. The cycle includes chansons de geste (epic poems) such as the Song of Roland and chronicles such as the Historia Caroli Magni, also known as the (Pseudo-)Turpin Chronicle.[304] Charlemagne was depicted as one of the Nine Worthies, a fixture in medieval literature and art as an exemplar of a Christian king.[305]Attention to Charlemagne became more scholarly in the early modern period as Eindhard's Vita and other sources began to be published.[306] Political philosophers debated his legacy; Montesquieu viewed him as the first constitutional monarch and protector of freemen, but Voltaire saw him as a despotic ruler and representative of the medieval period as a Dark Age.[307] As early as the sixteenth century, debate between German and French writers began about Charlemagne's \"nationality\".[308] These contrasting portraits – a French Charlemagne versus a German Karl der Große – became especially pronounced during the nineteenth century with Napoleon's use of Charlemagne's legacy and the rise of German nationalism.[303][309] German historiography and popular perception focused on the Massacre of Verden, emphasised with Charlemagne as the \"butcher\" of the Germanic Saxons or downplayed as an unfortunate part of the legacy of a great German ruler.[310] Propaganda in Nazi Germany initially portrayed Charlemagne as an enemy of Germany, a French ruler who worked to take away the freedom and native religion of the German people.[311] This quickly shifted as Adolf Hitler endorsed a portrait of Charlemagne as a great unifier of disparate German tribes into a common nation,[312] allowing Hitler to co-opt Charlemagne's legacy as an ideological model for his expansionist policies.[313]Historiography after World War II focused on Charlemagne as \"the father of Europe\" rather than a nationalistic figure,[314] a view first advanced during the nineteenth century by German romantic philosopher Friedrich Schlegel.[303] This view has led to Charlemagne's adoption as a political symbol of European integration.[315] Modern historians increasingly place Charlemagne in the context of the wider Mediterranean world, following the work of Belgian historian Henri Pirenne.[316]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg"},{"link_name":"Palatine Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatine_Chapel,_Aachen"},{"link_name":"synods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synod"},{"link_name":"[317]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015294-330"},{"link_name":"[318]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015289%E2%80%93290,_295%E2%80%93296-331"},{"link_name":"[319]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick199661-332"},{"link_name":"Dionysio-Hadriana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jus_antiquum#Dionysio-Hadriana"},{"link_name":"canon law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"Rule of St. Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_St._Benedict"},{"link_name":"rites of the Roman Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Rite"},{"link_name":"[320]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015269%E2%80%93297-333"},{"link_name":"[321]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick1996-334"},{"link_name":"[322]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick199682-335"},{"link_name":"[323]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015287%E2%80%93288-336"},{"link_name":"vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernacular"},{"link_name":"[324]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015294%E2%80%93295-337"},{"link_name":"Lord's Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer"},{"link_name":"Apostles' Creed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed"},{"link_name":"[325]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015301%E2%80%93302-338"},{"link_name":"Latin Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Church"},{"link_name":"[326]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015287-339"},{"link_name":"[327]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015306%E2%80%93307-340"},{"link_name":"Christendom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christendom"},{"link_name":"[328]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENoble2015292,_306%E2%80%93307-341"},{"link_name":"growing divide between Western and Eastern Christianity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism"},{"link_name":"[329]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiecienski201087-342"},{"link_name":"Otto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor"},{"link_name":"canonised","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonization"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016537-343"},{"link_name":"Antipope Paschal III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Paschal_III"},{"link_name":"[330]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016537-343"},{"link_name":"Holy See","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_See"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005143-344"},{"link_name":"cult","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)"},{"link_name":"Charles V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_V_of_France"},{"link_name":"[332]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016538-345"},{"link_name":"Reformation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation"},{"link_name":"Martin Luther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Luther"},{"link_name":"[307]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005144-320"},{"link_name":"John Calvin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Calvin"},{"link_name":"[331]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecher2005143-344"}],"sub_title":"Religious impact and veneration","text":"The Palatine Chapel, built by Charlemagne at the Aachen palaceCharlemagne gave much attention to religious and ecclesiastical affairs, holding 23 synods during his reign. His synods were called to address specific issues at particular times, but generally dealt with church administration and organization, education of the clergy, and the proper forms of liturgy and worship.[317] Charlemagne used the Christian faith as a unifying factor in the realm and, in turn, worked to impose unity on the church.[318][319] He implemented an edited version of the Dionysio-Hadriana book of canon law acquired from Pope Adrian, required use of the Rule of St. Benedict in monasteries throughout the empire, and promoted a standardized liturgy adapted from the rites of the Roman Church to conform with Frankish practices.[320] Carolingian policies promoting unity did not eliminate the diverse practices throughout the empire, but created a shared ecclesiastical identity[321] – according to Rosamond McKitterick, \"unison, not unity.\"[322]The condition of all his subjects as a \"Christian people\" was an important concern.[323] Charlemagne's policies encouraged preaching to the laity, particularly in vernacular languages they would understand.[324] He believed it essential to be able to recite the Lord's Prayer and the Apostles' Creed, and made efforts to ensure that the clergy taught them and other basics of Christian morality.[325]Religious historian Thomas F. X. Noble writes that the efforts of Charlemagne and his successors to standardise Christian doctrine and practices and harmonise Frankish practices were essential steps in the development of Christianity in Europe, and the Roman Catholic or Latin Church \"as a historical phenomenon, not as a theological or ecclesiological one, is a Carolingian construction.\"[326][327] He says that the medieval European concept of Christendom as an overarching community of Western Christians, rather than a collection of local traditions, is the result of Carolingian policies and ideology.[328] Charlemagne's doctrinal policies promoting the use of filioque and opposing the Second Council of Nicea were key steps in the growing divide between Western and Eastern Christianity.[329]Emperor Otto II attempted to have Charlemagne canonised in 1000.[330] In 1165, Frederick Barbarossa convinced Antipope Paschal III to elevate Charlemagne to sainthood.[330] Since Paschal's acts were not considered valid, Charlemagne was not recognized as a saint by the Holy See.[331] Despite this lack of official recognition, his cult was observed in Aachen, Reims, Frankfurt, Zurich and Regensburg, and he has been venerated in France since the reign of Charles V.[332]Charlemagne also drew attention from figures of the Protestant Reformation, with Martin Luther criticising his apparent subjugation to the papacy by accepting his coronation from Leo.[307] John Calvin and other Protestant thinkers viewed him as a forerunner of the Reformation, however, noting the Libri Carolini's condemnation of the worship of images and relics and conflicts by Charlemagne and his successors with the temporal power of the popes.[331]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carolingian dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019xxxiv%E2%80%93xxxv-346"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011xxi-347"},{"link_name":"Himiltrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiltrude"},{"link_name":"[n]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-353"},{"link_name":"Pepin the Hunchback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_the_Hunchback"},{"link_name":"Desiderata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderata,_wife_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Desiderius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desiderius"},{"link_name":"Lombards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombards"},{"link_name":"Hildegard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildegard_(queen)"},{"link_name":"Gerold of Anglachgau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerold_of_Anglachgau"},{"link_name":"Charles the Younger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Younger"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019133-94"},{"link_name":"Rotrude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotrude"},{"link_name":"Carloman, renamed Pepin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"King of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"King of Aquitaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Aquitaine"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019181-125"},{"link_name":"Bertha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertha,_daughter_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Gisela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gisela,_daughter_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Fastrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastrada"},{"link_name":"Theodrada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodrada"},{"link_name":"Argenteuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argenteuil"},{"link_name":"Luitgard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luitgard_(Frankish_queen)"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019xxxiv%E2%80%93xxxv-346"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011xxi-347"},{"link_name":"Gersuinda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gersuinda"},{"link_name":"Faremoutiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_of_Faremoutiers"},{"link_name":"Drogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogo_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_(abbot_of_Saint-Quentin)"},{"link_name":"archchancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archchancellor"},{"link_name":"Saint-Riquier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Riquier"},{"link_name":"Moutiers-Saint-Jean Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moutiers-Saint-Jean_Abbey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"[333]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019xxxiv%E2%80%93xxxv-346"},{"link_name":"[334]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECostambeysInnesMacLean2011xxi-347"},{"link_name":"[340]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019440-354"},{"link_name":"[341]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019443-355"},{"link_name":"[342]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200893-356"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019186-130"},{"link_name":"[343]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200891-357"},{"link_name":"Chelles Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chelles_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[344]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200894%E2%80%9395-358"},{"link_name":"[345]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200891%E2%80%9393-359"},{"link_name":"[346]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019225%E2%80%93226-360"},{"link_name":"Nithard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nithard"},{"link_name":"Angilbert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angilbert"},{"link_name":"Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_(abbot_of_Saint-Denis)"},{"link_name":"Rorgon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorgon_I,_Count_of_Maine"},{"link_name":"[347]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019441-361"},{"link_name":"[348]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019435-362"}],"text":"Further information: Carolingian dynastyWives and their children[333][334]\n\nHimiltrude[n] (768–770)\nPepin the Hunchback (c. 769/770–811)\nDesiderata, daughter of Desiderius, king of the Lombards (m. 770–771)\nHildegard (m. 771–783) daughter of Gerold of Anglachgau\nCharles the Younger (c. 772/773–811), Duke of Maine\nAdalhaid (773/4–774), born while her parents were on campaign in Italy. She was sent back to Francia, but died before reaching Lyons[90]\nRotrude (or Hruodrud) (c. 775–810)\nCarloman, renamed Pepin (777–810), King of Italy\nLouis (778–840), King of Aquitaine since 781, crowned co-emperor in 813, senior Emperor from 814\nLothair (778–779/780), twin of Louis, he died in infancy[120]\nBertha (779/780–826)\nGisela (b. 782)\nHildegard (782–783)\nFastrada (m. 783–794)\nTheodrada (b. 785), Abbess of Argenteuil\nHiltrude (b. 787, d. after 808)\nLuitgard (m. 794–800)\n\n\nConcubines and their children[333][334]\n\nGersuinda\nAdaltrude\nMadelgard\nRuodhaid (d. 852), Abbess of Faremoutiers\nRegina\nDrogo (801–855), Bishop of Metz\nHugh (c. 802–844), archchancellor of the Empire\nAdallind\nTheodoric (b. 807)\nUnknown partners\nHroudhaid (b. 784)\nRichbod (805–844), Abbot of Saint-Riquier\nBernard (fl. 843), Abbot of Moutiers-Saint-Jean Abbey\nChrothais (d 814)Charlemagne instructing his son, Louis the PiousCharlemagne had at least twenty children with his wives and other partners.[333][334] After the death of his wife Luitgard in 800, he did not remarry but had children with unmarried partners.[340] He was determined that all his children, including his daughters, should receive an education in the liberal arts. His children were taught in accordance with their aristocratic status, which included training in riding and weaponry for his sons and embroidery, spinning and weaving for his daughters.[341]Rosamond McKitterick writes that Charlemagne exercised \"a remarkable degree of patriarchal control ... over his progeny,\" noting that only a handful of his children and grandchildren were raised outside his court.[342] Pepin of Italy and Louis reigned as kings from childhood and lived at their courts.[125] Careers in the church were arranged for his illegitimate sons.[343] His daughters were resident at court or at Chelles Abbey (where Charlemagne's sister was abbess), and those at court may have fulfilled the duties of queen after 800.[344]Louis and Pepin of Italy married and had children during their father's lifetime, and Charlemagne brought Pepin's daughters into his household after Pepin's death.[345] Rotrude had been betrothed to Emperor Constantine VI, but the betrothal was ended.[346] None of Charlemagne's daughters married, although several had children with unmarried partners. Bertha had two sons, Nithard and Hartnid, with Charlemagne's courtier Angilbert; Rotrude had a son named Louis, possibly with Count Rorgon; and Hiltrude had a son named Richbod, possibly with a count named Richwin.[347] The Divisio Regnorum issued by Charlemagne in 806 provided that his legitimate daughters be allowed to marry or become nuns after his death. Theodrada entered a convent, but the decisions of his other daughters are unknown.[348]","title":"Wives, concubines, and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iconography of Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconography_of_Charlemagne"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Charles_Marville,_H%C3%B4tel_Carnavalet,_statue_of_Charlemagne,_ca._1853%E2%80%9370_(cropped).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bust_of_Charlemagne.png"},{"link_name":"equestrian statuette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equestrian_statuette_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"Bust of Charlemagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bust_of_Charlemagne"},{"link_name":"skull cap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvaria_(skull)"},{"link_name":"[349]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2004116-363"},{"link_name":"[350]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarbero2004118-364"},{"link_name":"X-ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiology"},{"link_name":"CT scan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CT_scan"},{"link_name":"tibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibia"},{"link_name":"percentile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percentile"},{"link_name":"[351]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuhliBlumichHenneberg2010-365"},{"link_name":"[352]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201621%E2%80%9322-366"},{"link_name":"Theoderic the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoderic_the_Great"},{"link_name":"[353]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201624%E2%80%9326-367"},{"link_name":"[354]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201624,_26-368"},{"link_name":"[355]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201622%E2%80%9323-369"},{"link_name":"Charles the Bald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_the_Bald"},{"link_name":"[o]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-374"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201635-371"},{"link_name":"[360]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201624%E2%80%9325-375"},{"link_name":"[361]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxon202131,_196-376"},{"link_name":"[362]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoxon2021196-377"},{"link_name":"[363]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201627%E2%80%9330-378"}],"text":"Further information: Iconography of CharlemagneTop: Carolingian-era equestrian statuette depicting Charlemagne or Charles the Bald. Bottom: Bust of Charlemagne, an idealised portrayal and reliquary said to contain Charlemagne's skull cap, produced in the 14th century.Einhard gives a first-hand description of Charlemagne's appearance later in life:[349]He was heavily built, sturdy, and of considerable stature, although not exceptionally so, since his height was seven times the length of his own foot. He had a round head, large and lively eyes, a slightly larger nose than usual, white but still attractive hair, a bright and cheerful expression, a short and fat neck, and he enjoyed good health, except for the fevers that affected him in the last few years of his life.Charlemagne's tomb was opened in 1861 by scientists who reconstructed his skeleton and measured it at 1.92 metres (6 ft 4 in) in length, roughly equivalent to Einhard's seven feet.[350] A 2010 estimate of his height from an X-ray and CT scan of his tibia was 1.84 metres (6 ft 0 in); this puts him in the 99th percentile of height for his period, given that average male height of his time was 1.69 metres (5 ft 7 in). The width of the bone suggested that he was slim.[351]Charlemagne wore his hair short, abandoning the Merovingian tradition of long-haired monarchs.[352] He had a moustache (possibly imitating the Ostrogothic king Theoderic the Great), in contrast with the bearded Merovingian kings;[353] future Carolingian monarchs would adopt this style.[354] Paul Dutton notes the ubiquitous crown in portraits of Charlemagne and other Carolingian rulers, replacing the earlier Merovingian long hair.[355] A ninth-century statuette depicts Charlemagne or his grandson, Charles the Bald[o] and shows the subject as moustachioed with short hair;[357] this also appears on contemporary coinage.[360]By the twelfth century, Charlemagne was described as bearded rather than moustachioed in literary sources such as the Song of Roland, the Pseudo-Turpin Chronicle, and other works in Latin, French, and German.[361] The Pseudo-Turpin uniquely says that his hair was brown.[362] Later art and iconography of Charlemagne followed suit, generally depicting him in a later medieval style as bearded with longer hair.[363]","title":"Appearance and iconography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-birth_1-1"},{"link_name":"Birth and early life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Birth"},{"link_name":"Nelson 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFNelson2019"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mdzx.bib-bvb.de/francia/Blatt_bsb00016275,00115.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131117074120/http://mdzx.bib-bvb.de/francia/Blatt_bsb00016275%2C00115.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//mdzx.bib-bvb.de/francia/Blatt_bsb00016296,00047.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131117074146/http://mdzx.bib-bvb.de/francia/Blatt_bsb00016296%2C00047.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"Old High German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_High_German_language"},{"link_name":"Romance vernacular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_French#History"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson20192-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-36"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201929-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016262%E2%80%93263-42"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-118"},{"link_name":"Carloman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016136-117"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-211"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-216"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-217"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_language"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-245"},{"link_name":"McCormick 2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMcCormick2011"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-286"},{"link_name":"Beatrice of Vermandois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_of_Vermandois"},{"link_name":"Pepin of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepin_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Hugh Capet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Capet"},{"link_name":"[276]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1977246%E2%80%93247,_n_94-285"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-288"},{"link_name":"Hedwiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hedwiga"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"Henry the Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Fowler"},{"link_name":"[277]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackman20109%E2%80%9312-287"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-290"},{"link_name":"Albert II, Count of Namur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_II,_Count_of_Namur"},{"link_name":"Louis IV of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France"},{"link_name":"Henry the Blind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_the_Blind"},{"link_name":"[278]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETanner2004263%E2%80%93265-289"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-292"},{"link_name":"Berengar II of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berengar_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Louis the Pious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_the_Pious"},{"link_name":"[279]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouchard2010129%E2%80%93131-291"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-353"},{"link_name":"Pope Stephen III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Stephen_III"},{"link_name":"[335]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019105-348"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKitterick200884-81"},{"link_name":"friedelehe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedelehe"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoffart1986-80"},{"link_name":"[336]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECollins199840-349"},{"link_name":"[337]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201650-51-350"},{"link_name":"[338]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson201991,_107,_285%E2%80%93286-351"},{"link_name":"[339]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried201650-352"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-374"},{"link_name":"[356]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson2019xxxvi,_495-370"},{"link_name":"[357]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutton201635-371"},{"link_name":"[358]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016216-372"},{"link_name":"[359]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFried2016516-373"}],"text":"^ a b Alternative birth years for Charlemagne include 742 and 747. There has been scholarly debate over this topic, see Birth and early life. For full treatment of the debate, see Nelson 2019, pp. 28–29. See further Karl Ferdinand Werner, Das Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in Francia 1, 1973, pp. 115–57 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine);Matthias Becher: Neue Überlegungen zum Geburtsdatum Karls des Großen, in: Francia 19/1, 1992, pp. 37–60 (online Archived 17 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine)\n\n^ Also found in English as Charles the Great; Old High German: KarlusRomance vernacular: KarloLatin: Carolus[1]\n\n^ \"At 747 the scribe had written: 'Et ipso anno fuit natus Karolus rex' ('and in that year, King Charles was born').\"[25]\n\n^ Historian Johannes Fried writes that \"Comparisons with other images allow us to interpret it as a sketch of an ancient emperor or king, or even of Charlemagne himself. However sketchy and unaccomplished the drawing is, its message and its moral could not be clearer: the ruler appears here as a powerful protector, guarding the Church with his weapons and—as the following text emphasizes—restoring it according to the dictates of the faith and the Church Fathers in preparation for the impending end time.\"[39] \n\n^ Charlemagne's third son (Carloman) was also born in 776, based on the four-year-old's 780 baptism in Pavia.[113] \n\n^ German: Zweikaiserproblem, \"two-emperors problem\"\n\n^ Latin: Karolus serenissimus augustus a deo coronatus magnus pacificus imperator Romanum gubernans imperium, qui et per misercordiam dei rex francorum atque langobardorum\n\n^ Latin: Carolus gratia dei rex francorum et langobardorum ac patricius Romanorum\n\n^ For more on the Basel roll, see McCormick 2011. \n\n^ Through Beatrice of Vermandois, great-great granddaughter of Pepin of Italy and grandmother of Hugh Capet,[276] \n\n^ Through Hedwiga, great-great granddaughter of Louis the Pious and mother of Henry the Fowler[277] \n\n^ Through Albert II, Count of Namur, great-grandson of Louis IV of France and great-great-grandfather of Henry the Blind[278] \n\n^ Berengar II of Italy was a great-great-great grandson of Louis the Pious.[279] \n\n^ The nature of Himiltrude's relationship to Charlemagne is uncertain. A 770 letter by Pope Stephen III describes both Carloman and Charlemagne \"by [God's] will and decision...joined in lawful marriage...[with] wives of great beauty from the same fatherland as yourselves.\"[335] Stephen wrote this in the context of attempting to dissuade either king from entering into a marriage alliance with Desiderius.[77] By 784, at Charlemagne's court, Paul the Deacon wrote that their son Pepin was born \"before legal marriage\", but whether he means Charles and Himiltrude were never married, were joined in a non-canonical marriage or friedelehe, or if they married after Pepin was born is unclear.[76] Roger Collins,[336] Johannes Fried,[337] and Janet Nelson[338] all portray Himiltrude as a wife of Charlemagne in some capacity. Fried also dates the beginning of their relationship to 763 or even earlier.[339]\n\n^ Janet Nelson considers it a depiction of Charlemagne;[356] Paul Dutton says that it was \"long thought to depict Charlemagne and now attributed by most to Charles the Bald,\"[357] and Johannes Fried presents both as possibilities[358] but considers it \"highly contentious.\"[359]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Alcuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin"},{"link_name":"Alcuin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcuin"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-900657-21-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900657-21-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0872910584","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872910584"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780853230182","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853230182"},{"link_name":"Einhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard"},{"link_name":"Notker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780140442137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140442137"},{"link_name":"Einhard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einhard"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-55111-134-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55111-134-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-55111-492-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55111-492-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0806119397","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0806119397"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0951150306","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0951150306"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-80034-871-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-80034-871-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780713158137","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780713158137"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-472-08790-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08790-7"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources in English translation","text":"Alcuin (1941). The Rhetoric of Alcuin and Charlemagne: A Translation, with an Introduction, the Latin Text, and Notes. Translated by Howell, Wilbur Samuel. Princeton: Princeton University Press.\nAlcuin (1974). Alcott, Stephen (ed.). Alcuin of York, c. AD 732 to 804: His life and letters. Translated by Alcott, Stephen. York: Sessions Book Trust. ISBN 0-900657-21-9.\nBachrach, Bernard S., ed. (1973). Liber Historiae Francorum. Translated by Bachrach, Bernard S. Lawrence, KS: Coronodo Press. ISBN 978-0872910584.\nDavis, Raymond, ed. (1992). The Lives of the Eighth-Century Popes. Translated by Davis, Raymond. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 9780853230182.\nEinhard; Notker (1969). Two Lives of Charlemagne. Translated by Thorpe, Lewis. London: Penguin. ISBN 9780140442137.\nEinhard (1998). Dutton, Paul (ed.). Charlemagne's Courtier: The Complete Einhard. Readings in Medieval Civilizations and Cultures. Translated by Dutton, Paul. Petersborough, ON: Broadview Press. ISBN 1-55111-134-9.\nDutton, Paul, ed. (2004). Carolingian Civilization: A Reader. Petersborough, ON: Broadview Press. ISBN 978-1-55111-492-7.\nGoodman, Peter, ed. (1985). Poetry of the Carolingian Renaissance. Translated by Goodman, Peter. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. ISBN 978-0806119397.\nKing, P.D., ed. (1997). Charlemagne: Translated Sources. Translated by King, P.D. Lancaster: P.D. King. ISBN 978-0951150306.\nMcKitterick, Rosamond; van Espelo, Dorine; Pollard, Richard; Price, Richard, eds. (2021). Codex Epistolaris Carolinus: Letters from the popes to the Frankish rulers, 739-791. Translated by McKitterick, Rosamond; van Espelo, Dorine; Pollard, Richard; Price, Richard. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. ISBN 978-1-80034-871-4.\nLyon, H.R.; Percival, John, eds. (1975). The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration. Documents of Medieval History. Translated by Lyon, H.R.; Percival, John. London: Arnold. ISBN 9780713158137.\nScholz, Bernhard Walter; Rogers, Barbara, eds. (1970). Carolingian Chronicles: Royal Frankish Annals and Nithard's Histories. Translated by Scholz, Bernhard Walter; Rogers, Barbara. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 978-0-472-08790-7.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bachrach, Bernard S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Bachrach"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-2144-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-2144-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-244460-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-244460-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-33365-808-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-33365-808-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-71907-089-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-71907-089-1"},{"link_name":"Ganshof, F. L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Louis_Ganshof"},{"link_name":"The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/carolingiansfran0000gans"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8014-0635-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-0635-5"},{"link_name":"A History of Byzantium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofbyzanti00greg"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-63123-513-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-63123-513-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-41547-552-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-41547-552-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780674659964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674659964"},{"link_name":"OL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OL_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"35499574M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//openlibrary.org/books/OL35499574M"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780582490055","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780582490055"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781139055710","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139055710"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8122-1342-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-1342-3"},{"link_name":"Santosuosso, Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Santosuosso"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8133-9153-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-9153-3"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1086/687993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1086%2F687993"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"163283337","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163283337"},{"link_name":"Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/becomingcharlema0000sype"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-06-079706-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-079706-5"}],"sub_title":"Secondary works","text":"Bachrach, Bernard S. (2011). Early Carolingian Warfare Prelude to Empire. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-2144-2.\nCantor, Norman F. (2015). Civilization of the Middle Ages: Completely Revised and Expanded Edition, A. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-244460-8.\nCollins, Roger (1999). Early Medieval Europe, 300–1000. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-33365-808-6.\nCollins, Roger (2004). Visigothic Spain, 409–711. History of Spain. Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell Pub.\nFouracre, Paul (2005). \"The Long Shadow of the Merovingians\". In Joanna Story (ed.). Charlemagne: Empire and Society. Manchester: Manchester University Press. ISBN 978-0-71907-089-1.\nGanshof, F. L. (1971). The Carolingians and the Frankish Monarchy: Studies in Carolingian History. trans. Janet Sondheimer. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-0635-5.\nGregory, Timothy E. (2005). A History of Byzantium. Malden, MA; Oxford, UK: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 978-0-63123-513-2.\nJames, David; Ibn al-Qūṭiyya, Muḥammad b ʻUmar (2009). Early Islamic Spain: The History of Ibn al-Qūṭiyya: a study of the unique Arabic manuscript in the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris, with a translation, notes and comments. London and New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-0-41547-552-5.\nLeonhardt, Jürgen (2016) [2009]. Latin: story of a World Language. Translated by Kenneth Kronenberg. Harvard. ISBN 9780674659964. OL 35499574M.\nLewers Langston, Aileen; Buck, J. Orton Jr., eds. (1974). Pedigrees of Some of the Emperor Charlemagne's Descendants. Baltimore: Genealogical Pub. Co.\nMcKitterick, Rosamond (1983). The Frankish Kingdoms under the Carolingians, 751-987. London: Logman. ISBN 9780582490055.\nMcKitterick, Rosamond, ed. (1995). The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume II:c.700-900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139055710.\nRiché, Pierre (1978). Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne. Middle Ages Series. Translated by McNamara, Jo Ann. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-1342-3.\nSantosuosso, Antonio (2004). Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. ISBN 978-0-8133-9153-3.\nSarti, Laury (2016). \"Frankish Romanness and Charlemagne's Empire\". Speculum. 91 (4): 1040–58. doi:10.1086/687993. S2CID 163283337.\nSypeck, Jeff (2006). Becoming Charlemagne: Europe, Baghdad, and The Empires of A.D. 800. New York: Ecco/HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-079706-5.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Francia in 714","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Francia_714.png/280px-Francia_714.png"},{"image_text":"Sketch thought to be of Charlemagne,[d] c. 800","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Charlemagne_c_800.jpg/220px-Charlemagne_c_800.jpg"},{"image_text":"Political map of Europe in 771, showing the Franks and their neighbors","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/771_CE%2C_Europe.svg/290px-771_CE%2C_Europe.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Pope Adrian receiving Charlemagne at Rome","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Charlemagne_and_Pope_Adrian_I.jpg/220px-Charlemagne_and_Pope_Adrian_I.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charlemagne's additions to the Frankish Kingdom","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg/310px-Frankish_Empire_481_to_814-en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Adrian crowning Louis, as Charlemagne looks on","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Couronnement_de_Louis_Ier_le_Pieux.jpg/200px-Couronnement_de_Louis_Ier_le_Pieux.jpg"},{"image_text":"A solidus from Benevento, with Grimoald's effigy and Charlemagne's name (DOMS CAR RX, the Lord King Charles)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg/260px-Grimoald_III_solidus_74000878.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pope Leo III crowning Charlemagne. From Chroniques de France ou de Saint Denis, volume 1, France, second quarter of the 14th century","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Karel_Leo.jpg/220px-Karel_Leo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charlemagne's throne in Aachen Cathedral","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg/220px-Aachener_Dom_BW_2016-07-09_13-49-15.jpg"},{"image_text":"15th-century woodcut of Charlemagne and Irene","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Woodcut_illustration_of_Irene%2C_Empress_of_the_East%2C_and_Charlemagne_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg/290px-Woodcut_illustration_of_Irene%2C_Empress_of_the_East%2C_and_Charlemagne_-_Penn_Provenance_Project.jpg"},{"image_text":"Europe at the death of the Charlemagne in 814","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Europe_814.svg/260px-Europe_814.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A portion of Charlemagne's death shroud. Illustrating a quadriga (a four-horse chariot), it was manufactured in Constantinople.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg/220px-Shroud_of_Charlemagne_manufactured_in_Constantinople_814.jpg"},{"image_text":"Partition of the Carolingian Empire after the 843 Treaty of Verdun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Vertrag_von_Verdun_en.svg/290px-Vertrag_von_Verdun_en.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Manfred III of Saluzzo depicted as Charlemagne (Castello della Manta, 1420s)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Manfred_III_of_Saluzzo_as_Charlemagne.jpg/150px-Manfred_III_of_Saluzzo_as_Charlemagne.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Palatine Chapel, built by Charlemagne at the Aachen palace","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg/220px-Aix_dom_int_vue_cote.jpg"},{"image_text":"Charlemagne instructing his son, Louis the Pious","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg/220px-Charlemagne_et_Louis_le_Pieux.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Laureates\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.karlspreis.de/en/laureates","url_text":"\"Laureates\""}]},{"reference":"Arnold, Benjamin (1997). Medieval Germany , 500–1300 A Political Interpretation. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-333-61091-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-61091-6","url_text":"978-0-333-61091-6"}]},{"reference":"Barbero, Alessandro (2004). Charlemagne: Father of a Continent. Translated by Allan Cameron. Berkeley: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23943-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23943-2","url_text":"978-0-520-23943-2"}]},{"reference":"Becher, Matthias (2005). Charlemagne. Translated by Bachrach, David S. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-09796-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09796-2","url_text":"978-0-300-09796-2"}]},{"reference":"Bouchard, Constance (2010). Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-81220-140-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yxSxikFnSU8C&pg=PA129","url_text":"Those of My Blood: Creating Noble Families in Medieval Francia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press","url_text":"University of Pennsylvania Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81220-140-6","url_text":"978-0-81220-140-6"}]},{"reference":"Chambers, William Walker; Wilkie, John Ritchie (2014). A Short History of the German Language (RLE Linguistics E: Indo-European Linguistics). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-91852-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-91852-3","url_text":"978-1-317-91852-3"}]},{"reference":"Collins, Roger (1998). Charlemagne. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 978-0-333-65055-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-65055-4","url_text":"978-0-333-65055-4"}]},{"reference":"Contreni, John J. (1984), \"The Carolingian Renaissance\", in Treadgold, Warren T. (ed.), Renaissances before the Renaissance: cultural revivals of late antiquity and the Middle Ages, Stanford: Stanford University Press, ISBN 0-8047-1198-4","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-1198-4","url_text":"0-8047-1198-4"}]},{"reference":"Contreni, John J. (1995). \"The Carolingian Renaissance: Education and Literary Culture\". In McKitterick, Rosamond (ed.). The New Cambridge Medieval History Volume II:c.700-900. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781139055710.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781139055710","url_text":"9781139055710"}]},{"reference":"Costambeys, Marios; Innes, Matthew; MacLean, Simon (2011). The Carolingian World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-56366-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56366-6","url_text":"978-0-521-56366-6"}]},{"reference":"Coxon, Sebastian (2021). Beards and Texts: Images of masculinity in medieval German literature. London: UCL Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc. ISBN 978-1-78735-221-6. S2CID 239135035.","urls":[{"url":"https://directory.doabooks.org/handle/20.500.12854/74778","url_text":"Beards and Texts: Images of masculinity in medieval German literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv1hggknc","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv1hggknc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78735-221-6","url_text":"978-1-78735-221-6"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:239135035","url_text":"239135035"}]},{"reference":"Davies, Norman (1996). Europe: A History. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-820171-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=jrVW9W9eiYMC","url_text":"Europe: A History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-820171-7","url_text":"978-0-19-820171-7"}]},{"reference":"Davis, Jennifer R. (2015). Charlemagne's Practice of Empire. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-07699-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-07699-0","url_text":"978-1-107-07699-0"}]},{"reference":"Dutton, Paul (2016). Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-06228-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=WGgYDAAAQBAJ","url_text":"Charlemagne's Mustache: And Other Cultural Clusters of a Dark Age"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-06228-4","url_text":"978-1-137-06228-4"}]},{"reference":"Frassetto, Michael (2003). Encyclopedia of Barbarian Europe: Society in Transformation. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-57607-263-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-263-9","url_text":"978-1-57607-263-9"}]},{"reference":"Freeman, Elizabeth (2017). \"\"Charles the Great, or Just Plain Charles: Was Charlemagne a Great Medieval Leader?\"\". Agora. 52 (1): 10–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Fried, Johannes (2016). Charlemagne. Translated by Lewis, Peter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674737396.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0674737396","url_text":"978-0674737396"}]},{"reference":"Geary, Patrick J. (1987). \"Germanic Tradition and Royal Ideology in the Ninth Century: The Visio Karoli Magni\". Frühmittelalterliche Studien. 21: 274–294. doi:10.1515/9783110242195.274. S2CID 165699647.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110242195.274","url_text":"10.1515/9783110242195.274"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:165699647","url_text":"165699647"}]},{"reference":"Goffart, Walter (1986). \"Paul the Deacon's 'Gesta Episcoporum Mettensium' and the Early Design of Charlemagne's Succession\". Traditio. 42: 59–93. doi:10.1017/S0362152900004049. S2CID 151941720.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon","url_text":"Paul the Deacon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900004049","url_text":"10.1017/S0362152900004049"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151941720","url_text":"151941720"}]},{"reference":"Hägermann, Dieter (2011) [2000]. Carlo Magno: Il signore dell'Occidente [Karl der Grosse: Herrscher des Abendlandes]. Translated by Giuseppe Albertoni. Arnoldo Mondadori Editore.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hardman, Philipa; Ailes, Marianne (2017). The Legend of Charlemagne in Medieval England. Cambridge: DS Brewer. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-1-84384-472-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-472-3","url_text":"978-1-84384-472-3"}]},{"reference":"Heather, Peter (2009). Empires and Barbarians:The Fall of Rome and the birth of Europe. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-989226-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-989226-6","url_text":"978-0-19-989226-6"}]},{"reference":"Jackman, Donald C. (2010). Ius hereditarium Encountered III: Ezzo's Chess Match. Editions Enlaplage. pp. 9–12. ISBN 978-1-936466-54-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZI4NV16sGrUC&pg=PA9","url_text":"Ius hereditarium Encountered III: Ezzo's Chess Match"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-936466-54-2","url_text":"978-1-936466-54-2"}]},{"reference":"Kuskin, William (1999). \"Caxton's Worthies Series: The Production of Literary Culture\". ELH. 66 (3): 511–551. doi:10.1353/elh.1999.0027. JSTOR 30032085. S2CID 162260451. Retrieved 2 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30032085","url_text":"\"Caxton's Worthies Series: The Production of Literary Culture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1353%2Felh.1999.0027","url_text":"10.1353/elh.1999.0027"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/30032085","url_text":"30032085"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162260451","url_text":"162260451"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Andrew W. (1977). \"Dynastic Structures and Capetian Throne-Right: the Views of Giles of Paris\". Traditio. 33 (1): 225–252. doi:10.1017/S0362152900009119. JSTOR 27831029. Retrieved 9 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27831029","url_text":"\"Dynastic Structures and Capetian Throne-Right: the Views of Giles of Paris\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0362152900009119","url_text":"10.1017/S0362152900009119"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/27831029","url_text":"27831029"}]},{"reference":"Mayr-Harting, Henry (1996). \"Charlemagne, the Saxons, and the Imperial Coronation of 800\". The English Historical Review. 111 (444 November): 1113–1133. doi:10.1093/ehr/CXI.444.1113.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FCXI.444.1113","url_text":"10.1093/ehr/CXI.444.1113"}]},{"reference":"McCormick, Michael (2011). Charlemagne's Survey of the Holy Land: Wealth, Personnel, and Buildings of a Mediterranean Church between Antiquity and the Middle Ages. Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection.","urls":[]},{"reference":"McKitterick, Rosamond (1996). \"Unity and Diversity in the Carolingian Church\". Studies in Church History. 32: 59–82. doi:10.1017/S0424208400015333. S2CID 163254629.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0424208400015333","url_text":"10.1017/S0424208400015333"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163254629","url_text":"163254629"}]},{"reference":"McKitterick, Rosamond (2008). Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_in_the_Civil_War
New York City in the American Civil War
["1 Early war years","2 Military recruitment","3 Draft riots","4 Media and the war","5 1864 Election Day sabotage","6 Civil War notables from New York City","7 See also","8 Notes","9 Further reading","9.1 Primary sources","10 External links"]
History of New York City Lenape and New Netherland, to 1664New AmsterdamBritish and Revolution, 1665–1783Federal and early American, 1784–1854Tammany and Consolidation, 1855–1897(Civil War, 1861–1865)Early 20th century, 1898–1945Post–World War II, 1946–1977Modern and post-9/11, 1978–present See also TransportationTimelines: NYC • Bronx • Brooklyn • Queens • Staten IslandCategory vte 1860 map of New York City New York City during the American Civil War (1861–1865) was a bustling American city that provided a major source of troops, supplies, equipment and financing for the Union Army. Powerful New York politicians and newspaper editors helped shape public opinion toward the war effort and the policies of U.S. President Abraham Lincoln. The port of New York, a major entry point for immigrants, served as recruiting grounds for the Army. Irish-Americans and German-Americans participated in the war at a high rate. The city's strong commercial ties to the South, its growing immigrant population, and anger about conscription led to divided sympathies, with some business men favoring the Confederacy and other opinion in favor of the Union. The New York Draft Riot of 1863, provoked by fears of labor competition and resentment of wealthy men being able to buy their way out of the draft, was one of the worst incidents of civil unrest in American history and featured widespread ethnic Irish violence against blacks in the city. The neighboring and more populous City of Brooklyn, however, was more supportive of the war effort. Early war years This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "New York City in the American Civil War" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Broadway in 1860 New York City had long been the largest and in many ways the most influential city in the United States. By 1860, its population was a wide variety of diverse cultures, views, opinions, and politics. As Southern states began seceding with the election of Lincoln, New Yorkers in general supported the war effort, but there were several notable early exceptions. The city and the state had strong economic ties to the South. By 1822, half of the city's exports were related to cotton, which also fed the upstate and New England textile mills. Mayor Fernando Wood won reelection to a second term, serving from 1860 to 1862. He was one of many New York Democrats who were sympathetic to the Confederacy and called "Copperheads" by staunch Unionists. In January 1861, Wood suggested to the City Council for New York City to secede as the "Free City of Tri-Insula" to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederacy. Wood's Democratic machine was concerned to maintain the revenues and jobs in the city (which depended on Southern cotton), which also supported the patronage system. Politically, the city was dominated by Democrats, many of whom were under the control of a political machine known as Tammany Hall. Led by William "Boss" Tweed, the Democrats were elected to numerous offices in New York City, and to the state legislature and judges' seats, often through illegal means. From 1860 to 1870, Tweed controlled most Democratic nominations in the city, and Republicans tended to dominate Upstate New York. Lincoln supporters formed the Union League to support the war effort and the president's policies. A series of U.S. Army forts, most constructed prior to the war, housed garrisons of Union troops to protect New York Harbor and the city from possible Confederate attack, but none occurred. Fort Lafayette, Fort Schuyler, and several others eventually were used to hold hundreds of Confederate prisoners-of-war. The Army established or expanded several large military hospitals, including McDougall Hospital and De Camp General Hospital, to serve the growing numbers of wounded and ill soldiers. Among the military innovations coming from New York City was the "Wig-Wag Signaling" system, tested in New York Harbor by Major Albert J. Myer. Riker's Island was used as a military training ground for both white and United States Colored Troops during the Civil War; the latter were authorized in 1863. New soldiers were trained at "Camp Astor", named for the millionaire John Jacob Astor III, who provided funding for the army. Among the early regiments trained at Camp Astor were the Anderson Zouaves, commanded by Col. John Lafayette Riker, a descendant of the family who had owned the island. The New York Navy Yard, established in 1801 in Brooklyn, was a major facility for the construction and repair of Union Navy ships. By the second year of the Civil War, the Yard had expanded to employ about 6000 men. In addition to government factories, hundreds of small private businesses throughout the New York area, such as the National Arms Company, provided military accoutrements, supplies, sundries, and items of use and comfort to the soldiers. Military recruitment Despite pockets of objections to Lincoln's call for volunteers to serve in the Union army shortly after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, New Yorkers in general rushed to join the army or to raise financial and other support for the new troops. In one three-month period in early 1861, the city raised $150,000,000 for the war effort. By the end of May 1861, New York had raised 30,000 men for the volunteer army, including the "New York Fire Zouaves" (11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment) under a personal friend of Lincoln, Elmer Ellsworth. Troops paraded down Broadway to cheers and shouts as they left for the war. Over the course of the war, the city would send off over 100,000 troops collected from around the state. (based on New York State records, New York City raised over 150,000 volunteers, not including the tens of thousands of militia called up during emergencies during the war. In addition, 30 to 50,000 sailors joined the Navy at New York City.) Beside the Fire Zouaves, other regiments raised in New York City became prominent in the Union army, including the 1st U.S. Sharpshooters (under Col. Hiram Berdan), the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Hawkins' Zouaves), and the 10th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment ("National Guard Zouaves"). In 1862, George Opdyke was elected as mayor of New York City, succeeding Fernando Wood. A staunch supporter of Lincoln since before the war, Opdyke worked hard to raise and equip more state troops, and to prevent commercial panics on Wall Street as the Union's war successes waxed and waned. Under his leadership, recruiting efforts were renewed, particularly targeted at the vast supply of immigrants. Draft riots Main article: New York Draft Riots President Lincoln and much of the Republican element of the U.S. Congress, concerned with the numbers of veteran troops whose terms of enlistments had expired and wanting to press the war to a conclusion, had approved of a conscription law to draft soldiers into the army to augment the number of volunteers. "Draft Week" in New York City was scheduled for mid-July 1863. Because of opposition to the draft, Lincoln sent several regiments of militia and volunteer troops (some fresh off the Gettysburg battlefield) to control the city. The rioters numbered in the thousands, and were predominantly Irish Catholics. Initially intended to express anger at the draft, which wealthier men could buy substitutes for, the protests quickly degraded into civil disorder against the Republicans and especially against Black Americans. The conditions in the city were such that Maj. Gen. John E. Wool stated on July 16, "Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it." Using artillery and fixed bayonets, after the first day the military suppressed the mob, but not before numerous buildings were ransacked or destroyed, including many homes, the Tribune office, an orphanage for blacks, and P.T. Barnum's museum of oddities. Media and the war New York City had a number of widely read newspapers and periodicals, whose influence was felt across the country. Horace Greeley, one of the founders of the Republican Party, developed his New York Tribune into America's most influential newspaper from 1840 through 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as anti-slavery and other reform movements. Greeley, who during the secession crisis of 1861 had espoused a hard line against the Confederacy, became a voice for the Radical Republicans during the war, in opposition to Lincoln's moderation. By 1864 he had lost much of his control over the newspaper, but wrote an editorial expressing defeatism regarding Lincoln's chances of reelection. As his editorials were reprinted across the country, his pessimism was widely read. The New York Herald, under owner James Gordon Bennett Sr., regularly criticized Lincoln's administration and policies, although Bennett and his paper strongly supported the Union. He had endorsed John C. Breckinridge early in the 1860 presidential campaign, then shifted to John Bell. In 1864, Bennett promoted George B. McClellan against Lincoln, but officially endorsed neither candidate. In addition to the powerful newspapers, New York City was the site of the printing presses of several other important periodicals, such as Harper's Weekly, Frank Leslie's Illustrated News, and New York Illustrated News. The political cartoonist Thomas Nast became a well-known commentator on the war, and his efforts helped stir patriotism and fervor for the Union. Field war correspondents and artists such as Alfred Waud provided the public with first-hand accounts from the Northern armies. Two journalists for the Brooklyn Eagle conspired to exploit the financial situation during early part of 1864, a plot known as the Civil War gold hoax. On May 18, two New York City newspapers, the New York World and the New York Journal of Commerce, 400,000 more men into the Union army. Share prices soon fell on the New York Stock Exchange when investors began to buy gold, and its value increased 10%. Officials finally traced the source of the story to the two men from the rival Brooklyn newspaper and arrested them. Thomas W. Knox, a veteran journalist for the New York Herald, published a series of scathing attacks on General William Tecumseh Sherman and his men. These contributed to speculation over Sherman's sanity. Knox printed important information related to the Vicksburg Campaign that led to his being charged, tried, and found guilty of disobedience of orders, although he was acquitted on espionage charges. 1864 Election Day sabotage Secret agents from the Confederacy operated in New York City throughout the war, providing information on troop strengths, political views, shipments, etc. to the government in Richmond. Some of these agents planned an act of terrorism for Election Day in November 1864, to burn down several leading city hotels. The plot was initially foiled due to a double agent who turned over communications to Federal officials, and to a massive military presence that deterred the plotters. Election Day, November 8, passed without incident. But, on November 25, the saboteurs finally struck, setting fires at several hotels and other leading landmarks, including P. T. Barnum's museum, which had been rebuilt following the Draft Riots the year before. The city's firefighters extinguished most of the blazes, and the majority of the conspirators escaped to Canada. However, former Confederate officer Robert Cobb Kennedy was arrested, court-martialed, and hanged at Fort Lafayette in the harbor on 25 March 1865. Civil War notables from New York City John Jacob Astor III - financier, brevet brigadier general in the Union Army Richard Delafield - major general in charge of New York's defenses Thomas Devin - cavalry divisional commander in the Union army Hamilton Fish - former Congressman; financier and commissioner Benjamin F. Isherwood - U.S. Navy officer who pioneered engineering innovations Alexander S. MacKenzie - U.S. Navy officer Dennis Hart Mahan - USMA professor at West Point; expert in siege warfare Wesley Merritt - cavalry general in the Union Army Timothy H. O'Sullivan - pioneer photographer James B. Ricketts - Union army general Daniel Sickles - corps commander in the Army of the Potomac John Slidell - Confederate political agent Alexander S. Webb - division commander in the Army of the Potomac See also New York in the American Civil War - the statewide situation History of New York City (1855–97) Confederate Army of Manhattan St. Nicholas Hotel (New York City) Notes ^ a b "King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade" Archived 2013-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War, New-York Historical Society, accessed May 12, 2012 ^ "Mr. Lincoln and New York". Archived from the original on 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, (1988) pp. 32-33, ^ "The Draft in the Civil War", U-S History, Online Highways LLC ^ William Bryk, "The Draft Riots, Part II" Archived 2018-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, NY Press, August 2, 2002, Blog post ^ "The Riots". Harper's Weekly, volume vii, no 344. Sonofthesouth.net. pp. 382, 394. ^ "Mr. Lincoln and New York". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-09-23. ^ The Plot To Burn New-York.; Arrest Of Four Conspirators. They Are To Be Tried As Spies. Court-Martial At Fort Lafayette. Travels of a Hotel-Keeper. The Testimonial Business An Imposition on Ill.-Paid Clerks. The New York Times. Published: January 17, 1865 ^ Brandt, Nat (1986). The Man Who Tried to Burn New York. York State Books. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0207-3 ^ Marshall, John A., American Bastille: A history of the illegal arrests and imprisonment of American citizens during the late Civil War (Civil liberties in American history) ISBN 1-4179-3078-0 Further reading Further information: New York City draft riots Anbinder, Tyler G. "Fernando Wood and New York City's Secession from the Union: A Political Reappraisal." New York History 68.1 (1987): 67+. Bernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990) Bilby, Joseph G. The Irish Brigade in the Civil War: the 69th New York and other Irish regiments of the Army of the Potomac (1998). Burrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. Gotham: a history of New York City to 1898 (Oxford University Press, 1998). Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale University Press, 2nd ed. 2010) Jaffe, Steven H. New York at War: Four Centuries of Combat, Fear, and Intrigue in Gotham (2012) pp. 141–175; popular. James, John A., and David F. Weiman. "The national banking acts and the transformation of New York City banking during the civil war era." Journal of Economic History 71.2 (2011): 338–362. Kessner, Thomas. Capital City: New York City and the Men Behind America's Rise to Economic Dominance, 1860-1900 ( Simon and Schuster, 2003). Livingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994) McKay, Ernest A. The Civil War and New York City (1990), a superficial compilation. Miller, Richard F. ed. States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War (2014) excerpt; Highly detailed bibliographical and chronological guide to the state and city Quigley, David. Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy (Hill and Wang, 2004) excerpt Spann, Edward K. Gotham at War: New York City, 1860-1865 (2002) excerpt Strausbaugh, John City of Sedition: The History of New York City during the Civil War (Grand Central Publishing, 2016) Primary sources Mendelsohn, Adam, and Jonathan D. Sarna, eds. Jews and the Civil War: A Reader (New York University Press, 2016) Strong, George Templeton. Diary of George Templeton Strong vol 3: The Civil War Years (1952) online External links Mr. Lincoln and New York vteU.S. Cities during the American Civil WarUnion Cincinnati Cleveland Harrisburg Indianapolis New York City Philadelphia Pittsburgh Border states Baltimore Lexington Louisville Romney, West Virginia St. Louis Washington, D.C. Confederacy Atlanta Charleston Chattanooga Columbia Mobile Nashville New Orleans Petersburg Richmond St. Augustine Selma Vicksburg Winchester Wilmington Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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Myer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_J._Myer"},{"link_name":"Riker's Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riker%27s_Island"},{"link_name":"United States Colored Troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops"},{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_III"},{"link_name":"Anderson Zouaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anderson_Zouaves"},{"link_name":"Col.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"John Lafayette Riker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lafayette_Riker"},{"link_name":"New York Navy Yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Navy_Yard"},{"link_name":"Union Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Navy"},{"link_name":"National Arms Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Arms_Company"}],"text":"Broadway in 1860New York City had long been the largest and in many ways the most influential city in the United States. By 1860, its population was a wide variety of diverse cultures, views, opinions, and politics. As Southern states began seceding with the election of Lincoln, New Yorkers in general supported the war effort, but there were several notable early exceptions.The city and the state had strong economic ties to the South. By 1822, half of the city's exports were related to cotton, which also fed the upstate and New England textile mills.[1] Mayor Fernando Wood won reelection to a second term, serving from 1860 to 1862. He was one of many New York Democrats who were sympathetic to the Confederacy and called \"Copperheads\" by staunch Unionists. In January 1861, Wood suggested to the City Council for New York City to secede as the \"Free City of Tri-Insula\" to continue its profitable cotton trade with the Confederacy. Wood's Democratic machine was concerned to maintain the revenues and jobs in the city (which depended on Southern cotton), which also supported the patronage system.[1]Politically, the city was dominated by Democrats, many of whom were under the control of a political machine known as Tammany Hall. Led by William \"Boss\" Tweed, the Democrats were elected to numerous offices in New York City, and to the state legislature and judges' seats, often through illegal means. From 1860 to 1870, Tweed controlled most Democratic nominations in the city, and Republicans tended to dominate Upstate New York. Lincoln supporters formed the Union League to support the war effort and the president's policies.A series of U.S. Army forts, most constructed prior to the war, housed garrisons of Union troops to protect New York Harbor and the city from possible Confederate attack, but none occurred. Fort Lafayette, Fort Schuyler, and several others eventually were used to hold hundreds of Confederate prisoners-of-war. The Army established or expanded several large military hospitals, including McDougall Hospital and De Camp General Hospital, to serve the growing numbers of wounded and ill soldiers. Among the military innovations coming from New York City was the \"Wig-Wag Signaling\" system, tested in New York Harbor by Major Albert J. Myer.Riker's Island was used as a military training ground for both white and United States Colored Troops during the Civil War; the latter were authorized in 1863. New soldiers were trained at \"Camp Astor\", named for the millionaire John Jacob Astor III, who provided funding for the army. Among the early regiments trained at Camp Astor were the Anderson Zouaves, commanded by Col. John Lafayette Riker, a descendant of the family who had owned the island.The New York Navy Yard, established in 1801 in Brooklyn, was a major facility for the construction and repair of Union Navy ships. By the second year of the Civil War, the Yard had expanded to employ about 6000 men. In addition to government factories, hundreds of small private businesses throughout the New York area, such as the National Arms Company, provided military accoutrements, supplies, sundries, and items of use and comfort to the soldiers.","title":"Early war years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fort Sumter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Sumter"},{"link_name":"11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/11th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"Elmer Ellsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmer_Ellsworth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Hiram Berdan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Berdan"},{"link_name":"9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"10th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"George Opdyke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Opdyke"},{"link_name":"Wall Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wall_Street"}],"text":"Despite pockets of objections to Lincoln's call for volunteers to serve in the Union army shortly after the bombardment of Fort Sumter, New Yorkers in general rushed to join the army or to raise financial and other support for the new troops. In one three-month period in early 1861, the city raised $150,000,000 for the war effort. By the end of May 1861, New York had raised 30,000 men for the volunteer army, including the \"New York Fire Zouaves\" (11th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment) under a personal friend of Lincoln, Elmer Ellsworth. Troops paraded down Broadway to cheers and shouts as they left for the war. Over the course of the war, the city would send off over 100,000 troops collected from around the state.[2] (based on New York State records, New York City raised over 150,000 volunteers, not including the tens of thousands of militia called up during emergencies during the war. In addition, 30 to 50,000 sailors joined the Navy at New York City.)Beside the Fire Zouaves, other regiments raised in New York City became prominent in the Union army, including the 1st U.S. Sharpshooters (under Col. Hiram Berdan), the 9th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (Hawkins' Zouaves), and the 10th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment (\"National Guard Zouaves\").In 1862, George Opdyke was elected as mayor of New York City, succeeding Fernando Wood. A staunch supporter of Lincoln since before the war, Opdyke worked hard to raise and equip more state troops, and to prevent commercial panics on Wall Street as the Union's war successes waxed and waned. Under his leadership, recruiting efforts were renewed, particularly targeted at the vast supply of immigrants.","title":"Military recruitment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Militia"},{"link_name":"Gettysburg battlefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Gettysburg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harpers1-6"},{"link_name":"Black Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_American"},{"link_name":"Maj. Gen.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_General"},{"link_name":"John E. Wool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_E._Wool"},{"link_name":"Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"P.T. Barnum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P.T._Barnum"}],"text":"President Lincoln and much of the Republican element of the U.S. Congress, concerned with the numbers of veteran troops whose terms of enlistments had expired and wanting to press the war to a conclusion, had approved of a conscription law to draft soldiers into the army to augment the number of volunteers. \"Draft Week\" in New York City was scheduled for mid-July 1863. Because of opposition to the draft, Lincoln sent several regiments of militia and volunteer troops (some fresh off the Gettysburg battlefield) to control the city. The rioters numbered in the thousands, and were predominantly Irish Catholics.[3][4][5][6]Initially intended to express anger at the draft, which wealthier men could buy substitutes for, the protests quickly degraded into civil disorder against the Republicans and especially against Black Americans. The conditions in the city were such that Maj. Gen. John E. Wool stated on July 16, \"Martial law ought to be proclaimed, but I have not a sufficient force to enforce it.\" Using artillery and fixed bayonets, after the first day the military suppressed the mob, but not before numerous buildings were ransacked or destroyed, including many homes, the Tribune office, an orphanage for blacks, and P.T. Barnum's museum of oddities.","title":"Draft riots"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Horace Greeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Greeley"},{"link_name":"New York Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Tribune"},{"link_name":"Whig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_United_States_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Radical Republicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_Republicans"},{"link_name":"New York Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Herald"},{"link_name":"James Gordon Bennett Sr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gordon_Bennett_Sr."},{"link_name":"John C. Breckinridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_C._Breckinridge"},{"link_name":"John Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_(Tennessee_politician)"},{"link_name":"George B. McClellan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_B._McClellan"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"Frank Leslie's Illustrated News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Illustrated_News"},{"link_name":"New York Illustrated News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Illustrated_News&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Nast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Nast"},{"link_name":"war correspondents","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_correspondent"},{"link_name":"Alfred Waud","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Waud"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Eagle"},{"link_name":"Civil War gold hoax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_War_gold_hoax"},{"link_name":"New York World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_World"},{"link_name":"New York Journal of Commerce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Journal_of_Commerce&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New York Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"Thomas W. Knox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Knox"},{"link_name":"William Tecumseh Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Vicksburg Campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicksburg_Campaign"},{"link_name":"espionage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Espionage"}],"text":"New York City had a number of widely read newspapers and periodicals, whose influence was felt across the country. Horace Greeley, one of the founders of the Republican Party, developed his New York Tribune into America's most influential newspaper from 1840 through 1870. Greeley used it to promote the Whig and Republican parties, as well as anti-slavery and other reform movements. Greeley, who during the secession crisis of 1861 had espoused a hard line against the Confederacy, became a voice for the Radical Republicans during the war, in opposition to Lincoln's moderation. By 1864 he had lost much of his control over the newspaper, but wrote an editorial expressing defeatism regarding Lincoln's chances of reelection. As his editorials were reprinted across the country, his pessimism was widely read.The New York Herald, under owner James Gordon Bennett Sr., regularly criticized Lincoln's administration and policies, although Bennett and his paper strongly supported the Union. He had endorsed John C. Breckinridge early in the 1860 presidential campaign, then shifted to John Bell. In 1864, Bennett promoted George B. McClellan against Lincoln, but officially endorsed neither candidate.In addition to the powerful newspapers, New York City was the site of the printing presses of several other important periodicals, such as Harper's Weekly, Frank Leslie's Illustrated News, and New York Illustrated News. The political cartoonist Thomas Nast became a well-known commentator on the war, and his efforts helped stir patriotism and fervor for the Union. Field war correspondents and artists such as Alfred Waud provided the public with first-hand accounts from the Northern armies.Two journalists for the Brooklyn Eagle conspired to exploit the financial situation during early part of 1864, a plot known as the Civil War gold hoax. On May 18, two New York City newspapers, the New York World and the New York Journal of Commerce, 400,000 more men into the Union army. Share prices soon fell on the New York Stock Exchange when investors began to buy gold, and its value increased 10%. Officials finally traced the source of the story to the two men from the rival Brooklyn newspaper and arrested them.Thomas W. Knox, a veteran journalist for the New York Herald, published a series of scathing attacks on General William Tecumseh Sherman and his men. These contributed to speculation over Sherman's sanity. Knox printed important information related to the Vicksburg Campaign that led to his being charged, tried, and found guilty of disobedience of orders, although he was acquitted on espionage charges.","title":"Media and the war"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Secret agents from the Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Secret_Service"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"terrorism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terrorism"},{"link_name":"Election Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1864_United_States_presidential_election"},{"link_name":"double agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_agent"},{"link_name":"P. T. Barnum's museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnum%27s_American_Museum"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Robert Cobb Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cobb_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Fort Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Lafayette"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Secret agents from the Confederacy operated in New York City throughout the war, providing information on troop strengths, political views, shipments, etc. to the government in Richmond. Some of these agents planned an act of terrorism for Election Day in November 1864, to burn down several leading city hotels. The plot was initially foiled due to a double agent who turned over communications to Federal officials, and to a massive military presence that deterred the plotters. Election Day, November 8, passed without incident. But, on November 25, the saboteurs finally struck, setting fires at several hotels and other leading landmarks, including P. T. Barnum's museum, which had been rebuilt following the Draft Riots the year before. The city's firefighters extinguished most of the blazes, and the majority of the conspirators escaped to Canada.[7] However, former Confederate officer Robert Cobb Kennedy was arrested, court-martialed, and hanged at Fort Lafayette in the harbor on 25 March 1865.[8][9][10]","title":"1864 Election Day sabotage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Jacob Astor III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Jacob_Astor_III"},{"link_name":"Richard Delafield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Delafield"},{"link_name":"Thomas Devin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Devin"},{"link_name":"Hamilton Fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamilton_Fish"},{"link_name":"Benjamin F. Isherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_F._Isherwood"},{"link_name":"Alexander S. MacKenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Slidell_MacKenzie_(Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Hart Mahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Hart_Mahan"},{"link_name":"Wesley Merritt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wesley_Merritt"},{"link_name":"Timothy H. O'Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timothy_H._O%27Sullivan"},{"link_name":"James B. Ricketts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_B._Ricketts"},{"link_name":"Daniel Sickles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Sickles"},{"link_name":"John Slidell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Slidell"},{"link_name":"Alexander S. Webb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_S._Webb"}],"text":"John Jacob Astor III - financier, brevet brigadier general in the Union Army\nRichard Delafield - major general in charge of New York's defenses\nThomas Devin - cavalry divisional commander in the Union army\nHamilton Fish - former Congressman; financier and commissioner\nBenjamin F. Isherwood - U.S. Navy officer who pioneered engineering innovations\nAlexander S. MacKenzie - U.S. Navy officer\nDennis Hart Mahan - USMA professor at West Point; expert in siege warfare\nWesley Merritt - cavalry general in the Union Army\nTimothy H. O'Sullivan - pioneer photographer\nJames B. Ricketts - Union army general\nDaniel Sickles - corps commander in the Army of the Potomac\nJohn Slidell - Confederate political agent\nAlexander S. Webb - division commander in the Army of the Potomac","title":"Civil War notables from New York City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-divided_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-divided_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/T1/G1/G1ReadMore.php"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130330070752/http://nydivided.org/VirtualExhibit/T1/G1/G1ReadMore.php"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Mr. Lincoln and New York\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20090217144259/http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=81&subjectID=4"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=81&subjectID=4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"The Draft in the Civil War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.u-s-history.com/pages/h249.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"William Bryk, \"The Draft Riots, Part II\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.nypress.com/article-6235-the-draft-riots-part-ii.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180713205631/http://www.nypress.com/article-6235-the-draft-riots-part-ii.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-harpers1_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"The Riots\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/august/new-york-riot.htm"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"Mr. Lincoln and New York\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160304000857/http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=103&subjectID=4"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=103&subjectID=4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"The Plot To Burn New-York.; Arrest Of Four Conspirators. They Are To Be Tried As Spies. Court-Martial At Fort Lafayette. Travels of a Hotel-Keeper. The Testimonial Business An Imposition on Ill.-Paid Clerks.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/1865/01/17/news/plot-burn-new-york-arrest-four-conspirators-they-are-be-tried-spies-court.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8156-0207-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0207-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-4179-3078-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4179-3078-0"}],"text":"^ a b \"King Cotton: Dramatic Growth of the Cotton Trade\" Archived 2013-03-30 at the Wayback Machine, New York Divided: Slavery and the Civil War, New-York Historical Society, accessed May 12, 2012\n\n^ \"Mr. Lincoln and New York\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2006-09-23.\n\n^ Eric Foner, Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution, 1863-1877, (1988) pp. 32-33,\n\n^ \"The Draft in the Civil War\", U-S History, Online Highways LLC\n\n^ William Bryk, \"The Draft Riots, Part II\" Archived 2018-07-13 at the Wayback Machine, NY Press, August 2, 2002, Blog post\n\n^ \"The Riots\". Harper's Weekly, volume vii, no 344. Sonofthesouth.net. pp. 382, 394.\n\n^ \"Mr. Lincoln and New York\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-09-23.\n\n^ The Plot To Burn New-York.; Arrest Of Four Conspirators. They Are To Be Tried As Spies. Court-Martial At Fort Lafayette. Travels of a Hotel-Keeper. The Testimonial Business An Imposition on Ill.-Paid Clerks. The New York Times. Published: January 17, 1865\n\n^ Brandt, Nat (1986). The Man Who Tried to Burn New York. York State Books. Syracuse, NY: Syracuse University Press. ISBN 0-8156-0207-3\n\n^ Marshall, John A., American Bastille: A history of the illegal arrests and imprisonment of American citizens during the late Civil War (Civil liberties in American history) ISBN 1-4179-3078-0","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York City draft riots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/States-War-Reference-Guide-Civil/dp/1611682665/"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Second-Founding-Reconstruction-American-Democracy-ebook/dp/B00XHLIA0G/"},{"link_name":"excerpt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.amazon.com/Gotham-War-1860-1865-American-Crisis/dp/0842050574/"}],"text":"Further information: New York City draft riotsAnbinder, Tyler G. \"Fernando Wood and New York City's Secession from the Union: A Political Reappraisal.\" New York History 68.1 (1987): 67+.\nBernstein, Iver. The New York City Draft Riots: Their Significance for American Society and Politics in the Age of the Civil War (1990)\nBilby, Joseph G. The Irish Brigade in the Civil War: the 69th New York and other Irish regiments of the Army of the Potomac (1998).\nBurrows, Edwin G., and Mike Wallace. Gotham: a history of New York City to 1898 (Oxford University Press, 1998).\nJackson, Kenneth T., ed. The Encyclopedia of New York City (Yale University Press, 2nd ed. 2010)\nJaffe, Steven H. New York at War: Four Centuries of Combat, Fear, and Intrigue in Gotham (2012) pp. 141–175; popular.\nJames, John A., and David F. Weiman. \"The national banking acts and the transformation of New York City banking during the civil war era.\" Journal of Economic History 71.2 (2011): 338–362.\nKessner, Thomas. Capital City: New York City and the Men Behind America's Rise to Economic Dominance, 1860-1900 ( Simon and Schuster, 2003).\nLivingston, E. H. President Lincoln's Third Largest City: Brooklyn and The Civil War (1994)\nMcKay, Ernest A. The Civil War and New York City (1990), a superficial compilation.\nMiller, Richard F. ed. States at War, Volume 2: A Reference Guide for New York in the Civil War (2014) excerpt; Highly detailed bibliographical and chronological guide to the state and city\nQuigley, David. Second Founding: New York City, Reconstruction, and the Making of American Democracy (Hill and Wang, 2004) excerpt\nSpann, Edward K. Gotham at War: New York City, 1860-1865 (2002) excerpt\nStrausbaugh, John City of Sedition: The History of New York City during the Civil War (Grand Central Publishing, 2016)","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/gtsvol-3"}],"sub_title":"Primary sources","text":"Mendelsohn, Adam, and Jonathan D. Sarna, eds. Jews and the Civil War: A Reader (New York University Press, 2016)\nStrong, George Templeton. Diary of George Templeton Strong vol 3: The Civil War Years (1952) online","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"1860 map of New York City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1860_Mitchell_Map_of_New_York_City%2C_New_York_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NYC-mitchell-1860.jpg/200px-1860_Mitchell_Map_of_New_York_City%2C_New_York_%28first_edition%29_-_Geographicus_-_NYC-mitchell-1860.jpg"},{"image_text":"Broadway in 1860","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/NewYorkCity1860.jpg/200px-NewYorkCity1860.jpg"}]
[{"title":"New York in the American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War"},{"title":"History of New York City (1855–97)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%9397)"},{"title":"Confederate Army of Manhattan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederate_Army_of_Manhattan"},{"title":"St. Nicholas Hotel (New York City)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Nicholas_Hotel_(New_York_City)"}]
[{"reference":"\"Mr. Lincoln and New York\". Archived from the original on 2009-02-17. Retrieved 2006-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090217144259/http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=81&subjectID=4","url_text":"\"Mr. Lincoln and New York\""},{"url":"http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=81&subjectID=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Riots\". Harper's Weekly, volume vii, no 344. Sonofthesouth.net. pp. 382, 394.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sonofthesouth.net/leefoundation/civil-war/1863/august/new-york-riot.htm","url_text":"\"The Riots\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly","url_text":"Harper's Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Mr. Lincoln and New York\". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2006-09-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304000857/http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=103&subjectID=4","url_text":"\"Mr. Lincoln and New York\""},{"url":"http://www.mrlincolnandnewyork.org/inside.asp?ID=103&subjectID=4","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Forssell
Lars Forssell
["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]
Swedish writer (1928–2007) Lars ForssellGenrepoetrylyricsjournalismdramaNotable awardsBellman Prize Lars Hans Carl Abraham Forssell (14 January 1928 – 26 July 2007) was a Swedish writer and member of the Swedish Academy. Forssell was a versatile writer who worked within many genres, including poetry, drama and songwriting. He was awarded the Bellman Prize in both 1968 and 1981 Early life Lars Forssell was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1928. He attended a local elementary school called Kungsholms Folkskola, which, at the beginning of the twentieth century, was the world's largest elementary school - the school had a capacity of 3,800 pupils, but since not all of them attended school every day, they were taught in shifts and according to the City Museum of Stockholm, the total number of enrolled pupils was over 6,000. He studied in the United States during the 1940s, returned to Sweden to study for a degree at the University of Uppsala in 1952. Career While in attending the University of Uppsala, he became a cultural reporter for various Swedish newspapers and journals (Utsikt, Bonniers Litterära Magasin, Poesi, Dagens Nyheter and Expressen). At the same time, he became established as a lyricist for cabaret shows and his own reviews (including Två åsnor (A Pair of Donkeys) which was staged in Gothenburg in 1957). In 1966 he was a member of the jury at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival. During the late 1960s he was among the contributors of a satirical magazine, Puss, in Stockholm. His collections of poetry won him membership of the Swedish Academy in 1971, while his song lyrics brought him widespread public recognition. During the 1970s he worked tirelessly as a poet and as a song-contest lyricist, including writing for the 1973 Swedish Eurovision Song Contest entry selection round (Melodifestivalen) and for performer Lill-Babs in 1980. He was awarded the Bellman Prize in both 1968 and 1981, the Pilot Prize in 1992, the Litteris et Artibus award in 1993, the Cornelis Vreeswijk scholarship in 1997 and the Swedish Academy's Nordic Prize in 1998. His works include anthologies of poetry, books of song lyrics, children's books, plays, operatic librettos and translations. Personal life He was married in 1951 to Kerstin Hane, and was the father of Jonas and Malte Forssell. Forssell died in Stockholm in 2007. References ^ "Berlinale 1966: Juries". berlinale.de. Retrieved 22 February 2010. ^ "Puss 1968–1973". tidskrift.nu (in Swedish). Retrieved 6 September 2022. External links The Local: Author Lars Forssell dead Cultural offices Preceded bySigfrid Siwertz Swedish Academy,Seat No.4 1971–2007 Succeeded byAnders Olsson vteList of Swedish Academy Nordic Prize winners 1986: Villy Sørensen 1987: William Heinesen 1988: Nils Erik Enkvist 1989: Rolf Jacobsen 1990: Henrik Nordbrandt 1991: Tomas Tranströmer 1992: Thor Vilhjálmsson 1993: Paavo Haavikko 1994: Inger Christensen 1995: Lars Ahlin 1996: Arne Næss 1997: Bo Carpelan 1998: Lars Forssell 1999: Klaus Rifbjerg 2000: Lars Huldén 2001: Willy Kyrklund 2002: Torben Brostrøm 2003: Lars Norén 2004: Guðbergur Bergsson 2005: Göran Sonnevi 2006: Pia Tafdrup 2007: Jon Fosse 2008: Sven-Eric Liedman 2009: Kjell Askildsen 2010: Per Olov Enquist 2011: Ernst Håkon Jahr 2012: Einar Már Guðmundsson 2013: Sofi Oksanen 2014: Lars Gustafsson 2015: Thomas Bredsdorff 2016: Monika Fagerholm 2017: Dag Solstad 2018: Agneta Pleijel 2019: Karl Ove Knausgård 2020: Rosa Liksom 2021: Eldrid Lunden 2022: Naja Marie Aidt 2023: Sjón Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Sweden Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
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He was awarded the Bellman Prize in both 1968 and 1981","title":"Lars Forssell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Kungsholms Folkskola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kungsholms_Folkskola&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"elementary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_education"},{"link_name":"City Museum of Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Museum_of_Stockholm"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"University of Uppsala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Uppsala"}],"text":"Lars Forssell was born in Stockholm, Sweden, in 1928. He attended a local elementary school called Kungsholms Folkskola, which, at the beginning of the twentieth century, was the world's largest elementary school - the school had a capacity of 3,800 pupils, but since not all of them attended school every day, they were taught in shifts and according to the City Museum of Stockholm, the total number of enrolled pupils was over 6,000.He studied in the United States during the 1940s, returned to Sweden to study for a degree at the University of Uppsala in 1952.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utsikt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Utsikt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bonniers Litterära Magasin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonniers_Litter%C3%A4ra_Magasin"},{"link_name":"Poesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Poesi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dagens Nyheter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagens_Nyheter"},{"link_name":"Expressen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressen"},{"link_name":"cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret"},{"link_name":"Gothenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothenburg"},{"link_name":"16th Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlinale_1966-1"},{"link_name":"Puss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puss_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest"},{"link_name":"Melodifestivalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melodifestivalen"},{"link_name":"Lill-Babs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lill-Babs"},{"link_name":"Bellman Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellman_Prize"},{"link_name":"Pilot Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilot_Prize&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Litteris et Artibus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litteris_et_Artibus"},{"link_name":"Cornelis Vreeswijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelis_Vreeswijk"},{"link_name":"librettos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libretto"}],"text":"While in attending the University of Uppsala, he became a cultural reporter for various Swedish newspapers and journals (Utsikt, Bonniers Litterära Magasin, Poesi, Dagens Nyheter and Expressen). At the same time, he became established as a lyricist for cabaret shows and his own reviews (including Två åsnor (A Pair of Donkeys) which was staged in Gothenburg in 1957). In 1966 he was a member of the jury at the 16th Berlin International Film Festival.[1] During the late 1960s he was among the contributors of a satirical magazine, Puss, in Stockholm.[2]His collections of poetry won him membership of the Swedish Academy in 1971, while his song lyrics brought him widespread public recognition. During the 1970s he worked tirelessly as a poet and as a song-contest lyricist, including writing for the 1973 Swedish Eurovision Song Contest entry selection round (Melodifestivalen) and for performer Lill-Babs in 1980.He was awarded the Bellman Prize in both 1968 and 1981, the Pilot Prize in 1992, the Litteris et Artibus award in 1993, the Cornelis Vreeswijk scholarship in 1997 and the Swedish Academy's Nordic Prize in 1998. His works include anthologies of poetry, books of song lyrics, children's books, plays, operatic librettos and translations.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"He was married in 1951 to Kerstin Hane, and was the father of Jonas and Malte Forssell. Forssell died in Stockholm in 2007.","title":"Personal life"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stateline_(TV_program)
Stateline (TV program)
["1 Format","2 References","3 External links"]
Australian television current affairs program StatelineGenreNews, current affairsPresented byQuentin Dempster (NSW)Josie Taylor (VIC)Jessica van Vonderen (QLD)Ian Henschke (SA)Eliza Blue (WA)Laetitia Lemke (NT)Airlie Ward (TAS)Chris Kimball (ACT)Country of originAustraliaOriginal releaseNetworkABC1ABC News 24 (2010)ABC iviewRelease16 February 1996 (1996-02-16) –4 March 2011 (2011-03-04)1 January 2024 (2024-01-01)Related ABC News 7.30 Stateline is a brand used by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation for some local and state-based news stories. It was previously a television current affairs program. It provided analysis of state and municipal politics as well as insight into state and regional issues in a current affairs journalistic style. The program was known for its interviews with politicians, and for its coverage of important regional issues. The program premiered on 16 February 1996 at 6 pm. It moved to 7:30 pm in February 2001, which resulted in The 7.30 Report being removed from Fridays. The ABC announced in December 2010 that the state-based current affairs program Stateline would be folded into a new 7.30 brand from March 2011. The change saw 7.30 extended to five nights a week, although Friday editions were to be presented locally and focus on state affairs. The Friday state-based editions of 7.30 were eventually axed in December 2014. Format It is broadcast on ABC TV, ABC News and ABC iview on Sundays during the state-based news bulletins, with eight separate state and territory specific editions. It was also broadcast on the new digital channel ABC2 after its launch in March 2005. With the launch of ABC News 24 in 2010, each local version of Stateline was also broadcast nationally on the channel over the weekend. As of 2024 the Stateline brand name is in use by the ABC again. Local presenters of state news bulletins anchor episodes of Stateline. Former presenters of Stateline until 2011 include: State/Territory Presenter New South Wales Quentin Dempster Victoria Josie Taylor Queensland Jessica van Vonderen Western Australia Eliza Blue South Australia Ian Henschke Tasmania Airlie Ward Australian Capital Territory Chris Kimball Northern Territory Laetitia Lemke References ^ Knox, David (2 August 2023). "ABC backflips on national Sunday bulletin plan, retains state-based news". TV Tonight. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 1 February 2024. In June also announced digital-first Stateline to be broadcast on Friday nights as part of an extended 40 minute bulletin, produced out of state and territory newsrooms and anchored by local 7pm presenters. ^ Whelan, Judith (11 March 1996). "Affairs of State". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 54. Retrieved 22 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Banham, Cynthia; Robinson, Mark (15 December 2000). "7.30 Report cut back as States get ABC airtime". The Sydney Morning Herald. p. 3. Retrieved 22 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Wilmoth, Peter (15 December 2000). "State affairs back on ABC's 7.30 slot". The Age. p. 3. Retrieved 22 October 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Washbrook, Cyril (3 December 2010). "Sales and Uhlmann will front revamped 7.30". The Spy Report. Media Spy. Archived from the original on 15 December 2010. Retrieved 3 December 2010. ^ Meade, Amanda; Davidson, Helen; Alcorn, Gay (6 December 2014). "ABC cuts: state 7.30 programs broadcast emotional final episodes". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023. ^ "ABC2 launched at Parliament House". ABC New Media & Digital Services. dba.org.au. 11 March 2005. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 31 March 2007 – via Digital Broadcasting Australia. ABC2 was officially launched by the Minister for Communications, Senator The Hon Helen Coonan, at Parliament House Canberra yesterday. Demonstrating Federal Government support for the ABC's new free to view digital tv channel, Senator Coonan congratulated the ABC board and the ABC New Media team for using digital tv technology to provide a new broad-appeal television service. She was particularly pleased with the programming time on the new digital tv station dedicated to regional issues though Australia Wide, Landline and Stateline. ^ "Stateline". ABC iview. Archived from the original on 12 June 2024. Retrieved 12 June 2024. External links Official website Stateline at the National Film and Sound Archive vteTelevision news and current affairs in AustraliaABC ABC News News Breakfast ABC News at Noon 7.30 Australian Story Foreign Correspondent Four Corners Insiders Landline Media Watch Offsiders Q+A Weekend Breakfast ABC Me Behind the News BtN Newsbreak ABC News ABC News News Breakfast Weekend Breakfast ABC News Mornings ABC News at Noon Afternoon Briefing ABC National News The Business One Plus One Planet America China Tonight India Now The World The World This Week Seven Network Seven News Sunrise Weekend Sunrise Nine Network Nine News Today A Current Affair 60 Minutes Weekend Today Network 10 10 News First The Project SBS SBS World News Insight Living Black Dateline NITV NITV News The Point Regional Southern Cross Austereo Tasmania Spencer Gulf and Broken Hill Other regions WIN News Sky News Agenda (AM • PM • Sunday • Weekend) First Edition NewsDay Weekend Edition Other Fox Sports News Sky News Weather Channel Past GWN7 News Lateline Nine News Now Prime7 News Sports Tonight Stateline Sunday Night The Friday Show Today Tonight Television in Australia Regional television in Australia List of Australian television presenters List of Australian TV news presenters year by year News ratings in Australia This article about a television show originating in Australia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoire_River
Purgatoire River
["1 Geography","2 History and etymology","2.1 Five names","2.2 Settlement","2.3 PCMS","3 Cultural references","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 38°03′54″N 103°10′37″W / 38.06500°N 103.17694°W / 38.06500; -103.17694 RiverPurgatoire RiverThe Purgatoire River has cut a canyon through the Great Plains.Physical characteristicsSource  • locationConfluence of North Fork and Middle Fork • coordinates37°09′26″N 104°56′27″W / 37.15722°N 104.94083°W / 37.15722; -104.94083 • elevation14,053 ft (4,283 m) Mouth  • locationConfluence with Arkansas • coordinates38°03′54″N 103°10′37″W / 38.06500°N 103.17694°W / 38.06500; -103.17694 • elevation3,852 ft (1,174 m)Basin size3,449 sq mi (8,930 km2)Discharge  • locationLas Animas, Colorado • average60 cu/ft. per sec. Basin featuresProgressionArkansas—Mississippi The watershed of the Purgatoire River, Colorado and New Mexico The Purgatoire River (Spanish: Rio de las Ánimas & Río Purgatorio), also known as the Purgatory and Picketwire River, is in southeastern Colorado, United States. The river originates in the high mountains of the Culebra Range. Several tributaries merge near Weston in Las Animas County and the river flows east-northeastward 196 miles (315 km) to a confluence with the Arkansas River near Las Animas in Bent County, Colorado. The Purgatoire River drains an area of 3,449 square miles (8,930 km2), mostly in Colorado but a small percentage of the watershed is in New Mexico. The Purgatoire River watershed is lightly populated. Population has been declining since 1920 as former coal mining and agricultural communities have become ghost towns. Geography The Purgatoire River rises in the Culebra Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains reaching an elevation of 14,053 ft (4,283 m) at Culebra Peak. The river, formed by many upstream tributaries, flows eastwards for about 40 mi (64 km) through the mountains and foothills to Trinidad at an elevation of 6,010 ft (1,830 m) where it turns to the northeast and flows across the Great Plains through several canyons it has cut through the bedrock. It empties into the John Martin Reservoir and the Arkansas River near the town of Las Animas at an elevation of 3,852 ft (1,174 m). The Purgatoire River watershed has an area of 3,449 sq mi (8,930 km2). 96.4% of the watershed is in Colorado and the remainder is in New Mexico. Average annual precipitation ranges from 43 in (1,100 mm) in the Culebra Range to 13 in (330 mm) near its mouth. Ground cover in the watershed consists of 18.4 percent evergreen forest at higher elevations, 20.0 percent shrub and scrub at medium elevations, and 55.7 percent steppe grassland at lower elevations. The remaining 5.9 percent is mostly under cultivation, developed, or barren rock above timberline. Most of the water in the Purgatoire originates from melting snow at higher elevations. The flow of the river is highly variable depending upon the season, averaging about 60 cubic feet per second (cfs). Periods of zero water flow have been recorded near Thatcher, Colorado and the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, a large (in area) U.S. army base on the west side of the river. Most of the land in the Purgatoire watershed in privately owned, but the headwaters are in the San Isabel National Forest and land along or near the river on the Great Plains belongs to the Comanche National Grassland, including Picketwire Canyon with one of the largest numbers of dinosaur tracks in the world. Fishers Peak State Park and Trinidad Lake State Park are recreational lands in the watershed. The Purgatoire River watershed is lightly populated and its population has been declining for almost 100 years. Las Animas County in which most of the watershed is located has seen its population drop by more than 60 percent since 1930. Two towns, Trinidad and Las Animas, are located near the river. Many former coal mining and agricultural communities, now ghost towns, are in the watershed. History and etymology Five names The Purgatoire River, also known as Rio de las Ánimas, has had multiple names. It was named by New Mexican Governor Antonio Valverde y Cosío in 1719 during his exploration of the region. Valverde named it "Rio de las Ánimas," meaning "River of the Spirits," as a warning to subsequent explorers of the dangers of crossing the nearby Ratón Pass. Surviving the crossing, they found water and firewood at the river. Over time, the true meaning of the river's name became lost, and various interpretations emerged. By the end of the 18th-century Spanish traders believed it to be "Rio de las Ánimas en Purgatorio," or "River of the Souls in Purgatory," after a supposed massacre that occurred on its banks. This led to the birth of a legend of the same name that explained its history. French trappers learned the name and later translated it as "Rivière des âmes au Purgatoire." They related their translation to members of the Stephen H. Long expedition in 1820 who renamed it "Purgatory Creek" by removing all references to souls. Mexican traders on the old Santa Fe Trail expanded on the legend and named the river "Rio de las Ánimas Perdidas en Purgatorio," or "River of the Souls Lost in Purgatory," believing the souls to have become lost. Mountain Men had difficulty pronouncing the French translation and called it "Picatoire," while Anglophone settlers during the Colorado Gold Rush anglicized it to "Picketwire," despite the river having no relation to any fence. The Purgatoire River at Trinidad. Depending on the language spoken, the river had five different names - Ánimas, Purgatorio, Purgatoire, Purgatory, and Picketwire - by the end of the 19th century. On December 6, 1911, the US Board on Geographic Names resolved the naming issue by selecting the French translation "Purgatoire" as the official name of the river. Despite the various misinterpretations and name changes, the Las Animas-Purgatoire River remains an essential symbol of Colorado's history and legends as it is one of the state's oldest continuously named rivers, spanning over 300 years. Ironically, most locals today refer to it simply as "Purgatory" due to the difficulties associated with pronouncing the full name. The Coke Ovens of Cokedale. Coal mining was previously the major economic activity west of Trinidad. The remains of the coal mining town of Tercio: a slag pile and the abandoned company store (center). Settlement In 1598 when the Spanish first settled in New Mexico, the Purgatoire River was the home of the Jicarilla Apache. The Southern Utes also frequented the area and after 1700 the Comanche occupied the Great Plains of southeastern Colorado. Several Spanish expeditions passed through the Purgatoire region. In 1821, American traders pioneered the Santa Fe Trail to New Mexico. The Mountain Branch of the trail crossed the Purgatoire watershed near Trinidad and went through Raton Pass. In 1841, the south bank of the Purgatoire from the crest of the Sangre de Cristos extending eastward almost to the future site of Trinidad were part of the Maxwell Land Grant awarded to Lucien Maxwell by the New Mexican government. In 1846, New Mexico was conquered by the United States. The first settlers arrived in the Purgatoire valley in the late 1850s or early 1860s. Ninety percent of the early settlers in the Purgatoire watershed were Hispanics and they were farmers and ranchers. Severe winters and drought forced many of the farmers and ranchers out of the region in the 1880s. In the 1910s an era began of large ranches, mostly Anglo-owned, on the Great Plains portion of the Purgatoire watershed. Coal mining began at Starkville in 1865 and soon became the major economic activity in the hilly and mountainous country west of Trinidad. By the early 1900s the coal mines in the Purgatoire watershed employed thousands of men, most of them born in southern and eastern Europe. Collectively they were called "Slavs." Labor disputes, unsafe working conditions, and diminishing demand for coal caused most of the mines to shut down after World War I (1914-1918). Most of the former coal mining towns were abandoned. The population of Las Animas County (in which most of the watershed is located) declined from 38,975 in 1920 to 14,535 in 2020. PCMS The Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS), belonging to the U.S. Army, comprises a large land area used for seasonal maneuvers and training exercises. It is located along the western bank of the Purgatoire River. Plans to expand the base aroused the opposition of local ranchers and citizen groups. On November 25, 2013, the U.S. Army announced that it had abandoned its plan to expand the PCMS. Near the PCMS is the Purgatoire River track site, one of the largest dinosaur fossil track sites in North America. The site is located on public land of the Comanche National Grassland, along the Purgatoire River south of La Junta in Otero County. Cultural references The river is frequently referred to as the Picketwire River in the film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and once in the film True Grit (2010). This is a folk-etymologizing anglophone phonological approximation of the French pronunciation /pyʁ.ɡa.ˡtwaʁ/, developed by English-speaking settlers who later came to the area. The Purgatoire River is referenced in the 2017 Netflix miniseries Godless. It is also mentioned as the Purgatory in the Pulitzer Prize winning book Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry, as the place where the renegade Blue Duck goes into hiding. See also List of rivers in Colorado Purgatoire River track site Comanche National Grassland References ^ "Purgatoire River". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 30, 2011. ^ "USGS Current Conditions for USGS 07128500 PURGATOIRE RIVER NEAR LAS ANIMAS, CO". ^ "Purgatoire River Watershed Plan 2014" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Purgatoire Watershed Partnership. pp. 18–19, 51. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ Gustafson, Daniel L. (January 24, 2003). "Hydrologic Unit Project". Montana State University, Environmental Statistics Group. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2008. ^ U.S. Geological Survey. National Hydrography Dataset high-resolution flowline data. The National Map, accessed March 31, 2011 ^ Purgatoire River watershed 2014, pp. 47–52. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPurgatoire_River_watershed2014 (help) ^ Comanche Paleontology brochure ^ "Population of Counties by Dicennial Census, 1900-1990". U.S. Bureau of the Census. ^ a b Purgatoire River watershed 2014, p. 17. sfn error: no target: CITEREFPurgatoire_River_watershed2014 (help) ^ Polt, John H. R. (May 14, 2013). "Expedition conducted in 1719 by Antonio Valverde Cossío, governor of New Mexico, to punish the Comanche and Ute Indians". ^ James, Edwin; Long, Stephen Harriman; Say, Thomas; Adams, John; John Adams Library (Boston Public Library) BRL (1823). Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party. John Adams Library at the Boston Public Library. Philadelphia : H.C. Carey and I. Lea ... p. 76. ^ "Country drained by the Mississippi Western Section. - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection". www.davidrumsey.com. Retrieved April 13, 2023. ^ Lavender, David (1954). Bent's Fort. Internet Archive. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday. p. 10. ^ "The Rocky Mountain News (Daily) January 31, 1868 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection". www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved April 13, 2023. ^ "Geographic Names Information System". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2023. ^ "Historic Context Study of the Purgatoire River Region". Colorado Preservation, Inc. December 31, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2023. ^ "Santa Fe National Historic Trail". National Park Service. ^ Historic Context 2011, pp. 23–24. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoric_Context2011 (help) ^ Church, Minette C. (January 2008). "Purgatorio, Purgatoire, or Picketwire". Archaeological Landscapes on the High Plains: 178. Retrieved July 10, 2023. Chapter Seven of Archaeological Landscapes on the High Plains. ^ Historic Context 2011, pp. 23=25. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHistoric_Context2011 (help) ^ Schreck, Christopher J. "Starkvill Coal Mine". Colorado Fuel and Iron Company Mines. University of Southern California. ^ "Tercio No. 3 Mine Explosion". Mine Disasters in the United States. Retrieved September 27, 2022. ^ "Coal Mining in Colorado". Colorado Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 15, 2023. ^ "State & County QuickFacts". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2021. ^ Forstall, Richard L. "New Mexico: Population of Counties by Decennial Census". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Archived from the original on February 20, 2003. ^ Mark Udall Welcomes the U.S. Army's Decision on the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site. KRDO-TV. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2015. ^ Martin Lockley, Karen J. Houck and Nancy K. Price, "North America's largest dinosaur trackway site: Implications for Morrison Formation paleoecology", Geological Society of America Bulletin, October 1986, v.97, n.10, p.1163-1176. ^ Stewart, George R. (1975). Names on the Globe. Oxford University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0195018950. Authority control databases National Israel United States Other NARA
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The river originates in the high mountains of the Culebra Range. Several tributaries merge near Weston in Las Animas County and the river flows east-northeastward 196 miles (315 km) to a confluence with the Arkansas River near Las Animas in Bent County, Colorado. The Purgatoire River drains an area of 3,449 square miles (8,930 km2), mostly in Colorado but a small percentage of the watershed is in New Mexico. The Purgatoire River watershed is lightly populated. Population has been declining since 1920 as former coal mining and agricultural communities have become ghost towns.","title":"Purgatoire River"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sangre de Cristo Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangre_de_Cristo_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Culebra Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culebra_Peak"},{"link_name":"Trinidad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Great Plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Plains"},{"link_name":"John Martin Reservoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Martin_Reservoir"},{"link_name":"steppe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steppe"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Purgatoire_River_watershed-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Thatcher, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatcher,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinon_Canyon_Maneuver_Site"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurgatoire_River_watershed201447%E2%80%9352-6"},{"link_name":"San Isabel National Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Isabel_National_Forest"},{"link_name":"Comanche National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_National_Grassland"},{"link_name":"dinosaur tracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinosaur_tracks"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fishers Peak State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishers_Peak_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Trinidad Lake State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_Lake_State_Park"},{"link_name":"ghost towns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghost_towns"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurgatoire_River_watershed201417-9"}],"text":"The Purgatoire River rises in the Culebra Range of the Sangre de Cristo Mountains reaching an elevation of 14,053 ft (4,283 m) at Culebra Peak. The river, formed by many upstream tributaries, flows eastwards for about 40 mi (64 km) through the mountains and foothills to Trinidad at an elevation of 6,010 ft (1,830 m) where it turns to the northeast and flows across the Great Plains through several canyons it has cut through the bedrock. It empties into the John Martin Reservoir and the Arkansas River near the town of Las Animas at an elevation of 3,852 ft (1,174 m). The Purgatoire River watershed has an area of 3,449 sq mi (8,930 km2). 96.4% of the watershed is in Colorado and the remainder is in New Mexico. Average annual precipitation ranges from 43 in (1,100 mm) in the Culebra Range to 13 in (330 mm) near its mouth. Ground cover in the watershed consists of 18.4 percent evergreen forest at higher elevations, 20.0 percent shrub and scrub at medium elevations, and 55.7 percent steppe grassland at lower elevations. The remaining 5.9 percent is mostly under cultivation, developed, or barren rock above timberline.[3][4][5]Most of the water in the Purgatoire originates from melting snow at higher elevations. The flow of the river is highly variable depending upon the season, averaging about 60 cubic feet per second (cfs). Periods of zero water flow have been recorded near Thatcher, Colorado and the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site, a large (in area) U.S. army base on the west side of the river.[6]Most of the land in the Purgatoire watershed in privately owned, but the headwaters are in the San Isabel National Forest and land along or near the river on the Great Plains belongs to the Comanche National Grassland, including Picketwire Canyon with one of the largest numbers of dinosaur tracks in the world.[7] Fishers Peak State Park and Trinidad Lake State Park are recreational lands in the watershed.The Purgatoire River watershed is lightly populated and its population has been declining for almost 100 years. Las Animas County in which most of the watershed is located has seen its population drop by more than 60 percent since 1930. Two towns, Trinidad and Las Animas, are located near the river. Many former coal mining and agricultural communities, now ghost towns, are in the watershed.[8][9]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Stephen H. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_H._Long"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santa_Fe_Trail_-_Purgatoire_Riverwalk_Nature_Trail_-_NARA_-_7721570.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:US_Geographic_Board_Naming_Card_Purgatoire_River,_Colorado,_Approved_Dec._6,_1911.pdf"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cokedale.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tercio,_Colorado.JPG"},{"link_name":"Tercio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tercio,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"slag pile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spoil_tip"}],"sub_title":"Five names","text":"The Purgatoire River, also known as Rio de las Ánimas, has had multiple names. It was named by New Mexican Governor Antonio Valverde y Cosío in 1719 during his exploration of the region. Valverde named it \"Rio de las Ánimas,\" meaning \"River of the Spirits,\" as a warning to subsequent explorers of the dangers of crossing the nearby Ratón Pass. Surviving the crossing, they found water and firewood at the river. [10] Over time, the true meaning of the river's name became lost, and various interpretations emerged. By the end of the 18th-century Spanish traders believed it to be \"Rio de las Ánimas en Purgatorio,\" or \"River of the Souls in Purgatory,\" after a supposed massacre that occurred on its banks. This led to the birth of a legend of the same name that explained its history. French trappers learned the name and later translated it as \"Rivière des âmes au Purgatoire.\" They related their translation to members of the Stephen H. Long expedition in 1820 [11] who renamed it \"Purgatory Creek\" by removing all references to souls. [12] Mexican traders on the old Santa Fe Trail expanded on the legend and named the river \"Rio de las Ánimas Perdidas en Purgatorio,\"[13] or \"River of the Souls Lost in Purgatory,\" believing the souls to have become lost. Mountain Men had difficulty pronouncing the French translation and called it \"Picatoire,\" while Anglophone settlers during the Colorado Gold Rush anglicized it to \"Picketwire,\" despite the river having no relation to any fence. [14]The Purgatoire River at Trinidad.Depending on the language spoken, the river had five different names - Ánimas, Purgatorio, Purgatoire, Purgatory, and Picketwire - by the end of the 19th century. On December 6, 1911, the US Board on Geographic Names resolved the naming issue by selecting the French translation \"Purgatoire\" as the official name of the river.[15]Despite the various misinterpretations and name changes, the Las Animas-Purgatoire River remains an essential symbol of Colorado's history and legends as it is one of the state's oldest continuously named rivers, spanning over 300 years. Ironically, most locals today refer to it simply as \"Purgatory\" due to the difficulties associated with pronouncing the full name.The Coke Ovens of Cokedale. Coal mining was previously the major economic activity west of Trinidad.The remains of the coal mining town of Tercio: a slag pile and the abandoned company store (center).","title":"History and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jicarilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jicarilla"},{"link_name":"Utes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ute_people"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"Santa Fe Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail"},{"link_name":"Raton Pass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raton_Pass"},{"link_name":"Maxwell Land Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell_Land_Grant"},{"link_name":"Lucien Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucien_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Historic_Context-16"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurgatoire_River_watershed201417-9"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Santa_Fe-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_Context201123%E2%80%9324-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Church-19"},{"link_name":"Anglo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHistoric_Context201123=25-20"},{"link_name":"Starkville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starkville,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schreck-21"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mine_Disasters-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coal_Mining_in_Colorado-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2020Census-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Forstall-25"}],"sub_title":"Settlement","text":"In 1598 when the Spanish first settled in New Mexico, the Purgatoire River was the home of the Jicarilla Apache. The Southern Utes also frequented the area and after 1700 the Comanche occupied the Great Plains of southeastern Colorado. Several Spanish expeditions passed through the Purgatoire region. In 1821, American traders pioneered the Santa Fe Trail to New Mexico. The Mountain Branch of the trail crossed the Purgatoire watershed near Trinidad and went through Raton Pass. In 1841, the south bank of the Purgatoire from the crest of the Sangre de Cristos extending eastward almost to the future site of Trinidad were part of the Maxwell Land Grant awarded to Lucien Maxwell by the New Mexican government. In 1846, New Mexico was conquered by the United States. [16][9][17]The first settlers arrived in the Purgatoire valley in the late 1850s or early 1860s.[18] Ninety percent of the early settlers in the Purgatoire watershed were Hispanics and they were farmers and ranchers.[19] Severe winters and drought forced many of the farmers and ranchers out of the region in the 1880s. In the 1910s an era began of large ranches, mostly Anglo-owned, on the Great Plains portion of the Purgatoire watershed.[20] Coal mining began at Starkville in 1865 and soon became the major economic activity in the hilly and mountainous country west of Trinidad. [21] By the early 1900s the coal mines in the Purgatoire watershed employed thousands of men, most of them born in southern and eastern Europe. Collectively they were called \"Slavs.\" Labor disputes, unsafe working conditions, and diminishing demand for coal caused most of the mines to shut down after World War I (1914-1918). Most of the former coal mining towns were abandoned.[22][23]The population of Las Animas County (in which most of the watershed is located) declined from 38,975 in 1920 to 14,535 in 2020.[24]\n[25]","title":"History and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Purgatoire River track site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoire_River_track_site"},{"link_name":"fossil track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fossil_track"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Comanche National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_National_Grassland"},{"link_name":"La Junta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Junta,_Colorado"},{"link_name":"Otero County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otero_County,_Colorado"}],"sub_title":"PCMS","text":"The Piñon Canyon Maneuver Site (PCMS), belonging to the U.S. Army, comprises a large land area used for seasonal maneuvers and training exercises. It is located along the western bank of the Purgatoire River. Plans to expand the base aroused the opposition of local ranchers and citizen groups. On November 25, 2013, the U.S. Army announced that it had abandoned its plan to expand the PCMS.[26]\nNear the PCMS is the Purgatoire River track site, one of the largest dinosaur fossil track sites in North America.[27] The site is located on public land of the Comanche National Grassland, along the Purgatoire River south of La Junta in Otero County.","title":"History and etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Man_Who_Shot_Liberty_Valance"},{"link_name":"True Grit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Grit_(2010_film)"},{"link_name":"folk-etymologizing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_etymology"},{"link_name":"anglophone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophone"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Netflix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netflix"},{"link_name":"Godless","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godless_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Pulitzer Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_for_Fiction"},{"link_name":"Lonesome Dove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lonesome_Dove"},{"link_name":"Larry McMurtry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_McMurtry"}],"text":"The river is frequently referred to as the Picketwire River in the film The Man Who Shot Liberty Valance (1962), and once in the film True Grit (2010). This is a folk-etymologizing anglophone phonological approximation of the French pronunciation /pyʁ.ɡa.ˡtwaʁ/, developed by English-speaking settlers who later came to the area.[28]The Purgatoire River is referenced in the 2017 Netflix miniseries Godless. It is also mentioned as the Purgatory in the Pulitzer Prize winning book Lonesome Dove by Larry McMurtry, as the place where the renegade Blue Duck goes into hiding.","title":"Cultural references"}]
[{"image_text":"The watershed of the Purgatoire River, Colorado and New Mexico","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Purgatoire_river_basin.jpg/250px-Purgatoire_river_basin.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Purgatoire River at Trinidad.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Santa_Fe_Trail_-_Purgatoire_Riverwalk_Nature_Trail_-_NARA_-_7721570.jpg/250px-Santa_Fe_Trail_-_Purgatoire_Riverwalk_Nature_Trail_-_NARA_-_7721570.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/US_Geographic_Board_Naming_Card_Purgatoire_River%2C_Colorado%2C_Approved_Dec._6%2C_1911.pdf/page1-250px-US_Geographic_Board_Naming_Card_Purgatoire_River%2C_Colorado%2C_Approved_Dec._6%2C_1911.pdf.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Coke Ovens of Cokedale. Coal mining was previously the major economic activity west of Trinidad.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cokedale.JPG/250px-Cokedale.JPG"},{"image_text":"The remains of the coal mining town of Tercio: a slag pile and the abandoned company store (center).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Tercio%2C_Colorado.JPG/250px-Tercio%2C_Colorado.JPG"}]
[{"title":"List of rivers in Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_in_Colorado"},{"title":"Purgatoire River track site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purgatoire_River_track_site"},{"title":"Comanche National Grassland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche_National_Grassland"}]
[{"reference":"\"Purgatoire River\". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved January 30, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/201784","url_text":"\"Purgatoire River\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System","url_text":"Geographic Names Information System"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Interior","url_text":"United States Department of the Interior"}]},{"reference":"\"USGS Current Conditions for USGS 07128500 PURGATOIRE RIVER NEAR LAS ANIMAS, CO\".","urls":[{"url":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/co/nwis/uv/?site_no=07128500&PARAmeter_cd=00065,00060","url_text":"\"USGS Current Conditions for USGS 07128500 PURGATOIRE RIVER NEAR LAS ANIMAS, CO\""}]},{"reference":"\"Purgatoire River Watershed Plan 2014\" (PDF). U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. Purgatoire Watershed Partnership. pp. 18–19, 51. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usbr.gov/watersmart/cwmp/docs/plans/Spanish-Peaks-Purtgatoire-Conservation-District.pdf","url_text":"\"Purgatoire River Watershed Plan 2014\""}]},{"reference":"Gustafson, Daniel L. (January 24, 2003). \"Hydrologic Unit Project\". Montana State University, Environmental Statistics Group. Archived from the original on February 10, 2012. Retrieved February 8, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120210042832/http://www.esg.montana.edu/gl/huc/","url_text":"\"Hydrologic Unit Project\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montana_State_University_-_Bozeman","url_text":"Montana State University"},{"url":"http://www.esg.montana.edu/gl/huc/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Population of Counties by Dicennial Census, 1900-1990\". U.S. Bureau of the Census.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.nber.org/census/pop/1900-90.txt","url_text":"\"Population of Counties by Dicennial Census, 1900-1990\""}]},{"reference":"Polt, John H. R. (May 14, 2013). \"Expedition conducted in 1719 by Antonio Valverde Cossío, governor of New Mexico, to punish the Comanche and Ute Indians\".","urls":[{"url":"https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4gr78391","url_text":"\"Expedition conducted in 1719 by Antonio Valverde Cossío, governor of New Mexico, to punish the Comanche and Ute Indians\""}]},{"reference":"James, Edwin; Long, Stephen Harriman; Say, Thomas; Adams, John; John Adams Library (Boston Public Library) BRL (1823). Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party. John Adams Library at the Boston Public Library. Philadelphia : H.C. Carey and I. Lea ... p. 76.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/accountofexpedit02jame/page/76/mode/2up","url_text":"Account of an expedition from Pittsburgh to the Rocky Mountains, performed in the years 1819 and '20 : by order of the Hon. J.C. Calhoun, sec'y of war: under the command of Major Stephen H. Long. From the notes of Major Long, Mr. T. Say, and other gentlemen of the exploring party"}]},{"reference":"\"Country drained by the Mississippi Western Section. - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection\". www.davidrumsey.com. Retrieved April 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.davidrumsey.com/luna/servlet/workspace/handleMediaPlayer;JSESSIONID=55451790-ea17-4e85-a6f5-363d547988e7;JSESSIONID=4566dfee-04eb-40cb-a3a1-8f08880f5f7a?qvq=&trs=&mi=&lunaMediaId=RUMSEY~8~1~916~60079","url_text":"\"Country drained by the Mississippi Western Section. - David Rumsey Historical Map Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Lavender, David (1954). Bent's Fort. Internet Archive. Garden City, N.Y. : Doubleday. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/bentsfort0000lave_1954","url_text":"Bent's Fort"}]},{"reference":"\"The Rocky Mountain News (Daily) January 31, 1868 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection\". www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org. Retrieved April 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.coloradohistoricnewspapers.org/?a=d&d=RMD18680131-01.2.2&srpos=2&e=--1859---1875--en-20--1--img-txIN%7CtxCO%7CtxTA-picketwire-------0------","url_text":"\"The Rocky Mountain News (Daily) January 31, 1868 — Colorado Historic Newspapers Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geographic Names Information System\". edits.nationalmap.gov. Retrieved April 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/gaz-record/201784","url_text":"\"Geographic Names Information System\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Context Study of the Purgatoire River Region\". Colorado Preservation, Inc. December 31, 2011. Retrieved July 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://issuu.com/coloradopreservation/docs/historic-context-study-ranching","url_text":"\"Historic Context Study of the Purgatoire River Region\""}]},{"reference":"\"Santa Fe National Historic Trail\". National Park Service.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nps.gov/safe/learn/historyculture/index.htm","url_text":"\"Santa Fe National Historic Trail\""}]},{"reference":"Church, Minette C. (January 2008). \"Purgatorio, Purgatoire, or Picketwire\". Archaeological Landscapes on the High Plains: 178. Retrieved July 10, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/443888","url_text":"\"Purgatorio, Purgatoire, or Picketwire\""}]},{"reference":"Schreck, Christopher J. \"Starkvill Coal Mine\". Colorado Fuel and Iron Company Mines. University of Southern California.","urls":[{"url":"https://scalar.usc.edu/works/mines-of-the-colorado-fuel-and-iron-company/starkville-coal-mine?path=las-animas-county-mines","url_text":"\"Starkvill Coal Mine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tercio No. 3 Mine Explosion\". Mine Disasters in the United States. Retrieved September 27, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://usminedisasters.miningquiz.com/saxsewell/tercio_news_only.htm","url_text":"\"Tercio No. 3 Mine Explosion\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coal Mining in Colorado\". Colorado Encyclopedia. Retrieved July 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://coloradoencyclopedia.org/article/coal-mining-colorado","url_text":"\"Coal Mining in Colorado\""}]},{"reference":"\"State & County QuickFacts\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 5, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/lasanimascountycolorado/PST045219","url_text":"\"State & County QuickFacts\""}]},{"reference":"Forstall, Richard L. \"New Mexico: Population of Counties by Decennial Census\". U.S. Bureau of the Census. Archived from the original on February 20, 2003.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030220095801/http://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/nm190090.txt","url_text":"\"New Mexico: Population of Counties by Decennial Census\""},{"url":"https://www.census.gov/population/cencounts/nm190090.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Udall Welcomes the U.S. Army's Decision on the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site. KRDO-TV. November 26, 2013. Archived from the original on December 21, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o94-Jd5L7DM","url_text":"Mark Udall Welcomes the U.S. Army's Decision on the Pinon Canyon Maneuver Site"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KRDO-TV","url_text":"KRDO-TV"},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/o94-Jd5L7DM","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Stewart, George R. (1975). Names on the Globe. Oxford University Press. pp. 132–133. ISBN 978-0195018950.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195018950","url_text":"978-0195018950"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireflight_(Transformers)
The Transformers (TV series)
["1 Production background","2 Plot","3 Characters","4 Broadcast history","4.1 Pilot miniseries","4.2 Season 1","4.3 Season 2","4.4 The Movie","4.5 Season 3","4.6 Season 4","4.7 Later developments","5 Supplemental sequences","6 Japanese release","7 VHS, Betamax, and DVD releases","7.1 Region 1","7.2 Region 2","7.3 Region 4","7.4 Other releases","8 References","9 External links"]
1980s American animated series This article is about the original Transformers animated series. For information on other Transformers animated series, see List of Transformers animated series. The TransformersGenre Science fiction Action Adventure Robot Created by Hasbro Takara Tomy Based onTransformersby Hasbro & Takara TomyDeveloped byDick Robbins (seasons 1–2)Bryce Malek (seasons 1–2)Flint Dille (seasons 3–4)Marv Wolfman (seasons 3–4)Steve Gerber (seasons 3–4)Creative directorJay BacalVoices of Jack Angel Michael Bell Gregg Berger Susan Blu Corey Burton Roger C. Carmel Michael Chain Scatman Crothers Peter Cullen Paul Eiding Dick Gautier Ed Gilbert Dan Gilvezan Casey Kasem Buster Jones Stan Jones Chris Latta Don Messick Michael McConnohie John Moschitta, Jr. Alan Oppenheimer Tony Pope Hal Rayle Neil Ross Ken Sansom John Stephenson Frank Welker Narrated byVictor CaroliComposers Johnny Douglas Robert J. Walsh Country of origin United States Japan (seasons 1–2) Original languageEnglishNo. of seasons4No. of episodes98 (list of episodes)ProductionExecutive producers Joe Bacal Margaret Loesch Tom Griffin Lee Gunther (seasons 3–4) Producers Gwen Wetzler (seasons 1–2) John Walker (seasons 1–2) George Singer (seasons 2–4) Gerald Moeller (season 3–4) Roger Slifer (season 3) Running time23–24 minutesProduction companies Sunbow Productions Marvel Productions Toei Company (seasons 1–2) Original releaseNetworkFirst-run syndicationReleaseSeptember 17, 1984 (1984-09-17) –November 11, 1987 (1987-11-11)RelatedJapanese-exclusive seasons Transformers: The Headmasters Transformers: Super-God Masterforce Transformers: Victory MangaWritten byMasumi KanedaIllustrated byBan MagamiPublished byKodansha (Japan)Viz Media (United States)MagazineTV MagazineOriginal runMay 1985 – July 1987Volumes3 The Transformers is an American-Japanese animated television series that originally aired from September 17, 1984, to November 11, 1987, in syndication based upon Hasbro and Takara Tomy's Transformers toy line. The first television series in the Transformers franchise, it depicts a war among giant robots that can transform into vehicles and other objects. The series was produced by Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions in association with Japanese studio Toei Animation for first-run syndication. Toei co-produced the show as the main animation studio for its first two seasons, having been tasked with creating and finalizing animation models, designing transformation schemes, storyboarding some episodes, and general direction. In the third season, Toei's involvement with the production team was reduced and the animation services were shared with the South Korean studio AKOM. The show's supervising producer (Nelson Shin) was also AKOM's founder. The fourth season was entirely animated by AKOM. The series was supplemented by a feature film, The Transformers: The Movie (1986), taking place between the second and third seasons. This series is also popularly known as "Generation One", a term originally coined by fans in response to the re-branding of the franchise as Transformers: Generation 2 in 1992, which eventually made its way into official use. The series was later shown in reruns on Sci-Fi Channel and The Hub / Discovery Family. Production background The Transformers toyline and animated series were inspired by the Japanese toyline, Microman (an Eastern descendant of the 12-inch G.I. Joe action figure series) by Takara. In 1980, the Microman spin-off, Diaclone, was released, featuring inch-tall humanoid figures able to sit in the drivers' seats of scale model vehicles, which could transform into humanoid robot bodies the drivers piloted. Later still, in 1983, a Microman sub-line, MicroChange was introduced, featuring "actual size" items that transformed into robots, such as microcassettes, guns and toy cars. Diaclone and MicroChange toys were subsequently discovered at the 1983 Tokyo Toy Fair by Hasbro toy company product developer Henry Orenstein, who presented the concept to Hasbro's head of R&D, George Dunsay. Enthusiastic about the product, it was decided to release toys from both Diaclone and MicroChange as one toyline for their markets, although there were eventual changes to the color schemes from the original toys to match the new series. By 1984, U.S. regulators had removed many of the restrictions regarding the placement of promotional content within children's television programming. The way was cleared for the new product-based television program. Hasbro had previously worked with Marvel Comics to develop G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero for a three-pronged marketing scheme – the toyline, a tie-in comic book by Marvel, and an animated mini-series co-produced by Marvel's media arm, Marvel Productions, and the Griffin-Bacal Advertising Agency's Sunbow Productions production house. Given the success of that strategy, the process was repeated in 1984 when Hasbro marketing vice president Bob Prupis approached Marvel to develop their new robot series, which Jay Bacal dubbed "Transformers." Marvel's Editor-in-Chief at the time, Jim Shooter, produced a rough story concept for the series, creating the idea of the two warring factions of alien robots – the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons. To flesh out his concept, Shooter called upon veteran editor Dennis O'Neil to create character names and profiles for the cast, but O'Neill's work did not meet with Hasbro's expectations, and they requested heavy revisions. O'Neill declined to make said revisions, and the project was turned down by several writers and editors approached by Shooter until editor Bob Budiansky accepted the task. Hastily performing the revisions over a weekend, Budiansky's new names and profiles were a hit with Hasbro, and production began on a bi-monthly four-issue comic book miniseries, and three-part television pilot. Both comic and cartoon would wind up continuing for years beyond these short-term beginnings, using Budiansky's original development work as a springboard to tell the story of the Transformers in very different ways from one another, forming two separate, unrelated continuities for the brand out of the gate. Japanese designer Shōhei Kohara was responsible for creating the earliest character models for the Transformers cast, greatly humanising the toy designs to create more approachable robot characters for the comic and cartoon. His designs were subsequently simplified by Floro Dery, who went on to become the lead designer for the series, creating many more concepts and designs in the future. Plot This series focuses on the Transformers, split into two warring factions: the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons as they crash land on Earth and continue their eons long conflict there. Characters Main article: List of The Transformers (TV series) characters Broadcast history Main article: List of The Transformers episodes SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired116September 17, 1984 (1984-09-17)December 15, 1984 (1984-12-15)249September 23, 1985 (1985-09-23)January 9, 1986 (1986-01-09)Feature filmAugust 8, 1986 (1986-08-08)330September 15, 1986 (1986-09-15)February 25, 1987 (1987-02-25)43November 9, 1987 (1987-11-09)November 11, 1987 (1987-11-11) Pilot miniseries The three-part pilot miniseries (retroactively titled "More than Meets the Eye") first aired in the United States in September 1984. The story follows Optimus Prime's heroic Autobots and Megatron's evil Decepticons as they leave their metallic homeworld of Cybertron to search for new sources of energy to revitalize their war efforts, only to crash-land on Earth, where they remain entombed and offline for 4 million years. Awakening in the year of 1984, the Decepticons set about pillaging the energy sources of Earth, while the Autobots—aided by human father and son duo Sparkplug and Spike Witwicky—attempt to protect the new world on which they find themselves. The miniseries concludes with the Decepticons believed dead after their space cruiser is sent plunging into the ocean depths, while the Autobots prepare to return to Cybertron. Season 1 The 13-episode first season, commissioned and produced before the pilot miniseries aired, was broadcast in weekday syndication in the Fall of 1984 . Story-edited at Marvel Productions by Bryce Malek and Dick Robbins, the season begins with the revelation that the Decepticons have survived the events of the pilot and follows them as they set about constructing a "space bridge" to teleport resources back to Cybertron. A loose story arc centered on this technology spans the season, culminating in "The Ultimate Doom", a three-part episode in which the Decepticons teleport Cybertron itself into Earth's orbit. The paraplegic computer expert Chip Chase joins Spike and Sparkplug as a new human ally for the Autobots. The season also introduced several new characters from the upcoming 1985 product line in advance of their toys' release including Skyfire, the Dinobots, the Insecticons, and the first "combiner" team, the Constructicons, who are able to merge into a giant robot, Devastator, whose introduction was set alongside a climactic one-on-one duel between Optimus Prime and Megatron that served as a part of the season finale. Season 2 Forty-nine further episodes were commissioned for the show's second season in 1985, bringing the total up to the "magic number" of 65 required to move the series into weekday broadcast syndication. Compared to the first season, Season 2's stories are more episodic, with many of them able to air in whatever order networks chose. Episodes would often spotlight individual characters or groups of characters as a means of promoting their toys and later in the season, the lore of the series would be expanded on as the history of Cybertron and origin of Optimus Prime were discovered and significant cartoon-original characters like Alpha Trion and the first female Transformer characters were introduced. A new recurring human cast member was also added in the form of Spike's girlfriend Carly. Partway into the season, the remainder of the 1985 product line was introduced, mostly through the two-part episode "Dinobot Island." These new characters, like the first year cast, were largely derived from Takara's Diaclone and Micro Change lines, including new Autobot car and mini-vehicles and Decepticon jets and the giant Autobot sentinel Omega Supreme and Decepticon "Triple-Changers" Astrotrain and Blitzwing. To expand the line, however, Hasbro also licensed several toys from other companies, including Takara's Japanese competitor, Bandai. Legal complications that arose from incorporating the first of these, Skyfire, into the first season resulted in the character quickly being phased out early in Season 2 and meant that none of the other Bandai-derived characters featured in the series. Toward the end of the season, the first 1986 product was introduced into the series: the Aerialbots, Stunticons, Protectobots and Combaticons, four combiner teams based on an unmade Diaclone line that was aborted in Japan in favor of importing the Transformers toy line itself. To promote these new toys even further in Japanese markets, a single Japanese-exclusive episode, Transformers: Scramble City, was released direct-to-video in spring of 1986. The Movie The gap between seasons two and three was bridged by The Transformers: The Movie, which was released to theaters in the summer of 1986. Set 20 years after the second season, in the year 2005, the film featured the deaths of many characters, including Optimus Prime himself, clearing away all the discontinued products from the 1984 and 1985 toy lines and introducing a new cast of the characters designed for the film, who were then made into toys for the 1986 range. Young Autobot Hot Rod used the power of the Autobot talisman known as the Matrix of Leadership to become the new Autobot leader Rodimus Prime and defeated the world-eating robot planet Unicron who recreates Megatron into Galvatron while Skywarp, Thundercracker, Shrapnel, Kickback and Bombshell are reformed as Cyclonus, Scourge and the Sweeps. Season 3 Season 3 picks up where the movie leaves off, with the Autobots now in control of Cybertron once more, working to restore their homeworld and serving as peacemakers for worlds all across the galaxy. The Decepticons, meanwhile, are in exile on the ruined world of Chaar, led now by Galvatron. Interconnected episodes, running plot threads and small story arcs became more common in the series, including the return of Starscream (following his death in the movie) as a ghost, frequent battles between the giant Autobot and Decepticon cities of Metroplex and Trypticon and the threat to both sides posed by the alien Quintessons, introduced in the movie and revealed in the season's premiere miniseries "Five Faces of Darkness" to be the true creators of the Transformers. This season also saw the debut of three new combiners: the Predacons, the Terrorcons, and the Technobots. This season saw story-editing duties transfer from Marvel Productions to Sunbow, overseen by Flint Dille, Marv Wolfman and Steve Gerber. Animation for around half the season was provided by producer Nelson Shin's animation studio AKOM, creating a different "look" for the show that encompassed its opening sequence and commercial bumpers. The death of Optimus Prime proved a controversial move and did not sit well with the viewing audience, resulting in a letter-writing campaign that ultimately compelled Hasbro to resurrect the Autobot leader in a two-part season finale called "The Return of Optimus Prime", which aired in March 1987. Optimus Prime was revived with help from a Quintesson during the threat of the Hate Plague. Season 4 The fourth season, consisting of a three-part finale miniseries named "The Rebirth", was broadcast in November 1987. Written by regular series writer David Wise, the Autobots and Decepticons encounter the alien world of Nebulos, where they bond with the native Nebulans to become Headmasters and Targetmasters. The Nebulons led by the evil Lord Zarak were able to transform the animal Decepticons with Scourge and Cyclonus into Headmasters while some of their weapons were transformed into Targetmasters. While Lord Zarak was able to become the Headmaster to his creation Scorponok, Spike Witwicky was able to operate the Headmaster unit so that he can control Fortress Maximus to fight Scorponok. The miniseries concludes with the successful restoration of Cybertron, but the Decepticon threat not yet quashed as Galvatron and Lord Zarak argue over who will rule the galaxy upon their victory over the Autobots. Later developments The Transformers did not disappear from American airwaves, as a fifth season aired in 1988. It consisted of reruns of 15 episodes from the original series, along with The Transformers: The Movie edited into five episodes. This season featured a new title sequence using footage from previous episodes, the movie, and toy commercials as well as all new framing scenes featuring a human boy named Tommy Kennedy (portrayed by actor Jason Jansen) and a stop-motion/machine prop Optimus Prime puppet (operated by Sesame Street veteran, Martin P. Robinson.). From 1993 to 1995, select episodes of the series were rebroadcast under the title Transformers: Generation 2. The stories were presented as though they were historical recordings displayed by the "Cybernet Space Cube", which added computer-generated borders and scene-transitions to the original animation. The story was later continued in Transformers: Generation 2: Redux, a Botcon magazine that is set 22 years after the events of the final episode where the first generation of the Autobots led by Optimus Prime pursue Galvatron and Zarak into deep space and a new generation of Autobots and Decepticons are introduced. Supplemental sequences Each of the first three seasons of the series featured its own tailored opening sequence, featuring completely original animation and a unique arrangement of the theme tune. Additionally, the third-season premiere "Five Faces of Darkness" had its own specialized opening, depicting events that occurred in the mini-series. The fourth season, however, did not feature any new animation in its opening sequence, instead combining footage from the third season opening and various clips of animation from 1987 toy commercials; likewise, the fifth season featured commercial animation mixed in with footage from The Transformers: The Movie. Both used the season three musical arrangement. The series featured a distinctive scene transition that saw the Autobot and Decepticon symbols "flipping" from one to the other, accompanied by a distinctive five-note refrain. This transition technique became a hallmark of the series, and was used throughout the entire four-year run. Commercial breaks were segued into and out of using commercial bumpers featuring brief eyecatch-styled original animation with a voice over by series narrator Victor Caroli. A set of five proposed public service announcements were created to be tagged onto the end of episodes from the second season of the series, re-using the scripts from similar PSAs created for sister series G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, complete with the catchphrase "...and knowing is half the battle!" These were never actually aired on television, but eventually appeared as bonus features on various DVDs and video games. For the third season, episodes were tagged with "The Secret Files of Teletraan II", a series of short featurettes that used clips from the show and new narration from Caroli to provide histories for the Autobots, the Decepticons, the Quintessons, and other subjects. Japanese release See also: List of The Transformers episodes § Japanese seasons In Japan, the first two seasons of the show were collectively released as Fight! Super Robot Life-Form Transformers (戦え！超ロボット生命体トランスフォーマー, Tatakae! Chō Robotto Seimeitai Toransufōmā), then rebranded as Transformers 2010 (トランスフォーマー2010, Toransufōmā Tsūōwanō) for Season 3, with all seasons aired on Nippon TV. Between seasons 2 and 3 a Japanese exclusive OVA was released in place of the movie entitled; Transformers: Scramble City, released in 1986, it showcases the four special teams (Aerialbots, Protectobots, Stunticons and Combaticons) as well as the two transforming cities of Metroplex and Trypticon. Following the conclusion of the third season, the Japanese opted not to import "The Rebirth", but instead created a series of new animated shows to continue the story, beginning with Transformers: The Headmasters in 1987, and continuing into Transformers: Super-God Masterforce in 1988, Transformers: Victory in 1989, and the single-episode direct-to-video OVA Transformers: Zone in 1990. Supplementary manga written by Masami Kaneda and illustrated by Ban Magami ran alongside each series in Kodansha's TV Magazine. VHS, Betamax, and DVD releases This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In the 1980s, episodes from the first and second seasons as well as the third season's "Five Faces of Darkness" and "Return of Optimus Prime" were released on VHS and Betamax by Family Home Entertainment. Between 1995 - 1999, Canadian home entertainment company Malofilm (later renamed as Behaviour Distribution) released several episodes of the series on VHS, and some under the Transformers: Generation 2 name. None of the Malofilm VHS cover art was specifically related to the contents of the episodes either, as they were all various segments of promotional art related to the 1986 animated feature The Transformers: The Movie. Region 1 Seasons 1–4 were released on DVD in the U.S. by Rhino Entertainment Company/Kid Rhino Entertainment (under its Rhinomation classic animation entertainment brand) (a subsidiary of AOL Time Warner) (a division of Warner Music Group) between April 23, 2002, and March 9, 2004. Due to missing 35mm film stock, some sections of the Rhino Entertainment release use earlier incomplete animation, often introducing errors, such as mis-colored Decepticon jets, Skyfire colored like Skywarp, missing laser blasts, or a confusing sequence where Megatron, equipped with Skywarp's teleportation power, teleports but does not actually disappear. This version also added extra sound effects that were presented in the remixed 5.1 surround soundtrack and later remixed 2.0 stereo soundtrack, but not present in the original broadcast version. In 2005, Rhino lost the rights to distribute Transformers on DVD. The license was subsequently acquired by Sony Wonder (a division of Sony BMG). Sony Wonder announced in October 2006 that they would re-release the first season of the series in 2007, with the other seasons presumably following. In June 2007, Sony BMG dissolved Sony Wonder and moved the label to Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, without releasing any DVD sets. In May 2008, Hasbro re-acquired the rights to the Sunbow library of shows, including Transformers. In March 2009, Shout! Factory announced that they had acquired the license from Hasbro to release Transformers on DVD in Region 1 with Vivendi Entertainment. They subsequently released The Complete First Season on June 16, 2009. Season Two Volume One was released on September 15, 2009. Season Two Volume Two was released on January 12, 2010. Seasons Three and Four were released together in one set on April 20, 2010. These releases corrected most of the newly introduced Rhino animation errors, but this was necessarily accomplished by using lower quality sources taken from the original broadcast master tapes. Rhino's added sound effects were discarded in favor of a sound mix more faithful to the original mono audio. On October 20, 2009, Shout! Factory released the complete series in a box set for the first time in Region 1. This set, dubbed Transformers: The Complete Series - The Matrix of Leadership Collector's Set, features all 98 remastered episodes along with all new bonus features. DVD name Ep. # Release date The Complete First Season: 25th Anniversary Edition 16 June 16, 2009 Season Two Volume One: 25th Anniversary Edition 28 September 15, 2009 Season Two Volume Two: 25th Anniversary Edition 21 January 12, 2010 Seasons Three and Four: 25th Anniversary Edition 33 April 20, 2010 Transformers: The Complete Series - The Matrix of Leadership Collector's Set 98 October 20, 2009 Region 2 Maverick released Season 1 in the U.K. in 2001. Three individual volumes were released (though the episodes are in the wrong order), a box set of the three disks, which included a fourth disk containing bonus features, and one volume of Transformers: Generation 2 with five episodes that had the Cybernetic Space Cube graphics added. They also released a volume of Transformers: Takara, which included the first six episodes of the Asian English dub of Transformers: The Headmasters. Metrodome Distribution released Seasons 1–4 in the U.K. between November 17, 2003, and October 11, 2004. Their first release was a budget-range DVD of the Transformers movie, released through Prism Leisure. The seasons were released in four box sets: Season 1, Season 2 Part 1, Season 2 Part 2 and Seasons 3–4. Notably, Season 2 was released first by Metrodome because Season 1 had been released by Maverick. Metrodome's releases use the remastered production masters, which originated with the Rhino release of the series (and contain all the inherent errors). Additionally, they include Magno Sound & Video's 5.1 audio (with added sound effects), but use a modified version of their 2.0 track. DVD name Ep. # Release date Season One 16 October 11, 2004 Season Two Volume One 28 November 17, 2003 Transformers: The Movie — Reconstructed 98 September 5, 2005 Season Two Volume Two 21 May 3, 2004 Seasons Three and Four 33 August 30, 2004 Region 4 Madman Entertainment released the four seasons in six box sets in Australia and New Zealand (Region 4): Season 1, Season 2.1, Season 2.2, Season 3.1, Season 3.2 and Season 4. They later released the remastered Shout! Factory version of Transformers in the same volume arrangement as the American release. In 2007, Madman Entertainment released a 17-disc complete collection box set. Other releases A collector's tin box set was released in Asia by Guangdong Qianhe Audio & Video Communication Co., Ltd. under license by Pexlan International (Picture) Limited. The set includes the entire series, The Transformers: The Movie, a set of full color postcards, a rubber keychain, and a full color book (graphic novel style) that serves as an episode guide. While the book is almost entirely in Mandarin, the chapter menus contain English translations for each episode. The set is coded as Region 1. In July 2009, Transformers G1 Season 1 (25th Anniversary Edition) was made available for digital download via the PlayStation Network's video store in the United States for $1.99 per episode. On October 10, 2010, The Hub (formerly Discovery Kids, later Discovery Family on October 13, 2014) started airing the original episodes of the Transformers G1 series on the network (alongside Beast Wars: Transformers and Beast Machines: Transformers). References ^ Pirrello, Phil (July 22, 2009). "Transformers: The Complete Series DVD Review". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Schine, Cathleen (October 30, 1988). "From Lassie to Pee-Wee". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ a b Janson, Tim (June 18, 2009). "DVD Review: Transformers The Complete First Season 25th Anniversary". Mania.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ "東映アニメーション［オールディーズ］". January 6, 2003. Archived from the original on January 6, 2003. Retrieved November 17, 2017. ^ "Akom Production Co. OEM Works". Akomkorea.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020. ^ Donohoo, Timothy (April 1, 2022). "Transformers: Beast Wars Was Initially More Aligned With Generation 1". CBR. ^ Meenan, Devin (December 2, 2022). "Everything You Need To Know About Beast Wars To Be Ready For Transformers: Rise Of The Beasts". /Film. ^ Miller III, Randy (June 16, 2009). "Transformers: The Complete First Season (25th Anniversary Edition)". DVDtalk. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Cheang, Michael (November 9, 2004). "A brief history of the Transformers". The Star (Malaysia). Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Phillips, Daniel (March 13, 2008). "Rogue's Gallery: Megatron". IGN. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Transformers, More than meets the eye all three episodes, retrieved October 16, 2021 ^ IGN TV (June 27, 2011). "The History of Transformers on TV". IGN. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Transformers episodes The Ultimate Doom all three episodes, retrieved October 16, 2021 ^ Pirrello, Phil (June 11, 2009). "Transformers – The Complete First Season (25th Anniversary Edition) Review". IGN. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ "Contains footage from the fifth season of Transformers (featuring the stop-motion animated Powermaster Optimus Prime)". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2014. ^ "Contains behind the scenes footage from filming of the Season 5 segments featuring both Jansen and Robinson". Vimeo. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023. ^ Johnson, Derek (March 22, 2013). Media Franchising: Creative License and Collaboration in the Culture Industries. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814743898. Retrieved November 17, 2017 – via Google Books. ^ Conrad, Jeremy (April 25, 2002). "Transformers Season 1". IGN. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Seibertron (October 20, 2006). "Transformers G1 Season 1 to be Released by Sony BMG in 2007". Seibertron. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Ault, Susanne (June 21, 2007). "Sony Wonder moves under Sony Pictures Home Entertainment". Video Business. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 22, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ Lambert, David (May 14, 2008). "Transformers – Hasbro Pays US$7 Million to Reacquire Distro Rights to Transformers, G.I. Joe & Others!". TV Shows On DVD.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013. ^ a b "Transformers DVD news: Release Date for Transformers – 25th Anniversary Edition: Season 2, Volume 2". TVShowsOnDVD.com. May 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012. ^ a b "Transformers DVD news: Transformers – 25th Anniversary Edition: Seasons 3 & 4 Coming in April". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012. ^ "Transformers DVD news: General Retail Release Dates Announced". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012. External links The Transformers at IMDb Metrodome's Transformers DVD homepage Archived December 5, 2006, at the Wayback Machine vteTransformers animated seriesGeneration 1 The Transformers episodes characters Scramble City Generation 2 The Headmasters Super-God Masterforce Victory Zone Beast era Beast Wars episodes characters Beast Wars II Beast Wars Neo Beast Machines Unicron Trilogy Armada episodes Energon episodes Cybertron episodes Aligned Universe Prime episodes Rescue Bots episodes Go! 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Sandybell (1981) Little Women (1981) Dr. Slump (1981–1986) Queen Millennia (1981–1982) Tiger Mask II (1981–1982) Honey Honey no Suteki na Bouken (1981–1982) Asari-chan (1982–1983) Armored Fleet Dairugger XV (1982–1983) Boku Patalliro! (1982–1983) The Kabocha Wine (1982–1984) Arcadia of My Youth: Endless Orbit SSX (1982–1983) Love Me, My Knight (1983–1984) Lightspeed Electroid Albegas (1983–1984) Kinnikuman (1983–1986) Stop!! Hibari-kun! (1983–1984) Dream Soldier Wing-Man (1984–1985) Tongari Bōshi no Memoru (1984) Video Warrior Laserion (1984–1985) Gu Gu Ganmo (1984–1985) Transformers (1984–1987) Fist of the North Star (1984–1987) GeGeGe no Kitarō (1985–1988) Captain Harlock and the Queen of a Thousand Years (1985–1986) Maple Town (1986–1987) Dragon Ball (1986–1989) Silver Fang (1986) Saint Seiya (1986–1989) New Maple Town Stories: Palm Town Chapter (1987) Fist of the North Star 2 (1987–1988) Transformers: The Headmasters (1987–1988) Bikkuriman (1987–1989) Kamen no Ninja Akakage (1987–1988) Lady Lady!! (1987–1988) Tatakae!! Ramenman (1988) Sakigake!! Otokojuku (1988) Hello! Lady Lynn (1988–1989) Transformers: Super-God Masterforce (1988) Himitsu no Akko-chan (1988–1989) Transformers: Victory (1989) Akuma-kun (1989–1990) Shin Bikkuriman (1989–1990) Dragon Ball Z (1989–1996) Sally the Witch 2 (1989–1991) 1990s Mōretsu Atarō (1990) Magical Taruruto (1990–1992) Goldfish Warning! (1991–1992) Getter Robo Go (1991–1992) Kinnikuman: Kinniku-sei Ōi Sōdatsu-hen (1991–1992) Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai (1991–1992) Sailor Moon (1992–1997) Super Bikkuriman (1992–1993) Ghost Sweeper Mikami (1993–1994) Slam Dunk (1993–1996) Aoki Densetsu Shoot! (1993–1994) Marmalade Boy (1994–1995) Gulliver Boy (1995) Neighborhood Story (1995–1996) World Fairy Tale Series (1995–1996) GeGeGe no Kitarō (1996–1998) Dragon Ball GT (1996–1997) Jigoku Sensei Nūbē (1996–1997) Boys Over Flowers (1996–1997) Cutie Honey Flash (1997–1998) The Kindaichi Case Files (1997–2000) Yume no Crayon Oukoku (1997–1999) Dr. Slump (1997–1999) Anime Shūkan DX! Mi-Pha-Pu (Kocchi Muite! Miiko) (1998–1999) Yu-Gi-Oh! (1998) Himitsu no Akko-chan (1998–1999) Mamotte Shugogetten (1998–1999) Ojamajo Doremi (1999–2000) Phantom Thief Jeanne (1999–2000) Digimon Adventure (1999–2000) One Piece (1999–present) 2000s Shinzo (2000) Ojamajo Doremi # (2000–2001) Digimon Adventure 02 (2000–2001) The Legend of the Gambler: Tetsuya (2000–2001) Mōtto! Ojamajo Doremi (2001–2002) Digimon Tamers (2001–2002) Nono-chan (2001–2002) Kinnikuman: The Second Generation (2002) Kanon (2002) Ojamajo Doremi Dokkān! (2002–2003) Digimon Frontier (2002–2003) Tsuribaka Nisshi (2002–2003) Ashita no Nadja (2003–2004) Air Master (2003) Zatch Bell! (2003–2006) Bobobo-bo Bo-bobo (2003–2005) Futari wa Pretty Cure (2004–2005) Kinnikuman: Ultimate Muscle (2004–2006) Beet the Vandel Buster (2004–2005) Ring ni Kakero (2004) Xenosaga: The Animation (2005) Futari wa Pretty Cure Max Heart (2005–2006) Beet the Vandel Buster: Excellion (2005–2006) Gaiking: Legend of Daiku-Maryu (2005–2006) Ayakashi: Samurai Horror Tales (2006) Futari wa Pretty Cure Splash Star (2006–2007) Digimon Data Squad (2006–2007) Air Gear (2006) Ring ni Kakero: The Pacific War (2006) Kamisama Kazoku (2006) Binbō Shimai Monogatari (2006) Powerpuff Girls Z (2006–2007) Gin'iro no Olynssis (2006) Happy Lucky Bikkuriman (2006–2007) Yes! PreCure 5 (2007–2008) GeGeGe no Kitarō (2007–2009) Lovely Complex (2007) Mononoke (2007) Hatara Kizzu Maihamu Gumi (2007–2008) Hakaba no Kitarō (2008) Yes PreCure 5 GoGo! (2008–2009) Uchi no Sanshimai (2008–2010) RoboDz Kazagumo Hen (2008) Fresh Pretty Cure! (2009–2010) Marie & Gali (2009–2010) Dragon Ball Z Kai (2009–2011) Kaidan Restaurant (2009–2010) Welcome to Irabu's Office (2009–2010) 2010s HeartCatch PreCure! (2010–2011) Marie & Gali ver.2.0 (2010–2011) Ring ni Kakero: Shadow (2010) Digimon Fusion (2010–2012) Suite PreCure (2011–2012) Toriko (2011–2014) Ring ni Kakero: World Tournament Chapter (2011) Smile PreCure! (2012–2013) Saint Seiya Omega (2012–2014) Tanken Driland (2012–2013) DokiDoki! PreCure (2013–2014) Tanken Driland: Sennen no Mahō (2013–2014) Kyousougiga (2013) Robot Girls Z (2014) HappinessCharge PreCure! (2014–2015) Majin Bone (2014–2015) Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon Crystal (2014–2016) Marvel Disk Wars: The Avengers (2014–2015) The Kindaichi Case Files R (2014–2016) Dragon Ball Z: The Final Chapters (2014–2015) Abarenbō Rikishi!! Matsutarō (2014) World Trigger (2014–2022) Go! Princess PreCure (2015–2016) Dragon Ball Super (2015–2018) Miraculous: Tales of Ladybug & Cat Noir (2015–present) Witchy Pretty Cure! (2016–2017) Digimon Universe: App Monsters (2016–2017) Tiger Mask W (2016–2017) Kirakira Pretty Cure a la Mode (2017–2018) Kado: The Right Answer (2017) Hug! Pretty Cure (2018–2019) GeGeGe no Kitarō (2018–2020) Bakutsuri Bar Hunter (2018–2019) Star Twinkle PreCure (2019–2020) 2020s Healin' Good Pretty Cure (2020–2021) Future's Folktales (2020) Digimon Adventure: (2020–2021) Fushigi Dagashiya Zenitendō (2020–present) Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai (2020–2022) Tropical-Rouge! Pretty Cure (2021–2022) Digimon Ghost Game (2021–2023) Delicious Party Pretty Cure (2022–2023) Soaring Sky! Pretty Cure (2023–2024) Run for Money: The Great Mission  (2023–present) Ikimono-san (2023) Power of Hope: PreCure Full Bloom (2023) Wonderful PreCure! (2024-present) Girls Band Cry (2024) Category vteAnimated television series and films in mid-1980s tied in to Hasbro propertiesTV specials The Charmkins G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero A Real American Hero (1983) The Revenge of Cobra (1984) My Little Pony 1984 special Escape from Catrina TV seriesStandalone series G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1985) Inhumanoids Jem and the Holograms The Transformers Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light Anthology series Super Sunday/Super Saturday/Super Week Bigfoot and the Muscle Machines Inhumanoids Jem Robotix My Little Pony 'n Friends primary: My Little Pony secondary: The Glo Friends MoonDreamers Potato Head Kids Films G.I. Joe: The Movie My Little Pony: The Movie The Transformers: The Movie Personnel Joe Bacal George Arthur Bloom Tom Griffin Nelson Shin CompaniesMain companies Hasbro Claster Television Griffin-Bacal Advertising/Sunbow Entertainment Marvel Productions De Laurentiis Entertainment Group Animation services Toei Animation AKOM See alsoProduced by DICfor Hasbro COPS G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero (1990, including Operation Dragonfire from 1989) Maxie's World (1987) Tie-in to propertieslater acquiredby Hasbro Produced for Tonka (acquired in 1991): GoBots Challenge of the GoBots (1985) Battle of the Rock Lords (1986) Pound Puppies 1985 special 1986 TV series ... and the Legend of Big Paw (1988) vteChildren's programming on CBS in the 1980sFirst-runanimated series The New Adventures of Mighty Mouse and Heckle & Jeckle (1979–81) The All New Popeye Hour (1978–82, 1983) Fat Albert and the Cosby Kids (1972–84) Tarzan and the Super 7 (1978–80) The Tom and Jerry Comedy Show (1980–82) Drak Pack (1980) The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour (1980–82) Tarzan, Lord of the Jungle The Lone Ranger The New Adventures of Zorro Blackstar (1981–83) The Kwicky Koala Show (1981) Trollkins (1981–82) Gilligan's Planet (1982–83) Pandamonium (1982–83) Meatballs & Spaghetti (1982–83) The Dukes (1983) The Biskitts (1983–84, 1985) Saturday Supercade (1983–85) Dungeons & Dragons (1983–86) The Charlie Brown and Snoopy Show (1983–86) The Get Along Gang (1984–85) Muppet Babies (1984–92) Pole Position (1984) The Berenstain Bears (1985–87) The Wuzzles (1985) Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling (1985–87) Wildfire (1986) Dennis the Menace (1986–88) Galaxy High School (1986–87, 1988) Teen Wolf (1986–88) Hello Kitty's Furry Tale Theater (1987–88) Mighty Mouse: The New Adventures (1987–89) Popeye and Son (1987–88, 1989) The Adventures of Raggedy Ann and Andy (1988–90) Superman (1988) Garfield and Friends (1988–94) Dink, the Little Dinosaur (1989–91) The California Raisin Show (1989–90) Rude Dog and the Dweebs (1989–90) First-runlive-action series Captain Kangaroo (1955–84) In the News (1971–86) 30 Minutes (1978–82) CBS Saturday Film Festival (1971–78; 1982–84) Benji, Zax & the Alien Prince (1983) Pryor's Place (1984–85) Little Muppet Monsters (1985) CBS Storybreak (1985–87) Pee-wee's Playhouse (1986–91) Hey Vern, It's Ernest! (1988–89) Rebroadcasts The Bugs Bunny Show/Road Runner Show (1975–85) Shazam! (1980–81) Speed Buggy (1982, 1988) Shirt Tales (1984) Land of the Lost (1985–86) He-Man and the Masters of the Universe (1985) The Transformers (1987) Kidd Video (1987–88) Related topics Garbage Pail Kids The Young Astronauts Animation in the United States in the television era Modern animation in the United States Portals: United States Japan Television Animation Cartoon Science Fiction Speculative fiction 1980s
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of Transformers animated series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Transformers_animated_series"},{"link_name":"syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Takara Tomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takara_Tomy"},{"link_name":"Transformers toy line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers_(toy_line)"},{"link_name":"television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Transformers_TV_series"},{"link_name":"Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers"},{"link_name":"giant robots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mania.com-3"},{"link_name":"Marvel Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Productions"},{"link_name":"Sunbow Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbow_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Toei Animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toei_Animation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"first-run syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-run_syndication"},{"link_name":"AKOM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AKOM"},{"link_name":"Nelson Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Shin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Transformers: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transformers:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Generation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Generation_2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sci-Fi Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"The Hub / Discovery Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Family"}],"text":"This article is about the original Transformers animated \nseries. For information on other Transformers animated series, see List of Transformers animated series.The Transformers is an American-Japanese animated television series that originally aired from September 17, 1984, to November 11, 1987, in syndication \nbased upon Hasbro and Takara Tomy's Transformers toy line. The first television series in the Transformers franchise, it depicts a war among giant robots that can transform into vehicles and other objects.[3]The series was produced by Marvel Productions and Sunbow Productions in association with Japanese studio Toei Animation[4] for first-run syndication. Toei co-produced the show as the main animation studio for its first two seasons, having been tasked with creating and finalizing animation models, designing transformation schemes, storyboarding some episodes, and general direction. In the third season, Toei's involvement with the production team was reduced and the animation services were shared with the South Korean studio AKOM. The show's supervising producer (Nelson Shin) was also AKOM's founder.[5] The fourth season was entirely animated by AKOM. The series was supplemented by a feature film, The Transformers: The Movie (1986), taking place between the second and third seasons.This series is also popularly known as \"Generation One\", a term originally coined by fans in response to the re-branding of the franchise as Transformers: Generation 2 in 1992, which eventually made its way into official use.[6][7] The series was later shown in reruns on Sci-Fi Channel and The Hub / Discovery Family.","title":"The Transformers (TV series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Microman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microman"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe"},{"link_name":"Takara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takara"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Diaclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaclone"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Marvel Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Comics"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero"},{"link_name":"Marvel Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvel_Productions"},{"link_name":"Griffin-Bacal Advertising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffin-Bacal_Advertising"},{"link_name":"Sunbow Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbow_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mania.com-3"},{"link_name":"Jim Shooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Shooter"},{"link_name":"Autobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobots"},{"link_name":"Decepticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decepticon"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dennis O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_O%27Neil"},{"link_name":"Bob Budiansky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Budiansky"},{"link_name":"Floro Dery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floro_Dery"}],"text":"The Transformers toyline and animated series were inspired by the Japanese toyline, Microman (an Eastern descendant of the 12-inch G.I. Joe action figure series) by Takara.[8] In 1980, the Microman spin-off, Diaclone, was released, featuring inch-tall humanoid figures able to sit in the drivers' seats of scale model vehicles, which could transform into humanoid robot bodies the drivers piloted. Later still, in 1983, a Microman sub-line, MicroChange was introduced, featuring \"actual size\" items that transformed into robots, such as microcassettes, guns and toy cars. Diaclone and MicroChange toys were subsequently discovered at the 1983 Tokyo Toy Fair by Hasbro toy company product developer Henry Orenstein, who presented the concept to Hasbro's head of R&D, George Dunsay. Enthusiastic about the product, it was decided to release toys from both Diaclone and MicroChange as one toyline for their markets, although there were eventual changes to the color schemes from the original toys to match the new series.[9]By 1984, U.S. regulators had removed many of the restrictions regarding the placement of promotional content within children's television programming. The way was cleared for the new product-based television program. Hasbro had previously worked with Marvel Comics to develop G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero for a three-pronged marketing scheme – the toyline, a tie-in comic book by Marvel, and an animated mini-series co-produced by Marvel's media arm, Marvel Productions, and the Griffin-Bacal Advertising Agency's Sunbow Productions production house. Given the success of that strategy, the process was repeated in 1984 when Hasbro marketing vice president Bob Prupis approached Marvel to develop their new robot series, which Jay Bacal dubbed \"Transformers.\"[3]Marvel's Editor-in-Chief at the time, Jim Shooter, produced a rough story concept for the series, creating the idea of the two warring factions of alien robots – the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons.[10] To flesh out his concept, Shooter called upon veteran editor Dennis O'Neil to create character names and profiles for the cast, but O'Neill's work did not meet with Hasbro's expectations, and they requested heavy revisions. O'Neill declined to make said revisions, and the project was turned down by several writers and editors approached by Shooter until editor Bob Budiansky accepted the task. Hastily performing the revisions over a weekend, Budiansky's new names and profiles were a hit with Hasbro, and production began on a bi-monthly four-issue comic book miniseries, and three-part television pilot. Both comic and cartoon would wind up continuing for years beyond these short-term beginnings, using Budiansky's original development work as a springboard to tell the story of the Transformers in very different ways from one another, forming two separate, unrelated continuities for the brand out of the gate.Japanese designer Shōhei Kohara was responsible for creating the earliest character models for the Transformers cast, greatly humanising the toy designs to create more approachable robot characters for the comic and cartoon. His designs were subsequently simplified by Floro Dery, who went on to become the lead designer for the series, creating many more concepts and designs in the future.","title":"Production background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Autobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobots"},{"link_name":"Decepticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decepticons"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"}],"text":"This series focuses on the Transformers, split into two warring factions: the heroic Autobots and the evil Decepticons as they crash land on Earth and continue their eons long conflict there.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Transformers_episodes#Season_1_(1984)"},{"link_name":"2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Transformers_episodes#Season_2_(1985%E2%80%9386)"},{"link_name":"Feature film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Transformers_episodes#The_Transformers:_The_Movie_(1986)"},{"link_name":"3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Transformers_episodes#Season_3_(1986%E2%80%9387)"},{"link_name":"4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Transformers_episodes#Season_4_(1987)"}],"text":"SeasonEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired116September 17, 1984 (1984-09-17)December 15, 1984 (1984-12-15)249September 23, 1985 (1985-09-23)January 9, 1986 (1986-01-09)Feature filmAugust 8, 1986 (1986-08-08)330September 15, 1986 (1986-09-15)February 25, 1987 (1987-02-25)43November 9, 1987 (1987-11-09)November 11, 1987 (1987-11-11)","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"miniseries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miniseries"},{"link_name":"Optimus Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optimus_Prime"},{"link_name":"Autobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobot"},{"link_name":"Megatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megatron"},{"link_name":"Decepticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decepticon"},{"link_name":"Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Pilot miniseries","text":"The three-part pilot miniseries (retroactively titled \"More than Meets the Eye\") first aired in the United States in September 1984. The story follows Optimus Prime's heroic Autobots and Megatron's evil Decepticons as they leave their metallic homeworld of Cybertron to search for new sources of energy to revitalize their war efforts, only to crash-land on Earth, where they remain entombed and offline for 4 million years.[11] Awakening in the year of 1984, the Decepticons set about pillaging the energy sources of Earth, while the Autobots—aided by human father and son duo Sparkplug and Spike Witwicky—attempt to protect the new world on which they find themselves. The miniseries concludes with the Decepticons believed dead after their space cruiser is sent plunging into the ocean depths, while the Autobots prepare to return to Cybertron.[12]","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Skyfire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetfire"},{"link_name":"Insecticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecticons"},{"link_name":"Constructicons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructicons"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Season 1","text":"The 13-episode first season, commissioned and produced before the pilot miniseries aired, was broadcast in weekday syndication in the Fall of 1984 . Story-edited at Marvel Productions by Bryce Malek and Dick Robbins, the season begins with the revelation that the Decepticons have survived the events of the pilot and follows them as they set about constructing a \"space bridge\" to teleport resources back to Cybertron. A loose story arc centered on this technology spans the season, culminating in \"The Ultimate Doom\",[13] a three-part episode in which the Decepticons teleport Cybertron itself into Earth's orbit. The paraplegic computer expert Chip Chase joins Spike and Sparkplug as a new human ally for the Autobots.The season also introduced several new characters from the upcoming 1985 product line in advance of their toys' release including Skyfire, the Dinobots, the Insecticons, and the first \"combiner\" team, the Constructicons, who are able to merge into a giant robot, Devastator, whose introduction was set alongside a climactic one-on-one duel between Optimus Prime and Megatron that served as a part of the season finale.[14]","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"broadcast syndication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadcast_syndication"},{"link_name":"Alpha Trion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpha_Trion"},{"link_name":"Omega Supreme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omega_Supreme"},{"link_name":"Astrotrain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Astrotrain"},{"link_name":"Aerialbots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerialbots"},{"link_name":"Stunticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stunticons"},{"link_name":"Protectobots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectobots"},{"link_name":"Combaticons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combaticons"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Scramble City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Scramble_City"}],"sub_title":"Season 2","text":"Forty-nine further episodes were commissioned for the show's second season in 1985, bringing the total up to the \"magic number\" of 65 required to move the series into weekday broadcast syndication. Compared to the first season, Season 2's stories are more episodic, with many of them able to air in whatever order networks chose. Episodes would often spotlight individual characters or groups of characters as a means of promoting their toys and later in the season, the lore of the series would be expanded on as the history of Cybertron and origin of Optimus Prime were discovered and significant cartoon-original characters like Alpha Trion and the first female Transformer characters were introduced. A new recurring human cast member was also added in the form of Spike's girlfriend Carly.Partway into the season, the remainder of the 1985 product line was introduced, mostly through the two-part episode \"Dinobot Island.\" These new characters, like the first year cast, were largely derived from Takara's Diaclone and Micro Change lines, including new Autobot car and mini-vehicles and Decepticon jets and the giant Autobot sentinel Omega Supreme and Decepticon \"Triple-Changers\" Astrotrain and Blitzwing. To expand the line, however, Hasbro also licensed several toys from other companies, including Takara's Japanese competitor, Bandai. Legal complications that arose from incorporating the first of these, Skyfire, into the first season resulted in the character quickly being phased out early in Season 2 and meant that none of the other Bandai-derived characters featured in the series.Toward the end of the season, the first 1986 product was introduced into the series: the Aerialbots, Stunticons, Protectobots and Combaticons, four combiner teams based on an unmade Diaclone line that was aborted in Japan in favor of importing the Transformers toy line itself. To promote these new toys even further in Japanese markets, a single Japanese-exclusive episode, Transformers: Scramble City, was released direct-to-video in spring of 1986.","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Transformers: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transformers:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Hot Rod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodimus"},{"link_name":"Matrix of Leadership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix_of_Leadership"},{"link_name":"Rodimus Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodimus_Prime"},{"link_name":"Unicron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicron"},{"link_name":"Galvatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvatron"}],"sub_title":"The Movie","text":"The gap between seasons two and three was bridged by The Transformers: The Movie, which was released to theaters in the summer of 1986. Set 20 years after the second season, in the year 2005, the film featured the deaths of many characters, including Optimus Prime himself, clearing away all the discontinued products from the 1984 and 1985 toy lines and introducing a new cast of the characters designed for the film, who were then made into toys for the 1986 range. Young Autobot Hot Rod used the power of the Autobot talisman known as the Matrix of Leadership to become the new Autobot leader Rodimus Prime and defeated the world-eating robot planet Unicron who recreates Megatron into Galvatron while Skywarp, Thundercracker, Shrapnel, Kickback and Bombshell are reformed as Cyclonus, Scourge and the Sweeps.","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Galvatron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galvatron"},{"link_name":"Starscream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starscream"},{"link_name":"Metroplex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metroplex_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Trypticon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trypticon"},{"link_name":"Quintessons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quintessons"},{"link_name":"Flint Dille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint_Dille"},{"link_name":"Marv Wolfman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marv_Wolfman"},{"link_name":"Steve Gerber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gerber"},{"link_name":"Nelson Shin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelson_Shin"},{"link_name":"The Return of Optimus Prime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Return_of_Optimus_Prime"}],"sub_title":"Season 3","text":"Season 3 picks up where the movie leaves off, with the Autobots now in control of Cybertron once more, working to restore their homeworld and serving as peacemakers for worlds all across the galaxy. The Decepticons, meanwhile, are in exile on the ruined world of Chaar, led now by Galvatron. Interconnected episodes, running plot threads and small story arcs became more common in the series, including the return of Starscream (following his death in the movie) as a ghost, frequent battles between the giant Autobot and Decepticon cities of Metroplex and Trypticon and the threat to both sides posed by the alien Quintessons, introduced in the movie and revealed in the season's premiere miniseries \"Five Faces of Darkness\" to be the true creators of the Transformers. This season also saw the debut of three new combiners: the Predacons, the Terrorcons, and the Technobots.This season saw story-editing duties transfer from Marvel Productions to Sunbow, overseen by Flint Dille, Marv Wolfman and Steve Gerber. Animation for around half the season was provided by producer Nelson Shin's animation studio AKOM, creating a different \"look\" for the show that encompassed its opening sequence and commercial bumpers.The death of Optimus Prime proved a controversial move and did not sit well with the viewing audience, resulting in a letter-writing campaign that ultimately compelled Hasbro to resurrect the Autobot leader in a two-part season finale called \"The Return of Optimus Prime\", which aired in March 1987. Optimus Prime was revived with help from a Quintesson during the threat of the Hate Plague.","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"David Wise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wise_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Headmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headmaster_(Transformers)"},{"link_name":"Targetmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targetmaster"}],"sub_title":"Season 4","text":"The fourth season, consisting of a three-part finale miniseries named \"The Rebirth\", was broadcast in November 1987. Written by regular series writer David Wise, the Autobots and Decepticons encounter the alien world of Nebulos, where they bond with the native Nebulans to become Headmasters and Targetmasters. The Nebulons led by the evil Lord Zarak were able to transform the animal Decepticons with Scourge and Cyclonus into Headmasters while some of their weapons were transformed into Targetmasters. While Lord Zarak was able to become the Headmaster to his creation Scorponok, Spike Witwicky was able to operate the Headmaster unit so that he can control Fortress Maximus to fight Scorponok. The miniseries concludes with the successful restoration of Cybertron, but the Decepticon threat not yet quashed as Galvatron and Lord Zarak argue over who will rule the galaxy upon their victory over the Autobots.","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Martin P. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_P._Robinson"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Generation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Generation_2"}],"sub_title":"Later developments","text":"The Transformers did not disappear from American airwaves, as a fifth season aired in 1988.[15] It consisted of reruns of 15 episodes from the original series, along with The Transformers: The Movie edited into five episodes. This season featured a new title sequence using footage from previous episodes, the movie, and toy commercials as well as all new framing scenes featuring a human boy named Tommy Kennedy (portrayed by actor Jason Jansen) and a stop-motion/machine prop Optimus Prime puppet (operated by Sesame Street veteran, Martin P. Robinson.).[16]From 1993 to 1995, select episodes of the series were rebroadcast under the title Transformers: Generation 2. The stories were presented as though they were historical recordings displayed by the \"Cybernet Space Cube\", which added computer-generated borders and scene-transitions to the original animation.The story was later continued in Transformers: Generation 2: Redux, a Botcon magazine that is set 22 years after the events of the final episode where the first generation of the Autobots led by Optimus Prime pursue Galvatron and Zarak into deep space and a new generation of Autobots and Decepticons are introduced.","title":"Broadcast history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"commercial bumpers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_bumper"},{"link_name":"eyecatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyecatch"},{"link_name":"public service announcements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_service_announcement"},{"link_name":"G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.I._Joe:_A_Real_American_Hero_(1985_TV_series)"}],"text":"Each of the first three seasons of the series featured its own tailored opening sequence, featuring completely original animation and a unique arrangement of the theme tune. Additionally, the third-season premiere \"Five Faces of Darkness\" had its own specialized opening, depicting events that occurred in the mini-series. The fourth season, however, did not feature any new animation in its opening sequence, instead combining footage from the third season opening and various clips of animation from 1987 toy commercials; likewise, the fifth season featured commercial animation mixed in with footage from The Transformers: The Movie. Both used the season three musical arrangement.The series featured a distinctive scene transition that saw the Autobot and Decepticon symbols \"flipping\" from one to the other, accompanied by a distinctive five-note refrain. This transition technique became a hallmark of the series, and was used throughout the entire four-year run. Commercial breaks were segued into and out of using commercial bumpers featuring brief eyecatch-styled original animation with a voice over by series narrator Victor Caroli.A set of five proposed public service announcements were created to be tagged onto the end of episodes from the second season of the series, re-using the scripts from similar PSAs created for sister series G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero, complete with the catchphrase \"...and knowing is half the battle!\" These were never actually aired on television, but eventually appeared as bonus features on various DVDs and video games. For the third season, episodes were tagged with \"The Secret Files of Teletraan II\", a series of short featurettes that used clips from the show and new narration from Caroli to provide histories for the Autobots, the Decepticons, the Quintessons, and other subjects.","title":"Supplemental sequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of The Transformers episodes § Japanese seasons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_The_Transformers_episodes#Japanese_seasons"},{"link_name":"Nippon TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_TV"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Scramble City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Scramble_City"},{"link_name":"Transformers: The Headmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_The_Headmasters"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Super-God Masterforce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Super-God_Masterforce"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Victory"},{"link_name":"direct-to-video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct-to-video"},{"link_name":"OVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Original_video_animation"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Zone"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"manga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_anime_and_manga"},{"link_name":"Kodansha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kodansha"}],"text":"See also: List of The Transformers episodes § Japanese seasonsIn Japan, the first two seasons of the show were collectively released as Fight! Super Robot Life-Form Transformers (戦え！超ロボット生命体トランスフォーマー, Tatakae! Chō Robotto Seimeitai Toransufōmā), then rebranded as Transformers 2010 (トランスフォーマー2010, Toransufōmā Tsūōwanō) for Season 3, with all seasons aired on Nippon TV. Between seasons 2 and 3 a Japanese exclusive OVA was released in place of the movie entitled; Transformers: Scramble City, released in 1986, it showcases the four special teams (Aerialbots, Protectobots, Stunticons and Combaticons) as well as the two transforming cities of Metroplex and Trypticon. Following the conclusion of the third season, the Japanese opted not to import \"The Rebirth\", but instead created a series of new animated shows to continue the story, beginning with Transformers: The Headmasters in 1987, and continuing into Transformers: Super-God Masterforce in 1988, Transformers: Victory in 1989, and the single-episode direct-to-video OVA Transformers: Zone in 1990.[17] Supplementary manga written by Masami Kaneda and illustrated by Ban Magami ran alongside each series in Kodansha's TV Magazine.","title":"Japanese release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"VHS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VHS"},{"link_name":"Betamax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betamax"},{"link_name":"Family Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artisan_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Malofilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malofilm"},{"link_name":"Transformers: Generation 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_Generation_2"}],"text":"In the 1980s, episodes from the first and second seasons as well as the third season's \"Five Faces of Darkness\" and \"Return of Optimus Prime\" were released on VHS and Betamax by Family Home Entertainment.Between 1995 - 1999, Canadian home entertainment company Malofilm (later renamed as Behaviour Distribution) released several episodes of the series on VHS, and some under the Transformers: Generation 2 name. None of the Malofilm VHS cover art was specifically related to the contents of the episodes either, as they were all various segments of promotional art related to the 1986 animated feature The Transformers: The Movie.","title":"VHS, Betamax, and DVD releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Rhino Entertainment Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhino_Entertainment_Company"},{"link_name":"AOL Time Warner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WarnerMedia"},{"link_name":"Warner Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Sony Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Sony BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_BMG"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-autogenerated1-19"},{"link_name":"Sony Pictures Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Pictures_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Hasbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hasbro"},{"link_name":"Sunbow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunbow_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"},{"link_name":"Vivendi Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiam_Vivendi_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tvshowsondvd.com-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Region 1","text":"Seasons 1–4 were released on DVD in the U.S. by Rhino Entertainment Company/Kid Rhino Entertainment (under its Rhinomation classic animation entertainment brand) (a subsidiary of AOL Time Warner) (a division of Warner Music Group) between April 23, 2002, and March 9, 2004.[18] Due to missing 35mm film stock, some sections of the Rhino Entertainment release use earlier incomplete animation, often introducing errors, such as mis-colored Decepticon jets, Skyfire colored like Skywarp, missing laser blasts, or a confusing sequence where Megatron, equipped with Skywarp's teleportation power, teleports but does not actually disappear. This version also added extra sound effects that were presented in the remixed 5.1 surround soundtrack and later remixed 2.0 stereo soundtrack, but not present in the original broadcast version.In 2005, Rhino lost the rights to distribute Transformers on DVD. The license was subsequently acquired by Sony Wonder (a division of Sony BMG). Sony Wonder announced in October 2006 that they would re-release the first season of the series in 2007, with the other seasons presumably following.[19] In June 2007, Sony BMG dissolved Sony Wonder and moved the label to Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, without releasing any DVD sets.[20]In May 2008, Hasbro re-acquired the rights to the Sunbow library of shows, including Transformers.[21]In March 2009, Shout! Factory announced that they had acquired the license from Hasbro to release Transformers on DVD in Region 1 with Vivendi Entertainment. They subsequently released The Complete First Season on June 16, 2009. Season Two Volume One was released on September 15, 2009. Season Two Volume Two was released on January 12, 2010.[22] Seasons Three and Four were released together in one set on April 20, 2010.[23] These releases corrected most of the newly introduced Rhino animation errors, but this was necessarily accomplished by using lower quality sources taken from the original broadcast master tapes. Rhino's added sound effects were discarded in favor of a sound mix more faithful to the original mono audio.On October 20, 2009, Shout! Factory released the complete series in a box set for the first time in Region 1. This set, dubbed Transformers: The Complete Series - The Matrix of Leadership Collector's Set, features all 98 remastered episodes along with all new bonus features.[24]","title":"VHS, Betamax, and DVD releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.K.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Transformers: The Headmasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformers:_The_Headmasters"}],"sub_title":"Region 2","text":"Maverick released Season 1 in the U.K. in 2001. Three individual volumes were released (though the episodes are in the wrong order), a box set of the three disks, which included a fourth disk containing bonus features, and one volume of Transformers: Generation 2 with five episodes that had the Cybernetic Space Cube graphics added. They also released a volume of Transformers: Takara, which included the first six episodes of the Asian English dub of Transformers: The Headmasters.Metrodome Distribution released Seasons 1–4 in the U.K. between November 17, 2003, and October 11, 2004. Their first release was a budget-range DVD of the Transformers movie, released through Prism Leisure. The seasons were released in four box sets: Season 1, Season 2 Part 1, Season 2 Part 2 and Seasons 3–4. Notably, Season 2 was released first by Metrodome because Season 1 had been released by Maverick. Metrodome's releases use the remastered production masters, which originated with the Rhino release of the series (and contain all the inherent errors). Additionally, they include Magno Sound & Video's 5.1 audio (with added sound effects), but use a modified version of their 2.0 track.","title":"VHS, Betamax, and DVD releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madman Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madman_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Shout! Factory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shout!_Factory"}],"sub_title":"Region 4","text":"Madman Entertainment released the four seasons in six box sets in Australia and New Zealand (Region 4): Season 1, Season 2.1, Season 2.2, Season 3.1, Season 3.2 and Season 4.They later released the remastered Shout! Factory version of Transformers in the same volume arrangement as the American release. In 2007, Madman Entertainment released a 17-disc complete collection box set.","title":"VHS, Betamax, and DVD releases"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Transformers: The Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Transformers:_The_Movie"},{"link_name":"Mandarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Chinese"},{"link_name":"digital download","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_distribution"},{"link_name":"PlayStation Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PlayStation_Network"},{"link_name":"video store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_store"},{"link_name":"Discovery Family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Family"},{"link_name":"Beast Wars: Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_Wars:_Transformers"},{"link_name":"Beast Machines: Transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beast_Machines:_Transformers"}],"sub_title":"Other releases","text":"A collector's tin box set was released in Asia by Guangdong Qianhe Audio & Video Communication Co., Ltd. under license by Pexlan International (Picture) Limited. The set includes the entire series, The Transformers: The Movie, a set of full color postcards, a rubber keychain, and a full color book (graphic novel style) that serves as an episode guide. While the book is almost entirely in Mandarin, the chapter menus contain English translations for each episode. The set is coded as Region 1.In July 2009, Transformers G1 Season 1 (25th Anniversary Edition) was made available for digital download via the PlayStation Network's video store in the United States for $1.99 per episode.On October 10, 2010, The Hub (formerly Discovery Kids, later Discovery Family on October 13, 2014) started airing the original episodes of the Transformers G1 series on the network (alongside Beast Wars: Transformers and Beast Machines: Transformers).","title":"VHS, Betamax, and DVD releases"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Pirrello, Phil (July 22, 2009). \"Transformers: The Complete Series DVD Review\". IGN. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/07/23/transformers-the-complete-series-dvd-review","url_text":"\"Transformers: The Complete Series DVD Review\""}]},{"reference":"Schine, Cathleen (October 30, 1988). \"From Lassie to Pee-Wee\". The New York Times Magazine. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/30/magazine/from-lassie-to-pee-wee.html?scp=7&sq=The%20Real%20Ghostbusters&st=cse&pagewanted=2","url_text":"\"From Lassie to Pee-Wee\""}]},{"reference":"Janson, Tim (June 18, 2009). \"DVD Review: Transformers The Complete First Season 25th Anniversary\". Mania.com. Archived from the original on June 20, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090620060816/http://www.mania.com/dvd-review-transformers-complete-first-season-25th-anniversary_article_115714.html","url_text":"\"DVD Review: Transformers The Complete First Season 25th Anniversary\""},{"url":"http://www.mania.com/dvd-review-transformers-complete-first-season-25th-anniversary_article_115714.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"東映アニメーション［オールディーズ］\". January 6, 2003. Archived from the original on January 6, 2003. Retrieved November 17, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030106085836/http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/oldies/collabo2.html","url_text":"\"東映アニメーション［オールディーズ］\""},{"url":"http://www.toei-anim.co.jp/oldies/collabo2.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Akom Production Co. OEM Works\". Akomkorea.com. Archived from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved March 5, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200930094238/http://akomadmin.inames.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=es22&page=3","url_text":"\"Akom Production Co. OEM Works\""},{"url":"http://akomadmin.inames.kr/bbs/board.php?bo_table=es22&page=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Donohoo, Timothy (April 1, 2022). \"Transformers: Beast Wars Was Initially More Aligned With Generation 1\". CBR.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbr.com/transformers-beast-wars-generation-1/","url_text":"\"Transformers: Beast Wars Was Initially More Aligned With Generation 1\""}]},{"reference":"Meenan, Devin (December 2, 2022). \"Everything You Need To Know About Beast Wars To Be Ready For Transformers: Rise Of The Beasts\". /Film.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/1123853/everything-you-need-to-know-about-beast-wars-to-be-ready-for-transformers-rise-of-the-beasts/","url_text":"\"Everything You Need To Know About Beast Wars To Be Ready For Transformers: Rise Of The Beasts\""}]},{"reference":"Miller III, Randy (June 16, 2009). \"Transformers: The Complete First Season (25th Anniversary Edition)\". DVDtalk. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/37505/transformers-the-complete-first-season-25th-anniversary-edition/","url_text":"\"Transformers: The Complete First Season (25th Anniversary Edition)\""}]},{"reference":"Cheang, Michael (November 9, 2004). \"A brief history of the Transformers\". The Star (Malaysia). Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2004/11/9/features/20041108160036&sec=features","url_text":"\"A brief history of the Transformers\""}]},{"reference":"Phillips, Daniel (March 13, 2008). \"Rogue's Gallery: Megatron\". IGN. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/03/13/rogues-gallery-megatron","url_text":"\"Rogue's Gallery: Megatron\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Transformers, More than meets the eye all three episodes, retrieved October 16, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bitchute.com/video/hrp8TygyTNlo/","url_text":"Transformers, More than meets the eye all three episodes"}]},{"reference":"IGN TV (June 27, 2011). \"The History of Transformers on TV\". IGN. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/06/27/the-history-of-transformers-on-tv","url_text":"\"The History of Transformers on TV\""}]},{"reference":"Transformers episodes The Ultimate Doom all three episodes, retrieved October 16, 2021","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bitchute.com/video/nZseM6rFNfxj/","url_text":"Transformers episodes The Ultimate Doom all three episodes"}]},{"reference":"Pirrello, Phil (June 11, 2009). \"Transformers – The Complete First Season (25th Anniversary Edition) Review\". IGN. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2009/06/11/transformers-the-complete-first-season-25th-anniversary-edition-review","url_text":"\"Transformers – The Complete First Season (25th Anniversary Edition) Review\""}]},{"reference":"\"Contains footage from the fifth season of Transformers (featuring the stop-motion animated Powermaster Optimus Prime)\". YouTube. Archived from the original on December 5, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151205083936/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUavipTk6Xg","url_text":"\"Contains footage from the fifth season of Transformers (featuring the stop-motion animated Powermaster Optimus Prime)\""},{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AUavipTk6Xg","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Contains behind the scenes footage from filming of the Season 5 segments featuring both Jansen and Robinson\". Vimeo. Archived from the original on April 10, 2023. Retrieved April 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230410014217/https://vimeo.com/811369329/48f00ed38c","url_text":"\"Contains behind the scenes footage from filming of the Season 5 segments featuring both Jansen and Robinson\""},{"url":"https://vimeo.com/811369329/48f00ed38c","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Derek (March 22, 2013). Media Franchising: Creative License and Collaboration in the Culture Industries. NYU Press. ISBN 9780814743898. Retrieved November 17, 2017 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EhVUXa89o8YC&q=transformers+animated+by+toei&pg=PA178","url_text":"Media Franchising: Creative License and Collaboration in the Culture Industries"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814743898","url_text":"9780814743898"}]},{"reference":"Conrad, Jeremy (April 25, 2002). \"Transformers Season 1\". IGN. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2002/04/25/transformers-season-1","url_text":"\"Transformers Season 1\""}]},{"reference":"Seibertron (October 20, 2006). \"Transformers G1 Season 1 to be Released by Sony BMG in 2007\". Seibertron. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.seibertron.com/news/view.php?id=8688","url_text":"\"Transformers G1 Season 1 to be Released by Sony BMG in 2007\""}]},{"reference":"Ault, Susanne (June 21, 2007). \"Sony Wonder moves under Sony Pictures Home Entertainment\". Video Business. Internet Archive. Archived from the original on November 22, 2007. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071122161859/http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6454320.html","url_text":"\"Sony Wonder moves under Sony Pictures Home Entertainment\""},{"url":"http://www.videobusiness.com/article/CA6454320.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lambert, David (May 14, 2008). \"Transformers – Hasbro Pays US$7 Million to Reacquire Distro Rights to Transformers, G.I. Joe & Others!\". TV Shows On DVD.com. Archived from the original on December 28, 2013. Retrieved February 23, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131228121924/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Transformers-Hasbro-Reacquires-Rights/9624","url_text":"\"Transformers – Hasbro Pays US$7 Million to Reacquire Distro Rights to Transformers, G.I. Joe & Others!\""},{"url":"http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Transformers-Hasbro-Reacquires-Rights/9624","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transformers DVD news: Release Date for Transformers – 25th Anniversary Edition: Season 2, Volume 2\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. May 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226123229/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Transformers-Season-2-Volume-2/12785","url_text":"\"Transformers DVD news: Release Date for Transformers – 25th Anniversary Edition: Season 2, Volume 2\""},{"url":"http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Transformers-Season-2-Volume-2/12785","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transformers DVD news: Transformers – 25th Anniversary Edition: Seasons 3 & 4 Coming in April\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226123356/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Transformers-Seasons-3-and-4/13154","url_text":"\"Transformers DVD news: Transformers – 25th Anniversary Edition: Seasons 3 & 4 Coming in April\""},{"url":"http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Transformers-Seasons-3-and-4/13154","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transformers DVD news: General Retail Release Dates Announced\". TVShowsOnDVD.com. Archived from the original on February 26, 2012. Retrieved March 4, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120226123235/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Transformers-Retail-Release-Dates/12527","url_text":"\"Transformers DVD news: General Retail Release Dates Announced\""},{"url":"http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Transformers-Retail-Release-Dates/12527","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motocross
Motocross
["1 History","2 Major competitions","2.1 FIM Motocross World Championship","2.2 AMA Motocross Championship","2.3 Motocross des Nations","2.4 British Motocross Championship","3 Sports derived from motocross","3.1 Supercross","3.2 Freestyle","3.3 SuperMoto","3.4 ATV/Quad Motocross","3.5 Sidecarcross","3.6 Pit bikes and mini-motocross","4 Equipment","4.1 Motocross motorcycle","5 Governing bodies","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Motocross" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Off-road motorcycle racing held on enclosed off-road circuits A motocross rider coming off a jump Motocross championship Motocross is a form of off-road motorcycle racing held on enclosed off-road circuits. The sport evolved from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom. History Motocross first evolved in Britain from motorcycle trials competitions, such as the Auto-Cycle Clubs's first quarterly trial in 1909 and the Scottish Six Days Trial that began in 1912. When organisers dispensed with delicate balancing and strict scoring of trials in favour of a race to become the fastest rider to the finish, the activity became known as "hare scrambles", said to have originated in the phrase, "a rare old scramble" describing one such early race. Though known as scrambles racing (or just scrambles) in the United Kingdom, the sport grew in popularity and the competitions became known internationally as "motocross racing", by combining the French word for motorcycle, motocyclette, or moto for short, into a portmanteau with "cross country". The first known scramble race in the Camberley, Surrey in 1924. The 100th anniversary of the very first Motocross race will be commemorated in March 2024. The same cub that ran the 1924 event will be running it again over the same land. The entry will be limited to 150 competitors – see https://www.camberleyanddistrictmotorclub.co.uk/ During the 1930s the sport grew in popularity, especially in Britain where teams from the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), Norton, Matchless, Rudge, and AJS competed in the events. The first motocross race held on an artificial track inside a stadium took place on August 28, 1948, at Buffalo Stadium in the Paris suburb of Montrouge. The event was the forerunner to supercross competitions. Off-road motorcycles from that era differed little from those used on the street. The intense competition over rugged terrain led to technical improvements in motorcycles. Rigid frames gave way to suspensions by the early 1930s, and swinging fork rear suspension appeared by the early 1950s, several years before manufacturers incorporated it in the majority of production street bikes. The period after World War II was dominated by BSA, which had become the largest motorcycle company in the world. BSA riders dominated international competitions throughout the 1940s. A Maico 360 cc with air-cooled engine and twin shock absorbers on the rear suspension In 1952 the FIM, motorcycling's international governing body, set up an individual European Championship using a 500 cc engine displacement formula. In 1957 it was upgraded to World Championship status. In 1962 a 250 cc world championship was established and, new rules were adopted dividing the races into two 45 minute heat races that were referred to as motos. In the smaller 250 cc category companies with two-stroke motorcycles came into their own. Companies such as Husqvarna from Sweden, CZ from the former Czechoslovakia, Bultaco from Spain and Greeves from England became popular due to their lightness and agility. A significant moment in motocross history occurred during the 1963 FIM Motocross World Championship when ČZ factory rider Vlastimil Valek rode a 263cc two-stroke motorcycle to win the first moto of the 500cc Czechoslovakian Motocross Grand Prix ahead of a field of top-class, four stroke motorcycles. The victory marked a turning point in motocross history as, it was the first win by a two-stroke powered motorcycle in the premier division of the Motocross World Championships. By the mid-1960s, advances in two-stroke engine technology meant that the heavier, four-stroke machines were relegated to niche competitions. Riders from Belgium and Sweden began to dominate the sport during this period. Motocross arrived in the United States in 1966 when Swedish champion, Torsten Hallman rode an exhibition event against the top American TT riders at the Corriganville Movie Ranch also known as Hopetown in Simi Valley, California. The following year Hallman was joined by other motocross stars including Roger DeCoster, Joël Robert, and Dave Bickers. They dominated the event, placing their lightweight two-strokes into the top six finishing positions. A motorcycle sales boom in the United States fueled by the Baby Boomer generation, helped to spark a growth in the popularity of motocross among young Americans. Japanese motorcycle manufacturers began challenging the European factories for supremacy in the motocross world by the late 1960s. Suzuki claimed the first world championship for a Japanese factory when Joël Robert won the 1970 250 cc crown. In 1972, the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) inaugurated the AMA Motocross Championships and, held its first stadium race at the Los Angeles Coliseum, promoted by Mike Goodwin and Terry Tiernan, then-president of the AMA. The stadium event, won by 16-year-old Marty Tripes, paved the way for constructed, stadium-based motocross events known as supercross. In 1975, the FIM introduced a 125 cc world championship. European riders continued to dominate international motocross competitions throughout the 1970s with Belgian or Swedish riders winning ten Motocross des Nations (MXDN) events between 1969 and 1980 but, by the 1980s, American riders had caught up with American teams winning a string of 13 consecutive MXDN victories between 1981 and 1993. In 1978, Akira Watanabe became the first non-European competitor to win a motocross world championship and, in 1982 Brad Lackey became the first individual American motocross world champion. From the late 1970s to early 1990s, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers presided over a boom period in motocross technology. The typical air-cooled two-strokes with twin-shock rear suspension and telescopic front forks gave way to water-cooled engines and single-shock absorber rear suspension and "upside-down" (or inverted) front forks. Although the advancement of two-stroke engine technology was the primary focus of the major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers well into the mid 1990s, a rekindled interest in engineering a competitive, lightweight four-stroke motocross race bike was expressed among several brands, including Yamaha Motor Corporation and Husqvarna. Facing tightening federal emissions regulations in the United States, the AMA increased the allowable displacement capacity for four-stroke engines in 1997, in an effort to encourage manufacturers to develop environmentally friendlier four-stroke machines. Due to the low relative power output of a four-stroke engine compared to the then-dominating two-stroke design, the displacement limit of a four-stroke power motocross bike was raised to 250cc in the 125 class and 550cc in the 250 class. The new regulations resulted in competitors aboard four-strokes made by smaller European manufacturers, with Husqvarna, Husaberg, and KTM winning world championships on four-stroke machinery. In 1997, Yamaha unveiled a prototype 400cc four-stroke motorcycle, the YZM 400, which was debuted in the FIM Motocross World Championship. The motorcycle made its U.S. debut in 1997, where Yamaha Factory Racing rider Doug Henry led every lap of the main event at the 1997 AMA Supercross Finale and became the first person to win an AMA Supercross race on a four-stroke powered motorcycle. Following Yamaha's release of the production model YZ400F in 1998, Henry won the 250 AMA Motocross Championship and became the first person to win a major AMA Motocross title on a four-stroke powered motorcycle. This success motivated the remaining major manufacturers, Honda, Kawasaki, and Suzuki, to develop their own four-stroke motocross race bikes. By 2006, every manufacturer had begun competing with four-stroke machines in the AMA 125 (FIM MX2) and 250 (MX1) classes. The sport has further evolved into a sub-discipline similar to supercross known as arenacross, which is held in small indoor arenas. Classes were also formed for all-terrain vehicles. Freestyle motocross (FMX) events where riders are judged on their jumping and aerial acrobatic skills have gained popularity, as has supermoto, where motocross machines race both on tarmac and off-road. Vintage motocross (VMX) events take place – usually for motorcycles predating the 1975 model year. Many VMX races also include a "Post Vintage" portion, which usually includes bikes dating until 1983. Major competitions This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) FIM Motocross World Championship FIM Motocross World Championship Main article: FIM Motocross World Championship The FIM Grand Prix Motocross World Championship is predominantly held in Europe, but also includes events in North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Africa. It is the major Motocross series worldwide. There are three classes: MXGP for 450cc machines, MX2 for 250cc machines, and Women's MX. Competitions consist of two races which are called motos with a duration of 30 minutes plus two laps. AMA Motocross Championship Main article: AMA Motocross Championship The AMA Motocross Championship begins in mid May and continues until late August. The championship consists of eleven rounds at eleven major tracks all over the continental United States. There are three classes: the 250cc Motocross Class for 150–250 cc 4-stroke machines, the 450cc Motocross Class for 251–450 cc 4-stroke machines and a 250cc Women's Class, using the same rules as men's 250cc. Race events take place over two motos of 30 minutes plus two laps each. Motocross des Nations Motocross des Nations Main article: Motocross des Nations The annual Motocross des Nations is held at the end of the year when National and World Championship series have ended. The competition involves teams of three riders representing their nations. Each rider competes in a different class (MX1, MX2, and "Open"). There are three motos with two classes competing per moto. The location of the event changes from year to year. The United States, Belgium and Great Britain have had the greatest success. British Motocross Championship Main article: British Motocross Championship Th British Motocross Championship is the main UK off-road competition and organised into classes of MX1 and MX2. MX1 is for 250  cc to 450 cc (fourstroke) and MX2 for 175 cc to 250 cc fourstroke motorcycles. In 2007 an additional youth class, the MXY2 class, was added to the programme at selected rounds. A "Veterans" series was introduced in 2009 with just two rounds but the demand for places was so high that from 2011 the Veterans series will have three rounds, held over six races. Sports derived from motocross A number of other types of motorcycle sport have been derived from Motocross. Supercross Main article: AMA Supercross Championship See also: FIM Supercross World Championship and Australian Supercross Championship Jeremy McGrath won 7 Premier Class AMA Supercross titles, earning him the nickname the "King of Supercross" Supercross is a cycle racing sport involving specialized high-performance off-road motorcycles on constructed dirt tracks with steep jumps and obstacles. Compared to regular motocross, supercross tracks generally have much shorter straights and tighter turns. Professional supercross races, held as the AMA Supercross Championship in the United States, are held almost exclusively in professional baseball and football stadiums. The supercross season takes place during the winter and spring months, with races in a different city every weekend. There are 17 races in the AMA Supercross Championship schedule, normally beginning in Anaheim, California, and ending in Las Vegas, Nevada. The 250 cc class is split into two series, east and west. The 450 cc class has one large series with events across the US and Canada. In 2022, the World Supercross Championship was demerged from the AMA Supercross Championship, to be held as a standalone series once more. The series previously ran from 2003 to 2008. Supercross events are also held in Australia, known as the Australian Supercross Championship promoted by Motorcycling Australia. Along with the SX Open held in Auckland, New Zealand, the country's biggest event the Aus X-Open forms part of the Oceania Supercross Championship. Freestyle Main article: Freestyle Motocross "superman seat-grab" Freestyle Motocross (FMX), a relatively new variation of supercross started by the South African champion, Marco Urzi, does not involve racing and instead it concentrates on performing acrobatic stunts while jumping motocross bikes. The winner is chosen by a group of judges. The riders are scored on style, level of trick difficulty, best use of the course, and frequently, crowd reactions. FMX was introduced to the X Games and mainstream audiences in 1999. SuperMoto Main article: Supermoto A Supermoto rider on the track Supermoto uses motocross bikes converted for racing on tracks consisting of three sections: flat dirt, dirt obstacles, and paved road. The bikes have special road-racing tires with grooved tread to grip both the pavement and dirt. Some tracks for these race events have jumps, berms, and whoops like motocross tracks. For special events, the Supermoto track may incorporate metal ramps for jumps that can be disassembled and taken to other locations. Supermoto races may take place at modified go-kart tracks, road racing tracks, or even street racing tracks. There are also classes for children, such as the 85 cc class. Supermoto began in the US the late 1970s when TV journalist Gavin Trippe envisioned a racing event that would prove who the best motorcycle racer was. From 1980 to 1985, he organized a yearly event called "The Superbikers", which pitted the top riders from three disciplines, flat track, road racing, and motocross against one another on modified bikes raced on special tracks on the television show. Its first exposure to a wide audience came on the American television program ABC's Wide World of Sports in 1979. After 1985, the sport declined and received little exposure in the US, but in Europe, it started gaining popularity, and in 2003 it was revived in the US, when the name became Supermoto. ATV/Quad Motocross Main article: All-terrain vehicle Professional ATV racer Tim Farr at the 2006 Glen Helen MX national Throughout the United States and the United Kingdom there are many quad racing clubs with enduro and quadcross sections. GNCC Racing began around 1980 and includes hare scramble and enduro type races. To date, events are mainly held in the eastern part of the United States. GNCC racing features many types of obstacles such as, hill climbing, creek and log crossings, dirt roads and wooded trails. The ATV National Motocross Championship was formed around 1985. ATVMX events are hosted at motocross racetracks throughout the United States. ATVMX consists of several groups, including the Pro (AMA Pro) and Amateur (ATVA) series. Championship mud racing (CMR) saw its infancy in 2006 as leaders of the ATV industry recognized a need for uniformity of classes and rules of various local mud bog events. Providing standardized rules created the need for a governing body that both racers and event promoters could turn to and CMR was born. Once unified, a true points series was established and lead to a national championship for what was once nothing more than a hobby for most. In 2007 the finalized board of directors was established and the first races were held in 2008. Currently, the CMR schedule includes eight competition dates spanning from March to November. Points are awarded throughout the season in several different competition classes of ATV and SxS Mud Racing. The 2008 year included Mud Bog and Mudda-Cross competitions, but the 2009 and future seasons will only have Mudda-Cross competitions. Classes range from 0 to 499 cc, to a Super-Modified class which will allow any size ATV in competition. Sidecarcross Main article: Sidecarcross A Zabel-engined sidecar outfit Sidecar racing, known as Sidecarcross has been around since the 1950s but has declined in popularity since the mid‑1980s. This variant is common in Europe, with a few followers in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. The premier competition, the Sidecarcross World Championship, is contested on European tracks only and almost exclusively by Europeans. Motocross sidecars are purpose built frames that resemble an ordinary motocross-cycle with a flat platform to stand on attached to either side and a handlebar at waist height to hold on to. The side of the "chair" (slang for the platform) usually follows the side of the road the nation in question drives upon, but not always. The passenger balances the bike by being a counterweight, especially in corners and on jumps. It is driven on ordinary crosstracks. It is very physically demanding, especially for the passenger. This is reflected in most in the Swedish term for passenger, burkslav, roughly translated as trunk/barrel-slave. This name comes from the early sidecars which resembled road motorcycle sidecars and not today's platform. The major frame builders today are VMC, BSU, AYR, EML and Woodenleg. Ordinary engines can be used, but size matters and two engines purpose built for sidecars exist, Zabel (Germany) and MTH (Austria) are most common. Four-strokes are becoming more common, usually KTM (Austria). Pit bikes and mini-motocross This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Two riders go into a corner at a mini-motocross event in West Virginia. Pit bikes are small motorbikes that participants in powersports events use to ride around the pits, which are the staging areas where team support vehicles are located. More recently, they have been used in races held on either supercross or motocross tracks. Numerous performance and aesthetic upgrades are often applied to pit bikes. Originally, there was only one way to acquire a pit bike. A rider would buy a child's minibike, usually a Honda CRF110 or Kawasaki KLX110, and apply all the necessary upgrades and modifications to build a competitive pit bike. Of course, a rider could also buy a used bike. Since 2004, manufacturers like Thumpstar have begun designing, manufacturing, importing, and selling already complete pit bikes. These bikes are less expensive, and require less time to complete. Pit bikes are powered by 4-stroke, horizontal, single-cylinder engines ranging anywhere in displacement from 49 cc to 195 cc. A typical pit bike is usually a small dirt bike, but it has become common to be able to buy pit bikes with street-style wheels and tires. Pit bikes with street tires, as opposed to knobby tires, are used in Mini Supermoto Racing. Pit bikes are frequently heavily customized with decorative add-ons and performance-enhancing parts. Many riders and mechanics bore-out or replace engines in order to increase displacement and therefore power output. Heavy duty suspension systems are often a necessary addition, since the stock mini-bike suspension was designed for a small child. Wheel, brake, and tire upgrades are sometimes performed to improve handling. Pit bikes also have their own separate competitions held with classes generally corresponding to wheel size. This is a notable difference from Motocross and Supercross competition, where classes are separated by engine displacement. Pit bike racing is a relatively new niche of motocross, and as such, there is no official governing body similar to the AMA. Equipment Motocross motorcycle Major manufacturers Gas Gas (Spain/Austria) Honda (Japan) Husqvarna (Austria) Kawasaki (Japan) KTM (Austria) Suzuki (Japan) Yamaha (Japan) Minor Beta (Italy) Sherco (France & Spain) TM (Italy), TM holds the largest market share for motocross bikes, outside the major seven. Fantic (Italy),well known for there models XX and XXF that are the same as the YZ and the YZF from Yamaha but with changes in esthetic and motorparts. Niche market manufactures AJP (Portugal) Aprilia (Italy) Benelli (Italy) 2008 first 450 cc dirt bike BMW Motorrad (Germany) Cagiva (Italy) ATK (USA) CCM (UK) Cobra (USA) Demak (Malaysia) Derbi (Spain) GPX Racing (Thailand) Minsk (Belarus) Mojo Motorcycles (Australia) Montesa (Spain) Ossa (Spain) Polini (Italy) Pitster Pro (United States) Stallions (Thailand) SWM (Italy) Thumpstar (Australia) Viar (Indonesia) Chinese manufacturers Apollo (China) SSR Motorsports (China) TaoTao (China) Coolster (China) Manufacturers that have ceased production BSA (UK) – off-road became CCM Bultaco (Spain) Can-Am (Canada) Cannondale Casal (Portugal) CCM (UK) Cooper (Mexico) CZ (Czechoslovakia) DKW (East Germany) FAMEL (Portugal) Fabrique Nationale (Belgium) Greeves (UK) Hodaka (Japan) Harley-Davidson (USA) Husaberg (Sweden) Maico (Germany) Monark (Sweden) Penton (USA) Puch (Austria) Rickman (UK) Zündapp (Germany) Wilcomoto (UK) Governing bodies This section may have confusing or ambiguous abbreviations. Please review the Manual of Style, help improve this section, and discuss this issue on the talk page. (November 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Motocross is governed worldwide by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), with federations in many nations. Australia – Motorcycling Australia (MA) Austria – Osterreichische Automobil, Motorrad und Touring Club (OAMTC) Belgium – Federation Motocycliste de Belgique (FMB) Brazil – Confederação Brasileira de Motociclismo (CBM) Canada – Canadian Motorsport Racing Corp.(CMRC) and Canadian Motorcycle Association (CMA) Czech Republic – Autoklub České republiky (ACCR) Denmark – Danmarks Motor Union (DMU) Estonia – Eesti Motorrattaspordi Föderatsioon (EMF) Finland – Suomen Moottoriliitto (SML) France – Fédération Française de Motocyclisme (FFM) Germany – Deutscher Motor Sport Bund (DMSB) India – Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India (FMSCI) Ireland – Motorcycle Union of Ireland (MCUI) – NB covers the whole island Italy – Federazione Motociclistica Italiana (FMI) Latvia – Latvijas Motosporta Federācija (LaMSF) Lithuania – Lietuvos Motociklų Sporto Federacija (LMSF) The Netherlands – Koninklijke Nederlandse Motorrijdersvereniging (KNMV), Motorsport Organisatie Nederland (MON) New Zealand – Motorcycling New Zealand (MNZ) and New Zealand Dirt Bike Federation Norway – Norges Motorsportforbund (NMF) Poland – Polski Związek Motorowy (PZM) Portugal – Federação Motociclismo Portugal (FMP) Russia – Motorcycle Federation of Russia (MFR) South Africa – Motorsport South Africa (MSA) Spain – Real Federación Motociclista Española (RFME) Slovakia – Slovak motorcycle federation (SMF) Slovenia – Auto-Cycle Union of Slovenia (AMZS) Sweden – Svenska Motorsportförbundet (SVEMO) Switzerland – Federation Motocycliste Suisse (FMS) Thailand – Federation of Motor Sport Clubs of Thailand (FMSCT) United Kingdom – Auto-Cycle Union (ACU), with other separate bodies like the Amateur Motorcycling Association (AMCA), ORPA, BSMA, and YSMA. United States – American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) See also Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling FIM Motocross World Championship List of AMA Motocross Champions Beach racing Bicycle Motocross (BMX) References ^ a b c d Setright, L. J. K. (1979), The Guinness book of motorcycling facts and feats, Guinness Superlatives, pp. 202, 211, ISBN 0-85112-200-0 ^ a b c d e "History of Individual supercross World Championships" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2011. ^ "The birth of motocross: 1924 through 1939". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ a b "Taking Motocross to the people". pigtailpals.org. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ a b c d e f "Motocross goes International 1947 through 1965". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019. ^ "Namur MX The Heroic Years". namurmx.be. Retrieved 8 March 2023. ^ Dewhurst, David (2022), Motocross The Golden Years, Walsworth, Marceline, Missouri, ISBN 978-0-578-29016-4, Battles between Hallman and Robert quickly became legend, but the most significant moment in the decade of the 1960s came when ČZ factory rider Vlastimil Valek rode a bike with a bored-out 250cc two stroke single and beat a full field of top-class, 500cc four stroke bikes to win the 1963 Czechoslovakian Grand Prix. ^ Bryan Stealey (2008). The Powerhouse MX Nations: USA, Belgium, UK, Netherlands, France, and Germany. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7787-3990-6. ^ "Edison Dye: The Father of American Motocross". earlyyearsofmx.com. Retrieved 26 December 2023. ^ "Edison Dye and his Flying Circus". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019. ^ "Corriganville/Hopetown Motorcycle Races". employees.oxy.edu. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011. ^ "Boom Time: American Motocross in the 1970s". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "Joël Robert at the Motorcycle Hall of Fame". motorcyclemuseum.org. Retrieved 12 October 2011. ^ "The First Supercross". motorcyclistonline.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011. ^ a b "The young Americans". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019. ^ "U.S. Trophee and MX des Nations Team, 1981". motorcyclemuseum.org. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ "MXDN History". mxgp.com. Retrieved 4 November 2022. ^ Amick, Bill (October 1982). It's Lackey, At Last. Retrieved 5 November 2022. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ a b Assoc, American Motorcyclist (June 1997). Counting Strokes. Retrieved 2 October 2010. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help) ^ Brett Smith (May 2017). "First shot in the four-stroke revolution: Doug Henry's SX win 20 years ago in Vegas". revzilla.com. ^ "Vintage Motocross". American Historic Racing Motorcycle Association. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2013. ^ "2016 MXGP Race Schedule". ^ "Motocross Rule Book" (PDF). AMA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2010. ^ "ACU Handbook 2010" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2010. ^ Paetow, Stefan (10 March 2008). "Sun Shines on Maxxis British Motocross Championship Opener". Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010. ^ "Veterans Class as hot as MX1 and MX2!". 27 September 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010. ^ "Home". australiansupercross.com.au. ^ "ATV Motocross". ATV Motocross. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013. ^ "Championship Mud Racing". Championship Mud Racing. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013. ^ "Thumpstar Australia". thumpstar.com.au. ^ "Jaunumi". LaMSF.lv. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Motocross. Off-Road racing at Curlie Official FIM World Motocross Championship Visual Interpretation of the Dirt Bike Evolution Timeline vteExtreme and adventure sportsBoardsports Bellyboarding Bodyboarding Dirtsurfing Kite landboarding Kiteboarding Longboarding Mountainboarding Riverboarding Sandboarding Skateboarding Skimboarding Skysurfing Snowboarding Snowskating Street luging Surfing River surfing Wakeboarding Windsurfing Motorsports Drifting Motocross Rallycross Rallying Rally raid Snocross Water sports Coasteering Freediving High diving Jet Skiing Scuba diving Cave diving Technical diving Snorkeling Water skiing Whitewater canoeing Whitewater kayaking Whitewater rafting Climbing Canyoning Crane climbing Ice climbing Mixed climbing Mountaineering Alpine climbing Rock climbing Big wall climbing Free solo climbing Traditional climbing Skyrunning Falling BASE jumping Free BASE Ski-BASE jumping Bungee jumping Cliff-diving Cliff jumping Tombstoning Parachuting / skydiving Flying Air racing Gliding Hang gliding Paragliding Powered paragliding Parasailing Speed flying Wingsuit flying Cycling BMX BMX racing Freestyle BMX Mountain biking Downhill Rolling Freestyle scootering Inline skating Aggressive inline skating Vert skating Roller skating Skiing Extreme skiing Freeriding Freestyle skiing Speed skiing Ski mountaineering Sledding Bobsleigh Extreme sledding Luge Skeleton Others Adventure racing Caving Cheese rolling Extreme ironing Extreme Pogo Fell running Obstacle racing Orienteering Powerbocking Slacklining Ultramarathon Zip-lining vteTypes of motorcyclesStreet Cruiser Sport Touring Sport touring Standard Universal Japanese Motorcycle Custom Bobber Café racer Chopper Cutdown Rat bike Streetfighter Dual-sport Adventure touring Supermoto Off-road Enduro Motocross Track racing Trials Small Minibike Mini chopper Moped (Sport moped) Pit bike Scooter Underbone Electric Electric dragbike TTXGP race class TT Zero race class Emergency services Ambulance Blood Fire Police Other Cabin motorcycle Derny Feet forwards Motorcycle hearse Taxi Trike Streamliner   template   category vteRacingRunningTrack running Sprinting Middle-distance running Long-distance running Relay race Hurdling Steeplechase Road running Half marathon Marathon Ultramarathon Ekiden Off-road running Cross country running Mountain running Fell running Trail running Skyrunning Other Tower running Racewalking Backward running Snowshoe running Parkour Orienteering Foot orienteering Mountain bike orienteering Ski orienteering Trail orienteering Radio orienteering Canoe orienteering Rogaining Mountain marathon Car orienteering Bicycle racing Road bicycle racing Cyclo-cross Gravel racing Mountain bike racing Track cycling (Keirin) BMX racing Cycle speedway Animal racing Camel racing Greyhound racing Horse racing Pigeon racing Sled dog racing Swimming Open water swimming Marathon swimming Paralympic swimming Climbing Speed climbing Motor racingAuto racing Drag racing Formula racing Kart racing Off-road racing Pickup truck racing Sports car racing Stock car racing Touring car racing Truck racing Motorcycle racing Beach racing Motocross Motorcycle chariot racing Rally raid Track racing Motorboat racing Drag boat racing Hydroplane racing Jet sprint boat racing Inshore powerboat racing Offshore powerboat racing Other Air racing Radio-controlled car racing Slot car racing Street racing Board racing Longboarding Sandboarding Slalom skateboarding Street luge Winter racing Alpine skiing Cross-country skiing Snowboard cross Speed skating Sledding Multi-sport racing Adventure racing Triathlon Duathlon Aquathlon List of forms of racing Authority control databases International FAST National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic
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The sport evolved from motorcycle trials competitions held in the United Kingdom.[1][2]","title":"Motocross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"motorcycle trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_trials"},{"link_name":"Auto-Cycle Clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Cycle_Union"},{"link_name":"Scottish Six Days Trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Six_Days_Trial"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Setright1979-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Individual_Motocross_World_Championships-2"},{"link_name":"hare 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motocross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freestyle_motocross"},{"link_name":"supermoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermoto"},{"link_name":"tarmac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asphalt_concrete"},{"link_name":"quantify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"text":"Motocross first evolved in Britain from motorcycle trials competitions, such as the Auto-Cycle Clubs's first quarterly trial in 1909 and the Scottish Six Days Trial that began in 1912.[1][2] When organisers dispensed with delicate balancing and strict scoring of trials in favour of a race to become the fastest rider to the finish, the activity became known as \"hare scrambles\", said to have originated in the phrase, \"a rare old scramble\" describing one such early race.[1] Though known as scrambles racing (or just scrambles) in the United Kingdom, the sport grew in popularity and the competitions became known internationally as \"motocross racing\", by combining the French word for motorcycle, motocyclette, or moto for short, into a portmanteau with \"cross country\".[1]The first known scramble race in the Camberley, Surrey in 1924. The 100th anniversary of the very first Motocross race will be commemorated in March 2024. The same cub that ran the 1924 event will be running it again over the same land. The entry will be limited to 150 competitors – see https://www.camberleyanddistrictmotorclub.co.uk/ [3] During the 1930s the sport grew in popularity, especially in Britain where teams from the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA), Norton, Matchless, Rudge, and AJS competed in the events. The first motocross race held on an artificial track inside a stadium took place on August 28, 1948, at Buffalo Stadium in the Paris suburb of Montrouge.[4] The event was the forerunner to supercross competitions.[4]Off-road motorcycles from that era differed little from those used on the street. The intense competition over rugged terrain led to technical improvements in motorcycles. Rigid frames gave way to suspensions by the early 1930s, and swinging fork rear suspension appeared by the early 1950s, several years before manufacturers incorporated it in the majority of production street bikes. The period after World War II was dominated by BSA, which had become the largest motorcycle company in the world. BSA riders dominated international competitions throughout the 1940s.[5]A Maico 360 cc with air-cooled engine and twin shock absorbers on the rear suspensionIn 1952 the FIM, motorcycling's international governing body, set up an individual European Championship using a 500 cc engine displacement formula. In 1957 it was upgraded to World Championship status.[5] In 1962 a 250 cc world championship was established and, new rules were adopted dividing the races into two 45 minute heat races that were referred to as motos.[5][6]In the smaller 250 cc category companies with two-stroke motorcycles came into their own. Companies such as Husqvarna from Sweden, CZ from the former Czechoslovakia, Bultaco from Spain and Greeves from England became popular due to their lightness and agility.[5]A significant moment in motocross history occurred during the 1963 FIM Motocross World Championship when ČZ factory rider Vlastimil Valek rode a 263cc two-stroke motorcycle to win the first moto of the 500cc Czechoslovakian Motocross Grand Prix ahead of a field of top-class, four stroke motorcycles. The victory marked a turning point in motocross history as, it was the first win by a two-stroke powered motorcycle in the premier division of the Motocross World Championships.[7]By the mid-1960s, advances in two-stroke engine technology meant that the heavier, four-stroke machines were relegated to niche competitions.[5] Riders from Belgium and Sweden began to dominate the sport during this period.[2][8]\nMotocross arrived in the United States in 1966 when Swedish champion, Torsten Hallman rode an exhibition event against the top American TT riders at the Corriganville Movie Ranch also known as Hopetown in Simi Valley, California. The following year Hallman was joined by other motocross stars including Roger DeCoster, Joël Robert, and Dave Bickers.[9] They dominated the event, placing their lightweight two-strokes into the top six finishing positions.[10][11] A motorcycle sales boom in the United States fueled by the Baby Boomer generation, helped to spark a growth in the popularity of motocross among young Americans.[12]Japanese motorcycle manufacturers began challenging the European factories for supremacy in the motocross world by the late 1960s. Suzuki claimed the first world championship for a Japanese factory when Joël Robert won the 1970 250 cc crown.[13] In 1972, the American Motorcyclist Association (AMA) inaugurated the AMA Motocross Championships and, held its first stadium race at the Los Angeles Coliseum, promoted by Mike Goodwin and Terry Tiernan, then-president of the AMA. The stadium event, won by 16-year-old Marty Tripes, paved the way for constructed, stadium-based motocross events known as supercross.[14]In 1975, the FIM introduced a 125 cc world championship.[2] European riders continued to dominate international motocross competitions throughout the 1970s with Belgian or Swedish riders winning ten Motocross des Nations (MXDN) events between 1969 and 1980 but, by the 1980s, American riders had caught up with American teams winning a string of 13 consecutive MXDN victories between 1981 and 1993.[15][16][17] In 1978, Akira Watanabe became the first non-European competitor to win a motocross world championship and, in 1982 Brad Lackey became the first individual American motocross world champion.[18]From the late 1970s to early 1990s, Japanese motorcycle manufacturers presided over a boom period in motocross technology. The typical air-cooled two-strokes with twin-shock rear suspension and telescopic front forks gave way to water-cooled engines and single-shock absorber rear suspension and \"upside-down\" (or inverted) front forks. Although the advancement of two-stroke engine technology was the primary focus of the major Japanese motorcycle manufacturers well into the mid 1990s, a rekindled interest in engineering a competitive, lightweight four-stroke motocross race bike was expressed among several brands, including Yamaha Motor Corporation and Husqvarna.[citation needed]Facing tightening federal emissions regulations in the United States, the AMA increased the allowable displacement capacity for four-stroke engines in 1997, in an effort to encourage manufacturers to develop environmentally friendlier four-stroke machines.[19] Due to the low relative power output of a four-stroke engine compared to the then-dominating two-stroke design, the displacement limit of a four-stroke power motocross bike was raised to 250cc in the 125 class and 550cc in the 250 class.[19]The new regulations resulted in competitors aboard four-strokes made by smaller European manufacturers, with Husqvarna, Husaberg, and KTM winning world championships on four-stroke machinery. In 1997, Yamaha unveiled a prototype 400cc four-stroke motorcycle, the YZM 400, which was debuted in the FIM Motocross World Championship. The motorcycle made its U.S. debut in 1997, where Yamaha Factory Racing rider Doug Henry led every lap of the main event at the 1997 AMA Supercross Finale and became the first person to win an AMA Supercross race on a four-stroke powered motorcycle.[20] Following Yamaha's release of the production model YZ400F in 1998, Henry won the 250 AMA Motocross Championship and became the first person to win a major AMA Motocross title on a four-stroke powered motorcycle. This success motivated the remaining major manufacturers, Honda, Kawasaki, and Suzuki, to develop their own four-stroke motocross race bikes. By 2006, every manufacturer had begun competing with four-stroke machines in the AMA 125 (FIM MX2) and 250 (MX1) classes.The sport has further evolved into a sub-discipline similar to supercross known as arenacross, which is held in small indoor arenas. Classes were also formed for all-terrain vehicles. Freestyle motocross (FMX) events where riders are judged on their jumping and aerial acrobatic skills have gained popularity, as has supermoto, where motocross machines race both on tarmac and off-road. Vintage motocross (VMX) events take place – usually[quantify] for motorcycles predating the 1975 model year.[21]\nMany VMX races also include a \"Post Vintage\" portion, which usually includes bikes dating until 1983.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Major competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Antonio_Cairoli_ITA_FMI_Yamaha_FIM_MX_Mallory_Park_2008_R6a.jpg"},{"link_name":"FIM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"MXGP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MXGP"},{"link_name":"MX2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MX2_(/motocross_class)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"FIM Motocross World Championship","text":"FIM Motocross World ChampionshipThe FIM Grand Prix Motocross World Championship is predominantly held in Europe, but also includes events in North America, South America, Asia, Australia, and Africa.[22] It is the major Motocross series worldwide. There are three classes: MXGP for 450cc machines, MX2 for 250cc machines, and Women's MX. Competitions consist of two races which are called motos with a duration of 30 minutes plus two laps.","title":"Major competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"AMA Motocross Championship","text":"The AMA Motocross Championship begins in mid May and continues until late August. The championship consists of eleven rounds at eleven major tracks all over the continental United States. There are three classes:[23] the 250cc Motocross Class for 150–250 cc 4-stroke machines, the 450cc Motocross Class for 251–450 cc 4-stroke machines and a 250cc Women's Class, using the same rules as men's 250cc. Race events take place over two motos of 30 minutes plus two laps each.","title":"Major competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RickyCarmichaelMay2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Motocross_goes_International_1947_through_1965-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_Individual_Motocross_World_Championships-2"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-The_young_Americans-15"}],"sub_title":"Motocross des Nations","text":"Motocross des NationsThe annual Motocross des Nations is held at the end of the year when National and World Championship series have ended.[5] The competition involves teams of three riders representing their nations.[2] Each rider competes in a different class (MX1, MX2, and \"Open\"). There are three motos with two classes competing per moto. The location of the event changes from year to year. The United States, Belgium and Great Britain have had the greatest success.[15]","title":"Major competitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ACU-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"British Motocross Championship","text":"Th British Motocross Championship is the main UK off-road competition and organised into classes of MX1 and MX2. MX1 is for 250  cc to 450 cc (fourstroke) and MX2 for 175 cc to 250 cc fourstroke motorcycles.[24] In 2007 an additional youth class, the MXY2 class, was added to the programme at selected rounds.[25]A \"Veterans\" series was introduced in 2009 with just two rounds but the demand for places was so high that from 2011 the Veterans series will have three rounds, held over six races.[26]","title":"Major competitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"A number of other types of motorcycle sport have been derived from Motocross.","title":"Sports derived from motocross"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FIM Supercross World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM_Supercross_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"Australian Supercross Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Supercross_Championship"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JeremyMcGrathCrandon2009_(cropped2).jpg"},{"link_name":"AMA Supercross Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMA_Supercross_Championship"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"AMA Supercross Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AMA_Supercross_Championship"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Australian Supercross Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Supercross_Championship"},{"link_name":"Motorcycling Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycling_Australia"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Supercross","text":"See also: FIM Supercross World Championship and Australian Supercross ChampionshipJeremy McGrath won 7 Premier Class AMA Supercross titles, earning him the nickname the \"King of Supercross\"Supercross is a cycle racing sport involving specialized high-performance off-road motorcycles on constructed dirt tracks with steep jumps and obstacles. Compared to regular motocross, supercross tracks generally have much shorter straights and tighter turns. Professional supercross races, held as the AMA Supercross Championship in the United States, are held almost exclusively in professional baseball and football stadiums.The supercross season takes place during the winter and spring months, with races in a different city every weekend. There are 17 races in the AMA Supercross Championship schedule, normally beginning in Anaheim, California, and ending in Las Vegas, Nevada. The 250 cc class is split into two series, east and west. The 450 cc class has one large series with events across the US and Canada.In 2022, the World Supercross Championship was demerged from the AMA Supercross Championship, to be held as a standalone series once more. The series previously ran from 2003 to 2008. Supercross events are also held in Australia, known as the Australian Supercross Championship promoted by Motorcycling Australia. Along with the SX Open held in Auckland, New Zealand, the country's biggest event the Aus X-Open forms part of the Oceania Supercross Championship.[27]","title":"Sports derived from motocross"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MikeAdair2.jpg"},{"link_name":"X Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_Games"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Freestyle","text":"\"superman seat-grab\"Freestyle Motocross (FMX), a relatively new variation of supercross started by the South African champion, Marco Urzi, does not involve racing and instead it concentrates on performing acrobatic stunts while jumping motocross bikes. The winner is chosen by a group of judges. The riders are scored on style, level of trick difficulty, best use of the course, and frequently, crowd reactions. FMX was introduced to the X Games and mainstream audiences in 1999.[citation needed]","title":"Sports derived from motocross"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Supermoto2012.jpg"},{"link_name":"Supermoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermoto"},{"link_name":"Supermoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermoto"},{"link_name":"tread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire_tread"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gavin Trippe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Trippe"},{"link_name":"flat track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_racing"},{"link_name":"road racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_racing"},{"link_name":"Wide World of Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_World_of_Sports_(U.S._TV_series)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"SuperMoto","text":"A Supermoto rider on the trackSupermoto uses motocross bikes converted for racing on tracks consisting of three sections: flat dirt, dirt obstacles, and paved road. The bikes have special road-racing tires with grooved tread to grip both the pavement and dirt. Some tracks for these race events have jumps, berms, and whoops like motocross tracks. For special events, the Supermoto track may incorporate metal ramps for jumps that can be disassembled and taken to other locations. Supermoto races may take place at modified go-kart tracks, road racing tracks, or even street racing tracks. There are also classes for children, such as the 85 cc class.[citation needed]Supermoto began in the US the late 1970s when TV journalist Gavin Trippe envisioned a racing event that would prove who the best motorcycle racer was. From 1980 to 1985, he organized a yearly event called \"The Superbikers\", which pitted the top riders from three disciplines, flat track, road racing, and motocross against one another on modified bikes raced on special tracks on the television show. Its first exposure to a wide audience came on the American television program ABC's Wide World of Sports in 1979. After 1985, the sport declined and received little exposure in the US, but in Europe, it started gaining popularity, and in 2003 it was revived in the US, when the name became Supermoto.[citation needed]","title":"Sports derived from motocross"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tim_Farr_at_Glen_Helen_GNC_MX_National_2006.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tim Farr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tim_Farr&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"enduro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enduro"},{"link_name":"GNCC Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_National_Cross_Country"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"ATV/Quad Motocross","text":"Professional ATV racer Tim Farr at the 2006 Glen Helen MX nationalThroughout the United States and the United Kingdom there are many quad racing clubs with enduro and quadcross sections. GNCC Racing began around 1980 and includes hare scramble and enduro type races. To date, events are mainly held in the eastern part of the United States. GNCC racing features many types of obstacles such as, hill climbing, creek and log crossings, dirt roads and wooded trails.[citation needed]The ATV National Motocross Championship was formed around 1985.[28] ATVMX events are hosted at motocross racetracks throughout the United States. ATVMX consists of several groups, including the Pro (AMA Pro) and Amateur (ATVA) series. Championship mud racing (CMR)[29] saw its infancy in 2006 as leaders of the ATV industry recognized a need for uniformity of classes and rules of various local mud bog events. Providing standardized rules created the need for a governing body that both racers and event promoters could turn to and CMR was born. Once unified, a true points series was established and lead to a national championship for what was once nothing more than a hobby for most. In 2007 the finalized board of directors was established and the first races were held in 2008. Currently, the CMR schedule includes eight competition dates spanning from March to November. Points are awarded throughout the season in several different competition classes of ATV and SxS Mud Racing. The 2008 year included Mud Bog and Mudda-Cross competitions, but the 2009 and future seasons will only have Mudda-Cross competitions. Classes range from 0 to 499 cc, to a Super-Modified class which will allow any size ATV in competition.[citation needed]","title":"Sports derived from motocross"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:July_mx_2004_no003_martin_guilford_and_colin_dunkley_01_jamie_clarke.jpg"},{"link_name":"Zabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabel_(engine)"},{"link_name":"Sidecar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidecar"},{"link_name":"Sidecarcross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidecarcross"},{"link_name":"Sidecarcross World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidecarcross_World_Championship"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Zabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zabel_(engine)"},{"link_name":"MTH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTH_Racing_engines"},{"link_name":"KTM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KTM"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Sidecarcross","text":"A Zabel-engined sidecar outfitSidecar racing, known as Sidecarcross has been around since the 1950s but has declined in popularity since the mid‑1980s. This variant is common in Europe, with a few followers in the United States, New Zealand, and Australia. The premier competition, the Sidecarcross World Championship, is contested on European tracks only and almost exclusively by Europeans.[citation needed]Motocross sidecars are purpose built frames that resemble an ordinary motocross-cycle with a flat platform to stand on attached to either side and a handlebar at waist height to hold on to. The side of the \"chair\" (slang for the platform) usually follows the side of the road the nation in question drives upon, but not always. The passenger balances the bike by being a counterweight, especially in corners and on jumps. It is driven on ordinary crosstracks.[citation needed]It is very physically demanding, especially for the passenger. This is reflected in most in the Swedish term for passenger, burkslav, roughly translated as trunk/barrel-slave. This name comes from the early sidecars which resembled road motorcycle sidecars and not today's platform.[citation needed]The major frame builders today are VMC, BSU, AYR, EML and Woodenleg. Ordinary engines can be used, but size matters and two engines purpose built for sidecars exist, Zabel (Germany) and MTH (Austria) are most common. Four-strokes are becoming more common, usually KTM (Austria).[citation needed]","title":"Sports derived from motocross"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pitbike_riders.jpg"},{"link_name":"West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Pit bikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pit_bike"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Honda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honda"},{"link_name":"Kawasaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawasaki_motorcycles"},{"link_name":"Thumpstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thumpstar"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"knobby tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knobby_tires"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Pit bikes and mini-motocross","text":"Two riders go into a corner at a mini-motocross event in West Virginia.Pit bikes are small motorbikes that participants in powersports events use to ride around the pits, which are the staging areas where team support vehicles are located. More recently, they have been used in races held on either supercross or motocross tracks. Numerous performance and aesthetic upgrades are often applied to pit bikes.[citation needed]Originally, there was only one way to acquire a pit bike. A rider would buy a child's minibike, usually a Honda CRF110 or Kawasaki KLX110, and apply all the necessary upgrades and modifications to build a competitive pit bike. Of course, a rider could also buy a used bike. Since 2004, manufacturers like Thumpstar have begun designing, manufacturing, importing, and selling already complete pit bikes. These bikes are less expensive, and require less time to complete.[30]Pit bikes are powered by 4-stroke, horizontal, single-cylinder engines ranging anywhere in displacement from 49 cc to 195 cc. A typical pit bike is usually a small dirt bike, but it has become common to be able to buy pit bikes with street-style wheels and tires. Pit bikes with street tires, as opposed to knobby tires, are used in Mini Supermoto Racing.[citation needed]Pit bikes are frequently heavily customized with decorative add-ons and performance-enhancing parts. Many riders and mechanics bore-out or replace engines in order to increase displacement and therefore power output. Heavy duty suspension systems are often a necessary addition, since the stock mini-bike suspension was designed for a small child. Wheel, brake, and tire upgrades are sometimes performed to improve handling.[citation needed]Pit bikes also have their own separate competitions held with classes generally corresponding to wheel size. This is a notable difference from Motocross and Supercross competition, where classes are separated by engine displacement. Pit bike racing is a relatively new niche of motocross, and as such, there is no official governing body similar to the AMA.[citation needed]","title":"Sports derived from motocross"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/TM_Racing"},{"link_name":"Fantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantic"},{"link_name":"Yamaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamaha_Motor_Company"}],"sub_title":"Motocross motorcycle","text":"Major manufacturersMinorTM (Italy), TM holds the largest market share for motocross bikes, outside the major seven.\nFantic (Italy),well known for there models XX and XXF that are the same as the YZ and the YZF from Yamaha but with changes in esthetic and motorparts.Niche market manufacturesChinese manufacturersManufacturers that have ceased production","title":"Equipment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme"},{"link_name":"Motorcycling Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycling_Australia"},{"link_name":"Canadian Motorsport Racing Corp.(CMRC)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMRC"},{"link_name":"Canadian Motorcycle Association (CMA)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Motorcycle_Association"},{"link_name":"Deutscher Motor Sport Bund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutscher_Motor_Sport_Bund"},{"link_name":"Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_of_Motor_Sports_Clubs_of_India"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Motorcycling New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycling_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Dirt Bike Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Zealand_Dirt_Bike_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polski Związek Motorowy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polski_Zwi%C4%85zek_Motorowy"},{"link_name":"Auto-Cycle Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto-Cycle_Union"},{"link_name":"Amateur Motorcycling Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amateur_Motorcycling_Association"},{"link_name":"ORPA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORPA"},{"link_name":"BSMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BSMA"},{"link_name":"YSMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=YSMA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"American Motorcyclist Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Motorcyclist_Association"}],"text":"Motocross is governed worldwide by the Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme (FIM), with federations in many nations.Australia – Motorcycling Australia (MA)\nAustria – Osterreichische Automobil, Motorrad und Touring Club (OAMTC)\nBelgium – Federation Motocycliste de Belgique (FMB)\nBrazil – Confederação Brasileira de Motociclismo (CBM)\nCanada – Canadian Motorsport Racing Corp.(CMRC) and Canadian Motorcycle Association (CMA)\nCzech Republic – Autoklub České republiky (ACCR)\nDenmark – Danmarks Motor Union (DMU)\nEstonia – Eesti Motorrattaspordi Föderatsioon (EMF)\nFinland – Suomen Moottoriliitto (SML)\nFrance – Fédération Française de Motocyclisme (FFM)\nGermany – Deutscher Motor Sport Bund (DMSB)\nIndia – Federation of Motor Sports Clubs of India (FMSCI)\nIreland – Motorcycle Union of Ireland (MCUI) – NB covers the whole island\nItaly – Federazione Motociclistica Italiana (FMI)\nLatvia – Latvijas Motosporta Federācija[31] (LaMSF)\nLithuania – Lietuvos Motociklų Sporto Federacija (LMSF)\nThe Netherlands – Koninklijke Nederlandse Motorrijdersvereniging (KNMV), Motorsport Organisatie Nederland (MON)\nNew Zealand – Motorcycling New Zealand (MNZ) and New Zealand Dirt Bike Federation\nNorway – Norges Motorsportforbund (NMF)\nPoland – Polski Związek Motorowy (PZM)\nPortugal – Federação Motociclismo Portugal (FMP)\nRussia – Motorcycle Federation of Russia (MFR)\nSouth Africa – Motorsport South Africa (MSA)\nSpain – Real Federación Motociclista Española (RFME)\nSlovakia – Slovak motorcycle federation (SMF)\nSlovenia – Auto-Cycle Union of Slovenia (AMZS)\nSweden – Svenska Motorsportförbundet (SVEMO)\nSwitzerland – Federation Motocycliste Suisse (FMS)\nThailand – Federation of Motor Sport Clubs of Thailand (FMSCT)\nUnited Kingdom – Auto-Cycle Union (ACU), with other separate bodies like the Amateur Motorcycling Association (AMCA), ORPA, BSMA, and YSMA.\nUnited States – American Motorcyclist Association (AMA)","title":"Governing bodies"}]
[{"image_text":"A motocross rider coming off a jump","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Mundial_de_motocross.JPG/220px-Mundial_de_motocross.JPG"},{"image_text":"Motocross championship"},{"image_text":"A Maico 360 cc with air-cooled engine and twin shock absorbers on the rear suspension","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Maico68_360.jpg/170px-Maico68_360.jpg"},{"image_text":"FIM Motocross World Championship","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Antonio_Cairoli_ITA_FMI_Yamaha_FIM_MX_Mallory_Park_2008_R6a.jpg/220px-Antonio_Cairoli_ITA_FMI_Yamaha_FIM_MX_Mallory_Park_2008_R6a.jpg"},{"image_text":"Motocross des Nations","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/RickyCarmichaelMay2007.jpg/220px-RickyCarmichaelMay2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jeremy McGrath won 7 Premier Class AMA Supercross titles, earning him the nickname the \"King of Supercross\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/JeremyMcGrathCrandon2009_%28cropped2%29.jpg/220px-JeremyMcGrathCrandon2009_%28cropped2%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"\"superman seat-grab\"","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/MikeAdair2.jpg/220px-MikeAdair2.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Supermoto rider on the track","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Supermoto2012.jpg/220px-Supermoto2012.jpg"},{"image_text":"Professional ATV racer Tim Farr at the 2006 Glen Helen MX national","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Tim_Farr_at_Glen_Helen_GNC_MX_National_2006.jpg/220px-Tim_Farr_at_Glen_Helen_GNC_MX_National_2006.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Zabel-engined sidecar outfit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/July_mx_2004_no003_martin_guilford_and_colin_dunkley_01_jamie_clarke.jpg/220px-July_mx_2004_no003_martin_guilford_and_colin_dunkley_01_jamie_clarke.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two riders go into a corner at a mini-motocross event in West Virginia.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Pitbike_riders.jpg/220px-Pitbike_riders.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Outline of motorcycles and motorcycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_motorcycles_and_motorcycling"},{"title":"FIM Motocross World Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FIM_Motocross_World_Championship"},{"title":"List of AMA Motocross Champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AMA_Motocross_Champions"},{"title":"Beach racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach_racing"},{"title":"Bicycle Motocross (BMX)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BMX"}]
[{"reference":"Setright, L. J. K. (1979), The Guinness book of motorcycling facts and feats, Guinness Superlatives, pp. 202, 211, ISBN 0-85112-200-0","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._J._K._Setright","url_text":"Setright, L. J. K."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85112-200-0","url_text":"0-85112-200-0"}]},{"reference":"\"History of Individual supercross World Championships\" (PDF). Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 11 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304090723/http://docs.mxgp.com/docs/2015/YOU-15-4242_MXGP_Official_Guide_2015_LD.pdf","url_text":"\"History of Individual supercross World Championships\""},{"url":"http://docs.mxgp.com/docs/2015/YOU-15-4242_MXGP_Official_Guide_2015_LD.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The birth of motocross: 1924 through 1939\". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pigtailpals.com/blog/the-history-of-motocross/#the_birth_of_motocross_1924_through_1939","url_text":"\"The birth of motocross: 1924 through 1939\""}]},{"reference":"\"Taking Motocross to the people\". pigtailpals.org. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pigtailpals.com/blog/the-history-of-motocross/#taking_motocross_to_the_people","url_text":"\"Taking Motocross to the people\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motocross goes International 1947 through 1965\". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pigtailpals.com/blog/the-history-of-motocross/#motocross_goes_international_1947_through_1965","url_text":"\"Motocross goes International 1947 through 1965\""}]},{"reference":"\"Namur MX The Heroic Years\". namurmx.be. Retrieved 8 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.namurmx.be/en/the-track-and-his-legend/the-heroic-years/","url_text":"\"Namur MX The Heroic Years\""}]},{"reference":"Dewhurst, David (2022), Motocross The Golden Years, Walsworth, Marceline, Missouri, ISBN 978-0-578-29016-4, Battles between Hallman and Robert quickly became legend, but the most significant moment in the decade of the 1960s came when ČZ factory rider Vlastimil Valek rode a bike with a bored-out 250cc two stroke single and beat a full field of top-class, 500cc four stroke bikes to win the 1963 Czechoslovakian Grand Prix.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-29016-4","url_text":"978-0-578-29016-4"}]},{"reference":"Bryan Stealey (2008). The Powerhouse MX Nations: USA, Belgium, UK, Netherlands, France, and Germany. Crabtree Publishing Company. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7787-3990-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9fjjTpuiYU8C&pg=PA14","url_text":"The Powerhouse MX Nations: USA, Belgium, UK, Netherlands, France, and Germany"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7787-3990-6","url_text":"978-0-7787-3990-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Edison Dye: The Father of American Motocross\". earlyyearsofmx.com. Retrieved 26 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.earlyyearsofmx.com/edison-dye","url_text":"\"Edison Dye: The Father of American Motocross\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edison Dye and his Flying Circus\". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pigtailpals.com/blog/the-history-of-motocross/#edison_dye_and_his_flying_circus","url_text":"\"Edison Dye and his Flying Circus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Corriganville/Hopetown Motorcycle Races\". employees.oxy.edu. Archived from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 12 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110927031826/http://employees.oxy.edu/jerry/corrigan/granprix.htm","url_text":"\"Corriganville/Hopetown Motorcycle Races\""},{"url":"http://employees.oxy.edu/jerry/corrigan/granprix.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boom Time: American Motocross in the 1970s\". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pigtailpals.com/blog/the-history-of-motocross/#boom_time_american_motocross_in_the_1970s","url_text":"\"Boom Time: American Motocross in the 1970s\""}]},{"reference":"\"Joël Robert at the Motorcycle Hall of Fame\". motorcyclemuseum.org. Retrieved 12 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.aspx?RacerID=260","url_text":"\"Joël Robert at the Motorcycle Hall of Fame\""}]},{"reference":"\"The First Supercross\". motorcyclistonline.com. Retrieved 12 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.motorcyclistonline.com/features/122_0903_the_first_supercross/index.html","url_text":"\"The First Supercross\""}]},{"reference":"\"The young Americans\". pigtailpals.com. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 18 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://pigtailpals.com/blog/the-history-of-motocross/#the_young_americans","url_text":"\"The young Americans\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Trophee and MX des Nations Team, 1981\". motorcyclemuseum.org. Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://hof.motorcyclemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.aspx?RacerID=311","url_text":"\"U.S. Trophee and MX des Nations Team, 1981\""}]},{"reference":"\"MXDN History\". mxgp.com. Retrieved 4 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mxgp.com/news/mxon-history","url_text":"\"MXDN History\""}]},{"reference":"Amick, Bill (October 1982). It's Lackey, At Last. Retrieved 5 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=S_sDAAAAMBAJ&q=American+Motorcyclist+brad+lackey&pg=PA4","url_text":"It's Lackey, At Last"}]},{"reference":"Assoc, American Motorcyclist (June 1997). Counting Strokes. Retrieved 2 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=J_YDAAAAMBAJ&dq=american+motorcyclist+motocross+history&pg=PA28","url_text":"Counting Strokes"}]},{"reference":"Brett Smith (May 2017). \"First shot in the four-stroke revolution: Doug Henry's SX win 20 years ago in Vegas\". revzilla.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revzilla.com/common-tread/doug-henrys-first-four-stroke-supercross-win","url_text":"\"First shot in the four-stroke revolution: Doug Henry's SX win 20 years ago in Vegas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vintage Motocross\". American Historic Racing Motorcycle Association. Archived from the original on 24 September 2011. Retrieved 18 April 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110924192123/http://dev.ahrma.org/?page_id=45","url_text":"\"Vintage Motocross\""},{"url":"http://dev.ahrma.org/?page_id=45","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"2016 MXGP Race Schedule\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mxgp.com/","url_text":"\"2016 MXGP Race Schedule\""}]},{"reference":"\"Motocross Rule Book\" (PDF). AMA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 July 2011. Retrieved 15 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110707121919/http://admin.amaproracing.com/assets/MX_Rules_2009.pdf","url_text":"\"Motocross Rule Book\""},{"url":"http://admin.amaproracing.com/assets/MX_Rules_2009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"ACU Handbook 2010\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 9 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110929155911/http://www.acu.org.uk/uploaded/documents/ACU-HANDBOOK_2010.pdf","url_text":"\"ACU Handbook 2010\""},{"url":"http://www.acu.org.uk/uploaded/documents/ACU-HANDBOOK_2010.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Paetow, Stefan (10 March 2008). \"Sun Shines on Maxxis British Motocross Championship Opener\". Archived from the original on 2 December 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20101202112625/http://londonbikers.com/articles/3597/sun-shines-on-maxxis-british-motocross-championship-opener","url_text":"\"Sun Shines on Maxxis British Motocross Championship Opener\""},{"url":"http://londonbikers.com/articles/3597/sun-shines-on-maxxis-british-motocross-championship-opener","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Veterans Class as hot as MX1 and MX2!\". 27 September 2010. Retrieved 9 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mxgb.co.uk/article.php?id=130","url_text":"\"Veterans Class as hot as MX1 and MX2!\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home\". australiansupercross.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.australiansupercross.com.au/","url_text":"\"Home\""}]},{"reference":"\"ATV Motocross\". ATV Motocross. 1 January 2013. Retrieved 6 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.atvmotocross.com/","url_text":"\"ATV Motocross\""}]},{"reference":"\"Championship Mud Racing\". Championship Mud Racing. 29 October 2012. Retrieved 6 February 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.championshipmudracing.com/","url_text":"\"Championship Mud Racing\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thumpstar Australia\". thumpstar.com.au.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thumpstar.com.au/","url_text":"\"Thumpstar Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jaunumi\". LaMSF.lv.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lamsf.lv/","url_text":"\"Jaunumi\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puppy_Love_(2020_film)
Puppy Love (2020 film)
["1 Cast","2 Production","3 Release","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]
This article needs a plot summary. Please add one in your own words. (July 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 2020 Canadian filmPuppy LoveDirected byMichael MaxxisWritten byMichael MaxxisProduced byDavid MichaelsGeorge ParraNicolette SainaStarringHopper PennPaz de la HuertaRelease date September 2020 (2020-09) (Oldenburg) Running time110 minutesCountryCanadaLanguageEnglishBudget$3 million Puppy Love is a 2020 Canadian comedy drama film written and directed by Michael Maxxis in his feature directorial debut, and starring Hopper Penn and Paz de la Huerta. It is based on a year in the life of Maxxis’ male cousin Morgan Fairchild. Cast Hopper Penn as Morgan Paz de la Huerta as Carla Michael Madsen as Wesley Donald Cerrone as Danny Rosanna Arquette as Deb Mickey Avalon as Kenny Wayne Newton as Marshall Production The film was shot in Edmonton in March 2017. Elle King was attached to appear in the film. When preparing for the role Penn lived with Morgan Fairchild in the latter’s apartment. Release The film premiered at the Oldenburg International Film Festival in September 2020. The film was also screened at the Santa Fe International Film Festival on October 16, 2020. It was also screened at the San Francisco Independent Film Festival on February 4, 2021. Awards At the Oldenburg Film Festival, the film won the German Independence Award — Spirit of Cinema and de la Huerta won the Seymour Cassel Award for Best Actress. References ^ a b Griwkowsky, Fish (March 15, 2017). "$3-million feature starring Hopper Penn to shoot in Edmonton". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ a b c Hipes, Patrick (March 15, 2017). "Hopper Penn & Paz De La Huerta To Topline Indie 'Puppy Love'". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ a b McNary, Dave (March 15, 2017). "Hopper Penn, Paz de la Huerta to Star in Dramatic Comedy 'Puppy Love'". Variety. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ a b Morrison, Kent (March 23, 2017). "'Puppy Love' feature film based in Edmonton". Global News. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ Roxborough, Scott (August 27, 2020). "'Puppy Love' to Open Oldenburg Festival". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ Gomez, Adrian (October 9, 2020). "'Raw and gritty': 'Puppy Love' tells story of prophetic young dishwasher with brain damage". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ Rotter, Joshua (February 2, 2021). "Rosanna Arquette, Hopper Penn team up in 'Puppy Love'". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ Griwlowsky, Fish (September 23, 2020). "Edmonton-made Puppy Love wins twice at Oldenburg Film Festival". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2023. ^ Roxborough, Scott (September 22, 2020). "Oldenburg: 'Puppy Love' Takes Independence Award, Actress Honor for Paz de la Huerta". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 3, 2023. External links Puppy Love at IMDb
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Griwkowsky, Fish (March 15, 2017). \"$3-million feature starring Hopper Penn to shoot in Edmonton\". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/movies/3-million-feature-starring-hopper-penn-to-shoot-in-edmonton","url_text":"\"$3-million feature starring Hopper Penn to shoot in Edmonton\""}]},{"reference":"Hipes, Patrick (March 15, 2017). \"Hopper Penn & Paz De La Huerta To Topline Indie 'Puppy Love'\". Deadline Hollywood. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2017/03/hopper-penn-paz-de-la-huerta-puppy-love-movie-1202043888/","url_text":"\"Hopper Penn & Paz De La Huerta To Topline Indie 'Puppy Love'\""}]},{"reference":"McNary, Dave (March 15, 2017). \"Hopper Penn, Paz de la Huerta to Star in Dramatic Comedy 'Puppy Love'\". Variety. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2017/film/news/hopper-penn-paz-de-la-huerta-puppy-love-1202009501/","url_text":"\"Hopper Penn, Paz de la Huerta to Star in Dramatic Comedy 'Puppy Love'\""}]},{"reference":"Morrison, Kent (March 23, 2017). \"'Puppy Love' feature film based in Edmonton\". Global News. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://globalnews.ca/news/3330960/puppy-love-feature-film-based-in-edmonton/","url_text":"\"'Puppy Love' feature film based in Edmonton\""}]},{"reference":"Roxborough, Scott (August 27, 2020). \"'Puppy Love' to Open Oldenburg Festival\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/puppy-love-to-open-oldenburg-festival-4051236/","url_text":"\"'Puppy Love' to Open Oldenburg Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Gomez, Adrian (October 9, 2020). \"'Raw and gritty': 'Puppy Love' tells story of prophetic young dishwasher with brain damage\". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abqjournal.com/things-to-do/raw-and-gritty-puppy-love-tells-story-of-prophetic-young-dishwasher-with-brain-damage/article_5c6ea120-b30e-5543-b9e6-2945c7cedd46.html","url_text":"\"'Raw and gritty': 'Puppy Love' tells story of prophetic young dishwasher with brain damage\""}]},{"reference":"Rotter, Joshua (February 2, 2021). \"Rosanna Arquette, Hopper Penn team up in 'Puppy Love'\". San Francisco Examiner. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfexaminer.com/culture/rosanna-arquette-hopper-penn-team-up-in-puppy-love/article_c7ef15d1-1bb7-5284-b11f-1d82839ff60d.html","url_text":"\"Rosanna Arquette, Hopper Penn team up in 'Puppy Love'\""}]},{"reference":"Griwlowsky, Fish (September 23, 2020). \"Edmonton-made Puppy Love wins twice at Oldenburg Film Festival\". Edmonton Journal. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://edmontonjournal.com/entertainment/movies/edmonton-made-puppy-love-wins-twice-at-oldenburg-film-festival","url_text":"\"Edmonton-made Puppy Love wins twice at Oldenburg Film Festival\""}]},{"reference":"Roxborough, Scott (September 22, 2020). \"Oldenburg: 'Puppy Love' Takes Independence Award, Actress Honor for Paz de la Huerta\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved July 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/general-news/oldenburg-puppy-love-takes-independence-award-actress-honor-for-paz-de-la-huerta-4064948/","url_text":"\"Oldenburg: 'Puppy Love' Takes Independence Award, Actress Honor for Paz de la Huerta\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIN_Award
NIN Award
["1 Winners","2 Jury members","3 See also","4 References"]
Serbian literary award NIN AwardAwarded forBest new Serbian novelSponsored byNIN magazineLocationBelgradeCountryYugoslavia (1954–1991)Serbia and Montenegro (1992–2006)Serbia (2007–present)First awarded19542023 winnerStevo GrabovacMost awardsOskar Davičo (3) The NIN Award (Serbian: Ninova nagrada, Нинова награда), officially the Award for Best Novel of the Year, is a prestigious Serbian (and previously Yugoslavian) literary award established in 1954 by the NIN weekly and is given annually for the best newly published novel written in Serbian (previously in Serbo-Croatian). The award is presented every year in January by a panel of writers and critics. In addition to being a highly acclaimed award capable of transforming writers' literary careers, the award is also sought after because it virtually assures bestseller status for the winning novel. The literary website complete review called it the "leading Serbian literary prize" in 2012. Between 1954 and 1957, the award was given to the best novel published in Yugoslavia, regardless of the language, but all the novels awarded in this period were written in Serbo-Croatian language. Starting in 1958, only novels written in Serbo-Croatian were eligible. Starting in 2012, only novels written in Serbian were eligible, regardless of the place of publication. Winners Since its inception, the award was not awarded only once, in 1959, when the jury decided that there were no candidates worthy of the award. Oskar Davičo is the only author to have won the award three times (in 1956, 1963 and 1964), and the only one to win it in two consecutive years. The only other authors to have won multiple (two) awards are Dobrica Ćosić, Živojin Pavlović, Dragan Velikić, and most recently Svetislav Basara. So far, seven women have been recipients of the award. In 1978, Danilo Kiš became the first laureate to return the award. He returned the award for Novel of the year 1972 and demanded his name to be deleted from the list of winners. Because he was outraged by the text about him published in NIN on 7 February 1992, Milisav Savić returned the award that was given to him just a month earlier for the year 1991. One of the most notable non-recipients is Ivo Andrić, the only Yugoslavian Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. Andrić was candidate for the NIN award once, in 1954, with Prokleta avlija, but the jury disqualified the book as they classified it as a novellete, and not a novel. Year Photo Author(s) Novel Finalists Ref 2023 Stevo Grabovac Poslije zabave Vladimir Pištalo, Pesma o tri sveta Vladan Matijević, Pakrac Srđan Srdić, Autosekcija Ljubomir Koraćević, U Zemlji Franje Josifa 2022 Danica Vukićević Unutrašnje more Milan Tripković, Klub istinskih stvaralaca Goran Petrović, Papir sa vodenim znakom Mirjana Drljević, Niko nije zaboravljen i ničega se ne sećamo Uglješa Šajtinac, Koljka i Sašenjka Marijana Čanak, Klara, Klarisa 2021 Milena Marković Deca Ilija Đurović, Sampas Elvedin Nezirović, Ono o čemu se ne može govoriti Vladimir Kopicl, Španska čizma Srđan V. Tešin, Mokrinske hronike David Albahari, Pogovor 2020 Svetislav Basara (2) Kontraendorfin Vladan Matijević, Sloboda govora Darko Cvijetić, Što na podu spavaš Enes Halilović, Ljudi bez grobova Savo Stijepović, Prekrasne ruševine Bojan Savić Ostojić, Ništa nije ničije Ognjen Spahić, Pod oba sunca 2019 Saša Ilić Pas i kontrabas Milenko Bodirogić, Po šumama i gorama Stevo Grabovac, Mulat Albino Komarac Slobodan Tišma, Grozota ili… Ana Vučković, Yugoslav 2018 Vladimir Tabašević Zabluda Svetog Sebastijana Branka Krilović, Prekasno Jelena Lengold, Odustajanje Lana Bastašić, Uhvati zeca Saša Savanović, Deseti život Goran Marković. Beogradski trio 2017 Dejan Atanacković Luzitanija Jovica Aćin, Srodnici Mira Otašević, Gorgone David Albahari, Danas je sreda Srđan Srdić, Srebrna magla pada 2016 Ivana Dimić Arzamas Vladislav Bajac, Hronika sumnje Vladan Matijević, Susret pod neobičnim okolnostima Vladimir Tabašević, Pa kao 2015 Dragan Velikić (2) Islednik Milisav Savić, La Sans Pareille Svetislav Basara, Anđeo atentata Dana Todorović, Park Logovskoj Vule Žurić, Republika Ćopić Ljubica Arsić, Rajska vrata 2014 Filip David Kuća sećanja i zaborava(The House of Memory and Oblivion) Oto Horvat, Sabo je stao David Albahari, Životinjsko carstvo 2013 Goran Gocić Tai(Thai) Slobodan Vladušić, Mi, izbrisani Silvana Hadži-Đokić, Zlatno doba Sonja Atanasijević, Vazdušni ljudi Mileta Prodanović, Arkadija 2012 Aleksandar Gatalica Veliki rat(The Great War) Mira Otašević, Zoja Drago Kekanović, Veprovo srce Katarina Brajović, Štampar i Veronika Ivančica Đerić, Nesreća i stvarne potrebe Laslo Blašković, Posmrtna maska 2011 Slobodan Tišma Bernardijeva soba Franja Petrinović, Almaški kružoci lečenih mesečara David Albahari, Kontrolni punkt Svetislav Basara, Mein Kampf Voja Čolanović, Oda manjem zlu Uglješa Šajtinac, Sasvim skromni darovi 2010 Gordana Ćirjanić Ono što oduvek želiš Radovan Beli Marković, Gospođa Olga Veselin Marković, Mi različiti Vladan Matijević, Vrlo malo svetlosti Goran Petrović, Ispod tavanice koja se ljuspa Zoran Petrović, Kamen blizanac 2009 Grozdana Olujić Glasovi u vetru Rajko Vasić, Prsti ludih očiju Zvonko Karanović, Tri slike pobede Žarko Komanin, Ljetopis vječnosti Sandra Petrušić, Taoci Đorđe Pisarev, A ako umre pre nego što se probudi Dejan Stojiljković, Konstantinovo raskršće Mirjana Urošević, PARK carmen Machado 2008 Vladimir Pištalo Tesla, portret među maskama(Tesla, a Portrait with Masks) Radoslav Petković, Savršeno sećanje na smrt Vladislav Bajac, Hamam Balkanija Laura Barna, Moja poslednja glavobolja Aleksandar Gatalica, Nevidljivi Svetislav Basara, Dnevnik Marte Koen 2007 Dragan Velikić Ruski prozor(The Russian Window) Gordana Ćirjanić, Poljubac Draško Miletić, pH roman Vladimir Kecmanović, Feliks 2006 Svetislav Basara Uspon i pad Parkinsonove bolesti(The Rise and Fall of Parkinson's Disease) Srđan Valjarević, Komo Zoran Živković, Most Zvonko Karanović, Četiri zida i grad Mirjana Mitrović, Emilija Leta 2005 Miro Vuksanović Semolj zemlja David Albahari, Pijavice Sanja Domazet, Ko plače Saša Ilić, Berlinsko okno Milica Mićić Dimovska, Utočošte Goran Milašinović, Apsint Mirjana Novaković, Johann's 501 2004 Vladimir Tasić Kiša i hartija Svetislav Basara, Srce zemlje Radovan Beli Marković, Orkestar na pedale 2003 Vladan Matijević Pisac izdaleka Dragan Velikić, Dosije Domaševski Goran Milašinović, Camera obscura Ana Vučković, Epoha lipsa juče Branko Brđanin, Mihail Gordana Ćirjanić, Kuća u Puertu Radovan Beli Marković, Devet belih oblaka 2002 Mladen Markov Ukop oca Daniel Kovač, Logika reke, pruge i otpada Radovan Beli Marković, Knez Miškin u Belom Valjevu Dobrilo Nenadić, Sablja grofa Vronskog Nenad Teofilović, Klopka 2001 Zoran Ćirić Hobo Radovan Beli Marković, Poslednja ruža Kolubare Dragan Velikić, Slučaj Bremen Veselin Marković, Izranjanje David Albahari, Svetski putnik Danilo Nikolić, Jesenja svila Vladimir Tasić, Oproštajni dar Milorad Grujić, Bog Vadraca i Madžara Eliezer Papo, Sarajevska megila Đorđe Pisarev, Pod senkom zmaja 2000 Goran Petrović Sitničarnica "Kod srećne ruke"(At the "Lucky Hand" aka the Sixty-nine Drawers) Svetislav Basara, Kratkodnevica Radovan Beli Marković, Limunacija u Ćelijama Miro Vuksanović, Semolj gora Strahinja Kastratović, Klen na vrbovom prutu Mirjana Novaković, Strah i njegov sluga Vladimir Pištalo, Milenijum u Beogradu 1999 Maksimilijan Erenrajh-Ostojić Karakteristika Ratomir Damjanović, Sančova verzija Milovan Danojlić, Balada o siromaštvu Vojislav Despotov, Drvodelja iz Nabisala Momo Kapor, Lep dan za umiranje Nikola Milošević, Nit miholjskog leta Milorad Pavić, Kutija za pisanje Zoran Ćirić, Prisluškivanje 1998 Danilo Nikolić Fajront u Grgetegu Vladislav Bajac, Druid iz Sindiduna Rade Kuzmanović, Golf Dobrilo Nenadić, Despot i žrtva Aleksandar Petrov, Kao zlato u vatri Ivana Hadži-Popović, Sezona trešanja 1997 Milovan Danojlić Oslobodioci i izdajnici Svetislav Basara, Looney Tunes 1996 David Albahari Mamac(Bait) Milica Mićić Dimovska, Poslednji zanosi MSS Miroslav Josić Višnjić, Svetovno trojstvo Boško Krstić, Kaštel Beringer Voja Čolanović, Džepna kob 1995 Svetlana Velmar-Janković Bezdno Dragan Velikić, Severni zid Danilo Nikolić, Kraljica zabave David Albahari, Snežni čovek 1994 Vladimir Arsenijević U potpalublju(In the Hold) Milovan Đilas, Izgubljene bitke Vuk Drašković, Noć đenerala Dragoslav Mihailović, Gori Morava Ivan Ivanović, Vojvoda od Leskovca 1993 Radoslav Petković Sudbina i komentari(Destiny, Annotated) Vidosav Stevanović, Ostrvo Balkan Goran Petrović, Atlas opisan nebom Slobodan Selenić, Ubistvo s predumišljajem Pavle Ugrinov, Sapun od cveća Milomir Đukanović, Američki eksperiment 1992 Živojin Pavlović (2) Lapot Miroslav Josić Višnjić, Pristup u kap i seme Antonije Isaković, Miran zločin Danko Popović, Udovice Miroslav Savićević, Kraj stoleća Kasiopeje Svetislav Basara, Mongolski bedeker 1991 Milisav Savić Hleb i strah Žarko Radaković, Tibingen Boba Blagojević, Skerletna luda Milorad Pavić, Unutrašnja strana vetra Dragan Velikić, Astragan Berislav Kosijer, Bezbožnici I-II Momčilo Selić, Izgon 1990 Miroslav Josić Višnjić Odbrana i propast Bodroga u sedam burnih godišnjih doba Svetlana Velmar Janković, Lagum Svetislav Basara, Na Gralovom tragu Milisav Savić, Ćup komitskog vojvode Mirjana Mitrović, Autoportret sa Milenom Đorđe Pisarev, Gotska priča 1989 Vojislav Lubarda Vaznesenje Vladislav Bajac, Knjiga o bambusu Dževad Karahasan, Istočni divan Miroslav Toholj, Stid Nedjeljko Fabrio, Berenikina kosa 1988 Dubravka Ugrešić Forsiranje romana reke(Fording the Stream of Consciousness) Ivan Aralica, Asmodejev šal Dragan Velikić, Via Pula Milenko Vučetić, Bežanje od sreće Zvonimir Majdak, Starac Borislav Pekić, Atlantida Miroslav Savićević, Priča o Kosovskom boju 1987 Voja Čolanović Zebnja na rasklapanje Ivan Aralica, Okvir za mržnju Slavenka Drakulić, Hologrami straha Branko Letić, Povratak u tuđinu Judita Šalgo, Trag kočenja 1986 Vidosav Stevanović Testament Ivan Aralica, Graditelj Svratišta Svetislav Basara, Napuklo ogledalo Dobrica Ćosić, Otpadnik Milovan Danojlić, Dragi moj Petroviću Sveta Lukić, Ratne igre u Vrbovcu Borislav Pekić, Zlatno runo vol. 6-7 Derviš Sušić, Nevakat Petar Šegedin, Vjetar Pavle Ugrinov, Otac i sin 1985 Živojin Pavlović Zid smrti Zvonimir Majdak, Kćerka Radoslav Petković, Senke na zidu Milisav Savić, Topola na terasi Slobodan Selenić, Očevi i oci Nedjeljko Fabrio, Vježbanje života 1984 Milorad Pavić Hazarski rečnik(Dictionary of the Khazars) Miroslav Popović, Sudbine Ivan Aralica, Duše robova Mladen Markov, Isterivanje boga Biljana Jovanović, Duša, jedinica moja Momo Kapor, Knjiga žalbi 1983 Dragoslav Mihailović Čizmaši Borislav Pekić, Besnilo 1982 Antonije Isaković Tren 2 1981 Pavao Pavličić Večernji akt Milan Oklopčić, Kalifornija bluz Vojin Jelić, Doživotni grešnik Voja Čolanović, Levi dlan, desni dlan Dubravka Ugrešić, Štefica Cvek u raljama života Milorad Pavić, Mali noćni roman 1980 Slobodan Selenić Prijatelji 1979 Pavle Ugrinov Zadat život 1978 Mirko Kovač Vrata od utrobe 1977 Petko Vojnić Purčar Dom, sve dalji 1976 Aleksandar Tišma Upotreba čoveka(The Use of Man) Žarko Komanin, Kolijevka Ćamil Sijarić, Carska vojska Vukašin Mićunović, Bolovanja Pavle Ugrinov, Fascinacije Sveta Lukić, Vodeni cvetovi Mirko Kovač, Ruganje s dušom Mladen Markov, Smutnoe vreme 1975 Miodrag Bulatović Ljudi sa četiri prsta Vojin Jelić, Pobožni đavo Niko Jovićević, Modra oka Dragoslav Mihailović, Petrijin venac Radomir Smiljanić, U Andima Hegelovo telo 1974 Jure Franičević-Pločar Vir Branimir Šćepanović, Usta puna zemlje Momo Kapor, Foliranti 1973 Mihailo Lalić Ratna sreća 1972 Danilo Kiš Peščanik(Hourglass) Aleksandar Tišma, Knjiga o Blamu 1971 Miloš Crnjanski Roman o Londonu(A Novel of London) 1970 Borislav Pekić Hodočašće Arsenija Njegovana Mihailo Lalić, Pramen tame Boško Petrović, Dolazak na kraj leta 1969 Bora Ćosić Uloge moje porodice u svetskoj revoluciji(My Family's Role in the World Revolution) Voja Čolanović, Pustolovina po meri Jara Ribnikar, Jan Nepomucki 1968 Slobodan Novak Mirisi, zlato i tamjan(Gold, Frankincense, and Myrrh) Slobodan Selenić, Memoari Pere Bogalja Dragoslav Mihailović, Kad su cvetale tikve 1967 Erih Koš Mreže 1966 Meša Selimović Derviš i smrt(Death and the Dervish) 1965 Ranko Marinković Kiklop(Cyclops) 1964 Oskar Davičo (3) Tajne 1963 Oskar Davičo (2) Gladi 1962 Miroslav Krleža Zastave (vol. 1) 1961 Dobrica Ćosić (2) Deobe 1960 Radomir Konstantinović Izlazak(Exitus) Mihailo Lalić, Hajka Jozo Laušić, Kostolomi Vlado Maleski, Ono što beše nebo 1959 No award given 1958 Branko Ćopić Ne tuguj bronzana stražo Miodrag Bulatović, Vuk i zvono Ivanka Vujičić-Lašovska, Čahure Radomir Konstantinović, Čisti i prljavi Erih Koš, Il tifo Momčilo Milankov, Jesenji događaji Bora Ćosić, Svi smrtni 1957 Aleksandar Vučo Mrtve javke Vladan Desnica, Proljeća Ivana Galeba Mihailo Lalić, Lelejska gora Dušan Matić, Kocka je bačena Mića Popović, Izlet 1956 Oskar Davičo Beton i svici Svetlana Velmar Janković, Ožiljak Radomir Konstantinović, Mišolovka 1955 Mirko Božić Neisplakani Vjekoslav Kaleb, Bijeli kamen Novak Simić, Braća i kumiri 1954 Dobrica Ćosić Koreni(The Roots) Aleksadar Vučo, Raspust Radomir Konstantinović, Daj nam danas Ivan Potrč, Na kmetih Jara Ribnikar, Nedovršeni krug Ervin Šinko, Optimisti Jury members Year(s) Member #1 Member #2 Member#3 Member#4 Member#5 Member#6 Member#7 Member#8 Member#9 Member#10 1954-1963 Milan Bogdanović Velibor Gligorić Eli Finci Borislav Mihajlović Mihiz Zoran Mišić Stevan Majstorović 1964 Petar Džadžić 1965-1970 Zoran Mišić Miloš I. Bandić Muharem Pervić 1971-1972 Midhad Begić Igor Mandić Draško Ređep 1973 Mladen Leskovac Dalibor Cvitan Radovan Vučković 1974 Žika Bogdanović Sreten Asanović Muharem Pervić 1975 Vuk Filipović Milan Vlajčić 1976 Jovica Aćin Sreten Marić Čedomir Mirković Vladimir Stojšin 1977-1979 Miloš I. Bandić Vaso Milinčević Vuk Krnjević Milosav Mirković 1980 Svetozar Koljević Milivoj Solar Milan Vlajčić Sreten Marić 1981 Boško Petrović Marko Nedić Andrej Inkart 1982 Dušan Veličković Nikola Kovač Muharem Pervić Igor Mandić 1983 Zoran Gluščević Jovica Aćin Teodor Anđelić Đorđije Vuković 1984 Slavko Leovac Velimir Visković 1985 Milivoj Srebro Vaso Milinčević Miroslav Egerić Novak Kilibarda Bogdan Tirnanić 1986 Predrag Matvejević Zdenko Lešić 1987 Jovan Deretić Ljubiša Jeremić Slavko Gordić Teodor Anđelić 1988 Branko Popović Svetozar Koljević Igor Mandić Novak Kilibarda 1989 Božo Koprivica Borislav Mihajlović Mihiz Gojko Tešić 1990 Svetlana Slapšak Marko Vešović Slavko Gordić Dušan Veličković Vasa Pavković 1991 Marko Nedić Pavle Zorić Sava Dautović 1992 Slavko Leovac Čedomir Mirković Miroslav Egerić 1993 Đorđe Janić Ljiljana Šop Borislav Mihajlović Mihiz (honorary member) 1994 Stojan Vujičić Nikola Milošević Tihomir Brajović 1995 Petar Pijanović Mihailo Pantić Gojko Božović 1996 Nikola Milošević 1997 Đorđije Vuković Aleksandar Ilić Miroslav Egerić Želidrag Nikčević 1998 Branko Popović 1999-2000 Boško Ivkov Teofil Pančić Svetozar Koljević 2001 Adrijana Marčetić Tihomir Brajović 2002 Petar Pijanović Ivan Negrišorac Aleksandar Jerkov 2003 Dušan Marinković 2004-2005 Tihomir Brajović 2006 Milan Vlajčić Aleksandar Jovanović Stevan Tontić Slobodan Vladušić 2007-2008 Milo Lompar 2009 Aleksandar Ilić Mladen Šukalo 2010 Vasa Pavković Ljiljana Šop Mileta Aćimović Ivkov 2011-2013 Vladislava Gordić Petković Mića Vujičić 2013-2014 Božo Koprivica Jasmina Vrbavac Mihailo Pantić 2015-2017 Zoran Paunović Tamara Krstić 2018 Branko Kukić Ivan Milenković Marjan Čakarević 2019-2021 Teofil Pančić Marija Nenezić 2022 Milena Đorđijević Žarka Svirčev Goran Korunović 2023 Tamara Mitrović Violeta Stojmenović See also Isidora Sekulić Award References ^ a b B92: Grozdani Olujić NIN-ova nagrada (NIN Prize to Grozdana Olujić), 15 Jan 2010 (in Serbian) ^ B92: Najtraženije knjige - kako i zašto (The Bestselling Books: How and Why?) by SONJA GOČANIN, 31 Jan 2011 (in Serbian) ^ Staff writer (January 14, 2012). "Veliki rat wins NIN-ova nagrada". complete review. Retrieved January 15, 2013. ^ a b "1958. Branko Ćopić "Ne tuguj bronzana stražo"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "NIN-ova nagrada ubuduće samo romanima na srpskom". www.delfi.rs. Retrieved 2021-02-07. ^ a b "1959. Награда није додељена". NIN. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ "MILENA MARKOVIĆ, DECA - Ninova nagrada za najbolji roman godine". makart.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 2022-02-06. ^ "Данило Киш вратио НИН-ову награду". Borba: 6. 27 October 1978. ^ "Seča glava s lovorom". Borba. 70 (39–40): 4. 8–9 February 1992. ^ "Najintrigantniji detalji u istoriji Ninove nagrade". NOVA portal. 2021-01-24. Retrieved 2021-02-07. ^ ""Prokleta avlija", Ivo Andrić i Nin-ova nagrada | Restart Magazin". Retrieved 2021-02-07. ^ "NIN-ova nagrada: Ovih 5 romana je u najužem izboru za 70. dobitnika - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas" (in Serbian). 2024-01-17. Retrieved 2024-01-17. ^ Ognjanović, Tamara (2024-01-29). "Stevo Grabovac ovogodišnji dobitnik NIN-ove nagrade". N1 (in Serbian). Retrieved 2024-01-29. ^ "NAJUŽI IZBOR za NIN-ovu nagradu: Šest romana ostalo u trci". Blic.rs (in Serbian). 18 January 2023. Retrieved 2023-01-19. ^ "Danica Vukićević dobitnica NIN-ove nagrada za roman "Unutrašnje more"". Danas. 23 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023. ^ "Milena Marković dobitnica NIN-ove nagrade" (in Serbian). 24 January 2022. Retrieved 6 February 2022. ^ "Šest romana u finalu za NIN-ovu nagradu, proglašenje pobednika u ponedeljak". N1 (in Serbian). 2022-01-17. Retrieved 2022-01-17. ^ "Dobitnik NIN-ove nagrade je Svetislav Basara za "Kontraendorfin"". blic.rs (in Serbian). 25 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021. ^ "Sedam finalista za NIN-ovu nagradu, 25. januara proglašenje dobitnika". Danas. 20 January 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ Beta/FoNet, Piše: A. Ćuk/ (2020-01-20). "Saša Ilić dobitnik Ninove nagrade za roman "Pas i kontrabas"". Dnevni list Danas (in Serbian). Retrieved 2020-04-09. ^ "Vladimir Tabašević dobitnik Ninove nagrade za roman godine". Danas. 14 January 2019. Retrieved 16 January 2019. ^ "Dejan Atanacković dobitnik NIN-ove nagrade" . N1. 15 January 2018. Retrieved 15 January 2018. ^ "Pet romana u najužem izboru za NIN-ovu nagradu". 021.rs. 10 January 2018. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ "Serbia: Ivana Dimic wins NIN Award". ANSA med. 16 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2017. ^ "Četiri knjige u finalu za NIN-ovu nagradu". Večernje novosti. 12 January 2017. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ "Dragan Velikić dobitnik NIN-ove nagrade za roman godine" . N1. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016. ^ "Šestoro u trci za NIN-ovu nagradu". Danas. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ David, Filip (2015). The house of memory and oblivion. Belgrade: Geopoetika publishing. ISBN 9788661452147. LCCN 2016421263. ^ "Filip David dobitnik 61.Ninove nagrade" . Večernje novosti. 19 January 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2015. ^ Gocić, Goran (2014). Thai. Belgrade: Geopoetika Publishing. ISBN 9788661451867. LCCN 2015399486. ^ "NIN-ova nagrada ide Goranu Gociću za "Tai"" (in Serbian). B92. 13 January 2014. Retrieved 2 February 2015. ^ Gatalica, Aleksandar (2014). The Great War. London: Istros Books. ISBN 9781908236203. LCCN 2014495633. ^ "Aleksandar Gatalica Wins NIN Literary Prize". The Balkans Daily. 14 January 2013. Archived from the original on 9 October 2014. Retrieved 15 January 2013. ^ "Uži izbor za NIN-ovu nagradu". Danas. 26 December 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ "Slobodanu Tišmi NIN-ova nagrada" (in Serbian). B92. 16 January 2012. Retrieved 2 February 2015. ^ "Nagrada NIN-a Gordani Ćirjanić" . B92. 17 January 2011. Retrieved 2 February 2015. ^ ""Glasovi" nadmašili "Ljetopis"" . Vecernje novosti. 15 January 2010. Retrieved 2 February 2015. ^ Pištalo, Vladimir (2015). Tesla, a portrait with masks : a novel. Minneapolis: Graywolf Press. ISBN 9781555976972. LCCN 2014948533. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac "Dobitnik NIN-ove nagrade" . B92. 22 January 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2015. ^ "2008. Владимир Пиштало ,,Тесла, портрет међу маскама"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ Velikić, Dragan (2010). The Russian window : a novel-Omnibus. Belgrade: Geopoetika Publishing. ISBN 9788661450280. LCCN 2014447573. ^ "Serbian author wins Austrian accolade". B92. 25 November 2008. Retrieved 2 February 2015. ^ "Romanopisci se vratili priči". Politika. 11 January 2008. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ "Laureate selected for NIN literary award". B92. 18 January 2007. Retrieved 2 February 2015. ^ "2005. Miro Vuksanović "Semolj zemlja"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ srbija.gov.rs. "Владимир Тасић добитник НИН-ове награде за роман "Киша и хартија"". www.srbija.gov.rs (in Serbian). Retrieved 2021-02-06. ^ "2003. Vladan Matijević "Pisac izdaleka"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "Za roman "Ukop oca"". Glas javnosti. 19 January 2003. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ "NINOVA NAGRADA". Nezavisne novine. 15 January 2002. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ Petrović, Goran (2020). At the lucky hand : aka the sixty-nine drawers. Dallas: Deep Vellum Publishing. ISBN 9781646050154. LCCN 2020015912. ^ "Najuži izbor". NIN. 18 January 2001. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ Radisavljević, Z. "NINOVA NAGRADA MAKSIMILIJANU ERENRAJHU OSTOJIĆU". Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ Đurđević, Olivera (18 January 1999). "Spokojan je pisac u nespokoju tema". Glas javnosti. Retrieved 8 February 2021. ^ R.S. "Lingvista nase tragedije". Naša Borba (13 January 1998). ^ Albahari, David (2001). Bait. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810118823. LCCN 2001001064. ^ Журић, Јелена М. (2018). ПОЕТИКА ПРОЗЕ ВОЈЕ ЧОЛАНОВИЋА (PDF). Београд: УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У БЕОГРАДУ ФИЛОЛОШКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ. p. 563. ^ Veličković, Dušan (1996). Srpski roman ´95: NIN-ova nagrada kritike za roman godine (in Serbian). Beograd: NIN. p. 9. ^ Arsenijević, Vladimir (1996). In the hold. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0679446575. LCCN 96025550. ^ Rosić, Branko (10 August 2018). ""Po nesmotrenom povratku iz Engleske, sa jednogodišnjim sinom u naručju, zatekao sam se na Trgu republike u gomili demonstranata koji su bežali od suzavca"". Nedeljnik. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ Petković, Radoslav (2010). Destiny, annotated. Belgrade: Geopoetika Publishing. ISBN 9788661450396. LCCN 2014447835. ^ "1993. Radoslav Petković "Sudbina i komentari"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "1992. Živojin Pavlović "Lapot"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "1991. Milisav Savić "Hleb i strah"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "1990. Miroslav Josić Višnjić "Odbrana i propast Bodroga u sedam burnih godišnjih doba"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "1989. Vojislav Lubarda "Vaznesenje"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ Ugrešić, Dubravka (1993). Fording the stream of consciousness. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810110997. LCCN 93030393. ^ "1988. Дубравка Угрешић "Форсирање романа - реке"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ "1987. Воја Чолановић "Зебња на расклапање"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ "Кандидати за "Роман године"". Borba. 65 (15): 1. 15 January 1987. ^ "1985. Живојин Павловић "Зид смрти"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ Pavić, Milorad (1988). Dictionary of the Khazars : a lexicon novel in 100,000 words. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 067972754X. LCCN 89016680. ^ "1984. Милорад Павић "Хазарски речник"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ "NIN-ova nagrada Dragoslavu Mihajloviću". Slobodna Dalmacija. 12048: 4. January 17, 1984. ^ "1981. Павао Павличић "Вечерњи акт"". NIN. Retrieved 11 February 2021. ^ Tišma, Aleksandar (1988). The use of man. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0151932034. LCCN 88002250. ^ "1976. Александар Тишма "Употреба човека"". NIN. Retrieved 30 October 2021. ^ "1975. Миодраг Булатовић "Људи са четири прста"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ "НИН-ова награда Ј. Франичевићу Плочару". Književne novine (481): 12. 16 February 1975. ^ Kiš, Danilo (1990). Hourglass. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0374172870. LCCN 90003523. ^ "1972. Данило Киш "Пешчаник"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ Crnjanski, Miloš (2020). A novel of London. New Orleans: Diálogos Books. ISBN 9781944884666. LCCN 2019953653. ^ "1970. Борислав Пекић "Ходочашће Арсенија Његована"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ Ćosić, Bora (1997). My family's role in the world revolution and other prose. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810113678. LCCN 97015118. ^ "1969. Бора Ћосић "Улога моје породице у светској револуцији"". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022. ^ Novak, Slobodan (1991). Gold, frankincense, and myrrh. London ; Boston: Forest Books. ISBN 0948259884. LCCN 91155451. ^ "1968. Слободан Новак "Мириси, злато и тамјан"". NIN. Retrieved 24 January 2021. ^ "1967. Ерих Кош "Мреже"". NIN. Retrieved 6 February 2021. ^ Selimović, Meša (1996). Death and the dervish. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810112965. LCCN 96017300. ^ Marinković, Ranko (2010). Cyclops. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300152418. LCCN 2010024516. ^ "1962. Мирослав Крлежа "Заставе" (први део)". NIN. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ Konstantinović, Radomir (1965). Exitus: a novel. London: Calder & Boyars. LCCN 66071682. ^ "1960. Радомир Константиновић "Излазак"". NIN. Retrieved 7 February 2021. ^ "1957. Aleksandar Vučo "Mrtve javke"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "1956. Oskar Davičo "Beton i svici"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "Награда НИН-а за најбољи роман године додељена Мирку Божићу". Borba. 21 (11): 5. 14 January 1956. ^ "1954. Dobrica Ćosić "Koreni"". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021. ^ "NIN / Dobitnici /1954-2002/". www.nin.co.rs. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Objavljeno kojih 13 romana je ušlo u uži izbor za NIN-ovu nagradu - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas" (in Serbian). 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-17. ^ "Žiri NIN-ove nagrade u novom sastavu - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas" (in Serbian). 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-08-19. vteNIN Award winning authors Dobrica Ćosić (1954) Mirko Božić (1955) Oskar Davičo (1956) Aleksandar Vučo (1957) Branko Ćopić (1958) N/A (1959) Radomir Konstantinović (1960) Dobrica Ćosić (1961) Miroslav Krleža (1962) Oskar Davičo (1963) Oskar Davičo (1964) Ranko Marinković (1965) Meša Selimović (1966) Erih Koš (1967) Slobodan Novak (1968) Bora Ćosić (1969) Borislav Pekić (1970) Miloš Crnjanski (1971) Danilo Kiš (1972) Mihailo Lalić (1973) Jure Franičević Pločar (1974) Miodrag Bulatović (1975) Aleksandar Tišma (1976) Petko Vojnić Purčar (1977) Mirko Kovač (1978) Pavle Ugrinov (1979) Slobodan Selenić (1980) Pavao Pavličić (1981) Antonije Isaković (1982) Dragoslav Mihailović (1983) Milorad Pavić (1984) Živojin Pavlović (1985) Vidosav Stevanović (1986) Voja Čolanović (1987) Dubravka Ugrešić (1988) Vojislav Lubarda (1989) Miroslav Josić Višnjić (1990) Milisav Savić (1991) Živojin Pavlović (1992) Radoslav Petković (1993) Vladimir Arsenijević (1994) Svetlana Velmar-Janković (1995) David Albahari (1996) Milovan Danojlić (1997) Danilo Nikolić (1998) Maksimilijan Erenrajh Ostojić (1999) Goran Petrović (2000) Zoran Ćirić (2001) Mladen Markov (2002) Vladan Matijević (2003) Vladimir Tasić (2004) Miro Vuksanović (2005) Svetislav Basara (2006) Dragan Velikić (2007) Vladimir Pištalo (2008) Grozdana Olujić (2009) Gordana Ćirjanić (2010) Slobodan Tišma (2011) Aleksandar Gatalica (2012) Goran Gocić (2013) Filip David (2014) Dragan Velikić (2015) Ivana Dimić (2016) Dejan Atanacković (2017) Vladimir Tabašević (2018) Saša Ilić (2019) Svetislav Basara (2020) Milena Marković (2021) vteSerbian literatureRelated articles Serbian language Shtokavian History of Serbia History of Kosovo History of Vojvodina History of Republika Srpska Medieval Serbian literature Miroslav Gospel Charter of Ban Kulin Srbulja Republic of Ragusa Serbian Chancellery in Dubrovnik Serb-Catholic movement in Dubrovnik Serbian poetry Serbian epic poetry Slavic studies Romanticism Realism Serbian Literary Guild Association of Writers of Serbia Adligat Belgrade Book Fair Medieval literature Stefan the First-Crowned Saint Sava Domentijan Teodosije the Hilandarian Jakov of Serres Patriarch Jefrem Danilo II Stanislav of Lesnovo Princess Milica Jefimija Jelena Balšić Stefan Lazarević Konstantin Mihailović Segon Kantakouzenos Pachomius the Serb Dimitar of Kratovo Vladislav the Grammarian Hieromonk Makarije Pre-19th century de Boliris Pajsije of Janjevo Zmajević Arsenije III Branković Stefanović Venclović Kozačinski Vasilije Petrović Žefarović Rajić Orfelin Julinac Piščević Obradović Petar I Petrović-Njegoš Vićentije Rakić Zannowich Zelić Vezlić Miletić Janković Vujić Stojković Solarić 19th century Došenović Mušicki Nenadović Vidaković Karadžić Milutinović Sarajlija Sterija Popović Popović Šapčanin Marković Koder Petar II Petrović-Njegoš Subotić Ignjatović Ljubiša Radičević J. Ilić Stojadnović-Srpkinja Nenadović Novaković Jakšić Milićević Miljanov Jovanović Zmaj Komarčić Kostić Trifković Glišić Lazarević Matavulj Sremac Vojnović V. Ilić D. Ilić Veselinović Šantić Ćipiko Domanović Ćorović Stanković 20th century Nušić Slobodan Jovanović Dučić Milan Rakić Sekulić Kočić Skerlić Petković Dis Pandurović Uskoković Vasić Jakovljević Vinaver Bojić Andrić Crnjanski Nastasijević Kašanin Micić Rastko Petrović Maksimović Drainac Vasiljev Desnica Davičo Selimović Vitez Danojlić Đilas Đurić Lalić Ćopić Dobrica Ćosić Popa Mihajlović Mihiz Isaković Medaković Olujić Radović Tišma Alečković Konstatinović Raičković Miodrag Pavlović Pavić Aleksandar Popović Pekić Bulatović Ivan V. Lalić Ćirilov Antić Bora Ćosić Velmar-Janković Crnčević Živojin Pavlović Selenić Trifunović Miljković Kiš Erić Kapor Blažo Šćepanović Branimir Šćepanović Milišić Nogo Josić Višnjić Tadić Vitezović Dragoslav Mihailović Albahari Goran Petrović Contemporary Simović Ognjenović Ršumović Bećković David Savić Zubac Drašković Đogo Habjanović Đurović Stevanović Dušan Kovačević Siniša Kovačević Živković Velikić Basara Bajac Radoslav Pavlović Lengold Pištalo Matijević Gatalica Srbljanović Šajtinac Literary awards NIN Award Isidora Sekulić Award
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"literary award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_award"},{"link_name":"NIN weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NIN_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"Serbo-Croatian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbo-Croatian"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-B92Olujic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"complete review","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_review"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NIN1958-4"},{"link_name":"Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_language"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The NIN Award (Serbian: Ninova nagrada, Нинова награда), officially the Award for Best Novel of the Year, is a prestigious Serbian (and previously Yugoslavian) literary award established in 1954 by the NIN weekly and is given annually for the best newly published novel written in Serbian (previously in Serbo-Croatian).[1] The award is presented every year in January by a panel of writers and critics. In addition to being a highly acclaimed award capable of transforming writers' literary careers, the award is also sought after because it virtually assures bestseller status for the winning novel.[2] The literary website complete review called it the \"leading Serbian literary prize\" in 2012.[3]Between 1954 and 1957, the award was given to the best novel published in Yugoslavia, regardless of the language, but all the novels awarded in this period were written in Serbo-Croatian language. Starting in 1958, only novels written in Serbo-Croatian were eligible.[4] Starting in 2012, only novels written in Serbian were eligible, regardless of the place of publication.[5]","title":"NIN Award"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-6"},{"link_name":"Oskar Davičo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Davi%C4%8Do"},{"link_name":"Dobrica Ćosić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobrica_%C4%86osi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Živojin Pavlović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivojin_Pavlovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Dragan Velikić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan_Veliki%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Svetislav Basara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svetislav_Basara"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Ivo Andrić","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87"},{"link_name":"Nobel Prize in Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature"},{"link_name":"Prokleta avlija","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokleta_avlija&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Since its inception, the award was not awarded only once, in 1959, when the jury decided that there were no candidates worthy of the award.[6] Oskar Davičo is the only author to have won the award three times (in 1956, 1963 and 1964), and the only one to win it in two consecutive years. The only other authors to have won multiple (two) awards are Dobrica Ćosić, Živojin Pavlović, Dragan Velikić, and most recently Svetislav Basara. So far, seven women have been recipients of the award.[7]In 1978, Danilo Kiš became the first laureate to return the award. He returned the award for Novel of the year 1972 and demanded his name to be deleted from the list of winners.[8] Because he was outraged by the text about him published in NIN on 7 February 1992, Milisav Savić returned the award that was given to him just a month earlier for the year 1991.[9]One of the most notable non-recipients is Ivo Andrić, the only Yugoslavian Nobel Prize in Literature laureate. Andrić was candidate for the NIN award once, in 1954, with Prokleta avlija, but the jury disqualified the book as they classified it as a novellete, and not a novel.[10][11]","title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Jury members"}]
[]
[{"title":"Isidora Sekulić Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isidora_Sekuli%C4%87_Award"}]
[{"reference":"Staff writer (January 14, 2012). \"Veliki rat wins NIN-ova nagrada\". complete review. Retrieved January 15, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.complete-review.com/saloon/archive/201301b.htm#fo3","url_text":"\"Veliki rat wins NIN-ova nagrada\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_review","url_text":"complete review"}]},{"reference":"\"1958. Branko Ćopić \"Ne tuguj bronzana stražo\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27710","url_text":"\"1958. Branko Ćopić \"Ne tuguj bronzana stražo\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIN-ova nagrada ubuduće samo romanima na srpskom\". www.delfi.rs. Retrieved 2021-02-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.delfi.rs/vesti/vest/925_nin-ova_nagrada_ubuduce_samo_romanima_na_srpskom_delfi_knjizare.html","url_text":"\"NIN-ova nagrada ubuduće samo romanima na srpskom\""}]},{"reference":"\"1959. Награда није додељена\". NIN. 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N1. 18 January 2016. Retrieved 18 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://rs.n1info.com/a127013/Vesti/Kultura/Velikic-je-dobitnik-NIN-ove-nagrade-za-roman-godine.html","url_text":"\"Dragan Velikić dobitnik NIN-ove nagrade za roman godine\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N1_(television)","url_text":"N1"}]},{"reference":"\"Šestoro u trci za NIN-ovu nagradu\". Danas. 14 January 2016. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.danas.rs/kultura/sestoro-u-trci-za-nin-ovu-nagradu/","url_text":"\"Šestoro u trci za NIN-ovu nagradu\""}]},{"reference":"David, Filip (2015). The house of memory and oblivion. Belgrade: Geopoetika publishing. ISBN 9788661452147. 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LCCN 2001001064.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2001001064","url_text":"Bait"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810118823","url_text":"0810118823"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2001001064","url_text":"2001001064"}]},{"reference":"Журић, Јелена М. (2018). ПОЕТИКА ПРОЗЕ ВОЈЕ ЧОЛАНОВИЋА (PDF). Београд: УНИВЕРЗИТЕТ У БЕОГРАДУ ФИЛОЛОШКИ ФАКУЛТЕТ. p. 563.","urls":[{"url":"https://nardus.mpn.gov.rs/bitstream/handle/123456789/17660/Disertacija.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y","url_text":"ПОЕТИКА ПРОЗЕ ВОЈЕ ЧОЛАНОВИЋА"}]},{"reference":"Veličković, Dušan (1996). Srpski roman ´95: NIN-ova nagrada kritike za roman godine (in Serbian). Beograd: NIN. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"https://static.kupindoslike.com/Srpski-roman-95-Ninova-nagrada-kritike_slika_O_135120357.jpg","url_text":"Srpski roman ´95: NIN-ova nagrada kritike za roman godine"}]},{"reference":"Arsenijević, Vladimir (1996). In the hold. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0679446575. LCCN 96025550.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/96025550","url_text":"In the hold"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0679446575","url_text":"0679446575"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/96025550","url_text":"96025550"}]},{"reference":"Rosić, Branko (10 August 2018). \"\"Po nesmotrenom povratku iz Engleske, sa jednogodišnjim sinom u naručju, zatekao sam se na Trgu republike u gomili demonstranata koji su bežali od suzavca\"\". Nedeljnik. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://arhiva.nedeljnik.rs/velike-price/portalnews/po-nesmotrenom-povratku-iz-engleske-sa-jednogodisnjim-sinom-u-narucju-zatekao-sam-se-na-trgu-republike-u-gomili-demonstranata-koji-su-bezali-od-suzavca/","url_text":"\"\"Po nesmotrenom povratku iz Engleske, sa jednogodišnjim sinom u naručju, zatekao sam se na Trgu republike u gomili demonstranata koji su bežali od suzavca\"\""}]},{"reference":"Petković, Radoslav (2010). Destiny, annotated. Belgrade: Geopoetika Publishing. ISBN 9788661450396. LCCN 2014447835.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2014447835","url_text":"Destiny, annotated"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788661450396","url_text":"9788661450396"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2014447835","url_text":"2014447835"}]},{"reference":"\"1993. Radoslav Petković \"Sudbina i komentari\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27787","url_text":"\"1993. Radoslav Petković \"Sudbina i komentari\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1992. Živojin Pavlović \"Lapot\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27785","url_text":"\"1992. Živojin Pavlović \"Lapot\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1991. Milisav Savić \"Hleb i strah\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27783","url_text":"\"1991. Milisav Savić \"Hleb i strah\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1990. Miroslav Josić Višnjić \"Odbrana i propast Bodroga u sedam burnih godišnjih doba\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27781","url_text":"\"1990. Miroslav Josić Višnjić \"Odbrana i propast Bodroga u sedam burnih godišnjih doba\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1989. Vojislav Lubarda \"Vaznesenje\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27777","url_text":"\"1989. Vojislav Lubarda \"Vaznesenje\"\""}]},{"reference":"Ugrešić, Dubravka (1993). Fording the stream of consciousness. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810110997. LCCN 93030393.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/93030393","url_text":"Fording the stream of consciousness"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810110997","url_text":"0810110997"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/93030393","url_text":"93030393"}]},{"reference":"\"1988. Дубравка Угрешић \"Форсирање романа - реке\"\". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27770","url_text":"\"1988. Дубравка Угрешић \"Форсирање романа - реке\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1987. Воја Чолановић \"Зебња на расклапање\"\". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27768","url_text":"\"1987. Воја Чолановић \"Зебња на расклапање\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Кандидати за \"Роман године\"\". Borba. 65 (15): 1. 15 January 1987.","urls":[{"url":"http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp%7Cissue:UB_00064_19870115%7Cpage:9%7Cquery:%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%9B%20%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82","url_text":"\"Кандидати за \"Роман године\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1985. Живојин Павловић \"Зид смрти\"\". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27764","url_text":"\"1985. Живојин Павловић \"Зид смрти\"\""}]},{"reference":"Pavić, Milorad (1988). Dictionary of the Khazars : a lexicon novel in 100,000 words. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 067972754X. LCCN 89016680.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/89016680","url_text":"Dictionary of the Khazars : a lexicon novel in 100,000 words"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/067972754X","url_text":"067972754X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/89016680","url_text":"89016680"}]},{"reference":"\"1984. Милорад Павић \"Хазарски речник\"\". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27762","url_text":"\"1984. Милорад Павић \"Хазарски речник\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIN-ova nagrada Dragoslavu Mihajloviću\". Slobodna Dalmacija. 12048: 4. January 17, 1984.","urls":[{"url":"https://arhiv.slobodnadalmacija.hr/pvpages/pvpages/viewPage/?pv_page_id=623326","url_text":"\"NIN-ova nagrada Dragoslavu Mihajloviću\""}]},{"reference":"\"1981. Павао Павличић \"Вечерњи акт\"\". NIN. Retrieved 11 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27756","url_text":"\"1981. Павао Павличић \"Вечерњи акт\"\""}]},{"reference":"Tišma, Aleksandar (1988). The use of man. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 0151932034. LCCN 88002250.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandar_Ti%C5%A1ma","url_text":"Tišma, Aleksandar"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/88002250","url_text":"The use of man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0151932034","url_text":"0151932034"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/88002250","url_text":"88002250"}]},{"reference":"\"1976. Александар Тишма \"Употреба човека\"\". NIN. Retrieved 30 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27746","url_text":"\"1976. Александар Тишма \"Употреба човека\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1975. Миодраг Булатовић \"Људи са четири прста\"\". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27744","url_text":"\"1975. Миодраг Булатовић \"Људи са четири прста\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"НИН-ова награда Ј. Франичевићу Плочару\". Književne novine (481): 12. 16 February 1975.","urls":[{"url":"http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp%7Cissue:UB_00201_19750216%7Cpage:12%7Cquery:%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5","url_text":"\"НИН-ова награда Ј. Франичевићу Плочару\""}]},{"reference":"Kiš, Danilo (1990). Hourglass. New York: Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0374172870. LCCN 90003523.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/90003523","url_text":"Hourglass"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0374172870","url_text":"0374172870"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/90003523","url_text":"90003523"}]},{"reference":"\"1972. Данило Киш \"Пешчаник\"\". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27738","url_text":"\"1972. Данило Киш \"Пешчаник\"\""}]},{"reference":"Crnjanski, Miloš (2020). A novel of London. New Orleans: Diálogos Books. ISBN 9781944884666. LCCN 2019953653.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2019953653","url_text":"A novel of London"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781944884666","url_text":"9781944884666"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2019953653","url_text":"2019953653"}]},{"reference":"\"1970. Борислав Пекић \"Ходочашће Арсенија Његована\"\". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27734","url_text":"\"1970. Борислав Пекић \"Ходочашће Арсенија Његована\"\""}]},{"reference":"Ćosić, Bora (1997). My family's role in the world revolution and other prose. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810113678. LCCN 97015118.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/97015118","url_text":"My family's role in the world revolution and other prose"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810113678","url_text":"0810113678"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/97015118","url_text":"97015118"}]},{"reference":"\"1969. Бора Ћосић \"Улога моје породице у светској револуцији\"\". NIN. Retrieved 28 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27732","url_text":"\"1969. Бора Ћосић \"Улога моје породице у светској револуцији\"\""}]},{"reference":"Novak, Slobodan (1991). Gold, frankincense, and myrrh. London ; Boston: Forest Books. ISBN 0948259884. LCCN 91155451.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/91155451","url_text":"Gold, frankincense, and myrrh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0948259884","url_text":"0948259884"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/91155451","url_text":"91155451"}]},{"reference":"\"1968. Слободан Новак \"Мириси, злато и тамјан\"\". NIN. Retrieved 24 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27730","url_text":"\"1968. Слободан Новак \"Мириси, злато и тамјан\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1967. Ерих Кош \"Мреже\"\". NIN. Retrieved 6 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27728","url_text":"\"1967. Ерих Кош \"Мреже\"\""}]},{"reference":"Selimović, Meša (1996). Death and the dervish. Evanston: Northwestern University Press. ISBN 0810112965. LCCN 96017300.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/96017300","url_text":"Death and the dervish"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0810112965","url_text":"0810112965"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/96017300","url_text":"96017300"}]},{"reference":"Marinković, Ranko (2010). Cyclops. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300152418. LCCN 2010024516.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2010024516","url_text":"Cyclops"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300152418","url_text":"9780300152418"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/2010024516","url_text":"2010024516"}]},{"reference":"\"1962. Мирослав Крлежа \"Заставе\" (први део)\". NIN. Retrieved 7 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27718","url_text":"\"1962. Мирослав Крлежа \"Заставе\" (први део)\""}]},{"reference":"Konstantinović, Radomir (1965). Exitus: a novel. London: Calder & Boyars. LCCN 66071682.","urls":[{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66071682","url_text":"Exitus: a novel"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66071682","url_text":"66071682"}]},{"reference":"\"1960. Радомир Константиновић \"Излазак\"\". NIN. Retrieved 7 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27714","url_text":"\"1960. Радомир Константиновић \"Излазак\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1957. Aleksandar Vučo \"Mrtve javke\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27708","url_text":"\"1957. Aleksandar Vučo \"Mrtve javke\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1956. Oskar Davičo \"Beton i svici\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=27706","url_text":"\"1956. Oskar Davičo \"Beton i svici\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Награда НИН-а за најбољи роман године додељена Мирку Божићу\". Borba. 21 (11): 5. 14 January 1956.","urls":[{"url":"http://istorijskenovine.unilib.rs/view/index.html#panel:pp%7Cissue:UB_00064_19560114%7Cpage:5%7Cquery:%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5","url_text":"\"Награда НИН-а за најбољи роман године додељена Мирку Божићу\""}]},{"reference":"\"1954. Dobrica Ćosić \"Koreni\"\". NIN. Retrieved 1 February 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/pages/roman.php?id=568","url_text":"\"1954. Dobrica Ćosić \"Koreni\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"NIN / Dobitnici /1954-2002/\". www.nin.co.rs. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nin.co.rs/2003-01/30/27182.html","url_text":"\"NIN / Dobitnici /1954-2002/\""}]},{"reference":"\"Objavljeno kojih 13 romana je ušlo u uži izbor za NIN-ovu nagradu - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas\" (in Serbian). 2023-01-11. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.danas.rs/kultura/ninova-nagrada-romani-uzi-izbor-2022/","url_text":"\"Objavljeno kojih 13 romana je ušlo u uži izbor za NIN-ovu nagradu - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Žiri NIN-ove nagrade u novom sastavu - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas\" (in Serbian). 2023-04-05. Retrieved 2023-08-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.danas.rs/kultura/ziri-nin-ove-nagrade-u-novom-sastavu/","url_text":"\"Žiri NIN-ove nagrade u novom sastavu - Kultura - Dnevni list Danas\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segway_Human_Transporter
Segway
["1 History","1.1 Independent company","1.2 Subsidiary of Ninebot","1.3 End of production","1.4 UTVs","2 Products","3 Technology","4 Usage","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Two-wheeled, self-balancing personal vehicle This article is about the vehicle. For the company, see Segway Inc. For the word refering to a transition, see Segue. Segway PTSegway x2 and i2TypePersonal transporterInventorDean KamenInception2001 (2001)ManufacturerSegway Inc.Models madei2 SE, x SE, miniPro, robotWebsitehttps://segway.com  A Segway is a two-wheeled, self-balancing personal transporter device invented by Dean Kamen. It is a registered trademark of Segway Inc. It was brought to market in 2001 as the Segway HT, and then subsequently as the Segway PT. HT is an initialism for "human transporter" and PT for "personal transporter." Ninebot, a Beijing-based transportation robotics startup rival, acquired Segway Inc. in April 2015, broadening the company to include other transportation devices. In June 2020, it was announced that it would no longer make the Segway PT. History Independent company The Segway PT, referred to during development and initial marketing as the Segway HT, was developed from the self-balancing iBOT wheelchair which was initially developed at University of Plymouth, in conjunction with BAE Systems and Sumitomo Precision Products. The first patent of human transporter was filed in 1994 and granted in 1997, followed by others, including one submitted in June 1999 and granted in October 2001. Prior to its introduction, a news report about a proposal for a book about the invention, development, and financing of the Segway PT led to speculation about the device and its importance. John Doerr speculated that it would be more important than the Internet. South Park devoted an episode to making fun of the hype before the product was released. Steve Jobs was quoted as saying that it was "as big a deal as the PC", (he later expressed a negative opinion, saying that it "sucked", presumably referring to "the design" – but also referred to the (presumably high) price point, asking, "You're sure your market is upscale consumers for transportation?") The device was unveiled on 3 December 2001, following months of public speculation, in Bryant Park, New York City, on the ABC News morning program Good Morning America, with the first units delivered to customers in early 2002. The original Segway PT models featured three speed settings: 6 miles per hour (9.7 km/h), 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) with faster turning, and 10 miles per hour (16 km/h). Steering of early versions was controlled using a twist grip that varied the speeds of the two motors. The range of the p-Series was 6–10 miles (9.7–16.1 km) on a fully charged nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery with a recharge time of four to six hours. In September 2003, the Segway PT was recalled, because if users ignored repeated low-battery warnings on the PTs, it could ultimately lead them to fall. In August 2006, Segway Inc. discontinued all previous models and introduced the i2 and x2 products, which were steered by leaning the handlebars to the right or left, had a maximum speed of 12.5 mph (20.1 km/h) from a pair of two-horsepower (1.5 kW) Brushless DC electric motors with regenerative braking and a range of up to 15–25 mi (24–40 km), depending on terrain, riding style, and state of the batteries. Recharging took eight to ten hours. The i2 and x2 also introduced the wireless InfoKey which could show mileage and a trip odometer, and put the vehicle into security mode, which locked the wheels and set off an alarm if it was moved, and could also be used to turn on the PT from up to 15 feet (4.6 m) away. Segway Inc. was acquired by British businessman Jimi Heselden from its U.S. inventor Dean Kamen in December 2009. A year later, Heselden died after he "plunged into the River Wharfe while riding a rugged country version" of Segway PT. Segway police in Stockholm, Sweden Versions of the product prior to 2011 included (in order of release): Segway i167 (2001 revealed, 2002 shipped) Segway e167: As i167, with addition of electric kickstand Segway p133: Smaller platform and wheels and less powerful motors than the i and e Series with top speed of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) in the p-Series Segway i180: With lithium-ion batteries Segway XT: The first Segway designed specifically for recreation Segway i2 (2006): The first on-road Segway PT with LeanSteer Segway x2 (2006): The first off-road Segway PT with LeanSteer In March 2014, Segway Inc. announced third generation designs, including the i2 SE and x2 SE sport, new LeanSteer frame and powerbase designs, with integrated lighting. Subsidiary of Ninebot Ninebot, a Beijing-based transportation robotics startup and a rival of Segway Inc., acquired Segway Inc. in April 2015, having raised $80M from Xiaomi and Sequoia Capital. The acquisition came months after the U.S. International Trade Commission agreed to investigate Segway Inc.'s claim that Ninebot and other companies were infringing on its patents and copyrights. Segway Inc. requested the blocking of imports of competing scooters into the United States. In June 2016, Segway Inc. launched the Segway miniPRO, a smaller self-balancing scooter. End of production Only 140,000 units were sold during the lifetime of the product, and in the later years the Segway PT only made up 1.5% of total company profit. Factors contributing to the end of production include the price (US$5,000 at launch), and the learning curve in learning to balance on a Segway PT which has led to notable accidents involving Usain Bolt, George W. Bush, Ellen DeGeneres, Ian Healy, and the Segway Inc. previous owner Jimi Heselden. While the Segway Inc. has remained popular for security and tourism, electric scooters have been more popular for personal mobility. UTVs In February 2022, Segway entered the UTV (Utility Terrain Vehicle) market. Products At the end of production in 2020, Segway Inc. was selling these five self-balancing scooters: Professional Segway i2 SE (professional self-balancing scooter for use in warehouses and other locations) Segway x2 SE (ruggedised self-balancing scooter for use on most challenging terrain) Segway Robot (autonomous robot based on the Segway miniPro) Consumer Ninebot by Segway E+ (self-balancing scooter for general use) Ninebot by Segway miniPro (smaller self-balancing scooter for general use, controlled by a 'knee control bar') Segway GT1P/GT2 P(Super Scooter) Technology The dynamics of the Segway PT are similar to a classic control problem, the inverted pendulum. It uses brushless DC electric motors in each wheel powered by lithium-ion batteries with balance achieved using tilt sensors, and gyroscopic sensors developed by BAE Systems' Advanced Technology Centre. Usage See also: Personal transporter § Use and regulation by country Two tourists on a Segway tour in Florence, Italy In 2011, the Segway i2 was being marketed to the emergency medical services community. In 2018, the police of Stockholm adopted Segway i2 as a permanent transportation method for the patrollers of the old town. The Segway miniPro is also available to be used as the mobility section of a robot. Disability Rights Advocates for Technology worked to supply Segway PTs to veterans who had trouble walking. (Segway Inc. cannot market its devices in the US as medical devices. Kamen sold the intellectual property rights for medical purposes to Johnson & Johnson, makers of the iBOT, a self-balancing wheelchair). The maximum speed of the Segway PT is 12.5 miles per hour (20.1 km/h). The product is capable of covering 24 miles (39 km) on a fully charged lithium-ion battery, depending on terrain, riding style, and the condition of the batteries. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission does not have Segway-specific recommendations but does say that bicycle helmets are adequate for "low-speed, motor-assisted" scooters. See also Jonathan Gleich – American Segway activistPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback Scooter (motorcycle) – Low-speed motorcycle Segway polo – Team sport played on Segways References ^ a b c Wilson, Mark (23 June 2020). "Segway, the most hyped invention since the Macintosh, ends production". Fast Company. Retrieved 24 June 2020. ^ a b c "Segways scrapped after two decades of high-profile falls". www.abc.net.au. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020. ^ Kemper, Steve (2003). Code name Ginger : the story behind segway and Dean Kamen's quest to invent a new world. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1578516735. Retrieved 23 June 2016. ^ US patent 5,701,965 Human transporter ^ "Segway Patent Information" (PDF). Segway Inc. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2017. Retrieved 6 July 2017. ^ US Patent 6,302,230 Personal mobility vehicles and methods ^ What Is 'IT'? Book Proposal Heightens Intrigue About Secret Invention Touted as Bigger Than the Internet or PC Archived 17 June 2001 at the Wayback Machine Inside.com, January 2001 ^ Kemper, Steve (2003). Reinventing the Wheel: A Story of Genius, Innovation, and Grand Ambition. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1578516730. ^ a b "Reinventing the Wheel". Time. 2 December 2001. Retrieved 11 March 2009. ^ Kemper, Steve (16 June 2003). "Steve Jobs and Jeff Bezos meet "Ginger"". Harvard Business School Working Knowledge. ^ "January 26, 2000". The Daily Show. 26 July 2000. Archived from the original on 2 July 2015. ^ Machrone, Bill (3 December 2001). "Ginger Unveiled-It's a Scooter!". Extremetech. Extremetech.com. Archived from the original on 24 April 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2009. ^ Tweney, Dylan. "Wired.com retrospective". Retrieved 12 April 2009. ^ "About Segway – Who We Are". Segway Milestones. Archived from the original on 18 March 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2009. ^ a b "Segway, Official Site". Segway.com. 28 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011. ^ "Segway LLC Recall to Upgrade Software on Segway Human Transporters". Cpsc.gov. 26 September 2003. Archived from the original on 22 September 2008. Retrieved 11 March 2009. ^ "Segway i2". Segway.com. Archived from the original on 7 January 2009. Retrieved 11 March 2009. ^ "Enhanced range, courtesy of lithium-ion". Archived from the original on 17 October 2006. Retrieved 29 November 2010. ^ "Segway company owner rides scooter off cliff, dies". NBC News. Retrieved 3 February 2022. A British businessman, who bought the Segway company less than a year ago, died after riding one of the scooters off a cliff and into a river near his Yorkshire estate. ^ "Inquest into Segway head's death". BBC News. 4 October 2010. ^ "Segway PT Previous Model". Segway Inc. Archived from the original on 9 July 2011. Retrieved 23 July 2011. ^ The versatile Segway PT i180 Archived 12 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Segway Launches New SE Personal Transporters (PTs) And SegSolution Accessory Packages" (Press release). Segway. 24 March 2014. Retrieved 2 January 2020. ^ Catherine Shu (15 April 2015). "Beijing-based Ninebot Acquires Segway, Raises $80M From Xiaomi And Sequoia". TechCrunch. ^ "Why This Chinese Startup Just Bought a Company Americans Love to Ridicule". Time. 15 April 2015. ^ a b "CTV News | Business News – Financial News Canada". www.ctvnews.ca. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ a b "Segway Patent Complaint Could Result In Import Ban On Most "Hoverboard" Scooters". Consumerist. 17 March 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ a b Mullin, Joe (17 March 2016). "Most "hoverboards" set to be banned from US, courtesy of Segway". Ars Technica. Retrieved 11 April 2022. ^ "Segway launches $1,000 self-balancing scooter you can control like a drone from your phone". Venture Beat. 1 June 2016. ^ "Segway I2 SE". Segway Inc. Retrieved 13 July 2017. ^ "Segway x2 SE". Segway Inc. Retrieved 13 July 2017. ^ "Meet Loomo". Segway Robotics. Retrieved 13 July 2017. ^ "Ninebot by Segway E+". Segway Inc. Archived from the original on 19 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017. ^ "Segway miniPro". Segway Inc. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 13 July 2017. ^ "Segway - About Us - Press Releases - BAE SYSTEMS and Segway LLC Announce Partnership to Market Segway Human Transporter in the UK - 22 Jul 2002". segway-madrid.com. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 24 August 2012. ^ "EMS LifeLine". StreetSmart Segway. Archived from the original on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011. ^ "IN PICTURES: Stockholm's segway police are here to stay". The Local Sweden. 8 May 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2019. ^ "Robot Segway Rovers Train Special Forces For Urban Warfare". Inventorspot.com. 12 April 2010. Archived from the original on 24 February 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2010. ^ "Disability Rights Advocates for Technology". Archived from the original on 27 August 2008. Retrieved 6 August 2008. ^ Higginbotham, Adam (27 October 2008). "Dean Kamen: part man, part machine". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 14 August 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009. ^ "i2 SE Personal Transporter". Archived from the original on 27 May 2016. Retrieved 24 May 2016. ^ "CPSC Guide:Which Helmet for Which Activity" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 20 September 2008. Retrieved 5 August 2008. External links Official website Segway Patent Information at the Wayback Machine (archived 2017-07-21) Segway Certifications Media related to Segways at Wikimedia Commons vteSegway Segway Inc. Segway PT Dean Kamen DEKA Jimi Heselden Bay Area SEG Segs4Vets Segway Fest Segway polo 10 MPH "The Entity" Authority control databases: National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Segway Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segway_Inc."},{"link_name":"Segue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segue"},{"link_name":"two-wheeled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicycle_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"personal transporter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_transporter"},{"link_name":"Dean Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Kamen"},{"link_name":"Segway Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segway_Inc."},{"link_name":"Ninebot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ninebot"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"This article is about the vehicle. For the company, see Segway Inc. For the word refering to a transition, see Segue.A Segway is a two-wheeled, self-balancing personal transporter device invented by Dean Kamen. It is a registered trademark of Segway Inc. It was brought to market in 2001 as the Segway HT, and then subsequently as the Segway PT. HT is an initialism for \"human transporter\" and PT for \"personal transporter.\"Ninebot, a Beijing-based transportation robotics startup rival, acquired Segway Inc. in April 2015, broadening the company to include other transportation devices. In June 2020, it was announced that it would no longer make the Segway PT.[1][2]","title":"Segway"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"iBOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBOT"},{"link_name":"University of Plymouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Plymouth"},{"link_name":"BAE Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems"},{"link_name":"Sumitomo Precision Products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumitomo_Precision_Products"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ginger-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"John Doerr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Doerr"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time2001-9"},{"link_name":"South Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Park"},{"link_name":"episode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Entity_(South_Park)"},{"link_name":"Steve Jobs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Jobs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-time2001-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-speculation-11"},{"link_name":"Bryant Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryant_Park"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"ABC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_News"},{"link_name":"Good Morning America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Morning_America"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Machrone-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Segway,_Official_Site-15"},{"link_name":"twist grip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twist_grip"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Brushless DC electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor"},{"link_name":"regenerative braking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regenerative_braking"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Segway,_Official_Site-15"},{"link_name":"Jimi Heselden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Heselden"},{"link_name":"Dean Kamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Kamen"},{"link_name":"River Wharfe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Wharfe"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Segway_police_Sweden.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SELaunch-23"}],"sub_title":"Independent company","text":"The Segway PT, referred to during development and initial marketing as the Segway HT, was developed from the self-balancing iBOT wheelchair which was initially developed at University of Plymouth, in conjunction with BAE Systems and Sumitomo Precision Products.[3] The first patent of human transporter was filed in 1994 and granted in 1997,[4] followed by others,[5] including one submitted in June 1999 and granted in October 2001.[6]Prior to its introduction, a news report[7] about a proposal for a book about the invention, development, and financing of the Segway PT [8] led to speculation about the device and its importance. John Doerr speculated that it would be more important than the Internet.[9] South Park devoted an episode to making fun of the hype before the product was released. Steve Jobs was quoted as saying that it was \"as big a deal as the PC\",[9] (he later expressed a negative opinion, saying that it \"sucked\", presumably referring to \"the design\" – but also referred to the (presumably high) price point, asking, \"You're sure your market is upscale consumers for transportation?\")[10] The device was unveiled on 3 December 2001, following months of public speculation,[11] in Bryant Park, New York City, on the ABC News morning program Good Morning America,[12][13] with the first units delivered to customers in early 2002.[14]The original Segway PT models featured three speed settings: 6 miles per hour (9.7 km/h), 8 miles per hour (13 km/h) with faster turning, and 10 miles per hour (16 km/h).[15] Steering of early versions was controlled using a twist grip that varied the speeds of the two motors. The range of the p-Series was 6–10 miles (9.7–16.1 km) on a fully charged nickel metal hydride (NiMH) battery with a recharge time of four to six hours. In September 2003, the Segway PT was recalled, because if users ignored repeated low-battery warnings on the PTs, it could ultimately lead them to fall.[16]In August 2006, Segway Inc. discontinued all previous models and introduced the i2 and x2 products, which were steered by leaning the handlebars to the right or left,[17] had a maximum speed of 12.5 mph (20.1 km/h) from a pair of two-horsepower (1.5 kW) Brushless DC electric motors with regenerative braking and a range of up to 15–25 mi (24–40 km), depending on terrain, riding style, and state of the batteries.[18] Recharging took eight to ten hours. The i2 and x2 also introduced the wireless InfoKey which could show mileage and a trip odometer, and put the vehicle into security mode, which locked the wheels and set off an alarm if it was moved, and could also be used to turn on the PT from up to 15 feet (4.6 m) away.[15]Segway Inc. was acquired by British businessman Jimi Heselden from its U.S. inventor Dean Kamen in December 2009. A year later, Heselden died after he \"plunged into the River Wharfe while riding a rugged country version\" of Segway PT.[19][20]Segway police in Stockholm, SwedenVersions of the product prior to 2011 included (in order of release):[21]Segway i167 (2001 revealed, 2002 shipped)\nSegway e167:[when?] As i167, with addition of electric kickstand\nSegway p133:[when?] Smaller platform and wheels and less powerful motors than the i and e Series with top speed of 10 miles per hour (16 km/h) in the p-Series\nSegway i180:[when?] With lithium-ion batteries[22]\nSegway XT:[when?] The first Segway designed specifically for recreation\nSegway i2 (2006): The first on-road Segway PT with LeanSteer\nSegway x2 (2006): The first off-road Segway PT with LeanSteerIn March 2014, Segway Inc. announced third generation designs, including the i2 SE and x2 SE sport, new LeanSteer frame and powerbase designs, with integrated lighting.[23]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Xiaomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiaomi"},{"link_name":"Sequoia Capital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequoia_Capital"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"U.S. International Trade Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_International_Trade_Commission"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-28"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-28"},{"link_name":"self-balancing scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-balancing_scooter"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"sub_title":"Subsidiary of Ninebot","text":"Ninebot, a Beijing-based transportation robotics startup and a rival of Segway Inc., acquired Segway Inc. in April 2015, having raised $80M from Xiaomi and Sequoia Capital.[24][25] The acquisition came months after the U.S. International Trade Commission agreed to investigate Segway Inc.'s claim that Ninebot and other companies were infringing on its patents and copyrights.[26][27][28] Segway Inc. requested the blocking of imports of competing scooters into the United States.[26][27][28]In June 2016, Segway Inc. launched the Segway miniPRO, a smaller self-balancing scooter.[29]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Usain Bolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usain_Bolt"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Ellen DeGeneres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_DeGeneres"},{"link_name":"Ian Healy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Healy"},{"link_name":"Jimi Heselden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimi_Heselden"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"electric scooters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorized_scooter"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"End of production","text":"Only 140,000 units were sold during the lifetime of the product, and in the later years the Segway PT only made up 1.5% of total company profit.[1] Factors contributing to the end of production include the price (US$5,000 at launch), and the learning curve in learning to balance on a Segway PT which has led to notable accidents involving Usain Bolt, George W. Bush, Ellen DeGeneres, Ian Healy, and the Segway Inc. previous owner Jimi Heselden.[2] While the Segway Inc. has remained popular for security and tourism, electric scooters have been more popular for personal mobility.[1][2]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Utility Terrain Vehicle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-by-side_(vehicle)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"UTVs","text":"In February 2022, Segway entered the UTV (Utility Terrain Vehicle) market.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-balancing scooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_transporter#Self-balancing_scooter"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"At the end of production in 2020, Segway Inc. was selling these five self-balancing scooters:ProfessionalSegway i2 SE (professional self-balancing scooter for use in warehouses and other locations)[30]\nSegway x2 SE (ruggedised self-balancing scooter for use on most challenging terrain)[31]\nSegway Robot (autonomous robot based on the Segway miniPro)[32]ConsumerNinebot by Segway E+ (self-balancing scooter for general use)[33]\nNinebot by Segway miniPro (smaller self-balancing scooter for general use, controlled by a 'knee control bar')[34]\nSegway GT1P/GT2 P(Super Scooter)[citation needed]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"inverted pendulum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverted_pendulum"},{"link_name":"brushless DC electric motors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brushless_DC_electric_motor"},{"link_name":"lithium-ion batteries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery"},{"link_name":"tilt sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilt_sensor"},{"link_name":"gyroscopic sensors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroscopic_sensor"},{"link_name":"BAE Systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAE_Systems"},{"link_name":"Advanced Technology Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marconi_Research_Centre"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"}],"text":"The dynamics of the Segway PT are similar to a classic control problem, the inverted pendulum. It uses brushless DC electric motors in each wheel powered by lithium-ion batteries with balance achieved using tilt sensors, and gyroscopic sensors developed by BAE Systems' Advanced Technology Centre.[35]","title":"Technology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Personal transporter § Use and regulation by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_transporter#Use_and_regulation_by_country"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FlorenceSegwayTour.jpg"},{"link_name":"Florence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"iBOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBOT"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"lithium-ion battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Consumer_Product_Safety_Commission"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"See also: Personal transporter § Use and regulation by countryTwo tourists on a Segway tour in Florence, ItalyIn 2011, the Segway i2 was being marketed to the emergency medical services community.[36]In 2018, the police of Stockholm adopted Segway i2 as a permanent transportation method for the patrollers of the old town.[37]The Segway miniPro is also available to be used as the mobility section of a robot.[38]Disability Rights Advocates for Technology[39] worked to supply Segway PTs to veterans who had trouble walking. (Segway Inc. cannot market its devices in the US as medical devices. Kamen sold the intellectual property rights for medical purposes to Johnson & Johnson, makers of the iBOT, a self-balancing wheelchair).[40]The maximum speed of the Segway PT is 12.5 miles per hour (20.1 km/h). The product is capable of covering 24 miles (39 km) on a fully charged lithium-ion battery, depending on terrain, riding style, and the condition of the batteries.[41] The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission does not have Segway-specific recommendations but does say that bicycle helmets are adequate for \"low-speed, motor-assisted\" scooters.[42]","title":"Usage"}]
[{"image_text":"Segway police in Stockholm, Sweden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Segway_police_Sweden.jpg/220px-Segway_police_Sweden.jpg"},{"image_text":"Two tourists on a Segway tour in Florence, Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/FlorenceSegwayTour.jpg/220px-FlorenceSegwayTour.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Jonathan Gleich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan_Gleich"},{"title":"Scooter (motorcycle)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scooter_(motorcycle)"},{"title":"Segway polo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segway_polo"}]
[{"reference":"Wilson, Mark (23 June 2020). \"Segway, the most hyped invention since the Macintosh, ends production\". Fast Company. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fastcompany.com/90517971/exclusive-segway-the-most-hyped-invention-since-the-macintosh-to-end-production","url_text":"\"Segway, the most hyped invention since the Macintosh, ends production\""}]},{"reference":"\"Segways scrapped after two decades of high-profile falls\". www.abc.net.au. 23 June 2020. Retrieved 24 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-06-24/segway-ends-production-of-vehicle-falls/12386530","url_text":"\"Segways scrapped after two decades of high-profile falls\""}]},{"reference":"Kemper, Steve (2003). Code name Ginger : the story behind segway and Dean Kamen's quest to invent a new world. Boston, Mass.: Harvard Business School Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-1578516735. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_Peak
Dolomite Peak
[]
Coordinates: 51°40′33″N 116°22′21″W / 51.67583°N 116.37250°W / 51.67583; -116.37250Mountain in Banff NP, Alberta, Canada Dolomite PeakDolomite PeakHighest pointElevation2,998 m (9,836 ft)Prominence366 m (1,201 ft)Parent peakCirque Peak (2993 m)ListingMountains of AlbertaCoordinates51°40′33″N 116°22′21″W / 51.67583°N 116.37250°W / 51.67583; -116.37250GeographyDolomite PeakLocation of Dolomite Peak in AlbertaShow map of AlbertaDolomite PeakDolomite Peak (Canada)Show map of Canada LocationAlberta, CanadaParent rangeCanadian RockiesTopo mapNTS 82N9 Hector LakeGeologyAge of rockCambrianType of rockDolomite and LimestoneClimbingFirst ascent1930 by J. Monroe Thorington, and Peter KaufmannEasiest routeScramble Dolomite Peak is a 2,998-metre (9,836-foot) mountain summit located in the Bow River valley of Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Cirque Peak, 3.98 km (2.47 mi) to the northwest. Dolomite Peak can be seen from the Icefields Parkway with its distinctive crags and colorful towers that are a mixture of dolomite and limestone. Dolomite is rare in the Rockies and is stronger than limestone. History Dolomite Peak was named in 1897 by Charles E. Fay, Norman Collie, and Charles Thompson for its resemblance to the Dolomites of the Italian Alps. The mountain's name became official in 1924 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada. The first ascent of Dolomite Peak was made in 1930 by J. Monroe Thorington, with Peter Kaufmann (as guide). Geology Like other mountains in Banff Park, Dolomite Peak is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods. Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny. Climate Based on the Köppen climate classification, Dolomite Peak is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers. Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Dolomite Peak drains into the Bow River which is a tributary of the Saskatchewan River. The months July through September offer the most favorable weather for viewing and climbing this peak. Gallery Dolomite Peak, west aspect Dolomite Peak close up Dolomite Peak seen from northbound Icefields Parkway Dolomite Peak (left) and Watermelon Peak S2 (2929 m) to right References ^ a b c d e "Dolomite Peak". cdnrockiesdatabases.ca. Retrieved 2019-10-08. ^ a b c "Dolomite Peak". Peakbagger.com. Retrieved 2019-10-08. ^ a b c "Dolomite Peak". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2018-10-24. ^ Kane, Alan (1999). "Dolomite Peak". Scrambles in the Canadian Rockies. Calgary: Rocky Mountain Books. pp. 294–296. ISBN 0-921102-67-4. ^ Belyea, Helen R. (1960). The Story of the Mountains in Banff National Park (PDF). parkscanadahistory.com (Report). Ottawa: Geological Survey of Canada. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-10-02. Retrieved 2019-09-13. ^ Gadd, Ben (2008). Geology of the Rocky Mountains and Columbias. ^ Peel, M. C.; Finlayson, B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification". Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. Bibcode:2007HESS...11.1633P. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007. ISSN 1027-5606. S2CID 9654551. See also List of mountains of Canada Geology of Alberta External links Weather forecast: Dolomite Peak Parks Canada web site: Banff National Park Places adjacent to Dolomite Peak Cirque Peak Dolomite Pass Watermelon Peak Mount Jimmy Simpson Bow Lake Dolomite Peak Pipestone Pass Mount Thompson Mosquito Creek Crowfoot Mountain Bow Peak vteCanadian RockiesRanges Ball Bare Beaverfoot Blue Bow Crowsnest Elk Fairholme Fiddle Flathead Foothills High Rock Kananaskis Livingstone Lizard Maligne Massive Misty Morrissey Palliser President Queen Elizabeth Rainbow Ram Sawback Sentinel Slate South Jasper Sundance Terminal Tower of London Vermilion Victoria Cross Waputik Winston Churchill Continental Ranges Hart Ranges Muskwa Ranges Mountains Alberta Andromeda Assiniboine Athabasca Brazeau Bryce Cascade Castle Castleguard Clemenceau Columbia Cory Edith Cavell Forbes Hector Hosmer Hungabee Joffre Kitchener Lyell Heart Pilot Pyramid Resplendent Robson Rundle Sarbach Saskatchewan Smythe Snow Dome Stanley Peak Sulphur Temple Three Sisters Trinity Twin Ulysses Unnamed Alberta–BC mountain (formerly Mount Pétain) Whymper Passes Abbot Athabasca Bush Carcajou Crowsnest Elbow Elk Fortress Fraser Highwood Howse Jarvis Kananaskis Kicking Horse Monkman Muncho North Kananaskis Palliser Pine Simpson Sinclair Summit Sunwapta Tonquin Vermilion Wapiti White Man Yellowhead Glaciers Athabasca Bow Columbia Icefield Crowfoot Hector Peyto Saskatchewan Vulture Wapta Waputik Icefield Riverssee List of rivers of the Canadian Rockies and Category:Rivers of the Canadian RockiesPeoples Mountain Stoney Mountain Metis Parks and protected areasInternational Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks World Heritage Site Waterton Biosphere Reserve Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park National Parks Banff Jasper Kootenay Yoho Waterton Lakes Historic Sites Jasper House Jasper Park Information Centre Yellowhead Pass Athabasca Pass Howse Pass Kootenae House Kicking Horse Pass Skoki Ski Lodge Twin Falls Tea House Abbot Pass Refuge Cabin Cave and Basin Banff Park Museum Sulphur Mountain Cosmic Ray Station First Oil Well in Western Canada Provincial (AB) Parks Bow Valley Bragg Creek Elbow-Sheep Ghost River Kananaskis Peter Lougheed Sheep River Siffleur Spray Valley White Goat Willmore Historic Sites Frank Slide Provincial (BC) Akamina-Kishinena Close To The Edge Dune Za Keyih (Frog-Gataga) Elk Lakes Graham-Laurier Hamber Height of the Rockies Hole-in-the-Wall Kakwa Kikomun Creek Kwadacha Mount Assiniboine Mount Fernie Mount Robson Muncho Lake Northern Rocky Mountains Pine Le Moray Stone Mountain Muskwa-Kechika Ski resorts Castle Mountain Fernie Fortress Mountain Lake Louise Little Mac Marmot Basin Mount Norquay Nakiska Powder King Sunshine Village Communities Banff Canmore Crowsnest Pass Elkford Fernie Field Jasper Lake Louise Sparwood Tumbler Ridge Valemount Waterton Park Ecozone and ecoregions CEC ecozones Boreal Cordillera Montane Cordillera WWF ecoregions Alberta Mountain forests Alberta–British Columbia foothills forests North Central Rockies forest See also Geography portal Canada portal
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bow River valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_River"},{"link_name":"Banff National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banff_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Canadian Rockies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Rockies"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Cirque Peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirque_Peak_(Alberta)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pb-2"},{"link_name":"Icefields Parkway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icefields_Parkway"},{"link_name":"dolomite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)"},{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakfinder-1"}],"text":"Mountain in Banff NP, Alberta, CanadaDolomite Peak is a 2,998-metre (9,836-foot) mountain summit located in the Bow River valley of Banff National Park, in the Canadian Rockies of Alberta, Canada. Its nearest higher peak is Cirque Peak, 3.98 km (2.47 mi) to the northwest.[2] Dolomite Peak can be seen from the Icefields Parkway with its distinctive crags and colorful towers that are a mixture of dolomite and limestone. Dolomite is rare in the Rockies and is stronger than limestone.[1]","title":"Dolomite Peak"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles E. Fay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Ernest_Fay"},{"link_name":"Norman Collie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Norman_Collie"},{"link_name":"Charles Thompson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Thompson_(Alberta)"},{"link_name":"Dolomites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolomites"},{"link_name":"Italian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Alps"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakfinder-1"},{"link_name":"Geographical Names Board of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical_Names_Board_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cgndb-3"},{"link_name":"first ascent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_ascent"},{"link_name":"Peter Kaufmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kaufmann-Bohren"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-peakfinder-1"}],"text":"Dolomite Peak was named in 1897 by Charles E. Fay, Norman Collie, and Charles Thompson for its resemblance to the Dolomites of the Italian Alps.[1] The mountain's name became official in 1924 by the Geographical Names Board of Canada.[3] The first ascent of Dolomite Peak was made in 1930 by J. Monroe Thorington, with Peter Kaufmann (as guide).[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sedimentary rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedimentary_rock"},{"link_name":"Precambrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precambrian"},{"link_name":"Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurassic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Belyea1960-5"},{"link_name":"Laramide orogeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laramide_orogeny"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gadd-6"}],"text":"Like other mountains in Banff Park, Dolomite Peak is composed of sedimentary rock laid down during the Precambrian to Jurassic periods.[5] Formed in shallow seas, this sedimentary rock was pushed east and over the top of younger rock during the Laramide orogeny.[6]","title":"Geology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Köppen climate classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification"},{"link_name":"subarctic climate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subarctic_climate"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Peel-7"},{"link_name":"runoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_runoff"},{"link_name":"Bow River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_River"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_River"}],"text":"Based on the Köppen climate classification, Dolomite Peak is located in a subarctic climate with cold, snowy winters, and mild summers.[7] Temperatures can drop below −20 °C with wind chill factors below −30 °C. Precipitation runoff from Dolomite Peak drains into the Bow River which is a tributary of the Saskatchewan River. The months July through September offer the most favorable weather for viewing and climbing this peak.","title":"Climate"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolomite_Peak_in_Banff_National_Park.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolomite_Mountain.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Icefields_Parkway-01.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dolomite_and_Watermelon_Peaks.jpg"}],"text":"Dolomite Peak, west aspect\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDolomite Peak close up\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDolomite Peak seen from northbound Icefields Parkway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDolomite Peak (left) and Watermelon Peak S2 (2929 m) to right","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of mountains of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mountains_of_Canada"},{"title":"Geology of Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geology_of_Alberta"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hollow-body_guitar
Semi-acoustic guitar
["1 Types","2 History","3 Usage","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 References"]
Type of electric guitar This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Semi-acoustic guitar" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) A Gibson ES-150 a hollow-body guitar with a pair of F-holes visible A semi-acoustic guitar, also known as a hollow-body electric guitar, is a type of electric guitar designed to be played with a guitar amplifier featuring a fully or partly hollow body and at least one electromagnetic pickup. First created in the 1930s, they became popular in jazz and blues, where they remain widely used, and the early period of rock & roll, though they were later largely supplanted by solid-body electric guitars in rock. They differ from an acoustic-electric guitar, which is an acoustic guitar that has been fitted with some means of amplification to increase volume without changing the instrument's tone. Types Semi-acoustic guitars may have a fully hollow body, making them essentially archtop acoustics with the pickups permanently mounted into the sound board, such as the Gibson ES-175. Some models feature bodies the full width of acoustics, allowing them to be played fully acoustically, while others, such as the Epiphone Casino, have "thinline" bodies where the hollow body serves purely to alter the tone, not increase the acoustic volume. Other semi-acoustic guitars have a solid center block running the length and depth of the body, called a semi-hollow body. Examples include models that feature sound holes, like the Gibson ES-335, and ones with no sound holes but hollow interior chambers, like the Gretsch Duo-Jet. In these, the bridge is fixed to a solid block of wood rather than to a sound board, and the belly vibration is minimized much as in a solid body instrument. The addition of the central block helps to manage feedback and allows the guitar to be played normally at higher gain and higher volume. Other guitars are borderline between semi-acoustic and solid body. Known as a chambered body guitar, they start from a solid body blank that has been routed out to include a sound hole in an otherwise solid body. Examples include the Fender Telecaster Thinline. History In the 1930s, guitar manufacturers aimed at increasing the sound level produced by the instrument, to compete with louder instruments such as the drums. Companies such as Gibson, Rickenbacker, and Gretsch focused on amplifying a guitar through a loudspeaker. In 1936, Gibson introduced their first manufactured semi-acoustic guitar, the ES-150s (Electric Spanish Series). Gibson based them on a standard production archtop, with F-holes on the face of the guitar's soundbox. This model resembled traditional jazz guitars that were popular at the time. The soundbox on the guitar let limited sound emit from the hollow body of the guitar. The ES-150s could be electrically amplified via a Charlie Christian pickup, a magnetic single-coil pickup that converted the energy of the vibrating strings into an electrical signal. The clear sound of the pickups made the ES series popular with jazz musicians. The ES-150 was made several years after Rickenbacker made the first solid-body electric guitar. The ES series was designed as an experiment for Gibson to test the potential success of electric guitars. Due to its financial success, the ES series is often referred to as the first successful electric guitar. The ES-150 was followed by the ES-250 a year later, in what became a long line of semi acoustics for the Gibson company. In 1949 Gibson released two new models: the ES-175 and ES-5. The ES-175 and ES-5 models were the first to come with built-in electric pickups and are widely considered the first fully electric semi-acoustic guitars. Several models, including the ES-350T by Gibson, were made in the 1950s to accommodate a demand for a comfortable and modern version of the original archtop model. In 1958, Gibson first manufactured a 'semi-hollow body guitar' that featured a block of solid wood between the front and back sections of the guitars' cutaway. The guitar had a smaller resonant cavity inside, which makes less sound emit from the f holes. Rickenbacker also began making semi-acoustic guitars in 1958. German guitar crafter, Roger Rossmiesl developed the 300 series for Rickenbacker. The series was a wide semi-acoustic that used a sleeker dash hole on one side of the guitar, with a pick guard on the other side, rather than a traditional F-hole. In addition to the main model variants of the guitar, Gibson made several small changes to the guitar, including a laminated top for the ES-175 model and mounted top pickups for general use on all their models. While Gibson provided many of the innovations in semi-acoustic guitars from the 1930s to the 1950s, there were also various makes by other companies including a hollow archtop by Gretsch. The 6120 model by Gretsch became very popular as a rockabilly model despite having almost no technical differences from Gibson models. Rickenbacker was also a prominent maker of the semi-hollow body guitar. Gibson, Gretsch, Rickenbacker, and other companies still make semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars. Usage The semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars were used widely by jazz musicians in the 1930s. The guitar became used in pop, folk, and blues. The guitars sometimes produced feedback when played through an amplifier at a loud level so they were unpopular for bands that had to play loud enough to perform in large venues. As rock became more experimental in the late 60s and 70s, the guitar became more popular because players learned to use its feedback issues creatively. Semi-hollow guitars share some of the tonal characteristics of hollow guitars, such as their praised warmth and clean tone, but with less risk of undesirable feedback. Their sound is particularly popular with jazz, blues, rockabilly and psychobilly guitarists. Today, semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars are still popular among many artists across various genres. Examples include Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys, renowned jazz guitarist George Benson, John Scofield, multi-instrumentalist Paul McCartney, former Guns N' Roses member Izzy Stradlin, John Lennon of the Beatles, and B.B. King, and rock musician Ted Nugent. Semi-acoustic guitars have also been valued as practice guitars because, when played "unplugged," they are quieter than full acoustic guitars, but more audible than solid-body electric guitars because of their open cavity. They are also popular because the cavities reduce the weight of the guitar. Gallery Epiphone Casino, a thinline hollow-body Gibson ES-335, a semi-hollow-body with sound holes Fender Starcaster Comparison of the design and size of a hollow body versus a solid body. See also Hybrid guitar References ^ Definition of a Semi-Acoustic Guitar, archived from the original on 2021-12-22, retrieved 2021-03-29 ^ Carter, Walter (2007). The Gibson Electric Guitar Book: Seventy Years of Classic Guitars. Hal Leonard Corporation. p. 42. ISBN 9780879308957. Retrieved 28 March 2012. ^ Hunter, Dave (2010). Star Guitars: 101 Guitars that Rocked the World. Voyageur press. p. 22. ^ Russell, Daniel A.; Haveman, Wesley S.; Broden, Willis; Weibull, N. Pontus (2003-03-20). "Effect of body shape on vibration of electric guitars". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 113 (4): 2316. doi:10.1121/1.4780761. ISSN 0001-4966. S2CID 120483766. ^ Day, Happy New Guitar (2020-01-15). "Remove Guitar Feedback Sound From Your Amp's Output Signal". happynewguitarday.com. Retrieved 2022-03-24. ^ a b Hunter, Dave (August 2012). "5 Things About Hollow, Semi-Acoustic, and Chambered Electric Guitars". Guitar Player. 46 (8): 146. ^ Hunter, Dave (19 October 2007) Chambering the Les Paul: A Marriage of Weight and Tone. Gibson Lifestyle ^ a b c Ingram, Adrian, A Concise History of the Electric Guitar, Melbay, 2001. ^ a b "What Is Semi Acoustic Guitar? - ProMusicianLab". 2020-06-19. Retrieved 2021-03-29. ^ a b c d Hunter, Dave, The Rough Guide to Guitar, Penguin Books, 2011. ^ Miller, A.J., The Electric Guitar: A History of an American Icon, Baltimore, MD, Smithsonian Institution, 2004. ^ Martin A. Darryl, Innovation and the Development of the Modern Six-String, The Galpin Society Journal (Vol. 51), 1998. ^ "All About… Roger Rossmeisl". 29 November 2018. ^ Carter, William, The Gibson Guitar Book: Seventy Years of Classic Guitar, New York, NY, Backbeatbooks, 2007. ^ "Why Guitarists Cover The Soundhole Of An Acoustic Guitar?". Rock Guitar Universe. 25 March 2020. ^ "Electric Guitar Bodies: The Sonic Differences Between Solid, Semi-hollow, and Hollow Bodies". inSync. 2018-08-29. Retrieved 2022-03-24. vteGuitarsPlaying Chords Harmonics Jazz Lead Picking strum Rhythm Tunings Guitarist list By type (six string) Acoustic acoustic-electric steel-string dreadnought Archtop Classical Electric Flamenco Flat top Fretless Guitarrón mexicano Lap steel Parlor Requinto Resonator Romantic Semi-acoustic Hybrid Additional strings 7 Armónico Russian 8 Brahms 9 10 Baroque Chapman Stick English Yepes 11 12 13 14 25 Harp Multi-neck Ancillary Bajo sexto Baritone Bass Chapman Stick Chitarra battente Craviola Cuatro Guitalele Lyre Rajão Requinto Six-string alto Tenor Timple Tres Viola caipira Related topics Amplifier Electric guitar design Guitar wiring History of the classical guitar List of guitars Luthier experimental Manufacturing list of manufacturers Prepared guitar Vibrato systems Vintage guitar Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gibson_ES-150.png"},{"link_name":"Gibson ES-150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-150"},{"link_name":"F-holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-hole"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"guitar amplifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitar_amplifier"},{"link_name":"pickup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pick_up_(music_technology)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues_music"},{"link_name":"rock & roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_%26_roll"},{"link_name":"solid-body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-body"},{"link_name":"acoustic-electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic-electric_guitar"}],"text":"A Gibson ES-150 a hollow-body guitar with a pair of F-holes visibleA semi-acoustic guitar, also known as a hollow-body electric guitar, is a type of electric guitar designed to be played with a guitar amplifier featuring a fully or partly hollow body and at least one electromagnetic pickup.[1] First created in the 1930s, they became popular in jazz and blues, where they remain widely used, and the early period of rock & roll, though they were later largely supplanted by solid-body electric guitars in rock.They differ from an acoustic-electric guitar, which is an acoustic guitar that has been fitted with some means of amplification to increase volume without changing the instrument's tone.","title":"Semi-acoustic guitar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"archtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archtop_guitar"},{"link_name":"sound board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_board_(music)"},{"link_name":"Gibson ES-175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-175"},{"link_name":"Epiphone Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphone_Casino"},{"link_name":"Gibson ES-335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-335"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Gretsch Duo-Jet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretsch_Duo-Jet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(instrument)"},{"link_name":"sound board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_board_(music)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"chambered body guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chambered_body_guitar"},{"link_name":"routed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(woodworking)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Fender Telecaster Thinline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Telecaster_Thinline"}],"text":"Semi-acoustic guitars may have a fully hollow body, making them essentially archtop acoustics with the pickups permanently mounted into the sound board, such as the Gibson ES-175. Some models feature bodies the full width of acoustics, allowing them to be played fully acoustically, while others, such as the Epiphone Casino, have \"thinline\" bodies where the hollow body serves purely to alter the tone, not increase the acoustic volume.Other semi-acoustic guitars have a solid center block running the length and depth of the body, called a semi-hollow body. Examples include models that feature sound holes, like the Gibson ES-335,[2] and ones with no sound holes but hollow interior chambers, like the Gretsch Duo-Jet.[3] In these, the bridge is fixed to a solid block of wood rather than to a sound board, and the belly vibration is minimized much as in a solid body instrument.[4] The addition of the central block helps to manage feedback and allows the guitar to be played normally at higher gain and higher volume.[5]Other guitars are borderline between semi-acoustic and solid body. Known as a chambered body guitar, they start from a solid body blank that has been routed out to include a sound hole in an otherwise solid body.[6][7] Examples include the Fender Telecaster Thinline.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Rickenbacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickenbacker"},{"link_name":"Gretsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretsch"},{"link_name":"ES-150s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES-150"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter-10"},{"link_name":"archtop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archtop"},{"link_name":"F-holes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-holes"},{"link_name":"soundbox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soundbox"},{"link_name":"ES-150s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ES-150"},{"link_name":"Charlie Christian pickup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Christian_pickup"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram-8"},{"link_name":"ES-250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-250"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-11"},{"link_name":"ES-175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-175"},{"link_name":"ES-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-5"},{"link_name":"ES-175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-175"},{"link_name":"ES-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-5"},{"link_name":"pickups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin-12"},{"link_name":"ES-350T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-350T"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter-10"},{"link_name":"cutaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutaway_(guitar)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hunter-10"},{"link_name":"300 series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rickenbacker_300_series"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ES-175","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-175"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ingram-8"},{"link_name":"Gibson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_Guitar_Corporation"},{"link_name":"6120","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gretsch_6120"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-William-14"}],"text":"In the 1930s, guitar manufacturers aimed at increasing the sound level produced by the instrument, to compete with louder instruments such as the drums.[8][9] Companies such as Gibson, Rickenbacker, and Gretsch focused on amplifying a guitar through a loudspeaker. In 1936, Gibson introduced their first manufactured semi-acoustic guitar, the ES-150s (Electric Spanish Series).[10]Gibson based them on a standard production archtop, with F-holes on the face of the guitar's soundbox. This model resembled traditional jazz guitars that were popular at the time. The soundbox on the guitar let limited sound emit from the hollow body of the guitar. The ES-150s could be electrically amplified via a Charlie Christian pickup, a magnetic single-coil pickup that converted the energy of the vibrating strings into an electrical signal.[10] The clear sound of the pickups made the ES series popular with jazz musicians.[8]The ES-150 was made several years after Rickenbacker made the first solid-body electric guitar. The ES series was designed as an experiment for Gibson to test the potential success of electric guitars. Due to its financial success, the ES series is often referred to as the first successful electric guitar. The ES-150 was followed by the ES-250 a year later, in what became a long line of semi acoustics for the Gibson company.[11]In 1949 Gibson released two new models: the ES-175 and ES-5. The ES-175 and ES-5 models were the first to come with built-in electric pickups and are widely considered the first fully electric semi-acoustic guitars.[12] Several models, including the ES-350T by Gibson, were made in the 1950s to accommodate a demand for a comfortable and modern version of the original archtop model.[10]In 1958, Gibson first manufactured a 'semi-hollow body guitar' that featured a block of solid wood between the front and back sections of the guitars' cutaway. The guitar had a smaller resonant cavity inside, which makes less sound emit from the f holes.[10]Rickenbacker also began making semi-acoustic guitars in 1958. German guitar crafter, Roger Rossmiesl developed the 300 series for Rickenbacker. The series was a wide semi-acoustic that used a sleeker dash hole on one side of the guitar, with a pick guard on the other side, rather than a traditional F-hole.[13]In addition to the main model variants of the guitar, Gibson made several small changes to the guitar, including a laminated top for the ES-175 model and mounted top pickups for general use on all their models.[8] While Gibson provided many of the innovations in semi-acoustic guitars from the 1930s to the 1950s, there were also various makes by other companies including a hollow archtop by Gretsch. The 6120 model by Gretsch became very popular as a rockabilly model despite having almost no technical differences from Gibson models.[14] Rickenbacker was also a prominent maker of the semi-hollow body guitar. Gibson, Gretsch, Rickenbacker, and other companies still make semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-9"},{"link_name":"feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz_guitar"},{"link_name":"blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blues"},{"link_name":"rockabilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockabilly"},{"link_name":"psychobilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychobilly"},{"link_name":"Dan Auerbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dan_Auerbach"},{"link_name":"The Black Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Black_Keys"},{"link_name":"George Benson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Benson"},{"link_name":"John Scofield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scofield"},{"link_name":"Paul McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Guns N' Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guns_N%27_Roses"},{"link_name":"Izzy Stradlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izzy_Stradlin"},{"link_name":"John Lennon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon"},{"link_name":"the Beatles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles"},{"link_name":"B.B. King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B.B._King"},{"link_name":"Ted Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ted_Nugent"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-6"}],"text":"The semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars were used widely by jazz musicians in the 1930s.[9] The guitar became used in pop, folk, and blues. The guitars sometimes produced feedback when played through an amplifier at a loud level so they were unpopular for bands that had to play loud enough to perform in large venues. As rock became more experimental in the late 60s and 70s, the guitar became more popular because players learned to use its feedback issues creatively.[15]Semi-hollow guitars share some of the tonal characteristics of hollow guitars, such as their praised warmth and clean tone, but with less risk of undesirable feedback.[16] Their sound is particularly popular with jazz, blues, rockabilly and psychobilly guitarists.Today, semi-acoustic and semi-hollow body guitars are still popular among many artists across various genres. Examples include Dan Auerbach of The Black Keys, renowned jazz guitarist George Benson, John Scofield, multi-instrumentalist Paul McCartney, former Guns N' Roses member Izzy Stradlin, John Lennon of the Beatles, and B.B. King, and rock musician Ted Nugent. Semi-acoustic guitars have also been valued as practice guitars because, when played \"unplugged,\" they are quieter than full acoustic guitars, but more audible than solid-body electric guitars because of their open cavity. They are also popular because the cavities reduce the weight of the guitar.[6]","title":"Usage"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:John_Lennon%27s_guitar,_Imagine_room_replica_of_the_Beatles_Story_museum.jpg"},{"link_name":"Epiphone Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epiphone_Casino"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gibson_ES-335_sunburst.jpg"},{"link_name":"Gibson ES-335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gibson_ES-335"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fender_Starcaster_noBG.png"},{"link_name":"Fender Starcaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_Starcaster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:E_Gitarre_Hollow-Body_vs_Solid-Body.jpg"}],"text":"Epiphone Casino, a thinline hollow-body\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGibson ES-335, a semi-hollow-body with sound holes\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFender Starcaster\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tComparison of the design and size of a hollow body versus a solid body.","title":"Gallery"}]
[{"image_text":"A Gibson ES-150 a hollow-body guitar with a pair of F-holes visible","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Gibson_ES-150.png/220px-Gibson_ES-150.png"}]
[{"title":"Hybrid guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_guitar"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_effect
Parallax scrolling
["1 Methods","1.1 Layer method","1.2 Sprite method","1.3 Repeating pattern/animation method","1.4 Raster method","2 Example","3 Parallax scrolling in Web design","4 See also","5 References"]
Technique in computer graphics This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Parallax scrolling" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2007) (Learn how and when to remove this message) "2.5D" parallax scrolling of city buildings Part of a series onVideo game graphics Types 2.5D & 3/4 perspective First-person view Fixed 3D Full motion video based game Graphic adventure game Isometric video game graphics Side-scrolling video game Stereoscopic video game Text-based game Third-person view Tile-based video game Top-down perspective Vector game Topics 2D computer graphics Parallax scrolling Pixel art Sprite 3D computer graphics 3D rendering Polygon Pre-rendering Skybox Animation Cel shading Digitization Rotoscoping Computer graphics Real-time graphics Game art design Graphics engine First-person shooter engine Tile engine Virtual camera system Voxel Lists List of four-dimensional games List of FMV-based games List of FPS engines List of stereoscopic video games List of text-based computer games Category:Video game graphics vte Parallax scrolling is a technique in computer graphics where background images move past the camera more slowly than foreground images, creating an illusion of depth in a 2D scene of distance. The technique grew out of the multiplane camera technique used in traditional animation since the 1930s. Parallax scrolling was popularized in 2D computer graphics with its introduction to video games in the early 1980s. Some parallax scrolling was used in the arcade video game Jump Bug (1981). It used a limited form of parallax scrolling with the main scene scrolling while the starry night sky is fixed and clouds move slowly, adding depth to the scenery. The following year, Moon Patrol (1982) implemented a full form of parallax scrolling, with three separate background layers scrolling at different speeds, simulating the distance between them. Moon Patrol is often credited with popularizing parallax scrolling. Jungle King (1982), later called Jungle Hunt, also had parallax scrolling, and was released a month after Moon Patrol in June 1982. Methods This section possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (March 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) There are four main methods of parallax scrolling used in titles for arcade system board, video game console and personal computer systems. Layer method Demonstration of the layer methodA side view of the layers used for parallax scrolling in The Whispered WorldThe same image as above, viewed from the front Some display systems support multiple background layers that can be scrolled independently in horizontal and vertical directions and composited on one another, simulating a multiplane camera. On such a display system, a game can produce parallax by simply changing each layer's position by a different amount in the same direction. Layers that move more quickly are perceived to be closer to the virtual camera. Layers can be placed in front of the playfield—the layer containing the objects with which the player interacts—for various reasons such as to provide increased dimension, obscure some of the action of the game, or distract the player. Sprite method Programmers may also make pseudo-layers of sprites—individually controllable moving objects drawn by hardware on top of or behind the layers—if they are available on the display system. For instance Star Force, an overhead-view vertically scrolling shooter for NES, used this for its starfield, and Final Fight for the Super NES used this technique for the layer immediately in front of the main playfield. The Amiga computer has sprites which can have any height and can be set horizontal with the copper co-processor, which makes them ideal for this purpose. Risky Woods on the Amiga uses sprites multiplexed with the copper to create an entire fullscreen parallax background layer as an alternative to the system's dual playfield mode. Repeating pattern/animation method Scrolling displays built up of individual tiles can be made to 'float' over a repeating background layer by animating the individual tiles' bitmaps in order to portray the parallax effect. Color cycling can be used to animate tiles quickly on the whole screen. This software effect gives the illusion of another (hardware) layer. Many games used this technique for a scrolling star-field, but sometimes a more intricate or multi-directional effect is achieved, such as in the game Parallax by Sensible Software. Raster method In raster graphics, the lines of pixels in an image are typically composited and refreshed in top-to-bottom order with a slight delay (called the horizontal blanking interval) between drawing one line and drawing the next line. Games designed for older graphical chipsets—such as those of the third and fourth generations of video game consoles, those of dedicated TV games, or those of similar handheld systems—take advantage of the raster characteristics to create the illusion of more layers. Some display systems have only one layer. These include most of the classic 8-bit systems (such as the Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, Master System, PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 and original Game Boy). The more sophisticated games on such systems generally divide the layer into horizontal strips, each with a different position and rate of scrolling. Typically, strips higher on the screen will represent things farther away from the virtual camera or one strip will be held stationary to display status information. The program will then wait for horizontal blank and change the layer's scroll position just before the display system begins to draw each scanline. This is called a "raster effect" and is also useful for changing the system palette to provide a gradient background. Some platforms (such as the Commodore 64, Amiga, Master System, PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16, Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, Super NES, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS) provide a horizontal blank interrupt for automatically setting the registers independently of the rest of the program. Others, such as the NES, require the use of cycle-timed code, which is specially written to take exactly as long to execute as the video chip takes to draw one scanline, or timers inside game cartridges that generate interrupts after a given number of scanlines have been drawn. Many NES games use this technique to draw their status bars, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game and Vice: Project Doom for NES use it to scroll background layers at different rates. More advanced raster techniques can produce interesting effects. A system can achieve a very effective depth of field if layers with rasters are combined; Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic The Hedgehog 2, ActRaiser, Lionheart, Kid Chaos and Street Fighter II used this effect well. If each scanline has its own layer, the Pole Position effect is produced, which creates a pseudo-3D road (or a pseudo-3D ball court as in NBA Jam) on a 2D system. If the display system supports rotation and scaling in addition to scrolling—an effect popularly known as Mode 7—changing the rotation and scaling factors can draw a projection of a plane (as in F-Zero and Super Mario Kart) or can warp the playfield to create an extra challenge factor. Another advanced technique is row/column scrolling, where rows/columns of tiles on a screen can be scrolled individually. This technique is implemented in the graphics chips of various Sega arcade system boards since the Sega Space Harrier and System 16, the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis console, and the Capcom CP System, Irem M-92 and Taito F3 System arcade game boards. Example In the following animation, three layers are moving leftward at different speeds. Their speeds decrease from front to back and correspond to increases in relative distance from the viewer. The ground layer is moving 8 times as fast as the vegetation layer. The vegetation layer is moving two times as fast as the cloud layer. Cloud layer - back Vegetation layer - middle Ground layer - front Animation Parallax scrolling in Web design One of the first implementations of parallax scrolling in the browser was created and shared in a blog post by web developer Glutnix in 2007, this included example code and a demo using JavaScript and CSS 2 that supported Internet Explorer 6 and other browsers of that era. In a February 2008 tutorial on web design blog Think Vitamin, web designer Paul Annett explained how he had created a parallax effect using CSS and without JavaScript for the website of Silverback, a usability testing app. He demonstrated the effect on stage at SXSW Interactive 2009, with the help of audience participation and a man in a gorilla suit. Advocates argue it is a simple way to embrace the fluidity of the Web, citing the Silverback website as the first example they had come across. Proponents use parallax backgrounds as a tool to better engage users and improve the overall experience that a website provides. However, a Purdue University study, published in 2013, revealed the following findings: "... although parallax scrolling enhanced certain aspects of the user experience, it did not necessarily improve the overall user experience". A undated study occurring during or after 2010 by Dede Frederick, James Mohler, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, and Ronald Glotzbach noted that parallax scrolling "may cause certain people to experience nausea." See also 2.5D Scrolling References ^ "Cap. O'Rourke to the rescue". New Straits Times Malaysia. 1988-09-01. Retrieved 2009-07-06. ^ Paul, Wyatt (August 2007). "The Art of Parallax Scrolling" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-07-06. ^ Purcaru, Bogdan Ion (13 March 2014). "Games vs. Hardware. The History of PC video games: The 80's". Purcaru Ion Bogdan – via Google Books. ^ Uduslivii, Igor (26 December 2013). iPhone Game Blueprints. Packt Publishing Ltd. p. 339. ISBN 978-1-84969-027-0. ^ Stahl, Ted (2006-07-26). "Chronology of the History of Video Games: Golden Age". Archived from the original on 2009-07-16. Retrieved 2009-07-06. ^ "Gaming's Most Important Evolutions". GamesRadar. October 8, 2010. p. 3. Retrieved 2011-04-27. ^ "Jungle Hunt Was a Terrible Waste of Quarters". Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-27. ^ Akagi, Masumi (13 October 2006). アーケードTVゲームリスト国内•海外編(1971-2005) (in Japanese). Japan: Amusement News Agency. pp. 13, 42. ISBN 978-4990251215. ^ "Risky Woods". codetapper.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19. Retrieved 2015-04-23. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2017-11-09. Retrieved 2018-09-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2014-03-18. Retrieved 2014-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Using MAME's tilemap system - DevWiki". 2 January 2014. Archived from the original on 2014-01-02. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2016-08-08.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "Sega Genesis vs Super Nintendo". gamepilgrimage.com. 2009-08-11. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2014-09-26. ^ Leaman, Paul. "New Forgotten World Clone – CP System Code". GitHub. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015. ^ "System 16 - Irem M92 Hardware (Irem)". www.system16.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. Retrieved 2014-09-26. ^ "System 16 - Taito F3 System Hardware (Taito)". www.system16.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-21. Retrieved 2014-09-26. ^ Brett Taylor (20 March 2007). "Parallax Backgrounds - a multi-layered javascript experiment". Glutnix. inner.geek.nz. Retrieved 28 June 2019. ^ Matthias Kretschmann (23 May 2008). "Showcasing the css parallax effect - 12+1 creative usages". Glutnix. kremalicious.com. Retrieved 28 June 2019. ^ Annett, Paul (February 2008). "How to Recreate Silverback's Parallax Effect". Archived from the original on 2010-07-19. Retrieved 2024-02-27. ^ Mark Norman Francis (14 March 2009). "Photo: Paul is amused by gorillas". Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ Robby Macdonell (14 March 2009). "Paul Annett from ClearLeft making people act out the design of silverbackapp.com". Retrieved 27 February 2024. ^ Dan Cederholm; Ethan Marcotte (9 April 2010). Handcrafted CSS: More Bulletproof Web Design. New Riders. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-13-210481-4. ^ Dede M. Frederick (18 April 2013). "The Effects Of Parallax Scrolling On User Experience And Preference In Web Design". Purdue University. Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 17 April 2014. ^ Frederick, Dede. "The Effects of Parallax Scrolling on User Experience in Web Design". Journal of User Experience. 10 (2). vteComputer graphicsVector graphics Diffusion curve Pixel 2D graphics Alpha compositing Layers Text-to-image 2.5D Isometric graphics Mode 7 Parallax scrolling Ray casting Skybox 3D graphics 3D projection 3D rendering (Image-based Spectral Unbiased) Aliasing Anisotropic filtering Cel shading Fluid animation Lighting Global illumination Hidden-surface determination Polygon mesh (Triangle mesh) Shading Deferred Surface triangulation Wire-frame model Concepts Affine transformation Back-face culling Clipping Collision detection Planar projection Reflection Rendering Beam tracing Cone tracing Checkerboard rendering Ray tracing Path tracing Ray casting Scanline rendering Rotation Scaling Shadow mapping Shadow volume Shear matrix Shader Texel Translation Volume rendering Voxel Graphics software 3D computer graphics software animation modeling rendering Raster graphics editors Vector graphics editors Algorithms List of computer graphics algorithms vteStereoscopy and 3D displayPerception 3D stereo view Binocular rivalry Binocular vision Chromostereopsis Convergence insufficiency Correspondence problem Peripheral vision Depth perception Epipolar geometry Kinetic depth effect Stereoblindness Stereopsis Stereopsis recovery Stereoscopic acuity Vergence-accommodation conflict Displaytechnologies Active shutter 3D system Anaglyph 3D Autostereogram Autostereoscopy Bubblegram Head-mounted display Holography Integral imaging Lenticular lens Multiscopy Parallax barrier Parallax scrolling Polarized 3D system Specular holography Stereo display Stereoscope Vectograph Virtual retinal display Volumetric display Wiggle stereoscopy Othertechnologies 2D to 3D conversion 2D plus Delta 2D-plus-depth Computer stereo vision Multiview Video Coding Parallax scanning Pseudoscope Stereo photography techniques Stereoautograph Stereoscopic depth rendition Stereoscopic rangefinder Stereoscopic spectroscopy Stereoscopic video coding Producttypes 3D camcorder 3D film 3D television 3D-enabled mobile phones 4D film Blu-ray 3D Digital 3D Stereo camera Stereo microscope Stereoscopic video game Virtual reality headset Notableproducts AMD HD3D Dolby 3D Fujifilm FinePix Real 3D Infitec MasterImage 3D Nintendo 3DS New 3DS Nvidia 3D Vision Panavision 3D RealD 3D Sharp Actius RD3D View-Master XpanD 3D Miscellany Stereographer Stereoscopic Displays and Applications
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallax_scroll.gif"},{"link_name":"2.5D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5D"},{"link_name":"computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"2D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"multiplane camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplane_camera"},{"link_name":"traditional animation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_animation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-art-2"},{"link_name":"2D computer graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2D_computer_graphics"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_games"},{"link_name":"arcade video game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_video_game"},{"link_name":"Jump Bug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jump_Bug"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purcaru-3"},{"link_name":"Moon Patrol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon_Patrol"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Jungle King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jungle_Hunt"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"\"2.5D\" parallax scrolling of city buildingsParallax scrolling is a technique in computer graphics where background images move past the camera more slowly than foreground images, creating an illusion of depth in a 2D scene of distance.[1] The technique grew out of the multiplane camera technique used in traditional animation[2] since the 1930s.Parallax scrolling was popularized in 2D computer graphics with its introduction to video games in the early 1980s. Some parallax scrolling was used in the arcade video game Jump Bug (1981).[3] It used a limited form of parallax scrolling with the main scene scrolling while the starry night sky is fixed and clouds move slowly, adding depth to the scenery. The following year, Moon Patrol (1982) implemented a full form of parallax scrolling, with three separate background layers scrolling at different speeds, simulating the distance between them.[4] Moon Patrol is often credited with popularizing parallax scrolling.[5][6] Jungle King (1982), later called Jungle Hunt, also had parallax scrolling,[7] and was released a month after Moon Patrol in June 1982.[8]","title":"Parallax scrolling"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"parallax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parallax"},{"link_name":"arcade system board","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_system_board"},{"link_name":"video game console","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game_console"},{"link_name":"personal computer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"There are four main methods of parallax scrolling used in titles for arcade system board, video game console and personal computer systems.[citation needed]","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Whispered_World_parallax_scrolling_sample_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Whispered World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Whispered_World"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Whispered_World_parallax_scrolling_sample_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"composited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compositing"},{"link_name":"multiplane camera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplane_camera"}],"sub_title":"Layer method","text":"Demonstration of the layer methodA side view of the layers used for parallax scrolling in The Whispered WorldThe same image as above, viewed from the frontSome display systems support multiple background layers that can be scrolled independently in horizontal and vertical directions and composited on one another, simulating a multiplane camera. On such a display system, a game can produce parallax by simply changing each layer's position by a different amount in the same direction. Layers that move more quickly are perceived to be closer to the virtual camera. Layers can be placed in front of the playfield—the layer containing the objects with which the player interacts—for various reasons such as to provide increased dimension, obscure some of the action of the game, or distract the player.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sprites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"Star Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Force"},{"link_name":"NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Final Fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Final_Fight_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"Risky Woods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risky_Woods"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Sprite method","text":"Programmers may also make pseudo-layers of sprites—individually controllable moving objects drawn by hardware on top of or behind the layers—if they are available on the display system. For instance Star Force, an overhead-view vertically scrolling shooter for NES, used this for its starfield, and Final Fight for the Super NES used this technique for the layer immediately in front of the main playfield.The Amiga computer has sprites which can have any height and can be set horizontal with the copper co-processor, which makes them ideal for this purpose.Risky Woods on the Amiga uses sprites multiplexed with the copper to create an entire fullscreen parallax background layer[9] as an alternative to the system's dual playfield mode.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Color cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Color_cycling"},{"link_name":"Sensible Software","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensible_Software"}],"sub_title":"Repeating pattern/animation method","text":"Scrolling displays built up of individual tiles can be made to 'float' over a repeating background layer by animating the individual tiles' bitmaps in order to portray the parallax effect. Color cycling can be used to animate tiles quickly on the whole screen. This software effect gives the illusion of another (hardware) layer. Many games used this technique for a scrolling star-field, but sometimes a more intricate or multi-directional effect is achieved, such as in the game Parallax by Sensible Software.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"raster graphics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_graphics"},{"link_name":"horizontal blanking interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval"},{"link_name":"third","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(third_generation)"},{"link_name":"fourth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_video_game_consoles_(fourth_generation)"},{"link_name":"TV games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handheld_TV_game"},{"link_name":"Commodore 64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_64"},{"link_name":"Nintendo Entertainment System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Master System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_System"},{"link_name":"PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TurboGrafx-16"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"palette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palette_(computing)"},{"link_name":"Amiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiga"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Sega Mega Drive/Genesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Drive"},{"link_name":"Super NES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Game Boy Advance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance"},{"link_name":"Nintendo DS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_DS"},{"link_name":"horizontal blank interrupt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_blank_interrupt"},{"link_name":"timers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interrupt_request"},{"link_name":"inside game cartridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memory_management_controller"},{"link_name":"interrupts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raster_interrupt"},{"link_name":"Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_(arcade_game)#Home_versions"},{"link_name":"Vice: Project Doom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice:_Project_Doom"},{"link_name":"Sonic the Hedgehog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_(1991_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Sonic The Hedgehog 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonic_the_Hedgehog_2_(16-bit)"},{"link_name":"ActRaiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ActRaiser"},{"link_name":"Lionheart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionheart_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Kid Chaos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Chaos_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Street Fighter II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Fighter_II"},{"link_name":"Pole Position","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pole_Position_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"NBA Jam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_Jam_(1993_video_game)"},{"link_name":"Mode 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mode_7"},{"link_name":"F-Zero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-Zero_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Super Mario Kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Mario_Kart"},{"link_name":"tiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tile_engine"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"graphics chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit"},{"link_name":"Sega arcade system boards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Sega_arcade_system_boards"},{"link_name":"Sega Space Harrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_Space_Harrier"},{"link_name":"System 16","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_System_16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Capcom CP System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CP_System"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Irem M-92","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irem_M-92"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Taito F3 System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taito_F3_System"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"arcade game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcade_game"}],"sub_title":"Raster method","text":"In raster graphics, the lines of pixels in an image are typically composited and refreshed in top-to-bottom order with a slight delay (called the horizontal blanking interval) between drawing one line and drawing the next line.\nGames designed for older graphical chipsets—such as those of the third and fourth generations of video game consoles, those of dedicated TV games, or those of similar handheld systems—take advantage of the raster characteristics to create the illusion of more layers.Some display systems have only one layer. These include most of the classic 8-bit systems (such as the Commodore 64, Nintendo Entertainment System, Master System, PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16 and original Game Boy). The more sophisticated games on such systems generally divide the layer into horizontal strips, each with a different position and rate of scrolling. Typically, strips higher on the screen will represent things farther away from the virtual camera or one strip will be held stationary to display status information. The program will then wait for horizontal blank and change the layer's scroll position just before the display system begins to draw each scanline. This is called a \"raster effect\" and is also useful for changing the system palette to provide a gradient background.Some platforms (such as the Commodore 64, Amiga, Master System,[10] PC Engine/TurboGrafx-16,[11] Sega Mega Drive/Genesis, Super NES, Game Boy, Game Boy Advance and Nintendo DS) provide a horizontal blank interrupt for automatically setting the registers independently of the rest of the program. Others, such as the NES, require the use of cycle-timed code, which is specially written to take exactly as long to execute as the video chip takes to draw one scanline, or timers inside game cartridges that generate interrupts after a given number of scanlines have been drawn. Many NES games use this technique to draw their status bars, and Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles II: The Arcade Game and Vice: Project Doom for NES use it to scroll background layers at different rates.More advanced raster techniques can produce interesting effects. A system can achieve a very effective depth of field if layers with rasters are combined; Sonic the Hedgehog, Sonic The Hedgehog 2, ActRaiser, Lionheart, Kid Chaos and Street Fighter II used this effect well. If each scanline has its own layer, the Pole Position effect is produced, which creates a pseudo-3D road (or a pseudo-3D ball court as in NBA Jam) on a 2D system.If the display system supports rotation and scaling in addition to scrolling—an effect popularly known as Mode 7—changing the rotation and scaling factors can draw a projection of a plane (as in F-Zero and Super Mario Kart) or can warp the playfield to create an extra challenge factor.Another advanced technique is row/column scrolling, where rows/columns of tiles on a screen can be scrolled individually.[12] This technique is implemented in the graphics chips of various Sega arcade system boards since the Sega Space Harrier and System 16,[13] the Sega Mega Drive/Genesis console,[14] and the Capcom CP System,[15] Irem M-92[16] and Taito F3 System[17] arcade game boards.","title":"Methods"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sky_back_layer.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vegetation_(middle_layer).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ground_(front_layer).png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parallax_scrolling_example_scene.gif"}],"text":"In the following animation, three layers are moving leftward at different speeds. Their speeds decrease from front to back and correspond to increases in relative distance from the viewer. The ground layer is moving 8 times as fast as the vegetation layer. The vegetation layer is moving two times as fast as the cloud layer.Cloud layer - back\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVegetation layer - middle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGround layer - front\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAnimation","title":"Example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CederholmMarcotte2010-23"},{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"text":"One of the first implementations of parallax scrolling in the browser was created and shared in a blog post by web developer Glutnix in 2007, this included example code and a demo using JavaScript and CSS 2 that supported Internet Explorer 6 and other browsers of that era.[18][19]In a February 2008 tutorial on web design blog Think Vitamin, web designer Paul Annett explained how he had created a parallax effect using CSS and without JavaScript for the website of Silverback, a usability testing app.[20] He demonstrated the effect on stage at SXSW Interactive 2009, with the help of audience participation and a man in a gorilla suit.[21][22]Advocates argue it is a simple way to embrace the fluidity of the Web, citing the Silverback website as the first example they had come across.[23]Proponents use parallax backgrounds as a tool to better engage users and improve the overall experience that a website provides. However, a Purdue University study, published in 2013, revealed the following findings: \"... although parallax scrolling enhanced certain aspects of the user experience, it did not necessarily improve the overall user experience\".[24] A undated study occurring during or after 2010 by Dede Frederick, James Mohler, Mihaela Vorvoreanu, and Ronald Glotzbach noted that parallax scrolling \"may cause certain people to experience nausea.\"[25]","title":"Parallax scrolling in Web design"}]
[{"image_text":"\"2.5D\" parallax scrolling of city buildings","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Parallax_scroll.gif/220px-Parallax_scroll.gif"}]
[{"title":"2.5D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2.5D"},{"title":"Scrolling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrolling"}]
[{"reference":"\"Cap. O'Rourke to the rescue\". New Straits Times Malaysia. 1988-09-01. Retrieved 2009-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=drgTAAAAIBAJ&sjid=S5ADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3478,303305&dq=parallax+scrolling","url_text":"\"Cap. O'Rourke to the rescue\""}]},{"reference":"Paul, Wyatt (August 2007). \"The Art of Parallax Scrolling\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-10-07. Retrieved 2009-07-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20091007223458/http://mos.futurenet.com/pdf/net/NET165_tut_flash.pdf","url_text":"\"The Art of Parallax Scrolling\""},{"url":"http://mos.futurenet.com/pdf/net/NET165_tut_flash.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Purcaru, Bogdan Ion (13 March 2014). \"Games vs. Hardware. The History of PC video games: The 80's\". Purcaru Ion Bogdan – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=lB4PAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA181","url_text":"\"Games vs. Hardware. 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Retrieved 2014-09-26.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gamepilgrimage.com/content/sega-genesis-vs-super-nintendo","url_text":"\"Sega Genesis vs Super Nintendo\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020645/http://www.gamepilgrimage.com/content/sega-genesis-vs-super-nintendo","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Leaman, Paul. \"New Forgotten World Clone – CP System Code\". GitHub. Archived from the original on 25 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://hookagency.com/new-forgotten-world-clone-cp-system-code/","url_text":"\"New Forgotten World Clone – CP System Code\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GitHub","url_text":"GitHub"},{"url":"https://github.com/mamedev/mame/tree/master/src/mame/video/cps1.c","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"System 16 - Irem M92 Hardware (Irem)\". www.system16.com. Archived from the original on 2014-12-24. 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Retrieved 2024-02-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100719124948/http://thinkvitamin.com/design/how-to-recreate-silverbacks-parallax-effect/","url_text":"\"How to Recreate Silverback's Parallax Effect\""},{"url":"http://thinkvitamin.com/design/how-to-recreate-silverbacks-parallax-effect/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mark Norman Francis (14 March 2009). \"Photo: Paul is amused by gorillas\". Retrieved 27 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/mn_francis/3354075259/in/photolist-67sJsG-67sGEE-4xqGuE-67PNcj-67KBmV-689ztc-67sM8j-67mxCL-67ow86-4xZ4jq-4CgVEn-CJ1Ka-67aT9H-E7Byr-67sHbN-CSF4e-4xUDWB-67oyUz-67PNm9-67fXQP-D1WeG-4yeU6u-DibvN-4xDyY3-4yoJA4-67ovHM-4xYTdL-4xYUe9-67eVL9-4xYUuy-CQuae-4y8Rwn-4y594r","url_text":"\"Photo: Paul is amused by gorillas\""}]},{"reference":"Robby Macdonell (14 March 2009). \"Paul Annett from ClearLeft making people act out the design of silverbackapp.com\". Retrieved 27 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flickr.com/photos/robby1066/3352602235/in/photolist-67sJsG-67sGEE-4xqGuE-67PNcj-67KBmV-689ztc-67sM8j-67mxCL-67ow86-4xZ4jq-4CgVEn-CJ1Ka-67aT9H-E7Byr-67sHbN-CSF4e-4xUDWB-67oyUz-67PNm9-67fXQP-D1WeG-4yeU6u-DibvN-4xDyY3-4yoJA4-67ovHM-4xYTdL-4xYUe9-67eVL9-4xYUuy-CQuae-4y8Rwn-4y594r","url_text":"\"Paul Annett from ClearLeft making people act out the design of silverbackapp.com\""}]},{"reference":"Dan Cederholm; Ethan Marcotte (9 April 2010). Handcrafted CSS: More Bulletproof Web Design. New Riders. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-13-210481-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/handcraftedcssmo0000cede","url_text":"Handcrafted CSS: More Bulletproof Web Design"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-210481-4","url_text":"978-0-13-210481-4"}]},{"reference":"Dede M. Frederick (18 April 2013). \"The Effects Of Parallax Scrolling On User Experience And Preference In Web Design\". Purdue University. Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 17 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgttheses/27/","url_text":"\"The Effects Of Parallax Scrolling On User Experience And Preference In Web Design\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140416183434/http://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgttheses/27/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Frederick, Dede. \"The Effects of Parallax Scrolling on User Experience in Web Design\". Journal of User Experience. 10 (2).","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saunion
Soliferrum
["1 Design","2 Advantages","3 Usage","4 Origin","5 See also","6 External links"]
Javelin used in ancient Iberia Iberian soliferreum from the Bastida de les Alcusses. Prehistory Museum of Valencia Soliferrum or Soliferreum (Latin: solus, "only" + ferrum, "Iron") was the Roman name for an ancient Iberian ranged polearm made entirely of iron. The soliferrum was a heavy hand-thrown javelin, designed to be thrown to a distance of up to 30 meters. In the Iberian language it was known as Saunion. Design The soliferrum was forged from a single piece of iron which usually measured 1.5–2 m (4 ft 11 in – 6 ft 7 in) in length and around 1 cm (0.39 in) in diameter. This missile weapon had a narrow, barbed tip so it could pierce shields and armour. The tip of the soliferrum came in several forms. In its simplest form, it had only a sharpened tip but usually it had two small spikes or even more. These spikes had one or several hooks, so the weapon would be hard to extract after it had penetrated an enemy's body. The central part of the soliferrum was usually thickened to facilitate the grip of the weapon. Sometimes there were moldings of about 10 cm (3.9 in) long in the middle of the weapon to further improve the grip and thus prevent the weapon from slipping in sweaty or bloody hands. Advantages The soliferrum was an extremely effective heavy javelin. The weight and the density of the weapon's iron shaft, its small diameter and its narrow tip gave the soliferrum excellent armor-piercing capacity at close range and enabled it to penetrate even heavy shields. Usage Ancient Iberian warriors were heavy users of javelins, casting this ranged weapon by volleys in order to disorganize an enemy formation before advancing to close combat with mêlée weapons. The Iberian warrior was typically buried with his soliferrum and all his other weapons. Origin Archeological findings suggest that the soliferrum first appeared in the regions of Aquitania and Languedoc, north of the Pyrenees, during the 1st millennium BC. From there, the weapon was brought to the Iberian Peninsula by migrating Celts and it was in Iberia that the soliferrum achieved its fame. The soliferrum remained in use in the Iberian peninsula under Roman rule until the end of the 3rd century and it coexisted with the falarica (the Iberian pilum). See also Javelin Falarica Assegai Falcata Pilum External links Listen to this article (3 minutes) This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 10 November 2018 (2018-11-10), and does not reflect subsequent edits.(Audio help · More spoken articles) Weapons of the Iberian peninsula Wikimedia Commons has media related to Soliferreum. This article related to weaponry is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"Javelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Javelin"},{"title":"Falarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falarica"},{"title":"Assegai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assegai"},{"title":"Falcata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falcata"},{"title":"Pilum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilum"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafarers_Harry_Lundeberg_School_of_Seamanship
Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education
["1 Training programs","2 NCL America","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
American merchant marine training center George W. Bush drives a boat training simulator during a tour of the Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education on Monday, September 4, 2006.The Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education is a merchant marine educational facility in Piney Point, Maryland, which is affiliated with the Seafarers International Union. Founded in 1967 in Brooklyn, New York as "The Seafarers' Harry Lundeberg School of Seamanship", the Paul Hall Center is the largest training facility for deep sea merchant seafarers and inland waterways boatmen in the United States. The school was moved to the 60-acre (240,000 m2) plot at the confluence of the Potomac River and St. George's Creek at the Piney Point location in 1991, and at the same time renamed after former SIU president Paul Hall. According to SIU, "Tens of thousands of rated and licensed seamen have completed upgrading classes at the training center. Additionally, more than 21,000 men and women from every state in the U.S., Puerto Rico and several U.S. territories have graduated from the trainee program for those just beginning their maritime careers." The center features a number of buildings, including: The Joseph Sacco Fire Fighting and Safety School The Seafarers Harry Lundeberg School of Seamanship The Thomas B. Crowley Sr. Education Center The Paul Hall Library and Maritime Museum The Romeo Lupinacci Culinary lab Prior to the opening of the Paul Hall Center, SIU maintained training facilities at five different ports. In 1966, the union bought the Piney Point site. The program grew to include other offerings, such as a reading skills program, a high-school equivalency program, an adult basic skills program, and English as a Second Language program. In 1978, SIU entered into an arrangement with Charles County Community College of Maryland which allows participants to earn an Associates of Arts degree. In 1993, the Maryland Higher Education Commission authorized the college program to change its degree award to an Associate of Applied Science degree and to a certificate program in Maritime Technology. Training programs Professional training begins with basic or entry-level vocational education programs. Unlicensed Apprentice Program Deck Upgrading Courses Engine Department Upgrading Courses Steward Department Upgrading Courses Other Miscellaneous Courses Passenger Vessel Training The upgrading programs provide experienced seafarers the opportunity to advance their professional skills. NCL America In 2004, Norwegian Cruise Lines' NCL America division began operating the Pride of Aloha in Hawaii. The cruise line was plagued by customer complaints which prompted them to seek out a training program for new employees. The Paul Hall Center was chosen as the location of NCL America's training facility until early 2007, when part of their training operations were moved to a facility at Barber's Point, HI. See also Transport portalOrganized labour portal Paul Hall (labor leader) Michael Sacco Harry Lundeberg Seafarers International Union MV Freedom Star References ^ a b "The late Paul Hall inducted to Labor Hall of Fame". American Maritime Officer. Archived from the original on October 24, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007. ^ a b c d e f "Paul Hall Center: Meeting Industry's Needs Since 1967". School History. Archived from the original on March 10, 2007. Retrieved March 16, 2007. ^ Paul Hall Center Maritime Training ^ "Call it Norwegian boot camp". St. Petersburg Times Online. Retrieved March 18, 2007. ^ "Innovations in Crew Training". Cruise Critic. Archived from the original on April 6, 2007. Retrieved March 18, 2007. External links Paul Hall Center Seafarers International Union
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Bush drives a boat training simulator during a tour of the Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education on Monday, September 4, 2006.The Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education is a merchant marine educational facility in Piney Point, Maryland, which is affiliated with the Seafarers International Union. Founded in 1967 in Brooklyn, New York as \"The Seafarers' Harry Lundeberg School of Seamanship\",[1] the Paul Hall Center is the largest training facility for deep sea merchant seafarers and inland waterways boatmen in the United States.[2] The school was moved to the 60-acre (240,000 m2) plot at the confluence of the Potomac River and St. George's Creek[2] at the Piney Point location in 1991,[1] and at the same time renamed after former SIU president Paul Hall.According to SIU, \"Tens of thousands of rated and licensed seamen have completed upgrading classes at the training center. Additionally, more than 21,000 men and women from every state in the U.S., Puerto Rico and several U.S. territories have graduated from the trainee program for those just beginning their maritime careers.\"[2]The center features a number of buildings, including:[2]The Joseph Sacco Fire Fighting and Safety School\nThe Seafarers Harry Lundeberg School of Seamanship\nThe Thomas B. Crowley Sr. Education Center\nThe Paul Hall Library and Maritime Museum\nThe Romeo Lupinacci Culinary labPrior to the opening of the Paul Hall Center, SIU maintained training facilities at five different ports. In 1966, the union bought the Piney Point site. The program grew to include other offerings, such as a reading skills program, a high-school equivalency program, an adult basic skills program, and English as a Second Language program.[2]In 1978, SIU entered into an arrangement with Charles County Community College of Maryland which allows participants to earn an Associates of Arts degree. In 1993, the Maryland Higher Education Commission authorized the college program to change its degree award to an Associate of Applied Science degree and to a certificate program in Maritime Technology.[2]","title":"Paul Hall Center for Maritime Training and Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Professional training begins with basic or entry-level vocational education programs.Unlicensed Apprentice Program\nDeck Upgrading Courses\nEngine Department Upgrading Courses\nSteward Department Upgrading Courses\nOther Miscellaneous Courses\nPassenger Vessel TrainingThe upgrading programs provide experienced seafarers the opportunity to advance their professional skills.[3]","title":"Training programs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian Cruise Lines' NCL America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Cruise_Lines"},{"link_name":"Pride of Aloha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pride_of_Aloha"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncl_bootcamp-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncl_cruise_critic-5"}],"text":"In 2004, Norwegian Cruise Lines' NCL America division began operating the Pride of Aloha in Hawaii. The cruise line was plagued by customer complaints which prompted them to seek out a training program for new employees.[4] The Paul Hall Center was chosen as the location of NCL America's training facility until early 2007, when part of their training operations were moved to a facility at Barber's Point, HI.[5]","title":"NCL America"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Burns_(drummer)
Bob Burns (drummer)
["1 Biography","2 Death","3 References","4 External links"]
American drummer (1950–2015) Bob BurnsBurns in 1973Background informationBirth nameRobert Lewis Burns Jr.Born(1950-11-24)November 24, 1950Gainesville, Florida, U.S.DiedApril 3, 2015(2015-04-03) (aged 64)Cartersville, Georgia, U.S.GenresSouthern rockOccupation(s)DrummerYears active1964–1974, 1996, 2006Formerly ofLynyrd SkynyrdMusical artistThis article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Bob Burns" drummer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Robert Lewis Burns Jr. (November 24, 1950 – April 3, 2015) was an American drummer in the original lineup of the southern rock band Lynyrd Skynyrd. Biography Burns was born in Gainesville, Florida, on November 24, 1950. He helped to form Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1964 with Ronnie Van Zant, Gary Rossington, Allen Collins and Larry Junstrom and remained until 1974, although by some accounts he left the band for a while during the early 1970s. Burns played on the band's early recordings, but on the album Skynyrd's First and... Last, a collection of early demos made in Muscle Shoals, the drum parts of some songs recorded in 1971 were played by Rickey Medlocke. That album also contains songs recorded in 1972 which feature Burns on drums, suggesting that Burns left the band in 1971 and had returned by 1972. During a brief period in the early 1970s, Medlocke occasionally played alongside Burns on drums for live shows, a two-drummer lineup similar to The Allman Brothers Band. In addition to Skynyrd's First and... Last, Burns played on the band's first two official albums: (Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd) and Second Helping. He had a mental breakdown while on a European tour and left the band in 1974. Burns with Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1973 (from left to right): Gary Rossington, Allen Collins, Leon Wilkeson, Ronnie Van Zant, Billy Powell, Burns and Ed King. In 1996, after several years of his public disappearance since the departure, he participated in a performance to promote Freebird: The Movie. On March 13, 2006, he rejoined Lynyrd Skynyrd for one performance as he played alongside Gary Rossington, Billy Powell, Ed King, Artimus Pyle and The Honkettes at the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame induction. But since then, he already disappeared from public attention once again until his death. Death Burns died on April 3, 2015, in a single car crash after hitting a mailbox and tree on a sharp curve in Cartersville, Georgia, shortly after leaving his home. References ^ Erlewine, Stephen Thomas; Leggett, Steve. "Biography: Lynyrd Skynyrd". AllMusic. Retrieved April 13, 2010. ^ "Robert Lewis "Bob" Burns Jr. 1950–2015". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. April 9, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2020. ^ Southall, Ashley (April 4, 2015). "Robert Burns Jr., First Lynyrd Skynyrd Drummer, Dies at 64". The New York Times. p. A22. External links Bob Burns discography at Discogs vteLynyrd Skynyrd Rickey Medlocke Johnny Van Zant Michael Cartellone Mark Matejka Peter Keys Keith Christopher Ronnie Van Zant Allen Collins Gary Rossington Bob Burns Larry Junstrom Greg T. Walker Leon Wilkeson Billy Powell Ed King Artimus Pyle Steve Gaines Randall Hall Kurt Custer Mike Estes Owen Hale Hughie Thomasson Jeff McAllister Kenny Aronoff Ean Evans Robert Kearns Johnny Colt Studio albums (Pronounced 'Lĕh-'nérd 'Skin-'nérd) Second Helping Nuthin' Fancy Gimme Back My Bullets Street Survivors Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 The Last Rebel Endangered Species Twenty Edge of Forever Christmas Time Again Vicious Cycle God & Guns Last of a Dyin' Breed Live albums One More from the Road Southern by the Grace of God Lyve from Steel Town Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour Live from Freedom Hall Last of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour Lyve! Compilations Skynyrd's First and... Last Gold & Platinum Best of the Rest Legend Skynyrd's Innyrds Lynyrd Skynyrd (box set) A Retrospective What's Your Name Old Time Greats The Essential Lynyrd Skynyrd Skynyrd's First: The Complete Muscle Shoals Album 20th Century Masters: The Best of Lynyrd Skynyrd Solo Flytes All Time Greatest Hits Collectybles Then and Now Thyrty Then and Now Volume Two Greatest Hits Icon Video Freebird... The Movie Lyve from Steel Town Lynyrd Skynyrd Lyve: The Vicious Cycle Tour Live from Freedom Hall Singles "Gimme Three Steps" / "Mr. Banker" "Don't Ask Me No Questions" / "Take Your Time" "Sweet Home Alabama" "Free Bird" "Saturday Night Special" "Double Trouble" "What's Your Name" "That Smell" "Truck Drivin' Man" "You Got That Right" "Preacher Man" "Red White & Blue" Other songs "Need All My Friends" "Tuesday's Gone" "Simple Man" Tours Street Survivors Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd Tribute Tour Lynyrd Skynyrd 1991 Tour Edge of Forever Tour The Last of the Street Survivors Farewell Tour Spin-off bands Rossington Collins Band The Rossington Band Allen Collins Band Artimus Pyle Band Van Zant Related articles Discography Members Skynyrd Frynds Plane crash Ronnie Van Zant Memorial Park Leonard Skinner "All Summer Long" vteRock and Roll Hall of Fame – Class of 2006Performers Black Sabbath Geezer Butler, Tony Iommi, Ozzy Osbourne, Bill Ward Blondie Clem Burke, Jimmy Destri, Nigel Harrison, Debbie Harry, Frank Infante, Chris Stein, Gary Valentine Miles Davis Lynyrd Skynyrd Bob Burns, Allen Collins, Steve Gaines, Ed King, Billy Powell, Artimus Pyle, Gary Rossington, Ronnie Van Zant, Leon Wilkeson Sex Pistols Paul Cook, Steve Jones, Glen Matlock, Johnny Rotten, Sid Vicious Lifetime achievement Herb Alpert and Jerry Moss Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists MusicBrainz Other SNAC This article on a United States drummer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Burns with Lynyrd Skynyrd in 1973 (from left to right): Gary Rossington, Allen Collins, Leon Wilkeson, Ronnie Van Zant, Billy Powell, Burns and Ed King.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lynyrd_Skynyrd_%281973%29.png/220px-Lynyrd_Skynyrd_%281973%29.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Erlewine, Stephen Thomas; Leggett, Steve. \"Biography: Lynyrd Skynyrd\". AllMusic. Retrieved April 13, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/artist/p4812/biography","url_text":"\"Biography: Lynyrd Skynyrd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Robert Lewis \"Bob\" Burns Jr. 1950–2015\". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. April 9, 2015. Retrieved September 11, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legacy.com/obituaries/atlanta/obituary.aspx?n=robert-lewis-burns-bob&pid=174591708&fhid=24392","url_text":"\"Robert Lewis \"Bob\" Burns Jr. 1950–2015\""}]},{"reference":"Southall, Ashley (April 4, 2015). \"Robert Burns Jr., First Lynyrd Skynyrd Drummer, Dies at 64\". The New York Times. p. A22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/05/arts/music/robert-burns-jr-first-lynyrd-skynyrd-drummer-dies-at-64.html?_r=0","url_text":"\"Robert Burns Jr., First Lynyrd Skynyrd Drummer, Dies at 64\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhagatji_Maharaj
Bhagatji Maharaj
["1 Life","1.1 Childhood","1.2 Under the guidance of Gopalanand Swami","1.3 As a disciple of Gunatitanand Swami","1.4 Excommunication and reinstatement","1.5 Later life","1.6 Death","2 Legacy","3 References"]
Indian spiritual guru Bhagatji MaharajPersonalBornPragji Bhakta20 March 1829Mahuva, Gujarat, IndiaDied7 November 1897(1897-11-07) (aged 68)Mahuva, Gujarat, IndiaReligionHinduismOrganizationPhilosophyAkshar-Purushottam DarshanRole2nd spiritual successor of Swaminarayan (1867-1897) Bhagatji Maharaj (20 March 1829 – 7 November 1897), born as Pragji Bhakta, was a householder devotee in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, a Hindu denomination. He is regarded as the second spiritual successor of Swaminarayan in the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS).: 100  Through his discourses he was instrumental in propagating the belief that Swaminarayan was Purushottam, the Supreme Being, and that his own guru, Gunatitanand Swami, was Akshar, the divine abode of God. His spiritual realization and practice as a lower ranked caste householder set new precedents and acted as a bulwark against the idea that spiritual elevation was confined to upper castes.: 24 : 56  For BAPS devotees, he is best known for passing on the philosophy of the Akshar Purushottam Upasana to his closest disciple, Shastriji Maharaj, who later founded BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha in 1907 after leaving the Swaminarayan Sampradaya.: 56  His inclusion is the BAPS lineage is remarkable as he was a tailor and was not a saffron-clad swami demonstrating that status does not limit spiritual realization.: 56  The extraordinary spiritual service and unflinching devotion towards his guru elevated him to an exalted standing among devotees of the Swaminarayan sect both past and present. Life Childhood Birthplace of Bhagatji Maharaj in Mahuva, Gujarat Pragji Bhakta was born on 20 March 1829 in the small, bucolic town of Mahuva into a family of tailors. His father was Govindbhai Darji his mother was Malubai Darji.: 1  As a young child, Pragji was greatly inclined towards devotion and spirituality and often visited the nearby Laksmi-Narayan mandir (which still stands today) to offer his devotion.: 1  He frequented the Malan River and gave impromptu talks to his friends on the importance of worshipping God. He would often indulge in childish pranks like selling an ornamental portion of his mother's sari, on one occasion, to feed a group of swamis, that were evidence of his spirited good nature.: 238–241  Pragji was introduced to the Swaminarayan faith when Sadguru Yoganand Swami visited the local Swaminarayan mandir and initiated him as a satsangi.: 3  Under the guidance of Gopalanand Swami BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mahuva, Gujarat When Pragji was ten years old, Acharya Raghuvirji Maharaj and Sadguru Gopalanand Swami visited the nearby village of Pithvadi. Due to his devotional nature, the young Pragji was chosen to perform the welcoming pujan rites of the two eminent spiritual leaders. This initial contact with Gopalanand Swami whetted Pragji's appetite for Satsang and he made a dedicated effort to remain in the company of Gopalanand Swami in Vadtal as often as possible.: 3–5  As Pragji's devotion and love for Gopalanand Swami increased, he expressed a wish to be initiated into the swami fold. However, Gopalanand Swami instructed him to remain a householder explaining, "If you attain spiritual knowledge from the swamis, then even while leading the life of a householder you will not be able to forget God and His holy Swami".: 6–7  Thus, Pragji Bhakta demonstrated the denomination's teaching that anyone could attain realization of God, even a lower ranked caste householder, since spiritual attainment is determined by devotion, non-attachment, and spiritual understanding and practice.: 56  One day, Gopalanand Swami delivered what was at that time a prescient message to Pragji that would lay the foundation for his future discipleship under Gunatitanand Swami. Gopalanand Swami said, "Pragji, You must go to Junagadh. All the promises I have made to you will be fulfilled by the Jogi of Junagadh (an allusion to Gunatitanand Swami).": 24  Unable to grasp the significance of this statement, Pragji did not immediately set out for Junagadh. However, when Gopalanand Swami lay on his deathbed, he once again alluded to "keeping his vision towards the Jogi of Junagadh." When Pragji sought clarification, Gopalanand Swami gave Pragji an insight into the Akshar-Purshottam philosophy by saying, "Gunatitanand Swami - the Jogi of Junagadh - is the incarnation of Akshardham. He is Swaminarayan's divine abode, and Swaminarayan is not even an atom's distance away from him." Gopalanand Swami further declared that if Pragji wished to attain ultimate liberation, he should go to Gunatitanand Swami in Junagadh.: 24  As a disciple of Gunatitanand Swami Soon after the death of Gopalanand Swami, Pragji was taken by Siddhanand Swami to see Gunatitanand Swami in Junagadh. Listening to Gunatitanand Swami's discourses and experiencing his saintliness eased the pain Pragji had felt at the death of Gopalanand Swami.: 7–15  As Pragji's affection for Gunatitanand Swami increased, he began spending increasing amounts of time in Junagadh, up to 8 months every year.: 238–241  In addition to his dedication to obtaining spiritual knowledge from his new guru, Pragji implicitly obeyed Gunatitanand Swami's every command, living with great humility and devotion. At Gunatitanand Swami's behest, he would often undertake strenuous physical tasks that were shunned by others, explaining that "he had dedicated his life in the service of Swami".: 12  Pragji's talents as a tailor also came to the fore in the course of his spiritual service, most notably when he stitched together sheets of cloth during a thunderstorm to create an umbrella for Gunatitanand Swami.: 13  On another occasion, Gunatitanand Swami asked Pragji to make a large cloth canopy to cover the assembly hall, without providing him any funds for the project. In his zeal to obey the commands of his guru, Pragji raised the funds, and working single-handedly 18 hours a day for 41 days, Pragji accomplished what would have taken ten tailors two months to complete.: 55–56  Gunatitanand Swami often explained that the spiritual knowledge or gnan necessary for liberation could only be understood after a person has "total control over all his senses and body".: 8  Pragji assimilated the knowledge and teachings he received from Gunatitanand Swami into all aspects of his life. Despite being a householder and a tailor by profession, Pragji lived a life of strict austerity and renunciation. His adherence to the tenets of dharma and spirituality not only led to an exalted standing in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya but also strengthened the relationship with his guru.: 100  Gunatitanand Swami often tested Pragji's devotion and spiritual understanding in a variety of ways. These tests always carried an underlying spiritual message and would usually end in an apothegm from Pragji that was indicative of his superior understanding of Gunatitanand Swami's teachings.: 10  For instance, when Gunatitanand Swami bestowed upon him a boon to attain wealth, Pragji responded that there was no happiness to be derived from worldly or material pleasures.: 10  Through other similar experiences, Gunatitanand Swami slowly revealed to Pragji that he was the manifest form of God's divine abode (Mul Akshar).: 7  In addition, he gave his "spiritual powers" to Pragji, "overpowered by his selfless, sincere service, love and devotion".: 24  Pragji's close association with Gunatitanand Swami and his nuanced understanding of the Akshar-Purshottam upasana, led him to begin to speak of Gunatitanand Swami's glory to the Swaminarayan followers. Excommunication and reinstatement Pavitranand Swami He would proclaim to all that Gunatitanand Swami was the form of Akshar manifest on the earth.: 102  This message, coming from a member of a lower ranked caste, was anathema to a section of householder devotees and swamis, led by Pavitranand Swami. Charging that Pragji was falsely spreading the glory of Gunatitanand Swami, Pavitranand Swami had Pragji excommunicated and sent letters expressing this to the mandirs in all towns and villages.: 26–28  Despite this declaration, Pragji continued his association with the Sampradaya by discoursing and providing material assistance in the form of grains that he had collected. However, it is argued that this was not the case and he was not reinstated at all and evidence also suggest otherwise.: 33  Throughout this episode, Pragji held no ill will towards those who had engendered his excommunication.: 138–150 : 28  Touched by Pragji's saintly response to his unwarranted excommunication, Pavitranand Swami, a senior swami and chief detractor who had earlier vowed to "never see Pragji's face again", became one of Pragji's staunchest defenders and organized his return to the Sampradaya.: 37  People within the Sampradaya began to refer to Pragji as Bhagatji due to his devotion and staunch adherence to his Guru's principles even though he had been expelled from the Sampradaya. After nearly three years in exile, he was willingly accepted back into the religious fold at the insistence of a large number of devotees and swamis. Later life In 1873, Bhagatji Maharaj first met his eventual successor Shastri Yagnapurushdas in Surat. During an assembly, Bhagatji Maharaj delivered a discourse while simultaneously stitching a decorative cloth-piece for the mandir elephant. Yagnapurushdas, already surprised upon seeing this feat, was further impressed when Bhagatji Maharaj spontaneously addressed his incredulity and unspoken question with the phrase, "One who is wise has innumerable eyes". Realizing Bhagatji Maharaj's spiritual greatness from this incident, Shastri Yagnapurushdas requested Bhagatji Maharaj to become his guru. Although this decision was criticized by some due to Bhagatji Maharaj's low-caste, Shastri Yagnapurushdas pointed to the teachings of Swaminarayan in the Vachanamrut to argue that a spiritual leader should not be judged by social classifications but by spiritual elevation. Bhagatji Maharaj continued to spread the message of Akshar and Purushottam for the rest of his life. A group of swamis, including Shastri Yagnapurushdas and Swami Vignandas, endeavored to stay with him as much as possible and listen to his discourses.: 238–260  As a result of this association, these swamis were demoted from their monastic status and forced to wear the white robes of the initiate.: 300–302 : 40  As relations improved, however, the swamis were readmitted soon after. Death Shastriji Maharaj As Bhagatji Maharaj advanced in age, he appointed Shastri Yagnapurushdas, later known as Shastriji Maharaj, as his spiritual successor.: 677–687  In November 1898, Bhagatji Maharaj developed a serious illness and stopped consuming food. On the day of annakut, he went to the local mandir and gave a discourse in front of the thousands who had come for his final darshan. Bhagatji Maharaj died on 7 November 1898.: 65  Legacy Bhagatji Maharaj's life epitomized that liberation was not dependent on caste or social status, but rather on detachment, devotion to God, spiritual realization and the grace of the God-realized guru. He taught renunciants the importance of celibacy and of controlling the senses.: 71  His central message, however, was that Swaminarayan was the Supreme Being, all-knower, and all-doer, and that Gunatitanand Swami was Akshar, or the divine abode and matchless devotee of Swaminarayan.: 687  This message, coupled with the emphasis on living an austere and pure life, resonated with many of his followers.: 687  A hallmark of Bhagatji Maharaj's life was his resoluteness in obeying Gunatitanand Swami's commands. When Gunatitanand Swami asked Pragji to go fetch the nearby Mt. Girnar, Pragji immediately rose to carry out this seemingly impossible task, explaining to others that since it was his guru's wish, he was duty bound to carry it out.: 13–14  Despite a simple background and minimal formal education, Bhagatji Maharaj attained a spiritually elevated state that was widely recognized amongst both his followers and his antagonists. For the followers of BAPS, Bhagatji Maharaj serves as an ideal for attaining a heightened spiritual state, which was possible due to his devoted service to please his guru Gunatitanand Swami.: 677–687  References ^ Joanne Punzo Waghorne; Norman Cutler; Vasudha Narayanan (1996). Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone. Columbia University Press. p. 155. ^ Raymond Brady Williams. A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion. p. 46. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Dave, Harshadrai (2011). Brahmaswarup Shri Pragji Bhakta: Life and Work. Translated by Parekh, Amar. Amdavad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. ISBN 978-81-7526-425-0. ^ a b c d e Vivekjivandas, Sadhu, ed. (March 2008). "Like Bees to a Flower". Swaminarayan Bliss: 14. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Dave, Ramesh (2000). Navya-Visistadvaita: The Vedanta Philosophy of Sri Swaminarayana. Dadar, Mumbai: Aksara Prakasana. pp. 407–409. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Ishwarcharandas, Sadhu (1978). Pragji Bhakta - A short biography of Brahmaswarup Bhagatji Maharaj. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. ^ a b c d Williams, Raymond Brady (2001). An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65279-7. ^ a b Dave, Harshadrai (March 2011). "The Glory of Bhagatji Maharaj". Swaminarayan Bliss. Translated by Parekh, Amar: 11. ^ a b Amrutvijaydas, Sadhu (2006). Shastriji Maharaj Life and Work. Amdavad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. ISBN 978-81-7526-305-5. vteSwaminarayan SampradayaMajor Groups Laxmi Narayan Dev Gadi (Vadtal Diocese) Nar Narayan Dev Gadi (Ahmedabad Diocese) BAPS SMVS Major figures Swaminarayan (founder) Gunatitanand Swami Muktanand Swami Brahmanand Swami Premanand Swami Gopalanand Swami Nishkulanand Swami Nityanand Swami Scriptures Vachanamrut Shikshapatri Satsangi Jeevan Swamini Vato Festivals Swaminarayan Jayanti Diwali Rama Navami Janmashtami vteBochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan SansthaTemplesMonuments Akshar Deri Temples Abu Dhabi Atlanta Chicago Houston London Los Angeles Nairobi Toronto Spiritual Leaders Swaminarayan Gunatitanand Swami Bhagatji Maharaj Shastriji Maharaj Yogiji Maharaj Pramukh Swami Maharaj Mahant Swami Maharaj Scriptures and philosophy Akshar-Purushottam Darshan Vachanamrut Shikshapatri Swamini Vato Yogi Gita Associate Organizations BAPS Charities
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Swaminarayan Sampradaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampraday"},{"link_name":"Swaminarayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan"},{"link_name":"Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bochasanwasi_Akshar_Purushottam_Swaminarayan_Sanstha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Purushottam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purushottam"},{"link_name":"Gunatitanand Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunatitanand_Swami"},{"link_name":"Akshar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Upasana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"Akshar Purushottam Upasana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Upasana"},{"link_name":"Shastriji Maharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastriji_Maharaj"},{"link_name":"BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAPS_Swaminarayan_Sanstha"},{"link_name":"Swaminarayan Sampradaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaminarayan_Sampraday"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"}],"text":"Bhagatji Maharaj (20 March 1829 – 7 November 1897), born as Pragji Bhakta,[1][2] was a householder devotee in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya, a Hindu denomination. He is regarded as the second spiritual successor of Swaminarayan in the Bochasanwasi Akshar Purushottam Swaminarayan Sanstha (BAPS).[3]: 100Through his discourses he was instrumental in propagating the belief that Swaminarayan was Purushottam, the Supreme Being, and that his own guru, Gunatitanand Swami, was Akshar, the divine abode of God.[4][5] His spiritual realization and practice as a lower ranked caste householder set new precedents and acted as a bulwark against the idea that spiritual elevation was confined to upper castes.[6]: 24 [7]: 56For BAPS devotees, he is best known for passing on the philosophy of the Akshar Purushottam Upasana to his closest disciple, Shastriji Maharaj, who later founded BAPS Swaminarayan Sanstha in 1907 after leaving the Swaminarayan Sampradaya.[7]: 56 [5] His inclusion is the BAPS lineage is remarkable as he was a tailor and was not a saffron-clad swami demonstrating that status does not limit spiritual realization.[7]: 56  The extraordinary spiritual service and unflinching devotion towards his guru elevated him to an exalted standing among devotees of the Swaminarayan sect both past and present.[8]","title":"Bhagatji Maharaj"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pragji_Bhakta_birthplace.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"}],"sub_title":"Childhood","text":"Birthplace of Bhagatji Maharaj in Mahuva, GujaratPragji Bhakta was born on 20 March 1829 in the small, bucolic town of Mahuva into a family of tailors. His father was Govindbhai Darji his mother was Malubai Darji.[6]: 1  As a young child, Pragji was greatly inclined towards devotion and spirituality and often visited the nearby Laksmi-Narayan mandir (which still stands today) to offer his devotion.[6]: 1  He frequented the Malan River and gave impromptu talks to his friends on the importance of worshipping God. He would often indulge in childish pranks like selling an ornamental portion of his mother's sari, on one occasion, to feed a group of swamis, that were evidence of his spirited good nature.[3]: 238–241  Pragji was introduced to the Swaminarayan faith when Sadguru Yoganand Swami visited the local Swaminarayan mandir and initiated him as a satsangi.[6]: 3","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BAPS_Mandir_Mahuva.jpg"},{"link_name":"Acharya Raghuvirji Maharaj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghuvir_(spiritual_leader)"},{"link_name":"Gopalanand Swami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopalanand_Swami"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-7"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"sub_title":"Under the guidance of Gopalanand Swami","text":"BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mahuva, GujaratWhen Pragji was ten years old, Acharya Raghuvirji Maharaj and Sadguru Gopalanand Swami visited the nearby village of Pithvadi. Due to his devotional nature, the young Pragji was chosen to perform the welcoming pujan rites of the two eminent spiritual leaders. This initial contact with Gopalanand Swami whetted Pragji's appetite for Satsang and he made a dedicated effort to remain in the company of Gopalanand Swami in Vadtal as often as possible.[6]: 3–5  As Pragji's devotion and love for Gopalanand Swami increased, he expressed a wish to be initiated into the swami fold. However, Gopalanand Swami instructed him to remain a householder explaining, \"If you attain spiritual knowledge from the swamis, then even while leading the life of a householder you will not be able to forget God and His holy Swami\".[6]: 6–7  Thus, Pragji Bhakta demonstrated the denomination's teaching that anyone could attain realization of God, even a lower ranked caste householder, since spiritual attainment is determined by devotion, non-attachment, and spiritual understanding and practice.[7]: 56  One day, Gopalanand Swami delivered what was at that time a prescient message to Pragji that would lay the foundation for his future discipleship under Gunatitanand Swami. Gopalanand Swami said, \"Pragji, You must go to Junagadh. All the promises [of attaining spiritual realization] I have made to you will be fulfilled by the Jogi of Junagadh (an allusion to Gunatitanand Swami).\"[3]: 24 [5] Unable to grasp the significance of this statement, Pragji did not immediately set out for Junagadh. However, when Gopalanand Swami lay on his deathbed, he once again alluded to \"keeping his vision towards the Jogi of Junagadh.\" When Pragji sought clarification, Gopalanand Swami gave Pragji an insight into the Akshar-Purshottam philosophy by saying, \"Gunatitanand Swami - the Jogi of Junagadh - is the incarnation of Akshardham. He is Swaminarayan's divine abode, and Swaminarayan is not even an atom's distance away from him.\" Gopalanand Swami further declared that if Pragji wished to attain ultimate liberation, he should go to Gunatitanand Swami in Junagadh.[3]: 24","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"As a disciple of Gunatitanand Swami","text":"Soon after the death of Gopalanand Swami, Pragji was taken by Siddhanand Swami to see Gunatitanand Swami in Junagadh. Listening to Gunatitanand Swami's discourses and experiencing his saintliness eased the pain Pragji had felt at the death of Gopalanand Swami.[6]: 7–15  As Pragji's affection for Gunatitanand Swami increased, he began spending increasing amounts of time in Junagadh, up to 8 months every year.[3]: 238–241  In addition to his dedication to obtaining spiritual knowledge from his new guru, Pragji implicitly obeyed Gunatitanand Swami's every command, living with great humility and devotion. At Gunatitanand Swami's behest, he would often undertake strenuous physical tasks that were shunned by others, explaining that \"he had dedicated his life in the service of Swami\".[6]: 12  Pragji's talents as a tailor also came to the fore in the course of his spiritual service, most notably when he stitched together sheets of cloth during a thunderstorm to create an umbrella for Gunatitanand Swami.[6]: 13  On another occasion, Gunatitanand Swami asked Pragji to make a large cloth canopy to cover the assembly hall, without providing him any funds for the project. In his zeal to obey the commands of his guru, Pragji raised the funds, and working single-handedly 18 hours a day for 41 days, Pragji accomplished what would have taken ten tailors two months to complete.[3]: 55–56 \nGunatitanand Swami often explained that the spiritual knowledge or gnan necessary for liberation could only be understood after a person has \"total control over all his senses and body\".[6]: 8  Pragji assimilated the knowledge and teachings he received from Gunatitanand Swami into all aspects of his life. Despite being a householder and a tailor by profession, Pragji lived a life of strict austerity and renunciation.[4][5] His adherence to the tenets of dharma and spirituality not only led to an exalted standing in the Swaminarayan Sampradaya but also strengthened the relationship with his guru.[3]: 100  Gunatitanand Swami often tested Pragji's devotion and spiritual understanding in a variety of ways. These tests always carried an underlying spiritual message and would usually end in an apothegm from Pragji that was indicative of his superior understanding of Gunatitanand Swami's teachings.[6]: 10  For instance, when Gunatitanand Swami bestowed upon him a boon to attain wealth, Pragji responded that there was no happiness to be derived from worldly or material pleasures.[6]: 10Through other similar experiences, Gunatitanand Swami slowly revealed to Pragji that he was the manifest form of God's divine abode (Mul Akshar).[3]: 7  In addition, he gave his \"spiritual powers\" to Pragji, \"overpowered [...] by his selfless, sincere service, love and devotion\".[6]: 24 \nPragji's close association with Gunatitanand Swami and his nuanced understanding of the Akshar-Purshottam upasana, led him to begin to speak of Gunatitanand Swami's glory to the Swaminarayan followers.[3][5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pavitranand_Swami.jpg"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"}],"sub_title":"Excommunication and reinstatement","text":"Pavitranand SwamiHe would proclaim to all that Gunatitanand Swami was the form of Akshar manifest on the earth.[3]: 102 [5] This message, coming from a member of a lower ranked caste, was anathema to a section of householder devotees and swamis, led by Pavitranand Swami. Charging that Pragji was falsely spreading the glory of Gunatitanand Swami, Pavitranand Swami had Pragji excommunicated and sent letters expressing this to the mandirs in all towns and villages.[6]: 26–28 [5] Despite this declaration, Pragji continued his association with the Sampradaya by discoursing and providing material assistance in the form of grains that he had collected. However, it is argued that this was not the case and he was not reinstated at all and evidence also suggest otherwise.[6]: 33  Throughout this episode, Pragji held no ill will towards those who had engendered his excommunication.[3]: 138–150 [6]: 28 [5] Touched by Pragji's saintly response to his unwarranted excommunication, Pavitranand Swami, a senior swami and chief detractor who had earlier vowed to \"never see Pragji's face again\", became one of Pragji's staunchest defenders and organized his return to the Sampradaya.[6]: 37  People within the Sampradaya began to refer to Pragji as Bhagatji due to his devotion and staunch adherence to his Guru's principles even though he had been expelled from the Sampradaya.[3] After nearly three years in exile, he was willingly accepted back into the religious fold at the insistence of a large number of devotees and swamis.[4]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shastri Yagnapurushdas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shastri_Yagnapurushdas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amrutvijaydas2006-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amrutvijaydas2006-9"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Later life","text":"In 1873, Bhagatji Maharaj first met his eventual successor Shastri Yagnapurushdas in Surat.[4] During an assembly, Bhagatji Maharaj delivered a discourse while simultaneously stitching a decorative cloth-piece for the mandir elephant. Yagnapurushdas, already surprised upon seeing this feat, was further impressed when Bhagatji Maharaj spontaneously addressed his incredulity and unspoken question with the phrase, \"One who is wise has innumerable eyes\".[3] Realizing Bhagatji Maharaj's spiritual greatness from this incident, Shastri Yagnapurushdas requested Bhagatji Maharaj to become his guru.[9] Although this decision was criticized by some due to Bhagatji Maharaj's low-caste, Shastri Yagnapurushdas pointed to the teachings of Swaminarayan in the Vachanamrut to argue that a spiritual leader should not be judged by social classifications but by spiritual elevation.[9]Bhagatji Maharaj continued to spread the message of Akshar and Purushottam for the rest of his life. A group of swamis, including Shastri Yagnapurushdas and Swami Vignandas, endeavored to stay with him as much as possible and listen to his discourses.[3]: 238–260  As a result of this association, these swamis were demoted from their monastic status and forced to wear the white robes of the initiate.[3]: 300–302 [6]: 40  As relations improved, however, the swamis were readmitted soon after.[5]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sadhu_Yagnapurushdas.tif"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"annakut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annakut"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"}],"sub_title":"Death","text":"Shastriji MaharajAs Bhagatji Maharaj advanced in age, he appointed Shastri Yagnapurushdas, later known as Shastriji Maharaj, as his spiritual successor.[3]: 677–687 [5] In November 1898, Bhagatji Maharaj developed a serious illness and stopped consuming food. On the day of annakut, he went to the local mandir and gave a discourse in front of the thousands who had come for his final darshan. Bhagatji Maharaj died on 7 November 1898.[6]: 65","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ishwarcharandas1-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"}],"text":"Bhagatji Maharaj's life epitomized that liberation was not dependent on caste or social status, but rather on detachment, devotion to God, spiritual realization and the grace of the God-realized guru.[5][8] He taught renunciants the importance of celibacy and of controlling the senses.[3]: 71  His central message, however, was that Swaminarayan was the Supreme Being, all-knower, and all-doer, and that Gunatitanand Swami was Akshar, or the divine abode and matchless devotee of Swaminarayan.[5][3]: 687  This message, coupled with the emphasis on living an austere and pure life, resonated with many of his followers.[3]: 687A hallmark of Bhagatji Maharaj's life was his resoluteness in obeying Gunatitanand Swami's commands.[5] When Gunatitanand Swami asked Pragji to go fetch the nearby Mt. Girnar, Pragji immediately rose to carry out this seemingly impossible task, explaining to others that since it was his guru's wish, he was duty bound to carry it out.[6]: 13–14Despite a simple background and minimal formal education, Bhagatji Maharaj attained a spiritually elevated state that was widely recognized amongst both his followers and his antagonists.[4] For the followers of BAPS, Bhagatji Maharaj serves as an ideal for attaining a heightened spiritual state, which was possible due to his devoted service to please his guru Gunatitanand Swami.[3]: 677–687","title":"Legacy"}]
[{"image_text":"Birthplace of Bhagatji Maharaj in Mahuva, Gujarat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Pragji_Bhakta_birthplace.jpg/220px-Pragji_Bhakta_birthplace.jpg"},{"image_text":"BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Mahuva, Gujarat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/BAPS_Mandir_Mahuva.jpg/220px-BAPS_Mandir_Mahuva.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pavitranand Swami","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Pavitranand_Swami.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shastriji Maharaj","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sadhu_Yagnapurushdas.tif/lossless-page1-220px-Sadhu_Yagnapurushdas.tif.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Joanne Punzo Waghorne; Norman Cutler; Vasudha Narayanan (1996). Gods of Flesh, Gods of Stone. Columbia University Press. p. 155.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LD91JTIl8uIC&pg=PA155","url_text":"155"}]},{"reference":"Raymond Brady Williams. A New Face of Hinduism: The Swaminarayan Religion. p. 46.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AHI7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA46","url_text":"46"}]},{"reference":"Dave, Harshadrai (2011). Brahmaswarup Shri Pragji Bhakta: Life and Work. Translated by Parekh, Amar. Amdavad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. ISBN 978-81-7526-425-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-425-0","url_text":"978-81-7526-425-0"}]},{"reference":"Vivekjivandas, Sadhu, ed. (March 2008). \"Like Bees to a Flower\". Swaminarayan Bliss: 14.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Dave, Ramesh (2000). Navya-Visistadvaita: The Vedanta Philosophy of Sri Swaminarayana. Dadar, Mumbai: Aksara Prakasana. pp. 407–409.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Ishwarcharandas, Sadhu (1978). Pragji Bhakta - A short biography of Brahmaswarup Bhagatji Maharaj. Ahmedabad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Williams, Raymond Brady (2001). An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-65279-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will","url_text":"An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-65279-7","url_text":"978-0-521-65279-7"}]},{"reference":"Dave, Harshadrai (March 2011). \"The Glory of Bhagatji Maharaj\". Swaminarayan Bliss. Translated by Parekh, Amar: 11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Amrutvijaydas, Sadhu (2006). Shastriji Maharaj Life and Work. Amdavad: Swaminarayan Aksharpith. ISBN 978-81-7526-305-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7526-305-5","url_text":"978-81-7526-305-5"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=LD91JTIl8uIC&pg=PA155","external_links_name":"155"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AHI7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA46","external_links_name":"46"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/introductiontosw0000will","external_links_name":"An introduction to Swaminarayan Hinduism"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aislabie_(1700-1781)
William Aislabie (1700–1781)
["1 Background","2 Political career","3 Family","4 Sources","5 Notes"]
English politician William Aislabie (1700 – 17 May 1781) of Studley Royal, North Yorkshire was an English landowner and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons for over 60 years from 1721 to 1781. His long unbroken service in the House of Commons was only surpassed, more than 100 years after his death, by the 63 years achieved by Charles Pelham Villiers at Wolverhampton. Studley Royal, 1880 Background Aislabie was the son of John Aislabie of Studley Royal, North Yorkshire and his first wife, Anne Rawlinson daughter of Sir William Rawlinson of Hendon. He inherited and landscaped Hack Fall Wood, near Grewelthorpe, North Yorkshire. Political career Kirkby Fleetham Hall, North Yorkshire Aislabie's father bought Kirkby Fleetham estate for him in North Yorkshire on reaching his age of majority, c.1722 and he was first elected as Member of Parliament for Ripon on 17 May 1721 In the immediate aftermath of his father's disgrace for his connection with the South Sea Bubble, Aislabie's brother John Aislabie Jr. had previously held the seat. In 1721 William Aislabie actually partnered (in the then two-member seat) his uncle of the same name and for a later part of the time his cousin, also named William Aislabie. He served continuously as the MP for Ripon until his death in 1781, a period of 60 years 47 days, reaching the position of Father of the House of Commons in 1768. His last recorded speech in the House, on the Duke of Bridgewater's Canals Bill, was made in 1770, he last voted in 1773, and in 1779, The Public Ledger journal commented: "His age and infirmities do not allow him to attend." In 1738 Aislabie was also appointed as an Auditor of the Imprests, and from 1749 until his death was registrar of the consistory court of the Diocese of York. On his father's death in 1742 he inherited the Studley estate and in 1768 purchased the adjacent Fountains estate for £16,000. Aislabie then spent large amounts of time and energy developing one of England's finest water gardens on the estate. In 1781, the year of his death, he undertook the restoration of the Ripon Obelisk which had been built by his father to a design by Nicholas Hawksmoor. William's renovation added a weathervane in the shape of the celebrated Ripon hornblower. Family Aislabie married firstly, in about 1722, Lady Elizabeth Cecil (1706–1733), the daughter of the 6th Earl of Exeter, with whom he had two sons and two daughters, and secondly, on 6 September 1745, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Charles Vernon of Farnham, Surrey, with whom he had one son and one daughter. None of his sons survived him. Studley Royal was left to his daughter Elizabeth, who had married Charles Allanson, his fellow MP. He built the present Kirkby Fleetham Hall on the Kirkby Fleetham estate in the mid-1700s for another daughter, Ann Sophie, who had married William Lawrence. Sources Roots web article on Aislabie Parks and Gardens web site Burleigh Portrait of William Aislabie of Studley Royal, Jonathan Richardson (1667-1745) Notes ^ a b c d Newman, A.N. "William Aislabie". History of Parliament. Retrieved 30 July 2021. ^ "Hackfall conservation area character appraisal" (PDF). nidderdaleaonb.co.uk. Harrogate Borough Council. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2020. ^ Beatson, Robert. A chronological register of both houses of the British Parliament, from the union in 1708, to the third Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in 1807 (Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1807) p. 242 ^ Bean, William Wardell. The parliamentary representation of the six northern counties of England: Cumberland, Durham, Lancashire, Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Yorkshire, and their cities and boroughs. From 1603, to the general election of 1886. With lists of members and biographical notices (C. H. Bramwell, 1890) p. 1026 ^ Coppack, Glen (1993). Fountains Abbey. B. T. Batsford Ltd / English Heritage. p. 105. ISBN 0-7134-6859-9. Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byJohn AislabieWilliam Aislabie (elder) Member of Parliament for Ripon 1721–1781 With: William Aislabie (elder) to 1722John Scrope 1722–27William Aislabie (3) 1727–34Thomas Duncombe 1734–41Hon. Henry Vane 1741–47Sir Charles Vernon 1747–61William Lawrence 1761–68Charles Allanson 1768–75William Lawrence 1775–80Frederick Robinson from 1780 Succeeded byFrederick RobinsonWilliam Lawrence Preceded bySir John Rushout, 4th Baronet Father of the House 1768–1781 Succeeded byCharles FitzRoy-Scudamore vteFathers of the House of Commons of England and House of Commons of the United Kingdom Fagg Turgis Musgrave Strangways Onslow Erle E. Vaughan R. Vaughan Powlett Isham Turner Bradshaigh Ashe Cartwright Shuttleworth Gybbon Rushout Aislabie FitzRoy-Scudamore Nugent Frederick Ellis Drake Stephens Tudway Aubrey Smith Byng Williams-Wynn Harcourt Burrell Lowther T. Williams Lowry-Corry Weld-Forester Talbot Villiers Mowbray Beach Hicks Beach Finch Campbell-Bannerman Kennaway Burt O'Connor Lloyd George Winterton O'Neill Grenfell Churchill Butler Turton Strauss Parker Callaghan Braine Heath Dalyell A. Williams Tapsell Kaufman Clarke Bottomley Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Artists ULAN
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tory"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Charles Pelham Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pelham_Villiers"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Studley_Royal_from_Morriss_County_Seats_(1880).jpg"}],"text":"English politicianWilliam Aislabie (1700 – 17 May 1781) of Studley Royal, North Yorkshire was an English landowner and Tory politician who sat in the House of Commons for over 60 years from 1721 to 1781. His long unbroken service in the House of Commons was only surpassed, more than 100 years after his death, by the 63 years achieved by Charles Pelham Villiers at Wolverhampton.Studley Royal, 1880","title":"William Aislabie (1700–1781)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Aislabie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aislabie"},{"link_name":"Studley Royal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studley_Royal"},{"link_name":"Sir William Rawlinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Rawlinson_(Commissioner)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hop-1"},{"link_name":"Hack Fall Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hack_Fall_Wood"},{"link_name":"Grewelthorpe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grewelthorpe"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Aislabie was the son of John Aislabie of Studley Royal, North Yorkshire and his first wife, Anne Rawlinson daughter of Sir William Rawlinson of Hendon.[1] He inherited and landscaped Hack Fall Wood, near Grewelthorpe, North Yorkshire.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kirkby_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_538496.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kirkby Fleetham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirkby_Fleetham"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Ripon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hop-1"},{"link_name":"South Sea Bubble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Sea_Bubble"},{"link_name":"uncle of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Aislabie_(governor)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Father of the House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_House_of_Commons"},{"link_name":"Duke of Bridgewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Egerton,_3rd_Duke_of_Bridgewater"},{"link_name":"Auditor of the Imprests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditor_of_the_Imprests"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hop-1"},{"link_name":"Studley estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park#Studley_Magna"},{"link_name":"Fountains estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fountains_Abbey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Ripon Obelisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_Obelisk"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Hawksmoor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Hawksmoor"},{"link_name":"weathervane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weathervane"},{"link_name":"Ripon hornblower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripon_hornblower"}],"text":"Kirkby Fleetham Hall, North YorkshireAislabie's father bought Kirkby Fleetham estate for him in North Yorkshire on reaching his age of majority, c.1722 and he was first elected as Member of Parliament for Ripon on 17 May 1721 [1] In the immediate aftermath of his father's disgrace for his connection with the South Sea Bubble, Aislabie's brother John Aislabie Jr. had previously held the seat. In 1721 William Aislabie actually partnered (in the then two-member seat) his uncle of the same name and for a later part of the time his cousin, also named William Aislabie.[3]He served continuously as the MP for Ripon until his death in 1781, a period of 60 years 47 days, reaching the position of Father of the House of Commons in 1768. His last recorded speech in the House, on the Duke of Bridgewater's Canals Bill, was made in 1770, he last voted in 1773, and in 1779, The Public Ledger journal commented: \"His age and infirmities do not allow him to attend.\"In 1738 Aislabie was also appointed as an Auditor of the Imprests,[4] and from 1749 until his death was registrar of the consistory court of the Diocese of York.[1]On his father's death in 1742 he inherited the Studley estate and in 1768 purchased the adjacent Fountains estate for £16,000.[5] Aislabie then spent large amounts of time and energy developing one of England's finest water gardens on the estate.In 1781, the year of his death, he undertook the restoration of the Ripon Obelisk which had been built by his father to a design by Nicholas Hawksmoor. William's renovation added a weathervane in the shape of the celebrated Ripon hornblower.","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"6th Earl of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6th_Earl_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Farnham, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farnham,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hop-1"},{"link_name":"Charles Allanson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Allanson"}],"text":"Aislabie married firstly, in about 1722, Lady Elizabeth Cecil (1706–1733), the daughter of the 6th Earl of Exeter, with whom he had two sons and two daughters, and secondly, on 6 September 1745, Elizabeth, daughter of Sir Charles Vernon of Farnham, Surrey, with whom he had one son and one daughter. None of his sons survived him.[1] Studley Royal was left to his daughter Elizabeth, who had married Charles Allanson, his fellow MP. He built the present Kirkby Fleetham Hall on the Kirkby Fleetham estate in the mid-1700s for another daughter, Ann Sophie, who had married William Lawrence.","title":"Family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Roots web article on Aislabie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archiver.rootsweb.ancestry.com/th/read/GEN-MEDIEVAL/2007-05/1180381867"},{"link_name":"Parks and Gardens web site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,person/id,19/Itemid,292/"},{"link_name":"Burleigh Portrait of William Aislabie of Studley Royal, Jonathan Richardson (1667-1745)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.burghley.co.uk/collections/collection/portrait-of-william-aislabie-of-studley-royal-jonathan-richardson-c-1664-1745/"}],"text":"Roots web article on Aislabie\nParks and Gardens web site\nBurleigh Portrait of William Aislabie of Studley Royal, Jonathan Richardson (1667-1745)","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hop_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hop_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hop_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-hop_1-3"},{"link_name":"\"William Aislabie\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/aislabie-william-1699-1781"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Hackfall conservation area character appraisal\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nidderdaleaonb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CAA_Hackfall.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7134-6859-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-6859-9"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Fathers_of_the_House"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Fathers_of_the_House"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fathers_of_the_House"},{"link_name":"Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_of_the_House_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"},{"link_name":"House of Commons of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Fagg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Fagg,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Turgis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Turgis"},{"link_name":"Musgrave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Christopher_Musgrave,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Strangways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Strangways_(1643%E2%80%931713)"},{"link_name":"Onslow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Onslow,_1st_Baron_Onslow"},{"link_name":"Erle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Erle_(1650%E2%80%931720)"},{"link_name":"E. Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vaughan_(died_1718)"},{"link_name":"R. Vaughan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Vaughan_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Powlett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_William_Powlett"},{"link_name":"Isham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Justinian_Isham,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Turner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Turner,_1st_Baronet,_of_Warham"},{"link_name":"Bradshaigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Roger_Bradshaigh,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Ashe_(died_1748)"},{"link_name":"Cartwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Cartwright_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Shuttleworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Shuttleworth_(MP_for_Lancashire)"},{"link_name":"Gybbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phillips_Gybbon"},{"link_name":"Rushout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Rushout,_4th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Aislabie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"FitzRoy-Scudamore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_FitzRoy-Scudamore"},{"link_name":"Nugent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Nugent,_1st_Earl_Nugent"},{"link_name":"Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Frederick_(MP)"},{"link_name":"Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welbore_Ellis,_1st_Baron_Mendip"},{"link_name":"Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Drake_(1723%E2%80%931796)"},{"link_name":"Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Philip_Stephens,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Tudway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clement_Tudway"},{"link_name":"Aubrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Aubrey,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Smith_(1754%E2%80%931834)"},{"link_name":"Byng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Byng_(1764%E2%80%931847)"},{"link_name":"Williams-Wynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Williams-Wynn_(1775%E2%80%931850)"},{"link_name":"Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"Burrell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Charles_Burrell,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Lowther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lowther_(politician)"},{"link_name":"T. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Peers_Williams"},{"link_name":"Lowry-Corry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Lowry-Corry_(1803%E2%80%931873)"},{"link_name":"Weld-Forester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Weld-Forester,_3rd_Baron_Forester"},{"link_name":"Talbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Rice_Mansel_Talbot"},{"link_name":"Villiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pelham_Villiers"},{"link_name":"Mowbray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Mowbray,_1st_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bramston_Beach_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Hicks Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Hicks_Beach,_1st_Earl_St_Aldwyn"},{"link_name":"Finch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Finch_(1835%E2%80%931907)"},{"link_name":"Campbell-Bannerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Campbell-Bannerman"},{"link_name":"Kennaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_John_Kennaway,_3rd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Burt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Burt"},{"link_name":"O'Connor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._P._O%27Connor"},{"link_name":"Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Winterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Turnour,_6th_Earl_Winterton"},{"link_name":"O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_O%27Neill,_1st_Baron_Rathcavan"},{"link_name":"Grenfell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Rhys_Grenfell"},{"link_name":"Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rab_Butler"},{"link_name":"Turton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Turton,_Baron_Tranmire"},{"link_name":"Strauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Strauss"},{"link_name":"Parker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Parker_(Labour_politician)"},{"link_name":"Callaghan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Callaghan"},{"link_name":"Braine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Braine"},{"link_name":"Heath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Heath"},{"link_name":"Dalyell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam_Dalyell"},{"link_name":"A. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Williams_(Swansea_West_MP)"},{"link_name":"Tapsell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tapsell_(British_politician)"},{"link_name":"Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Clarke"},{"link_name":"Bottomley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Bottomley"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8004206#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/432176/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000083815619"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/50141535"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJjxmQrBwJqQXBbHc3R3Qq"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/123682592"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/no99026414"},{"link_name":"ULAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500253933"}],"text":"^ a b c d Newman, A.N. \"William Aislabie\". History of Parliament. Retrieved 30 July 2021.\n\n^ \"Hackfall conservation area character appraisal\" (PDF). nidderdaleaonb.co.uk. Harrogate Borough Council. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2020.\n\n^ Beatson, Robert. A chronological register of both houses of the British Parliament, from the union in 1708, to the third Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, in 1807 (Longman, Hurst, Rees and Orme, 1807) p. 242\n\n^ Bean, William Wardell. The parliamentary representation of the six northern counties of England: Cumberland, Durham, Lancashire, Northumberland, Westmoreland, and Yorkshire, and their cities and boroughs. From 1603, to the general election of 1886. With lists of members and biographical notices (C. H. Bramwell, 1890) p. 1026\n\n^ Coppack, Glen (1993). Fountains Abbey. B. T. Batsford Ltd / English Heritage. p. 105. ISBN 0-7134-6859-9.vteFathers of the House of Commons of England and House of Commons of the United Kingdom\nFagg\nTurgis\nMusgrave\nStrangways\nOnslow\nErle\nE. Vaughan\nR. Vaughan\nPowlett\nIsham\nTurner\nBradshaigh\nAshe\nCartwright\nShuttleworth\nGybbon\nRushout\nAislabie\nFitzRoy-Scudamore\nNugent\nFrederick\nEllis\nDrake\nStephens\nTudway\nAubrey\nSmith\nByng\nWilliams-Wynn\nHarcourt\nBurrell\nLowther\nT. Williams\nLowry-Corry\nWeld-Forester\nTalbot\nVilliers\nMowbray\nBeach\nHicks Beach\nFinch\nCampbell-Bannerman\nKennaway\nBurt\nO'Connor\nLloyd George\nWinterton\nO'Neill\nGrenfell\nChurchill\nButler\nTurton\nStrauss\nParker\nCallaghan\nBraine\nHeath\nDalyell\nA. Williams\nTapsell\nKaufman\nClarke\nBottomleyAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nUnited States\nArtists\nULAN","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Studley Royal, 1880","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Studley_Royal_from_Morriss_County_Seats_%281880%29.jpg/220px-Studley_Royal_from_Morriss_County_Seats_%281880%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Kirkby Fleetham Hall, North Yorkshire","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kirkby_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_538496.jpg/220px-Kirkby_Hall_-_geograph.org.uk_-_538496.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Newman, A.N. \"William Aislabie\". History of Parliament. Retrieved 30 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/aislabie-william-1699-1781","url_text":"\"William Aislabie\""}]},{"reference":"\"Hackfall conservation area character appraisal\" (PDF). nidderdaleaonb.co.uk. Harrogate Borough Council. 14 December 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://nidderdaleaonb.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2018/06/CAA_Hackfall.pdf","url_text":"\"Hackfall conservation area character appraisal\""}]},{"reference":"Coppack, Glen (1993). Fountains Abbey. B. T. Batsford Ltd / English Heritage. p. 105. ISBN 0-7134-6859-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7134-6859-9","url_text":"0-7134-6859-9"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ator
Šator
["1 Geography","2 Peaks","3 Flora and fauna","4 Tourism","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 44°9′22″N 16°35′22″E / 44.15611°N 16.58944°E / 44.15611; 16.58944ŠatorŠatorHighest pointElevation1,872 m (6,142 ft)Coordinates44°9′22″N 16°35′22″E / 44.15611°N 16.58944°E / 44.15611; 16.58944GeographyŠatorLocation in Bosnia and Herzegovina LocationBosnia and HerzegovinaParent rangeDinaric Alps Šator (Serbian Cyrillic: Шатор) is a mountain in the Dinaric Alps, in the western regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The name šator means "tent". The highest peak Veliki Šator is 1,872 m (6,142 ft) above sea level. Dimensions of the mountain are some 15 km (9 miles) in the west–east and 10 km (6 miles) in the north–south direction. The mountain area includes a lake, rich flora and fauna, numerous geomorphological and hydrological phenomena, as well as the aesthetic appearance in general. Geography Šator rises some 1000 meters above high plains and enormous karstic fields which surround it. These plains are among highest and most spacious karstic fields in the Dinaric Alps and certainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina. On the south is Livanjsko Polje field located some 700 m (2,297 ft) above sea level, which is over 50 km (31 mi) long. Šator rises from its north - north-west end. In the opposite direction, south - south-east, are Mount Staretina, peaking at 1,675 m (5,495 ft) above sea level, and Mountain Golija, 1,890 m (6,201 ft) above sea level. These mountains divide the Livanjsko field from the Glamočko Polje field. To the east is a huge grassy plain, which is around 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above sea level. To the north is deep valley where the Unac River emerge and Župica Lake. On the north-west is an 1,100-metre-high (3,609 ft) grassy plateau, and a 1,656-metre-high (5,433 ft) mountain of Jadovnik. The spacious and grassy Grahovsko Polje field is on the west, with an altitude above sea level of around 900 m (2,953 ft) meters. At the middle of the Grahovsko field is a small town of Bosansko Grahovo at an altitude around 861 m (2,825 ft) above sea level, a place which is a main approach to Šator. This whole area is bounded with a long mountain chain, which includes the peaks of Dinara on the border with Croatia. Peaks Šator as seen from Grahovsko polje Šator peaks start rising with a sort of plateau 1,500 m (4,921 ft) meters above sea level, at the end of the dense forests of beech, fir and spruce. Those 5 peaks have a shape like tent and form a 10-kilometre-long (6 mi) string in east–west direction. That is almost perpendicular to most of Dinaric Alps mountains, which stretch in southeast–northwest direction. From a distance the whole mountain gives the impression of tent and that is how it got its name (Bosnian: šator = English: tent). The highest peak, on the western end, is Veliki Šator (Bosnian: Veliki Šator = English: Great Šator) which rises to 1,872 m (6,142 ft) above sea level, while somewhat isolated, on the eastern end, is Mali Šator (Bosnian: Mali Šator = English: Little Šator), slightly shorter at 1,768 m (5,801 ft). Two of the remaining three peaks exceed 1,750 m (5,741 ft) above sea level, while the third, the neighbor of Mali Šator, exceeds 1,800 m (5,906 ft) above sea level. Flora and fauna South slopes of Šator are grassy, in spring covered with carpets of flowers. On the opposite, north side are steep cliffs and scree slopes (also: talus piles) and karst depression with lot of dwarf pine. Šator and area around the mountain were enormous pastures for thousands of cattle, which were driven from as far as Dalmatia, but are now almost depopulated. Tourism Šator is a tame mountain in general, in a sense, and therefore more suitable for family trips instead of serious mountaineering. A mountain road that reaches Šatorsko Lake at 1,488 m (4,882 ft) above sea level, grassy slopes, carpets of flowers and dense forests make this mountain attractive for visitors. See also List of mountains in Bosnia and Herzegovina Šatorsko Lake Prekajsko Lake Unac River Vrelo Bastašice References This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Šator" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
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Dimensions of the mountain are some 15 km (9 miles) in the west–east and 10 km (6 miles) in the north–south direction.The mountain area includes a lake, rich flora and fauna, numerous geomorphological and hydrological phenomena, as well as the aesthetic appearance in general.","title":"Šator"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"plains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain"},{"link_name":"karstic fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstic_field"},{"link_name":"karstic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karstic"},{"link_name":"Livanjsko Polje field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livanjsko_field"},{"link_name":"Staretina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staretina"},{"link_name":"Livanjsko field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livanjsko_field"},{"link_name":"Glamočko Polje field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glamo%C4%8Dko_field&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valley"},{"link_name":"Unac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unac_River"},{"link_name":"Župica Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDupica_Lake"},{"link_name":"plateau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"Jadovnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadovnik"},{"link_name":"altitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"Bosansko Grahovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosansko_Grahovo"},{"link_name":"Dinara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinara"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"}],"text":"Šator rises some 1000 meters above high plains and enormous karstic fields which surround it. These plains are among highest and most spacious karstic fields in the Dinaric Alps and certainly in Bosnia and Herzegovina.On the south is Livanjsko Polje field located some 700 m (2,297 ft) above sea level, which is over 50 km (31 mi) long. Šator rises from its north - north-west end.In the opposite direction, south - south-east, are Mount Staretina, peaking at 1,675 m (5,495 ft) above sea level, and Mountain Golija, 1,890 m (6,201 ft) above sea level. These mountains divide the Livanjsko field from the Glamočko Polje field.To the east is a huge grassy plain, which is around 1,000 m (3,281 ft) above sea level. To the north is deep valley where the Unac River emerge and Župica Lake. On the north-west is an 1,100-metre-high (3,609 ft) grassy plateau, and a 1,656-metre-high (5,433 ft) mountain of Jadovnik.The spacious and grassy Grahovsko Polje field is on the west, with an altitude above sea level of around 900 m (2,953 ft) meters. At the middle of the Grahovsko field is a small town of Bosansko Grahovo at an altitude around 861 m (2,825 ft) above sea level, a place which is a main approach to Šator. This whole area is bounded with a long mountain chain, which includes the peaks of Dinara on the border with Croatia.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grahovsko_polje_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"beech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beech"},{"link_name":"fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fir"},{"link_name":"spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spruce"},{"link_name":"tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent"},{"link_name":"Dinaric Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinaric_Alps"},{"link_name":"tent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tent"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_language"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_language"},{"link_name":"Bosnian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnian_language"}],"text":"Šator as seen from Grahovsko poljeŠator peaks start rising with a sort of plateau 1,500 m (4,921 ft) meters above sea level, at the end of the dense forests of beech, fir and spruce. Those 5 peaks have a shape like tent and form a 10-kilometre-long (6 mi) string in east–west direction. That is almost perpendicular to most of Dinaric Alps mountains, which stretch in southeast–northwest direction.From a distance the whole mountain gives the impression of tent and that is how it got its name (Bosnian: šator = English: tent). \nThe highest peak, on the western end, is Veliki Šator (Bosnian: Veliki Šator = English: Great Šator) which rises to 1,872 m (6,142 ft) above sea level, while somewhat isolated, on the eastern end, is Mali Šator (Bosnian: Mali Šator = English: Little Šator), slightly shorter at 1,768 m (5,801 ft). Two of the remaining three peaks exceed 1,750 m (5,741 ft) above sea level, while the third, the neighbor of Mali Šator, exceeds 1,800 m (5,906 ft) above sea level.","title":"Peaks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"slopes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slope"},{"link_name":"cliffs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cliff"},{"link_name":"scree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scree"},{"link_name":"karst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karst"},{"link_name":"pine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine"},{"link_name":"pastures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pastures"},{"link_name":"cattle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cattle"},{"link_name":"Dalmatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalmatia"}],"text":"South slopes of Šator are grassy, in spring covered with carpets of flowers. On the opposite, north side are steep cliffs and scree slopes (also: talus piles) and karst depression with lot of dwarf pine.\nŠator and area around the mountain were enormous pastures for thousands of cattle, which were driven from as far as Dalmatia, but are now almost depopulated.","title":"Flora and fauna"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mountaineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"Šatorsko Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0atorsko_Lake"},{"link_name":"attractive for visitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"}],"text":"Šator is a tame mountain in general, in a sense, and therefore more suitable for family trips instead of serious mountaineering. A mountain road that reaches Šatorsko Lake at 1,488 m (4,882 ft) above sea level, grassy slopes, carpets of flowers and dense forests make this mountain attractive for visitors.","title":"Tourism"}]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_New_York_Giants_season
1965 New York Giants season
["1 Offseason","1.1 NFL Draft","2 Roster","3 Schedule","4 Game summaries","4.1 Week 1","4.2 Week 2","5 Standings","6 See also","7 References"]
NFL team season 1965 New York Giants seasonOwnerWellington MaraHead coachAllie ShermanHome fieldYankee StadiumResultsRecord7–7Division placeT-2nd NFL EasternPlayoff finishDid not qualify ← 1964 Giants seasons 1966 → The 1965 New York Giants season was the franchise's 41st season in the National Football League. The Giants were led by fifth-year head coach Allie Sherman and finished with a 7–7 record, which placed them in a tie for second in the Eastern Conference with the Dallas Cowboys, four games behind the Cleveland Browns. The Cowboys won both meetings with the Giants and gained the berth as the conference runner-up in the third place Playoff Bowl in Miami. During the offseason, the Giants traded for quarterback Earl Morrall. New York began with two wins in their first three games, and held a 4–4 mark before a two-game losing streak. They won three of their next four games before losing the regular season finale, their second game against the Cowboys. Morrall started all 14 games for the Giants, throwing 22 touchdown passes and 12 interceptions. Tucker Frederickson topped the team with 659 yards rushing; he had six touchdowns, including five on the ground. Joe Morrison led the with 41 receptions, while Homer Jones had a team-high 709 receiving yards and six touchdown catches. Defensively, Spider Lockhart and Dick Lynch each had four interceptions, and Jim Katcavage had 5.5 sacks to lead New York. Frederickson and tackle Rosey Brown were selected for the 1966 Pro Bowl. Offseason January 22, 1965: Y. A. Tittle, 38, announced his retirement from professional football. June 29, 1965: Giants president Jack Mara died at age 57. July 1965: Head coach Allie Sherman signed a ten-year contract, at $50,000 per year. He was fired in September 1969. NFL Draft In the 1965 NFL draft, the Giants had the first overall selection and took running back Tucker Frederickson; future hall of famers taken later in the first round were Joe Namath, Gale Sayers, and Dick Butkus. Roster 1965 New York Giants roster Quarterbacks 11 Earl Morrall 19 Gary Wood Running backs 24 Tucker Frederickson 29 Chuck Mercein 40 Joe Morrison 33 Smith Reed 27 Steve Thurlow 30 Ernie Wheelwright Wide receivers 45 Homer Jones 85 Del Shofner Tight ends 89 Bobby Crespino 88 Aaron Thomas Offensive linemen 61 Ed Adamchik C 63 Bookie Bolin G 79 Rosey Brown T 65 Pete Case G 74 Roger Davis G/T 53 Greg Larson C 71 Frank Lasky T 70 John McDowell T 55 Bob Scholtz C 64 Mickey Walker G/C/LB Defensive linemen 73 Roger Anderson DT 74 Mike Bundra DT 83 Glen Condren DT/DE 77 Rosey Davis DE 75 Jim Katcavage DE 78 Roger LaLonde DT 76 John LoVetere DT 68 Dave O'Brien DT/T/G 72 Andy Stynchula DE Linebackers 60 Jim Carroll 54 Tom Costello 87 Jerry Hillebrand 51 Lou Slaby 52 Bill Swain 54 Olen Underwood Defensive backs 28 Henry Carr S/CB 48 Clarence Childs CB/HB 43 Spider Lockhart CB 22 Dick Lynch CB 20 Jimmy Patton S 21 Allan Webb S/HB 41 Willie Williams CB Special teams 23 Ernie Koy Jr. RB/P 18 Bob Timberlake QB/K Reserve lists {{{reserve_lists}}} Practice squad {{{practice_squad}}} Rookies in italics Schedule Week Date Opponent Result Record Venue Attendance 1 September 19 at Dallas Cowboys L 2–31 0–1 Cotton Bowl 59,366 2 September 26 at Philadelphia Eagles W 16–14 1–1 Franklin Field 57,154 3 October 3 at Pittsburgh Steelers W 23–13 2–1 Pitt Stadium 31,871 4 October 9 at Minnesota Vikings L 14–40 2–2 Metropolitan Stadium 44,283 5 October 17 Philadelphia Eagles W 35–27 3–2 Yankee Stadium 62,815 6 October 24 Cleveland Browns L 14–38 3–3 Yankee Stadium 62,864 7 October 31 St. Louis Cardinals W 14–10 4–3 Yankee Stadium 62,807 8 November 7 Washington Redskins L 7–23 4–4 Yankee Stadium 62,788 9 November 14 at Cleveland Browns L 21–34 4–5 Cleveland Municipal Stadium 82,426 10 November 21 at St. Louis Cardinals W 28–15 5–5 Busch Stadium 31,704 11 November 28 Chicago Bears L 14–35 5–6 Yankee Stadium 62,933 12 December 5 Pittsburgh Steelers W 35–10 6–6 Yankee Stadium 62,735 13 December 12 at Washington Redskins W 27–10 7–6 D. C. Stadium 50,373 14 December 19 Dallas Cowboys L 20–38 7–7 Yankee Stadium 62,871 Notes: Intra-conference opponents are in bold text. Game summaries Week 1 This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (July 2015) Week 2 1 234Total • Giants 0 763 16 Eagles 7 070 14 Date: September 26Location: Franklin FieldGame attendance: 57,154Game weather: 58 °F (14 °C); wind 8 mph (13 km/h) Scoring summaryQ1PHISnead 1 yard run (Baker kick)PHI 7–0 Q2NYGMorrison 11 yard run (Synchula kick)Tie 7–7 Q3NYGStynchula 24 yard field goalNYG 10–7 Q3PHISnead 1 yard run (Baker kick)PHI 14–10 Q3NYGStynchula 20 yard field goalPHI 14–13 Q4NYGStynchula 11 yard field goalNYG 16–14 Standings NFL Eastern Conference viewtalkedit W L T PCT CONF PF PA STK Cleveland Browns 11 3 0 .786 11–1 363 325 W1 Dallas Cowboys 7 7 0 .500 6–6 325 280 W3 New York Giants 7 7 0 .500 7–5 270 338 L1 Washington Redskins 6 8 0 .429 6–6 257 301 W1 Philadelphia Eagles 5 9 0 .357 5–7 363 359 L1 St. Louis Cardinals 5 9 0 .357 5–7 296 309 L6 Pittsburgh Steelers 2 12 0 .143 2–10 202 397 L7 Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972. See also 1965 NFL season References ^ a b c "1965 New York Giants". Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on June 11, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009. ^ "1965 NFL Standings, Team & Offensive Statistics". Pro Football Reference. Archived from the original on April 14, 2009. Retrieved May 3, 2009. ^ Samuel, Ebenezer (January 5, 2015). "Former NY Giants coach Allie Sherman dead at 91". New York Daily News. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ "Dallas clips Giants, lands Playoff Bowl". Victoria Advocate. Texas. Associated Press. December 20, 1965. p. 12. ^ "Cowboys jar Giants for ticket to Playoff Bowl". Schenectady Gazette. New York. Associated Press. December 20, 1965. p. 27. ^ Whittingham, Richard (2005). Illustrated History of the New York Giants. Chicago, Illinois: Triumph Books. p. 139. ISBN 1-57243-641-7. ^ "Giants' Tittle retires, Timberlake is on way". Milwaukee Journal. Wire services. January 23, 1965. p. 12. ^ Giants Among Men, pp. 276, 279, Jack Cavanaugh, 2008, Random House, New York, NY, ISBN 978-1-4000-6717-6 ^ "Mara, President of Giants, dead". Lewiston Daily Sun. Maine. Associated Press. June 30, 1965. p. 9. ^ "Giants give Sherman 10-year contract". Reading Eagle. Pennsylvania. Associated Press. July 26, 1965. p. 4. ^ Giants Among Men, p. 278, Jack Cavanaugh, 2008, Random House, New York, NY, ISBN 978-1-4000-6717-6 ^ "Giants say goodbye to Allie as coach". Schenectady Gazette. New York. Associated Press. September 13, 1969. p. 18. ^ Richman, Milton (September 17, 1969). "Firing Sherman tough task for Giants' boss". The Dispatch. Lexington, North Carolina. United Press International. p. 14. ^ Costello, Brian (April 24, 2005). "Whatever Happened To ... Tucker Frederickson". New York Post. Retrieved April 1, 2016. ^ "New York Giants 16 at Philadelphia Eagles 14". Pro Football Reference. Retrieved July 21, 2015. vteNew York Giants Founded in 1925 Based and headquartered in East Rutherford, New Jersey Franchise Franchise Seasons Coaches Players First-round draft picks Quarterbacks Logos and uniforms History 1925–1978 1979–1993 1994–present Financial history Stadiums Polo Grounds Yankee Stadium Yale Bowl Shea Stadium Giants Stadium MetLife Stadium Culture Cleveland Bulldogs The Duke Crunch Bunch Gatorade shower Big Blue Wrecking Crew I'm going to Disney World! Little Giants "New York Groove" "We Fly High" "The Masseuse" (Seinfeld episode) Big Fan Bob Sheppard Jim Hall Yankee Stadium Legacy License Plate Guy The Best Man Holiday Lore Sneakers Game The Greatest Game Ever Played Chuck Bednarik's hit on Frank Gifford The Fumble Wide Right Snowball Game 2007 game vs. New England Patriots Helmet Catch Miracle at the New Meadowlands Rivalries Chicago Bears Dallas Cowboys Green Bay Packers New England Patriots New York Jets Philadelphia Eagles San Francisco 49ers Washington Commanders Key personnel Owners: John Mara & Steve Tisch General manager: Joe Schoen Head coach: Brian Daboll Division championships (22) 1933 1934 1935 1938 1939 1941 1944 1946 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1986 1989 1990 1997 2000 2005 2008 2011 Conference championships (11) 1956 1958 1959 1961 1962 1963 1986 1990 2000 2007 2011 League championships (8) 1927 1934 1938 1956 1986 (XXI) 1990 (XXV) 2007 (XLII) 2011 (XLVI) Retired numbers 1 4 7 10 11 14 14 16 32 40 42 50 56 92 Media Broadcasters Radio network Bob Papa Carl Banks Howard Cross Current league affiliations League: National Football League Conference: National Football Conference Division: East Division vteNew York Giants seasons 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Bold indicates NFL Championship (1920–1969) or Super Bowl (1966–present) victory Italics indicates NFL Championship (1920–1969) or Super Bowl (1966–present) appearance vte1965 NFL season Eastern ConferenceCleveland PittsburghBaltimoreLos Angeles Western Conference Dallas St. LouisChicagoMinnesota New York WashingtonDetroitSan Francisco Philadelphia Green Bay 1965 NFL Draft NFL playoffs NFL Championship Pro Bowl Related: 1965 AFL season This article relating to a New York Giants season is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The Giants were led by fifth-year head coach Allie Sherman and finished with a 7–7 record, which placed them in a tie for second in the Eastern Conference with the Dallas Cowboys, four games behind the Cleveland Browns.[1][2][3] The Cowboys won both meetings with the Giants and gained the berth as the conference runner-up in the third place Playoff Bowl in Miami.[4][5]During the offseason, the Giants traded for quarterback Earl Morrall.[6] New York began with two wins in their first three games, and held a 4–4 mark before a two-game losing streak. They won three of their next four games before losing the regular season finale, their second game against the Cowboys.[1]Morrall started all 14 games for the Giants, throwing 22 touchdown passes and 12 interceptions. Tucker Frederickson topped the team with 659 yards rushing; he had six touchdowns, including five on the ground. Joe Morrison led the with 41 receptions, while Homer Jones had a team-high 709 receiving yards and six touchdown catches. Defensively, Spider Lockhart and Dick Lynch each had four interceptions, and Jim Katcavage had 5.5 sacks to lead New York. Frederickson and tackle Rosey Brown were selected for the 1966 Pro Bowl.[1]","title":"1965 New York Giants season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Y. A. 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Tittle, 38, announced his retirement from professional football.[7][8]\nJune 29, 1965: Giants president Jack Mara died at age 57.[9]\nJuly 1965: Head coach Allie Sherman signed a ten-year contract, at $50,000 per year.[10][11] He was fired in September 1969.[12][13]","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1965 NFL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_NFL_draft"},{"link_name":"Tucker Frederickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_Frederickson"},{"link_name":"hall of famers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame"},{"link_name":"Joe Namath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Namath"},{"link_name":"Gale Sayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gale_Sayers"},{"link_name":"Dick Butkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Butkus"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"NFL Draft","text":"In the 1965 NFL draft, the Giants had the first overall selection and took running back Tucker Frederickson; future hall of famers taken later in the first round were Joe Namath, Gale Sayers, and Dick Butkus.[14]","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Notes: Intra-conference opponents are in bold text.","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Week 1","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Week 2","text":"[15]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Tie games were not officially counted in the standings until 1972.","title":"Standings"}]
[]
[{"title":"1965 NFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1965_NFL_season"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bat_(1959_film)
The Bat (1959 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production and release","4 Reception","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
1959 film The Battheatrical film posterDirected byCrane WilburWritten byCrane Wilbur (screen story and screenplay)Based onThe Circular Staircase1908 novelby Mary Roberts Rinehart andThe Bat (1920 play) by Mary Roberts RinehartAvery HopwoodProduced byC.J. TevlinStarringVincent PriceAgnes MooreheadDarla HoodCinematographyJoseph F. BirocEdited byWilliam AustinMusic byLouis ForbesProductioncompanyLiberty PicturesDistributed byAllied ArtistsRelease date August 9, 1959 (1959-08-09) (US) Running time80 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Bat (1959) by Crane Wilbur The Bat is a 1959 American crime-mystery thriller starring Vincent Price and Agnes Moorehead. It is the fourth film adaptation of the story, which began as a 1908 novel The Circular Staircase by Mary Roberts Rinehart, which she later adapted (with Avery Hopwood) into the 1920 play The Bat. The first film version of the play was the 1926 American silent film The Bat. The film version was adapted by playwright Crane Wilbur, who also directed. The Bat was distributed in 1959 on a double bill with the British Hammer film The Mummy. Now in the public domain, The Bat is available for online download. Plot Vincent Price and Gavin Gordon in The Bat Mystery author Cornelia Van Gorder rents The Oaks, a summer home in a small town, from local bank president John Fleming. While on a hunting trip with his physician, Dr. Malcolm Wells, Fleming confesses to stealing over $1 million in negotiable securities from the bank. He offers to split the money with Wells in return for help faking his own death and threatens to kill him if he does not comply. Wells shoots Fleming and covers up the murder. Meanwhile, the town is being terrorized by a mysterious murderer known as "the Bat", said to be a man with no face who murders women at night by ripping out their throats with steel claws. Van Gorder's assistant Lizzie tells her all the servants, except the chauffeur, have quit in fear. As they lock up The Oaks that night, Lizzie sees the Bat's clawed hand reaching through an unlocked window. Van Gorder calls the police, who promise to send officers to investigate. The Bat breaks into the house and releases a bat, which bites Lizzie. Lizzie fears she may have contracted rabies. Van Gorder calls for Wells to treat the bite. Wells is in his laboratory, doing experiments on bats. The local chief of detectives, Lieutenant Andy Anderson, is watching through a window. When Wells leaves to answer Van Gorder's call, Anderson breaks into the laboratory and searches it. Wells checks Lizzie's wound and catches the bat that bit her. Anderson arrives shortly after and says an officer will watch the house for the rest of the night. Van Gorder is visited by Wells, Dale Bailey, and Judy Hollander. Dale's husband, Victor Bailey, is a clerk at the bank and the prime suspect in the theft of the securities, having been framed by Fleming; Judy works at the bank and is a witness in his defense. While Anderson is visiting Mark Fleming, the nephew and heir of John Fleming, Van Gorder has Dale call him about blueprints that may show a hiding place in The Oaks. Dale promises to help her look for them that evening. Meanwhile, Van Gorder has hired new servants and promoted Warner the chauffeur to butler. While Van Gorder, Judy, and Dale are having dinner, Mark sneaks into the house to look for the blueprints on his own. The Bat kills him and takes the blueprints. Anderson and Wells (who is also the local coroner) arrive to investigate the murder. Anderson questions the women and Van Gorder's new butler, Warner. Anderson tells the women to lock themselves into their rooms for the rest of the night; he will stay to watch for the Bat. After the women go to bed, Anderson goes into the woods behind the house with a flashlight; Warner follows him. Soon after, the Bat enters the house again. He cuts the phone line and goes to the third floor, where he begins chiseling a hole into one of the walls. Hearing the noise from his chiseling, Dale and Judy go to investigate. The Bat kills Judy and flees the house. Anderson returns, saying he saw a man in the woods. He accuses Warner, whom he recognizes as a suspect for a robbery in Chicago; Warner replies he was acquitted. Wells comes to the house, saying he had an accident in his car nearby; Anderson casts suspicion on the doctor as well. Van Gorder investigates the room the Bat was in and realizes there is a secret room behind the wall where he was chiseling. She accidentally traps herself in the room, but is freed by Detective Davenport, the officer assigned to watch the house that evening. Meanwhile, the Bat comes to kill Wells in his laboratory. Wells pulls a gun and taunts the Bat, whose identity Wells seems to know. Wells tells the Bat that he knows where the money is and that, after the Bat is dead, he (Wells) will collect it. Wells then attempts to shoot the Bat but the other attacks. The two men struggle and Wells is killed. The Bat leaves a fake suicide note to frame Wells as the Bat. The Bat returns to Van Gorder's house, where he sets the garage on fire to draw the occupants outside. Mystery writer Van Gorder sees through this ruse, however. She has Dale, Lizzie, and Davenport hide and wait for the Bat. When confronted, the Bat, wearing the mask which obscures the outlines of his face (hence his description as "a man with no face") shoots Davenport, though it is unclear how badly, and is about to kill the three women when Warner returns and shoots him dead. Warner unmasks the Bat, who is revealed to be Lieutenant Anderson, whose motives were financial, as he was one of the first people notified of the theft of the bank securities later converted into cash. Cast Agnes Moorehead as Cornelia Van Gorder Vincent Price as Dr. Malcolm Wells Agnes Moorehead as Cornelia van Gorder Gavin Gordon as Lt. Andy Anderson John Sutton as Warner Lenita Lane as Lizzie Allen Elaine Edwards as Dale Bailey Darla Hood as Judy Hollander John Bryant as Mark Fleming Harvey Stephens as John Fleming Mike Steele as Victor Bailey Riza Royce as Jane Patterson Robert B. Williams as Detective Davenport Cast notes The Bat was the final film appearance for Darla Hood, who between 1935 and 1941 played "Darla" in Our Gang comedy shorts. Production and release Drive-in advertisement from 1959 RKO Pictures bought the rights to remake The Bat from Mary Pickford, who produced the original 1926 film adaptation for United Artists, the studio she founded in 1919 with Douglas Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin and D. W. Griffith. The Bat was released as a double feature with the Hammer horror film The Mummy. Reception According to Turner Classic Movies, in an era of films featuring "rampaging aliens and sinister ghouls", The Bat's period piece approach was not a crowd pleaser, although its reputation has improved over time. Film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film 2 1/2 out of 4 stars (a rating that he used more than any other rating), calling it " faithful filming of Mary Roberts Rinehart-Avery Hopwood play". Allmovie gave the film a mixed review, complimenting the film's screenplay, but criticized the script's mechanical nature and lack of scariness, as well as the varying quality of performances from the cast. But they also stated, "While it's all done in a by-the-numbers manner, there's more than enough here to entertain whodunit fans". In a contemporary review of the film, The New York Times praised Moorehead's "good, snappy performance" and Crane Wilbur's direction. See also List of American films of 1959 List of films featuring home invasions List of films in the public domain in the United States References ^ a b c d Thompson, Nathaniel "The Bat" (article) on TCM.com ^ "The Bat" (1920) on Internet Broadway Database ^ "The Bat" (show) on Internet Broadway Database ^ Erickson, Hal (2015). "The-Bat - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015. ^ The Bat (1959) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive ^ "Notes" on TCM.com ^ a b Thompson, Howard (December 17, 1959). "Bat' on Double Bill". The New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2016. ^ Maltin, Leonard; Green, Spencer; Edelman, Rob (January 2010). Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide. Plume. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-452-29577-3. ^ Butler, Craig. "The Bat.(1959) – Crane Wilbur". AllMovie.com. Craig Butler. Retrieved October 5, 2015. External links Wikiquote has quotations related to The Bat (1959 film). Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Bat (1959 film). The Bat trailer 1959 on YouTube The Bat (1959) at IMDb The Bat (1959) at the TCM Movie Database The Bat (1959) at AllMovie The Bat at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films The Bat (1959) at Rotten Tomatoes The Bat (1959) is available for free viewing and download at the Internet Archive
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It is the fourth film adaptation of the story, which began as a 1908 novel The Circular Staircase by Mary Roberts Rinehart, which she later adapted (with Avery Hopwood) into the 1920 play The Bat.[1][2][3] The first film version of the play was the 1926 American silent film The Bat. The film version was adapted by playwright Crane Wilbur, who also directed.[4]The Bat was distributed in 1959 on a double bill with the British Hammer film The Mummy.[1] Now in the public domain, The Bat is available for online download.[5]","title":"The Bat (1959 film)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vincent_Price-Gavin_Gordon_in_The_Bat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Vincent Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price"},{"link_name":"Gavin Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Gordon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Mystery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mystery_fiction"},{"link_name":"negotiable securities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negotiable_instrument"},{"link_name":"bat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat"},{"link_name":"rabies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabies"},{"link_name":"prime suspect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_suspect"},{"link_name":"blueprints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blueprints"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"acquitted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acquittal"},{"link_name":"suicide note","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide_note"}],"text":"Vincent Price and Gavin Gordon in The BatMystery author Cornelia Van Gorder rents The Oaks, a summer home in a small town, from local bank president John Fleming. While on a hunting trip with his physician, Dr. Malcolm Wells, Fleming confesses to stealing over $1 million in negotiable securities from the bank. He offers to split the money with Wells in return for help faking his own death and threatens to kill him if he does not comply. Wells shoots Fleming and covers up the murder.Meanwhile, the town is being terrorized by a mysterious murderer known as \"the Bat\", said to be a man with no face who murders women at night by ripping out their throats with steel claws. Van Gorder's assistant Lizzie tells her all the servants, except the chauffeur, have quit in fear. As they lock up The Oaks that night, Lizzie sees the Bat's clawed hand reaching through an unlocked window. Van Gorder calls the police, who promise to send officers to investigate. The Bat breaks into the house and releases a bat, which bites Lizzie. Lizzie fears she may have contracted rabies. Van Gorder calls for Wells to treat the bite.Wells is in his laboratory, doing experiments on bats. The local chief of detectives, Lieutenant Andy Anderson, is watching through a window. When Wells leaves to answer Van Gorder's call, Anderson breaks into the laboratory and searches it. Wells checks Lizzie's wound and catches the bat that bit her. Anderson arrives shortly after and says an officer will watch the house for the rest of the night.Van Gorder is visited by Wells, Dale Bailey, and Judy Hollander. Dale's husband, Victor Bailey, is a clerk at the bank and the prime suspect in the theft of the securities, having been framed by Fleming; Judy works at the bank and is a witness in his defense. While Anderson is visiting Mark Fleming, the nephew and heir of John Fleming, Van Gorder has Dale call him about blueprints that may show a hiding place in The Oaks. Dale promises to help her look for them that evening. Meanwhile, Van Gorder has hired new servants and promoted Warner the chauffeur to butler.While Van Gorder, Judy, and Dale are having dinner, Mark sneaks into the house to look for the blueprints on his own. The Bat kills him and takes the blueprints. Anderson and Wells (who is also the local coroner) arrive to investigate the murder. Anderson questions the women and Van Gorder's new butler, Warner. Anderson tells the women to lock themselves into their rooms for the rest of the night; he will stay to watch for the Bat.After the women go to bed, Anderson goes into the woods behind the house with a flashlight; Warner follows him. Soon after, the Bat enters the house again. He cuts the phone line and goes to the third floor, where he begins chiseling a hole into one of the walls. Hearing the noise from his chiseling, Dale and Judy go to investigate. The Bat kills Judy and flees the house. Anderson returns, saying he saw a man in the woods. He accuses Warner, whom he recognizes as a suspect for a robbery in Chicago; Warner replies he was acquitted. Wells comes to the house, saying he had an accident in his car nearby; Anderson casts suspicion on the doctor as well.Van Gorder investigates the room the Bat was in and realizes there is a secret room behind the wall where he was chiseling. She accidentally traps herself in the room, but is freed by Detective Davenport, the officer assigned to watch the house that evening. Meanwhile, the Bat comes to kill Wells in his laboratory. Wells pulls a gun and taunts the Bat, whose identity Wells seems to know. Wells tells the Bat that he knows where the money is and that, after the Bat is dead, he (Wells) will collect it. Wells then attempts to shoot the Bat but the other attacks. The two men struggle and Wells is killed. The Bat leaves a fake suicide note to frame Wells as the Bat.The Bat returns to Van Gorder's house, where he sets the garage on fire to draw the occupants outside. Mystery writer Van Gorder sees through this ruse, however. She has Dale, Lizzie, and Davenport hide and wait for the Bat. When confronted, the Bat, wearing the mask which obscures the outlines of his face (hence his description as \"a man with no face\") shoots Davenport, though it is unclear how badly, and is about to kill the three women when Warner returns and shoots him dead. Warner unmasks the Bat, who is revealed to be Lieutenant Anderson, whose motives were financial, as he was one of the first people notified of the theft of the bank securities later converted into cash.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Agnes_Moorehead_in_The_Bat.jpg"},{"link_name":"Agnes Moorehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead"},{"link_name":"Vincent Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Price"},{"link_name":"Agnes Moorehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agnes_Moorehead"},{"link_name":"Gavin Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gavin_Gordon_(actor)"},{"link_name":"John Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sutton_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Lenita Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenita_Lane"},{"link_name":"Darla Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darla_Hood"},{"link_name":"Harvey Stephens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvey_Stephens"},{"link_name":"Robert B. Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_B._Williams_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Our Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Gang"},{"link_name":"shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_film"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-1"}],"text":"Agnes Moorehead as Cornelia Van GorderVincent Price as Dr. Malcolm Wells\nAgnes Moorehead as Cornelia van Gorder\nGavin Gordon as Lt. Andy Anderson\nJohn Sutton as Warner\nLenita Lane as Lizzie Allen\nElaine Edwards as Dale Bailey\nDarla Hood as Judy Hollander\nJohn Bryant as Mark Fleming\nHarvey Stephens as John Fleming\nMike Steele as Victor Bailey\nRiza Royce as Jane Patterson\nRobert B. Williams as Detective DavenportCast notesThe Bat was the final film appearance for Darla Hood, who between 1935 and 1941 played \"Darla\" in Our Gang comedy shorts.[1]","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Belair_Drive-in_Ad_-_30_September_1959,_Fontana,_CA.jpg"},{"link_name":"Drive-in","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drive-in_theater"},{"link_name":"RKO Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RKO_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Mary Pickford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pickford"},{"link_name":"United Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Artists"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Douglas Fairbanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks"},{"link_name":"Charles Chaplin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Chaplin"},{"link_name":"D. W. Griffith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D._W._Griffith"},{"link_name":"double feature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_feature"},{"link_name":"Hammer horror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_horror"},{"link_name":"The Mummy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mummy_(1959_film)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-7"}],"text":"Drive-in advertisement from 1959RKO Pictures bought the rights to remake The Bat from Mary Pickford, who produced the original 1926 film adaptation for United Artists,[6] the studio she founded in 1919 with Douglas Fairbanks, Charles Chaplin and D. W. Griffith.The Bat was released as a double feature with the Hammer horror film The Mummy.[7]","title":"Production and release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Turner Classic Movies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner_Classic_Movies"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tcmart-1"},{"link_name":"Leonard Maltin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaltinGreen2010-8"},{"link_name":"Allmovie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allmovie"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-7"}],"text":"According to Turner Classic Movies, in an era of films featuring \"rampaging aliens and sinister ghouls\", The Bat's period piece approach was not a crowd pleaser, although its reputation has improved over time.[1]Film critic Leonard Maltin awarded the film 2 1/2 out of 4 stars (a rating that he used more than any other rating), calling it \"[a] faithful filming of Mary Roberts Rinehart-Avery Hopwood play\".[8]Allmovie gave the film a mixed review, complimenting the film's screenplay, but criticized the script's mechanical nature and lack of scariness, as well as the varying quality of performances from the cast. But they also stated, \"While it's all done in a by-the-numbers manner, there's more than enough here to entertain whodunit fans\".[9]In a contemporary review of the film, The New York Times praised Moorehead's \"good, snappy performance\" and Crane Wilbur's direction.[7]","title":"Reception"}]
[{"image_text":"The Bat (1959) by Crane Wilbur"},{"image_text":"Vincent Price and Gavin Gordon in The Bat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Vincent_Price-Gavin_Gordon_in_The_Bat.jpg/170px-Vincent_Price-Gavin_Gordon_in_The_Bat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Agnes Moorehead as Cornelia Van Gorder","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Agnes_Moorehead_in_The_Bat.jpg/170px-Agnes_Moorehead_in_The_Bat.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drive-in advertisement from 1959","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Belair_Drive-in_Ad_-_30_September_1959%2C_Fontana%2C_CA.jpg/120px-Belair_Drive-in_Ad_-_30_September_1959%2C_Fontana%2C_CA.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of American films of 1959","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_American_films_of_1959"},{"title":"List of films featuring home invasions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_featuring_home_invasions"},{"title":"List of films in the public domain in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_films_in_the_public_domain_in_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"Erickson, Hal (2015). \"The-Bat - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. Baseline & All Movie Guide. Archived from the original on October 11, 2015. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hal_Erickson_(author)","url_text":"Erickson, Hal"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151011215722/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/4266/The-Bat/overview","url_text":"\"The-Bat - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baseline_(database)","url_text":"Baseline"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Movie_Guide","url_text":"All Movie Guide"},{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/4266/The-Bat/overview","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Thompson, Howard (December 17, 1959). \"Bat' on Double Bill\". The New York Times. Retrieved July 23, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/17/archives/bat-on-double-bill.html","url_text":"\"Bat' on Double Bill\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Maltin, Leonard; Green, Spencer; Edelman, Rob (January 2010). Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide. Plume. p. 40. ISBN 978-0-452-29577-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Maltin","url_text":"Maltin, Leonard"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hLtaAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-452-29577-3","url_text":"978-0-452-29577-3"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Craig. \"The Bat.(1959) – Crane Wilbur\". AllMovie.com. Craig Butler. Retrieved October 5, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://allmovie.com/movie/the-bat-v4266/review","url_text":"\"The Bat.(1959) – Crane Wilbur\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/68171/the-bat#articles-reviews","external_links_name":"\"The Bat\" (article)"},{"Link":"http://ibdb.com/Production/View/8967","external_links_name":"\"The Bat\" (1920)"},{"Link":"http://ibdb.com/Show/View/1862","external_links_name":"\"The Bat\" (show)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151011215722/http://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/4266/The-Bat/overview","external_links_name":"\"The-Bat - Trailer - Cast - Showtimes - NYTimes.com\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/4266/The-Bat/overview","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/The_Bat.mpeg","external_links_name":"The Bat (1959)"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/68171/the-bat#notes","external_links_name":"\"Notes\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1959/12/17/archives/bat-on-double-bill.html","external_links_name":"\"Bat' on Double Bill\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hLtaAAAAYAAJ","external_links_name":"Leonard Maltin's Classic Movie Guide"},{"Link":"https://allmovie.com/movie/the-bat-v4266/review","external_links_name":"\"The Bat.(1959) – Crane Wilbur\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s0FUEHqBCWs","external_links_name":"The Bat trailer 1959"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0052602/","external_links_name":"The Bat (1959)"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/68171/enwp","external_links_name":"The Bat (1959)"},{"Link":"https://www.allmovie.com/movie/v4266","external_links_name":"The Bat (1959)"},{"Link":"https://catalog.afi.com/Catalog/moviedetails/52821","external_links_name":"The Bat"},{"Link":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/1045841-bat","external_links_name":"The Bat (1959)"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/The_Bat.mpeg","external_links_name":"The Bat (1959)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Kelbassa
Alfred Kelbassa
["1 Honours","1.1 Club","2 References"]
German footballer Alfred KelbassaPersonal informationDate of birth (1925-04-21)21 April 1925Place of birth Gelsenkirchen-Buer, GermanyDate of death 11 August 1988(1988-08-11) (aged 63)Place of death Dortmund, West GermanyPosition(s) ForwardSenior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)1946–1952 STV Horst Emscher 135 (80)1952–1953 Preußen Münster 25 (10)1953–1954 STV Horst Emscher 28 (21)1954–1963 Borussia Dortmund 183 (104)Total 371 (215)International career1956–1958 West Germany 6 (2) *Club domestic league appearances and goals Alfred Kelbassa (21 April 1925 – 11 August 1988) was a German football player. Kelbassa played for Preußen Münster (1952–1953) and Borussia Dortmund (1954–1963). He played for West Germany 6 times, scoring two goals, and was a participant at the 1958 FIFA World Cup. Honours Club Borussia Dortmund German football championship (3): 1956, 1957, 1963 References ^ "Alfred Kelbassa". ^ "Alfred Kelbassa". vteWest Germany squad – 1958 FIFA World Cup fourth place 1 Herkenrath 2 Erhardt 3 Juskowiak 4 Eckel 5 Wewers 6 Szymaniak 7 Stollenwerk 8 Rahn 9 Walter 10 Schmidt 11 Schäfer (c) 12 Seeler 13 Klodt 14 Cieslarczyk 15 Kelbassa 16 Sturm 17 Schnellinger 18 Hoffmann 19 Peters 20 Nuber 21 Sawitzki 22 Kwiatkowski Coach: Herberger This biographical article related to association football in Germany, about a midfielder born in the 1920s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_(soccer)"},{"link_name":"Preußen Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preu%C3%9Fen_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"West Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"1958 FIFA World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1958_FIFA_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Alfred Kelbassa (21 April 1925 – 11 August 1988) was a German football player.Kelbassa played for Preußen Münster (1952–1953) and Borussia Dortmund (1954–1963).[1]He played for West Germany 6 times, scoring two goals, and was a participant at the 1958 FIFA World Cup.[2]","title":"Alfred Kelbassa"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Borussia Dortmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borussia_Dortmund"},{"link_name":"German football championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_football_championship"},{"link_name":"1956","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1956_German_football_championship"},{"link_name":"1957","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957_German_football_championship"},{"link_name":"1963","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963_German_football_championship"}],"sub_title":"Club","text":"Borussia DortmundGerman football championship (3): 1956, 1957, 1963","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Alfred Kelbassa\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/alfred-kelbassa/","url_text":"\"Alfred Kelbassa\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alfred Kelbassa\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fussballdaten.de/spieler/kelbassaalfred/","url_text":"\"Alfred Kelbassa\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/alfred-kelbassa/","external_links_name":"\"Alfred Kelbassa\""},{"Link":"http://www.fussballdaten.de/spieler/kelbassaalfred/","external_links_name":"\"Alfred Kelbassa\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alfred_Kelbassa&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_Sha_Tin
Community Sha Tin
["1 History","2 Performance in elections","2.1 Sha Tin District Council elections","3 Representatives","3.1 District Councils","4 References","5 External links"]
Political party in Hong Kong Community Sha Tin 沙田區政ConvenorTing Tsz-yuenFounded14 December 2017 (2017-12-14)Dissolved25 June 2021 (2021-06-25)IdeologyLiberalism (Hong Kong)Regional affiliationPro-democracy campColours  TurquoiseWebsiteOfficial Facebook pagePolitics of Hong KongPolitical partiesElections Community Sha TinTraditional Chinese沙田區政TranscriptionsYue: CantoneseYale Romanizationsā tìhn kēui jingJyutpingSaa1 tin4 koei1 zing3 Community Sha Tin was a local political group based in Sha Tin formed in 2017 by a group of pro-democracy Sha Tin District Councillors. It was disbanded in 2021 following the change of political atmosphere in Hong Kong. History The group was formed on 14 December 2017 by nine members of the Sha Tin District Council, including former Neo Democrats councillors Yau Man-chun, Billy Chan Shiu-yeung, Chiu Chu-pong and Hui Yui-yu, former Democratic Party's Chan Nok-hang and Ting Tsz-yuen, Labour Party's Yip Wing and two post-Occupy "umbrella soldiers" Lai Tsz-yan and Wong Hok-lai, to consolidate the pro-democratic force in the council. Amid the intra-party conflicts between Democratic Party Legislative Councillor Lam Cheuk-ting and the members who were both members of the party's New Territories East branch members and Concern Group for Tseung Kwan O People's Livelihood (CGPLTKO), Ting Tsz-yuen, Community Sha Tin's convenor also quit the Democratic Party over the dual-membership allegation. Community Sha Tin had many candidates overlapping with Democratic Party's candidates in the 2019 District Council elections, including the newly created Di Yee, where Tse Kit-wing and Democratic Party's Liu Qing contested in the same constituency. Due to the clashes, some candidates of the group were not endorsed by Power for Democracy. Community Sha Tin announced immediate dissolution at Facebook on 25 June 2021. Former vice-counvenor Chiu Chu-pong said it is a tough decision after considering the current political atmosphere. Chiu also mentioned the limitations of achieving community work under the party brand, and hence decided to dissolve the party. Performance in elections Sha Tin District Council elections Election Number ofpopular votes % ofpopular votes Totalelected seats +/− 2019 25,509 8.32 5 / 41 1 Representatives District Councils The Community Sha Tin held ten seats in Sha Tin District Council (2020–2023) at dissolution: District Constituency Member Sha Tin Yue Shing William Shek Wong Uk Lai Tsz-yan Pok Hong Chiu Chu-pong Shui Chuen O Lo Tak-ming Chun Fung Chan Nok-hang Lower Shing Mun Ken Wong Ho-fung Keng Hau Ng Kam-hung Tin Sum Tsang Kit Chung Tin Wong Hok-lai Wu Kai Sha Li Wing-shing References ^ a b "沙田區政Community Sha Tin" – via Facebook. ^ "「沙田區政」解散 趙柱幫：屬艱難的決定" . 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021. ^ "隔牆有耳：民主派單頭連線 組沙田區政 – 李八方". 香港蘋果日報. 16 December 2017. ^ "【拆局】「雙牌頭」事件旨在肅清前綫系？ 林卓廷：完全沒誘因". HK01. 30 September 2018. ^ "【區選光復香港】民主派多區相撞 沙田區政、將關組投訴「民主動力」以私怨分化同路人". 香港蘋果日報. 12 October 2019. External links Community Sha Tin's facebook page vte Political parties in Hong KongParties represented in Legislative CouncilPro-Beijing (89) Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (19) Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (8) Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (7) New People's Party (5) Liberal Party (4) Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers (2) Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (2) New Century Forum (1) Roundtable (1) Professional Power (1) Kowloon West New Dynamic (1) New Prospect (1) Unaligned (1) Third Side (1) Parties represented in District CouncilsPro-Beijing (174) Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong (109) Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions (27) New People's Party (15) Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong (12) Liberal Party (5) Federation of Public Housing Estates (3) Professional Power (1) New Prospect for Hong Kong (1) Federation of Hong Kong and Kowloon Labour Unions (1) Politics of Hong Kong Politics portal List of political parties by country
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sha Tin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin"},{"link_name":"pro-democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Sha Tin District Councillors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_District_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dissolution-1"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Political party in Hong KongCommunity Sha Tin was a local political group based in Sha Tin formed in 2017 by a group of pro-democracy Sha Tin District Councillors.[1][non-primary source needed] It was disbanded in 2021 following the change of political atmosphere in Hong Kong.[2]","title":"Community Sha Tin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sha Tin District Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sha_Tin_District_Council"},{"link_name":"Neo Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo_Democrats"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"Ting Tsz-yuen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ting_Tsz-yuen"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"post-Occupy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests"},{"link_name":"pro-democratic force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pro-democracy_camp_(Hong_Kong)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Lam Cheuk-ting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lam_Cheuk-ting"},{"link_name":"Concern Group for Tseung Kwan O People's Livelihood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concern_Group_for_Tseung_Kwan_O_People%27s_Livelihood"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"2019 District Council elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Hong_Kong_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Di Yee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_Yee_(constituency)"},{"link_name":"Power for Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_for_Democracy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dissolution-1"}],"text":"The group was formed on 14 December 2017 by nine members of the Sha Tin District Council, including former Neo Democrats councillors Yau Man-chun, Billy Chan Shiu-yeung, Chiu Chu-pong and Hui Yui-yu, former Democratic Party's Chan Nok-hang and Ting Tsz-yuen, Labour Party's Yip Wing and two post-Occupy \"umbrella soldiers\" Lai Tsz-yan and Wong Hok-lai, to consolidate the pro-democratic force in the council.[3]Amid the intra-party conflicts between Democratic Party Legislative Councillor Lam Cheuk-ting and the members who were both members of the party's New Territories East branch members and Concern Group for Tseung Kwan O People's Livelihood (CGPLTKO), Ting Tsz-yuen, Community Sha Tin's convenor also quit the Democratic Party over the dual-membership allegation.[4]Community Sha Tin had many candidates overlapping with Democratic Party's candidates in the 2019 District Council elections, including the newly created Di Yee, where Tse Kit-wing and Democratic Party's Liu Qing contested in the same constituency. Due to the clashes, some candidates of the group were not endorsed by Power for Democracy.[5]Community Sha Tin announced immediate dissolution at Facebook on 25 June 2021. Former vice-counvenor Chiu Chu-pong said it is a tough decision after considering the current political atmosphere. Chiu also mentioned the limitations of achieving community work under the party brand, and hence decided to dissolve the party.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Performance in elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Sha Tin District Council elections","title":"Performance in elections"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Representatives"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"District Councils","text":"The Community Sha Tin held ten seats in Sha Tin District Council (2020–2023) at dissolution:","title":"Representatives"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"沙田區政Community Sha Tin\" – via Facebook.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/pg/%E6%B2%99%E7%94%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%94%BFCommunity-Sha-Tin-134055657191138/about/?ref=page_internal","url_text":"\"沙田區政Community Sha Tin\""}]},{"reference":"\"「沙田區政」解散 趙柱幫：屬艱難的決定\" [\"Community Sha Tin\" disbanded. Chiu Chu-pong: a tough decision]. 25 June 2021. Retrieved 25 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.inmediahk.net/node/%E6%94%BF%E7%B6%93/%E3%80%8C%E6%B2%99%E7%94%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%94%BF%E3%80%8D%E8%A7%A3%E6%95%A3-%E8%B6%99%E6%9F%B1%E5%B9%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%B1%AC%E8%89%B1%E9%9B%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A","url_text":"\"「沙田區政」解散 趙柱幫：屬艱難的決定\""}]},{"reference":"\"隔牆有耳：民主派單頭連線 組沙田區政 – 李八方\". 香港蘋果日報. 16 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20171216/20246284","url_text":"\"隔牆有耳：民主派單頭連線 組沙田區政 – 李八方\""}]},{"reference":"\"【拆局】「雙牌頭」事件旨在肅清前綫系？ 林卓廷：完全沒誘因\". HK01. 30 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hk01.com/%E6%94%BF%E6%83%85/241705/%E6%8B%86%E5%B1%80-%E9%9B%99%E7%89%8C%E9%A0%AD-%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E6%97%A8%E5%9C%A8%E8%82%85%E6%B8%85%E5%89%8D%E7%B6%AB%E7%B3%BB-%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%93%E5%BB%B7-%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E6%B2%92%E8%AA%98%E5%9B%A0","url_text":"\"【拆局】「雙牌頭」事件旨在肅清前綫系？ 林卓廷：完全沒誘因\""}]},{"reference":"\"【區選光復香港】民主派多區相撞 沙田區政、將關組投訴「民主動力」以私怨分化同路人\". 香港蘋果日報. 12 October 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20191012/60145924","url_text":"\"【區選光復香港】民主派多區相撞 沙田區政、將關組投訴「民主動力」以私怨分化同路人\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/CommunityShaTin/","external_links_name":"Official Facebook page"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pg/%E6%B2%99%E7%94%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%94%BFCommunity-Sha-Tin-134055657191138/about/?ref=page_internal","external_links_name":"\"沙田區政Community Sha Tin\""},{"Link":"https://www.inmediahk.net/node/%E6%94%BF%E7%B6%93/%E3%80%8C%E6%B2%99%E7%94%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%94%BF%E3%80%8D%E8%A7%A3%E6%95%A3-%E8%B6%99%E6%9F%B1%E5%B9%AB%EF%BC%9A%E5%B1%AC%E8%89%B1%E9%9B%A3%E7%9A%84%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A","external_links_name":"\"「沙田區政」解散 趙柱幫：屬艱難的決定\""},{"Link":"https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/daily/article/20171216/20246284","external_links_name":"\"隔牆有耳：民主派單頭連線 組沙田區政 – 李八方\""},{"Link":"https://www.hk01.com/%E6%94%BF%E6%83%85/241705/%E6%8B%86%E5%B1%80-%E9%9B%99%E7%89%8C%E9%A0%AD-%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6%E6%97%A8%E5%9C%A8%E8%82%85%E6%B8%85%E5%89%8D%E7%B6%AB%E7%B3%BB-%E6%9E%97%E5%8D%93%E5%BB%B7-%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8%E6%B2%92%E8%AA%98%E5%9B%A0","external_links_name":"\"【拆局】「雙牌頭」事件旨在肅清前綫系？ 林卓廷：完全沒誘因\""},{"Link":"https://hk.news.appledaily.com/local/realtime/article/20191012/60145924","external_links_name":"\"【區選光復香港】民主派多區相撞 沙田區政、將關組投訴「民主動力」以私怨分化同路人\""},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/%E6%B2%99%E7%94%B0%E5%8D%80%E6%94%BFCommunity-Sha-Tin-134055657191138/","external_links_name":"Community Sha Tin's facebook page"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdalseid_(village)
Namdalseid (village)
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 64°13′19″N 11°13′24″E / 64.2219°N 11.2232°E / 64.2219; 11.2232Village in Central Norway, NorwayNamdalseidVillageView of the village churchNamdalseidLocation of the villageShow map of TrøndelagNamdalseidNamdalseid (Norway)Show map of NorwayCoordinates: 64°13′19″N 11°13′24″E / 64.2219°N 11.2232°E / 64.2219; 11.2232CountryNorwayRegionCentral NorwayCountyTrøndelagDistrictNamdalenMunicipalityNamsosArea • Total0.3 km2 (0.1 sq mi)Elevation51 m (167 ft)Population (2018) • Total342 • Density1,140/km2 (3,000/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)Post Code7750 Namdalseid Namdalseid is a village in Namsos municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 17, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of the town of Steinkjer and about the same distance south of the town of Namsos. The Namdalseid Church sits just southwest of the village. There's a school in the village as well. The 0.3-square-kilometre (74-acre) village has a population (2018) of 342 and a population density of 1,140 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,000/sq mi). Prior to 2020, the village was the administrative centre of the old Namdalseid Municipality. References ^ a b c Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2018). "Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality". ^ "Namdalseid (Trøndelag)". yr.no. Retrieved 2018-04-15. ^ Rosvold, Knut A., ed. (2018-02-01). "Namdalseid – tettsted". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2018-04-15. This Trøndelag location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Namsos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namsos"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Norwegian County Road 17","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_County_Road_17"},{"link_name":"town of Steinkjer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinkjer_(town)"},{"link_name":"town of Namsos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namsos_(town)"},{"link_name":"Namdalseid Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdalseid_Church"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snl-3"},{"link_name":"population density","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_density"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ssb-1"},{"link_name":"administrative centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_centre"},{"link_name":"Namdalseid Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namdalseid_Municipality"}],"text":"Village in Central Norway, NorwayNamdalseid is a village in Namsos municipality in Trøndelag county, Norway. The village is located along the Norwegian County Road 17, about 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of the town of Steinkjer and about the same distance south of the town of Namsos. The Namdalseid Church sits just southwest of the village. There's a school in the village as well.[3]The 0.3-square-kilometre (74-acre) village has a population (2018) of 342 and a population density of 1,140 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,000/sq mi).[1]Prior to 2020, the village was the administrative centre of the old Namdalseid Municipality.","title":"Namdalseid (village)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Statistisk sentralbyrå (1 January 2018). \"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistics_Norway","url_text":"Statistisk sentralbyrå"},{"url":"https://www.ssb.no/en/befolkning/statistikker/beftett/aar","url_text":"\"Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"Namdalseid (Trøndelag)\". yr.no. Retrieved 2018-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yr.no/place/Norway/Tr%C3%B8ndelag/Namdalseid/Namdalseid/","url_text":"\"Namdalseid (Trøndelag)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr.no","url_text":"yr.no"}]},{"reference":"Rosvold, Knut A., ed. (2018-02-01). \"Namdalseid – tettsted\". Store norske leksikon (in Norwegian). Kunnskapsforlaget. Retrieved 2018-04-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://snl.no/Namdalseid_-_tettsted","url_text":"\"Namdalseid – tettsted\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Store_norske_leksikon","url_text":"Store norske leksikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kunnskapsforlaget","url_text":"Kunnskapsforlaget"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_de_Nantes_%C3%A0_Brest
Nantes–Brest canal
["1 History","2 Navigation","3 The Nantes-Brest Cyclepath.","4 En Route","4.1 Canal de Nantes à Brest (East)","4.2 Guerlédan–La Pitié section","4.3 Finistère or western section","4.4 Tidal river Aulne and roadstead of port of Brest","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]
Nantes–Brest CanalLock in the disused part of the Nantes–Brest CanalSpecificationsLength385 km (239 mi)Maximum boat length25.70 mMaximum boat beam4.65 mLocks107 (+ 45 in Finistère section) (originally 238)Total rise555 m (1,821 ft)StatusOpen except for two breaks; Goariva to La Pitié, Guerlédan Dam to PontivyHistoryOriginal ownerState in 1811. Canal Company of Brittany in 1822Date approved1802Construction began1811 start failed and began again in 1822Date completed1836GeographyStart pointBrest, FranceEnd pointNantesConnects toLoire Maritime Vilaine Blavet The Nantes–Brest canal (French: Canal de Nantes à Brest, French pronunciation: ; Breton: Kanol Naoned-Brest) is a French canal which links the two seaports of Nantes and Brest through inland Brittany. It was built in the early 19th century, and its total length as built was 385 km with 238 locks. History Brittany started developing its waterway network in 1538 when it decided to improve navigation on the River Vilaine. The project for a canal throughout the province was conceived by an 'inland navigation commission' convened in 1783. When Brest was blockaded by the English fleet, Napoleon decided to build the canal to provide a safe inland link between the two largest military ports of the French Atlantic front. Building started in 1811, and Napoleon III presided over the canal's opening in 1858. This was the most ambitious canal project ever completed in France, 360km long with 238 locks. The canal was closed as a through route in 1920, when a section was submerged by Guerlédan dam (PK 227), a short distance west of the junction with the canalised river Blavet at Pontivy. The dam was supposed to be equipped with ladder of locks, receiving for this a significant subsidy from the state but this was never done. The entire length of waterway west of Guerlédan was officially closed in 1957, and the 21km length from Pontivy to Guerlédan also subsequently fell into disuse. At the same time, the disappearance of all commercial traffic (in 26m long barges carrying up to 140 tonnes) resulted in the gradual silting up of the canal section between Rohan and Pontivy. The canal has been revived and ownership has been transferred from the State to Brittany Region, except for the short length in Pays de la Loire region. Navigation Navigation is no longer possible between Pontivy and Goariva. Guerlédan reservoir flooded the canal over a length of 10 km including 17 locks. However, a length of 15 km with 10 locks has been restored upstream of Guerlédan reservoir to the heritage site of La Pitié Chapel, creating a navigation 25 km long, and a public consultation was held in 2017 with a view to lifting the ban on thermal engines on this section. Three separate navigable sections are thus presented in the route below. The Nantes-Brest Cyclepath. Though the break in the canal around Glomel has closed it for commercial navigation the canal towpath has seen a dramatic increase in its use by cyclists. The towpath/cyclepath has now been surfaced to a good standard – some tarmac but mostly crushed stone bed – so that all but racing bikes can use it with ease. This use is not simply day rides, but an ever increasing number of people on cycling holidays frequently taking in the whole Nantes-Brest section. This has been fuelled by the creation of long-distance cycle routes throughout Europe and the canal forms the beginning of the EuroVelo (EV) EV1 Atlantic Coast route which runs to Spain and Portugal. The French section of which is known as the La Vélodyssée and which is now the most popular of all the French long-distance cyclepaths. It also links in with the EV6 Atlantic to Black Sea. The effect of this increase in tourism has been profound for central Brittany, and an area less known for tourism than the Brittany coast has had an influx of cyclists with the result that towns and villages on or near the canal have seen an welcome increase in income, number of shops, restaurants, hotels and campsites after many years of slow decline. En Route Canal de Nantes à Brest (East) Pontivy to Nantes 206 km via 107 locks (using successively the rivers Erdre, Isac, Vilaine and Oust) PK 2 Nantes PK 15 Sucé-sur-Erdre PK 21 Left turn onto the Erdre River at Nort-sur-Erdre PK 42.5 La Chevallerais PK 50 Blain PK 95 Redon PK 132 Malestroit PK 157.5 Josselin PK 182 Rohan PK 191.3 Saint-Gonnery begins the 5 km summit level PK 205.9 Pontivy, junction with the river Blavet. Navigation interrupted from Pontivy to Guerlédan dam Guerlédan–La Pitié section PK 226.8 Guerlédan dam PK 252.4 La Pitié Finistère or western section PK 81 Goariva PK 73 Port-de-Carhaix, end of canal section, navigation enters canalized river Hyères PK 63 Maison du Canal at confluence of Hyères and Aulne rivers PK 43.5 Châteauneuf-du-Faou PK 0 Châteaulin Tidal river Aulne and roadstead of port of Brest PK 0 Châteaulin PK 29 Landévennec. PK 32.5 Mouth of Aulne River PK 51 Roadstead of Brest Brest Harbor, Brest Bay See also List of canals in France References ^ Association Canaux de Bretagne (2012). "Un peu d'histoire (brief history)". ^ McKnight, Hugh (2005). Cruising French Waterways, 4th Edition. Sheridan House. ISBN 978-1574092103. ^ a b c Edwards-May, David (2010). Inland Waterways of France. St Ives, Cambs., UK: Imray. pp. 169–178. ISBN 978-1-846230-14-1. ^ Association Amis du Canal 22. "Consultation publique sur la navigation de la section Costamoricaine du Canal de Nantes à Brest".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Husband, Geoff. "Cycling the Nantes-Brest Canal". www.bretonbikes.com. Retrieved 2023-12-07. External links Canal de Nantes à Brest with information on places, ports and moorings on the canal, by the author of Inland Waterways of France, Imray Navigation details for 80 French rivers and canals (French waterways website section) Authority control databases International VIAF National France BnF data Geographic Mérimée Structurae
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"[kanal də nɑ̃t a bʁɛst]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Breton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breton_language"},{"link_name":"canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brest,_France"},{"link_name":"Brittany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany"},{"link_name":"locks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canal_lock"}],"text":"The Nantes–Brest canal (French: Canal de Nantes à Brest, French pronunciation: [kanal də nɑ̃t a bʁɛst]; Breton: Kanol Naoned-Brest) is a French canal which links the two seaports of Nantes and Brest through inland Brittany. It was built in the early 19th century, and its total length as built was 385 km with 238 locks.","title":"Nantes–Brest canal"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vilaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilaine"},{"link_name":"Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hugh-2"},{"link_name":"Guerlédan dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerl%C3%A9dan_dam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Brittany Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"Pays de la Loire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_la_Loire"}],"text":"Brittany started developing its waterway network in 1538 when it decided to improve navigation on the River Vilaine. The project for a canal throughout the province was conceived by an 'inland navigation commission' convened in 1783. When Brest was blockaded by the English fleet, Napoleon decided to build the canal to provide a safe inland link between the two largest military ports of the French Atlantic front.[1] Building started in 1811, and Napoleon III presided over the canal's opening in 1858.[2]This was the most ambitious canal project ever completed in France, 360km long with 238 locks. The canal was closed as a through route in 1920, when a section was submerged by Guerlédan dam (PK 227), a short distance west of the junction with the canalised river Blavet at Pontivy. The dam was supposed to be equipped with ladder of locks, receiving for this a significant subsidy from the state but this was never done. The entire length of waterway west of Guerlédan was officially closed in 1957, and the 21km length from Pontivy to Guerlédan also subsequently fell into disuse. At the same time, the disappearance of all commercial traffic (in 26m long barges carrying up to 140 tonnes) resulted in the gradual silting up of the canal section between Rohan and Pontivy.[3]The canal has been revived and ownership has been transferred from the State to Brittany Region, except for the short length in Pays de la Loire region.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontivy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Navigation is no longer possible between Pontivy and Goariva. Guerlédan reservoir flooded the canal over a length of 10 km including 17 locks.[3] However, a length of 15 km with 10 locks has been restored upstream of Guerlédan reservoir to the heritage site of La Pitié Chapel, creating a navigation 25 km long, and a public consultation was held in 2017 with a view to lifting the ban on thermal engines on this section.[4]Three separate navigable sections are thus presented in the route below.","title":"Navigation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Though the break in the canal around Glomel has closed it for commercial navigation the canal towpath has seen a dramatic increase in its use by cyclists. The towpath/cyclepath has now been surfaced to a good standard – some tarmac but mostly crushed stone bed – so that all but racing bikes can use it with ease. This use is not simply day rides, but an ever increasing number of people on cycling holidays frequently taking in the whole Nantes-Brest section.This has been fuelled by the creation of long-distance cycle routes throughout Europe and the canal forms the beginning of the EuroVelo (EV) EV1 Atlantic Coast route which runs to Spain and Portugal. The French section of which is known as the La Vélodyssée and which is now the most popular of all the French long-distance cyclepaths. It also links in with the EV6 Atlantic to Black Sea. The effect of this increase in tourism has been profound for central Brittany, and an area less known for tourism than the Brittany coast has had an influx of cyclists with the result that towns and villages on or near the canal have seen an welcome increase in income, number of shops, restaurants, hotels and campsites after many years of slow decline.[5]","title":"The Nantes-Brest Cyclepath."},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"En Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pontivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontivy"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"PK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_kilom%C3%A9trique"},{"link_name":"Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantes"},{"link_name":"Sucé-sur-Erdre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suc%C3%A9-sur-Erdre"},{"link_name":"Erdre River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdre"},{"link_name":"Nort-sur-Erdre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nort-sur-Erdre"},{"link_name":"La Chevallerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Chevallerais"},{"link_name":"Blain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blain,_Loire-Atlantique"},{"link_name":"Redon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redon"},{"link_name":"Malestroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malestroit"},{"link_name":"Josselin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josselin"},{"link_name":"Rohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohan,_Morbihan"},{"link_name":"Saint-Gonnery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Gonnery"},{"link_name":"Pontivy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontivy"},{"link_name":"Blavet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blavet"}],"sub_title":"Canal de Nantes à Brest (East)","text":"Pontivy to Nantes 206 km via 107 locks (using successively the rivers Erdre, Isac, Vilaine and Oust)[3]PK 2 Nantes\nPK 15 Sucé-sur-Erdre\nPK 21 Left turn onto the Erdre River at Nort-sur-Erdre\nPK 42.5 La Chevallerais\nPK 50 Blain\nPK 95 Redon\nPK 132 Malestroit\nPK 157.5 Josselin\nPK 182 Rohan\nPK 191.3 Saint-Gonnery begins the 5 km summit level\nPK 205.9 Pontivy, junction with the river Blavet.Navigation interrupted from Pontivy to Guerlédan dam","title":"En Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Pitié","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Piti%C3%A9"}],"sub_title":"Guerlédan–La Pitié section","text":"PK 226.8 Guerlédan dam\nPK 252.4 La Pitié","title":"En Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Goariva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goariva"},{"link_name":"Maison du Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maison_du_Canal&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Châteauneuf-du-Faou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Faou"},{"link_name":"Châteaulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaulin"}],"sub_title":"Finistère or western section","text":"PK 81 Goariva\nPK 73 Port-de-Carhaix, end of canal section, navigation enters canalized river Hyères\nPK 63 Maison du Canal at confluence of Hyères and Aulne rivers\nPK 43.5 Châteauneuf-du-Faou\nPK 0 Châteaulin","title":"En Route"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Châteaulin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teaulin"},{"link_name":"Landévennec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%C3%A9vennec"},{"link_name":"Roadstead of Brest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadstead_of_Brest"}],"sub_title":"Tidal river Aulne and roadstead of port of Brest","text":"PK 0 Châteaulin\nPK 29 Landévennec.PK 32.5 Mouth of Aulne River\nPK 51 Roadstead of Brest Brest Harbor, Brest Bay","title":"En Route"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of canals in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_canals_in_France"}]
[{"reference":"Association Canaux de Bretagne (2012). \"Un peu d'histoire (brief history)\".","urls":[{"url":"http://canauxdebretagne.org/canaux-de-bretagne_canal-de-nantes-a-brest_histoire.htm","url_text":"\"Un peu d'histoire (brief history)\""}]},{"reference":"McKnight, Hugh (2005). Cruising French Waterways, 4th Edition. Sheridan House. ISBN 978-1574092103.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1574092103","url_text":"978-1574092103"}]},{"reference":"Edwards-May, David (2010). Inland Waterways of France. St Ives, Cambs., UK: Imray. pp. 169–178. ISBN 978-1-846230-14-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-846230-14-1","url_text":"978-1-846230-14-1"}]},{"reference":"Association Amis du Canal 22. \"Consultation publique sur la navigation de la section Costamoricaine du Canal de Nantes à Brest\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.amisducanal22.fr/434767889#page-comments","url_text":"\"Consultation publique sur la navigation de la section Costamoricaine du Canal de Nantes à Brest\""}]},{"reference":"Husband, Geoff. \"Cycling the Nantes-Brest Canal\". www.bretonbikes.com. Retrieved 2023-12-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bretonbikes.com/brittany/nantes-brest-canal","url_text":"\"Cycling the Nantes-Brest Canal\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Steamers
Bay of Plenty (National Provincial Championship)
["1 Current squad","2 Honours","3 Current Super Rugby players","4 References","5 External links"]
For the Bay of Plenty Rugby governing body, see Bay of Plenty Rugby Union. Rugby teamBay of PlentyOfficial BOPRU emblemUnionBay of Plenty Rugby UnionNickname(s)SteamersFounded1911; 113 years ago (1911)LocationMount Maunganui, Tauranga, New ZealandGround(s)Rotorua International Stadium (Capacity: 34,000)Tauranga Domain (Capacity: 5,500)CEOMike RogersCoach(es)Richard WattCaptain(s)Kurt EklundMost appearancesRon Preston (152)Top scorerRon Preston (846)Most triesKeith Pryor (46)League(s)Bunnings NPC20234th Quarterfinalist Team kit Official websitewww.boprugby.co.nz Bay of Plenty (often known as the Bay of Plenty Steamers) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Mount Maunganui, New Zealand. The union was originally established in 1911, with the National Provincial Championship established in 1976. They now play in the reformed National Provincial Championship competition. They play their home games at Rotorua International Stadium in Rotorua or Tauranga Domain, Tauranga, both in the Bay of Plenty Region. The team is affiliated with the Chiefs Super Rugby franchise. Their home playing colours are blue and yellow. Current squad The Bay of Plenty Steamers squad for the 2023 Bunnings NPC is: Bay of Plenty Steamers squad Props John Afoa Josh Bartlett Alex Johnston Benet Kumeroa Aidan Ross Jeff Thwaites INJ Pasilio Tosi Hookers Kurt Eklund (c) Taine Kolose Nathan Vella Locks Semisi Paea Justin Sangster Manaaki Selby-Rickit Etonia Waqa Loose forwards Naitoa Ah Kuoi Nikora Broughton Sam Cane Penitoa Finau Ryosuke Funahashi Veveni Lasaqa Jacob Norris REP Halfbacks (scrum-halves) Leroy Carter Richard Judd Marley Murphy REP Te Toiroa Tahuriorangi First five-eighths (fly-halves) Lucas Cashmore Wharenui Hawera Carlos Price Kaleb Trask Midfielders (centres) Tamiro Armstrong Seamus Bardoul Fehi Fineanganofo Grady Forbes REP Lalomilo Lalomilo Reon Paul REP Outside-backs Cole Forbes Ngarohi McGarvey-Black Melani Nanai Emoni Narawa Roderick Solo INJ Sekuini Tanimo Cody Vai (c) Denotes team captain, Bold denotes player is internationally capped, REP denotes a replacement player, WTS denotes a wider training squad member. ^ Norris wasn't named in the original Bay of Plenty squad, but was announced in the side for Round 7. ^ a b Forbes and Murphy weren't named in the original Bay of Plenty squad, but were announced in the side for the second fixture in Round 8. ^ Paul wasn't named in the original Bay of Plenty squad, but was announced in the side for Round 6. Honours Bay of Plenty have been overall Champions on 1 occasion, winning the inaugural title in 1976. Their full list of honours include: National Provincial Championship First Division Winners: 1976 National Provincial Championship Second Division North Island Winners: 1978 National Provincial Championship Second Division Winners: 2000 Mitre 10 Cup Championship Division Winners: 2019 Current Super Rugby players Players named in the 2023 Bay of Plenty Steamers squad, who also earned contracts or were named in a squad for any side participating in the 2023 Super Rugby Pacific season. Player Team John Afoa Crusaders Naitoa Ah Kuoi Chiefs Nikora Broughton Highlanders Sam Cane Chiefs Kurt Eklund Blues Penitoa Finau Moana Pasifika Lalomilo Lalomilo Chiefs Melani Nanai Crusaders Emoni Narawa Chiefs Aidan Ross Chiefs Justin Sangster Hurricanes Manaaki Selby-Rickit Chiefs Jeff Thwaites Highlanders Te Toiroa Tahuriorangi Highlanders/Chiefs Pasilio Tosi Hurricanes Etonia Waqa Drua References ^ "Staff". Bay of Plenty Rugby. Retrieved 9 September 2020. ^ "Introducing the 2023 Steamers Squad". Bay of Plenty Rugby. 21 July 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023. ^ "Bunnings NPC Round 7: Team Lists". Bunnings NPC. 14 September 2023. Retrieved 17 September 2023. ^ "Bunnings NPC Round 8: Team Lists". Bunnings NPC. 21 September 2023. Retrieved 27 September 2023. ^ "Bunnings NPC Round 6: Team Lists". Bunnings NPC. 7 September 2023. Retrieved 10 September 2023. ^ "National Provincial Championship winners, 1976–2014". Te Ara. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ "Mitre 10 Cup". Rugby Heartland. Archived from the original on 27 September 2020. Retrieved 17 September 2020. ^ "Match Centre - Super Rugby - Crusaders vs. Waratahs". SANZAAR. Retrieved 27 May 2023. ^ "Gallagher Chiefs squad announced for 2023" (Press release). Chiefs. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Highlanders 2023 Squad Announcement" (Press release). Highlanders. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "2023 Squad announced". Blues (Press release). 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Moana Pasifika name 2023 DHL Super Rugby Pacific Squad". Moana Pasifika (Press release). 22 November 2022. Retrieved 22 November 2022. ^ "Gallagher Chiefs team named for rivalry clash" (Press release). Chiefs. 27 April 2023. Retrieved 27 April 2023. ^ "2023 Squad announced" (Press release). Crusaders. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Hurricanes 2023 squad announced" (Press release). Hurricanes. 26 October 2022. Retrieved 26 October 2022. ^ "Fakatava to Begin Rehab on Knee" (Press release). Highlanders. 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022. ^ "Tahuriorangi returns to the Gallagher Chiefs as replacement" (Press release). Chiefs. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023. ^ "Derenalagi returns to match-day 23" (Press release). Fijian Drua. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023. External links Official Site BOP Mafia – Supporters Club vteNational Provincial Championship (2006–present)Seasons 2006 2007 2008 2009 (Air New Zealand Cup) 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 (ITM Cup) 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 (Mitre 10 Cup) 2021 2022 2023 (Bunnings NPC) Unions Auckland Bay of Plenty Canterbury Counties Manukau Hawke's Bay Manawatu North Harbour Northland Otago Southland Taranaki Tasman Waikato Wellington Other Honours Rugby Cup Ranfurly Shield Wooden Spoon Inter-union trophies Duane Monkley medal Media Sky Sport Radio Sport New Zealand Herald Stadium Central Energy Trust Arena Eden Park FMG Stadium Waikato Forsyth Barr Stadium Lansdowne Park McLean Park Navigation Homes Stadium QBE Stadium Orangetheory Stadium Pukekura Park Rotorua International Stadium Rugby Park Stadium Semenoff Stadium Sky Stadium Tauranga Domain TET Stadium & Events Centre Trafalgar Park New Zealand Rugby Union vteBay of Plenty – current squadForwards John Afoa Naitoa Ah Kuoi Josh Bartlett Nikora Broughton Sam Cane Kurt Eklund Penitoa Finau Ryosuke Funahashi Alex Johnston Taine Kolose Benet Kumeroa Veveni Lasaqa Jacob Norris Semisi Paea Aidan Ross Justin Sangster Manaaki Selby-Rickit Jeff Thwaites Pasilio Tosi Nathan Vella Etonia Waqa Backs Tamiro Armstrong Seamus Bardoul Leroy Carter Lucas Cashmore Fehi Fineanganofo Cole Forbes Grady Forbes Wharenui Hawera Richard Judd Lalomilo Lalomilo Ngarohi McGarvey-Black Marley Murphy Melani Nanai Emoni Narawa Reon Paul Carlos Price Roderick Solo Te Toiroa Tahuriorangi Sekuini Tanimo Kaleb Trask Cody Vai Head coach Richard Watt
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay of Plenty Rugby Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_in_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Mount Maunganui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Maunganui"},{"link_name":"union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Rugby_Union"},{"link_name":"National Provincial Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(1976%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"National Provincial Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(2006%E2%80%93present)"},{"link_name":"Rotorua International Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua_International_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Rotorua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotorua"},{"link_name":"Tauranga Domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga_Domain"},{"link_name":"Tauranga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tauranga"},{"link_name":"Bay of Plenty Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Plenty_Region"},{"link_name":"Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiefs_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Super Rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Rugby"}],"text":"For the Bay of Plenty Rugby governing body, see Bay of Plenty Rugby Union.Rugby teamBay of Plenty (often known as the Bay of Plenty Steamers) are a New Zealand professional rugby union team based in Mount Maunganui, New Zealand. The union was originally established in 1911, with the National Provincial Championship established in 1976. They now play in the reformed National Provincial Championship competition. They play their home games at Rotorua International Stadium in Rotorua or Tauranga Domain, Tauranga, both in the Bay of Plenty Region. The team is affiliated with the Chiefs Super Rugby franchise. Their home playing colours are blue and yellow.","title":"Bay of Plenty (National Provincial Championship)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Bunnings NPC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Bunnings_NPC"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Introducing_the_2023_Steamers_Squad-2"}],"text":"The Bay of Plenty Steamers squad for the 2023 Bunnings NPC is:[2]","title":"Current squad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"National Provincial Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(1976%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"National Provincial Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(1976%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"National Provincial Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Provincial_Championship_(1976%E2%80%932005)"},{"link_name":"Mitre 10 Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre_10_Cup"}],"text":"Bay of Plenty have been overall Champions on 1 occasion, winning the inaugural title in 1976. Their full list of honours include:[6][7]National Provincial Championship First DivisionWinners: 1976National Provincial Championship Second Division North IslandWinners: 1978National Provincial Championship Second DivisionWinners: 2000Mitre 10 Cup Championship DivisionWinners: 2019","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2023 Super Rugby Pacific season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Super_Rugby_Pacific_season"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Match_Centre_-_Super_Rugby_-_Crusaders_vs._Waratahs-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallagher_Chiefs_squad_announced_for_2023-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Highlanders_2023_Squad_Announcement-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023_Squad_announced-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Moana_Pasifika_name_2023_DHL_Super_Rugby_Pacific_Squad-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gallagher_Chiefs_team_named_for_rivalry_clash-16"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2023_Squad_announced_2-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hurricanes_2023_squad_announced-18"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fakatava_to_Begin_Rehab_on_Knee-19"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tahuriorangi_returns_to_the_Gallagher_Chiefs_as_replacement-20"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Derenalagi_returns_to_match-day_23-21"}],"text":"Players named in the 2023 Bay of Plenty Steamers squad, who also earned contracts or were named in a squad for any side participating in the 2023 Super Rugby Pacific season.[8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18]","title":"Current Super Rugby players"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 10 November 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehighlanders.co.nz/news/fakatava-to-begin-rehab-on-knee/","url_text":"\"Fakatava to Begin Rehab on Knee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tahuriorangi returns to the Gallagher Chiefs as replacement\" (Press release). Chiefs. 9 February 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chiefs.co.nz/news-item/tahuriorangi-returns-to-the-gallagher-chiefs-as-replacement","url_text":"\"Tahuriorangi returns to the Gallagher Chiefs as replacement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Derenalagi returns to match-day 23\" (Press release). Fijian Drua. 4 May 2023. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://drua.rugby/content/derenalagi-returns-to-match-day-23","url_text":"\"Derenalagi returns to match-day 23\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_Symphony
Swing Symphony
["1 Background","2 Filmography","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
Film series Swing SymphonyThe title card used from 1942 to 1945.Produced byWalter LantzMusic byDarrell CalkerColor processTechnicolorProductioncompaniesWalter Lantz ProductionsUniversal StudiosDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date1941–1945Running time7 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Swing Symphony is an American animated musical short film series produced by Walter Lantz Productions from 1941 to 1945. The shorts were a more contemporary pastiche on Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies, and often featured top boogie-woogie musicians of the era. While the first cartoon include the characters Woody Woodpecker and Andy Panda, it mainly features a variety of different characters created exclusively for the series, with Oswald the Lucky Rabbit making an appearance in one cartoon. Background Walter Lantz Productions first developed the format with Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat, released on March 28, 1941. The short is considered a precursor as it contains many elements seen in the series, such as utilizing a popular boogie-woogie song. Lantz also produced Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company 'B' later in September which followed the same formula and would be nominated for an Academy Award. The first cartoon that would go under Swing Symphony wouldn't be released until December of that year. One of the main writers that worked on the series was Ben Hardaway, who left Warner Bros. in 1940 and was hired by Walter Lantz to work on the storyboards for Universal Studios' cartoons. From 1938 to 1940, Hardaway was notably one of the last holdouts to co-direct several Merrie Melodies cartoons that featured lengthy musical sequences. He also supplied his voice for Woody Woodpecker in 1944 until 1949. Darrell Calker, who was involved in jazz circles, composed the music and brought in famous musicians like Nat King Cole, Meade Lux Lewis and Jack Teagarden to play them. Pianist Bob Zurke did a recording for the cartoon Jungle Jive before he died aged 32. In 1942, Juke Box Jamboree was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film but lost to Disney's Der Fuehrer's Face. Few of Lantz's cartoons were highlighted for stereotyping and racism, but were said by Joe Adamson as not intended to be offensive. The series was discontinued in 1945 due to swing music fading in popularity following the end of World War II. Dick Lundy, who directed the last Swing Symphony cartoon, later developed Musical Miniatures, a musical series focusing on classical music. Four cartoons were produced in 1947–1948. Filmography Title Drawn by (animator) Written by Directed by Characters Release date Availability $21 a Day (Once a Month) Alex Lovy Frank Tipper Lowell Elliot Ben Hardaway Walter Lantz Woody Woodpecker Andy Panda December 1, 1941 DVD - The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection The Hams That Couldn't Be Cured Alex Lovy R. Somerville Lowell Elliot Ben Hardaway Algernon Wolf Three Little Pigs March 4, 1942 DVD - The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection: Volume 2 Juke Box Jamboree Verne Harding Ben Hardaway Chuck Couch Alex Lovy Mouse July 27, 1942 DVD - The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection: Volume 2 Yankee Doodle Swing Shift Harold Mason Ben Hardaway Milt Schaffer September 21, 1942 Boogie Woogie Sioux Robert Bentley November 30, 1942 DVD - Woody Woodpecker and Friends: Volume 5 Cow-Cow Boogie Harold Mason January 3, 1943 The Egg Cracker Suite Les Kline Milt Schaffer Emery Hawkins Ben Hardaway Oswald the Lucky Rabbit March 22, 1943 DVD - Woody Woodpecker and Friends: Volume 3 Swing Your Partner Paul Smith Ben Hardaway Milt Schaffer Alex Lovy Homer Pigeon April 26, 1943 DVD - Woody Woodpecker and Friends: Volume 4 Pass The Biscuits Mirandy! Paul Smith James Culhane Mirandy The Foy's and Barton's August 23, 1943 DVD - The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection Boogie Woogie Man Will Get You If You Don't Watch Out Laverne Harding Les Kline Boogie Woogie September 27, 1943 DVD - The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection: Volume 2 The Greatest Man In Siam Pat Matthews Emery Hawkins March 27, 1944 DVD - The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection Jungle Jive Paul J. Smith Emery Hawkins May 15, 1944 DVD - Woody Woodpecker and Friends: Volume 6 Abou Ben Boogie Paul J. Smith Pat Matthews Miss. X September 18, 1944 DVD - The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection The Pied Piper Of Basin Street Laverne Harding Pat Matthews The Pied Piper January 15, 1945 DVD - The Woody Woodpecker and Friends Classic Cartoon Collection Sliphorn King Of Polaroo Pat Matthews Dick Lundy Jackson March 19, 1945 DVD - Woody Woodpecker and Friends: Volume 4 See also Walter Lantz Productions Silly Symphonies References ^ "Abou Ben Boogie - Cartoon Research". Jerry Beck. March 25, 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2018. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (1999). The Encyclopedia of Animated Cartoons. Checkmark Books. p. 140. ISBN 0-8160-3831-7. Retrieved 6 June 2020. ^ Lenburg, Jeff (2006). Who's Who in Animated Cartoons. Applause Theater & Cinema Books. p. 127. ISBN 9781557836717. ^ Goldmark, Daniel; Taylor, Yuval (2002). The Cartoon Music Book. A Capella Books. p. 10. ISBN 9781556524738. ^ "The 15th Academy Awards". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. 2015. Retrieved July 4, 2018. ^ Cohen, Karl F. (2006). Forbidden Animation: Censored Cartoons and Blacklisted Animators in America. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 50. ISBN 9781476607252. ^ "Dick Lundy's "Kiddie Concert" (1948) |". cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved 2021-11-17. ^ Shull, Michael S.; Wilt, David E. (23 May 2014). Doing Their Bit: Wartime American Animated Short Films, 1939–1945. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 132. ISBN 9780786481699. ^ "The Vault". www2.boxoffice.com. Retrieved 14 June 2020. ^ "Swing Your Partner (1943) - The Internet Animation Database". www.intanibase.com. Retrieved 2022-03-29. ^ "'Pass the Biscuits' Part of the Hatfield-McCoy Pop-Culture Legacy". www.tvworthwatching.com. Retrieved 2021-11-19. ^ Catalog of Copyright Entries: Third series. The Library of Congress. 1970. p. 124. ^ ""Abou Ben Boogie" (1944) |". cartoonresearch.com. Retrieved 2021-11-20. External links Swing Symphony at IMDB Swing Symphony at BCDB This article related to a short animated film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The shorts were a more contemporary pastiche on Walt Disney's Silly Symphonies,[1] and often featured top boogie-woogie musicians of the era.[2] While the first cartoon include the characters Woody Woodpecker and Andy Panda, it mainly features a variety of different characters created exclusively for the series, with Oswald the Lucky Rabbit making an appearance in one cartoon.","title":"Swing Symphony"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scrub_Me_Mama_with_a_Boogie_Beat"},{"link_name":"boogie-woogie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boogie-woogie"},{"link_name":"Academy Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film"},{"link_name":"Ben Hardaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Hardaway"},{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Walter Lantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lantz"},{"link_name":"Universal Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Studios"},{"link_name":"Merrie Melodies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merrie_Melodies"},{"link_name":"Woody Woodpecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Woodpecker"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Darrell Calker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darrell_Calker"},{"link_name":"Nat King Cole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nat_King_Cole"},{"link_name":"Meade Lux Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meade_Lux_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Jack Teagarden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Teagarden"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Bob Zurke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Zurke"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Short_Film"},{"link_name":"Der Fuehrer's Face","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Fuehrer%27s_Face"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Joe Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Adamson"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"swing music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_music"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Walter Lantz Productions first developed the format with Scrub Me Mama with a Boogie Beat, released on March 28, 1941. The short is considered a precursor as it contains many elements seen in the series, such as utilizing a popular boogie-woogie song. Lantz also produced Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy of Company 'B' later in September which followed the same formula and would be nominated for an Academy Award. The first cartoon that would go under Swing Symphony wouldn't be released until December of that year.One of the main writers that worked on the series was Ben Hardaway, who left Warner Bros. in 1940 and was hired by Walter Lantz to work on the storyboards for Universal Studios' cartoons. From 1938 to 1940, Hardaway was notably one of the last holdouts to co-direct several Merrie Melodies cartoons that featured lengthy musical sequences. He also supplied his voice for Woody Woodpecker in 1944 until 1949.[3] Darrell Calker, who was involved in jazz circles, composed the music and brought in famous musicians like Nat King Cole, Meade Lux Lewis and Jack Teagarden to play them.[4] Pianist Bob Zurke did a recording for the cartoon Jungle Jive before he died aged 32.In 1942, Juke Box Jamboree was nominated for an Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film but lost to Disney's Der Fuehrer's Face.[5] Few of Lantz's cartoons were highlighted for stereotyping and racism, but were said by Joe Adamson as not intended to be offensive.[6]The series was discontinued in 1945 due to swing music fading in popularity following the end of World War II. Dick Lundy, who directed the last Swing Symphony cartoon, later developed Musical Miniatures, a musical series focusing on classical music. Four cartoons were produced in 1947–1948.[7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"}]
[]
[{"title":"Walter Lantz Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Lantz_Productions"},{"title":"Silly Symphonies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silly_Symphonies"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Pool_(London)
River Pool (London)
["1 External links","2 References"]
Coordinates: 51°26′20″N 0°01′36″W / 51.43889°N 0.02667°W / 51.43889; -0.02667 The river in Bell Green The River Pool is a tributary of the River Ravensbourne. It is 5.1 km (3 miles) in length, and rises with its tributaries between Shirley and West Wickham in the London Borough of Croydon. It then flows northwards through Beckenham in the London Borough of Bromley, and Sydenham in the London Borough of Lewisham, to join the Ravensbourne in Catford. Two of its tributaries are the River Beck and the Chaffinch Brook. For much of its length the river lies in a floodplain. Land on either side is given up to sports grounds and a flood watch is kept continually on it. In New Beckenham, the River Pool Walkway, running north from Lennard Road near the Midland Bank Sports Ground and Cator Park, includes a conservation site and naturalised areas; the route is part of the National Cycle Network. At Sydenham, the section of the river that ran in a culvert under the gas works has been opened up and landscaped. In June 2009, London Mayor Boris Johnson fell into the River Pool whilst promoting volunteering to clean up the waterway. External links Details of London's rivers, including River Pool Environment Agency Flood Report References ^ 'Boris Johnson stumbles into river' , BBC News, 4 June 2009 (Accessed 22 Jul 2010) 51°26′20″N 0°01′36″W / 51.43889°N 0.02667°W / 51.43889; -0.02667 This article related to a river in England is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cottage_Road_Cinema
Cottage Road Cinema
["1 History","2 Present day","3 Footnotes","4 References","5 Bibliography","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 53°49′37″N 1°34′53″W / 53.826944°N 1.581389°W / 53.826944; -1.581389 Cinema in Headingley, Leeds, England Cottage Road CinemaThe front entrance of Cottage Road CinemaLocationCottage Road, Headingley, Leeds, West Yorkshire, EnglandCoordinates53°49′37″N 1°34′53″W / 53.826944°N 1.581389°W / 53.826944; -1.581389OwnerNorthern Morris GroupTypeCinemaCapacity466Opened29 July 1912 (1912-07-29)Websitewww.cottageroad.co.uk Cottage Road Cinema is the oldest remaining cinema in continuous use in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Situated in the suburb of Headingley, Cottage Road was originally built in 1905 as a garage for the nearby Castle Grove mansion. Local newsreel cameraman Owen Brooks leased the garage with his friend George Reginald 'Reg' Smith and the two converted the building into a cinema, which opened as 'Headingley Picture House' on Monday, 29 July 1912. The cinema changed hands in the late 1930s, ultimately being purchased by Associated Tower Cinemas, who changed its name to Cottage Road Cinema and undertook building work. Associated Tower invested £20,000 to modernise the cinema in 1972, but announced that Cottage Road would close on 28 July 2005, due to unsustainable financial losses. The cinema was saved by a last minute bid from Charles Morris's Northern Morris Group. Under Northern Morris's ownership, Cottage Road celebrated its 100th birthday on 29 July 2012, with a Leeds Civic Trust blue plaque being unveiled by screenwriter Kay Mellor. Aiming to provide "cinema-going as it used to be", Cottage Road shows a mix of family-friendly films alongside classic movies, with ice creams being sold in the auditorium during the interval before films begin, and the national anthem being played at the end of each evening. History Cottage Road Cinema was originally built in 1905 (on the site of a former stable block) as a garage for H.R. Kirk, a Leeds textile merchant and owner of the nearby Castle Grove mansion. Pioneering Leeds-born newsreel cameraman Owen Brooks rented the garage several years later and, in partnership with his friend and fellow motoring enthusiast George Reginald 'Reg' Smith, converted it into a cinema. This 590-seat cinema opened as 'Headingley Picture House' on Monday, 29 July 1912, with tickets costing sixpence, or one shilling for reserved seating. Smith died in 1922, after which Brooks and Smith's widow, along with a new partner, bought the freehold of the property from the Kirk family. Two years later Brooks left the business and, following a one-week closure in 1931 to install sound equipment at the end of the silent film era, Headingley Picture House was purchased in 1937 by entrepreneur Frank T. Thompson. The cinema changed hands again the following year, with Associated Tower Cinemas taking over ownership and renaming it 'Cottage Road Cinema'. Associated Tower added a balcony to the auditorium and, around this time, the building was also re-fronted. Cottage Road continued to show films through the 'talkies' boom of the 1930s and 40s and the advent of colour until a major renovation in 1972, when £20,000 was spent modernising the cinema. The cinema re-opened on Boxing Day 1972 with a screening of Diamonds Are Forever. Further improvements were made in 1982 when Cinemeccanica Victoria 8 projectors, taken from the Grove cinema in Smethwick, were installed. By 2005 Cottage Road's fortunes had waned and Associated Tower, who disposed of Headingley's other historic cinema, The Lounge, in January of that year, announced that the venue would close on 28 July, one day shy of its 93rd birthday. In statements to the BBC, Associated Tower variously claimed that the cinema was losing £100,000 a year and between £1,000 and £2,000 a month due to "competition from multiplexes" and that it was no longer viable as a business. Despite protests from local residents, staff were issued with redundancy notices and Cottage Road was set to close its doors as planned until a last minute buyout was agreed with Charles Morris's Northern Morris Group, who paid a “nominal fee” to secure an initial nine-year lease. Morris claimed that he "couldn't resist" attempting to save the cinema given that it had "survived when so many other cinemas had succumbed to bingo halls and supermarkets due to competition from television, video and other entertainment", but warned that the local community would need to attend showings regularly to ensure Cottage Road's continued survival. Cottage Road Cinema's blue plaque Cottage Road regained its alcohol licence under Northern Morris ownership and, a year on from its acquisition, Charles Morris told the Yorkshire Evening Post that he was happy with sales at the cinema, stating that "it's doing particularly well really as it's been a bad year for cinemas generally" and pointing to a sold-out showing of the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale as a highlight. In 2008 the cinema received a National Lottery grant from the UK Film Council for roof repairs and, on 29 July 2012, a Leeds Civic Trust blue plaque was unveiled by Leeds-born screenwriter Kay Mellor to commemorate its 100th anniversary. Local poet Linda Marshall gave a special tribute entitled "Havoc In Far Headingley" after the plaque was unveiled, before the 1957 comedy The Smallest Show on Earth was shown. 100th birthday celebrations continued with more classic films, including a screening of Singin' in the Rain introduced by Labour MP Gerald Kaufman, and culminated with a silent film showing with live musical accompaniment, in conjunction with the Leeds International Film Festival. Leeds North West MP Greg Mulholland tabled an early day motion in the House of Commons, calling on his fellow politicians to congratulate "Leeds' oldest cinema in continuous use as it celebrates the centenary of its founding" along with Charles Morris and the Northern Morris Group for their role in saving Cottage Road and "similar historic cinemas up and down the country". The COVID-19 pandemic caused the cinema to close for seven months in 2020, before it reopened on 23 October with a showing of Breakfast at Tiffany’s. Present day Although it has digital projectors and Dolby Surround 7.1 sound, Cottage Road retains its wood-panelled lobby and aims to provide "cinema-going as it used to be". Ice creams are sold in the auditorium during the interval before films begin, and the national anthem is played at the end of each evening. Every six weeks, the cinema hosts 'Classics at the Cottage' events, where classic movies, often introduced by owner Charles Morris, are shown. Cottage Road's regular programme includes films that appeal to young children and families — according to Morris "Nightmare on Elm Street isn't for Cottage Road. We're lucky to have very loyal and appreciative audiences, and we try to give them what they want". Cottage Road has 466 seats, and cinemagoers can choose between regular stalls seating or larger and more comfortable 'Pullman seats', situated in the centre of the cinema, which offer a view of the screen unobstructed by other patrons. Footnotes ^ Sheena Hastings' Yorkshire Post article about the 100th anniversary of Cottage Road claims this one-week period in 1931 is the only time the cinema has closed, but Tuffrey notes a reopening of the cinema following renovations in 1972. ^ Cottage Road's official website gives capacity as 466, but several articles about the cinema state the capacity as 468. References ^ a b c d e f Armstrong 2012. ^ a b Cottage Road 2019. ^ a b c d e f g h Hastings 2012. ^ a b c d Bradford 2014. ^ a b c d e f Cottage Road 2018b. ^ a b c Preedy 2005, p. 46. ^ a b c Tuffrey 2013, p. 114. ^ a b c YEP 2011. ^ a b Wrathmell 2008, p. 262. ^ a b Woodward & Murphy 2005. ^ BBC News 2005a. ^ BBC News 2005b. ^ a b c Hazan 2006. ^ BBC 2008. ^ McTagg 2012. ^ Mulholland 2012. ^ Marano 2020. ^ YEP 2014. ^ Time Out 2015. ^ Cottage Road 2018a. Bibliography Armstrong, Jill (30 July 2012). "Leeds' magic little cinema in Cottage Road celebrates its 100th birthday". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018. "Second independent cinema to shut". BBC News. 4 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. "Cinema boss defends new closure". BBC News. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. "Small cinemas get lottery boost". BBC News. 2 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Bradford, Eveleigh (September 2014). "Owen Brooks (1863—1947), pioneer Photographer and Motorcycle enthusiast, founder of Cottage Road Cinema". Thoresby Society. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018. "Cinema Auditorium". Cottage Road Cinema. 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017. "Cinema History". Cottage Road Cinema. 2018. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017. "Cinema History". About — Auditorium. 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019. Hastings, Sheena (24 July 2012). "Reel life goes on as cinema celebrates 100 years of big screen entertainment". Yorkshire Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Hazan, Sophie (2006). "Picture is rosy at Cottage Road". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. McTagg, Suzanne (16 July 2012). "Blue plaque honour for oldest cinema in Leeds". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019. Marano, Rebecca (24 October 2020). "Headingley's Cottage Road cinema reopens for first time in seven months". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020. Mulholland, Greg (16 July 2012). "Early Day Motion 415: Cottage Road Cinema Centenary". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Preedy, Robert (2005). Leeds Cinemas. Tempus. ISBN 978-0752435831. "The enduring cinemas of LS6". Time Out. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015. Tuffrey, Peter (2013). West Yorkshire Cinemas and Theatres. Fonthill. ISBN 9781781552063. Woodward, Grant; Murphy, Chris (26 July 2005). "Celebrations as Cottage Road cinema gets reprieve". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. Wrathmell, Susan (2008). Leeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300107364. "Leeds Cottage Road Cinema ready for 100th birthday bash". Yorkshire Evening Post. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019. "Leeds is still making cinema history". Yorkshire Evening Post. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019. External links Home Page
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"West Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Headingley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headingley"},{"link_name":"garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_(residential)"},{"link_name":"newsreel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsreel"},{"link_name":"cameraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_operator"},{"link_name":"£","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_sterling"},{"link_name":"Leeds Civic Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Civic_Trust"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"Kay Mellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Mellor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2012-3"},{"link_name":"interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermission"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen"}],"text":"Cinema in Headingley, Leeds, EnglandCottage Road Cinema is the oldest remaining cinema in continuous use in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England. Situated in the suburb of Headingley, Cottage Road was originally built in 1905 as a garage for the nearby Castle Grove mansion. Local newsreel cameraman Owen Brooks leased the garage with his friend George Reginald 'Reg' Smith and the two converted the building into a cinema, which opened as 'Headingley Picture House' on Monday, 29 July 1912. The cinema changed hands in the late 1930s, ultimately being purchased by Associated Tower Cinemas, who changed its name to Cottage Road Cinema and undertook building work.Associated Tower invested £20,000 to modernise the cinema in 1972, but announced that Cottage Road would close on 28 July 2005, due to unsustainable financial losses. The cinema was saved by a last minute bid from Charles Morris's Northern Morris Group. Under Northern Morris's ownership, Cottage Road celebrated its 100th birthday on 29 July 2012, with a Leeds Civic Trust blue plaque being unveiled by screenwriter Kay Mellor. Aiming to provide \"cinema-going as it used to be\",[3] Cottage Road shows a mix of family-friendly films alongside classic movies, with ice creams being sold in the auditorium during the interval before films begin, and the national anthem being played at the end of each evening.","title":"Cottage Road Cinema"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable"},{"link_name":"garage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garage_(residential)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2014-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottage_Road2018b-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreedy200546-6"},{"link_name":"newsreel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsreel"},{"link_name":"cameraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camera_operator"},{"link_name":"motoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2014-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottage_Road2018b-5"},{"link_name":"sixpence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixpence_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"shilling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shilling_(British_coin)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2012-1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuffrey2013114-7"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBradford2014-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottage_Road2018b-5"},{"link_name":"silent 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plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"alcohol licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom#On-licence"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"James Bond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Bond"},{"link_name":"Casino Royale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino_Royale_(2006_film)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan2006-14"},{"link_name":"National Lottery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Lottery_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"UK Film Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Film_Council"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBBC2008-15"},{"link_name":"Leeds Civic Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_Civic_Trust"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"Kay Mellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Mellor"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2012-1"},{"link_name":"The Smallest Show on Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Smallest_Show_on_Earth"},{"link_name":"Singin' in the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"MP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Gerald Kaufman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Kaufman"},{"link_name":"Leeds International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcTagg2012-16"},{"link_name":"Leeds North West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds_North_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Greg Mulholland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Mulholland"},{"link_name":"early day motion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_day_motion"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulholland2012-17"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Breakfast at Tiffany’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breakfast_at_Tiffany%27s_(film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarano2020-18"}],"text":"Cottage Road Cinema was originally built in 1905 (on the site of a former stable block) as a garage for H.R. Kirk, a Leeds textile merchant and owner of the nearby Castle Grove mansion.[4][5][6] Pioneering Leeds-born newsreel cameraman Owen Brooks rented the garage several years later and, in partnership with his friend and fellow motoring enthusiast George Reginald 'Reg' Smith, converted it into a cinema.[4][5] This 590-seat cinema opened as 'Headingley Picture House' on Monday, 29 July 1912, with tickets costing sixpence, or one shilling for reserved seating.[1][7] Smith died in 1922, after which Brooks and Smith's widow, along with a new partner, bought the freehold of the property from the Kirk family.[4][5] Two years later Brooks left the business and, following a one-week closure in 1931 to install sound equipment at the end of the silent film era,[Note 1] Headingley Picture House was purchased in 1937 by entrepreneur Frank T. Thompson.[3][4][5] The cinema changed hands again the following year, with Associated Tower Cinemas taking over ownership and renaming it 'Cottage Road Cinema'.[5][8] Associated Tower added a balcony to the auditorium and, around this time, the building was also re-fronted.[8][9] Cottage Road continued to show films through the 'talkies' boom of the 1930s and 40s and the advent of colour until a major renovation in 1972, when £20,000 was spent modernising the cinema.[3][8] The cinema re-opened on Boxing Day 1972 with a screening of Diamonds Are Forever.[7] Further improvements were made in 1982 when Cinemeccanica Victoria 8 projectors, taken from the Grove cinema in Smethwick, were installed.[6]By 2005 Cottage Road's fortunes had waned and Associated Tower, who disposed of Headingley's other historic cinema, The Lounge, in January of that year, announced that the venue would close on 28 July, one day shy of its 93rd birthday.[10] In statements to the BBC, Associated Tower variously claimed that the cinema was losing £100,000 a year and between £1,000 and £2,000 a month due to \"competition from multiplexes\" and that it was no longer viable as a business.[11][12] Despite protests from local residents, staff were issued with redundancy notices and Cottage Road was set to close its doors as planned until a last minute buyout was agreed with Charles Morris's Northern Morris Group, who paid a “nominal fee” to secure an initial nine-year lease.[1][10][13] Morris claimed that he \"couldn't resist\" attempting to save the cinema given that it had \"survived when so many other cinemas had succumbed to bingo halls and supermarkets due to competition from television, video and other entertainment\", but warned that the local community would need to attend showings regularly to ensure Cottage Road's continued survival.[3]Cottage Road Cinema's blue plaqueCottage Road regained its alcohol licence under Northern Morris ownership and, a year on from its acquisition, Charles Morris told the Yorkshire Evening Post that he was happy with sales at the cinema, stating that \"it's doing particularly well really as it's been a bad year for cinemas generally\" and pointing to a sold-out showing of the 2006 James Bond film Casino Royale as a highlight.[13] In 2008 the cinema received a National Lottery grant from the UK Film Council for roof repairs[14] and, on 29 July 2012, a Leeds Civic Trust blue plaque was unveiled by Leeds-born screenwriter Kay Mellor to commemorate its 100th anniversary.[1] Local poet Linda Marshall gave a special tribute entitled \"Havoc In Far Headingley\" after the plaque was unveiled, before the 1957 comedy The Smallest Show on Earth was shown. 100th birthday celebrations continued with more classic films, including a screening of Singin' in the Rain introduced by Labour MP Gerald Kaufman, and culminated with a silent film showing with live musical accompaniment, in conjunction with the Leeds International Film Festival.[15] Leeds North West MP Greg Mulholland tabled an early day motion in the House of Commons, calling on his fellow politicians to congratulate \"Leeds' oldest cinema in continuous use [...] as it celebrates the centenary of its founding\" along with Charles Morris and the Northern Morris Group for their role in saving Cottage Road and \"similar historic cinemas up and down the country\".[16]The COVID-19 pandemic caused the cinema to close for seven months in 2020, before it reopened on 23 October with a showing of Breakfast at Tiffany’s.[17]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dolby Surround 7.1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolby_Surround_7.1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2012-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWrathmell2008262-10"},{"link_name":"interval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermission"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_Save_the_Queen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2012-1"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYEP2014-19"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArmstrong2012-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottage_Road2018b-5"},{"link_name":"Nightmare on Elm Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Nightmare_on_Elm_Street"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2012-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottage_Road2019-2"},{"link_name":"[Note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECottage_Road2018a-22"}],"text":"Although it has digital projectors and Dolby Surround 7.1 sound, Cottage Road retains its wood-panelled lobby and aims to provide \"cinema-going as it used to be\".[3][9] Ice creams are sold in the auditorium during the interval before films begin, and the national anthem is played at the end of each evening.[1][18] Every six weeks, the cinema hosts 'Classics at the Cottage' events, where classic movies, often introduced by owner Charles Morris, are shown.[1][5] Cottage Road's regular programme includes films that appeal to young children and families — according to Morris \"Nightmare on Elm Street isn't for Cottage Road. We're lucky to have very loyal and appreciative audiences, and we try to give them what they want\".[3] Cottage Road has 466 seats,[2][Note 2] and cinemagoers can choose between regular stalls seating or larger and more comfortable 'Pullman seats', situated in the centre of the cinema, which offer a view of the screen unobstructed by other patrons.[20]","title":"Present day"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHastings2012-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuffrey2013114-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPreedy200546-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazan2006-14"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETime_Out2015-20"}],"text":"^ Sheena Hastings' Yorkshire Post article about the 100th anniversary of Cottage Road claims this one-week period in 1931 is the only time the cinema has closed, but Tuffrey notes a reopening of the cinema following renovations in 1972.[3][7]\n\n^ Cottage Road's official website gives capacity as 466, but several articles about the cinema state the capacity as 468.[6][13][19]","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Leeds' magic little cinema in Cottage Road celebrates its 100th birthday\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20181220230346/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/jul/30/leeds-cottage-road-cinema-charles-morris-group"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/jul/30/leeds-cottage-road-cinema-charles-morris-group"},{"link_name":"\"Second independent cinema to shut\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190307145815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_yorkshire/4649779.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/4649779.stm"},{"link_name":"\"Cinema boss defends new closure\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190307150055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_yorkshire/4655721.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/4655721.stm"},{"link_name":"\"Small cinemas get lottery boost\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190307145231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bradford/7538675.stm"},{"link_name":"BBC News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7538675.stm"},{"link_name":"\"Owen Brooks (1863—1947), pioneer Photographer and Motorcycle enthusiast, founder of Cottage Road Cinema\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20180807063456/http://www.thoresby.org.uk/content/people/brooks.php"},{"link_name":"Thoresby Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoresby_Society"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thoresby.org.uk/content/people/brooks.php"},{"link_name":"\"Cinema Auditorium\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20171208121925/http://www.cottageroad.co.uk/Auditorium.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cottageroad.co.uk/Auditorium.php"},{"link_name":"\"Cinema History\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170822222916/http://www.cottageroad.co.uk/cinemahistory.php"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cottageroad.co.uk/cinemahistory.php"},{"link_name":"\"Cinema 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months\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20201101033401/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/business/consumer/headingleys-cottage-road-cinema-reopens-first-time-seven-months-3014121"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/business/consumer/headingleys-cottage-road-cinema-reopens-first-time-seven-months-3014121"},{"link_name":"\"Early Day Motion 415: Cottage Road Cinema Centenary\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190307151431/https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/44559"},{"link_name":"Parliament of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/44559"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0752435831","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752435831"},{"link_name":"\"The enduring cinemas of LS6\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20150704234633/https://www.timeout.com/leeds/blog/the-enduring-cinemas-of-ls6"},{"link_name":"Time Out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.timeout.com/leeds/blog/the-enduring-cinemas-of-ls6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781781552063","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781552063"},{"link_name":"\"Celebrations as Cottage Road cinema gets reprieve\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190307143711/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/celebrations-as-cottage-road-cinema-gets-reprieve-1-2127171"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/celebrations-as-cottage-road-cinema-gets-reprieve-1-2127171"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780300107364","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300107364"},{"link_name":"\"Leeds Cottage Road Cinema ready for 100th birthday bash\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190313223628/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/your-leeds/leeds-cottage-road-cinema-ready-for-100th-birthday-bash-1-3091905"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/your-leeds/leeds-cottage-road-cinema-ready-for-100th-birthday-bash-1-3091905"},{"link_name":"\"Leeds is still making cinema history\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190307153824/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/leeds-is-still-making-cinema-history-1-6694046"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Evening Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/leeds-is-still-making-cinema-history-1-6694046"}],"text":"Armstrong, Jill (30 July 2012). \"Leeds' magic little cinema in Cottage Road celebrates its 100th birthday\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018.\n\"Second independent cinema to shut\". BBC News. 4 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.\n\"Cinema boss defends new closure\". BBC News. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.\n\"Small cinemas get lottery boost\". BBC News. 2 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.\nBradford, Eveleigh (September 2014). \"Owen Brooks (1863—1947), pioneer Photographer and Motorcycle enthusiast, founder of Cottage Road Cinema\". Thoresby Society. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018.\n\"Cinema Auditorium\". Cottage Road Cinema. 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017.\n\"Cinema History\". Cottage Road Cinema. 2018. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017.\n\"Cinema History\". About — Auditorium. 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019.\nHastings, Sheena (24 July 2012). \"Reel life goes on as cinema celebrates 100 years of big screen entertainment\". Yorkshire Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.\nHazan, Sophie (2006). \"Picture is rosy at Cottage Road\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.\nMcTagg, Suzanne (16 July 2012). \"Blue plaque honour for oldest cinema in Leeds\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019.\nMarano, Rebecca (24 October 2020). \"Headingley's Cottage Road cinema reopens for first time in seven months\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.\nMulholland, Greg (16 July 2012). \"Early Day Motion 415: Cottage Road Cinema Centenary\". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.\nPreedy, Robert (2005). Leeds Cinemas. Tempus. ISBN 978-0752435831.\n\"The enduring cinemas of LS6\". Time Out. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.\nTuffrey, Peter (2013). West Yorkshire Cinemas and Theatres. Fonthill. ISBN 9781781552063.\nWoodward, Grant; Murphy, Chris (26 July 2005). \"Celebrations as Cottage Road cinema gets reprieve\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.\nWrathmell, Susan (2008). Leeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300107364.\n\"Leeds Cottage Road Cinema ready for 100th birthday bash\". Yorkshire Evening Post. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019.\n\"Leeds is still making cinema history\". Yorkshire Evening Post. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","title":"Bibliography"}]
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null
[{"reference":"Armstrong, Jill (30 July 2012). \"Leeds' magic little cinema in Cottage Road celebrates its 100th birthday\". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 20 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230346/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/jul/30/leeds-cottage-road-cinema-charles-morris-group","url_text":"\"Leeds' magic little cinema in Cottage Road celebrates its 100th birthday\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/uk/the-northerner/2012/jul/30/leeds-cottage-road-cinema-charles-morris-group","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Second independent cinema to shut\". BBC News. 4 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307145815/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_yorkshire/4649779.stm","url_text":"\"Second independent cinema to shut\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/4649779.stm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinema boss defends new closure\". BBC News. 6 July 2005. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307150055/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/west_yorkshire/4655721.stm","url_text":"\"Cinema boss defends new closure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/west_yorkshire/4655721.stm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Small cinemas get lottery boost\". BBC News. 2 August 2008. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307145231/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/bradford/7538675.stm","url_text":"\"Small cinemas get lottery boost\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News","url_text":"BBC News"},{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/bradford/7538675.stm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bradford, Eveleigh (September 2014). \"Owen Brooks (1863—1947), pioneer Photographer and Motorcycle enthusiast, founder of Cottage Road Cinema\". Thoresby Society. Archived from the original on 7 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180807063456/http://www.thoresby.org.uk/content/people/brooks.php","url_text":"\"Owen Brooks (1863—1947), pioneer Photographer and Motorcycle enthusiast, founder of Cottage Road Cinema\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoresby_Society","url_text":"Thoresby Society"},{"url":"http://www.thoresby.org.uk/content/people/brooks.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinema Auditorium\". Cottage Road Cinema. 2018. Archived from the original on 8 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171208121925/http://www.cottageroad.co.uk/Auditorium.php","url_text":"\"Cinema Auditorium\""},{"url":"http://www.cottageroad.co.uk/Auditorium.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinema History\". Cottage Road Cinema. 2018. Archived from the original on 22 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170822222916/http://www.cottageroad.co.uk/cinemahistory.php","url_text":"\"Cinema History\""},{"url":"http://www.cottageroad.co.uk/cinemahistory.php","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Cinema History\". About — Auditorium. 2019. Archived from the original on 1 August 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190801132951/https://cottageroad.co.uk/about/","url_text":"\"Cinema History\""},{"url":"https://cottageroad.co.uk/about/#fw-tabs-5d42e90810a7c-3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hastings, Sheena (24 July 2012). \"Reel life goes on as cinema celebrates 100 years of big screen entertainment\". Yorkshire Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307151043/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/analysis/reel-life-goes-on-as-cinema-celebrates-100-years-of-big-screen-entertainment-1-4765663","url_text":"\"Reel life goes on as cinema celebrates 100 years of big screen entertainment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Post"},{"url":"https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/analysis/reel-life-goes-on-as-cinema-celebrates-100-years-of-big-screen-entertainment-1-4765663","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hazan, Sophie (2006). \"Picture is rosy at Cottage Road\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307153012/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/picture-is-rosy-at-cottage-road-1-2082492","url_text":"\"Picture is rosy at Cottage Road\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"},{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/picture-is-rosy-at-cottage-road-1-2082492","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"McTagg, Suzanne (16 July 2012). \"Blue plaque honour for oldest cinema in Leeds\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190318133842/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/blue-plaque-honour-for-oldest-cinema-in-leeds-1-4743338","url_text":"\"Blue plaque honour for oldest cinema in Leeds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"},{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/blue-plaque-honour-for-oldest-cinema-in-leeds-1-4743338","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marano, Rebecca (24 October 2020). \"Headingley's Cottage Road cinema reopens for first time in seven months\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 1 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101033401/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/business/consumer/headingleys-cottage-road-cinema-reopens-first-time-seven-months-3014121","url_text":"\"Headingley's Cottage Road cinema reopens for first time in seven months\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"},{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/business/consumer/headingleys-cottage-road-cinema-reopens-first-time-seven-months-3014121","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mulholland, Greg (16 July 2012). \"Early Day Motion 415: Cottage Road Cinema Centenary\". Parliament of the United Kingdom. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307151431/https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/44559","url_text":"\"Early Day Motion 415: Cottage Road Cinema Centenary\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom","url_text":"Parliament of the United Kingdom"},{"url":"https://edm.parliament.uk/early-day-motion/44559","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Preedy, Robert (2005). Leeds Cinemas. Tempus. ISBN 978-0752435831.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0752435831","url_text":"978-0752435831"}]},{"reference":"\"The enduring cinemas of LS6\". Time Out. 26 June 2015. Archived from the original on 4 July 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150704234633/https://www.timeout.com/leeds/blog/the-enduring-cinemas-of-ls6","url_text":"\"The enduring cinemas of LS6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Out_(magazine)","url_text":"Time Out"},{"url":"https://www.timeout.com/leeds/blog/the-enduring-cinemas-of-ls6","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Tuffrey, Peter (2013). West Yorkshire Cinemas and Theatres. Fonthill. ISBN 9781781552063.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781552063","url_text":"9781781552063"}]},{"reference":"Woodward, Grant; Murphy, Chris (26 July 2005). \"Celebrations as Cottage Road cinema gets reprieve\". Yorkshire Evening Post. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307143711/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/celebrations-as-cottage-road-cinema-gets-reprieve-1-2127171","url_text":"\"Celebrations as Cottage Road cinema gets reprieve\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"},{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/celebrations-as-cottage-road-cinema-gets-reprieve-1-2127171","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Wrathmell, Susan (2008). Leeds. Yale University Press. ISBN 9780300107364.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300107364","url_text":"9780300107364"}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds Cottage Road Cinema ready for 100th birthday bash\". Yorkshire Evening Post. 17 February 2011. Archived from the original on 13 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190313223628/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/your-leeds/leeds-cottage-road-cinema-ready-for-100th-birthday-bash-1-3091905","url_text":"\"Leeds Cottage Road Cinema ready for 100th birthday bash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"},{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/your-leeds/leeds-cottage-road-cinema-ready-for-100th-birthday-bash-1-3091905","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Leeds is still making cinema history\". Yorkshire Evening Post. 25 June 2014. Archived from the original on 7 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190307153824/https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/leeds-is-still-making-cinema-history-1-6694046","url_text":"\"Leeds is still making cinema history\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Evening_Post","url_text":"Yorkshire Evening Post"},{"url":"https://www.yorkshireeveningpost.co.uk/news/leeds-is-still-making-cinema-history-1-6694046","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Louisville_FC_(USL_W_League)
Racing Louisville FC (USL W League)
["1 History","2 Stadium","3 Players","4 Staff","4.1 Coaching history","5 Year-by-year","6 References"]
American women's soccer club For the affiliated professional National Women's Soccer League team, see Racing Louisville FC. Soccer clubRacing Louisville FCFull nameRacing Louisville Football ClubFoundedJanuary 18, 2022; 2 years ago (2022-01-18)StadiumLynn Family Sports Vision & Training CenterLouisville, KentuckyOwnerSoccer Holdings, LLCChairmanJohn NeaceHead coachCallie McKinneyLeagueUSL W League20232nd of 8Valley DivisionWebsiteClub website Home colors Away colors Current season Racing Louisville FC is an amateur women's soccer team that plays in the USL W League. It is affiliated and shares ownership with the eponymous professional team Racing Louisville FC, which competes in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL). History In January 2022, NWSL club Racing Louisville FC added an amateur team to compete in the newly formed USL W League, becoming the first NWSL club to do so. This followed the club's academy opening in 2020 and completed its developmental pathway from youth soccer to top-division professional play. The club hired an all-female technical staff to lead the team, with Kincaid Schmidt as its inaugural head coach and former NWSL player Libby Stout as assistant coach. In the 2023 USL W League season, Racing finished in a tie on points for first place in the Valley division with eventual national championship finalists Indy Eleven with a greater goal differential, but second due to the first tiebreaker being head-to-head record and did not advance to the conference playoffs. The team's only loss and draw on its 8–1–1 season record were against Indy. Stadium Racing Louisville FC has played its USL W League matches at the Lynn Family Sports Vision & Training Center, which also serves as the parent club's training facility, since its inception. Players See also: Category:Racing Louisville FC (USL W League) players Most of Racing's W League squad are drawn from colleges and Racing's youth academy. The professional Racing Louisville club has signed players from its W League club, including Isabella Beletic and Allison Whitfield in 2022. Racing Academy and W League player Ella Sanchez was a non-roster invitee to the professional team's 2023 preseason. Racing's Emily Madril was one of 19 W League players to sign a professional contract, with Orlando Pride, after the league's inaugural season. Staff As of 6 June 2023. Technical Head coach Callie McKinney Assistant coach Libby Stout Coaching history 2022: Kincaid Schmidt 2023: Callie McKinney Year-by-year As of 1 July 2023. Season League Division Regular season Playoffs P W D L GF GA GD Pts. Pos. 2022 USL W Great Lakes 12 6 3 3 26 15 +11 21 3rd Did not qualify 2023 Valley 10 8 1 1 42 4 +38 25 2nd Did not qualify ^ Tied for first on points with Indy Eleven, but lost the first tiebreaker on head-to-head record. References ^ a b Gardner, Hayes (January 18, 2022). "Racing Louisville soccer adds 'pre-professional' USL W League squad to compete this year". Louisville Courier Journal. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Hruby, Emma (January 18, 2022). "Racing Louisville first NWSL team to expand into USL W League". Just Women's Sports. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ a b "Schmidt to lead Racing's all-female USL W League staff" (Press release). Racing Louisville FC. January 25, 2022. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ "Racing's W League team draws Indy in a top-of-the-division clash" (Press release). Racing Louisville FC. June 2, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023. ^ "Racing's W League team suffers first defeat of the season to Indy Eleven" (Press release). Racing Louisville FC. June 6, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023. ^ "Schedule". USL W League. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ "Training Facility". Lou City/Racing Academy. Retrieved June 9, 2023. ^ a b c "Racing names McKinney as new USL W League coach" (Press release). Racing Louisville FC. February 28, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Hayward, Len (July 7, 2022). "Carroll grad Isabella Beletic signs short-term contract with Racing Louisville FC". Corpus Christi Caller Times. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ "Former Manual, UofL teammates reunited at Racing Louisville FC". WLKY. June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Lane, Tom (May 12, 2023). "Racing Louisville academy star, Ballard senior Ella Sanchez will soon decide if to turn pro or play in college". WDRB. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ Yang, Steph (January 26, 2023). "Lower-division women's soccer eyes international investment, raised standards". The Athletic. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ "Racing sets inaugural USL W League roster with season nearing" (Press release). Racing Louisville FC. May 4, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023. ^ "Standings". USL W League. Retrieved July 14, 2023. vteRacing Louisville Football Club Founded 2019 Based in Louisville, Kentucky Club History Players and staff All-time roster Seasons Stadium Lynn Family Stadium Affiliated clubs Louisville City FC Culture Club identity Key personnel Owner Soccer Holdings, LLC Chairman John Neace General manager Ryan Dell Head coach Kim Björkegren National Women's Soccer LeagueSeasons 2021 2022 2023 2024 vteUSL W LeagueEastern ConferenceMetropolitan Division AC Connecticut Cedar Stars F.A. Euro Long Island Rough Riders Manhattan SC Morris Elite SC Paisley Athletic FC Westchester Flames Mid Atlantic Division Christos FC Eagle FC McLean Soccer Northern Virginia FC Patuxent Football Athletics Virginia Marauders FC Central ConferenceGreat Lakes Division AFC Ann Arbor Cleveland Force SC Detroit City FC Flint City AFC Kalamazoo FC Midwest United FC Heartland Division Bavarian United SC Chicago City SC Chicago Dutch Lions Green Bay Glory Minnesota Aurora FC RKC SC Rochester FC Valley Division Indy Eleven Lexington SC Kings Hammer FC Racing Louisville FC St. Charles FC Southern ConferenceSouth Atlantic Division Asheville City SC FC Carolinas Charlotte Independence Greenville Liberty SC North Carolina Courage U23 North Carolina Fusion Wake FC South Central Division Birmingham Legion W League Chattanooga Red Wolves SC North Alabama SC South Carolina United FC Southern Soccer Academy Tennessee SC Tormenta FC Southeast Division FC Miami City Florida Elite SA Miami AC Palm City Americanas Swan City SC Tampa Bay United Western ConferenceNorthwest Division Capital FC Atletica Lane United FC Oly Town FC PDX FC United PDX Nor Cal Division Academica SC California Storm Marin FC Siren Oakland Soul SC Olympic Club Pleasanton RAGE San Francisco Glens Stockton Cargo SC Seasons 2022 2023 2024
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"},{"link_name":"Racing Louisville FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Louisville_FC"},{"link_name":"women's soccer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_association_football"},{"link_name":"USL W League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_W_League"},{"link_name":"Racing Louisville FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Louisville_FC"},{"link_name":"National Women's Soccer League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Soccer_League"}],"text":"For the affiliated professional National Women's Soccer League team, see Racing Louisville FC.Soccer clubRacing Louisville FC is an amateur women's soccer team that plays in the USL W League. It is affiliated and shares ownership with the eponymous professional team Racing Louisville FC, which competes in the National Women's Soccer League (NWSL).","title":"Racing Louisville FC (USL W League)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Racing Louisville FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Louisville_FC"},{"link_name":"USL W League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_W_League"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lcj-founding-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Libby Stout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libby_Stout"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlfc-schmidt-3"},{"link_name":"2023 USL W League season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_USL_W_League_season"},{"link_name":"Indy Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Eleven"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In January 2022, NWSL club Racing Louisville FC added an amateur team to compete in the newly formed USL W League,[1] becoming the first NWSL club to do so. This followed the club's academy opening in 2020 and completed its developmental pathway from youth soccer to top-division professional play.[2] The club hired an all-female technical staff to lead the team, with Kincaid Schmidt as its inaugural head coach and former NWSL player Libby Stout as assistant coach.[3]In the 2023 USL W League season, Racing finished in a tie on points for first place in the Valley division with eventual national championship finalists Indy Eleven with a greater goal differential, but second due to the first tiebreaker being head-to-head record and did not advance to the conference playoffs. The team's only loss and draw on its 8–1–1 season record were against Indy.[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lcj-founding-1"}],"text":"Racing Louisville FC has played its USL W League matches at the Lynn Family Sports Vision & Training Center,[6] which also serves as the parent club's training facility,[7] since its inception.[1]","title":"Stadium"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Category:Racing Louisville FC (USL W League) players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Racing_Louisville_FC_(USL_W_League)_players"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlfc-mckinney-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"2023 preseason","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Racing_Louisville_FC_season"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Emily Madril","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_Madril"},{"link_name":"Orlando Pride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Pride"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"See also: Category:Racing Louisville FC (USL W League) playersMost of Racing's W League squad are drawn from colleges and Racing's youth academy.[8] The professional Racing Louisville club has signed players from its W League club, including Isabella Beletic[9] and Allison Whitfield[10] in 2022. Racing Academy and W League player Ella Sanchez was a non-roster invitee to the professional team's 2023 preseason.[11] Racing's Emily Madril was one of 19 W League players to sign a professional contract, with Orlando Pride, after the league's inaugural season.[12]","title":"Players"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlfc-mckinney-8"}],"text":"As of 6 June 2023.[8]","title":"Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlfc-schmidt-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rlfc-mckinney-8"}],"sub_title":"Coaching history","text":"2022: Kincaid Schmidt[3][13]\n2023: Callie McKinney[8]","title":"Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Indy Eleven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indy_Eleven"}],"text":"As of 1 July 2023.[14]^ Tied for first on points with Indy Eleven, but lost the first tiebreaker on head-to-head record.","title":"Year-by-year"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/W_league_square.png/60px-W_league_square.png"}]
null
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Retrieved June 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingloufc.com/news/2022/01/25/schmidt-to-lead-racings-all-female-usl-w-league-staff/","url_text":"\"Schmidt to lead Racing's all-female USL W League staff\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Louisville_FC","url_text":"Racing Louisville FC"}]},{"reference":"\"Racing's W League team draws Indy in a top-of-the-division clash\" (Press release). Racing Louisville FC. June 2, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingloufc.com/news/2023/06/02/racings-w-league-team-draws-indy-in-a-top-of-the-division-clash/","url_text":"\"Racing's W League team draws Indy in a top-of-the-division clash\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Louisville_FC","url_text":"Racing Louisville FC"}]},{"reference":"\"Racing's W League team suffers first defeat of the season to Indy Eleven\" (Press release). Racing Louisville FC. June 6, 2023. Retrieved July 15, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingloufc.com/news/2023/06/06/racings-w-league-team-suffers-first-defeat-of-the-season-to-indy-eleven/","url_text":"\"Racing's W League team suffers first defeat of the season to Indy Eleven\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Louisville_FC","url_text":"Racing Louisville FC"}]},{"reference":"\"Schedule\". USL W League. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.uslwleague.com/league-schedule","url_text":"\"Schedule\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USL_W_League","url_text":"USL W League"}]},{"reference":"\"Training Facility\". Lou City/Racing Academy. Retrieved June 9, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loucityracingacademy.com/training-facility","url_text":"\"Training Facility\""}]},{"reference":"\"Racing names McKinney as new USL W League coach\" (Press release). Racing Louisville FC. February 28, 2023. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.racingloufc.com/news/2023/02/28/mckinney-appointed-as-racings-usl-w-league-coach/","url_text":"\"Racing names McKinney as new USL W League coach\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racing_Louisville_FC","url_text":"Racing Louisville FC"}]},{"reference":"Hayward, Len (July 7, 2022). \"Carroll grad Isabella Beletic signs short-term contract with Racing Louisville FC\". Corpus Christi Caller Times. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.caller.com/story/sports/soccer/2022/07/07/isabella-beletic-signs-with-racing-louisville-fc-of-nwsl/65369255007/","url_text":"\"Carroll grad Isabella Beletic signs short-term contract with Racing Louisville FC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corpus_Christi_Caller_Times","url_text":"Corpus Christi Caller Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Former Manual, UofL teammates reunited at Racing Louisville FC\". WLKY. June 30, 2022. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wlky.com/article/former-manual-uofl-teammates-reunited-racing-louisville-fc/40475240","url_text":"\"Former Manual, UofL teammates reunited at Racing Louisville FC\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WLKY","url_text":"WLKY"}]},{"reference":"Lane, Tom (May 12, 2023). \"Racing Louisville academy star, Ballard senior Ella Sanchez will soon decide if to turn pro or play in college\". WDRB. Retrieved June 6, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wdrb.com/sports/racing-louisville-academy-star-ballard-senior-ella-sanchez-will-soon-decide-if-to-turn-pro/article_f2f20b12-f103-11ed-9aa9-cfa6a685ac05.html","url_text":"\"Racing Louisville academy star, Ballard senior Ella Sanchez will soon decide if to turn pro or play in college\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDRB","url_text":"WDRB"}]},{"reference":"Yang, Steph (January 26, 2023). \"Lower-division women's soccer eyes international investment, raised standards\". The Athletic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stu_Harvey
Stu Harvey
["1 Writing career","2 References","3 External links"]
Australian radio announcer This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person relies too much on references to primary sources. Please help by adding secondary or tertiary sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately, especially if potentially libelous or harmful.Find sources: "Stu Harvey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Stu Harvey" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Stuart "Stu" Harvey is a Melbourne, Australia based radio announcer. Harvey first worked at 979fm in Melton, Victoria, hosting Mondo Bizarro, before teaming up with Nick Kocsis (a.k.a. Nick Mondo) and moving the show to 3RRR. Mondo Bizarro was Australia's longest ever running specialist punk radio show, the show ended in late 2005, after running on various stations constantly for over 14 years. In 2004 he launched the punk/hardcore program on Triple J short.fast.loud and worked there for ten years. Writing career Stu Harvey contributes weekly punk/hardcore news columns to a number of Australian print publications including Inpress (Melbourne), Drum Media (Sydney), Time Off (Brisbane), Drum Media Perth (Perth) and also a monthly column printed in nationally distributed secondary school magazine S-Press. References ^ "Stu Harvey". Double J. 13 December 2018. Retrieved 31 December 2020. External links Triple J People: Stuart Harvey, archived on Wayback Machine Profile on Double J website This Australian biographical article related to radio is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lady_Is_a_Tramp_(TV_series)
The Lady Is a Tramp (TV series)
["1 Synopsis","2 Chief characters and actresses","3 Crew","4 References","5 External links","6 See also"]
For the song, see The Lady Is a Tramp. British TV series or programme The Lady Is a TrampWritten byJohnny SpeightDirected byDouglas Argent Dennis Main WilsonStarringPatricia HayesPat CoombsCountry of originUnited KingdomOriginal languageEnglishNo. of episodes13ProductionProduction companyRegent ProductionsOriginal releaseNetworkChannel 4Release8 January 1983 (1983-01-08) –30 March 1984 (1984-03-30) The Lady Is a Tramp is a television programme in the situation comedy format that was one of the first series to be shown on the then-new British television channel, Channel 4, between 1983 and 1984. (It started on 8 January 1983; the channel had begun broadcasting only the previous November.) Written by Johnny Speight, the programme lasted for two series, and totalled 13 episodes. Synopsis Old Pat and Lanky Pat are a pair of elderly tramps or "bag ladies" who have spent many years sleeping rough in such places as on park benches in London. The two move into a derelict van in an apparently unused yard. They then resist repeated attempts to move them from their new home. Chief characters and actresses Old Pat — played by Patricia Hayes Lanky Pat — played by Pat Coombs The character of Old Pat echoes the title role in the Jeremy Sandford drama "Edna the Inebriate Woman" which Hayes had played in 1971, but is done with a greater sense of comedy. According to her autobiography, Hayes used costume items from her performance as Edna in the role of Old Pat. Crew Directors: Douglas Argent & Dennis Main Wilson Writer: Johnny Speight References ^ British TV comedy site ^ Hayes P. It's a Funny Old Life, published 1990 ^ Internet Movie Database entry External links Lady Is a Tramp at IMDb See also Homelessness Lady and the Tramp (animated feature film) vteWorks by Johnny SpeightTV Sykes and a... (1960) Till Death Us Do Part (1966–75) Justice For All (US, 1968) Curry and Chips (1969) Those Were The Days (US, 1969) All in the Family (US, 1971–79) Ein Herz und eine Seele (Germany, 1973–76) For Richer...For Poorer (1975) Spooner's Patch (1979-1982) (With Ray Galton) Till Death... (1981) The Lady Is a Tramp (1983-84) In Sickness and in Health (1985–92) Films Privilege (1967) Till Death Us Do Part (film) (1969) The Alf Garnett Saga (1972) This article relating to a comedy television series in the United Kingdom is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Pudding_(novel)
Christmas Pudding (novel)
["1 Characters","2 References"]
1932 novel by Nancy Mitford Christmas Pudding AuthorNancy MitfordLanguageEnglishPublished1932PublisherThornton ButterworthOCLC19080300 Christmas Pudding is a novel by Nancy Mitford, first published in 1932. It tells the story of a Christmas spent in the Cotswolds during an outbreak of hoof-and-mouth disease, away from the busy city life of London. Characters Paul Fotheringay - A writer who has recently published his first successful novel "Crazy Capers", is the protagonist. Much to his dismay, "Crazy Capers" has been dubbed the funniest book of the year; what the readers do not realise is that it was intended to be a tragic tale. He is advised to try writing a biography and duly heads to Compton Bobbin with the aim of reading the inaccessible diaries of Lady Maria Bobbin, a Victorian poet. Amabelle Fortescue - A rich courtesan who rents Mulberrie Cottage for a quiet country escape over the Yuletide period, near Compton Bobbin. Sally and Walter Monteath - A poor couple (originally appearing in Highland Fling) who are great friends with Amabelle Fortescue and opt to spend Christmas with her in Mulberrie Cottage. Michael Lewes (Lord Lewes) - He is madly in love with Amabelle Fortescue and is astonished to find that she is staying in a neighbouring cottage when he goes to stay at Compton Bobbin. He quickly becomes a suitor to the attractive Philadelphia Bobbin. Lady Bobbin - A rather stern lady who thoroughly enjoys hunting and outdoor activities and hates Socialism. Philadelphia Bobbin - Lady Bobbin's beautiful daughter is intelligent but undereducated and lonely stuck in the country. She becomes torn between her attraction to both Paul and Michael. Sir Roderick (Bobby) Bobbin - Lady Bobbin's son, who does not share his mother's interest for hunting and sport, is more inclined to sleep for as many hours of the day as possible or attend parties with his friends. He happily agrees to help Paul Fotheringay gain access to his great-grandmother's journals by persuading his mother that Paul "Fisher" is a knowledgeable gentleman who will tutor him during the holiday period. References ^ Rereading: Christmas Pudding by Nancy Mitford, The Guardian, 23 December 2011 vteNovels by Nancy Mitford Highland Fling (1931) Christmas Pudding (1932) Wigs on the Green (1935) Pigeon Pie (1940) The Pursuit of Love (1945) Love in a Cold Climate (1949) The Blessing (1951) Don't Tell Alfred (1960) This article about a 1930s novel is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.See guidelines for writing about novels. Further suggestions might be found on the article's talk page.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Jokisch
Eric Jokisch
["1 Career","1.1 Amateur","1.2 Chicago Cubs","1.3 Miami Marlins","1.4 Texas Rangers","1.5 Arizona Diamondbacks","1.6 Oakland Athletics","1.7 Kiwoom Heroes","2 References","3 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1989) Baseball player Eric JokischJokisch at Osan Air Base in 2019Free agent PitcherBorn: (1989-07-29) July 29, 1989 (age 34)Springfield, Illinois, U.S.Bats: RightThrows: LeftProfessional debutMLB: September 7, 2014, for the Chicago CubsKBO: March 24, 2019, for the Kiwoom HeroesMLB statistics (through 2014 season)Win–loss record0–0Earned run average1.88Strikeouts10KBO statistics (through 2023 season)Win–loss record56–36Earned run average2.85Strikeouts592 Teams Chicago Cubs (2014) Kiwoom Heroes (2019–2023) Eric Spenser Jokisch (/ˈdʒoʊkɪʃ/ JOH-kish; born July 29, 1989) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs and in the KBO League for the Kiwoom Heroes. Career Amateur Jokisch was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 39th round of the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft out of Virginia High School in Virginia, Illinois, but did not sign and played college baseball at Northwestern University. In 2009, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League. Chicago Cubs He was selected by the Chicago Cubs in the 11th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft and signed. In 2013, while pitching for the Tennessee Smokies, he pitched a no-hitter. Jokisch was called up to the majors for the first time on September 2, 2014. Miami Marlins On April 13, 2016, Jokisch was claimed off waivers by the Miami Marlins. After one start for the Double–A Jacksonville Suns, he made 18 appearances for the Triple–A New Orleans Zephyrs, posting a 2.64 ERA with 19 strikeouts in 30+2⁄3 innings pitched. Jokisch was designated for assignment on July 6 following the promotion of Don Kelly. He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Double–A Jacksonville on July 8. Texas Rangers On July 8, 2016, the Marlins traded Jokisch to the Texas Rangers in exchange for Pedro Ciriaco. As he had been outrighted the same day, Jokisch did not occupy a spot on Texas' 40-man roster. Arizona Diamondbacks On February 26, 2017, Jokisch signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks organization. Jokisch spent the 2017 season with the Triple–A Reno Aces, also making 1 start for the Double–A Jackson Generals. In 28 games (21 starts) for Reno, he logged an 8–8 record and 4.21 ERA with 91 strikeouts in 134+2⁄3 innings pitched. He elected free agency following the season on November 6, 2017. Oakland Athletics On December 7, 2017, Jokisch signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics organization. He spent the 2018 season with the Triple–A Nashville Sounds, making 26 appearances (23 starts) and registering a 5–11 record and 4.06 ERA with 121 strikeouts in 148+2⁄3 innings of work. Jokisch elected free agency after the season on November 2, 2018. Kiwoom Heroes On November 23, 2018, Jokisch signed a one-year, $500,000 contract with the Kiwoom Heroes of the KBO League. He produced a 13–9 record with a 3.13 ERA over 181.1 innings in 2019. Jokisch re-signed with Kiwoom for the 2020 season on a one-year contract worth $700,000. In 2020 Jokisch led the team with 159.2 innings with an ERA of 2.14 ,winning the league’s ERA title. He re-signed with the Heroes on a one year $900k deal for the 2021 season on December 2, 2020. Jokisch tied for the league lead in wins (16), while ranking second in innings pitched (181+1⁄3) and fourth in ERA (2.93). On December 30, 2021, he re-signed with the Heroes on a one-year deal worth up to $1.3 million. Jokisch started 30 games for Kiwoom in 2022, registering a 10–8 record and 2.57 ERA with 154 strikeouts across a career–high 185+2⁄3 innings pitched. On December 11, 2022, Jokisch re-signed a one-year contract worth $1.5 million. He would make 12 starts for the team in 2023, logging a 5–3 record and 4.39 ERA with 51 strikeouts in 65+2⁄3 innings of work. In early June, Jokisch suffered a tear in his left adductor muscle and was ruled out for six weeks. Rather than wait for Jokisch to get healthy, the Heroes released him on June 16 and signed Ian McKinney. References ^ "Eric Jockisch goes yard for the I-Cubs". YouTube. Retrieved 28 December 2020. ^ "Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019. ^ "2009 Harwich Mariners". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021. ^ "Jokisch Selected by Chicago Cubs in 11th Round of MLB Draft". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-09-01. ^ Gonzales, Mark. "Cubs minor leaguer Jokisch tosses no-hitter for Tennessee". ^ a b c "KBO's Eric Jokisch Considering MLB Return". mlbtraderumors.com. November 6, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020. ^ "Marlins' Eric Jokisch: Designated for assignment". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ "Marlins' Eric Jokisch: Outrighted to Jacksonville". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ "Rangers' Eric Jokisch: Gets traded to Texas". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ "Diamondbacks' Eric Jokisch: Signs minor-league deal with Diamondbacks". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ "Minor League Free Agents 2017". baseballamerica.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023. ^ "Athletics' Eric Jokisch: Inks farm deal with A's". CBS Sports. December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017. ^ "Former Oakland A's minor league Eric Jokisch may have a chance to return to the majors after a two year stint in the Korean Baseball Organization". whitecleatbeat.com. Retrieved July 24, 2023. ^ "Minor League Free Agents 2018". baseballamerica.com. Retrieved May 20, 2024. ^ "Nexen Heroes sign new foreign pitcher, retain two foreign players". English.yonhapnews.co.kr. November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018. ^ "Kiwoom Heroes re-sign left-hander Eric Jokisch". Yonhap News Agency. November 22, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019. ^ "KBO's Kiwoom Heroes Re-Sign Eric Jokisch; Part Ways With Addison Russell, Jake Brigham". mlbtraderumors.com. December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020. ^ "Kiwoom Heroes bring back starter Jokisch for 4th season in KBO". Yonhap News Agency. December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021. ^ "Kiwoom Heroes release injured pitcher Jokisch". m-en.yna.co.kr. Retrieved June 16, 2023. External links Career statistics and player information from MLB, or ESPN, or Baseball Reference, or Fangraphs, or Baseball Reference (Minors) Northwestern Wildcats bio Eric Jokisch on X vteKiwoom Heroes current rosterPitchers 00 Park Yun-sung 8 Kim Seong-min 11 Cho Sang-woo 19 Kim Yun-ha 20 Cho Young-gun 21 Moon Sung-hyun 28 Kim Jae-woong 30 Ju Seung-woo 31 Oh Seok-joo 38 Lee Myeong-jong 39 Oh Sang-won 42 Park Seung-joo 43 Kim Dong-kyu 46 Won Jong-hyan 49 Kim Seon-gi 50 Ha Yeong-min 54 Enmanuel De Jesus 58 Jeong Chan-heon 60 Kim Dong-hyeok 61 Jang Jae-young 62 Jhun Jun-pyo 63 Son Hyeon-gi 66 Lee Jong-min 67 Kim In-beom 68 Kim Yeon-ju 75 Ariel Jurado 95 Yun Seok-won Catchers 22 Kim Dong-heon 26 Kim Si-ang 32 Kim Jae-hyun 64 Park Seong-bhin 96 Park Jun-hyeong 97 Kim Ji-sung Infielders 0 Kim Byeong-hwi 1 Kim Tae-jin 3 Kim Hye-seong 5 Lee Jae-sang 6 Kim Ju-hyung 10 Kim Woong-bin 12 Kim Gun-hee 13 Kim Su-hwan 17 Lee Won-seok 24 Song Sung-mun 29 Im Ji-yeol 37 Sin Jun-woo 44 Ko Young-woo 53 Choi Joo-hwan 92 Lee Seung-won 94 Song Ji-hoo Outfielders 2 Lee Ju-hyoung 14 Park Soo-jong 15 Lee Yong-kyu 23 Ye Jin-won 25 Ju Seong-won 27 Ronnie Dawson 35 Lim Byeong-wuk 36 Lee Hyung-jong 48 Park Chan-hyeok 56 Byeon Sang-kwon 57 Park Ju-hong Coaching Staff Manager 78 Hong Won-ki Bench coach 72 Kim Chang-hyun Battery 89 Park Do-hyun First base 86 Kim Ji-soo Third base 74 Jo Jae-young Hitting 77 Kang Byeong-sik Hitting Sub 73 Oh Yun Pitching 79 Song Shin-young Defence 76 Kim Il-gyeong Bullpen 87 Park Jung-bae Bullpen -- Ma Jung-kil This biographical article relating to an American baseball pitcher born in the 1980s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"/ˈdʒoʊkɪʃ/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"JOH-kish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"professional baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professional_baseball"},{"link_name":"pitcher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitcher"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball"},{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"KBO League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBO_League"},{"link_name":"Kiwoom Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwoom_Heroes"}],"text":"Baseball playerEric Spenser Jokisch (/ˈdʒoʊkɪʃ/ JOH-kish;[1] born July 29, 1989) is an American professional baseball pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Chicago Cubs and in the KBO League for the Kiwoom Heroes.","title":"Eric Jokisch"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cleveland Indians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland_Indians"},{"link_name":"2007 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"Virginia High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Community_Unit_School_District_64"},{"link_name":"Virginia, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Northwestern University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northwestern_University"},{"link_name":"collegiate summer baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_summer_baseball"},{"link_name":"Harwich Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harwich_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Cape Cod Baseball League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Cod_Baseball_League"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Amateur","text":"Jokisch was drafted by the Cleveland Indians in the 39th round of the 2007 Major League Baseball Draft out of Virginia High School in Virginia, Illinois, but did not sign and played college baseball at Northwestern University. In 2009, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League.[2][3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chicago Cubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Cubs"},{"link_name":"2010 Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Tennessee Smokies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee_Smokies"},{"link_name":"no-hitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No-hitter"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlbtr-6"}],"sub_title":"Chicago Cubs","text":"He was selected by the Chicago Cubs in the 11th round of the 2010 Major League Baseball Draft and signed.[4] In 2013, while pitching for the Tennessee Smokies, he pitched a no-hitter.[5]Jokisch was called up to the majors for the first time on September 2, 2014.[6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miami Marlins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Marlins"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlbtr-6"},{"link_name":"Jacksonville Suns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacksonville_Suns"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Zephyrs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans_Zephyrs"},{"link_name":"designated for assignment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Designated_for_assignment"},{"link_name":"Don Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Kelly_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Miami Marlins","text":"On April 13, 2016, Jokisch was claimed off waivers by the Miami Marlins.[6] After one start for the Double–A Jacksonville Suns, he made 18 appearances for the Triple–A New Orleans Zephyrs, posting a 2.64 ERA with 19 strikeouts in 30+2⁄3 innings pitched. Jokisch was designated for assignment on July 6 following the promotion of Don Kelly.[7] He cleared waivers and was sent outright to Double–A Jacksonville on July 8.[8]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Texas Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Rangers_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Pedro Ciriaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Ciriaco"},{"link_name":"40-man roster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/40-man_roster"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Texas Rangers","text":"On July 8, 2016, the Marlins traded Jokisch to the Texas Rangers in exchange for Pedro Ciriaco. As he had been outrighted the same day, Jokisch did not occupy a spot on Texas' 40-man roster.[9]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Diamondbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Diamondbacks"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Reno Aces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reno_Aces"},{"link_name":"Jackson Generals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackson_Generals"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Diamondbacks","text":"On February 26, 2017, Jokisch signed a minor league contract with the Arizona Diamondbacks organization.[10] Jokisch spent the 2017 season with the Triple–A Reno Aces, also making 1 start for the Double–A Jackson Generals. In 28 games (21 starts) for Reno, he logged an 8–8 record and 4.21 ERA with 91 strikeouts in 134+2⁄3 innings pitched. He elected free agency following the season on November 6, 2017.[11]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oakland Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_Athletics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Nashville Sounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Sounds"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mlbtr-6"}],"sub_title":"Oakland Athletics","text":"On December 7, 2017, Jokisch signed a minor league contract with the Oakland Athletics organization.[12] He spent the 2018 season with the Triple–A Nashville Sounds, making 26 appearances (23 starts) and registering a 5–11 record and 4.06 ERA with 121 strikeouts in 148+2⁄3 innings of work.[13] Jokisch elected free agency after the season on November 2, 2018.[14][6]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kiwoom Heroes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiwoom_Heroes"},{"link_name":"KBO League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KBO_League"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Kiwoom Heroes","text":"On November 23, 2018, Jokisch signed a one-year, $500,000 contract with the Kiwoom Heroes of the KBO League.[15] He produced a 13–9 record with a 3.13 ERA over 181.1 innings in 2019. Jokisch re-signed with Kiwoom for the 2020 season on a one-year contract worth $700,000.[16] In 2020 Jokisch led the team with 159.2 innings with an ERA of 2.14 ,winning the league’s ERA title. He re-signed with the Heroes on a one year $900k deal for the 2021 season on December 2, 2020.[17] Jokisch tied for the league lead in wins (16), while ranking second in innings pitched (181+1⁄3) and fourth in ERA (2.93).On December 30, 2021, he re-signed with the Heroes on a one-year deal worth up to $1.3 million.[18] Jokisch started 30 games for Kiwoom in 2022, registering a 10–8 record and 2.57 ERA with 154 strikeouts across a career–high 185+2⁄3 innings pitched. On December 11, 2022, Jokisch re-signed a one-year contract worth $1.5 million. He would make 12 starts for the team in 2023, logging a 5–3 record and 4.39 ERA with 51 strikeouts in 65+2⁄3 innings of work. In early June, Jokisch suffered a tear in his left adductor muscle and was ruled out for six weeks. Rather than wait for Jokisch to get healthy, the Heroes released him on June 16 and signed Ian McKinney.[19]","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Eric Jockisch goes yard for the I-Cubs\". YouTube. Retrieved 28 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EtTmQJQgmP0","url_text":"\"Eric Jockisch goes yard for the I-Cubs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Retrieved September 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://capecodbaseball.org.ismmedia.com/ISM3/std-content/repos/Top/2012website/archives/Current%20Year/All_Time_MLB_CCBL_Alumni.pdf","url_text":"\"Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League\""}]},{"reference":"\"2009 Harwich Mariners\". thebaseballcube.com. Retrieved September 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thebaseballcube.com/college/summer/stats.asp?Y=2009&T=Harwich%20Mariners","url_text":"\"2009 Harwich Mariners\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jokisch Selected by Chicago Cubs in 11th Round of MLB Draft\". Archived from the original on 2014-09-03. Retrieved 2014-09-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140903044138/http://www.nusports.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/060810aaa.html","url_text":"\"Jokisch Selected by Chicago Cubs in 11th Round of MLB Draft\""},{"url":"http://www.nusports.com/sports/m-basebl/spec-rel/060810aaa.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gonzales, Mark. \"Cubs minor leaguer Jokisch tosses no-hitter for Tennessee\".","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2013-08-06/sports/chi-chicago-cubs-eric-jokisch-no-hitter-20130806_1_chicago-cubs-leaguer-first-pick","url_text":"\"Cubs minor leaguer Jokisch tosses no-hitter for Tennessee\""}]},{"reference":"\"KBO's Eric Jokisch Considering MLB Return\". mlbtraderumors.com. November 6, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2020/11/kbos-erik-jokisch-considering-mlb-return.html","url_text":"\"KBO's Eric Jokisch Considering MLB Return\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marlins' Eric Jokisch: Designated for assignment\". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/marlins-eric-jokisch-designated-for-assignment/","url_text":"\"Marlins' Eric Jokisch: Designated for assignment\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marlins' Eric Jokisch: Outrighted to Jacksonville\". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/marlins-eric-jokisch-outrighted-to-jacksonville/","url_text":"\"Marlins' Eric Jokisch: Outrighted to Jacksonville\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rangers' Eric Jokisch: Gets traded to Texas\". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/rangers-eric-jokisch-gets-traded-to-texas/","url_text":"\"Rangers' Eric Jokisch: Gets traded to Texas\""}]},{"reference":"\"Diamondbacks' Eric Jokisch: Signs minor-league deal with Diamondbacks\". cbssports.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/diamondbacks-eric-jokisch-signs-minor-league-deal-with-diamondbacks/","url_text":"\"Diamondbacks' Eric Jokisch: Signs minor-league deal with Diamondbacks\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minor League Free Agents 2017\". baseballamerica.com. Retrieved June 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor-league-free-agents-2017/?amphtml","url_text":"\"Minor League Free Agents 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Athletics' Eric Jokisch: Inks farm deal with A's\". CBS Sports. December 7, 2017. Retrieved December 7, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbssports.com/fantasy/baseball/news/athletics-eric-jokisch-inks-farm-deal-with-as/","url_text":"\"Athletics' Eric Jokisch: Inks farm deal with A's\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Oakland A's minor league Eric Jokisch may have a chance to return to the majors after a two year stint in the Korean Baseball Organization\". whitecleatbeat.com. Retrieved July 24, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://whitecleatbeat.com/2020/11/17/oakland-as-eric-jokisch-get-second-chance-majors/","url_text":"\"Former Oakland A's minor league Eric Jokisch may have a chance to return to the majors after a two year stint in the Korean Baseball Organization\""}]},{"reference":"\"Minor League Free Agents 2018\". baseballamerica.com. Retrieved May 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseballamerica.com/stories/minor-league-free-agents-2018/","url_text":"\"Minor League Free Agents 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nexen Heroes sign new foreign pitcher, retain two foreign players\". English.yonhapnews.co.kr. November 23, 2018. Retrieved November 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20181123005000315","url_text":"\"Nexen Heroes sign new foreign pitcher, retain two foreign players\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiwoom Heroes re-sign left-hander Eric Jokisch\". Yonhap News Agency. November 22, 2019. Retrieved November 22, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20191122009000315?section=search","url_text":"\"Kiwoom Heroes re-sign left-hander Eric Jokisch\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"KBO's Kiwoom Heroes Re-Sign Eric Jokisch; Part Ways With Addison Russell, Jake Brigham\". mlbtraderumors.com. December 2, 2020. Retrieved December 2, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlbtraderumors.com/2020/12/kbos-kiwoom-heroes-not-re-signing-addison-russell-jake-brigham.html","url_text":"\"KBO's Kiwoom Heroes Re-Sign Eric Jokisch; Part Ways With Addison Russell, Jake Brigham\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kiwoom Heroes bring back starter Jokisch for 4th season in KBO\". Yonhap News Agency. December 30, 2021. Retrieved December 30, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20211230002800315?section=news","url_text":"\"Kiwoom Heroes bring back starter Jokisch for 4th season in KBO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency","url_text":"Yonhap News Agency"}]},{"reference":"\"Kiwoom Heroes release injured pitcher Jokisch\". m-en.yna.co.kr. Retrieved June 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://m-en.yna.co.kr/view/AEN20230616005200315","url_text":"\"Kiwoom Heroes release injured pitcher Jokisch\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_(Gun_Club_album)
Miami (The Gun Club album)
["1 Reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","3.1 The Gun Club","3.2 Additional musicians","3.3 Production","4 References","5 External links"]
1982 studio album by The Gun ClubMiamiStudio album by The Gun ClubReleasedSeptember 20, 1982RecordedJune 1982StudioBlank Tape Studios, New YorkGenrePunk blues, alternative country, post-punkLabelAnimal RecordsProducerChris SteinThe Gun Club chronology Fire of Love(1981) Miami(1982) Death Party EP(1983) Miami is the second studio album by American rock band the Gun Club, released in 1982. It was released on Animal Records, founded by guitarist Chris Stein of Blondie. Stein also produced the album. Debbie Harry, also of Blondie, appears as a backing singer on various tracks on the album under the pseudonym "D.H. Laurence Jr." The album front cover photograph doesn't include bassist Rob Ritter who had already left the band. Before leaving, Ritter first taught all the bass-lines to Patricia Morrison, his replacement in the Gun Club and former bandmate in the Bags. Billy Idol had met up with Pierce in an L.A. bar around the time of Miami and later revealed his commercial hit "White Wedding" had been an attempt to emulate "Mother of Earth" from the album. The song was covered by alt-country band the Sadies on their 2001 album Tremendous Efforts and also by Swedish band bob hund, but with lyrics in Swedish, as “Mamma din jord” on their 2019 album 0-100. Reception Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicAmerican SongwriterClassic Rock7/10MojoQRecord CollectorSoundsSpin Alternative Record Guide7/10Uncut Miami was ranked among the top fifty "Albums of the Year" for 1982 by NME. In a 1982 article about the band, Scott Isler described their approach as "nostalgic revivalism" which is "unique...in overhauling country blues for a bloodcurdling contemporary impact. Far from camping it up, Pierce respects the elemental power of his inspiration; his eerie semi-coherent imagery are in line of descent." Isler says that the band's "understated accompaniment is similarly effective with its less-is-more minimalism. A potent, unstable blend." According to Pierce, "ven though we idolized an older style of music, none of us were good enough to play it! What we came up with is our own version. I find myself writing about the feeling of being lost." Track listing All songs written by Jeffrey Lee Pierce; except as indicated. Side one "Carry Home" - 3:14 "Like Calling Up Thunder" - 2:29 "Brother and Sister" - 2:57 "Run Through the Jungle" (John Fogerty) - 4:07 "A Devil in the Woods" - 3:05 "Texas Serenade" - 4:40 Side two "Watermelon Man" (Ward Dotson, Jeffrey Lee Pierce) - 4:11 "Bad Indian" - 2:37 "John Hardy" (Traditional; arranged by Jeffrey Lee Pierce) - 3:21 "Fire of Love" (Jody Reynolds, Stordivant Sonya) - 2:14 "Sleeping in Blood City" - 3:29 "Mother of Earth" - 3:21 Personnel The Gun Club Jeffrey Lee Pierce - vocals, guitar, piano, background vocals on "Watermelon Man", lead guitar on "Run Through the Jungle", "John Hardy" and "Mother of Earth" Ward Dotson - lead guitar, background vocals on "Watermelon Man" Rob Ritter - bass Terry Graham - drums Additional musicians D.H. Laurence, Jr. - backing vocals Walter Steding - fiddle on "Watermelon Man" Chris Stein - producer, bongos on "Watermelon Man" Mark Tomeo - steel guitar on "Texas Serenade" and "Mother of Earth" Production Joe Arlotta - session engineer Butch Jones - mixing engineer Chris D. - cover photographs, original design "Special thanks to: Bob Singerman, Linda Cuckovich, Chris D., Robyn Weiss, Lois Graham, Lux Interior, Ivy Rorschach, Kid Congo, Linda Jones, Chris Stein and D.H. Laurence, Jr." References ^ a b Horowitz, Hal (December 2, 2020). "Warm Up With An Expanded Reissue Of The Gun Club's Scorching Idiosyncratic Punk-Blues Classic 'Miami'". American Songwriter. Retrieved December 8, 2020. ^ Green, Jim; Sprague, David (2007). "Gun Club". Trouser Press. Retrieved May 4, 2013. ^ "Animal Records". Discogs. ^ "The Gun Club story in detail". www.furious.com. ^ Wardle, Drew. "Six definitive songs: The ultimate beginner's guide to Jeffrey Lee Pierce". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 26 February 2023. ^ Jurek, Thom. "Miami – The Gun Club". AllMusic. Retrieved May 4, 2013. ^ Martin, Gavin (February 2010). "The Gun Club: Miami / The Las Vegas Story". Classic Rock. No. 141. p. 89. ^ "The Gun Club: Miami". Mojo. p. 114. arts of Miami are ferocious. ^ "The Gun Club: Miami". Q. p. 131. was perhaps their most coherent, 'Bad Indian' and 'Like Calling Up Thunder' coming on like a prototypical White Stripes. ^ "The Gun Club: Miami". Record Collector. p. 83. Produced by Blondie's Chris Stein, it streamlined the sound of Gun Club's debut Fire of Love... ^ Pouncey, Edwin (September 18, 1982). "Gun Club: Miami (Animal)". Sounds. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via Rock's Backpages. ^ Anderson, Steve (1995). "Gun Club". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. pp. 172–73. ISBN 0-679-75574-8. ^ "The Gun Club: Miami". Uncut. p. 149. Jeffrey Lee Pierce never sounded more possessed... ^ "Albums and Tracks of the Year". NME. 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016. ^ Isler, Scott (December 1982). "Gun Club". Trouser Press. Vol. 9, no. 10. New York. p. 12. Retrieved March 26, 2023. External links Miami at Discogs (list of releases) vteThe Gun Club Jeffrey Lee Pierce Kid Congo Powers Rob Ritter Patricia Morrison Jim Duckworth Nick Sanderson Romi Mori Ward Dotson Mike Martt Dee Pop Albums Fire of Love Miami The Las Vegas Story Mother Juno Pastoral Hide and Seek Divinity Lucky Jim EPs Death Party Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"the Gun Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gun_Club"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-trouserpress-2"},{"link_name":"Chris Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stein"},{"link_name":"Blondie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blondie_(band)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Debbie Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Patricia Morrison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patricia_Morrison"},{"link_name":"Bags","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bags_(Los_Angeles_band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Billy Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Idol"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"alt-country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alt-country"},{"link_name":"the Sadies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sadies"},{"link_name":"bob hund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_hund"}],"text":"Miami is the second studio album by American rock band the Gun Club, released in 1982.[2] It was released on Animal Records, founded by guitarist Chris Stein of Blondie.[3] Stein also produced the album.Debbie Harry, also of Blondie, appears as a backing singer on various tracks on the album under the pseudonym \"D.H. Laurence Jr.\" The album front cover photograph doesn't include bassist Rob Ritter who had already left the band. Before leaving, Ritter first taught all the bass-lines to Patricia Morrison, his replacement in the Gun Club and former bandmate in the Bags.[4]Billy Idol had met up with Pierce in an L.A. bar around the time of Miami and later revealed his commercial hit \"White Wedding\" had been an attempt to emulate \"Mother of Earth\" from the album.[5] The song was covered by alt-country band the Sadies on their 2001 album Tremendous Efforts and also by Swedish band bob hund, but with lyrics in Swedish, as “Mamma din jord” on their 2019 album 0-100.","title":"Miami (The Gun Club album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NME","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Miami was ranked among the top fifty \"Albums of the Year\" for 1982 by NME.[14]In a 1982 article about the band, Scott Isler described their approach as \"nostalgic revivalism\" which is \"unique...in overhauling country blues for a bloodcurdling contemporary impact. Far from camping it up, Pierce respects the elemental power of his inspiration; his eerie semi-coherent imagery are in line of descent.\" Isler says that the band's \"understated accompaniment is similarly effective with its less-is-more minimalism. A potent, unstable blend.\" According to Pierce, \"[e]ven though we idolized an older style of music, none of us were good enough to play it! What we came up with is our own version. I find myself writing about the feeling of being lost.\"[15]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Run Through the Jungle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Run_Through_the_Jungle"},{"link_name":"John Fogerty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fogerty"},{"link_name":"John Hardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hardy_(song)"},{"link_name":"Jody Reynolds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jody_Reynolds"}],"text":"All songs written by Jeffrey Lee Pierce; except as indicated.Side one\"Carry Home\" - 3:14\n\"Like Calling Up Thunder\" - 2:29\n\"Brother and Sister\" - 2:57\n\"Run Through the Jungle\" (John Fogerty) - 4:07\n\"A Devil in the Woods\" - 3:05\n\"Texas Serenade\" - 4:40Side two\"Watermelon Man\" (Ward Dotson, Jeffrey Lee Pierce) - 4:11\n\"Bad Indian\" - 2:37\n\"John Hardy\" (Traditional; arranged by Jeffrey Lee Pierce) - 3:21\n\"Fire of Love\" (Jody Reynolds, Stordivant Sonya) - 2:14\n\"Sleeping in Blood City\" - 3:29\n\"Mother of Earth\" - 3:21","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jeffrey Lee Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Lee_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Rob Ritter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rob_Graves_(guitarist)"}],"sub_title":"The Gun Club","text":"Jeffrey Lee Pierce - vocals, guitar, piano, background vocals on \"Watermelon Man\", lead guitar on \"Run Through the Jungle\", \"John Hardy\" and \"Mother of Earth\"\nWard Dotson - lead guitar, background vocals on \"Watermelon Man\"\nRob Ritter - bass\nTerry Graham - drums","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"D.H. Laurence, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Chris Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stein"}],"sub_title":"Additional musicians","text":"D.H. Laurence, Jr. - backing vocals\nWalter Steding - fiddle on \"Watermelon Man\"\nChris Stein - producer, bongos on \"Watermelon Man\"\nMark Tomeo - steel guitar on \"Texas Serenade\" and \"Mother of Earth\"","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris D.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_D."},{"link_name":"Lux Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lux_Interior"},{"link_name":"Ivy Rorschach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poison_Ivy_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Kid Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kid_Congo_Powers"},{"link_name":"Chris Stein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Stein"},{"link_name":"D.H. Laurence, Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Joe Arlotta - session engineer\nButch Jones - mixing engineer\nChris D. - cover photographs, original design\"Special thanks to: Bob Singerman, Linda Cuckovich, Chris D., Robyn Weiss, Lois Graham, Lux Interior, Ivy Rorschach, Kid Congo, Linda Jones, Chris Stein and D.H. Laurence, Jr.\"","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Horowitz, Hal (December 2, 2020). \"Warm Up With An Expanded Reissue Of The Gun Club's Scorching Idiosyncratic Punk-Blues Classic 'Miami'\". American Songwriter. Retrieved December 8, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://americansongwriter.com/warm-up-with-an-expanded-reissue-of-the-gun-clubs-scorching-idiosyncratic-punk-blues-classic-miami/","url_text":"\"Warm Up With An Expanded Reissue Of The Gun Club's Scorching Idiosyncratic Punk-Blues Classic 'Miami'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Songwriter","url_text":"American Songwriter"}]},{"reference":"Green, Jim; Sprague, David (2007). \"Gun Club\". Trouser Press. Retrieved May 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trouserpress.com/entry.php?a=gun_club","url_text":"\"Gun Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouser_Press","url_text":"Trouser Press"}]},{"reference":"\"Animal Records\". Discogs.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.discogs.com/label/12530-Animal-Records","url_text":"\"Animal Records\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gun Club story in detail\". www.furious.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.furious.com/perfect/gunclub.html","url_text":"\"The Gun Club story in detail\""}]},{"reference":"Wardle, Drew. \"Six definitive songs: The ultimate beginner's guide to Jeffrey Lee Pierce\". Far Out Magazine. Retrieved 26 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://faroutmagazine.co.uk/jeffrey-lee-pierce-six-best-songs-guide/","url_text":"\"Six definitive songs: The ultimate beginner's guide to Jeffrey Lee Pierce\""}]},{"reference":"Jurek, Thom. \"Miami – The Gun Club\". AllMusic. Retrieved May 4, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/miami-mw0000313704","url_text":"\"Miami – The Gun Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"Martin, Gavin (February 2010). \"The Gun Club: Miami / The Las Vegas Story\". Classic Rock. No. 141. p. 89.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Rock_(magazine)","url_text":"Classic Rock"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gun Club: Miami\". Mojo. p. 114. [P]arts of Miami are ferocious.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mojo_(magazine)","url_text":"Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gun Club: Miami\". Q. p. 131. [The album] was perhaps their most coherent, 'Bad Indian' and 'Like Calling Up Thunder' coming on like a prototypical White Stripes.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q_(magazine)","url_text":"Q"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gun Club: Miami\". Record Collector. p. 83. Produced by Blondie's Chris Stein, it streamlined the sound of Gun Club's debut Fire of Love...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_Collector","url_text":"Record Collector"}]},{"reference":"Pouncey, Edwin (September 18, 1982). \"Gun Club: Miami (Animal)\". Sounds. Retrieved December 8, 2020 – via Rock's Backpages.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savage_Pencil","url_text":"Pouncey, Edwin"},{"url":"https://www.rocksbackpages.com/Library/Article/gun-club-imiamii-animal-","url_text":"\"Gun Club: Miami (Animal)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sounds_(magazine)","url_text":"Sounds"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock%27s_Backpages","url_text":"Rock's Backpages"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Steve (1995). \"Gun Club\". In Weisbard, Eric; Marks, Craig (eds.). Spin Alternative Record Guide. Vintage Books. pp. 172–73. ISBN 0-679-75574-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Weisbard","url_text":"Weisbard, Eric"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_Alternative_Record_Guide","url_text":"Spin Alternative Record Guide"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vintage_Books","url_text":"Vintage Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-75574-8","url_text":"0-679-75574-8"}]},{"reference":"\"The Gun Club: Miami\". Uncut. p. 149. Jeffrey Lee Pierce never sounded more possessed...","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncut_(magazine)","url_text":"Uncut"}]},{"reference":"\"Albums and Tracks of the Year\". NME. 2016. Retrieved 6 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nme.com/bestalbumsandtracksoftheyear/1982-2-1045396","url_text":"\"Albums and Tracks of the Year\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NME","url_text":"NME"}]},{"reference":"Isler, Scott (December 1982). \"Gun Club\". Trouser Press. Vol. 9, no. 10. New York. p. 12. Retrieved March 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://trouserpress.com/magazine-covers-8/","url_text":"\"Gun Club\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouser_Press","url_text":"Trouser Press"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Miller_Dickey
John Miller Dickey
["1 Honors","2 See also","3 References"]
American minister, educator, and president of Lincoln University of Pennsylvania John Miller Dickey1st President of Lincoln UniversityIn office1854–1856Succeeded byJohn Pym Carter Personal detailsBorn(1806-12-15)December 15, 1806Oxford, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMarch 2, 1878(1878-03-02) (aged 71)Philadelphia, U.S.SpouseSarah Emlen CressonRelativesEbenezer V. Dickey (brother)Alma materDickinson College, Princeton Theological SeminaryOccupationMinister, educator John Miller Dickey (December 15, 1806 – March 2, 1878) was an American Presbyterian minister. He and his wife, Sarah Emlen Cresson, a Quaker, founded Ashmun Institute on May 24, 1854, which was renamed Lincoln University in 1866 following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. They named the school after Jehudi Ashmun, a religious leader and social reformer. They founded the school for the education and religious training of African American men, whose opportunities were limited. Lincoln University is the oldest historically black college or university in the United States. Dickey served as the first president of Ashmun Institute from 1854 to 1856 and continued to chair its board of trustees until his death twenty-two years later. Eschewing abolitionism and anti-slavery agitation, he supported the establishment of Liberia as a colony for African Americans and was active in the American Colonization Society. Dickey encouraged his students, James Ralston Amos (1826–1864), his brother Thomas Henry Amos (1825–1869), and Armistead Hutchinson Miller (1829/30–1865), to become missionaries in Africa or among African Americans. All three men became ordained ministers. The son of a Presbyterian minister, Dickey was born in Oxford, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Dickinson College in 1824 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1827, where he earned his doctoral degree in divinity. After conducting missionary work in Pennsylvania, Florida, and Georgia and serving briefly as a pastor in New Castle, Delaware, Dickey settled in Oxford on June 15, 1832, where he served two local churches through April 9, 1856, when he retired due to ill health. For fifteen years he presided over the Oxford Female Seminary, and for twenty years he served on the board of the Princeton Seminary. His brother Ebenezer V. Dickey was a physician and state representative. Honors The John Miller Dickey Hall at Lincoln University was completed in 1991 with funds allocated by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The building is a 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2), three-story, steel-and-concrete structure. See also Rachel Creefield silhouette References ^ a b c Nevin, Alfred; Nevin, David Robert Bruce (1884). Encyclopaedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, including the Northern and Southern Assemblies. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Encyclopædia Publishing Co. p. 187 – via Internet Archive. ^ "This Day in Presbyterian History - May". Presbyterian Heritage Center. Retrieved 2022-08-29. ^ a b c Murray, Andrew E. (1973). "The Founding of Lincoln University". Journal of Presbyterian History. 51 (4): 392–410. ISSN 0022-3883. JSTOR 23327629. ^ Cope, Gilbert; Ashmead, Henry Graham, eds. (1904). Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania. Vol. 1. The Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 153–154. Retrieved 2023-12-03 – via Archive.org. ^ "John Miller Dickey Hall". Lincoln University. Retrieved 2022-08-29. vtePresidents of Lincoln University (Pennsylvania) John Miller Dickey (1854–1856) John Pym Carter (1856–1861) John Wynne Martin (1861–1865) Isaac Norton Rendall (1865–1906) John Ballard Rendall (1906–1924) Walter Livingston Wright # (1924–1926) William Hallock Johnson (1926–1936) Walter Livingston Wright (1936–1945) Horace Mann Bond (1945–1957) Armstead Otey Grubb # (1957–1960) Donald Charles Yelton # (1960–1961) Marvin Wachman (1961–1969) Bernard Warren Harleston # (1970–1970) Herman Russell Branson (1970–1985) Donald Leopold Mullett # (1985–1987) Niara Sudarkasa (1987–1998) James A. Donaldson # (1998–1999) Ivory V. Nelson (1999–2011) Robert R. Jennings (2011–2014) Valerie Harrison # (2014–2015) Richard Green # (2015–2017) Brenda A. Allen (2017–) Pound sign (#) denotes interim president. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Presbyterian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presbyterian"},{"link_name":"Quaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quaker"},{"link_name":"Lincoln University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_University_(Pennsylvania)"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Jehudi Ashmun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jehudi_Ashmun"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"abolitionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism"},{"link_name":"Liberia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberia"},{"link_name":"American Colonization Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Colonization_Society"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Oxford, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"Dickinson College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dickinson_College"},{"link_name":"Princeton Theological Seminary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_Theological_Seminary"},{"link_name":"New Castle, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Castle,_Delaware"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Ebenezer V. Dickey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_V._Dickey"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"John Miller Dickey (December 15, 1806 – March 2, 1878)[1] was an American Presbyterian minister. He and his wife, Sarah Emlen Cresson, a Quaker, founded Ashmun Institute on May 24, 1854, which was renamed Lincoln University in 1866 following the assassination of President Abraham Lincoln. They named the school after Jehudi Ashmun, a religious leader and social reformer. They founded the school for the education and religious training of African American men, whose opportunities were limited. Lincoln University is the oldest historically black college or university in the United States.[2][3]Dickey served as the first president of Ashmun Institute from 1854 to 1856 and continued to chair its board of trustees until his death twenty-two years later.[1] Eschewing abolitionism and anti-slavery agitation, he supported the establishment of Liberia as a colony for African Americans and was active in the American Colonization Society. Dickey encouraged his students, James Ralston Amos (1826–1864), his brother Thomas Henry Amos (1825–1869), and Armistead Hutchinson Miller (1829/30–1865), to become missionaries in Africa or among African Americans. All three men became ordained ministers.[3]The son of a Presbyterian minister, Dickey was born in Oxford, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Dickinson College in 1824 and from Princeton Theological Seminary in 1827, where he earned his doctoral degree in divinity. After conducting missionary work in Pennsylvania, Florida, and Georgia and serving briefly as a pastor in New Castle, Delaware, Dickey settled in Oxford on June 15, 1832, where he served two local churches through April 9, 1856, when he retired due to ill health. For fifteen years he presided over the Oxford Female Seminary, and for twenty years he served on the board of the Princeton Seminary.[1][3] His brother Ebenezer V. Dickey was a physician and state representative.[4]","title":"John Miller Dickey"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The John Miller Dickey Hall at Lincoln University was completed in 1991 with funds allocated by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. The building is a 60,000 square feet (5,600 m2), three-story, steel-and-concrete structure.[5]","title":"Honors"}]
[]
[{"title":"Rachel Creefield silhouette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rachel_Creefield_silhouette"}]
[{"reference":"Nevin, Alfred; Nevin, David Robert Bruce (1884). Encyclopaedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, including the Northern and Southern Assemblies. Philadelphia: Presbyterian Encyclopædia Publishing Co. p. 187 – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofp00nevi","url_text":"Encyclopaedia of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America, including the Northern and Southern Assemblies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Archive","url_text":"Internet Archive"}]},{"reference":"\"This Day in Presbyterian History - May\". Presbyterian Heritage Center. Retrieved 2022-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://phcmontreat.org/ThisDayInHistoryIndex-May.htm","url_text":"\"This Day in Presbyterian History - May\""}]},{"reference":"Murray, Andrew E. (1973). \"The Founding of Lincoln University\". Journal of Presbyterian History. 51 (4): 392–410. ISSN 0022-3883. JSTOR 23327629.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23327629","url_text":"\"The Founding of Lincoln University\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal_of_Presbyterian_History","url_text":"Journal of Presbyterian History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3883","url_text":"0022-3883"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/23327629","url_text":"23327629"}]},{"reference":"Cope, Gilbert; Ashmead, Henry Graham, eds. (1904). Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania. Vol. 1. The Lewis Publishing Company. pp. 153–154. Retrieved 2023-12-03 – via Archive.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historichomesins00cope/page/n219/mode/2up","url_text":"Historic Homes and Institutions and Genealogical and Personal Memoirs of Chester and Delaware Counties, Pennsylvania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.org","url_text":"Archive.org"}]},{"reference":"\"John Miller Dickey Hall\". Lincoln University. Retrieved 2022-08-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lincoln.edu/about/maps/campus-buildings/john-miller-dickey-hall.html","url_text":"\"John Miller Dickey Hall\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads_Port_of_Embarkation
Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation
["1 Port of Embarkation concept","2 World War I","3 World War II reactivation","4 Footnotes","5 See also","6 References","7 References cited","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Leased facilities at Newport News, Virginia operated by the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation. Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation was the Army command structure and distributed port infrastructure in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia supporting the movement of personnel and cargo overseas. It had been activated as the Newport News Port of Embarkation in World War I, deactivated, then reactivated on 15 June 1942. Port of Embarkation concept The Port of Embarkation in the Overseas Supply System: 1942. An Army POE was a command structure and interconnected land transportation, supply and troop housing complex devoted to efficiently loading overseas transports. The scope of the World War II POE is summarized in Army Regulations: AR 55-75, par. 2B, 1 June 1944: "The commanding officer of a port of embarkation will be responsible for and will have authority over all activities at the port, the reception, supply, transportation, embarkation, and debarkation of troops, and the receipt, storage, and transportation of supplies. He will see that the ships furnished him are properly fitted out for the purpose for which they are intended; he will supervise the operation and maintenance of military traffic between his port and the oversea base or bases; he will command all troops assigned to the port and its component parts, including troops being staged, and will be responsible for the efficient and economical direction of their operations. He will be responsible for the furnishing of necessary instructions to individuals and organizations embarked or debarked at the port . . . He will be responsible for taking the necessary measures to insure the smooth and orderly flow of troops and supplies through the port." (AR 55-75, par. 2B, 1 Jun 44. Quoted Chester Wardlow : pages 95—96, The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and Operations) Any primary POE could have sub ports and cargo ports even in other cities or temporarily assigned for movements between the United States to one of the overseas commands it normally served. For troop movements the most critical timing factor was availability of the transports and sailing dates so that the most effective means of minimizing delays at the port was for the POE to control the movement of troops from their home stations to the port as well as having responsibility for ensuring troops were properly equipped and prepared for overseas deployment. Most troops were embarked destined for arrival at rear area assembly points, but when destined for landing against hostile forces the ports "combat loaded" troops under different procedures made in consultation with the force commander that included billeting combat teams together at the port and loading team equipment and supplies aboard the assault vessels for efficient unloading. In one respect the POE Command extended even to the troops and cargo embarked on ships until they were disembarked overseas through "transport commanders" and "cargo security officers" aboard all troop and cargo ships under Army control, either owned, bareboat chartered and operated or charter with operation by WSA agents that were appointed and under the command of the POE. Troops embarked aboard all vessels except U.S. Naval transports remained under overall command of the port commander until disembarked overseas. That command was exercised by the Transport Commander whose responsibilities extended to all passengers and cargo but did not extend to operation of the ship which remained with the ship's master. On large troop ships the transport command included a permanent staff of administration, commissary, medical and chaplain personnel. The cargo security officers were representatives of the port commander aboard ships only transporting Army cargo. World War I Two ports of embarkation were established with commanders appointed 17 July 1917, one at New York with headquarters at Hoboken and the second, then officially the Newport News Port of Embarkation, in Hampton Roads with headquarters at Newport News. While 88% of troops, 1,656,000 from New York itself and 142,000 from its sub-ports, sent overseas transited through the New York Port of Embarkation, 288,000 transited through the Newport News Port of Embarkation. World War II reactivation Army Ports: Passengers and tons of cargo embarked during the period December 1941—August 1945. Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation (HRPOE or HRPE) was the third largest United States Army Transportation Corps port of embarkation in terms of passengers and second in terms of cargo tonnage on the East Coast of the United States during World War II. Until June 1942 Hampton Roads was a sub-port of the New York Port of Embarkation. Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation, administratively based in Newport News, Virginia, included the exclusively cargo sub port of Baltimore. The port, along with its Baltimore cargo port and the Philadelphia cargo port that was a sub port of the New York Port of Embarkation (NYPOE), was mainly focused on shipments to the Mediterranean and European areas. Troops were temporarily quartered in embarkation camps where the port was responsible for ensuring final outfitting before embarkation with HRPOE's Camp Patrick Henry being capable of housing 24,100 troops. Shortly after its activation 15 June 1942 the port was responsible for combat loading the Western Task Force of the North African invasion assault convoy. All of the combat loaded ships from the United States bound for North Africa, except Seatrain New Jersey with the 39th Combat Team embarked at the NYPOE, were loaded at the HRPOE. The port was again called on to combat load the reinforced 45th Infantry Division for Sicily. HRPOE had developed an efficient plan in which combat loaded ships were loaded in two "flights" whereby the first group would practice debarkation in the Chesapeake while the second group loaded and the second group would practice as the first refueled and topped off supplies. During the period of its operation as of August 1945 its passenger total was 725,880 and cargo tonnage was 12,521,868 and its subsidiary Baltimore cargo port accounted for 6,504,028 tons. Footnotes ^ Army FM55-10 referenced below includes a graphic illustration of the extent and components of a typical POE on pages 14 and 15. ^ Both abbreviations are found in official references. See also New York Port of Embarkation References ^ Wardlow 1999, pp. 95–111. ^ Wardlow 1999, pp. 103–104. ^ Wardlow 1956, pp. 99–100. ^ Wardlow 1956, p. 135. ^ War Department 1944, pp. 17–24. ^ War Department 1944, p. 17. ^ War Department 1944, pp. 17–19. ^ War Department 1944, pp. 20–22. ^ War Department 1944, pp. 23–24. ^ Huston 1966, pp. 345–346. ^ "Newport News Port of Embarkation". FortWiki.com. Retrieved 9 January 2020. ^ Huston 1966, p. 348. ^ a b c Wardlow 1999, p. 99 (table). ^ Wardlow 1956, p. 100 (Table 9, Note 4). ^ a b Library of Virginia. ^ Wardlow 1956, p. 331. ^ Huston 1966, p. 508. ^ Bykofsky & Larson 1990, pp. 145–147. ^ Howe 1993, p. 67. ^ Bykofsky & Larson 1990, p. 194. ^ Howe 1993, pp. 67–68. References cited Bykofsky, Joseph; Larson, Harold (1990). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 56-60000. Howe, George F. (1993). The Mediterranean Theater of Operations — Northwest Africa: Seizing The Initiative In The West. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 57060021. Huston, James A. (1966). The Sinews of War: Army Logistics 1775—1953. Army Historical Series. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. p. 346. ISBN 9780160899140. LCCN 66060015. Retrieved 23 October 2014. Library of Virginia. "United States Army Signal Corps, Hampton Roads, Virginia. United States Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection, Hampton Roads Embarkation Series, 1942- 1946". Library of Virginia. Retrieved 9 November 2013. Wardlow, Chester (1999). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, And Operations. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 99490905. Wardlow, Chester (1956). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Movements, Training, And Supply. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 55-60003. War Department (1944). FM55-10 Water Transportation: Oceanging Vessels (PDF). War Department Field Manual. Washington, DC: United States Department of War. Retrieved 31 October 2014. Further reading The Road to Victory, A History of Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation in World War II, William Reginald Wheeler, Yale University Press, 1946 in 2 volumes LCCN: 46020398 External links Historical Marker Database, photo "Headquarters, Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation, U. S. Army" Library of Virginia: United States Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection, Hampton Roads Embarkation Series, 1942- 1946 The Mariners' Museum: Gallery, Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation Virginia War Museum: Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation Authority control databases NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hampton_Roads_Port_of_Embarkation_leased_facilities.png"},{"link_name":"Hampton Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampton_Roads"}],"text":"Leased facilities at Newport News, Virginia operated by the Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation.Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation was the Army command structure and distributed port infrastructure in the Hampton Roads area of Virginia supporting the movement of personnel and cargo overseas. It had been activated as the Newport News Port of Embarkation in World War I, deactivated, then reactivated on 15 June 1942.","title":"Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Port_of_Embarkation_in_the_Overseas_Supply_System-_1942.png"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow199995%E2%80%93111-1"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow1999103%E2%80%93104-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow195699%E2%80%93100-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow1956135-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Department194417%E2%80%9324-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Department194417-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Department194417%E2%80%9319-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Department194420%E2%80%9322-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWar_Department194423%E2%80%9324-10"}],"text":"The Port of Embarkation in the Overseas Supply System: 1942.An Army POE was a command structure and interconnected land transportation, supply and troop housing complex devoted to efficiently loading overseas transports.[1] The scope of the World War II POE is summarized in Army Regulations: AR 55-75, par. 2B, 1 June 1944:\"The commanding officer of a port of embarkation will be responsible for and will have authority over all activities at the port, the reception, supply, transportation, embarkation, and debarkation of troops, and the receipt, storage, and transportation of supplies. He will see that the ships furnished him are properly fitted out for the purpose for which they are intended; he will supervise the operation and maintenance of military traffic between his port and the oversea base or bases; he will command all troops assigned to the port and its component parts, including troops being staged, and will be responsible for the efficient and economical direction of their operations. He will be responsible for the furnishing of necessary instructions to individuals and organizations embarked or debarked at the port . . . He will be responsible for taking the necessary measures to insure the smooth and orderly flow of troops and supplies through the port.\" (AR 55-75, par. 2B, 1 Jun 44. Quoted Chester Wardlow : pages 95—96, The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, and Operations)[note 1]Any primary POE could have sub ports and cargo ports even in other cities or temporarily assigned for movements between the United States to one of the overseas commands it normally served.For troop movements the most critical timing factor was availability of the transports and sailing dates so that the most effective means of minimizing delays at the port was for the POE to control the movement of troops from their home stations to the port as well as having responsibility for ensuring troops were properly equipped and prepared for overseas deployment.[2][3] Most troops were embarked destined for arrival at rear area assembly points, but when destined for landing against hostile forces the ports \"combat loaded\" troops under different procedures made in consultation with the force commander that included billeting combat teams together at the port and loading team equipment and supplies aboard the assault vessels for efficient unloading.[4]In one respect the POE Command extended even to the troops and cargo embarked on ships until they were disembarked overseas through \"transport commanders\" and \"cargo security officers\" aboard all troop and cargo ships under Army control, either owned, bareboat chartered and operated or charter with operation by WSA agents that were appointed and under the command of the POE.[5] Troops embarked aboard all vessels except U.S. Naval transports remained under overall command of the port commander until disembarked overseas.[6] That command was exercised by the Transport Commander whose responsibilities extended to all passengers and cargo but did not extend to operation of the ship which remained with the ship's master.[7] On large troop ships the transport command included a permanent staff of administration, commissary, medical and chaplain personnel.[8] The cargo security officers were representatives of the port commander aboard ships only transporting Army cargo.[9]","title":"Port of Embarkation concept"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newport News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuston1966345%E2%80%93346-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuston1966348-13"}],"text":"Two ports of embarkation were established with commanders appointed 17 July 1917, one at New York with headquarters at Hoboken and the second, then officially the Newport News Port of Embarkation, in Hampton Roads with headquarters at Newport News.[10][11] While 88% of troops, 1,656,000 from New York itself and 142,000 from its sub-ports, sent overseas transited through the New York Port of Embarkation, 288,000 transited through the Newport News Port of Embarkation.[12]","title":"World War I"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ports_The_Transportation_Corps-Responsibilities,_Organization,_And_Operations.png"},{"link_name":"[note 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"United States Army Transportation Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Army_Transportation_Corps"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow199999_(table)-15"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow1956100_(Table_9,_Note_4)-16"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow199999_(table)-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Virginia-17"},{"link_name":"New York Port of Embarkation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Port_of_Embarkation"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow1956331-18"},{"link_name":"Camp Patrick Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camp_Patrick_Henry"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuston1966508-19"},{"link_name":"combat loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_loading"},{"link_name":"North African invasion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Torch"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELibrary_of_Virginia-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBykofskyLarson1990145%E2%80%93147-20"},{"link_name":"Seatrain New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Seatrain_New_Jersey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe199367-21"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBykofskyLarson1990194-22"},{"link_name":"Chesapeake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHowe199367%E2%80%9368-23"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWardlow199999_(table)-15"}],"text":"Army Ports: Passengers and tons of cargo embarked during the period December 1941—August 1945.Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation (HRPOE or HRPE[note 2]) was the third largest United States Army Transportation Corps port of embarkation in terms of passengers and second in terms of cargo tonnage on the East Coast of the United States during World War II.[13] Until June 1942 Hampton Roads was a sub-port of the New York Port of Embarkation.[14]Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation, administratively based in Newport News, Virginia, included the exclusively cargo sub port of Baltimore.[13][15] The port, along with its Baltimore cargo port and the Philadelphia cargo port that was a sub port of the New York Port of Embarkation (NYPOE), was mainly focused on shipments to the Mediterranean and European areas.[16] Troops were temporarily quartered in embarkation camps where the port was responsible for ensuring final outfitting before embarkation with HRPOE's Camp Patrick Henry being capable of housing 24,100 troops.[17]Shortly after its activation 15 June 1942 the port was responsible for combat loading the Western Task Force of the North African invasion assault convoy.[15][18] All of the combat loaded ships from the United States bound for North Africa, except Seatrain New Jersey with the 39th Combat Team embarked at the NYPOE, were loaded at the HRPOE.[19] The port was again called on to combat load the reinforced 45th Infantry Division for Sicily.[20] HRPOE had developed an efficient plan in which combat loaded ships were loaded in two \"flights\" whereby the first group would practice debarkation in the Chesapeake while the second group loaded and the second group would practice as the first refueled and topped off supplies.[21]During the period of its operation as of August 1945 its passenger total was 725,880 and cargo tonnage was 12,521,868 and its subsidiary Baltimore cargo port accounted for 6,504,028 tons.[13]","title":"World War II reactivation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"FM55-10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/FM/PDFs/FM55-10.PDF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ Army FM55-10 referenced below includes a graphic illustration of the extent and components of a typical POE on pages 14 and 15.\n\n^ Both abbreviations are found in official references.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"56-60000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/56-60000"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"57060021","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/57060021"},{"link_name":"The Sinews of War: Army Logistics 1775—1953","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Y8pabWzrsocC&pg=PR1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780160899140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160899140"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"66060015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/66060015"},{"link_name":"\"United States Army Signal Corps, Hampton Roads, Virginia. United States Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection, Hampton Roads Embarkation Series, 1942- 1946\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/treasures/arts/art-m12.htm"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"99490905","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/99490905"},{"link_name":"LCCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"55-60003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//lccn.loc.gov/55-60003"},{"link_name":"FM55-10 Water Transportation: Oceanging Vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/FM/PDFs/FM55-10.PDF"}],"text":"Bykofsky, Joseph; Larson, Harold (1990). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 56-60000.\nHowe, George F. (1993). The Mediterranean Theater of Operations — Northwest Africa: Seizing The Initiative In The West. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 57060021.\nHuston, James A. (1966). The Sinews of War: Army Logistics 1775—1953. Army Historical Series. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. p. 346. ISBN 9780160899140. LCCN 66060015. Retrieved 23 October 2014.\nLibrary of Virginia. \"United States Army Signal Corps, Hampton Roads, Virginia. United States Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection, Hampton Roads Embarkation Series, 1942- 1946\". Library of Virginia. Retrieved 9 November 2013.\nWardlow, Chester (1999). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, And Operations. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 99490905.\nWardlow, Chester (1956). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Movements, Training, And Supply. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 55-60003.\nWar Department (1944). FM55-10 Water Transportation: Oceanging Vessels (PDF). War Department Field Manual. Washington, DC: United States Department of War. Retrieved 31 October 2014.","title":"References cited"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"LCCN: 46020398","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//lccn.loc.gov/46020398"}],"text":"The Road to Victory, A History of Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation in World War II, William Reginald Wheeler, Yale University Press, 1946 in 2 volumes LCCN: 46020398","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"title":"New York Port of Embarkation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Port_of_Embarkation"}]
[{"reference":"\"Newport News Port of Embarkation\". FortWiki.com. Retrieved 9 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fortwiki.com/Newport_News_Port_of_Embarkation","url_text":"\"Newport News Port of Embarkation\""}]},{"reference":"Bykofsky, Joseph; Larson, Harold (1990). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Operations Overseas. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 56-60000.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/56-60000","url_text":"56-60000"}]},{"reference":"Howe, George F. (1993). The Mediterranean Theater of Operations — Northwest Africa: Seizing The Initiative In The West. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 57060021.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/57060021","url_text":"57060021"}]},{"reference":"Huston, James A. (1966). The Sinews of War: Army Logistics 1775—1953. Army Historical Series. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. p. 346. ISBN 9780160899140. LCCN 66060015. Retrieved 23 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8pabWzrsocC&pg=PR1","url_text":"The Sinews of War: Army Logistics 1775—1953"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160899140","url_text":"9780160899140"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66060015","url_text":"66060015"}]},{"reference":"Library of Virginia. \"United States Army Signal Corps, Hampton Roads, Virginia. United States Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection, Hampton Roads Embarkation Series, 1942- 1946\". Library of Virginia. Retrieved 9 November 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/treasures/arts/art-m12.htm","url_text":"\"United States Army Signal Corps, Hampton Roads, Virginia. United States Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection, Hampton Roads Embarkation Series, 1942- 1946\""}]},{"reference":"Wardlow, Chester (1999). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Responsibilities, Organization, And Operations. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 99490905.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/99490905","url_text":"99490905"}]},{"reference":"Wardlow, Chester (1956). The Technical Services—The Transportation Corps: Movements, Training, And Supply. United States Army In World War II. Washington, DC: Center Of Military History, United States Army. LCCN 55-60003.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)","url_text":"LCCN"},{"url":"https://lccn.loc.gov/55-60003","url_text":"55-60003"}]},{"reference":"War Department (1944). FM55-10 Water Transportation: Oceanging Vessels (PDF). War Department Field Manual. Washington, DC: United States Department of War. Retrieved 31 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/FM/PDFs/FM55-10.PDF","url_text":"FM55-10 Water Transportation: Oceanging Vessels"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/FM/PDFs/FM55-10.PDF","external_links_name":"FM55-10"},{"Link":"http://www.fortwiki.com/Newport_News_Port_of_Embarkation","external_links_name":"\"Newport News Port of Embarkation\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/56-60000","external_links_name":"56-60000"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/57060021","external_links_name":"57060021"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8pabWzrsocC&pg=PR1","external_links_name":"The Sinews of War: Army Logistics 1775—1953"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/66060015","external_links_name":"66060015"},{"Link":"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/treasures/arts/art-m12.htm","external_links_name":"\"United States Army Signal Corps, Hampton Roads, Virginia. United States Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection, Hampton Roads Embarkation Series, 1942- 1946\""},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/99490905","external_links_name":"99490905"},{"Link":"https://lccn.loc.gov/55-60003","external_links_name":"55-60003"},{"Link":"http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/USA/ref/FM/PDFs/FM55-10.PDF","external_links_name":"FM55-10 Water Transportation: Oceanging Vessels"},{"Link":"http://lccn.loc.gov/46020398","external_links_name":"LCCN: 46020398"},{"Link":"http://www.hmdb.org/Marker.asp?Marker=33953","external_links_name":"Historical Marker Database, photo \"Headquarters, Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation, U. S. Army\""},{"Link":"http://www.lva.virginia.gov/exhibits/treasures/arts/art-m12.htm","external_links_name":"Library of Virginia: United States Army Signal Corps Photograph Collection, Hampton Roads Embarkation Series, 1942- 1946"},{"Link":"http://images.marinersmuseum.org/gallery/hampton-roads-port-of-embarkation/#/gallery/hampton-roads-port-of-embarkation/2105-williambtravis/","external_links_name":"The Mariners' Museum: Gallery, Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation"},{"Link":"http://www.warmuseum.org/hampton-roads-port-of-embarkation.php","external_links_name":"Virginia War Museum: Hampton Roads Port of Embarkation"},{"Link":"https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10043276","external_links_name":"NARA"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayken_Ashimov
Bayken Ashimov
["1 Death","2 References","3 External links"]
Bayken Ashimov (Kazakh: Бәйкен Әшімұлы Әшімов, romanized: Bäiken Äşımūly Äşımov, 10 August 1917 – 5 February 2010) was a Kazakh politician. He served as Chairmen of the Council of People's Commissars from March 1970 to March 1984. He also served as Chairmen of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from March 1984 to 1985. Death Ashimov died on 5 February 2010 at the age of 92, probably due to illness. References ^ President sent condolence telegram in connection with death of Bayken Ashimov Archived 2011-07-22 at the Wayback Machine Gazeta.KZ External links Kazakhstani Statesman Political offices Preceded byMasymkhan Beysembayev Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR 1970–1984 Succeeded byNursultan Nazarbayev
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Bayken Ashimov"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ashimov died on 5 February 2010 at the age of 92, probably due to illness.[1]","title":"Death"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=140937","external_links_name":"President sent condolence telegram in connection with death of Bayken Ashimov"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142458/http://engnews.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=140937","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Kazakhstan.htm","external_links_name":"Kazakhstani Statesman"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persuader_(novel)
Persuader (novel)
["1 Plot","2 Accomplices","3 Critical reception","4 References","5 External links"]
2003 novel by Lee Child Persuader First edition (UK)AuthorLee ChildLanguageEnglishSeriesJack ReacherRelease number7GenreThriller novelPublisherBantam Press (UK), Delacorte Press (US)Publication date13 May 2003Publication placeUnited KingdomMedia typePrint (Hardcover, Paperback)Pages480ISBN0-385-33666-7OCLC50694787Dewey Decimal813/.54 21LC ClassPS3553.H4838 P4 2003Preceded byWithout Fail Followed byThe Enemy  Persuader is the seventh book in the Jack Reacher series written by Lee Child. It is written in the first person. According to an Instagram post from Alan Ritchson posted on January 24, 2024, this book will be adapted into season 3 of the Reacher television series on Amazon Prime Video. Plot Jack Reacher is working unofficially with the Drug Enforcement Administration to bring down Zachary Beck, suspected of smuggling drugs under the pretext of trading in rugs, and safely retrieve an undercover DEA agent. They stage a kidnapping of Zachary's son, Richard, and have Reacher "rescue" the boy from the kidnappers to gain the confidence of the family and lead him to their residence. After being rescued, a frightened Richard places his trust in Reacher and asks him to take him back home. Reacher gains access to Beck and gradually gains his confidence by working as a hired gun and bodyguard. While working undercover, he has to eliminate a few of Beck's minions to prevent them from exposing him. The DEA, upon finding that they were mistaken about the nature of the business Zachary was involved in (it is gun-running, not drugs), tries to pull Reacher out. Reacher refuses to step back as his primary motivation in getting involved at all in this off-the-books operation is to have another go at Francis Xavier Quinn, a former Military Intelligence agent who, ten years before, had brutally mutilated and murdered Reacher's colleague Dominique Kohl. Reacher had assumed he had killed Quinn at their last encounter but found that to be incorrect after running into Quinn in public. It is ten years later and Quinn is Zachary Beck's boss in a lucrative international gun-running enterprise. It is revealed that Zachary was forced into working for Quinn and his family was tormented by bodyguards appointed by Quinn. Despite a number of cliff-hanging setbacks, Reacher manages to free the undercover DEA agent and finally eliminate Quinn. Accomplices Dominique Kohl, 29, was a Sergeant First Class on the way up and assigned to Reacher's unit when he was a Captain in the Army. She appears in Persuader, where Reacher remembers the events that led to her death ten years earlier. Kohl is mentioned again in Personal, when Reacher partners with a woman who reminds him of Kohl. Susan Duffy is a DEA agent in Persuader. She is Reacher's accomplice throughout the novel, and they have a brief relationship. Critical reception Leslie Doran of The Denver Post said that the novel had a "gripping and suspenseful opening" and that "for returning Reacher fans...beginning scenes will cause extra suspense". Patrick Anderson of The Washington Post described it as "a skillful blend of sex, violence, sadism, weaponry, spies, smuggling, revenge, deception, suspense and nonstop action", though he also notes that the novel has "several premises that are hard to swallow". After a short description of how quickly he read through the earlier books in the series after reading Persuader, Dale Jones of The Gazette simply stated "You might say I liked it". References ^ "Jack Reacher trips another bloody two-step". Chicago Sun-Times. 25 May 2003. Retrieved 20 October 2010. ^ Doran, Leslie (11 May 2003). "Lee Child's latest a persuasive effort". The Denver Post. Retrieved 20 October 2010. ^ Anderson, Patrick (5 May 2003). "Meat and Potatoes". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 October 2010. ^ Jones, Dale (31 August 2003). "'Persuader' proves to be persuasive, full of suspense". The Gazette. Retrieved 20 October 2010. External links Persuader information page on Lee Child's official website. vteJack Reacher by Lee ChildNovel series Killing Floor Die Trying Tripwire The Visitor Echo Burning Without Fail Persuader The Enemy One Shot The Hard Way Bad Luck and Trouble Nothing to Lose Gone Tomorrow 61 Hours Worth Dying For The Affair A Wanted Man Never Go Back Personal Make Me Night School The Midnight Line Past Tense Blue Moon The Sentinel Better Off Dead No Plan B The Secret Collections No Middle Name Adaptations Jack Reacher (film, 2012) Jack Reacher: Never Go Back (film, 2016) Reacher (television, 2022–) Category
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Reacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Reacher_(book_series)"},{"link_name":"Lee Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Child"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Instagram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instagram"},{"link_name":"Alan Ritchson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Ritchson"},{"link_name":"Reacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reacher_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Amazon Prime Video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Persuader is the seventh book in the Jack Reacher series written by Lee Child.[1] It is written in the first person.According to an Instagram post from Alan Ritchson posted on January 24, 2024, this book will be adapted into season 3 of the Reacher television series on Amazon Prime Video.[citation needed]","title":"Persuader (novel)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Reacher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Reacher"},{"link_name":"Drug Enforcement Administration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration"},{"link_name":"undercover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undercover"},{"link_name":"Military Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Intelligence_Corps_(United_States_Army)"}],"text":"Jack Reacher is working unofficially with the Drug Enforcement Administration to bring down Zachary Beck, suspected of smuggling drugs under the pretext of trading in rugs, and safely retrieve an undercover DEA agent. They stage a kidnapping of Zachary's son, Richard, and have Reacher \"rescue\" the boy from the kidnappers to gain the confidence of the family and lead him to their residence. After being rescued, a frightened Richard places his trust in Reacher and asks him to take him back home.Reacher gains access to Beck and gradually gains his confidence by working as a hired gun and bodyguard. While working undercover, he has to eliminate a few of Beck's minions to prevent them from exposing him. The DEA, upon finding that they were mistaken about the nature of the business Zachary was involved in (it is gun-running, not drugs), tries to pull Reacher out.Reacher refuses to step back as his primary motivation in getting involved at all in this off-the-books operation is to have another go at Francis Xavier Quinn, a former Military Intelligence agent who, ten years before, had brutally mutilated and murdered Reacher's colleague Dominique Kohl. Reacher had assumed he had killed Quinn at their last encounter but found that to be incorrect after running into Quinn in public. It is ten years later and Quinn is Zachary Beck's boss in a lucrative international gun-running enterprise. It is revealed that Zachary was forced into working for Quinn and his family was tormented by bodyguards appointed by Quinn.Despite a number of cliff-hanging setbacks, Reacher manages to free the undercover DEA agent and finally eliminate Quinn.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sergeant First Class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergeant_first_class"},{"link_name":"Personal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_(novel)"}],"text":"Dominique Kohl, 29, was a Sergeant First Class on the way up and assigned to Reacher's unit when he was a Captain in the Army. She appears in Persuader, where Reacher remembers the events that led to her death ten years earlier. Kohl is mentioned again in Personal, when Reacher partners with a woman who reminds him of Kohl.\nSusan Duffy is a DEA agent in Persuader. She is Reacher's accomplice throughout the novel, and they have a brief relationship.","title":"Accomplices"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Denver Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Denver_Post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"The Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gazette_(Cedar_Rapids)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Leslie Doran of The Denver Post said that the novel had a \"gripping and suspenseful opening\" and that \"for returning Reacher fans...beginning scenes will cause extra suspense\".[2] Patrick Anderson of The Washington Post described it as \"a skillful blend of sex, violence, sadism, weaponry, spies, smuggling, revenge, deception, suspense and nonstop action\", though he also notes that the novel has \"several premises that are hard to swallow\".[3] After a short description of how quickly he read through the earlier books in the series after reading Persuader, Dale Jones of The Gazette simply stated \"You might say I liked it\".[4]","title":"Critical reception"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khalid_El_Bakouri
Khalid El Bakouri
["1 Kickboxing career","2 Championships and accomplishments","3 Kickboxing record","4 See also","5 References"]
Dutch male professional kickboxer Khalid El BakouriBorn (1994-04-12) 12 April 1994 (age 30)Venlo, NetherlandsOther namesThe TwinNationalityDutchHeight1.88 m (6 ft 2 in)Weight85 kg (187 lb; 13 st 5 lb)DivisionMiddleweightStyleKickboxingFighting out ofVenlo, NetherlandsTeamBodystyle VenloYears active2013 - presentKickboxing recordTotal54Wins44By knockout19Losses10 Khalid El Bakouri (born 12 April 1994) is a Dutch-Moroccan kickboxer, currently competing in the middleweight division of Enfusion. He is the current Enfusion Middleweight Champion. As of September 2021, Combat Press ranks him as the #10 middleweight in the world. Kickboxing career El Bakouri was scheduled to fight Cédric Tousch at King Of The Ring 5 on April 9, 2016. He lost the fight by unanimous decision. El Bakouri was scheduled to fight Martin Reemeijer at Enfusion Talents 62 on November 17, 2018. He won the fight by unanimous decision. El Bakouri was scheduled to face Jorge Loren at Enfusion 77 on December 7, 2018. Loren won the fight by unanimous decision. El Bakouri rebounded from this loss by notching two consecutive victories. He first won a unanimous decision against Soufyan Assa at Enfusion 78 on February 23, 2019. This was followed by a third-round technical knockout of Edwin Martirosian at Enfusion Talents 71 on June 8, 2019. El Bakouri was scheduled to fight Anis Bouzid for the vacant Enfusion -90kg title at Enfusion 87 on September 7, 2019. El Bakouri won the fight by unanimous decision. El Bakouri was scheduled to face the reigning -95kg champion Ibrahim El Boustati in a non-title bout at Enfusion 95 on September 29, 2020. He won the fight by a first-round knockout. Championships and accomplishments Enfusion 2019 Enfusion Middleweight World Championship 2022 Enfusion Middleweight (-84 kg) Tournament Winner Kickboxing record Professional Kickboxing Record 44 Wins (19 (T)KO's), 10 Losses, 0 Draw, 0 No Contest Date Result Opponent Event Location Method Round Time 2022-10-22 Win Kevin van Heeckeren Enfusion 113, Tournament Finals Wuppertal, Germany Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 Won the Enfusion Middleweight (-84 kg) Tournament title. 2022-06-05 Win Vangelis Tzotzil Enfusion 107, Tournament Semifinals Darmstadt, Germany TKO (Cut) 2 2021-11-12 Loss Mohammad Ghaedibardeh Enfusion 104 Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates Decision 5 3:00 Lost the Enfusion Middleweight World Championship. 2020-09-29 Win Ibrahim El Boustati Enfusion 95 Eindhoven, Netherlands KO 1 2019-09-07 Win Anis Bouzid Enfusion 87 Darmstadt, Germany Decision (Unanimous) 5 3:00 Wins the Enfusion -90 kg title. 2019-06-08 Win Edwin Martirosian Enfusion Talents 71 Groningen, Netherlands TKO (Three knockdowns) 3 2019-02-23 Win Soufyan Assa Enfusion 78 Eindhoven, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2018-12-07 Loss Jorge Loren Enfusion 77 United Arab Emirates Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2018-11-17 Win Martin Reemeijer Enfusion Talents 62 Groningen, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2018-05-05 Loss Ulric Bokeme Enfusion Live 66 Tenerife, Spain Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2017-11-05 Loss Anis Bouzid MTK Fight Night 2 Belgium Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 For the WFFC Europe -86kg title. 2017-09-16 Win Robin Ciric Enfusion Talents #36 Groningen, Netherlands KO 2 2017-04-29 Loss Reda Zaidi Enfusion Talents 31 The Hague, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2017-02-18 Loss Nick Morsink Enfusion Talents 28 Eindhoven, Spain Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2016-11-20 Win Erwin vd Beld Enfusion 56 Groningen, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2016-06-28 Win Lutciano Zimmerman Enfusion Talents 14 Gent, Belgium Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2016-04-09 Loss Cédric Tousch King Of The Ring 5 Longeville-lès-Metz, France Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2016-02-07 Loss Ertugrul Bayrak Enfusion 36 Eindhoven, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2015-11-21 Win Mohamed Kabiri Glorious Heroes in Groningen Groningen, Netherlands KO (Right hook) 2 2015-04-19 Win Ibrahim El Bouni The Best of all Elements Almere, Netherlands Decision 3 3:00 2015-02-07 Win Kamil Jenel Enfusion 24 Eindhoven, Netherlands Ext. R. Decision 4 3:00 2014-12-21 Loss Ibrahim El Boustati Enfusion Live 23 Antwerp, Belgium Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2014-11-23 Win Alva Remor Enfusion 22 Groningen, Netherlands Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2014-11-15 Win Rain Kärkinen XPLOSION 2014 Tallinn, Estonia Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2014-09-20 Loss Hicham El Gaoui A1 World Combat Cup - Final 8, Super Fight (82 kg) Eindhoven, Netherlands Decision 3 3:00 2014-04-21 Win Iwna Pang Quinn Gym Fight Night 2 Venray, Netherlands KO (Right hook) 2 2014-03-07 Win Muzaffer Gemici ? Turkey Decision (Unanimous) 3 3:00 2013-11-16 Win Kenneth Susanna Quinn Gym Fight Night Venray, Netherlands KO (Right hook) 1 2013-05-23 Win Randy Momoh Glorious Heroes Presents Enfusion IV Annen, Netherlands Ext. R Decision (Unanimous) 4 3:00 Legend:   Win   Loss   Draw/No contest   Notes See also List of male kickboxers References ^ Aittama, Zach. "Combat Press Kickboxing Rankings: September 2021". combatpress.com. Retrieved 8 September 2021. ^ "Kick-boxing : le Sarregueminois Cédric Tousch s'exporte en Chine". republicain-lorrain.fr. Retrieved 11 August 2020. ^ "Enfusion Talents 62 Results". kickboxingz.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Loren Jorge aguarda por la gran final". eldia.es. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Enfusion 85 Groningen Results". kickboxingz.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Enfusion 78 & 79- Results". fight-madness.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Enfusion 87: Neuer Champion in Darmstadt gesucht". ran.de. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ van Dinter, Sean. "Enfusion kickboksen: Khalid El Bakouri pakt wereldtitel". vechtsportinfo.nl. Retrieved 20 July 2021. ^ "Kickboxing Results: Enfusion Eindhoven". kickboxingz.com. Retrieved 20 July 2021.
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[]
[{"title":"List of male kickboxers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_male_kickboxers"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geraldine_Apponyi_de_Nagy-Appony
Geraldine of Albania
["1 Early life","2 Royal life","3 Later life","4 Honours","5 References","6 Further reading","7 External links"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Geraldine of Albania" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The native form of this personal name is Apponyi Géraldine. This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals. Queen consort of the Albanians GeraldineQueen consort of the AlbaniansTenure27 April 1938 – 7 April 1939BornCountess Géraldine Margit Virginia Olga Mária Apponyi de Nagy-Appony(1915-08-06)6 August 1915Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-HungaryDied22 October 2002(2002-10-22) (aged 87)Tirana, Republic of AlbaniaBurial26 October 2002Mausoleum of the Albanian Royal FamilySpouse Zog I of Albania ​ ​(m. 1938; died 1961)​IssueLeka, Crown Prince of AlbaniaHouseApponyi (by birth)Zogu (by marriage)FatherCount Gyula Apponyi de Nagy-ApponyiMotherGladys Virginia StewartReligionCatholicSignature Geraldine (born Countess Géraldine Margit Virginia Olga Mária Apponyi de Nagy-Appony; 6 August 1915 – 22 October 2002) was Queen of the Albanians from her marriage to King Zog I on 27 April 1938 until King Zog was deposed on 7 April of the following year. Geraldine was born in Austria-Hungary into the noble Apponyi family. Her family fled to Switzerland in 1918, when the monarchy of Austria-Hungary was abolished. They returned to Hungary in 1921. However, after her father Gyula died in 1924, her American-born mother Gladys took Geraldine and her two siblings to live in Southern France. Later Geraldine was educated at a boarding school in Austria. She met King Zog in 1938, and they married shortly afterwards. The Italian invasion of Albania cut short Zog's reign. During World War II, Zog and Geraldine lived first in France and later in England. Later on, they would live in France again and in Egypt. After her husband died in Paris in 1961, Geraldine took the title Queen Mother and asserted the rights of her son Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, to rule. She and Leka fled successively to Spain, Rhodesia, and South Africa. Geraldine was allowed to return to Albania in 2002, and she died that year aged 87. Early life This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Geraldine was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, a daughter of Count Gyula Apponyi de Nagy-Appony (1873–1924), Grand Marshal of the Hungarian Court, of the old and noble Apponyi family which had been great landowners in Upper Hungary since the 13th century. Her mother was Gladys Virginia Stewart (1891–1947), an American, daughter of John Henry Stewart, a diplomat who served as US Consul in Antwerp, Belgium, and his wife Mary Virginia Ramsay Harding (later Mrs. Gustaf Stråle af Ekna), who both came from monied families of the New World, specifically Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina. When Geraldine was three, the Empire of Austria-Hungary collapsed, and the Apponyi family went to live in Switzerland. In 1921 they returned to the Kingdom of Hungary which was stable under Regent Miklós Horthy. However, when Geraldine's father died in 1924, her mother and their three children (Geraldine, now nine, Virginia, and Gyula) went to live in the resort of Menton, in the south of France. When the Countess married a French officer, her Hungarian in-laws insisted that the children be returned to Hungary for their schooling. The girls were sent to the Sacred Heart boarding school in Pressbaum, near Vienna. Geraldine's happy childhood then continued at the chateau Oponice (Appony) in present-day Slovakia, Apponyi ancestral family possessions in Slovakia; at the time, the part of Czechoslovakia (whose citizenship Geraldine gained). She lived there until 1938. Her family's fortune spent, Geraldine earned a living as a shorthand typist. She also worked in the gift shop of the Budapest National Museum, where her uncle was the director. Royal life This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Geraldine was introduced in December 1937 to King Zog I of the Albanians, who had seen a photograph of her. She visited the Albanian Kingdom and within days the couple were engaged to be married. Known as the "White Rose of Hungary", Geraldine was raised to royal status as Princess Geraldine of Albania prior to her wedding. Queen Geraldine pictured with King Zog and his sisters in exile in Sweden On 27 April 1938, in Tirana, Albania, Geraldine married the King in a ceremony witnessed by Galeazzo Ciano, envoy and son-in-law of Il Duce and Prime Minister of Italy, Benito Mussolini. She was Roman Catholic and King Zog was Muslim. Geraldine wore a new diamond tiara, specially commissioned from Austrian jewellers, featuring the motifs of the white rose for the bride, and the heraldic goat for the groom. They drove to their honeymoon in an open-top scarlet Mercedes-Benz 540K, a present from Adolf Hitler. The couple had one son, Crown Prince Leka Zogu (1939–2011). Zog's rule was cut short by the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939, and the family fled the country into exile. From April 1939, Geraldine and Zog fled Albania via Greece and Turkey and settled in France, and then in England. They lived in the Ritz Hotel, London, at Ascot and, for most of the war, at Parmoor House, Frieth, Buckinghamshire, England. In 1946 they went to Egypt, and then in 1952 to France. King Zog I died in Hauts-de-Seine, France, in 1961 and their son, Crown Prince Leka, was proclaimed King Leka I by the royalist government in exile. Following this, the royal family moved to Spain, Rhodesia and then South Africa. Later life After her husband's death, Geraldine preferred to be known as the "Queen Mother of Albania". In June 2002, Geraldine returned from South Africa to live in Albania, after the law was changed to allow her to do so. She continued to assert that her son Leka was the legitimate King of the Albanians. Queen Geraldine of the Albanians died five months later at the age of 87 in a military hospital in Tirana. After being admitted for treatment for lung disease, she suffered at least three heart attacks, the last of which was fatal, on 22 October 2002. She was buried by the Central House of the Army with full honours, including a funeral oration at St Paul's Cathedral, on 26 October 2002, and interred in the Sharra cemetery, Albania, in the "VIP plot". She was later reburied in the Royal Mausoleum in Tirana. On 5 April 2004 her grandson, Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, accepted the Mother Teresa Medal awarded to her posthumously by the Albanian government in recognition of her charitable efforts for the people of Albania. Leka's daughter Geraldine (born 22 October 2020 at Queen Geraldine Maternity Hospital in Tirana, on the 18th death anniversary of Queen Geraldine) was named in her honour. Honours Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Fidelity (26 April 1938). Mother Teresa Medal (5 April 2004). References ^ a b c d Tomes, Jason (2011). King Zog: Self-Made Monarch of Albania. The History Press. ISBN 9780752470870. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ Dedet, Joséphine (2012). Géraldine, reine des Albanais (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN 9782714452481. Retrieved 29 January 2022. ^ "Queen Mother of Albania" (PDF). law.nyu.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016. ^ BBC News Online – Former Albanian queen dies ^ "Albanian Royal Family - Royal Residences". www.albanianroyalcourt.al. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2023. Further reading Dedet, Joséphine "Géraldine, reine des Albanais". Paris: Belfond, 2016, published at the occasion of Prince Leka's wedding in Tirana, on 8 October 2016 (Leka being Geraldine's grandson); former editions: Criterion, 1997 ISBN 2-7413-0148-4 and Belfond, 2012, ISBN 978-2-7144-5090-6. Biography enriched by the Queen's testimony, by her personal archives and by a huge correspondence with the author, who has benefited of many unpublished sources. Dedet, Joséphine, Géraldine, Egy Magyar No Albania Tronjan, Budapest : Europa, 2015, ISBN 978-963-405-202-9, reprinted in 2016 and December 2017, best-seller in Hungary, translation of Géraldine, reine des Albanais". Pearson, O. S. Albania and King Zog, I.B. Tauris. 2005 (ISBN 1-84511-013-7). Tomes, Jason King Zog, Self-Made Monarch of Albania, Stroud: Sutton, 2003 ISBN 0-7509-3077-2 Rees, Neil. A Royal Exile: King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns, 2010 ISBN 978-0-9550883-1-5 The Economist, 7 November 2002 – Queen Geraldine of Albania. The Independent, 24 October 2004, Obituary. Patrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (ISBN 978-2-9532382-0-4). Patrice Najbor, La dynastie des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002 Robyns, Gwen. Geraldine of the Albanians. The Authorised Biography, Muller, Blond & White (1987) External links BBC news report of her death The Economist – obituary muzem.sk Maison royale d'Albanie, site officiel en langue française Famille royale d'Albanie, site officiel en langue anglaise Geraldine of Albania House of ApponyiBorn: 6 August 1915 Died: 22 October 2002 Albanian royalty VacantTitle last held byPrincess Sophie of Schönburg-Waldenburg as Princess of Albania Queen consort of the Albanians 27 April 1938 – 7 April 1939 Succeeded byPrincess Elena of Montenegroas Queen of Italy Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Other IdRef
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This article uses Western name order when mentioning individuals.Queen consort of the AlbaniansGeraldine (born Countess Géraldine Margit Virginia Olga Mária Apponyi de Nagy-Appony; 6 August 1915 – 22 October 2002) was Queen of the Albanians from her marriage to King Zog I on 27 April 1938 until King Zog was deposed on 7 April of the following year.Geraldine was born in Austria-Hungary into the noble Apponyi family. Her family fled to Switzerland in 1918, when the monarchy of Austria-Hungary was abolished. They returned to Hungary in 1921. However, after her father Gyula died in 1924, her American-born mother Gladys took Geraldine and her two siblings to live in Southern France. Later Geraldine was educated at a boarding school in Austria. She met King Zog in 1938, and they married shortly afterwards.The Italian invasion of Albania cut short Zog's reign. During World War II, Zog and Geraldine lived first in France and later in England. Later on, they would live in France again and in Egypt. After her husband died in Paris in 1961, Geraldine took the title Queen Mother and asserted the rights of her son Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, to rule. She and Leka fled successively to Spain, Rhodesia, and South Africa. Geraldine was allowed to return to Albania in 2002, and she died that year aged 87.","title":"Geraldine of Albania"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Budapest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budapest"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Apponyi de Nagy-Appony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apponyi_family"},{"link_name":"Grand Marshal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hofmarschall"},{"link_name":"Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_court"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomes-1"},{"link_name":"Apponyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apponyi"},{"link_name":"Upper Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Hungary"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomes-1"},{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"diplomat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomat"},{"link_name":"US","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Consul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consul"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomes-1"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tomes-1"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(Regency)"},{"link_name":"Regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Miklós Horthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Horthy"},{"link_name":"Menton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menton"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Third_Republic"},{"link_name":"Pressbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressbaum"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"Oponice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oponice"},{"link_name":"Budapest National Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_National_Museum"}],"text":"Geraldine was born in Budapest, Austria-Hungary, a daughter of Count Gyula Apponyi de Nagy-Appony (1873–1924), Grand Marshal of the Hungarian Court,[1] of the old and noble Apponyi family which had been great landowners in Upper Hungary since the 13th century.[1] Her mother was Gladys Virginia Stewart (1891–1947), an American, daughter of John Henry Stewart, a diplomat who served as US Consul in Antwerp, Belgium, and his wife Mary Virginia Ramsay Harding (later Mrs. Gustaf Stråle af Ekna),[2][1] who both came from monied families of the New World, specifically Virginia, Maryland and North Carolina.[1]When Geraldine was three, the Empire of Austria-Hungary collapsed, and the Apponyi family went to live in Switzerland. In 1921 they returned to the Kingdom of Hungary which was stable under Regent Miklós Horthy. However, when Geraldine's father died in 1924, her mother and their three children (Geraldine, now nine, Virginia, and Gyula) went to live in the resort of Menton, in the south of France. When the Countess married a French officer, her Hungarian in-laws insisted that the children be returned to Hungary for their schooling. The girls were sent to the Sacred Heart boarding school in Pressbaum, near Vienna. Geraldine's happy childhood then continued at the chateau Oponice (Appony) in present-day Slovakia, Apponyi ancestral family possessions in Slovakia; at the time, the part of Czechoslovakia (whose citizenship Geraldine gained). She lived there until 1938. Her family's fortune spent, Geraldine earned a living as a shorthand typist. She also worked in the gift shop of the Budapest National Museum, where her uncle was the director.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"King Zog I of the Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Albanian Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928-1939)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skeda-Ahmet-Zogu.jpg"},{"link_name":"King Zog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zog_I_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tirana"},{"link_name":"Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%9339)"},{"link_name":"Galeazzo Ciano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeazzo_Ciano"},{"link_name":"Il Duce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Duce"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Mercedes-Benz 540K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_540K"},{"link_name":"Adolf Hitler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_Hitler"},{"link_name":"Leka Zogu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leka_I,_Crown_Prince_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)"},{"link_name":"invasion of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Greece","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece_(Gl%C3%BCcksburg)"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Ritz Hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ritz_London_Hotel"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Frieth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frieth"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-Seine"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain"},{"link_name":"Rhodesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodesia"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"}],"text":"Geraldine was introduced in December 1937 to King Zog I of the Albanians, who had seen a photograph of her. She visited the Albanian Kingdom and within days the couple were engaged to be married. Known as the \"White Rose of Hungary\", Geraldine was raised to royal status as Princess Geraldine of Albania prior to her wedding.Queen Geraldine pictured with King Zog and his sisters in exile in SwedenOn 27 April 1938, in Tirana, Albania, Geraldine married the King in a ceremony witnessed by Galeazzo Ciano, envoy and son-in-law of Il Duce and Prime Minister of Italy, Benito Mussolini. She was Roman Catholic and King Zog was Muslim. Geraldine wore a new diamond tiara, specially commissioned from Austrian jewellers, featuring the motifs of the white rose for the bride, and the heraldic goat for the groom. They drove to their honeymoon in an open-top scarlet Mercedes-Benz 540K, a present from Adolf Hitler.The couple had one son, Crown Prince Leka Zogu (1939–2011).Zog's rule was cut short by the Italian invasion of Albania in April 1939, and the family fled the country into exile. From April 1939, Geraldine and Zog fled Albania via Greece and Turkey and settled in France, and then in England. They lived in the Ritz Hotel, London, at Ascot and, for most of the war, at Parmoor House, Frieth, Buckinghamshire, England. In 1946 they went to Egypt, and then in 1952 to France. King Zog I died in Hauts-de-Seine, France, in 1961 and their son, Crown Prince Leka, was proclaimed King Leka I by the royalist government in exile. Following this, the royal family moved to Spain, Rhodesia and then South Africa.","title":"Royal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"King of the Albanians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Albanians"},{"link_name":"lung disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lung_disease"},{"link_name":"heart attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myocardial_infarction"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"St Paul's Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral_(Tirana)"},{"link_name":"Royal Mausoleum in Tirana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mausoleum_of_the_Albanian_Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Leka, Crown Prince of Albania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leka_II,_Crown_Prince_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"Mother Teresa Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Mother_Teresa%22_Decoration"},{"link_name":"Leka's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leka_II,_Crown_Prince_of_Albania"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"After her husband's death, Geraldine preferred to be known as the \"Queen Mother of Albania\".[3] In June 2002, Geraldine returned from South Africa to live in Albania, after the law was changed to allow her to do so. She continued to assert that her son Leka was the legitimate King of the Albanians.Queen Geraldine of the Albanians died five months later at the age of 87 in a military hospital in Tirana. After being admitted for treatment for lung disease, she suffered at least three heart attacks, the last of which was fatal, on 22 October 2002.[4] She was buried by the Central House of the Army with full honours, including a funeral oration at St Paul's Cathedral, on 26 October 2002, and interred in the Sharra cemetery, Albania, in the \"VIP plot\". She was later reburied in the Royal Mausoleum in Tirana.[5]On 5 April 2004 her grandson, Leka, Crown Prince of Albania, accepted the Mother Teresa Medal awarded to her posthumously by the Albanian government in recognition of her charitable efforts for the people of Albania. Leka's daughter Geraldine (born 22 October 2020 at Queen Geraldine Maternity Hospital in Tirana, on the 18th death anniversary of Queen Geraldine) was named in her honour.[citation needed]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ALB_Order_of_Fidelity_(1939)_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png"},{"link_name":"Order of Fidelity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Fidelity_(Albania)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Decoration_without_ribbon_-_en.svg"},{"link_name":"Mother Teresa Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Mother_Teresa%22_Decoration"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Fidelity (26 April 1938).[citation needed]\n Mother Teresa Medal [posthumous] (5 April 2004).[citation needed]","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-7413-0148-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7413-0148-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-7144-5090-6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-7144-5090-6"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-963-405-202-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-405-202-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-84511-013-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84511-013-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7509-3077-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7509-3077-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9550883-1-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9550883-1-5"},{"link_name":"The Economist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.economist.com/obituary/2002/11/07/queen-geraldine-of-albania"},{"link_name":"The Independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20151017235821/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20021024/ai_n12658594"},{"link_name":"failed verification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2-9532382-0-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-9532382-0-4"}],"text":"Dedet, Joséphine \"Géraldine, reine des Albanais\". Paris: Belfond, 2016, published at the occasion of Prince Leka's wedding in Tirana, on 8 October 2016 (Leka being Geraldine's grandson); former editions: Criterion, 1997 ISBN 2-7413-0148-4 and Belfond, 2012, ISBN 978-2-7144-5090-6. Biography enriched by the Queen's testimony, by her personal archives and by a huge correspondence with the author, who has benefited of many unpublished sources.\nDedet, Joséphine, Géraldine, Egy Magyar No Albania Tronjan, Budapest : Europa, 2015, ISBN 978-963-405-202-9, reprinted in 2016 and December 2017, best-seller in Hungary, translation of Géraldine, reine des Albanais\".\nPearson, O. S. Albania and King Zog, I.B. Tauris. 2005 (ISBN 1-84511-013-7).\nTomes, Jason King Zog, Self-Made Monarch of Albania, Stroud: Sutton, 2003 ISBN 0-7509-3077-2\nRees, Neil. A Royal Exile: King Zog & Queen Geraldine of Albania including their wartime exile in the Thames Valley and Chilterns, 2010 ISBN 978-0-9550883-1-5\nThe Economist, 7 November 2002 – Queen Geraldine of Albania.\nThe Independent, 24 October 2004, Obituary. [failed verification]\nPatrice Najbor, Histoire de l'Albanie et de sa maison royale (5 volumes), JePublie, Paris, 2008, (ISBN 978-2-9532382-0-4).\nPatrice Najbor, La dynastie des Zogu, Textes & Prétextes, Paris, 2002\nRobyns, Gwen. Geraldine of the Albanians. The Authorised Biography, Muller, Blond & White (1987)","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Queen Geraldine pictured with King Zog and his sisters in exile in Sweden","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Skeda-Ahmet-Zogu.jpg/220px-Skeda-Ahmet-Zogu.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Tomes, Jason (2011). King Zog: Self-Made Monarch of Albania. The History Press. ISBN 9780752470870. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6jc7AwAAQBAJ&dq=Virginia+Str%C3%A5le+af+Ekna&pg=PT219","url_text":"King Zog: Self-Made Monarch of Albania"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780752470870","url_text":"9780752470870"}]},{"reference":"Dedet, Joséphine (2012). Géraldine, reine des Albanais (in French). Place des éditeurs. ISBN 9782714452481. Retrieved 29 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y67gcRx70c0C&dq=Virginia+Str%C3%A5le+af+Ekna&pg=PT268","url_text":"Géraldine, reine des Albanais"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782714452481","url_text":"9782714452481"}]},{"reference":"\"Queen Mother of Albania\" (PDF). law.nyu.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2012. Retrieved 9 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205212003/http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol11num3/vol11num3.pdf","url_text":"\"Queen Mother of Albania\""},{"url":"http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol11num3/vol11num3.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Albanian Royal Family - Royal Residences\". www.albanianroyalcourt.al. Archived from the original on 8 January 2018. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180108005308/http://www.albanianroyalcourt.al/pages/residence","url_text":"\"Albanian Royal Family - Royal Residences\""},{"url":"http://www.albanianroyalcourt.al/pages/residence","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Geraldine+of+Albania%22","external_links_name":"\"Geraldine of Albania\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Geraldine+of+Albania%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Geraldine+of+Albania%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Geraldine+of+Albania%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Geraldine+of+Albania%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Geraldine+of+Albania%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6jc7AwAAQBAJ&dq=Virginia+Str%C3%A5le+af+Ekna&pg=PT219","external_links_name":"King Zog: Self-Made Monarch of Albania"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=y67gcRx70c0C&dq=Virginia+Str%C3%A5le+af+Ekna&pg=PT268","external_links_name":"Géraldine, reine des Albanais"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120205212003/http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol11num3/vol11num3.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Queen Mother of Albania\""},{"Link":"http://www.law.nyu.edu/eecr/vol11num3/vol11num3.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2352963.stm","external_links_name":"BBC News Online – Former Albanian queen dies"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180108005308/http://www.albanianroyalcourt.al/pages/residence","external_links_name":"\"Albanian Royal Family - Royal Residences\""},{"Link":"http://www.albanianroyalcourt.al/pages/residence","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.economist.com/obituary/2002/11/07/queen-geraldine-of-albania","external_links_name":"The Economist"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151017235821/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20021024/ai_n12658594","external_links_name":"The Independent"},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/2352963.stm","external_links_name":"BBC news report of her death"},{"Link":"http://www.economist.com/people/displayStory.cfm?story_id=1429252","external_links_name":"The Economist – obituary"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070731080410/http://www.muzeum.sk/defaulte.php?obj=muzeum&ix=amoe","external_links_name":"muzem.sk"},{"Link":"http://albania.dyndns.org/","external_links_name":"Maison royale d'Albanie, site officiel en langue française"},{"Link":"http://albanianroyalcourt.al/","external_links_name":"Famille royale d'Albanie, site officiel en langue anglaise"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1757803/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000079884742","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/29376187","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfcRFdJkvHTHKV8BkK8G3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12561919p","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12561919p","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/118900544","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr88001715","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/034918051","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_edible_insects_by_country
List of edible insects by country
["1 Australia","2 Burkina Faso","3 Brazil","4 Colombia/Venezuela","5 China","6 European Union","7 India","8 Indonesia","8.1 Kalimantan","8.2 Papua Province","9 Laos","10 Madagascar","11 Malaysia","12 Mali","13 Mexico","14 New Caledonia","15 Peru","16 Philippines","17 Reunion","18 South Africa","19 South Korea","20 Thailand","21 Zimbabwe","22 References"]
The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with developing countries and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this article, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new article, as appropriate. (June 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The following are edible insects that are locally consumed, as listed by country. Australia Agrotis infusa (Bogong moth) Bush coconut Honeypot ant Hyles livornicoides (Yeperenye caterpillar) Witchetty grub Burkina Faso Cirina butyrospermi (shea caterpillar) Brazil Atta spp. Colombia/Venezuela Leafcutter ant species eaten in Colombia and Venezuela. Ant Liometopum apiculatum (pupae) Liometopum occidental (pupae) (Hormigas Culonas/Big-Butt Ant) Atta Laevigata Dung Beetle species eaten in Colombia. Suri (larvae) Onthophagus Taurus Euchroma Giganteum Podischnus Agenor Caryobruchus Scheelaea Caterpillar species eaten in Colombia. Hutia Batiya Termites are eaten in Colombia. Grasshopper species eaten in Colombia. (Short-Horned Grasshopper) Acrididae Aidemona Azteca Tropidacris Latreillei Sphenarium Schistocerca Stinkbug Atizies Taxcoensis Dobsonfly Corydalus spp Wasp (Polybia ignobilis) (egg, larvae) (Potter wasps) Eumenes canaliculata (larvae) China Wasp species eaten in Yunnan, China: Vespa velutinia auraria Vespa tropica ducalis Vespa analis nigrans Vespa variabilis Vespa sorror Vespa basalis Vespa magnifica Vespa mandarinia mandarinia Vespa bicolor bicolor Provespa barthelemyi Polistes sagittarius Other insects consumed in China: Tenebrio molitor (mealworm) Omphisa fuscidentalis (bamboo borer) Bombyx mori (silkworm pupa) European Union (Mainly: Netherland & Belgium) Yellow Mealworm (of Beetle Tenebrio molitor) Buffalo Worm Waxworm Larvae Locusta migratoria (Locust / Grasshopper) Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Flies) India Darthula hardwickii Udonga montana Indonesia Insect species eaten in Indonesia: Hyblaea puera (teak caterpillar; known as enthung jati in Javanese) Brachytrupes portentosus Valanga nigricornis Patanga succincta Pantala flavescens Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil) Chalcosoma atlas Xylocopa latipes Kalimantan Protocerius sp. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Batocera spp. Lepidiota stigma Chalcosoma moellenkampi Odontolabis spp. Leptocorisa oratoria (rice ear bug) Nezara viridula (green stinkbug) Pomponia merula Apis dorsata Apis cerana Ropalidia spp. Provespa anomala Vespa spp. Vespa tropica Vespa affinis Papua Province Rhynchophorus bilineatus Cosmopsaltria waine Syntherata apicalis Xylotrupes gideon Cotinis spp. Batocera spp. Dihammus spp. Rosenbergia mandibularis Nezara viridula Behrensiellus glabradus Rhynchophorus richteri Behrensiellus glabradus Acherontia achesis Nyctalemon patroclus goldiei Batocera wallacei Papilio lagleizei Laos Insect species eaten in Vientiane Province, Laos: Omphisa fuscidentalis Orientopsaltria sp. Brachytrupes portentosus Teleogryllus testaceus Acheta domesticus Helicopris bucephalus Lethocerus indicus Caelifera sp. Apis spp. Xylotrupes gideon Gryllotalpa africana Bombyx mori Tessaratoma quadrata Hierodula sp. ? Vespa spp. Hydrophilus affinis Oecophylla smaragdina Madagascar Insects eaten in Madagascar: Acheta domesticus (Zazavery) Amphimallon solstitiale (Voangory) Bombyx mori (Landikely) Borocera cajani (Landibe) Borocera madagascariensis (Landibe) Bricoptis variolosa (Voangory) Gryllus bimaculatus (Akitra) Hexodon unicolor (Voangory) Locusta migratoria (Valala) Phyllophaga sp. (Voangory) Rhynchophorus sp. (Voangory) Rina nigra (Voanosy) Scarites sp. (Voangory) Serica sp. (Voangory) Tenebrio molitor (Voangory) Malaysia Insects eaten in Sabah: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Apis dorsata Apis cerana Ropalidia spp. Leptocorisa oratoria (rice ear bug) Nezara viridula (green stinkbug) Erionata thrax (banana leaf-roller pupa) Orientopsaltria spp. (brown and green cicadas) Dundubia spp. (light green cicadas) Oecophylla smaragdina Camponotus gigas (giant forest ant) Haaniella grayi grayi (stick insect eggs) and in Sarawak: Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (sago worm) Mali The Northern Dogon people of Mopti Region, Mali consume grasshopper species such as: Acorypha glaucopsis Kraussaria angulifera (also a millet pest) Kraussella amabile Hieroglyphus daganensis The Southern Region of Mali consume caterpillar species such as: Cirina butyrospermi (shea caterpillar) Mexico Mexico insects: Aegiale hesperiaris (maguey worm) Atta mexicana (ant) Comadia redtenbacheri (mezcal worm) Eucheira socialis (Madrone butterfly) Sphenarium spp. (chapulines) Liometopum apiculatum larvae (escamol) Several Choleoptera larvae (chahuis) Dactylopius coccus females used as red food dye New Caledonia Agrianome fairmairei (Montrouzier, 1861) (Vers de Bancoule) Peru Insect species eaten in Peru: Brassolis sophorae (Ahuihua) Metardaris cosinga (Huaytampo) Chrysophora chrysochlora (Sun-sún) Rhynchophorus palmarum (Suri, Shampuru) Rhinostomus barbirostris (Yurak suri, Suri blanco) Atta cephalotes (Mamaku, Sikisapakuru) Metamasius hemipterus Strategus jugurtha Megaceras crassum Cephalotes atratus Crematogaster sordidula Agelaia pallipes Mischocyttaru spp. Cyphomyia auriflamma Macrodontia cervicornis Acrocinus longimanus Dynastes hercules Platycoelia lutescens Atta sexdens Euchroma gigantea (Intimaman) Brassolis astyra Eupalamides cyparissias Crematogaster stollii Polybia platycephala Polybia furnaria Helicoverpa zea Chloridea virescens Mocis latipes (Vareador) Lusura chera Arsenura armida (Bolasho, Bolayna awiwa) Philippines Insect species eaten in the Philippines: Apis dorsata Apis cerana Trigona biroi Gryllotalpa sp. Leucopolis irrorata (June beetle larvae) Locusta migratoria manilensis Camponotus spp. Palembus dermestoides Reunion Polistes olivaceus (yellow oriental paper wasp) South Africa Gonimbrasia belina (mopane worm) Encosternum delegorguei (inflated stinkbug) South Korea Bombyx mori (silkworm pupa) Thailand Some of the most commonly consumed insects in Thailand are: Acheta domestica (house cricket) Gryllus bimaculatus (Mediterranean field cricket) Brachytrupes portentosus (short-tailed cricket) Omphisa fuscidentalis (bamboo borer) Bombyx mori (silkworm pupa) Oecophylla smaragdina (weaver ant) Lethocerus indicus (giant water bug) Heterometrus longimanus (Asian forest scorpion) is also consumed. Below is a more comprehensive list of the insect species that are consumed in Thailand. Coleoptera Aeolesthes sp. Agrianome fairmairei (Montrouzier, 1861) Apriona germai Aristobia approximator Dorysthenes buqueti Plocaederus obesus Plocaederus ruficornis Arrhines hiruts Arrhines 2 spp. Astycus gestvoi Cnaphoscapus decoratus Episomus sp. Hypomesus squamosus Pollendera atomaria Sepiomus aurivilliusi Tanymecus sp. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Hydrobiomorpha spinicollis Hydrophilus bilineatus Sternolophus rufipes Erectes stiticus Cybister tripunctatus asiaticus Cybister limbatus Cybister rugosus Hydaticus rhantoides Laccophilus pulicarius Copelatus sp. Rhantaticus congestus Xylotrupes gideon Oryctes rhinoceros Adoretus spp. Agestrata orichalca Anomala anguliceps Anomala antique Anomala chalcites Anomala cupripes Anomala pallida Apogonia sp. Chaetadoretus cribratus Holotrichia 2 spp. Maladera sp. Pachnessa sp. Protaetia sp. Sophrops absceussus Sophrops bituberculatus Sophrops rotundicollis Sophrops 2 spp. Aphodius crenatus Aphodius marginellus Aphodius putearius Aphodius sp. Cathasius birmanicus Cathasius molossus Copris carinicus Copris nevinsoni Paracopris punctulatus Microcopris reflexus Paracopris sp. Gymnopleurus melanarius Heliocopris bucephalus Heteronychus lioderes Liatongus rhadamitus Onitis niger Onitis subopagus Onthophagus orientalis Onthophagus avocetta Onthophagus bonasus Onthophagus khonmiinitnoi Onthophagus papulatus Onthophagus sagittarius Onthophagus seniculus Onthophagus ragoides Onthophagus tragus Onthophagus tricornis Onthophagus trituber Onthophagus sp. Sternocera aequisignata Sternocera ruficornis Hemiptera Diplonychus sp. Lethocerus indicus Anoplocnemis phasiana Homoeocerus sp. Cylindrostethus scrutator Laccotrephes rubber Ranatra longipes thai Ranatra varripes Anisops barbutus Anisops bouvieri Pygopalty sp. Tessaratoma papillosa Tessaratoma javanica Odonata Aeshna sp. Ceriagrion sp. Epophtalmia vittigera bellicose Rhyothemis sp. Hymenoptera Apis dorsata Apis florea Oecophylla smaragdina Carebara castanea Vespa affinis indosinensis Orthoptera Acrida cinerea Acrida sp. Chondacris rosea Chorthippus sp. Cyrtacanthacris tatarica Ducetia japonica Locusta migratoria Mecopoda elongate Oxya sp. Parapleurus sp. Patanga japonica Patanga succincta Shirakiacris shirakii Trilophidia annulata Atractomorpha sp. Ratanga avis Teleogryllus testaceus Teleogryllus mitratrus Teleogryllus sp. Modicogryllus confirmatus Brachytrupes portentosus Gryllus bimaculatus Gryllus sp. Gymnogryllus 2 spp. Pteronemobius sp. Velarifictorus sp. Gryllotalpa africana microphtalma Tenodera ariddifolia sinensis Mantis religiosa Euparatettix sp. Euconocephalus incertus Conocephalus maculates Conocephalus sp. Onomarchus sp. Pseudophyllus titan Homoeoxipha sp. Isoptera Macrotermes gilvus Lepidoptera Bombyx mori Erionata thrax thrax Omphisa fuscidentalis Homoptera Chremistica sp. Dundubia sp. Orientopsaltria sp. Platylomia sp. Zimbabwe Flying termites/ Izinhlwa in Northern Ndebele language Solder termites/ Amagenga in Northern Ndebele language Mopane worms/ Amacimbi in Northern Ndebele language Edible stink bugs/ Umtshiphela in Northern Ndebele language References ^ a b c d e f g h Durst, P.B., D.V. Johnson, R.N. Leslie and K. Shono (eds). Forest insects as food: humans bite back. Proceedings of a workshop on Asia-Pacific resources and their potential for development. 19–21 February 2008, Chiang Mai, Thailand. http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1380e/i1380e00.htm ^ a b "Cirina butyrospermi Vuillot., 1911". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-09-12. ^ "This Furry, Protein-Rich Insect Might Be the Key to Solving Hunger in Burkina Faso". Global Citizen. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 2022-09-12. ^ "Você já comeu inseto? Nem tanajura na gordura?". January 2020. ^ Malvina (2015-01-06). "Tanajura Time: A Brazilian Tradition". Youshare Project. Retrieved 2019-06-24. ^ a b c d e "Colombian Insects You Can Eat". Retrieved December 11, 2023. ^ a b c d e f g "Edible Insects as a Protein Source: A Review of Public Perception, Processing Technology, and Research Trends". August 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2023. ^ "Dutch Retailer Jumbo Launches Edible Insects". .foodingredientsfirst.com/. Retrieved 2022-09-12. ^ "Crickets, Mealworms and Grasshoppers Are Human Food, EU Says". Bloomberg.com. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-09-12. ^ Chen, Xiaoming; Feng, Ying; Chen, Zhiyong (2009). "Common edible insects and their utilization in China". Entomological Research. 39 (5): 299. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2009.00237.x. S2CID 84594941. ^ Thakur, N.S.A.; Firake, D.M. (2012). "Ochrophora montana (Distant): a precious dietary supplement during famine in northeastern Himalaya" (PDF). Current Science. 102 (6): 845–846. ^ Dürr, J.; Andriamazaoro, H.; Nischalke, S.; Preteseille, N.; Rabenjanahary, A.; Randrianarison, N.; Ratompoarison, C.; Razafindrakotomamonjy, A.; Straub, P.; Wagler, I. (1 March 2020). ""It is edible, so we eat it": Insect supply and consumption in the central highlands of Madagascar". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 40: 167–179. doi:10.1007/s42690-019-00067-w. S2CID 209564823. Retrieved 10 August 2021. ^ Heath, Jeffrey. "Guide to insects, arthropods, and molluscs of northern Dogon country". ^ Rivera, Julio; Carbonell, Fabricio (30 December 2020). "Los insectos comestibles del Perú: Biodiversidad y perspectivas de la entomofagia en el contexto peruano". Ciencia y Desarrollo (27): 03–36. doi:10.33326/26176033.2020.27.995. ^ Cueva, Alberto Cerna; Giove, Daniel Vecco; Ramos, Matiluz Doria; Salas, Hitler Panduro; Rojas, J.; Ferragut, P. García; Corazon-Guivin, Mike; Sangama, B.; Macedo, J.; Muñoz, M. Úbeda; Maes, J.-M. (2021). "Traditional knowledge regarding entomophagy in San Martín, Peruvian Amazon". Peruvian Journal of Agronomy. 5 (2): 44–59. doi:10.21704/pja.v5i2.1773. ISSN 2616-4477. S2CID 245033466. ^ "Ndebele | Southern Africa, Matabele, Bantu | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 2024-01-05. Retrieved 2024-02-29. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edible insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insects_as_food"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durst-1"}],"text":"The following are edible insects that are locally consumed, as listed by country.[1]","title":"List of edible insects by country"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agrotis infusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agrotis_infusa"},{"link_name":"Bush coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_coconut"},{"link_name":"Honeypot ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honeypot_ant"},{"link_name":"Hyles livornicoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyles_livornicoides"},{"link_name":"Witchetty grub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witchetty_grub"}],"text":"Agrotis infusa (Bogong moth)\nBush coconut\nHoneypot ant\nHyles livornicoides (Yeperenye caterpillar)\nWitchetty grub","title":"Australia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cirina butyrospermi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirina_butyrospermi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Cirina butyrospermi (shea caterpillar)[2][3]","title":"Burkina Faso"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Atta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_(ant)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Atta spp.[4][5]","title":"Brazil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Leafcutter ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafcutter_ant"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colombia.com-6"},{"link_name":"Ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant"},{"link_name":"Liometopum apiculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liometopum_apiculatum"},{"link_name":"Liometopum occidental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liometopum_occidental&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atta Laevigata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_Laevigata"},{"link_name":"Dung Beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dung_Beetle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colombia.com-6"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus Taurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_Taurus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Euchroma Giganteum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euchroma_Giganteum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Podischnus Agenor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podischnus_Agenor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-7"},{"link_name":"Caryobruchus Scheelaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Caryobruchus_Scheelaea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-7"},{"link_name":"Caterpillar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caterpillar"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colombia.com-6"},{"link_name":"Hutia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutia"},{"link_name":"Batiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batiya&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Termites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colombia.com-6"},{"link_name":"Grasshopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grasshopper"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Colombia.com-6"},{"link_name":"Acrididae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrididae"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-7"},{"link_name":"Aidemona Azteca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aidemona_Azteca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tropidacris Latreillei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tropidacris_Latreillei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sphenarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenarium"},{"link_name":"Schistocerca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schistocerca"},{"link_name":"Stinkbug","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stinkbug"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-7"},{"link_name":"Atizies Taxcoensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atizies_Taxcoensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dobsonfly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dobsonfly"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-7"},{"link_name":"Corydalus spp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corydalus_spp&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-7"},{"link_name":"Polybia ignobilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polybia_ignobilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Potter wasps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potter_wasps"},{"link_name":"Eumenes canaliculata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eumenes_canaliculata&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Leafcutter ant species eaten in Colombia and Venezuela.[6]AntLiometopum apiculatum (pupae)\nLiometopum occidental (pupae)\n(Hormigas Culonas/Big-Butt Ant) Atta LaevigataDung Beetle species eaten in Colombia.[6]Suri (larvae)\nOnthophagus Taurus\nEuchroma Giganteum\nPodischnus Agenor[7]\nCaryobruchus Scheelaea[7]Caterpillar species eaten in Colombia.[6]Hutia\nBatiyaTermites are eaten in Colombia.[6]Grasshopper species eaten in Colombia.[6](Short-Horned Grasshopper) Acrididae[7]\nAidemona Azteca\nTropidacris Latreillei\nSphenarium\nSchistocercaStinkbug[7]Atizies TaxcoensisDobsonfly[7]Corydalus sppWasp[7](Polybia ignobilis) (egg, larvae)\n(Potter wasps) Eumenes canaliculata (larvae)","title":"Colombia/Venezuela"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wasp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasp"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durst-1"},{"link_name":"Vespa velutinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vespa_velutinia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vespa tropica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_tropica"},{"link_name":"Vespa analis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_analis"},{"link_name":"Vespa variabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vespa_variabilis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vespa sorror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vespa_sorror&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vespa basalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_basalis"},{"link_name":"Vespa magnifica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vespa_magnifica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vespa mandarinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_mandarinia"},{"link_name":"Vespa bicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_bicolor"},{"link_name":"Provespa barthelemyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provespa_barthelemyi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polistes sagittarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polistes_sagittarius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tenebrio molitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenebrio_molitor"},{"link_name":"Omphisa fuscidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphisa_fuscidentalis"},{"link_name":"Bombyx mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori"}],"text":"Wasp species eaten in Yunnan, China:[1]Vespa velutinia auraria\nVespa tropica ducalis\nVespa analis nigrans\nVespa variabilis\nVespa sorror\nVespa basalis\nVespa magnifica\nVespa mandarinia mandarinia\nVespa bicolor bicolor\nProvespa barthelemyi\nPolistes sagittariusOther insects consumed in China:Tenebrio molitor (mealworm)\nOmphisa fuscidentalis (bamboo borer)\nBombyx mori (silkworm pupa)","title":"China"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Netherland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Yellow Mealworm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mealworm"},{"link_name":"Tenebrio molitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mealworm"},{"link_name":"Locusta migratoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratory_locust"},{"link_name":"Hermetia illucens (Black Soldier Flies)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermetia_illucens"}],"text":"(Mainly: Netherland & Belgium)[8][9]Yellow Mealworm (of Beetle Tenebrio molitor)\nBuffalo Worm\nWaxworm Larvae\nLocusta migratoria (Locust / Grasshopper)\nHermetia illucens (Black Soldier Flies)","title":"European Union"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Darthula hardwickii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Darthula_hardwickii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Udonga montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udonga_montana"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cs-11"}],"text":"Darthula hardwickii[10]\nUdonga montana[11]","title":"India"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indonesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durst-1"},{"link_name":"Hyblaea puera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyblaea_puera"},{"link_name":"Brachytrupes portentosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brachytrupes_portentosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valanga nigricornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valanga_nigricornis"},{"link_name":"Patanga succincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanga_succincta"},{"link_name":"Pantala flavescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantala_flavescens"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus ferrugineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus"},{"link_name":"Chalcosoma atlas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcosoma_atlas"},{"link_name":"Xylocopa latipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylocopa_latipes"}],"text":"Insect species eaten in Indonesia:[1]Hyblaea puera (teak caterpillar; known as enthung jati in Javanese)\nBrachytrupes portentosus\nValanga nigricornis\nPatanga succincta\nPantala flavescens\nRhynchophorus ferrugineus (red palm weevil)\nChalcosoma atlas\nXylocopa latipes","title":"Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Protocerius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Protocerius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus ferrugineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus"},{"link_name":"Batocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batocera"},{"link_name":"Lepidiota stigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidiota_stigma"},{"link_name":"Chalcosoma moellenkampi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcosoma_moellenkampi"},{"link_name":"Odontolabis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odontolabis"},{"link_name":"Leptocorisa oratoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocorisa_oratoria"},{"link_name":"Nezara viridula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezara_viridula"},{"link_name":"Pomponia merula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pomponia_merula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apis dorsata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_dorsata"},{"link_name":"Apis cerana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_cerana"},{"link_name":"Ropalidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropalidia"},{"link_name":"Provespa anomala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Provespa_anomala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Vespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornet"},{"link_name":"Vespa tropica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_tropica"},{"link_name":"Vespa affinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_affinis"}],"sub_title":"Kalimantan","text":"Protocerius sp.\nRhynchophorus ferrugineus\nBatocera spp.\nLepidiota stigma\nChalcosoma moellenkampi\nOdontolabis spp.\nLeptocorisa oratoria (rice ear bug)\nNezara viridula (green stinkbug)\nPomponia merula\nApis dorsata\nApis cerana\nRopalidia spp.\nProvespa anomala\nVespa spp.\nVespa tropica\nVespa affinis","title":"Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus bilineatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus_bilineatus"},{"link_name":"Cosmopsaltria waine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cosmopsaltria_waine&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Syntherata apicalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syntherata_apicalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xylotrupes gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylotrupes_gideon"},{"link_name":"Cotinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotinis"},{"link_name":"Batocera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batocera"},{"link_name":"Dihammus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dihammus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rosenbergia mandibularis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenbergia_mandibularis"},{"link_name":"Nezara viridula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezara_viridula"},{"link_name":"Behrensiellus glabradus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrensiellus_glabradus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus richteri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhynchophorus_richteri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Behrensiellus glabradus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Behrensiellus_glabradus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acherontia achesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acherontia_achesis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nyctalemon patroclus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyctalemon_patroclus"},{"link_name":"Batocera wallacei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batocera_wallacei"},{"link_name":"Papilio lagleizei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Papilio_lagleizei&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Papua Province","text":"Rhynchophorus bilineatus\nCosmopsaltria waine\nSyntherata apicalis\nXylotrupes gideon\nCotinis spp.\nBatocera spp.\nDihammus spp.\nRosenbergia mandibularis\nNezara viridula\nBehrensiellus glabradus\nRhynchophorus richteri\nBehrensiellus glabradus\nAcherontia achesis\nNyctalemon patroclus goldiei\nBatocera wallacei\nPapilio lagleizei","title":"Indonesia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vientiane Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vientiane_Province"},{"link_name":"Laos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durst-1"},{"link_name":"Omphisa fuscidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphisa_fuscidentalis"},{"link_name":"Orientopsaltria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientopsaltria"},{"link_name":"Brachytrupes portentosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brachytrupes_portentosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teleogryllus testaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleogryllus_testaceus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Acheta domesticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheta_domesticus"},{"link_name":"Helicopris bucephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helicopris_bucephalus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lethocerus indicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethocerus_indicus"},{"link_name":"Caelifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caelifera"},{"link_name":"Apis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_(bee)"},{"link_name":"Xylotrupes gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylotrupes_gideon"},{"link_name":"Gryllotalpa africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllotalpa_africana"},{"link_name":"Bombyx mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori"},{"link_name":"Tessaratoma quadrata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tessaratoma_quadrata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hierodula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hierodula"},{"link_name":"Vespa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornet"},{"link_name":"Hydrophilus affinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrophilus_affinis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oecophylla smaragdina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecophylla_smaragdina"}],"text":"Insect species eaten in Vientiane Province, Laos:[1]Omphisa fuscidentalis\nOrientopsaltria sp.\nBrachytrupes portentosus\nTeleogryllus testaceus\nAcheta domesticus\nHelicopris bucephalus\nLethocerus indicus\nCaelifera sp.\nApis spp.\nXylotrupes gideon\nGryllotalpa africana\nBombyx mori\nTessaratoma quadrata\nHierodula sp. ?\nVespa spp.\nHydrophilus affinis\nOecophylla smaragdina","title":"Laos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madagascar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madagascar"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Acheta domesticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheta_domesticus"},{"link_name":"Amphimallon solstitiale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphimallon_solstitiale"},{"link_name":"Bombyx mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori"},{"link_name":"Borocera cajani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borocera_cajani"},{"link_name":"Borocera madagascariensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borocera_madagascariensis"},{"link_name":"Bricoptis variolosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bricoptis_variolosa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gryllus bimaculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllus_bimaculatus"},{"link_name":"Hexodon unicolor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hexodon_unicolor&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Locusta migratoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locusta_migratoria"},{"link_name":"Phyllophaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllophaga"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus"},{"link_name":"Rina nigra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rina_nigra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Scarites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarites"},{"link_name":"Serica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serica_(beetle)"},{"link_name":"Tenebrio molitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenebrio_molitor"}],"text":"Insects eaten in Madagascar:[12]Acheta domesticus (Zazavery)\nAmphimallon solstitiale (Voangory)\nBombyx mori (Landikely)\nBorocera cajani (Landibe)\nBorocera madagascariensis (Landibe)\nBricoptis variolosa (Voangory)\nGryllus bimaculatus (Akitra)\nHexodon unicolor (Voangory)\nLocusta migratoria (Valala)\nPhyllophaga sp. (Voangory)\nRhynchophorus sp. (Voangory)\nRina nigra (Voanosy)\nScarites sp. (Voangory)\nSerica sp. (Voangory)\nTenebrio molitor (Voangory)","title":"Madagascar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabah"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durst-1"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus ferrugineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus"},{"link_name":"Apis dorsata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_dorsata"},{"link_name":"Apis cerana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_cerana"},{"link_name":"Ropalidia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ropalidia"},{"link_name":"Leptocorisa oratoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leptocorisa_oratoria"},{"link_name":"Nezara viridula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nezara_viridula"},{"link_name":"Erionata thrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erionata_thrax&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Orientopsaltria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientopsaltria"},{"link_name":"Dundubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundubia"},{"link_name":"Oecophylla smaragdina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecophylla_smaragdina"},{"link_name":"Camponotus gigas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camponotus_gigas"},{"link_name":"Haaniella grayi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Haaniella_grayi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sarawak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarawak"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus ferrugineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus"}],"text":"Insects eaten in Sabah:[1]Rhynchophorus ferrugineus\nApis dorsata\nApis cerana\nRopalidia spp.\nLeptocorisa oratoria (rice ear bug)\nNezara viridula (green stinkbug)\nErionata thrax (banana leaf-roller pupa)\nOrientopsaltria spp. (brown and green cicadas)\nDundubia spp. (light green cicadas)\nOecophylla smaragdina\nCamponotus gigas (giant forest ant)\nHaaniella grayi grayi (stick insect eggs)and in Sarawak:Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (sago worm)","title":"Malaysia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dogon people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogon_people"},{"link_name":"Mopti Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopti_Region"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-insects-13"},{"link_name":"Acorypha glaucopsis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acorypha_glaucopsis"},{"link_name":"Kraussaria angulifera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraussaria_angulifera"},{"link_name":"Kraussella amabile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kraussella_amabile"},{"link_name":"Hieroglyphus daganensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieroglyphus_daganensis"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Cirina butyrospermi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cirina_butyrospermi"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"The Northern Dogon people of Mopti Region, Mali consume grasshopper species such as:[13]Acorypha glaucopsis\nKraussaria angulifera (also a millet pest)\nKraussella amabile\nHieroglyphus daganensisThe Southern Region of Mali consume caterpillar species such as:Cirina butyrospermi (shea caterpillar)[2]","title":"Mali"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Aegiale hesperiaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegiale_hesperiaris"},{"link_name":"Atta mexicana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_mexicana"},{"link_name":"Comadia redtenbacheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comadia_redtenbacheri"},{"link_name":"mezcal worm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezcal_worm"},{"link_name":"Eucheira socialis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eucheira_socialis"},{"link_name":"Sphenarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sphenarium"},{"link_name":"chapulines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapulines"},{"link_name":"Liometopum apiculatum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liometopum_apiculatum"},{"link_name":"escamol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escamol"},{"link_name":"Choleoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choleoptera"},{"link_name":"chahuis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chahuis"},{"link_name":"Dactylopius coccus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dactylopius_coccus"}],"text":"Mexico insects:Aegiale hesperiaris (maguey worm)\nAtta mexicana (ant)\nComadia redtenbacheri (mezcal worm)\nEucheira socialis (Madrone butterfly)\nSphenarium spp. (chapulines)\nLiometopum apiculatum larvae (escamol)\nSeveral Choleoptera larvae (chahuis)\nDactylopius coccus females used as red food dye","title":"Mexico"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Agrianome fairmairei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agrianome_fairmairei&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Agrianome fairmairei (Montrouzier, 1861) (Vers de Bancoule)","title":"New Caledonia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Brassolis sophorae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brassolis_sophorae"},{"link_name":"Metardaris cosinga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metardaris_cosinga"},{"link_name":"Chrysophora chrysochlora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrysophora_chrysochlora"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus palmarum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus_palmarum"},{"link_name":"Rhinostomus barbirostris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinostomus_barbirostris"},{"link_name":"Atta cephalotes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_cephalotes"},{"link_name":"Metamasius hemipterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metamasius_hemipterus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Strategus jugurtha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategus_jugurtha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Megaceras crassum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Megaceras_crassum&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cephalotes atratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalotes_atratus"},{"link_name":"Crematogaster sordidula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crematogaster_sordidula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Agelaia pallipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agelaia_pallipes"},{"link_name":"Mischocyttaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mischocyttarus"},{"link_name":"Cyphomyia auriflamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cyphomyia_auriflamma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macrodontia cervicornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrodontia_cervicornis"},{"link_name":"Acrocinus longimanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlequin_beetle"},{"link_name":"Dynastes hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_beetle"},{"link_name":"Platycoelia lutescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Platycoelia_lutescens&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Atta sexdens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atta_sexdens"},{"link_name":"Euchroma gigantea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euchroma_gigantea"},{"link_name":"Brassolis astyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brassolis_astyra&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eupalamides cyparissias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eupalamides_cyparissias"},{"link_name":"Crematogaster stollii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crematogaster_stollii&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polybia platycephala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polybia_platycephala&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Polybia furnaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polybia_furnaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helicoverpa zea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicoverpa_zea"},{"link_name":"Chloridea virescens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chloridea_virescens"},{"link_name":"Mocis latipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mocis_latipes"},{"link_name":"Lusura chera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lusura_chera"},{"link_name":"Arsenura armida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arsenura_armida"}],"text":"Insect species eaten in Peru:[14][15]Brassolis sophorae (Ahuihua)\nMetardaris cosinga (Huaytampo)\nChrysophora chrysochlora (Sun-sún)\nRhynchophorus palmarum (Suri, Shampuru)\nRhinostomus barbirostris (Yurak suri, Suri blanco)\nAtta cephalotes (Mamaku, Sikisapakuru)\nMetamasius hemipterus\nStrategus jugurtha\nMegaceras crassum\nCephalotes atratus\nCrematogaster sordidula\nAgelaia pallipes\nMischocyttaru spp.\nCyphomyia auriflamma\nMacrodontia cervicornis\nAcrocinus longimanus\nDynastes hercules\nPlatycoelia lutescens\nAtta sexdens\nEuchroma gigantea (Intimaman)\nBrassolis astyra\nEupalamides cyparissias\nCrematogaster stollii\nPolybia platycephala\nPolybia furnaria\nHelicoverpa zea\nChloridea virescens\nMocis latipes (Vareador)\nLusura chera\nArsenura armida (Bolasho, Bolayna awiwa)","title":"Peru"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durst-1"},{"link_name":"Apis dorsata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_dorsata"},{"link_name":"Apis cerana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_cerana"},{"link_name":"Trigona biroi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trigona_biroi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gryllotalpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllotalpa"},{"link_name":"Leucopolis irrorata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leucopolis_irrorata&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Locusta migratoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locusta_migratoria"},{"link_name":"Camponotus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camponotus"},{"link_name":"Palembus dermestoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palembus_dermestoides"}],"text":"Insect species eaten in the Philippines:[1]Apis dorsata\nApis cerana\nTrigona biroi\nGryllotalpa sp.\nLeucopolis irrorata (June beetle larvae)\nLocusta migratoria manilensis\nCamponotus spp.\nPalembus dermestoides","title":"Philippines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polistes olivaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polistes_olivaceus"}],"text":"Polistes olivaceus (yellow oriental paper wasp)","title":"Reunion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonimbrasia belina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina"},{"link_name":"Encosternum delegorguei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encosternum_delegorguei"}],"text":"Gonimbrasia belina (mopane worm)\nEncosternum delegorguei (inflated stinkbug)","title":"South Africa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bombyx mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori"}],"text":"Bombyx mori (silkworm pupa)","title":"South Korea"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durst-1"},{"link_name":"Acheta domestica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheta_domestica"},{"link_name":"Gryllus bimaculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllus_bimaculatus"},{"link_name":"Brachytrupes portentosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brachytrupes_portentosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Omphisa fuscidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphisa_fuscidentalis"},{"link_name":"Bombyx mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori"},{"link_name":"Oecophylla smaragdina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecophylla_smaragdina"},{"link_name":"Lethocerus indicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethocerus_indicus"},{"link_name":"Heterometrus longimanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heterometrus_longimanus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Durst-1"},{"link_name":"Coleoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleoptera"},{"link_name":"Aeolesthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeolesthes"},{"link_name":"Agrianome fairmairei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agrianome_fairmairei&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apriona germai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Apriona_germai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aristobia approximator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristobia_approximator"},{"link_name":"Dorysthenes buqueti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorysthenes_buqueti"},{"link_name":"Plocaederus obesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plocaederus_obesus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Plocaederus ruficornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plocaederus_ruficornis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arrhines hiruts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arrhines_hiruts&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Arrhines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrhines"},{"link_name":"Astycus gestvoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Astycus_gestvoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cnaphoscapus decoratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cnaphoscapus_decoratus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Episomus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episomus"},{"link_name":"Hypomesus squamosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hypomesus_squamosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Pollendera atomaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pollendera_atomaria&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sepiomus aurivilliusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sepiomus_aurivilliusi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tanymecus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanymecus"},{"link_name":"Rhynchophorus ferrugineus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchophorus_ferrugineus"},{"link_name":"Hydrobiomorpha spinicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrobiomorpha_spinicollis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hydrophilus bilineatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydrophilus_bilineatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sternolophus rufipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternolophus_rufipes"},{"link_name":"Erectes stiticus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erectes_stiticus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cybister tripunctatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cybister_tripunctatus"},{"link_name":"Cybister limbatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cybister_limbatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cybister rugosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cybister_rugosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hydaticus rhantoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hydaticus_rhantoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laccophilus pulicarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laccophilus_pulicarius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Copelatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copelatus"},{"link_name":"Rhantaticus congestus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rhantaticus_congestus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xylotrupes gideon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xylotrupes_gideon"},{"link_name":"Oryctes rhinoceros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oryctes_rhinoceros"},{"link_name":"Adoretus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adoretus"},{"link_name":"Agestrata orichalca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agestrata_orichalca"},{"link_name":"Anomala anguliceps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomala_anguliceps&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anomala antique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomala_antique&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anomala chalcites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomala_chalcites&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anomala cupripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomala_cupripes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anomala pallida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anomala_pallida&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Apogonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apogonia"},{"link_name":"Chaetadoretus cribratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chaetadoretus_cribratus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Holotrichia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotrichia"},{"link_name":"Maladera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maladera"},{"link_name":"Pachnessa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachnessa"},{"link_name":"Protaetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protaetia"},{"link_name":"Sophrops absceussus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophrops_absceussus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sophrops bituberculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophrops_bituberculatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sophrops rotundicollis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophrops_rotundicollis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sophrops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sophrops&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aphodius crenatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphodius_crenatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aphodius marginellus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphodius_marginellus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aphodius putearius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aphodius_putearius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Aphodius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphodius"},{"link_name":"Cathasius birmanicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathasius_birmanicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Cathasius molossus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathasius_molossus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Copris carinicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copris_carinicus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Copris nevinsoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Copris_nevinsoni&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paracopris punctulatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paracopris_punctulatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Microcopris reflexus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microcopris_reflexus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Paracopris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paracopris"},{"link_name":"Gymnopleurus melanarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gymnopleurus_melanarius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Heliocopris bucephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliocopris_bucephalus"},{"link_name":"Heteronychus lioderes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Heteronychus_lioderes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liatongus rhadamitus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Liatongus_rhadamitus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onitis niger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onitis_niger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onitis subopagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onitis_subopagus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus orientalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_orientalis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus avocetta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_avocetta&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus bonasus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_bonasus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus khonmiinitnoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_khonmiinitnoi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus papulatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_papulatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus sagittarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_sagittarius&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus seniculus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_seniculus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus ragoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_ragoides&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus tragus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_tragus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus tricornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_tricornis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus trituber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Onthophagus_trituber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Onthophagus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onthophagus"},{"link_name":"Sternocera aequisignata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternocera_aequisignata"},{"link_name":"Sternocera ruficornis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternocera_ruficornis"},{"link_name":"Hemiptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemiptera"},{"link_name":"Diplonychus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplonychus"},{"link_name":"Lethocerus indicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lethocerus_indicus"},{"link_name":"Anoplocnemis phasiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anoplocnemis_phasiana"},{"link_name":"Homoeocerus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeocerus"},{"link_name":"Cylindrostethus scrutator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cylindrostethus_scrutator&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laccotrephes rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laccotrephes_rubber&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranatra longipes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranatra_longipes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ranatra varripes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ranatra_varripes&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anisops barbutus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anisops_barbutus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anisops bouvieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anisops_bouvieri&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"check spelling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Typo_help_inline"},{"link_name":"Tessaratoma papillosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tessaratoma_papillosa"},{"link_name":"Tessaratoma javanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tessaratoma_javanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Odonata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Odonata"},{"link_name":"Aeshna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeshna"},{"link_name":"Ceriagrion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceriagrion"},{"link_name":"Epophtalmia vittigera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Epophtalmia_vittigera&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rhyothemis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyothemis"},{"link_name":"Hymenoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hymenoptera"},{"link_name":"Apis dorsata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_dorsata"},{"link_name":"Apis florea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apis_florea"},{"link_name":"Oecophylla smaragdina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oecophylla_smaragdina"},{"link_name":"Carebara castanea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carebara_castanea"},{"link_name":"Vespa affinis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vespa_affinis"},{"link_name":"Orthoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthoptera"},{"link_name":"Acrida cinerea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrida_cinerea"},{"link_name":"Acrida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrida"},{"link_name":"Chondacris rosea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chondacris_rosea&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chorthippus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chorthippus"},{"link_name":"Cyrtacanthacris tatarica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrtacanthacris_tatarica"},{"link_name":"Ducetia japonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ducetia_japonica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Locusta migratoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locusta_migratoria"},{"link_name":"Mecopoda elongate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mecopoda_elongate&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Oxya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxya"},{"link_name":"Parapleurus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parapleurus"},{"link_name":"Patanga japonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanga_japonica"},{"link_name":"Patanga succincta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patanga_succincta"},{"link_name":"Shirakiacris shirakii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirakiacris_shirakii"},{"link_name":"Trilophidia annulata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trilophidia_annulata"},{"link_name":"Atractomorpha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atractomorpha_(grasshopper)"},{"link_name":"Ratanga avis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ratanga_avis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teleogryllus testaceus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleogryllus_testaceus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teleogryllus mitratrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Teleogryllus_mitratrus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Teleogryllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teleogryllus"},{"link_name":"Modicogryllus confirmatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Modicogryllus_confirmatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Brachytrupes portentosus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brachytrupes_portentosus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gryllus bimaculatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllus_bimaculatus"},{"link_name":"Gryllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllus"},{"link_name":"Gymnogryllus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gymnogryllus"},{"link_name":"Pteronemobius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pteronemobius"},{"link_name":"Velarifictorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velarifictorus"},{"link_name":"Gryllotalpa africana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gryllotalpa_africana"},{"link_name":"Tenodera ariddifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tenodera_ariddifolia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mantis religiosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantis_religiosa"},{"link_name":"Euparatettix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euparatettix"},{"link_name":"Euconocephalus incertus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euconocephalus_incertus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Conocephalus maculates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conocephalus_maculates&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Conocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conocephalus"},{"link_name":"Onomarchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomarchus_(insect)"},{"link_name":"Pseudophyllus titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudophyllus_titan"},{"link_name":"Homoeoxipha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoeoxipha"},{"link_name":"Isoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoptera"},{"link_name":"Macrotermes gilvus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrotermes_gilvus"},{"link_name":"Lepidoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lepidoptera"},{"link_name":"Bombyx mori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombyx_mori"},{"link_name":"Erionata thrax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Erionata_thrax&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Omphisa fuscidentalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omphisa_fuscidentalis"},{"link_name":"Homoptera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoptera"},{"link_name":"Chremistica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chremistica"},{"link_name":"Dundubia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dundubia"},{"link_name":"Orientopsaltria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientopsaltria"},{"link_name":"Platylomia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Platylomia"}],"text":"Some of the most commonly consumed insects in Thailand are:[1]Acheta domestica (house cricket)\nGryllus bimaculatus (Mediterranean field cricket)\nBrachytrupes portentosus (short-tailed cricket)\nOmphisa fuscidentalis (bamboo borer)\nBombyx mori (silkworm pupa)\nOecophylla smaragdina (weaver ant)\nLethocerus indicus (giant water bug)Heterometrus longimanus (Asian forest scorpion) is also consumed.Below is a more comprehensive list of the insect species that are consumed in Thailand.[1]ColeopteraAeolesthes sp.\nAgrianome fairmairei (Montrouzier, 1861)\nApriona germai\nAristobia approximator\nDorysthenes buqueti\nPlocaederus obesus\nPlocaederus ruficornis\nArrhines hiruts\nArrhines 2 spp.\nAstycus gestvoi\nCnaphoscapus decoratus\nEpisomus sp.\nHypomesus squamosus\nPollendera atomaria\nSepiomus aurivilliusi\nTanymecus sp.\nRhynchophorus ferrugineus\nHydrobiomorpha spinicollis\nHydrophilus bilineatus\nSternolophus rufipes\nErectes stiticus\nCybister tripunctatus asiaticus\nCybister limbatus\nCybister rugosus\nHydaticus rhantoides\nLaccophilus pulicarius\nCopelatus sp.\nRhantaticus congestus\nXylotrupes gideon\nOryctes rhinoceros\nAdoretus spp.\nAgestrata orichalca\nAnomala anguliceps\nAnomala antique\nAnomala chalcites\nAnomala cupripes\nAnomala pallida\nApogonia sp.\nChaetadoretus cribratus\nHolotrichia 2 spp.\nMaladera sp.\nPachnessa sp.\nProtaetia sp.\nSophrops absceussus\nSophrops bituberculatus\nSophrops rotundicollis\nSophrops 2 spp.\nAphodius crenatus\nAphodius marginellus\nAphodius putearius\nAphodius sp.\nCathasius birmanicus\nCathasius molossus\nCopris carinicus\nCopris nevinsoni\nParacopris punctulatus\nMicrocopris reflexus\nParacopris sp.\nGymnopleurus melanarius\nHeliocopris bucephalus\nHeteronychus lioderes\nLiatongus rhadamitus\nOnitis niger\nOnitis subopagus\nOnthophagus orientalis\nOnthophagus avocetta\nOnthophagus bonasus\nOnthophagus khonmiinitnoi\nOnthophagus papulatus\nOnthophagus sagittarius\nOnthophagus seniculus\nOnthophagus ragoides\nOnthophagus tragus\nOnthophagus tricornis\nOnthophagus trituber\nOnthophagus sp.\nSternocera aequisignata\nSternocera ruficornisHemipteraDiplonychus sp.\nLethocerus indicus\nAnoplocnemis phasiana\nHomoeocerus sp.\nCylindrostethus scrutator\nLaccotrephes rubber\nRanatra longipes thai\nRanatra varripes\nAnisops barbutus\nAnisops bouvieri\nPygopalty[check spelling] sp.\nTessaratoma papillosa\nTessaratoma javanicaOdonataAeshna sp.\nCeriagrion sp.\nEpophtalmia vittigera bellicose\nRhyothemis sp.HymenopteraApis dorsata\nApis florea\nOecophylla smaragdina\nCarebara castanea\nVespa affinis indosinensisOrthopteraAcrida cinerea\nAcrida sp.\nChondacris rosea\nChorthippus sp.\nCyrtacanthacris tatarica\nDucetia japonica\nLocusta migratoria\nMecopoda elongate\nOxya sp.\nParapleurus sp.\nPatanga japonica\nPatanga succincta\nShirakiacris shirakii\nTrilophidia annulata\nAtractomorpha sp.\nRatanga avis\nTeleogryllus testaceus\nTeleogryllus mitratrus\nTeleogryllus sp.\nModicogryllus confirmatus\nBrachytrupes portentosus\nGryllus bimaculatus\nGryllus sp.\nGymnogryllus 2 spp.\nPteronemobius sp.\nVelarifictorus sp.\nGryllotalpa africana microphtalma\nTenodera ariddifolia sinensis\nMantis religiosa\nEuparatettix sp.\nEuconocephalus incertus\nConocephalus maculates\nConocephalus sp.\nOnomarchus sp.\nPseudophyllus titan\nHomoeoxipha sp.IsopteraMacrotermes gilvusLepidopteraBombyx mori\nErionata thrax thrax\nOmphisa fuscidentalisHomopteraChremistica sp.\nDundubia sp.\nOrientopsaltria sp.\nPlatylomia sp.","title":"Thailand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Flying termites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrotermes_natalensis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncbi.nlm.nih.gov-7"},{"link_name":"Izinhlwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.sundaynews.co.zw/edible-insects-series-4/"},{"link_name":"Northern Ndebele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ndebele_people"},{"link_name":"Solder termites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macrotermes_natalensis"},{"link_name":"Mopane worms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonimbrasia_belina"},{"link_name":"Amacimbi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.umthunywa.co.zw/pheka-lomamoyo-amacimbi/"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Edible stink bugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encosternum_delegorguei"}],"text":"Flying termites[7]/ Izinhlwa in Northern Ndebele language\nSolder termites/ Amagenga in Northern Ndebele language\nMopane worms/ Amacimbi in Northern Ndebele[16] language\nEdible stink bugs/ Umtshiphela in Northern Ndebele language","title":"Zimbabwe"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Cirina butyrospermi Vuillot., 1911\". www.gbif.org. Retrieved 2022-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gbif.org/species/1867402","url_text":"\"Cirina butyrospermi Vuillot., 1911\""}]},{"reference":"\"This Furry, Protein-Rich Insect Might Be the Key to Solving Hunger in Burkina Faso\". Global Citizen. 20 January 2017. Retrieved 2022-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/caterpillars-hunger-solution-burkina-faso/","url_text":"\"This Furry, Protein-Rich Insect Might Be the Key to Solving Hunger in Burkina Faso\""}]},{"reference":"\"Você já comeu inseto? Nem tanajura na gordura?\". January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.destaquenoticias.com.br/25460-2/","url_text":"\"Você já comeu inseto? Nem tanajura na gordura?\""}]},{"reference":"Malvina (2015-01-06). \"Tanajura Time: A Brazilian Tradition\". Youshare Project. Retrieved 2019-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youshareproject.com/tanajura-time/","url_text":"\"Tanajura Time: A Brazilian Tradition\""}]},{"reference":"\"Colombian Insects You Can Eat\". Retrieved December 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.colombia.co/en/colombia-country/colombian-insects-can-eat/","url_text":"\"Colombian Insects You Can Eat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Edible Insects as a Protein Source: A Review of Public Perception, Processing Technology, and Research Trends\". August 2019. Retrieved December 11, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6728817/","url_text":"\"Edible Insects as a Protein Source: A Review of Public Perception, Processing Technology, and Research Trends\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dutch Retailer Jumbo Launches Edible Insects\". .foodingredientsfirst.com/. Retrieved 2022-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://fif.cnsmedia.com/a/ZeLQhkKd7TM=","url_text":"\"Dutch Retailer Jumbo Launches Edible Insects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crickets, Mealworms and Grasshoppers Are Human Food, EU Says\". Bloomberg.com. 9 December 2021. Retrieved 2022-09-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-12-09/eu-designates-crickets-mealworms-and-grasshoppers-as-human-food","url_text":"\"Crickets, Mealworms and Grasshoppers Are Human Food, EU Says\""}]},{"reference":"Chen, Xiaoming; Feng, Ying; Chen, Zhiyong (2009). \"Common edible insects and their utilization in China\". Entomological Research. 39 (5): 299. doi:10.1111/j.1748-5967.2009.00237.x. S2CID 84594941.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-5967.2009.00237.x","url_text":"\"Common edible insects and their utilization in China\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-5967.2009.00237.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1748-5967.2009.00237.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84594941","url_text":"84594941"}]},{"reference":"Thakur, N.S.A.; Firake, D.M. (2012). \"Ochrophora montana (Distant): a precious dietary supplement during famine in northeastern Himalaya\" (PDF). Current Science. 102 (6): 845–846.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/102/06/0845.pdf","url_text":"\"Ochrophora montana (Distant): a precious dietary supplement during famine in northeastern Himalaya\""}]},{"reference":"Dürr, J.; Andriamazaoro, H.; Nischalke, S.; Preteseille, N.; Rabenjanahary, A.; Randrianarison, N.; Ratompoarison, C.; Razafindrakotomamonjy, A.; Straub, P.; Wagler, I. (1 March 2020). \"\"It is edible, so we eat it\": Insect supply and consumption in the central highlands of Madagascar\". International Journal of Tropical Insect Science. 40: 167–179. doi:10.1007/s42690-019-00067-w. S2CID 209564823. Retrieved 10 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s42690-019-00067-w/tables/1","url_text":"\"\"It is edible, so we eat it\": Insect supply and consumption in the central highlands of Madagascar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs42690-019-00067-w","url_text":"10.1007/s42690-019-00067-w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209564823","url_text":"209564823"}]},{"reference":"Heath, Jeffrey. \"Guide to insects, arthropods, and molluscs of northern Dogon country\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeffrey_Heath","url_text":"Heath, Jeffrey"},{"url":"https://dogonlanguages.org/sources/insectarthropodmolluscnotesmalijh","url_text":"\"Guide to insects, arthropods, and molluscs of northern Dogon country\""}]},{"reference":"Rivera, Julio; Carbonell, Fabricio (30 December 2020). \"Los insectos comestibles del Perú: Biodiversidad y perspectivas de la entomofagia en el contexto peruano\". Ciencia y Desarrollo (27): 03–36. doi:10.33326/26176033.2020.27.995.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.33326%2F26176033.2020.27.995","url_text":"\"Los insectos comestibles del Perú: Biodiversidad y perspectivas de la entomofagia en el contexto peruano\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.33326%2F26176033.2020.27.995","url_text":"10.33326/26176033.2020.27.995"}]},{"reference":"Cueva, Alberto Cerna; Giove, Daniel Vecco; Ramos, Matiluz Doria; Salas, Hitler Panduro; Rojas, J.; Ferragut, P. García; Corazon-Guivin, Mike; Sangama, B.; Macedo, J.; Muñoz, M. Úbeda; Maes, J.-M. (2021). \"Traditional knowledge regarding entomophagy in San Martín, Peruvian Amazon\". Peruvian Journal of Agronomy. 5 (2): 44–59. doi:10.21704/pja.v5i2.1773. ISSN 2616-4477. S2CID 245033466.","urls":[{"url":"https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8185617","url_text":"\"Traditional knowledge regarding entomophagy in San Martín, Peruvian Amazon\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.21704%2Fpja.v5i2.1773","url_text":"10.21704/pja.v5i2.1773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2616-4477","url_text":"2616-4477"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:245033466","url_text":"245033466"}]},{"reference":"\"Ndebele | Southern Africa, Matabele, Bantu | Britannica\". www.britannica.com. 2024-01-05. Retrieved 2024-02-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ndebele-Zimbabwean-people","url_text":"\"Ndebele | Southern Africa, Matabele, Bantu | Britannica\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petzval_(crater)
Petzval (crater)
["1 Satellite craters","2 References"]
Coordinates: 62°42′S 110°24′W / 62.7°S 110.4°W / -62.7; -110.4Crater on the Moon Feature on the moonPetzvalClementine imageCoordinates62°42′S 110°24′W / 62.7°S 110.4°W / -62.7; -110.4Diameter90 kmDepthUnknownColongitude113° at sunriseEponymJoseph von Petzval Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west Petzval is a lunar impact crater that lies in the southern latitudes of the Moon's far side. This crater is located to the south of the larger Lippmann and to the north of Doerfel. It was namer after the Hungarian-German inventor Joseph Petzval. This is a moderately worn crater formation with features that have become rounded and less well defined due to impact erosion. There are only a few small craterlets along parts of the rim and inner wall. Some faded terrace structures appear along parts of the inner wall to the east and south. Within the interior are small craters in the southwest and northeast sections of the floor. Near the midpoint is a worn central peak. Petzval lies to the southwest of the Mendel-Rydberg Basin, a 630 km wide impact basin of Nectarian age, and it is on the southeast margin of the Pre-Nectarian South Pole-Aitken Basin. Satellite craters By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Petzval. Petzval Latitude Longitude Diameter C 60.3° S 107.8° W 52 km D 60.2° S 105.9° W 23 km References Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097. Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). "Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05. Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4. Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. ISBN 978-0-936389-27-1. McDowell, Jonathan (July 15, 2007). "Lunar Nomenclature". Jonathan's Space Report. Retrieved 2007-10-24. Menzel, D. H.; Minnaert, M.; Levin, B.; Dollfus, A.; Bell, B. (1971). "Report on Lunar Nomenclature by the Working Group of Commission 17 of the IAU". Space Science Reviews. 12 (2): 136–186. Bibcode:1971SSRv...12..136M. doi:10.1007/BF00171763. S2CID 122125855. Moore, Patrick (2001). On the Moon. Sterling Publishing Co. ISBN 978-0-304-35469-6. Price, Fred W. (1988). The Moon Observer's Handbook. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-33500-3. Rükl, Antonín (1990). Atlas of the Moon. Kalmbach Books. ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4. Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3. Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6. Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Petzval_crater_5021_med.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lunar Orbiter 5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Orbiter_5"},{"link_name":"lunar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_craters"},{"link_name":"impact crater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impact_crater"},{"link_name":"Moon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moon"},{"link_name":"far side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far_side_(Moon)"},{"link_name":"Lippmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lippmann_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Doerfel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doerfel_(crater)"},{"link_name":"Hungarian-German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germans_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Joseph Petzval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Petzval"},{"link_name":"terrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/terrace"},{"link_name":"Mendel-Rydberg Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendel-Rydberg_Basin"},{"link_name":"Nectarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nectarian"},{"link_name":"South Pole-Aitken Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Pole-Aitken_Basin"}],"text":"Crater on the MoonFeature on the moonOblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing westPetzval is a lunar impact crater that lies in the southern latitudes of the Moon's far side. This crater is located to the south of the larger Lippmann and to the north of Doerfel. It was namer after the Hungarian-German inventor Joseph Petzval.This is a moderately worn crater formation with features that have become rounded and less well defined due to impact erosion. There are only a few small craterlets along parts of the rim and inner wall. Some faded terrace structures appear along parts of the inner wall to the east and south. Within the interior are small craters in the southwest and northeast sections of the floor. Near the midpoint is a worn central peak.Petzval lies to the southwest of the Mendel-Rydberg Basin, a 630 km wide impact basin of Nectarian age, and it is on the southeast margin of the Pre-Nectarian South Pole-Aitken Basin.","title":"Petzval (crater)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"By convention, these features are identified on lunar maps by placing the letter on the side of the crater midpoint that is closest to Petzval.","title":"Satellite craters"}]
[{"image_text":"Oblique Lunar Orbiter 5 image, facing west","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Petzval_crater_5021_med.jpg/240px-Petzval_crater_5021_med.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Andersson, L. E.; Whitaker, E. A. (1982). NASA Catalogue of Lunar Nomenclature. NASA RP-1097.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, E. A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASA","url_text":"NASA"}]},{"reference":"Blue, Jennifer (July 25, 2007). \"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\". USGS. Retrieved 2007-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/","url_text":"\"Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"USGS"}]},{"reference":"Bussey, B.; Spudis, P. (2004). The Clementine Atlas of the Moon. New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-81528-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Bussey","url_text":"Bussey, B."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Spudis","url_text":"Spudis, P."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press","url_text":"Cambridge University Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-81528-4","url_text":"978-0-521-81528-4"}]},{"reference":"Cocks, Elijah E.; Cocks, Josiah C. (1995). Who's Who on the Moon: A Biographical Dictionary of Lunar Nomenclature. Tudor Publishers. 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ISBN 978-0-913135-17-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton%C3%ADn_R%C3%BCkl","url_text":"Rükl, Antonín"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalmbach_Books","url_text":"Kalmbach Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-913135-17-4","url_text":"978-0-913135-17-4"}]},{"reference":"Webb, Rev. T. W. (1962). Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes (6th revised ed.). Dover. ISBN 978-0-486-20917-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_William_Webb","url_text":"Webb, Rev. T. W."},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/celestialobjects00webb","url_text":"Celestial Objects for Common Telescopes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-20917-3","url_text":"978-0-486-20917-3"}]},{"reference":"Whitaker, Ewen A. (1999). Mapping and Naming the Moon. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-62248-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ewen_Whitaker","url_text":"Whitaker, Ewen A."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-62248-6","url_text":"978-0-521-62248-6"}]},{"reference":"Wlasuk, Peter T. (2000). Observing the Moon. Springer. ISBN 978-1-85233-193-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85233-193-1","url_text":"978-1-85233-193-1"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Belkin_Tales
The Belkin Tales
["1 The Shot","2 The Blizzard","3 The Undertaker","4 The Station Master","5 The Squire's Daughter","6 External links"]
1831 short story collection by Alexander Pushkin The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin AuthorAlexander PushkinOriginal titleПо́вести поко́йного Ива́на Петро́вича Бе́лкинаLanguageRussianGenreShort story collectionPublication date1831Publication placeRussia The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin (Russian: «По́вести поко́йного Ива́на Петро́вича Бе́лкина», 1831) is a series of five short stories and a fictional editorial introduction by Russian author Aleksandr Pushkin. The collection is opened with the editorial, in which Pushkin pretends to be the verbose publisher of Belkin's tales. The tales themselves are not related to one another, except that they are all said in the introduction to be stories told by various people to a recently deceased landowner, Ivan Petrovich Belkin. The introduction continues to say that Belkin was an interesting and mysterious man, even to the point that the woman he left his estate to had never met him. It is also mentioned that Belkin's favorite pastime was to collect and hear stories, several of which are to be presented to the reader. The Shot Main article: The Shot (Pushkin) This story was told to Belkin by Colonel I.L.P., who in the early days of his military career was stationed at a country outpost. The officers always visit a peculiar man named Silvio to play cards. Silvio is always practicing shooting, and the walls of his house are full of bullet holes. On one occasion the host is insulted by one of his guests, but he does not challenge his guest to a duel, as custom dictates. He is then considered to be a coward by most of the officers, but explains his situation to the narrator, his only confidant: years ago he engaged in a duel, in which his opponent was eating cherries while waiting for him to shoot. He decided that as life apparently was meaningless to the endlessly fortunate young man, he would not shoot, but rather ask to postpone the duel. If he had now engaged the officer in a duel over the card game, he would almost certainly have killed him, but also taken the small risk of dying before being able to exact revenge. However, Silvio soon learns that his former opponent is engaged to be married, and so may now no longer be indifferent towards life. This is the moment Silvio has been waiting for, and he leaves to get his revenge. After several years, the narrator leaves active duty on his parents' death and leaves for his country estate (exactly as we are told Belkin himself did in the preface). After a while, his neighbors arrive, in particular a pretty young countess, and the narrator visits them soon after. On the wall he notices a painting of a Swiss landscape with two bullet holes very close together. The narrator, seeing this, tells his neighbor about a man he knew in the army who was an extraordinary shot, and tells the count of Silvio. The count is overcome with fear, and informs the narrator that he was Silvio's opponent, and shortly after his wedding Silvio claimed his right to a duel. The neighbor draws the right to shoot first, but misses, and the bullet ends up in the painting. As Silvio aims to shoot, the neighbor's bride enters the room. Silvio takes pity on her and then without aiming, shoots the painting in almost exactly the same spot as the count, thereby both sparing the count's life and demonstrating how easily he could have ended it. Silvio, honor satisfied, leaves the couple, and is later, we are informed, killed leading a regiment in battle. The narrator never meets him again. The Blizzard Main article: The Blizzard This story was told to Belkin by Miss K.I.T., who herself is not involved in the story. The Blizzard, also translated as "The Snowstorm" (Russian Метель), concerns a young noblewoman, Marya Gavrilovna (Gavrilovna is a patronymic, not a surname), and her young lover, a lieutenant named Vladimir. The reason for their relationship is not specifically given, but the story famously states "Marya Gavrilovna was raised on French novels and consequently was in love." Marya Gavrilovna's parents do not approve of the relationship due to the difference in social status between the two lovers, and Marya Gavrilovna and her attendant conspire with Vladimir to elope and marry in a secret midnight ceremony in a nearby village. At first, Marya Gavrilovna agrees to the plan, but as the ceremony approaches, she feels more and more anxious. On the night the ceremony is to take place, she almost doesn't go as in addition to her growing anxiety, a terrible snowstorm is occurring, but her attendant persuades her to go. Meanwhile, Vladimir sets out from his military encampment on his way to the church. However, he becomes lost in severe blizzard conditions and cannot find his way. He stops at a small hamlet to obtain directions from locals only to find that he has been going the wrong direction the entire night and is too far from the church to make it to the ceremony on time. The next morning, Marya Gavrilovna returns home and goes to sleep as if nothing has happened, but she soon grows gravely ill and becomes delirious with fever. During her semiconscious state, she mumbles many things, one of which is her plan to elope with Vladimir. Upon hearing this, Marya Gavrilovna's parents grant permission for her to marry Vladimir, but they attempt to contact him, they receive a letter from him stating that he is off with the army, and the narrator informs the reader that soon after Vladimir is killed in the Battle of Borodino. After this, Marya Gavrilovna and her family move to a new estate, and after some time, suitors come to seek Marya Gavrilovna's hand in marriage. Marya Gavrilovna, apparently still in love with Vladimir, turns them all away except for a hussar named Burmin. Their relationship progresses, until one day, Marya Gavrilovna is reading by a lake, and knows that when Burmin comes to visit her that day, he will ask to marry her. He proceeds to tell her that though he loves her, he cannot marry her because one night, several years ago, he was traveling during a snowstorm when he became lost. Pulling into a small town, he is met by a priest, who tells him he is late for the wedding. He is brought into the hall where Marya Gavrilovna had been awaiting Vladimir. The ceremony is carried out, but as Burmin turns to kiss the bride, Marya Gavrilovna faints. Upon concluding this story, Burmin tells Marya Gavrilovna that he still feels faithful to his wife, even though he does not know who she is. Marya Gavrilovna asks him why he does not recognize her, and each realizing the other's identity, they collapse into one another's arms. The Undertaker This story was told to Belkin by shop employee B.V., who like the character who told Belkin "The Blizzard," is not involved in the story. The tale concerns an undertaker, Adrian Prokhorov, who moves from the Basmanny District in northeastern Moscow to Nikitskaya Street, west of the Kremlin. Prokhorov, who is depicted as cold and regimented, never deviating from his routine, soon sets up shop in his new neighborhood. Soon after, he becomes acquainted with his neighbors, mostly German merchants, who come to visit him. They invite him to a wedding anniversary dinner with all of the local merchants, where after a long night of card games and other entertainment, several toasts are proposed. Prokhorov is offended after someone jokingly offers a toast to the health of Prokhorov's customers, and leaves suddenly, claiming that he will hold his house-warming party with his customers rather than his neighbors. To his horror, when he returns home, all the reanimated corpses have accepted his invitation and are moving around his room, even Prokhorov's first customer, who returns as a skeleton. The corpses accuse him of cheating, overcharging, and numerous other offenses. Prokhorov is then woken by his housekeeper, revealing that it was all a drunken dream. He tells her to fetch his daughters and make a cup of tea. The Station Master This story was told to Belkin by Titular Counsellor A.G.N., and is a first-hand account. The story opens with the narrator complaining to the reader in a humorous fashion about collegiate registrars, the lowest of the fourteen ranks in the Imperial Russian civil service, who run posting stations along the country's roads, providing such services as fresh horses, beds, and food to travelers. The narrator derides collegiate registrars as power-drunk, unreasonable, asking the reader who hasn't cursed them, and asked to see their "vile ledger book." After this opening tirade, however, the narrator relents, and states that he will tell us a story about one particular sympathetic station master he met during his extensive travels on official business. The narrator begins by telling us of one of his travels, which brought him to an infrequently used road very far out in the country. Stopping at the local posting station, he is captivated by the station's order and decoration, among which is an illustrated version of the biblical story of the Prodigal Son. When asked by the station master if he would like some tea, as all of the horses are out and he will be required to wait for some time until new horses can be prepared, the narrator accepts and stays a while. Shortly after, the tea is brought out by the station master's daughter, Dunya, who is described as being beautiful and very adult in demeanor and mannerisms. Dunya and the narrator converse as if they were good friends, and the narrator, who initially expressed his disapproval of having to wait, is sorry to leave the posting station after Dunya allows him to kiss her before he leaves. The narrator goes on his way, but the posting station where he met Dunya remains in the back of his head. Three years later, the narrator decides to visit Dunya and her father. Upon reaching the station, which is no longer on an official imperial road, he finds the station in disrepair and the old station master a broken man. When the narrator inquires as to the state of his daughter, the old station master concedes that he has no idea where she is or what condition she is in. Although the old station master will not tell the story of his daughter's disappearance at first, when the narrator offers the old station master something to drink, the old station master relents and begins to tell the story. Some time after the narrator's first visit, a dashing hussar Captain (ninth rank) comes to the posting station, and like many other visitors, has to wait until new horses could be prepared. The hussar, called Minsky, is initially enraged that someone of his rank would be forced to wait by a fourteenth-grade civil servant, and the station master calls Dunya in to calm him. Dunya begins to talk to Minsky, and just like the narrator, he takes a great liking to her and forgets his annoyance at being forced to stay at the station. Soon after, however, he falls gravely ill and remains at the station for several days, during which time Dunya cares for him day and night. When he gets better, as a token of gratitude he offers to take Dunya on a ride across the village in his fancy carriage. Dunya hesitates, but her father tells her that she may go, and she gets in the carriage. Minsky, his illness feigned, then proceeds to kidnap Dunya, who is never seen by her father again, even though he tracks Minsky down in Saint Petersburg. The station master is unsuccessful in his attempts to see Dunya (now going by her full name Avdotya), and he returns bitterly to his nearly defunct posting station. Several years after hearing the old station master's story, the narrator returns to the remote village once again. The town has now been off the imperial road for several years, and upon visiting the old station master's house, the narrator learns that he has died, most likely from alcoholism. The family who now lives in the house offer to have one of their children show the narrator to the old post master's grave. The narrator remarks that the graveyard is the most desolate place he has ever seen, and feels that he has wasted his time and money in visiting the village yet again. Shortly after, the child who brought the narrator to the graveyard tells the narrator that not long before he arrived, a woman came to the village in a fancy carriage with several children, a governess, footmen, and wearing an expensive dress. She also asked to see the postmaster's grave, but said that she knew the way to the graveyard and did not need to be shown. The child continues by saying that the woman bowed down on the station master's grave and wept. Realizing that Dunya returned to her father's grave and has not been abandoned by Minsky as her father feared, the narrator feels at peace, and no longer thinks that the trip was wasted. The Squire's Daughter This story was also told to Belkin by Miss K.I.T., who again does not play a part in the story. The story is also translated under the name "Mistress into Maid." (The original title, Барышня-крестьянка, literally means "The Noblewoman-Peasant".) The story involves two young people, Lizaveta Muromsky and Alexei Berestov, whose fathers are both wealthy landowners who dislike each because of the way the other runs his estate. Berestov accuses Muromsky of being an Anglophile, and ignoring the traditional Russian way of doing things. Muromsky levels accusations against Berestov of not realizing how inefficient the traditional ways are. The story opens with Lizaveta Muromsky's maid Nastya informing her that she is going to the Berestov's estate to celebrate a name day party being held there for one of her friends, a servant on the Berestov estate. Later in the evening, Nastya returns, and tells tales of the goings-on at the Berestov's name day festival. Nastya tells Lizaveta (whose father tiresomely insists on calling her Betsy) of Alexei's behavior at the name day festival, relating how energetic and entertaining he was, even joining in the peasants' games. Lizaveta questions Nastya about this further. Lizaveta already knew Alexei through society, and held little opinion of him, namely because he acted in a melancholy manner, as was common among young, upper-class early 19th century Russians. Lizaveta considered this to be a shame, as she found him quite attractive. After hearing that he acted in such a manner at the name-day festival, she resolved to meet him in a peasant's costume collecting mushrooms in a forest Alexei frequents while hunting. Lizaveta meets Alexei in the forest as planned, and begins to talk to him in the guise and dialect of the peasant girl Akulina. Berestov is enchanted with the girl, and soon teaches her to write so the two may correspond, and is amazed when Akulina becomes completely literate within two weeks. This continues for some time, until one morning, the elder Muromsky is injured in a hunting accident and is taken in by Berestov. The two reconcile their differences, and the Berestovs are invited over to the Muromsky estate for dinner. Lizaveta is terrified by this prospect and begs her father to allow her to conceal her identity during the dinner. Because Lizaveta has a reputation as a prankster, her father allows her to do so, and the dinner passes without her identity being revealed, thanks to her rich clothing and liberal use of make-up. A short time after, the Berestov family encounters financial difficulties, and Berestov commands Alexei to marry Lizaveta Muromsky, the only suitable heiress in the area. At first, he is hesitant, and runs to the Muromsky's house to explain to Lizaveta that his father wishes that they marry, but he cannot marry her because he loves Akulina. Alexei enters the Muromsky's kitchen, only to find Lizaveta reading one of Alexei's letters. The story ends as Alexei realises Lizaveta/Akulina's true identity. External links The Belkin Tales by Alexander Pushkin Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Germany Israel United States Other IdRef vteAlexander PushkinNarrative poems Ruslan and Ludmila (1820) The Prisoner of the Caucasus (1820–1822) The Gabrieliad (1821) The Fountain of Bakhchisaray (1823) The Gypsies (1827) Poltava (1829) The Bronze Horseman (1833) Short poems "Ode to Liberty" (1817) "I Loved You" (1830) "To the Slanderers of Russia" (1831) Verse fairy tales The Tale of the Priest and of His Workman Balda (1830) The Tale of Tsar Saltan (1831) The Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish (1833) The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights (1833) The Tale of the Golden Cockerel (1834) Verse novel Eugene Onegin (1833) Prose The Moor of Peter the Great (1827–1828) The Tales of the Late Ivan Petrovich Belkin (1830) "The Shot" "The Blizzard" Dubrovsky (1833) The Queen of Spades (1834) A Journey to Arzrum (1835–1836) The Captain's Daughter (1836) Plays Boris Godunov (1825) The Little Tragedies (1830) A Feast in Time of Plague Mozart and Salieri The Stone Guest People Natalia Pushkina (wife) Anton Delvig Abram Petrovich Gannibal (great-grandfather) Georges-Charles de Heeckeren d'Anthès Anna Petrovna Kern Pyotr Pletnyov Vasily Pushkin (uncle) Pyotr Vyazemsky Related Amadeus film Dostoyevsky Speech Literaturnaya Gazeta Mikhaylovskoye Museum Reserve Pushkin House Pushkin Is Our Everything Pushkin Museum Pushkin Prize Pushkin studies Pushkinskaya Square Sovremennik Demolition of monuments in Ukraine
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It is also mentioned that Belkin's favorite pastime was to collect and hear stories, several of which are to be presented to the reader.","title":"The Belkin Tales"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"This story was told to Belkin by Colonel I.L.P., who in the early days of his military career was stationed at a country outpost. The officers always visit a peculiar man named Silvio to play cards. Silvio is always practicing shooting, and the walls of his house are full of bullet holes. On one occasion the host is insulted by one of his guests, but he does not challenge his guest to a duel, as custom dictates. He is then considered to be a coward by most of the officers, but explains his situation to the narrator, his only confidant: years ago he engaged in a duel, in which his opponent was eating cherries while waiting for him to shoot. He decided that as life apparently was meaningless to the endlessly fortunate young man, he would not shoot, but rather ask to postpone the duel. If he had now engaged the officer in a duel over the card game, he would almost certainly have killed him, but also taken the small risk of dying before being able to exact revenge. However, Silvio soon learns that his former opponent is engaged to be married, and so may now no longer be indifferent towards life. This is the moment Silvio has been waiting for, and he leaves to get his revenge.After several years, the narrator leaves active duty on his parents' death and leaves for his country estate (exactly as we are told Belkin himself did in the preface). After a while, his neighbors arrive, in particular a pretty young countess, and the narrator visits them soon after. On the wall he notices a painting of a Swiss landscape with two bullet holes very close together. The narrator, seeing this, tells his neighbor about a man he knew in the army who was an extraordinary shot, and tells the count of Silvio. The count is overcome with fear, and informs the narrator that he was Silvio's opponent, and shortly after his wedding Silvio claimed his right to a duel. The neighbor draws the right to shoot first, but misses, and the bullet ends up in the painting. As Silvio aims to shoot, the neighbor's bride enters the room. Silvio takes pity on her and then without aiming, shoots the painting in almost exactly the same spot as the count, thereby both sparing the count's life and demonstrating how easily he could have ended it. Silvio, honor satisfied, leaves the couple, and is later, we are informed, killed leading a regiment in battle. The narrator never meets him again.","title":"The Shot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Battle of Borodino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Borodino"},{"link_name":"hussar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hussar"}],"text":"This story was told to Belkin by Miss K.I.T., who herself is not involved in the story. The Blizzard, also translated as \"The Snowstorm\" (Russian Метель), concerns a young noblewoman, Marya Gavrilovna (Gavrilovna is a patronymic, not a surname), and her young lover, a lieutenant named Vladimir. The reason for their relationship is not specifically given, but the story famously states \"Marya Gavrilovna was raised on French novels and consequently was in love.\" Marya Gavrilovna's parents do not approve of the relationship due to the difference in social status between the two lovers, and Marya Gavrilovna and her attendant conspire with Vladimir to elope and marry in a secret midnight ceremony in a nearby village. At first, Marya Gavrilovna agrees to the plan, but as the ceremony approaches, she feels more and more anxious. On the night the ceremony is to take place, she almost doesn't go as in addition to her growing anxiety, a terrible snowstorm is occurring, but her attendant persuades her to go.Meanwhile, Vladimir sets out from his military encampment on his way to the church. However, he becomes lost in severe blizzard conditions and cannot find his way. He stops at a small hamlet to obtain directions from locals only to find that he has been going the wrong direction the entire night and is too far from the church to make it to the ceremony on time. The next morning, Marya Gavrilovna returns home and goes to sleep as if nothing has happened, but she soon grows gravely ill and becomes delirious with fever. During her semiconscious state, she mumbles many things, one of which is her plan to elope with Vladimir. Upon hearing this, Marya Gavrilovna's parents grant permission for her to marry Vladimir, but they attempt to contact him, they receive a letter from him stating that he is off with the army, and the narrator informs the reader that soon after Vladimir is killed in the Battle of Borodino.After this, Marya Gavrilovna and her family move to a new estate, and after some time, suitors come to seek Marya Gavrilovna's hand in marriage. Marya Gavrilovna, apparently still in love with Vladimir, turns them all away except for a hussar named Burmin. Their relationship progresses, until one day, Marya Gavrilovna is reading by a lake, and knows that when Burmin comes to visit her that day, he will ask to marry her. He proceeds to tell her that though he loves her, he cannot marry her because one night, several years ago, he was traveling during a snowstorm when he became lost. Pulling into a small town, he is met by a priest, who tells him he is late for the wedding. He is brought into the hall where Marya Gavrilovna had been awaiting Vladimir. The ceremony is carried out, but as Burmin turns to kiss the bride, Marya Gavrilovna faints. Upon concluding this story, Burmin tells Marya Gavrilovna that he still feels faithful to his wife, even though he does not know who she is. Marya Gavrilovna asks him why he does not recognize her, and each realizing the other's identity, they collapse into one another's arms.","title":"The Blizzard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basmanny District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basmanny_District"},{"link_name":"Nikitskaya Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolshaya_Nikitskaya_Street"},{"link_name":"German merchants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Germans_in_Russia,_Ukraine_and_the_Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"}],"text":"This story was told to Belkin by shop employee B.V., who like the character who told Belkin \"The Blizzard,\" is not involved in the story. The tale concerns an undertaker, Adrian Prokhorov, who moves from the Basmanny District in northeastern Moscow to Nikitskaya Street, west of the Kremlin. Prokhorov, who is depicted as cold and regimented, never deviating from his routine, soon sets up shop in his new neighborhood. Soon after, he becomes acquainted with his neighbors, mostly German merchants, who come to visit him. They invite him to a wedding anniversary dinner with all of the local merchants, where after a long night of card games and other entertainment, several toasts are proposed. Prokhorov is offended after someone jokingly offers a toast to the health of Prokhorov's customers, and leaves suddenly, claiming that he will hold his house-warming party with his customers rather than his neighbors. To his horror, when he returns home, all the reanimated corpses have accepted his invitation and are moving around his room, even Prokhorov's first customer, who returns as a skeleton. The corpses accuse him of cheating, overcharging, and numerous other offenses. Prokhorov is then woken by his housekeeper, revealing that it was all a drunken dream. He tells her to fetch his daughters and make a cup of tea.","title":"The Undertaker"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Titular Counsellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_Ranks"},{"link_name":"collegiate registrars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collegiate_registrar"},{"link_name":"Imperial Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bible"},{"link_name":"Prodigal Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prodigal_Son"},{"link_name":"Saint Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg"}],"text":"This story was told to Belkin by Titular Counsellor A.G.N., and is a first-hand account. The story opens with the narrator complaining to the reader in a humorous fashion about collegiate registrars, the lowest of the fourteen ranks in the Imperial Russian civil service, who run posting stations along the country's roads, providing such services as fresh horses, beds, and food to travelers. The narrator derides collegiate registrars as power-drunk, unreasonable, asking the reader who hasn't cursed them, and asked to see their \"vile ledger book.\" After this opening tirade, however, the narrator relents, and states that he will tell us a story about one particular sympathetic station master he met during his extensive travels on official business.The narrator begins by telling us of one of his travels, which brought him to an infrequently used road very far out in the country. Stopping at the local posting station, he is captivated by the station's order and decoration, among which is an illustrated version of the biblical story of the Prodigal Son. When asked by the station master if he would like some tea, as all of the horses are out and he will be required to wait for some time until new horses can be prepared, the narrator accepts and stays a while. Shortly after, the tea is brought out by the station master's daughter, Dunya, who is described as being beautiful and very adult in demeanor and mannerisms. Dunya and the narrator converse as if they were good friends, and the narrator, who initially expressed his disapproval of having to wait, is sorry to leave the posting station after Dunya allows him to kiss her before he leaves.The narrator goes on his way, but the posting station where he met Dunya remains in the back of his head. Three years later, the narrator decides to visit Dunya and her father. Upon reaching the station, which is no longer on an official imperial road, he finds the station in disrepair and the old station master a broken man. When the narrator inquires as to the state of his daughter, the old station master concedes that he has no idea where she is or what condition she is in. Although the old station master will not tell the story of his daughter's disappearance at first, when the narrator offers the old station master something to drink, the old station master relents and begins to tell the story.Some time after the narrator's first visit, a dashing hussar Captain (ninth rank) comes to the posting station, and like many other visitors, has to wait until new horses could be prepared. The hussar, called Minsky, is initially enraged that someone of his rank would be forced to wait by a fourteenth-grade civil servant, and the station master calls Dunya in to calm him. Dunya begins to talk to Minsky, and just like the narrator, he takes a great liking to her and forgets his annoyance at being forced to stay at the station. Soon after, however, he falls gravely ill and remains at the station for several days, during which time Dunya cares for him day and night. When he gets better, as a token of gratitude he offers to take Dunya on a ride across the village in his fancy carriage. Dunya hesitates, but her father tells her that she may go, and she gets in the carriage. Minsky, his illness feigned, then proceeds to kidnap Dunya, who is never seen by her father again, even though he tracks Minsky down in Saint Petersburg. The station master is unsuccessful in his attempts to see Dunya (now going by her full name Avdotya), and he returns bitterly to his nearly defunct posting station.Several years after hearing the old station master's story, the narrator returns to the remote village once again. The town has now been off the imperial road for several years, and upon visiting the old station master's house, the narrator learns that he has died, most likely from alcoholism. The family who now lives in the house offer to have one of their children show the narrator to the old post master's grave. The narrator remarks that the graveyard is the most desolate place he has ever seen, and feels that he has wasted his time and money in visiting the village yet again. Shortly after, the child who brought the narrator to the graveyard tells the narrator that not long before he arrived, a woman came to the village in a fancy carriage with several children, a governess, footmen, and wearing an expensive dress. She also asked to see the postmaster's grave, but said that she knew the way to the graveyard and did not need to be shown. The child continues by saying that the woman bowed down on the station master's grave and wept. Realizing that Dunya returned to her father's grave and has not been abandoned by Minsky as her father feared, the narrator feels at peace, and no longer thinks that the trip was wasted.","title":"The Station Master"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anglophile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglophile"},{"link_name":"name day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_day"}],"text":"This story was also told to Belkin by Miss K.I.T., who again does not play a part in the story. The story is also translated under the name \"Mistress into Maid.\" (The original title, Барышня-крестьянка, literally means \"The Noblewoman-Peasant\".) The story involves two young people, Lizaveta Muromsky and Alexei Berestov, whose fathers are both wealthy landowners who dislike each because of the way the other runs his estate. Berestov accuses Muromsky of being an Anglophile, and ignoring the traditional Russian way of doing things. Muromsky levels accusations against Berestov of not realizing how inefficient the traditional ways are.The story opens with Lizaveta Muromsky's maid Nastya informing her that she is going to the Berestov's estate to celebrate a name day party being held there for one of her friends, a servant on the Berestov estate. Later in the evening, Nastya returns, and tells tales of the goings-on at the Berestov's name day festival. Nastya tells Lizaveta (whose father tiresomely insists on calling her Betsy) of Alexei's behavior at the name day festival, relating how energetic and entertaining he was, even joining in the peasants' games. Lizaveta questions Nastya about this further. Lizaveta already knew Alexei through society, and held little opinion of him, namely because he acted in a melancholy manner, as was common among young, upper-class early 19th century Russians. Lizaveta considered this to be a shame, as she found him quite attractive. After hearing that he acted in such a manner at the name-day festival, she resolved to meet him in a peasant's costume collecting mushrooms in a forest Alexei frequents while hunting.Lizaveta meets Alexei in the forest as planned, and begins to talk to him in the guise and dialect of the peasant girl Akulina. Berestov is enchanted with the girl, and soon teaches her to write so the two may correspond, and is amazed when Akulina becomes completely literate within two weeks. This continues for some time, until one morning, the elder Muromsky is injured in a hunting accident and is taken in by Berestov. The two reconcile their differences, and the Berestovs are invited over to the Muromsky estate for dinner. Lizaveta is terrified by this prospect and begs her father to allow her to conceal her identity during the dinner. Because Lizaveta has a reputation as a prankster, her father allows her to do so, and the dinner passes without her identity being revealed, thanks to her rich clothing and liberal use of make-up. A short time after, the Berestov family encounters financial difficulties, and Berestov commands Alexei to marry Lizaveta Muromsky, the only suitable heiress in the area. At first, he is hesitant, and runs to the Muromsky's house to explain to Lizaveta that his father wishes that they marry, but he cannot marry her because he loves Akulina. Alexei enters the Muromsky's kitchen, only to find Lizaveta reading one of Alexei's letters. The story ends as Alexei realises Lizaveta/Akulina's true identity.","title":"The Squire's Daughter"}]
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[{"Link":"https://www.thefreshreads.com/the-belkin-tales/","external_links_name":"The Belkin Tales by Alexander Pushkin"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/316718255","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5354307","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/4259696-8","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007526235605171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2001084991","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027348091","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalaemin
Physalaemin
["1 Structure","2 Use In Research","3 References"]
Physalaemin Names Other names H-Pyr-Ala-Asp-Pro-Asn-Lys-Phe-Tyr-Gly-Leu-Met-NH2 Identifiers CAS Number 2507-24-6 Y 3D model (JSmol) Interactive image ChEMBL ChEMBL415235 N IUPHAR/BPS 2094 MeSH Physalaemin PubChem CID 14717795 UNII H0T4KV6B9J Y CompTox Dashboard (EPA) DTXSID501043248 SMILES C(C(=O)N(CC(=O)O)C(=O)N1CCC1C(=O)N(CC(=O)N)C(=O)N(CCCCN)C(=O)N(CC2=CC=CC=C2)C(=O)N(CC3=CC=C(C=C3)O)C(=O)NCC(=O)N(CC(C)C)C(=O)N(CCSC)C(=O)N)NC(=O)4CCC(=O)N4 Properties Chemical formula C58H84N14O16S Molar mass 1265.45 g·mol−1 Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C , 100 kPa). N verify (what is YN ?) Infobox references Chemical compound Physalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964. Like all tachykinins, physalaemin is a sialagogue (increases salivation) and a potent vasodilator with hypotensive effects. Structure Physalaemin (PHY) is known to take on both a linear and helical three dimensional structure. Grace et al. (2010) have shown that in aqueous environments,  PHY preferentially takes on the linear conformation whereas in an environment that simulates a cellular membrane, PHY takes on a helical confirmation from the Pro4 residue to the C-Terminus. This helical conformation is essential to allow the binding of PHY to neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors. Consensus sequences between Substance P (a mammalian tachykinin and agonist of NK1) and PHY have been used to confirm that the helical confirmation is necessary for PHY to bind to NK1. Use In Research Not only is PHY closely related to Substance P (SP), but it also has a higher affinity for the mammalian neurokinin receptors that Substance P can bind to. Researchers can make use of this behavior of PHY to study the behavior of smooth muscle -  a tissue where NK1 can be found. Shiina et al. (2010) used PHY to show that tachykinins as a whole can cause the longitudinal contraction of smooth muscle tissue in esophageal tissue. Singh et Maji made use of PHY's similarity to SP along with its sequence similarity to Amyloid B-peptide 25-35 . Despite its sequence similarity to SP, Singh et Maji showed that PHY had distinct amyloid forming capabilities . Under artificially elevated concentrations of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and a short incubation time, PHY was able to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils originating from tackynins like PHY were also shown to reduce the neurotoxicity of other Amyloid fibers associated with amyloid induced diseases such as  Alzheimer's disease. References ^ Erspaemer V, Anastasi A, Bertaccini G, Cei JM (1964). "Structure and pharmacological actions of physalaemin, the main active polypeptide of the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus". Experientia. 20 (9): 489–90. doi:10.1007/BF02154064. PMID 5857249. S2CID 25448266. ^ Anastasi A, Erspamer V, Cei JM (1964). "Isolation and amino acid sequence of physalaemin, the main active polypeptide of the skin of Physalaemus fuscumaculatus". Arch Biochem Biophys. 108 (2): 341–8. doi:10.1016/0003-9861(64)90395-9. PMID 14240587. ^ Severini C, Improta G, Falconieri-Erspamer G, Salvadori S, Erspamer V (2002). "The tachykinin peptide family". Pharmacol Rev. 54 (2): 285–322. doi:10.1124/pr.54.2.285. PMID 12037144. S2CID 85570180. ^ Grace, Christy Rani R.; Cowsik, Sudha Mahajan (2011). "Solution conformation of non-mammalian tachykinin physalaemin in lipid micelles by nuclear magnetic resonance". Biopolymers. 96 (3): 252–259. doi:10.1002/bip.21519. PMID 20632396. ^ Shiina, Takahiko; Shima, Takeshi; Hirayama, Haruko; Kuramoto, Hirofumi; Takewaki, Tadashi; Shimizu, Yasutake (February 2010). "Contractile responses induced by physalaemin, an analogue of substance P, in the rat esophagus". European Journal of Pharmacology. 628 (1–3): 202–206. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.039. PMID 19958761. ^ Singh, Pradeep K.; Maji, Samir K. (September 2012). "Amyloid-Like Fibril Formation by Tachykinin Neuropeptides and Its Relevance to Amyloid β-Protein Aggregation and Toxicity". Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics. 64 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1007/s12013-012-9364-z. ISSN 1085-9195. PMID 22628076. S2CID 17460410. vtePeptides: neuropeptidesHormonessee hormonesOpioid peptidesDynorphins Dynorphin A Dynorphin A1–8 Dynorphin B Big dynorphin Leumorphin α-Neoendorphin β-Neoendorphin Endomorphins Endomorphin-1 Endomorphin-2 Endorphins α-Endorphin β-Endorphin γ-Endorphin Enkephalins Met-enkephalin Leu-enkephalin Others Adrenorphin Amidorphin Hemorphin Hemorphin-4 Nociceptin Opiorphin Spinorphin Valorphin Other neuropeptidesKinins Bradykinins Tachykinins: mammal Substance P Neurokinin A Neurokinin B amphibian Kassinin Physalaemin Neuromedins B N S U Orexins A B Other Angiotensin Bombesin Calcitonin gene-related peptide Carnosine Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript Delta-sleep-inducing peptide FMRFamide Galanin Galanin-like peptide Gastrin-releasing peptide Ghrelin Neuropeptide AF Neuropeptide FF Neuropeptide SF Neuropeptide VF Neuropeptide S Neuropeptide Y Neurophysins Neurotensin Pancreatic polypeptide Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide RVD-Hpα VGF This biochemistry article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tachykinin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tachykinin_peptides"},{"link_name":"peptide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptide"},{"link_name":"Physalaemus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physalaemus"},{"link_name":"frog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frog"},{"link_name":"substance P","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_P"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"sialagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialagogue"},{"link_name":"salivation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salivation"},{"link_name":"vasodilator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasodilator"},{"link_name":"hypotensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypotensive"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Chemical compoundPhysalaemin is a tachykinin peptide obtained from the Physalaemus frog, closely related to substance P. Its structure was first elucidated in 1964.[1][2]Like all tachykinins, physalaemin is a sialagogue (increases salivation) and a potent vasodilator with hypotensive effects.[3]","title":"Physalaemin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Physalaemin (PHY) is known to take on both a linear and helical three dimensional structure. Grace et al. (2010) have shown that in aqueous environments,  PHY preferentially takes on the linear conformation whereas in an environment that simulates a cellular membrane, PHY takes on a helical confirmation from the Pro4 residue to the C-Terminus. This helical conformation is essential to allow the binding of PHY to neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptors. Consensus sequences between Substance P (a mammalian tachykinin and agonist of NK1) and PHY have been used to confirm that the helical confirmation is necessary for PHY to bind to NK1.[4]","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Not only is PHY closely related to Substance P (SP), but it also has a higher affinity for the mammalian neurokinin receptors that Substance P can bind to. Researchers can make use of this behavior of PHY to study the behavior of smooth muscle -  a tissue where NK1 can be found. Shiina et al. (2010) used PHY to show that tachykinins as a whole can cause the longitudinal contraction of smooth muscle tissue in esophageal tissue.[5]Singh et Maji made use of PHY's similarity to SP along with its sequence similarity to Amyloid B-peptide 25-35 [AB(25-35)]. Despite its sequence similarity to SP, Singh et Maji showed that PHY had distinct amyloid forming capabilities . Under artificially elevated concentrations of tetrafluoroethylene (TFE) and a short incubation time, PHY was able to form amyloid fibrils. These fibrils originating from tackynins like PHY were also shown to reduce the neurotoxicity of other Amyloid fibers associated with amyloid induced diseases such as  Alzheimer's disease.[6]","title":"Use In Research"}]
[]
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PMID 20632396.","urls":[{"url":"http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/bip.21519","url_text":"\"Solution conformation of non-mammalian tachykinin physalaemin in lipid micelles by nuclear magnetic resonance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fbip.21519","url_text":"10.1002/bip.21519"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20632396","url_text":"20632396"}]},{"reference":"Shiina, Takahiko; Shima, Takeshi; Hirayama, Haruko; Kuramoto, Hirofumi; Takewaki, Tadashi; Shimizu, Yasutake (February 2010). \"Contractile responses induced by physalaemin, an analogue of substance P, in the rat esophagus\". European Journal of Pharmacology. 628 (1–3): 202–206. doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2009.11.039. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Lane_(Randallstown)
Milford Mill, Maryland
["1 Geography","1.1 Windsor Mill","1.2 Rockdale","2 Demographics","2.1 2020 census","2.2 2000 Census","3 Government and infrastructure","4 Education","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 39°20′50″N 76°45′39″W / 39.34722°N 76.76083°W / 39.34722; -76.76083 Census-designated place in Maryland, United StatesMilford Mill, MarylandCensus-designated placeMilford Mill Academy in Milford Mill, MarylandCoordinates: 39°20′50″N 76°45′39″W / 39.34722°N 76.76083°W / 39.34722; -76.76083Country United StatesState MarylandCounty BaltimoreArea • Total6.96 sq mi (18.02 km2) • Land6.95 sq mi (17.99 km2) • Water0.01 sq mi (0.03 km2)Elevation495 ft (151 m)Population (2020) • Total30,622 • Density4,409.22/sq mi (1,702.49/km2)Time zoneUTC−5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC−4 (EDT)ZIP Code21244, 21133, 21208FIPS code24-52562GNIS feature ID1867296 Milford Mill is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. Per the 2020 census, the population was 30,622. According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.0 square miles (18 km2), all of it land. The true name of the area is "Milford", but the name "Milford Mill" has stuck with the community. The name "Milford Mill" comes from the name of an old mill located in nearby Pikesville along Milford Mill Road. Geography Milford Mill is located at 39°20′50″N 76°45′39″W / 39.34722°N 76.76083°W / 39.34722; -76.76083 (39.347356, −76.760924). Milford Mill is near the Baltimore County communities of Pikesville, Randallstown, and Woodlawn, around the intersection of Liberty Road and Milford Mill Road. Some areas of Milford Mill are as follows: Windsor Mill Windsor Mill is an area near Woodlawn that is similar to Milford Mill. Some of the main roads in the area include Windsor Mill Road, Windsor Boulevard, and Rolling Road. Landmarks in this area include Windsor Mill Middle School and Rutherford Business Park. Rockdale Rockdale is mostly near Liberty Road and Lord Baltimore Drive to Rolling Road coming off from I-695. Landmarks in this area include schools like Scotts Branch Elementary and Old Court Middle School. Demographics Historical population CensusPop.Note%± 198020,354—199022,54710.8%200026,52717.7%201029,0429.5%202030,6225.4%U.S. Decennial Census 2010 2020 2020 census Milford Mill CDP, Maryland – Racial and ethnic compositionNote: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race. Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2010 Pop 2020 % 2010 % 2020 White alone (NH) 2,253 1,696 7.76% 5.54% Black or African American alone (NH) 24,333 25,360 83.79% 82.82% Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 55 57 0.19% 0.19% Asian alone (NH) 686 698 2.36% 2.28% Pacific Islander alone (NH) 6 7 0.02% 0.02% Some Other Race alone (NH) 46 172 0.16% 0.56% Mixed Race or Multi-Racial (NH) 590 885 2.03% 2.89% Hispanic or Latino (any race) 1,073 1,747 3.69% 5.71% Total 29,042 30,622 100.00% 100.00% 2000 Census At the 2000 census there were 26,527 people, 10,467 households, and 6,855 families in the CDP. The population density was 3,804.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,468.8/km2). There were 11,217 housing units at an average density of 1,608.7 per square mile (621.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 16.19% White, 79.06% African American, 0.21% Native American, 1.67% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.74% from other races, and 2.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.82%. Of the 10,467 households 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.4% were married couples living together, 24.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 27.5% of households were one person and 5.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.02. The age distribution was 27.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.2 males. The median household income was $43,976 and the median family income was $49,177. Males had a median income of $33,725 versus $31,230 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,195. About 6.7% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over. Government and infrastructure The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Baltimore field office is located in Milford Mill. Education Baltimore County Public Schools operates public schools. See also The Woodlands Golf Course Woodlawn-Rockdale-Milford Mills, Maryland, 1960 census-designated place References ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 26, 2022. ^ "Milford Mill CDP, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved April 15, 2022. ^ "Not so easy to find, but very easy to like". ^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011. ^ "Decennial Census of Population and Housing by Decades". US Census Bureau. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Milford Mill CDP, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. ^ a b "P2 Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Milford Mill CDP, Maryland". United States Census Bureau. ^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008. ^ "Baltimore Division." Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved on June 9, 2015. "2600 Lord Baltimore Drive Baltimore, MD 21244" ^ "2010 CENSUS - CENSUS BLOCK MAP: Milford Mill CDP, MD" (Archive) (Map 2). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved on June 9, 2015. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Milford Mill, Maryland. vteMunicipalities and communities of Baltimore County, Maryland, United StatesCounty seat: TowsonCDPs Arbutus Baltimore Highlands Bowleys Quarters Carney Catonsville Cockeysville Dundalk Edgemere Essex Garrison Hampton Honeygo Kingsville Lansdowne Lochearn Lutherville Mays Chapel Middle River Milford Mill Overlea Owings Mills Parkville Perry Hall Pikesville Randallstown Reisterstown Rosedale Rossville Timonium Towson White Marsh Woodlawn Othercommunities Baldwin Boring Bradshaw Brooklandville Butler Carroll Crest Chase Fork Fort Howard Franklinville Freeland Fullerton Germantown Glen Arm Glencoe Glyndon Granite Gwynn Oak Halethorpe Hebbville Hereford Hunt Valley Hydes Jacksonville Jerusalem Lake Loch Raven Long Green Maryland Line Monkton North Point Village Nottingham Oella Oregon Parkton Phoenix Rodgers Forge Ruxton-Riderwood Shepperd Sparks Sparrows Point St. Denis Stevenson Trump Turners Station Upper Falls Upperco White Hall Maryland portal United States portal
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Per the 2020 census, the population was 30,622.[2]According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 7.0 square miles (18 km2), all of it land.The true name of the area is \"Milford\", but the name \"Milford Mill\" has stuck with the community. The name \"Milford Mill\" comes from the name of an old mill located in nearby Pikesville along Milford Mill Road.[3]","title":"Milford Mill, Maryland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"39°20′50″N 76°45′39″W / 39.34722°N 76.76083°W / 39.34722; -76.76083","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Milford_Mill,_Maryland&params=39_20_50_N_76_45_39_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-4"},{"link_name":"Pikesville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikesville,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Randallstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randallstown,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn,_Baltimore_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Liberty Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_26"},{"link_name":"Milford Mill Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milford_Mill_Road"}],"text":"Milford Mill is located at 39°20′50″N 76°45′39″W / 39.34722°N 76.76083°W / 39.34722; -76.76083 (39.347356, −76.760924).[4]Milford Mill is near the Baltimore County communities of Pikesville, Randallstown, and Woodlawn, around the intersection of Liberty Road and Milford Mill Road. Some areas of Milford Mill are as follows:","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Woodlawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodlawn,_Baltimore_County,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"Windsor Mill Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor_Mill_Road"},{"link_name":"Rolling Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Road"}],"sub_title":"Windsor Mill","text":"Windsor Mill is an area near Woodlawn that is similar to Milford Mill. Some of the main roads in the area include Windsor Mill Road, Windsor Boulevard, and Rolling Road. Landmarks in this area include Windsor Mill Middle School and Rutherford Business Park.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberty Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Route_26"}],"sub_title":"Rockdale","text":"Rockdale is mostly near Liberty Road and Lord Baltimore Drive to Rolling Road coming off from I-695. Landmarks in this area include schools like Scotts Branch Elementary and Old Court Middle School.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2020 census","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2000 census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_United_States_Census"},{"link_name":"racial makeup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_Census#2000_census"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-8"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"sub_title":"2000 Census","text":"At the 2000 census there were 26,527 people, 10,467 households, and 6,855 families in the CDP. The population density was 3,804.3 inhabitants per square mile (1,468.8/km2). There were 11,217 housing units at an average density of 1,608.7 per square mile (621.1/km2). The racial makeup of the CDP was 16.19% White, 79.06% African American, 0.21% Native American, 1.67% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 0.74% from other races, and 2.11% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.82%.[8]Of the 10,467 households 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.4% were married couples living together, 24.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.5% were non-families. 27.5% of households were one person and 5.4% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.49 and the average family size was 3.02.The age distribution was 27.7% under the age of 18, 8.9% from 18 to 24, 33.2% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 9.1% 65 or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 82.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 76.2 males.The median household income was $43,976 and the median family income was $49,177. Males had a median income of $33,725 versus $31,230 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $20,195. About 6.7% of families and 8.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.8% of those under age 18 and 10.0% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Bureau of Investigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation"},{"link_name":"field office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FBI_field_office"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Baltimore field office is located in Milford Mill.[9][10]","title":"Government and infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baltimore County Public Schools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_County_Public_Schools"}],"text":"Baltimore County Public Schools operates public schools.","title":"Education"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_VFL_grand_final
1912 VFL grand final
["1 Teams","2 Statistics","2.1 Goalkickers","3 See also","4 References"]
Grand final of the 1912 Victorian Football League season 1912 VFL Grand Final Essendon South Melbourne 5.17 (47) 4.9 (33) 1 2 3 4 ESS 1.4 (10) 3.9 (27) 4.14 (38) 5.17 (47) SM 1.3 (9) 2.4 (16) 2.6 (18) 4.9 (33) Date28 September 1912StadiumMelbourne Cricket GroundAttendance54,436 ← 1911 VFL Grand Final 1913 → The 1912 VFL Grand Final was an Australian rules football game contested between the South Melbourne Football Club and Essendon Football Club, held at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in Melbourne on 28 September 1912. It was the 15th annual Grand Final of the Victorian Football League, staged to determine the premiers for the 1912 VFL season. The match, attended by 54,436 spectators, was won by Essendon by a margin of 14 points, marking that club's third premiership victory and second in succession. Teams Essendon S. Melbourne Essendon B: Jack O'Brien Billy Griffith George McLeod HB: Les White Dan Hanley Len Bowe C: Wally Chalmers Bill Sewart Fred Kirkwood HF: Jack Kirby Frank Caine Paddy Shea F: Jim Martin Lou Armstrong Bill Walker Foll: Allan Belcher (c) Fred Baring Percy Ogden Res: Coach: Jack Worrall South Melbourne B: Harry Saltau Bob Deas Bruce Sloss HB: Jack Scobie William Thomas Jack Walsh C: Joe Prince Dick Mullaly Jim Caldwell HF: Vic Belcher Bert Franks Fred Carpenter F: Dick Casey Len Mortimer Les Rusich Foll: Herbert Milne Les Charge Charlie Ricketts (c) Res: Coach: Charlie Ricketts Statistics Essendon FC, Premiers Goalkickers Essendon: F Baring 1 F Caine 1 J Kirby 1 P Ogden 1 B Walker 1 South Melbourne: V Belcher 1 D Casey 1 B Franks 1 L Rusich 1 See also 1912 VFL season References ^ "30 Sep 1912 - FOOTBALL. THE GRAND FINAL 54,000 EXCITED ONLOOKE..." nla.gov.au. 30 September 1912. vteEssendon Football Club 1912 VFL premiersEssendon 5.17 (47) defeated South Melbourne 4.9 (33), at the Melbourne Cricket Ground 1. Belcher (c) 2. Armstrong 4. Bowe 5. Baring 7. Chalmers 9. Kirkwood 10. Hanley 11. Kirby 12. Martin 14. McLeod 16. Ogden 17. Sewart 18. Shea 19. White 20. Walker 25. O'Brien 27. Caine 29. Griffith Coach: Worrall vteEssendon Football Club Nickname: Bombers History Premierships Records Players Captains Coaches Honours Crichton Medal Leading goalkickers AFL coach: Brad Scott AFL captain: Dyson Heppell AFLW coach: Natalie Wood AFLW co-captains: Stephanie Cain & Bonnie Toogood VFL/AFL home grounds East Melbourne Cricket Ground (1897–1921) Windy Hill (1922–1991) Melbourne Cricket Ground (1992–) Docklands Stadium (2000–) VFA premierships (4) 1891 1892 1893 1894 VFL/AFL premierships (16) 1897 1901 1911 1912 1923 1924 1942 1946 1949 1950 1962 1965 1984 1985 1993 2000 Runner-up (14) 1898 1902 1908 1941 1943 1947 1948 1951 1957 1959 1968 1983 1990 2001 VFA/VFL/AFL seasons (144) 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 AFLW home grounds North Port Oval (2022 (S7)) Windy Hill (2023–) AFLW seasons (2) 2022 (S7) 2023 Related articles Anzac Day match Archer–Hird Medal Carlton rivalry Dreamtime at the 'G The Hangar Line in the Sand Match Round 16, 2001 comeback against North Melbourne Supplements saga West Melbourne Football Club Essendon did not participate in the 1916 and 1917 VFL seasons due to World War I (indicated in grey) vteSydney Swans History Premierships Records Players Captains Coaches Awards Bob Skilton Medal Leading goalkickers Nickname: Swans AFL co-captains: Callum Mills/Dane Rampe/Luke Parker AFL coach: John Longmire AFLW co-captains: Maddy Collier/Brooke Lochland/Lauren Szigeti AFLW coach: Scott Gowans AFL home grounds Lake Oval (1897–1941, 1947–1981) Princes Park (1942–1943) Junction Oval (1944–1946) Sydney Cricket Ground (1980–) Stadium Australia (2002–2016) AFLW home grounds Henson Park (2022–) North Sydney Oval (2022–) Sydney Cricket Ground (2022–) VFA Premierships (5) 1881 1885 1888 1887 1890 VFL/AFL Premierships (5)as South Melbourne (3) 1909 1918 1933 as Sydney Swans (2) 2005 2012 Runner-up (13)as South Melbourne (8) 1899 1907 1912 1914 1934 1935 1936 1945 as Sydney Swans (5) 1996 2006 2014 2016 2022 Seasons (140) 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Related articles Leopold Football Club Match of the Century (1886) The Bloodbath (1945) Sydney Derby West Coast Eagles rivalry Victory March Known as South Melbourne Football Club from 1874–1982; known as Swans Football Club in 1982 vteAustralian Football LeagueClubsCurrent Adelaide Brisbane Lions Carlton Collingwood Essendon Fremantle Geelong Gold Coast Greater Western Sydney Hawthorn Melbourne North Melbourne Port Adelaide Richmond St Kilda Sydney West Coast Western Bulldogs Future Tasmania Former Brisbane Bears Fitzroy University Seasons 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Grand finals 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Venues Adelaide Oval Bellerive Oval Carrara Stadium Cazaly's Stadium Docklands Stadium Eureka Stadium The Gabba Kardinia Park Manuka Oval Marrara Oval Melbourne Cricket Ground Perth Stadium Stadium Australia Sydney Cricket Ground Sydney Showground Stadium Traeger Park York Park Awards AFL Coaches Association awards AFL Players Association awards Leigh Matthews Trophy AFL Rising Star All-Australian team Brownlow Medal (winners) Coleman Medal Goal of the Year Mark of the Year Norm Smith Medal Major recurringevents AFL Draft AFL finals series AFL Futures match AFL Grand Final Anzac Day Eve match Anzac Day match Dreamtime at the 'G Easter Monday clash E. J. Whitten Legends Game Gather Round King's Birthday match Len Hall Tribute game Opening game QClash Showdown Sydney Derby Western Derby Second-tier andjunior competitionsCurrent AFL National Championships Talent League South Australian National Football League Victorian Football League West Australian Football League Former AFL reserves AFL under-19s North East Australian Football League Related articles AFL Coaches Association AFL Commission AFL Players Association AFL Record AFL Umpires Association AFL Women's AFLX Carlton salary cap breach Current coaches Essendon supplements saga Games records 200-game players for one club Goalkicking records Grand final location debate Grand Final pre-match performances History Individual match awards International Rules Series McClelland Trophy Melbourne tanking scandal Minor premiers Premiers Premiership captains/coaches Premiership/grand final statistics Proposed clubs Tasmanian AFL bid Records Reserves affiliations Rivalries Television shows Video games Wooden spoons Known as the Victorian Football League from 1897–1989; no grand finals were held in 1897 and 1924
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[{"image_text":"Essendon FC, Premiers","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Essendon_fc_1912.jpg/300px-Essendon_fc_1912.jpg"}]
[{"title":"1912 VFL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_VFL_season"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season
1978–79 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season
["1 Season Outlook","1.1 Pre-season poll","2 Regular season","2.1 Season tournaments","2.2 Standings","2.3 Final regular season polls","3 1979 NCAA Tournament","4 Player stats","4.1 Scoring leaders","4.2 Leading goaltenders","5 Awards","5.1 NCAA","5.2 CCHA","5.3 ECAC","5.4 WCHA","6 1979 NHL Entry Draft","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
1978–79 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey seasonThe Olympia Stadium served as the host for the 1979 Frozen FourDurationOctober 1978–March 24, 1979NCAA tournament1979National championshipOlympia StadiumDetroit, MichiganNCAA championMinnesota List of NCAA Division I men's ice hockey seasons ← 1977–78 1979–80 → The 1978–79 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season began in October 1978 and concluded with the 1979 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament's championship game on March 24, 1979 at the Olympia Stadium in Detroit, Michigan. This was the 32nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 85th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team. Season Outlook Pre-season poll The top teams in the nation voted on by coaches before the start of the season. The poll was compiled by radio station WMPL. WMPL Poll Rank Team 1 Minnesota 2 Boston University 3 (tie) Denver 3 (tie) North Dakota 5 Wisconsin 6 Bowling Green State 7 (tie) Boston College 7 (tie) Cornell 9 Notre Dame 10 Minnesota Duluth Regular season Season tournaments Tournament Dates Teams Champion North Country Thanksgiving Festival November 24–25 4 Clarkson Pacific Rim Tournament December 7–13 3 Alberta Union Holiday Festival Tournament December 15–16 4 Colgate Cornell Holiday Festival December 28–29 4 Cornell Broadmoor World Tournament December 28–30 3 Soviet Traktor Old Colony Invitational December 28–30 4 Bowling Green Rensselaer Holiday Tournament December 28–30 4 St. Lawrence Great Lakes Invitational December 29–30 4 Michigan Tech Auld Lang Syne Classic December 30–31 4 Dartmouth Yale Invitational January 5–6 4 New Hampshire Beanpot February 5, 12 4 Boston University Standings 1978–79 Big Ten standingsvte Conference Overall GP W L T PTS GF GA GP W L T GF GA Minnesota† 12 10 2 0 20 80 43 44 32 11 1 239 147 Wisconsin 12 8 4 0 16 73 50 41 25 13 3 215 172 Michigan 12 3 9 0 6 43 75 36 8 27 1 132 210 Michigan State 12 3 9 0 6 46 77 36 15 21 0 140 192 † indicates conference regular season champion 1978–79 Central Collegiate Hockey Association standingsvte Conference Overall GP W L T PTS GF GA GP W L T GF GA Bowling Green†* 24 21 2 1 43 142 54 45 37 6 2 179 113 Ohio State 24 15 8 1 31 126 101 40 25 13 2 218 170 Northern Michigan 24 13 10 1 27 109 93 34 19 13 2 168 126 Lake Superior State 24 11 12 1 23 118 112 36 16 18 2 164 181 Saint Louis 24 9 13 2 20 104 137 35 16 16 3 174 189 Western Michigan 24 8 16 0 16 116 142 36 17 19 0 171 182 Ferris State‡ 24 4 20 0 8 87 163 34 10 24 0 155 217 Championship: Bowling Green† indicates conference regular season champion* indicates conference tournament champion‡ Ferris State was still considered a member of the NAIA 1978–79 ECAC Hockey standingsvte Conference Overall GP W L T Pct. GF GA GP W L T GF GA Boston University† 23 17 4 2 .783 101 76 30 21 7 2 138 106 New Hampshire* 25 17 5 3 .740 151 103 35 22 10 3 203 148 Cornell 22 16 6 0 .727 129 88 29 21 8 0 166 114 Dartmouth 22 14 7 1 .659 104 78 30 19 9 2 144 102 Clarkson 22 13 9 0 .591 135 106 31 19 12 0 184 136 Providence 24 13 9 2 .583 105 102 28 16 10 2 134 123 Yale 22 12 9 1 .568 105 91 27 13 12 2 129 125 Vermont 21 11 10 0 .524 97 98 30 12 18 0 122 141 Northeastern 22 11 11 0 .500 94 107 27 12 15 0 112 129 Brown 21 10 11 0 .476 86 89 25 11 14 0 105 108 Boston College 22 10 12 0 .455 106 112 30 16 14 0 167 141 Colgate 20 7 13 0 .350 97 124 28 15 13 0 166 144 Rensselaer 25 8 16 1 .340 124 136 28 10 17 1 141 145 Harvard 22 5 16 1 .250 86 109 26 7 18 1 108 131 St. Lawrence 24 5 18 1 .229 81 132 31 8 21 2 118 162 Princeton 21 2 15 4 .190 71 119 26 5 17 4 95 138 Championship: New Hampshire† indicates conference regular season champion* indicates conference tournament champion 1978–79 NCAA Division I Independent ice hockey standingsvte Conference Overall GP W L T PTS GF GA GP W L T GF GA Air Force 0 0 0 0 - - - 31 18 12 1 157 139 Miami 0 0 0 0 - - - 37 22 14 1 257 145 1978–79 Western Collegiate Hockey Association standingsvte Conference Overall GP W L T PTS GF GA GP W L T GF GA North Dakota†* 32 22 10 0 44 168 110 42 30 11 1 245 144 Minnesota* 32 20 11 1 41 177 116 44 32 11 1 239 147 Minnesota-Duluth 32 18 10 4 40 176 141 40 22 14 4 213 170 Wisconsin 32 19 11 2 40 164 138 41 25 13 3 215 172 Notre Dame 32 17 14 1 35 161 153 38 18 19 1 184 196 Denver 32 14 16 2 30 147 174 43 20 20 3 188 217 Michigan Tech 32 13 16 3 29 152 141 38 17 18 3 182 165 Colorado College 32 11 19 2 24 144 185 38 12 24 2 165 218 Michigan State 32 12 20 0 24 122 180 36 15 21 0 140 192 Michigan 32 6 25 1 13 117 190 36 8 27 1 132 210 Championship: Minnesota, North Dakota† indicates conference regular season champion* indicates conference tournament champion Final regular season polls The final top 10 teams as ranked by coaches (WMPL) before the conference tournament finals. WMPL Coaches Poll Ranking Team 1 North Dakota 2 Bowling Green State 3 Minnesota 4 Boston University 5 New Hampshire 6 Minnesota Duluth 7 Wisconsin 8 Cornell 9 Ohio State 10 Dartmouth 1979 NCAA Tournament Main article: 1979 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament First roundMarch 18 SemifinalsMarch 22–23 National championshipMarch 24          E1 New Hampshire 3 W2 Minnesota 4 W2 Minnesota 6 A Bowling Green 3 W2 Minnesota 4 W1 North Dakota 3 W1 North Dakota 4 Third-place game E2 Dartmouth 2 E1 New Hampshire 3 E2 Dartmouth 7 Note: * denotes overtime period(s) Player stats Scoring leaders The following players led the league in points at the conclusion of the season. GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes Player Class Team GP G A Pts PIM Mark Johnson Junior Wisconsin 40 41 49 90 34 George McPhee Freshman Bowling Green 43 40 48 88 58 Dave Delich Senior Colorado College 36 32 52 84 26 Mark Wells Senior Bowling Green 45 26 57 83 30 Mark Taylor Junior North Dakota 42 24 59 83 28 Kevin Maxwell Freshman North Dakota 42 31 51 82 79 John Markell Senior Bowling Green 42 31 49 80 96 Mark Pavelich Junior Minnesota–Duluth 37 31 48 79 52 Steve Christoff Junior Minnesota 43 38 39 77 50 Paul Tilley Junior Ohio State 39 32 44 76 55 Leading goaltenders The following goaltenders led the league in goals against average at the end of the regular season while playing at least 33% of their team's total minutes. GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/shootout losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average Player Class Team GP Min W L OT GA SO SV% GAA Wally Charko Sophomore Bowling Green 39 2307 32 - - 92 - .914 2.39 Bob Iwabuchi Freshman North Dakota 22 1274 - - - 61 1 .907 2.74 Dan Kodatsky Freshman Miami - - - - - - - - 2.82 Bob Gaudet Sophomore Dartmouth 23 1385 - - - 70 2 .896 3.03 Rick Mills Freshman Clarkson 14 706 - - - 38 0 .893 3.23 Steve Janaszak Senior Minnesota 41 2428 29 11 1 131 1 .895 3.23 Steve Weeks Junior Northern Michigan 25 1437 13 8 2 82 0 .902 3.42 Jim Craig Junior Boston University 19 1009 13 4 2 60 1 - 3.57 Mel Donnelly Junior North Dakota 10 561 - - - 34 0 .881 3.66 Greg Moffett Sophomore New Hampshire 31 1431 21 - - 89 0 .892 3.73 Awards NCAA Award Recipient Spencer Penrose Award Charlie Holt, New Hampshire Most Outstanding Player in NCAA Tournament Steve Janaszak, Minnesota AHCA All-American Teams East Team   Position   West Team Jim Craig, Boston University G Bob Iwabuchi, North Dakota Louis Cote, Vermont D Bill Baker, Minnesota Jack O'Callahan, Boston University D Curt Giles, Minnesota-Duluth Ralph Cox, New Hampshire F Mark Johnson, Wisconsin Joe Mullen, Boston College F Kevin Maxwell, North Dakota Lance Nethery, Cornell F Mark Pavelich, Minnesota-Duluth CCHA Award Recipient Player of the Year Ken Morrow, Bowling Green Rookie of the Year George McPhee, Bowling Green Coach of the Year Ron Mason, Bowling Green All-CCHA Teams First Team   Position   Second Team Wally Charko, Bowling Green G Steve Jones, Ohio State G Murray Skinner, Lake Superior State G Steve Weeks, Northern Michigan Ken Morrow, Bowling Green D George Kryzer, Saint Louis Tom Laidlaw, Northern Michigan D Doug Butler, Saint Louis Paul Tilley, Ohio State F George McPhee, Bowling Green John Markell, Bowling Green F Chris Valentine, Saint Louis Mark Wells, Bowling Green F Ron Sandzik, Lake Superior State ECAC Award Recipient Player of the Year Ralph Cox, New Hampshire Rookie of the Year Bill Whelton, Boston University Most Outstanding Player in Tournament Greg Moffett, New Hampshire All-ECAC Hockey Teams First Team   Position   Second Team Jim Craig, Boston University G Greg Moffett, New Hampshire Louis Cote, Vermont D Jim Korn, Providence Jack O'Callahan, Boston University D Mike Mastrullo, Brown Joe Mullen, Boston College F Bob Gould, New Hampshire Lance Nethery, Cornell F Brock Tredway, Cornell Ralph Cox, New Hampshire F Colin Ahern, Providence WCHA Award Recipient Most Valuable Player Mark Johnson, Wisconsin Freshman of the Year Kevin Maxwell, North Dakota Coach of the Year Gino Gasparini, North Dakota All-WCHA Teams First Team   Position   Second Team Bob Iwabuchi, North Dakota G John Rockwell, Michigan Tech Curt Giles, Minnesota-Duluth D Bob Suter, Wisconsin Bill Baker, Minnesota D Dave Feamster, Colorado College Mark Pavelich, Minnesota-Duluth F Gord Salt, Michigan Tech Mark Johnson, Wisconsin F Dave Delich, Colorado College Kevin Maxwell, North Dakota F Steve Christoff, Minnesota 1979 NHL Entry Draft Main article: 1979 NHL Entry Draft Round Pick Player College Conference NHL team 1 11 Mike Ramsey Minnesota WCHA Buffalo Sabres 2 40 Dave Christian North Dakota WCHA Winnipeg Jets 3 42 Neal Broten Minnesota WCHA Minnesota North Stars 3 61 Bill Whelton Boston University ECAC Hockey Winnipeg Jets 3 63 Kevin Maxwell North Dakota WCHA Minnesota North Stars 4 69 Glenn Anderson Denver WCHA Edmonton Oilers 5 92 Jim Brown Notre Dame WCHA Los Angeles Kings 5 97 Dan Makuch Clarkson ECAC Hockey New York Rangers 6 113 Jay McFarlane Wisconsin WCHA Los Angeles Kings 6 114 Bill McCreary Colgate ECAC Hockey Toronto Maple Leafs 6 115 Marc Chorney North Dakota WCHA Pittsburgh Penguins 6 117 Glenn Johnson Denver WCHA Atlanta Flames 6 121 Greg Moffett New Hampshire ECAC Hockey Montreal Canadiens 6 122 John Gibb Bowling Green CCHA New York Islanders 6 123 Dave McDonald ‡ Minnesota–Duluth WCHA Hartford Whalers 6 124 Tim Watters Michigan Tech WCHA Winnipeg Jets † incoming freshman‡ McDonald had left school mid-season. See also 1978–79 NCAA Division II men's ice hockey season 1978–79 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey season References ^ "2012-13 CCHA Media Guide". CCHA. Retrieved June 29, 2014. ^ "2008-09 ECAC Hockey Media Guide" (PDF). ECAC Hockey. Retrieved June 29, 2014. ^ "2008-09 WCHA Yearbook 113-128" (PDF). WCHA. Retrieved June 29, 2014. ^ "NCAA Tournament". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ a b "1978-79 NCAA Division I Statistics". Elite Prospects. Retrieved June 4, 2016. ^ "NCAA Division I Awards". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved June 11, 2013. ^ "Men's Ice Hockey Award Winners" (PDF). NCAA.org. Retrieved June 11, 2013. ^ "CCHA Awards". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "CCHA All-Teams". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "ECAC Awards". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "ECAC All-Teams". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "WCHA Awards". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "WCHA All-Teams". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013. ^ "1979 NHL Entry Draft". Hockey DB. Retrieved October 25, 2023. External links College Hockey Historical Archives 1978–79 NCAA Standings vteNCAA Division I men's ice hockey seasonsPre–NCAA seasons 1894–95 1895–96 1896–97 1897–98 1898–99 1899–1900 1900–01 1901–02 1902–03 1903–04 1904–05 1905–06 1906–07 1907–08 1908–09 1909–10 1910–11 1911–12 1912–13 1913–14 1914–15 1915–16 1916–17 1917–18 1918–19 1919–20 1920–21 1921–22 1922–23 1923–24 1924–25 1925–26 1926–27 1927–28 1928–29 1929–30 1930–31 1931–32 1932–33 1933–34 1934–35 1935–36 1936–37 1937–38 1938–39 1939–40 1940–41 1941–42 1942–43 1943–44 1944–45 1945–46 1946–47 NCAA seasons 1947–48 1948–49 1949–50 1950–51 1951–52 1952–53 1953–54 1954–55 1955–56 1956–57 1957–58 1958–59 1959–60 1960–61 1961–62 1962–63 1963–64 1964–65 1965–66 1966–67 1967–68 1968–69 1969–70 1970–71 1971–72 1972–73 1973–74 1974–75 1975–76 1976–77 1977–78 1978–79 1979–80 1980–81 1981–82 1982–83 1983–84 1984–85 1985–86 1986–87 1987–88 1988–89 1989–90 1990–91 1991–92 1992–93 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Division I Conferences Atlantic Hockey Big Ten CCHA ECAC Hockey Hockey East NCHC Defunct Conferences CHA Great West MAAC Tri-State League WCHA NCAA awards All-American Teams Hobey Baker Award Spencer Penrose Award Tim Taylor Award Derek Hines Unsung Hero Award Mike Richter Award NCAA Scoring Champion Most Outstanding Player in NCAA Tournament
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1979 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1979_NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Ice_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Olympia Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympia_Stadium"},{"link_name":"Detroit, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_seasons"}],"text":"The 1978–79 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season began in October 1978 and concluded with the 1979 NCAA Division I Men's Ice Hockey Tournament's championship game on March 24, 1979 at the Olympia Stadium in Detroit, Michigan. This was the 32nd season in which an NCAA ice hockey championship was held and is the 85th year overall where an NCAA school fielded a team.","title":"1978–79 NCAA Division I men's ice hockey season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Season Outlook"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"WMPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WMPL"}],"sub_title":"Pre-season poll","text":"The top teams in the nation voted on by coaches before the start of the season. The poll was compiled by radio station WMPL.","title":"Season Outlook"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Season tournaments","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"sub_title":"Standings","text":"[1][2][3]","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Final regular season polls","text":"The final top 10 teams as ranked by coaches (WMPL) before the conference tournament finals.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Note: * denotes overtime period(s)[4]","title":"1979 NCAA Tournament"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-5"}],"sub_title":"Scoring leaders","text":"The following players led the league in points at the conclusion of the season.GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; PIM = Penalty minutes[5]","title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"goals against average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goals_against_average"},{"link_name":"Save percentage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Save_percentage"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stats-5"}],"sub_title":"Leading goaltenders","text":"The following goaltenders led the league in goals against average at the end of the regular season while playing at least 33% of their team's total minutes.GP = Games played; Min = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; OT = Overtime/shootout losses; GA = Goals against; SO = Shutouts; SV% = Save percentage; GAA = Goals against average[5]","title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season&action=edit&section=12"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Spencer Penrose Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Penrose_Award"},{"link_name":"Charlie Holt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Holt"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Most Outstanding Player in NCAA Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NCAA_Division_I_Ice_Hockey_Tournament_Most_Outstanding_Player"},{"link_name":"Steve Janaszak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Janaszak"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"AHCA All-American 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Pavelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pavelich"},{"link_name":"Minnesota-Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota-Duluth_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season&action=edit&section=13"},{"link_name":"Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Collegiate_Hockey_Association#Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CCHA_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Ken Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Rookie of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_CCHA_Rookie_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"George 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Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"Steve Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steve_Jones_(ice_hockey)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"Murray Skinner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Murray_Skinner&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_State_Lakers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"Steve Weeks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Weeks"},{"link_name":"Northern Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Michigan_Wildcats_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Ken Morrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Morrow"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"George Kryzer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Kryzer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Billikens_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Tom Laidlaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Laidlaw"},{"link_name":"Northern Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Michigan_Wildcats_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"Doug Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doug_Butler&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Billikens_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Paul Tilley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Tilley_(ice_hockey)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ohio State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_State_Buckeyes_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"George McPhee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_McPhee"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"John Markell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Markell"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Chris Valentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Valentine"},{"link_name":"Saint Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Louis_Billikens_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Mark Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Wells"},{"link_name":"Bowling Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowling_Green_Falcons_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Ron Sandzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ron_Sandzik&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lake Superior State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Superior_State_Lakers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season&action=edit&section=14"},{"link_name":"Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECAC_Hockey#Awards"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Player of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Ralph Cox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Cox"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Rookie of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Rookie_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Bill Whelton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Whelton"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Most Outstanding Player in Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ECAC_Hockey_Most_Outstanding_Player_in_Tournament"},{"link_name":"Greg Moffett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Moffett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"All-ECAC Hockey Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"First Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams#First_Team"},{"link_name":"Second Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-ECAC_Hockey_Teams#Second_Team"},{"link_name":"Jim Craig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Craig_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goaltender"},{"link_name":"Greg Moffett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greg_Moffett&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire_Wildcats_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Louis Cote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Cote_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Vermont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vermont_Catamounts_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"Jim Korn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Korn"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Friars_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Jack O'Callahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_O%27Callahan"},{"link_name":"Boston University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_University_Terriers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"Mike Mastrullo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mastrullo"},{"link_name":"Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_Bears_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Joe Mullen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Mullen"},{"link_name":"Boston College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_College_Eagles_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Bob Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Gould_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"New 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Ahern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colin_Ahern&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence_Friars_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1978%E2%80%9379_NCAA_Division_I_men%27s_ice_hockey_season&action=edit&section=15"},{"link_name":"Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WCHA#Awards_(men's)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Most Valuable Player","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Collegiate_Hockey_Association_men%27s_individual_awards#Player_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Mark Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Freshman of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Collegiate_Hockey_Association_men%27s_individual_awards#Rookie_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Kevin Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Maxwell_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Sioux_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Coach of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Collegiate_Hockey_Association_men%27s_individual_awards#Coach_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"Gino Gasparini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gasparini"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Sioux_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"All-WCHA Teams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-WCHA_Hockey_Teams"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"First Team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_All-WCHA_Hockey_Teams#First_Team"},{"link_name":"Second 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Suter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Suter"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Bill Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Baker_(ice_hockey,_born_1956)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defenceman"},{"link_name":"Dave Feamster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Feamster"},{"link_name":"Colorado College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_College_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Mark Pavelich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Pavelich"},{"link_name":"Minnesota-Duluth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota-Duluth_Bulldogs_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Gord Salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gord_Salt&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michigan Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_Tech_Huskies_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Mark Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Johnson_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Badgers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Dave Delich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dave_Delich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Colorado College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorado_College_Tigers_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Kevin Maxwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Maxwell_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"North Dakota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota_Fighting_Sioux_men%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forward_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Steve Christoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Christoff"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_men%27s_ice_hockey"}],"text":"NCAA[edit]\n\n\n\nAward[6]\nRecipient\n\n\nSpencer Penrose Award\nCharlie Holt, New Hampshire\n\n\nMost Outstanding Player in NCAA Tournament\nSteve Janaszak, Minnesota\n\n\nAHCA All-American Teams[7]\n\n\nEast Team\n  Position  \nWest Team\n\n\nJim Craig, Boston University\n\nG\n\nBob Iwabuchi, North Dakota\n\n\nLouis Cote, Vermont\n\nD\n\nBill Baker, Minnesota\n\n\nJack O'Callahan, Boston University\n\nD\n\nCurt Giles, Minnesota-Duluth\n\n\nRalph Cox, New Hampshire\n\nF\n\nMark Johnson, Wisconsin\n\n\nJoe Mullen, Boston College\n\nF\n\nKevin Maxwell, North Dakota\n\n\nLance Nethery, Cornell\n\nF\n\nMark Pavelich, Minnesota-Duluth\n\n\n\nCCHA[edit]\n\n\n\nAward[8]\nRecipient\n\n\nPlayer of the Year\nKen Morrow, Bowling Green\n\n\nRookie of the Year\nGeorge McPhee, Bowling Green\n\n\nCoach of the Year\nRon Mason, Bowling Green\n\n\nAll-CCHA Teams[9]\n\n\nFirst Team\n  Position  \nSecond Team\n\n\nWally Charko, Bowling Green\n\nG\n\nSteve Jones, Ohio State\n\n\n\n\nG\n\nMurray Skinner, Lake Superior State\n\n\n\n\nG\n\nSteve Weeks, Northern Michigan\n\n\nKen Morrow, Bowling Green\n\nD\n\nGeorge Kryzer, Saint Louis\n\n\nTom Laidlaw, Northern Michigan\n\nD\n\nDoug Butler, Saint Louis\n\n\nPaul Tilley, Ohio State\n\nF\n\nGeorge McPhee, Bowling Green\n\n\nJohn Markell, Bowling Green\n\nF\n\nChris Valentine, Saint Louis\n\n\nMark Wells, Bowling Green\n\nF\n\nRon Sandzik, Lake Superior StateECAC[edit]\n\n\n\nAward[10]\nRecipient\n\n\nPlayer of the Year\nRalph Cox, New Hampshire\n\n\nRookie of the Year\nBill Whelton, Boston University\n\n\nMost Outstanding Player in Tournament\nGreg Moffett, New Hampshire\n\n\nAll-ECAC Hockey Teams[11]\n\n\nFirst Team\n  Position  \nSecond Team\n\n\nJim Craig, Boston University\n\nG\n\nGreg Moffett, New Hampshire\n\n\nLouis Cote, Vermont\n\nD\n\nJim Korn, Providence\n\n\nJack O'Callahan, Boston University\n\nD\n\nMike Mastrullo, Brown\n\n\nJoe Mullen, Boston College\n\nF\n\nBob Gould, New Hampshire\n\n\nLance Nethery, Cornell\n\nF\n\nBrock Tredway, Cornell\n\n\nRalph Cox, New Hampshire\n\nF\n\nColin Ahern, Providence\n\n\n\n\nWCHA[edit]\n\n\n\nAward[12]\nRecipient\n\n\nMost Valuable Player\nMark Johnson, Wisconsin\n\n\nFreshman of the Year\nKevin Maxwell, North Dakota\n\n\nCoach of the Year\nGino Gasparini, North Dakota\n\n\nAll-WCHA Teams[13]\n\n\nFirst Team\n  Position  \nSecond Team\n\n\nBob Iwabuchi, North Dakota\n\nG\n\nJohn Rockwell, Michigan Tech\n\n\nCurt Giles, Minnesota-Duluth\n\nD\n\nBob Suter, Wisconsin\n\n\nBill Baker, Minnesota\n\nD\n\nDave Feamster, Colorado College\n\n\nMark Pavelich, Minnesota-Duluth\n\nF\n\nGord Salt, Michigan Tech\n\n\nMark Johnson, Wisconsin\n\nF\n\nDave Delich, Colorado College\n\n\nKevin Maxwell, North Dakota\n\nF\n\nSteve Christoff, Minnesota","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"† incoming freshman‡ McDonald had left school mid-season.\n[14]","title":"1979 NHL Entry Draft"}]
[]
[{"title":"1978–79 NCAA Division II men's ice hockey season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_NCAA_Division_II_men%27s_ice_hockey_season"},{"title":"1978–79 NCAA Division III men's ice hockey season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978%E2%80%9379_NCAA_Division_III_men%27s_ice_hockey_season"}]
[{"reference":"\"2012-13 CCHA Media Guide\". CCHA. Retrieved June 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://issuu.com/cchahockey/docs/2012-13_ccha_media_guide_final_2a_compressed","url_text":"\"2012-13 CCHA Media Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008-09 ECAC Hockey Media Guide\" (PDF). ECAC Hockey. Retrieved June 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ecachockey.com/men/history/Summaries-I.pdf","url_text":"\"2008-09 ECAC Hockey Media Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"2008-09 WCHA Yearbook 113-128\" (PDF). WCHA. Retrieved June 29, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://wcha.com/pdf/mguide0910/Ybk-113-128.pdf","url_text":"\"2008-09 WCHA Yearbook 113-128\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCAA Tournament\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ncaa_trn.html","url_text":"\"NCAA Tournament\""}]},{"reference":"\"1978-79 NCAA Division I Statistics\". Elite Prospects. Retrieved June 4, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eliteprospects.com/league.php?leagueid=NCAA&season=1978","url_text":"\"1978-79 NCAA Division I Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"\"NCAA Division I Awards\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved June 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ncaa_awd.html","url_text":"\"NCAA Division I Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"Men's Ice Hockey Award Winners\" (PDF). NCAA.org. Retrieved June 11, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/m_icehockey_rb/2013/MIH%20awards%20for%202013.pdf","url_text":"\"Men's Ice Hockey Award Winners\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCHA Awards\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ccha_awd.html","url_text":"\"CCHA Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"CCHA All-Teams\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ccha_all.html","url_text":"\"CCHA All-Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"ECAC Awards\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ecac_awd.html","url_text":"\"ECAC Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"ECAC All-Teams\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/ecac_all.html","url_text":"\"ECAC All-Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"WCHA Awards\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/wcha_awd.html","url_text":"\"WCHA Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"WCHA All-Teams\". College Hockey Historical Archives. Retrieved May 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.augenblick.org/chha/wcha_all.html","url_text":"\"WCHA All-Teams\""}]},{"reference":"\"1979 NHL Entry Draft\". Hockey DB. Retrieved October 25, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/draft/nhl1979e.html","url_text":"\"1979 NHL Entry Draft\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himansh_Kohli
Himansh Kohli
["1 Biography","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Films","3.2 Television","3.3 Music videos","4 References","5 External links"]
Indian actor (born 1989) Himansh KohliKohli in 2014Born (1989-11-03) 3 November 1989 (age 34)Delhi, IndiaOccupationactorPartnerNeha Kakkar (2014-2018) Himansh Kohli (born 3 November 1989) is an Indian actor from Delhi. He is best known for his role as Raghav Oberoi in the Hindi drama Humse Hai Liife. He made his Bollywood debut with Yaariyaan (2014). Biography Kohli was born to father Vipin Kohli and mother Neeru Kohli and brought up in Delhi. Since his childhood he had been a big fan of Rajesh Khanna, drawing inspiration from him. Career Kohli worked as a Radio Jockey (RJ) at Radio Mirchi in Delhi from May to July 2011. He made his debut on TV with Channel V's daily soap opera Humse Hai Liife. He played the character Raghav Oberoi, the male protagonist in Humse Hai Liife. He was on the show from 5 September 2011 to 12 June 2012, and left when he was given a role in a feature film. He came back to the show in November 2012 to shoot for the show's final episode. In May 2012, director Divya Kumar cast Kohli as one of the lead actors for the Bollywood movieYaariyaan, to play the character Lakshya. The film which was released on 10 January 2014 became a box office success. In 2017, Kohli appeared in four films: drama film Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai directed by Keshhav Panneriy, romantic comedy Sweetiee Weds NRI, Ranchi Diaries, and Dil Jo Na Keh Saka. Filmography Films Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2014 Yaariyan Lakshya 2017 Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai Alex Sweetiee Weds NRI Aakash Patel Ranchi Diaries Manish Dil Jo Na Keh Saka Jai 2018 Abhi Nahi Toh Kabhi Nahi Gaurav TBA Boondi Raita † TBA Filming Television Year Title Role Ref. 2011-2012 Humse Hai Liife Raghav Oberoi Music videos Year Title Singer(s) Ref. 2018 Oh Humsafar Neha Kakkar, Tony Kakkar 2019 Tera Shehar Mohd. Kalam 2020 Tenu Vekhi Jaavan Asees Kaur, Shahid Mallya 2021 Main Jis Bhulaa Du Tulsi Kumar, Jubin Nautiyal Wafa Na Raas Aayi Jubin Nautiyal Bewafa Tera Muskurana Dil Galti Kar Baitha Hai Chura Liya Sachet–Parampara 2022 Meri Tarah Jubin Nautiyal, Payal Dev Mast Nazron Se Jubin Nautiyal 2023 Daayein Baayein Yasser Desai Bhool Jaa Arijit Singh References ^ a b c "Himansh Kohli". Indicine. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2018. ^ a b "Himansh Kohli". Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018. ^ "Neha Kakkar posts emotional note after break-up with Himansh, breaks down on Indian Idol 10 sets". India Today. 16 December 2018. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2020. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "In a romantic vein : The Tribune India". Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 3 March 2017. ^ Himansh Kohli. "I, ME, MYSELF – Himansh Kohli!". Rangmunchtv. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013. ^ "Abigail Jain in new show Humse Hai Life on Channel ". Metro Masti. Archived from the original on 12 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013. ^ Varun Kapoor enters Humse Hai Life on Channel V Archived 2 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine, The Times of India 1 June 2012, retrieved 11 May 2014 ^ "Himansh Kohli: We shouldn't let a situation become bigger than life - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ "Divya Kumar finds the leading man for her directorial debut". Mid Day. 24 September 2012. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013. Retrieved 10 October 2013. ^ "Himansh Kohli learns Gujarati for 'Sweetie Desai Weds NRI'". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 20 May 2017. Retrieved 30 October 2016. ^ Yaariyan Movie Review {2/5}: Critic Review of Yaariyan by Times of India, retrieved 29 October 2021 ^ "Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai: Choppy dubbing and lazy editing seal the movie's fate". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ Sweetiee Weds NRI Review {2.5/5}: Watch this one strictly if you are a romantic film buff, retrieved 29 October 2021 ^ "Ranchi Diaries movie review: A story best not told". Hindustan Times. 13 October 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ Dil Jo Na Keh Saka Movie: Showtimes, Review, Trailer, Posters, News & Videos | eTimes, retrieved 29 October 2021 ^ "Abhi Nahi Toh Kabhi Nahi Cast List | Abhi Nahi Toh Kabhi Nahi Movie Star Cast | Release Date | Movie Trailer | Review- Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ "Himansh Kohli feels elated as he is set to resume shoot for 'Boondi Raita' in Dehradun". PINKVILLA. 7 December 2021. Retrieved 14 August 2022. ^ "Boondi Raita Cast List | Boondi Raita Movie Star Cast | Release Date | Movie Trailer | Review- Bollywood Hungama". Bollywood Hungama. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ "Humse Hai Liife: Latest News, Videos and Photos of Humse Hai Liife | Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 October 2021. ^ "Oh Humsafar Song Out: Neha Kakkar – Himansh Kohli's Chemistry Will Make you Believe They are in Love With Each Other | India.com". www.india.com. Retrieved 9 November 2021. ^ "Latest Hindi Song 'Tera Shehar' Sung By Mohd. Kalam | Hindi Video Songs - Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Watch Latest 2020 Punjabi Song 'Tenu Vekhi Jaavan' Sung By Shahid Mallya, Asees Kaur | Punjabi Video Songs - Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Check Out New Hindi Trending Song Music Video - 'Main Jis Din Bhulaa Du' Sung By Jubin Nautiyal, Tulsi Kumar, Rochak Kohli featuring Himansh Kohli & Sneha Namanandi | Hindi Video Songs - Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Check Out Latest Trending Hindi Song Music Video - 'Wafa Na Raas Aayee' Sung By Meet Bros Feat. Jubin Nautiyal | Hindi Video Songs - Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Watch Latest Hindi Song 'Bewafa Tera Muskurana' Sung By Jubin Nautiyal | Hindi Video Songs - Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Check Out New Hindi Hit Song Music Video - 'Dil Galti Kar Baitha Hai' Sung By Jubin Nautiyal Featuring Mouni Roy | Hindi Video Songs - Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Watch Latest Hindi Song Music Video - 'Chura Liya' Sung By Sachet And Parampara Featuring Himansh Kohli & Anushka Sen | Hindi Video Songs - Times of India". timesofindia.indiatimes.com. Retrieved 11 October 2021. ^ "Himansh Kohli, Gautam Gulati And Heli Daruwala Come Together For Bhushan Kumar's T - Series Music Track". NDTV.com. Retrieved 13 January 2022. ^ "जुबिन नौटियाल- निकिता दत्ता ने लिए सात फेरे, 'Mast Nazron Se' गाना रिलीज". Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 1 April 2022. ^ "Shakti Mohan and Himansh Kohli's 'Daayein Baayein' sets Valentine's Day mood". Outlook India. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023. ^ Bhool Jaa: Himansh Kohli, Aayushi Verma | Arijit Singh | Piyush S | T-Series, retrieved 20 December 2023 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Himansh Kohli. Himansh Kohli at IMDb Himansh Kohli on Facebook
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indicine-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ToI-2"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"Humse Hai Liife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humse_Hai_Liife"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Yaariyaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaariyan_(2014_film)"}],"text":"Indian actor (born 1989)Himansh Kohli (born 3 November 1989[1][2]) is an Indian actor from Delhi. He is best known for his role as Raghav Oberoi in the Hindi drama Humse Hai Liife. He made his Bollywood debut with Yaariyaan (2014).","title":"Himansh Kohli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indicine-1"},{"link_name":"Rajesh Khanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Khanna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Kohli was born to father Vipin Kohli and mother Neeru Kohli and brought up in Delhi.[1] Since his childhood he had been a big fan of Rajesh Khanna, drawing inspiration from him.[4][5]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ranfmunchtv-6"},{"link_name":"Radio Mirchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Mirchi"},{"link_name":"Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi"},{"link_name":"Channel V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_V"},{"link_name":"Humse Hai Liife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humse_Hai_Liife"},{"link_name":"Humse Hai Liife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humse_Hai_Liife"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-indiatimes1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Divya Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divya_Khosla_Kumar"},{"link_name":"Bollywood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollywood"},{"link_name":"Yaariyaan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaariyan_(2014_film)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeena_Isi_Ka_Naam_Hai_(film)"},{"link_name":"Sweetiee Weds NRI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweetiee_Weds_NRI"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Ranchi Diaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranchi_Diaries"},{"link_name":"Dil Jo Na Keh Saka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil_Jo_Na_Keh_Saka"}],"text":"Kohli worked as a Radio Jockey (RJ)[6] at Radio Mirchi in Delhi from May to July 2011. He made his debut on TV with Channel V's daily soap opera Humse Hai Liife. He played the character Raghav Oberoi, the male protagonist in Humse Hai Liife.[7] He was on the show from 5 September 2011 to 12 June 2012, and left when he was given a role in a feature film.[8] He came back to the show in November 2012 to shoot for the show's final episode.[9]In May 2012, director Divya Kumar cast Kohli as one of the lead actors for the Bollywood movieYaariyaan, to play the character Lakshya.[10] The film which was released on 10 January 2014 became a box office success.In 2017, Kohli appeared in four films: drama film Jeena Isi Ka Naam Hai directed by Keshhav Panneriy, romantic comedy Sweetiee Weds NRI,[11] Ranchi Diaries, and Dil Jo Na Keh Saka.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Films","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Music videos","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Himansh Kohli\". Indicine. Archived from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131111062240/http://www.indicine.com/name/himansh-kohli/","url_text":"\"Himansh Kohli\""},{"url":"http://www.indicine.com/name/himansh-kohli/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Himansh Kohli\". Times of India. Archived from the original on 12 October 2018. Retrieved 31 May 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Himansh-Kohli","url_text":"\"Himansh Kohli\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181012173045/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Himansh-Kohli","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Neha Kakkar posts emotional note after break-up with Himansh, breaks down on Indian Idol 10 sets\". India Today. 16 December 2018. Archived from the original on 10 January 2019. Retrieved 2 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/neha-kakkar-posts-emotional-note-after-breakup-with-himansh-breaks-down-on-indian-idol-10-sets-1410477-2018-12-16","url_text":"\"Neha Kakkar posts emotional note after break-up with Himansh, breaks down on Indian Idol 10 sets\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190110022535/https://www.indiatoday.in/television/reality-tv/story/neha-kakkar-posts-emotional-note-after-breakup-with-himansh-breaks-down-on-indian-idol-10-sets-1410477-2018-12-16","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. Retrieved 29 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.itimes.com/people/himansh-kohli-actor","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201011143413/https://www.indiatimes.com/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"In a romantic vein : The Tribune India\". Archived from the original on 11 October 2020. 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Navbharat Times (in Hindi). Retrieved 1 April 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://navbharattimes.indiatimes.com/video/movie-masti/music/jubin-nautiyal-nikita-dutta-new-song-mast-nazron-se-video-is-out-now/videoshow/90567659.cms","url_text":"\"जुबिन नौटियाल- निकिता दत्ता ने लिए सात फेरे, 'Mast Nazron Se' गाना रिलीज\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shakti Mohan and Himansh Kohli's 'Daayein Baayein' sets Valentine's Day mood\". Outlook India. 13 February 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.outlookindia.com/art-entertainment/shakti-mohan-himansh-kohli-s-daayein-baayein-sets-valentine-s-day-mood-news-261946","url_text":"\"Shakti Mohan and Himansh Kohli's 'Daayein Baayein' sets Valentine's Day mood\""}]},{"reference":"Bhool Jaa: Himansh Kohli, Aayushi Verma | Arijit Singh | Piyush S | T-Series, retrieved 20 December 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CSp6TC0gUdc","url_text":"Bhool Jaa: Himansh Kohli, Aayushi Verma | Arijit Singh | Piyush S | T-Series"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard_Peterson_(gymnast)
Leonard Peterson (gymnast)
["1 References","2 External links"]
Swedish artistic gymnast Olympic medal record Men's Gymnastics 1908 London Gymnastics team C. J. Leonard Peterson (30 October 1885 – 15 April 1956) was a Swedish gymnast who competed in the 1908 Summer Olympics. He was part of the Swedish team, which was able to win the gold medal in the gymnastics men's team event in 1908. References ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Leonard Peterson Olympic Results". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 15 July 2019. ^ "Leonard Peterson". Olympedia. Retrieved 1 March 2021. External links Leonard Peterson at Olympedia Leonard Peterson at the Swedish Olympic Committee (in Swedish) vteOlympic Champions in Artistic Gymnastics – Men's Team All-Around 1904:  Mixed team (ZZX) 1908:  Sweden (SWE) 1912:  Italy (ITA) 1920:  Italy (ITA) 1924:  Italy (ITA) 1928:  Switzerland (SUI) 1932:  Italy (ITA) 1936:  Germany (GER) 1948:  Finland (FIN) 1952:  Soviet Union (URS) 1956:  Soviet Union (URS) 1960:  Japan (JPN) 1964:  Japan (JPN) 1968:  Japan (JPN) 1972:  Japan (JPN) 1976:  Japan (JPN) 1980:  Soviet Union (URS) 1984:  United States (USA) 1988:  Soviet Union (URS) 1992:  Unified Team (EUN) 1996:  Russia (RUS) 2000:  China (CHN) 2004:  Japan (JPN) 2008:  China (CHN) 2012:  China (CHN) 2016:  Japan (JPN) 2020:  ROC 1908  Sweden (SWE): Gösta Åsbrink, Carl Bertilsson, Hjalmar Cedercrona, Andreas Cervin, Rudolf Degermark, Carl Folcker, Sven Forssman, Erik Granfelt, Carl Hårleman, Nils Hellsten, Gunnar Höjer, Arvid Holmberg, Carl Holmberg, Oswald Holmberg, Hugo Jahnke, John Jarlén, Gustaf Johnsson, Rolf Johnsson, Nils von Kantzow, Sven Landberg, Olle Lanner, Axel Ljung, Osvald Moberg, Carl Martin Norberg, Erik Norberg, Tor Norberg, Axel Norling, Daniel Norling, Gösta Olson, Leonard Peterson, Sven Rosén, Gustaf Rosenquist, Axel Sjöblom, Birger Sörvik, Haakon Sörvik, Karl Johan Svensson, Karl Gustaf Vinqvist, Nils Widforss This article about a Swedish Olympic medalist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to Swedish artistic gymnastics is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_Rainy_Day_Activities
Madeline (video game series)
["1 Titles","2 Overview","2.1 Gameplay","2.2 Settings and characters","3 Goals","3.1 Education","3.2 Feminism","4 Development","4.1 Creative Wonders (1995–1997)","4.2 The Learning Company era (1997-1999)","4.3 Mattel and discontinuation (1999-present)","5 Promotion","6 Commercial performance","7 Critical response","7.1 Gameplay and graphics","7.2 Voice acting and characterization","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Citations","9.2 Sources","10 External links"]
French educational video game series Video game seriesMadelineSeries logoGenre(s)Educational, adventureDeveloper(s)Vortex Media ArtsPublisher(s)Creative Wonders(ABC/EA 1995–1997)(The Learning Company 1998)(Mattel Interactive 1999)Creator(s)Ludwig Bemelmans (franchise)Greg Bestick (video games)Artist(s)Laurie Bauman (original design)Annie Fox (original design)Platform(s)Microsoft Windows, Mac OSFirst releaseMadeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning JourneyNA: November 15, 1995Latest releaseMadeline 1st and 2nd Grade MathNA: July 12, 1999 Madeline is a series of educational point-and-click adventure video games which were developed during the mid-1990s for Windows and Mac systems. The games are an extension of the Madeline series of children's books by Ludwig Bemelmans, which describe the adventures of a young French girl. The video-game series was produced concurrently with a TV series of the same name, with characters and voice actors from the show. In each game, Madeline guides the player through educational mini-games. Activities include reading comprehension, mathematics, problem-solving, basic French and Spanish vocabulary, and cultural studies. Each game focuses on a different subject. Although the series is set primarily in Madeline's boarding school in Paris (and its surrounding neighborhoods), some games are set in other European countries. The series was conceived by Creative Wonders president Greg Bestick and developed by Vortex Media Arts. It aimed to provide educational material to preschool and early-elementary-grade girls with a recognizable, appealing character. Educators, parents, and children were consulted during the series' development. The first game, Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey, was released in the fall of 1995 to coincide with the premiere of The New Adventures of Madeline animated television series. The series has eight games and two compilations. The games were published by Creative Wonders, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) and Mattel Interactive. They were developed in association with DIC Entertainment, which held the rights to the game and the TV series. Creative Wonders and the Learning Company conducted several promotional campaigns for the games. The series was commercially successful, with individual games frequently appearing on lists of best-selling games. It was generally well received by critics for its focus on education and its animation style. In 1998, Creative Wonders was purchased by The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey), and in 1999 the series was discontinued when Creative Wonders was dissolved and demand lessened for children's point and click games. Titles Release timeline1995 Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey 1996 Madeline Thinking GamesMadeline European Adventures1997 Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool and KindergartenMadeline Classroom Companion: 1st and 2nd Grade 1998Madeline Thinking Games DeluxeMadeline Rainy Day ActivitiesMadeline 1st and 2nd Grade ReadingMadeline 1st & 2nd Grade Reading Deluxe1999 Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math  Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was the first game in the series. Its release was scheduled to promote the American ABC TV animated series, The New Adventures of Madeline. Set in Paris, the game follows Madeline as she organizes a puppet show to raise money to help her neighbor avoid eviction by his greedy landlord. In the second game, Madeline Thinking Games, Madeline invites the player to explore the rooms and gardens of her boarding school with educational minigames. This was followed by Madeline European Adventures (also known as Madeline European Vacation), in which Madeline tracks down a man who stole a genie's magic lamp and travels to Zermatt, Venice and Istanbul. Madeline Classroom Companion: 1st and 2nd Grade was part of the Madeline Classroom Companion series, with games designed for children aged four to eight. The story follows Madeline on a tour of her Paris neighborhood. Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe was a combination of Madeline Thinking Games and Madeline European Adventures. Madeline Rainy Day Activities, the sixth game, is set in Madeline's Catholic boarding school in Paris and follows her as she busies herself during rainy weather. Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Reading is also set in the boarding school, where Madeline guides the player through activities encouraging reading comprehension. From Madeline's imaginary magic attic, the player could travel to a carnival in Venice and visit Egyptian pyramids. The game was later re-released as Madeline: 1st and 2nd Grade Reading Deluxe. Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool and Kindergarten was part of the Madeline Classroom Companion series of games for four- to eight-year-olds. Similar to Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade, it follows Madeline on a tour of her neighborhood with a variety of activities. Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math, the final game in the series, was released as a two-CD-ROM set on July 12, 1999. The discs were also sold separately as Madeline 1st Grade Math and Madeline 2nd Grade Math. Set in the Louvre and the Musée d'Orsay, Madeline guides the player through nine works of art. Each is given a Madeline-related name change; the Mona Lisa is reimagined as Mona Clavel after Miss Clavel, the headmistress of Madeline's school. The paintings help teach addition, subtraction, and multiplication. The game was released for the 60th anniversary of the 1939 publication of Madeline. Overview Gameplay The games have a point and click interface, which players use to navigate through screens, interact with characters and manipulate objects to complete tasks and overcome obstacles at a comfortable speed. The series' gameplay has been compared to other edutainment games, such as Big Thinkers, Fisher-Price video games, JumpStart and Reader Rabbit. The games contain minigames about reading comprehension, mathematics, problem-solving and cultural studies. They have a simple, straightforward design. The interface varied during the series; Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show and Madeline's European Adventures were designed to look (and play) like interactive storybook adventure games, and Madeline Thinking Games was designed as a series of in-game activities. Madeline European Adventures requires players to search each screen in first person, similar to Myst. Screenshot of a minigame in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math. The minigames' subjects vary; in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Reading, reading comprehension and spelling are taught by completing crossword puzzles, arranging words in alphabetical order and finding synonyms and antonyms for words. Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math focuses on building math knowledge; Madeline coaches the player through 55 activities covering a two-year mathematics curriculum, including lessons on "logic, time, money skills, sequencing, fractions, geometry, estimation, and patterns". Basic French and Spanish vocabulary are taught throughout the series. In Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey players can click on objects to hear English, French and Spanish, and can review vocabulary by playing "Concentration". Madeline European Adventures contains 100 words in Spanish and French and information about European countries, flags, and culture through an interactive map and repeatable activities. The series' gameplay includes references to European culture and foreign languages. In-game activities include dressing up Madeline's friends (and dog) in a variety of outfits and creating postcards, masks, door signs and stickers. In Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe, the player can design Madeline's bedroom by changing its wallpaper, carpeting and furniture. Personalized graphics, printable activities and reward certificates are common to the games, and players can watch (and sing along with) music videos in Madeline Thinking Games. Madeline was targeted at younger players, with age recommendations varying by reviewers. The series was deemed appropriate for "even the youngest pre-readers" by one video-game reviewer; according to others, the series was best suited for kindergarten to second-grade players. A SuperKids reviewer suggested that young children might require adult assistance due to the games' complex skill requirements; although the series was appropriate for older players, the games were not sufficiently challenging. It is primarily a single-player series except for Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math, which includes six multiplayer games with different levels of difficulty. The games have several methods for tracking progress. Madeline is an in-game helper, providing encouragement and hints supporting the learning process through positive reinforcement; according to an Orlando Sentinel article, "the effervescent Madeline is there to offer frequent encouragement and reward correct answers". The games have a progress tracker to keep parents and educators informed of a player's performance, highlighting activities in which they excel or may need assistance. One feature recognizes skill mastery and increases difficulty automatically, but is not present in all the games. Some games, such as Madeline European Adventures, have a user guide with hints and a walkthrough to help a player who is stuck or quickly teach the gameplay to a parent. Several games allow the player to track their progress with "printable cards, postcards, and games that you can play away from the computer". Settings and characters Christopher Plummer narrated both the television and video-game series. Most of the Madeline series is set in Madeline's boarding school or the surrounding neighborhood. The two exceptions are Madeline European Adventures (which includes Italy, Switzerland and Turkey) and Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math, set in the Louvre and the Musée d'Orsay. Although Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Reading is set in the boarding school, Madeline and the player can also travel to Italy and Egypt from a magic attic. Throughout the series, Madeline is tasked with helping several characters reach their goals. The series includes original artwork (emulating watercolor painting) for the backgrounds and full animation; Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show has 30 background scenes and over 10,000 frames of original animation. The TV series' theme song is heard at the beginning of each game. American author Annie Fox, who had co-created the edutainment Putt-Putt series, contributed to the development of the Madeline games. Madeline is a guide (or teacher) for the player throughout the minigames, and the series was cited as unique for its female protagonist. Madeline's dog Genevieve is featured in several games, supplying hints about how to complete an activity in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math and helping Madeline search for the genie's magic lamp in Madeline European Adventure. In Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade, Madeline helps Miss Clavel complete equations on an easel. Madeline's Spanish neighbor, Pepito, is featured in the "reading comprehension and problem solving" activity "Where's Pepito?" in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Reading. Tracey-Lee Smyth voices Madeline in most of the video games, reprising her role in the television series. Christopher Plummer, who narrated six Madeline specials on HBO (1989–1991) and the TV series Madeline (1993–1994) and The New Adventures of Madeline (1995), returned to narrate Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey and the later games. In other games, such as Madeline Thinking Games, Madeline is the narrator. Other voice actors from the television series also reprised their roles in the video game in which their character appeared. The voice actors recorded their dialogue at Koko Productions 8th Avenue Sound Studios in Vancouver and the Audio Department in New York. Goals Education As the only educational software brand focused on meeting the specific needs of young girls, Madeline is a great addition to The Learning Company's growing girls software library multimedia products for girls and children that are not only entertaining, but also educational.— Andy Young, senior vice president of marketing for The Learning Company, PR Newswire Screenshot of a minigame about reading comprehension in Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool and Kindergarten. A major goal of the series was to improve creativity, reading, math, critical thinking and problem solving, and foreign-language abilities for preschool children to third or fourth grade. The growth in development of educational computer software was thought to reflect the desire of parents to begin teaching their children at younger ages. Developers consulted with children, parents and teachers during the design and development of each game. Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool and Kindergarten was play-tested by children and their parents at the Redwood City Kid's Club and the Sequoia Children's Center, and reviewers indicated that the developers achieved many of their goals. Although up to 90 percent of all software is bought by (or for) boys, Madeline was produced by one of a "handful of companies ... taking a stab at games they hope will appeal to the other half of the population". Larry Blasko of The Free Lance–Star found that the series filled a void, with games which balanced education with entertainment. Robert Harrow Jr. of The Washington Post recommended the Madeline series to parents as "educational software ... cloaked in games". In her book, Lesson Plans for the Busy Librarian, Joyce Keeling described how to incorporate Madeline video games into school curricula (such as using Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe in math class); according to Priscilla Bennett of School Library Journal, the games "should be popular in schools, homes, and public libraries". A school in Hope Meadows, Illinois offered the program as a reward for children who had read for 15 minutes, and Madeline Classroom Companion: 1st and 2nd Grade Reading Deluxe was a resource at the Washington-Centerville Public Library in 1999. Education lecturer Tom Lowrie wrote in a paper, "Using Technology to Enhance Children's Spatial Sense", that the interactive program Madeline Thinking Games is commonly used to test "for a range of visual and spatial understandings" in children. Sebastian Dortch of the St. Petersburg Times wrote that when his three-year-old son woke up, he said that he wanted to "play Madeline"; Dortch considered it a "ringing endorsement". Joe Szadkowski of the Washington Post wrote that each CD of Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math covered one year of educational material. According to Software and CD-ROM Reviews on File, the Madeline Classroom Companion games contained the "basic elements of school curriculum"; it cited Philip Bishop's Family PC review, which said that the games "constitute two complete years of learning, covering pre-reading, pre-math, thinking skills, and creativity". The Chicago Tribune said about Madeline European Adventures that "the games build on each other for cumulative learning". Linda Jewell Carr's paper, "Instructional Programs Used in Home Schools in Five North Carolina Counties", found Madeline's instructional programs among those played by participants in the exploratory study. In the Washington Post, Beth Berselli said that the games were Creative Wonders "big sellers" which "incorporate a more educational tone" than their contemporaries. Julie Strasberg of PC Magazine, however, wrote that most tasks in Madeline Thinking Games "involve simple observation ... kids may not learn a tremendous amount". Feminism I think that we know that Madeline is a character who is popular with both boys and girls. Although parents are more likely to buy the software for girls, we didn't have to come out and say that. I think it's kind of a turnoff to parents to actually ... see a box that says on it "For Girls Only".— Creative Wonders producer Holly Smevog, Computer & Entertainment Retailing interview In 1995, there was a "conspicuous absence" of interactive edutainment software aimed at young girls; thirteen years later, there were 65 titles. Although many of the games (including those by Mattel, Polaroid, Hasbro and Disney) were accused of reinforcing negative stereotypes with themes such as the color pink, makeovers, jewelry, ponies and kitchens, Katie Hafner of the Chicago Tribune and The New York Times wrote that the Madeline and American Girl series achieved the "lofty goal" of providing young players with content which was "carefully designed thoughtful" – popular and "present players with some intellectual substance". According to an Orlando Sentinel article, "the success of Barbie software ... encouraged other software makers to come out with their own programs just for girls". Creative Wonders product manager Jennifer Rush called Madeline "a good role model" with "an assertive, spunky personality and ... a logical fit in the interactive world". Rush cited the decision to center a series of educational games on the character as an attempt to reach young girls who are "often ignored by multimedia developers", saying that the games fulfilled the "real opportunity in multimedia to develop titles that appeal to girls" and "girls tend to want more of a storyline". According to Creative Wonders software producer Holly Smevog, girls are drawn to "story lines, real-life situations, hands-on experiences and developing relationships with characters". The Daily Gazette's Susan Reimer wrote that the Madeline games helped revive girls' interest in computers and changed their conception of them as "that solitary, isolating experience"; the games are: "based on the idea that girls learn, play and relate to each other in a different way than boys". According to a Beacon News writer, the series resonated with girls because the main character is a young girl and finding software for girls was difficult. Mark Ivey and Elizabeth Kemper of the Daily News wrote that the series was an example of software developers' creating quality girls' software matching that created for boys. James Madge of the Toronto Star called the games "edutainment ... geared at girls", and Selling to Kids said that Creative Wonders was "targeting girls" and "get girls thinking" with its Madeline series. J.P. Faber of U.S. Kids praised the fact that a "smart little girl is the star", saying that "it's usually a boy who is in charge". The article "Engaging Girls with Computers Through Software Games" noted that since the 1990s, "several companies have attempted to market a line of software games specifically for girls" and Broderbund's Carmen Sandiego and Creative Wonders's Madeline were two rare examples of "market girl games that were designed to appeal to boys as well". Software and CD-ROM Reviews on File said that reviewers thought the games would "engage both boys and girls". A Kiplinger's Personal Finance reviewer found an activity in Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe where players have to redecorate Madeline's room "excruciatingly painful" for a male tester, who denied a female tester's claim that he disliked the "girl's game". Although the boys in the HomePC kids' lab did not like the "sweet" Madeline TV show, they were eager to play the video games. In a press release for Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) senior vice president of marketing Andy Young described the series as "imaginative product" for girls to play with "their beloved and adventurous friend Madeline ... that children love and parents trust". According to Bestick, girls were more drawn to plot and character development over dominance and violence, and he saw the series as a way to enter this untapped market. Ivey and Kemper noted that boys spent more time on computers than girls, and girls were missing out on learning opportunities; the Daily News identified a trend toward "high skill, not high kill" games, such as the Nancy Drew games and Madeline. According to Terri Payne Butler of The Horn Book Magazine, the series offered a solution for "every young girl who wants to play computer games but has little interest in shootem-up, take-em-out games such as Ninja Turtle". Nancy Churnin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that a child's comfort level can increase if their educational content has familiar characters like Madeline. Donna Ladd of MacHome Journal wrote that a Madeline Classroom Companion game of "Concentration" had a subtle, positive message by asking players to match images such as female forest rangers, police officers and newspaper reporters, with "few portraying traditional gender roles". A Retailing Today article said that the Madeline series was "among the few titles specifically aimed at girls that seems ready for the mass market". The Los Angeles Daily News compared Madeline to the storybook video game Chop Suey; both had heroines and "brightly colored, naive-style illustrations", and were targeted at all children despite "obvious feminine appeal". Shelley Campbell, education coordinator at Wiz Zone Computers for Kids in Vancouver, recommended Madeline European Adventures as a video game which appealed to girls. Development Creative Wonders (1995–1997) Creative Wonders (also known as ABC/EA Home Software until 1 June 1995), a multimedia software joint venture of Electronic Arts and the Capital Cities-ABC Multimedia Group, was founded in Redwood City, California in December 1994 to develop children's software. It aimed to utilize the "creative, marketing, and distribution muscle of its partners" and cultivate a brand based on quality. ABC contributed a "video archive and production expertise", and EA added "software development experience and retail distribution system". Executive producer and Creative Wonders director of development Michael Pole "supervised the development of children's product lines". In 1993, Pole saw an opportunity for a "recognised, franchisable property which could be marketed to girls in the 7-12-year-old age bracket". Creative Wonders president Greg Bestick envisioned an educational product which would "excite the emotions, stimulate learning, and provide entertaining, yet valuable lessons". The Madeline book and its sequels remained popular decades after its 1939 publication. By 1995 Madeline was a "cultural icon", a "widely licensed character in dolls, games and videos" and "internationally recognized" with Sesame Street's Elmo and Schoolhouse Rock's Lucky Sampson. That year, after Disney's acquisition of Capital Cities-ABC, Creative Wonders and DIC Entertainment became Disney subsidiaries to "dovetail... with Disney's overall corporate strategy". DIC Entertainment had bought the Madeline content rights from Ludwig Bemelmans' estate in 1993, and produced the Madeline TV series for Home Box Office and The Family Channel. Pole acquired electronic rights to the Madeline franchise. Vortex Media Arts was contracted to provide programming, art, animation, sound, scripts and voice artists for the series, and Creative Wonders was in charge of production, testing, package design, documentation, online assistance, print activities and consulting. Vortex Media Arts was formed by a 1993 merger of game-design and programming-technology company Strategic Visions and art and animation company Lil' Gangster Entertainment. Before the creation of Vortex, Lil' Gangster partner Jay Francis produced the animated Madeline for DIC Entertainment. Although Pole was familiar with Lil' Gangster Entertainment, he did not think that the company could produce an entire title in-house. After the merger, however, Creative Wonders and Vortex obtained the Madeline license from DIC. Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show, the first project of the video-game series, was created on a $500,000 budget and required sales of 60,000 to break even. It cost Vortex $300,000 to produce later Madeline video games. The company saved money during development; many Vortex artists had worked on the DIC television series, and were familiar with the characters and design. Although the video-game series used an existing engine, "overhead, salaries, and marketing" cut into royalty reimbursements. Vortex vice president Rick Giolito said that the company was pressured "to incorporate Hollywood-type production, techniques, and corporate structure". Creative Wonders streamlined the production process in accordance with Hollywood practice. According to Giolito, the publishers forced Vortex to create prototypes for focus groups. EA required the developer to produce design documents of project milestones. Madeline game artists worked double shifts, sharing computers, desks and phone lines. According to Pole, "Madeline doesn't belong on the Sony Playstation". The Madeline series was Creative Wonders' "flagship product". The Learning Company era (1997-1999) In 1995, the Learning Company was acquired by SoftKey. At the end of December 1997, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) acquired Creative Wonders from Capital Cities-ABC and Electronic Arts. The acquisition added Madeline to the company's assets. According to The Salt Lake Tribune, some games were published by Davidson/Creative Wonders. During the mid-1990s, after personal-computer prices fell, software companies begin marketing to families. The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) capitalized on demand for educational software by purchasing franchises such as Sesame Street and Madeline from smaller companies, and chief executive Michael Perik wanted the company to incorporate recognizable brands into its catalogue. The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) published the Madeline video-game series under its LearningBuddies brand. Some games in the series, such as Madeline's European Adventures, were published under the SmartSaver brand. The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) established LearningBuddies for "developmental reading and math skills programs" based on Madeline and other characters from children's literature and cartoons, such as Dr. Seuss and the Winnie the Pooh franchise, to attract a younger audience. The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) senior vice president of marketing Andy Young wanted children to "learn important skills from their all-time favorite friends". In 1997, Terri Payne Butler of The Horn Book Magazine wrote that popular children's characters (including Madeline) had entered the "burgeoning world of CD-ROM". SoftKey founder Kevin O'Leary said in 1998: "We have recently acquired widely known brands such as Sesame Street, Madeline and Cyber Patrol to our stable of strong brand equities". According to The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) director of corporate communications Susan Getgood: "The more we give familiar things, the better they learn". O'Leary had wanted The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) to "produce products to service that 40 percent of the market that hasn't bought educational software because of pricing issues". This resulted in a budget line of "platinum" CD-ROM products; the company became known for aggressively driving down the development costs of products and laying off employees of the companies it acquired. After 1997, Madeline products were manufactured by BMG manufacturing division Sonopress and orders were fulfilled by BMG Distribution. They were distributed to a number of retail outlets, including Best Buy, Circuit City, Computer City, Egghead Software, Office Depot, Price Club/Costco, Sam's Club and Staples. Robin Ray of the Boston Herald wrote in 1998 that the repackaging of two games into Madeline's Thinking Games Deluxe was a bargain. Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show was released at a higher price three years earlier, but Madeline Rainy Day Activities and Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe were introduced in late 1998 for the holiday season. Mattel and discontinuation (1999-present) During the late 1990s (when the Madeline series was released), The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) was accused of being "burdened with tired brands", cutting research and development and focusing on repackaging old products through convenience stores and drugstores rather than investing in new software by the development companies it had acquired. The company had continued to grow, with revenue of $800 million despite an accumulated deficit of $1.1 billion by the end of 1998. Mattel CEO Jill Barad made a takeover bid to overcome a downward slide in her company's stock price, "seiz on educational software as a driver of future growth". Mattel's Barbie had been successful, and the company wanted to expand its product line to the Madeline series' "well-developed characters". A few weeks after the sale, the Center for Financial Research and Analysis forensic accounting firm published a report critical of Mattel. O'Leary, who had been hired as president of Mattel's new TLC digital division, sold his stock for $6 million a few months before $2 billion in shareholder value was lost in one day. The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey)'s May 1999 acquisition by Mattel resulted in a loss of nearly $300 million, and was the end of the mid-1990s edutainment boom. Former The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) educational design department manager Toby Levenson said that edutainment had become "a toxic word" after the company's merger with Mattel, and Businessweek called the acquisition one of the worst deals of all time. Lee Banville, editor of Gamesandlearning.org, wrote that the collapse of the market for children's education games reflected the difficulty of growing and diversifying a business. Although the Madeline video-game series was cancelled in 1997, Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math was released two years later by Mattel (the last release of the series before Creative Wonders closed later that year). The Madeline video-game assets were distributed among several companies at the turn of the 21st century; The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) became a subsidiary of Mattel's game division, Mattel Interactive. Mattel sold Mattel Interactive in 2000 to the Gores Group, a privately held international acquisition and management firm. The following year, edutainment development company Riverdeep acquired The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey). In 2002, Encore Software (a privately held home-entertainment and educational publisher) acquired the publishing rights for Madeline and re-released the software under its brand name. That year, the Navarre Corporation distribution company purchased Encore "to strengthen its position in the video game market". In 2006, Riverdeep acquired Houghton Mifflin and became Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep Group. The following year, Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep Group bought Harcourt Education from Reed Elsevier; the resulting company was Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt owns the Madeline video-game license, and Navarre Corporation holds the publishing rights or they reverted to HMH after the games went out of print. HMH has not attempted to resurrect the series, unlike the similarly-acquired Carmen Sandiego (which was revived in 2015). Promotion Creative Wonders conducted several promotional campaigns for the Madeline games. The first game, Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was released for the 1995 holiday season, and the ABC-TV premiere of the Saturday-morning cartoon The New Adventures of Madeline in September; it was part of Creative Wonders software with Bump in the Night and Free Willy, video-game adaptions of ABC's 1995 fall children's-programming lineup. Promotions accompanied Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show to cross-merchandise the CD-ROM title and the Madeline television show, including a create-your-own-puppet-show-scene contest. According to Computer Retail Week, the initial shipment of CD-ROMs included a 32-piece kit of Madeline napkins, plates and invitations and bookmark giveaways were also part of the promotion. The company used part of its marketing budget to fund displays of toy, software, doll, book and video merchandise for the Christmas season. The game was showcased at the May 1995 Electronic Entertainment Expo, Creative Wonders' debut at the event. In 1996, Creative Wonders collaborated with Western Publishing and Sony Wonder to promote Madeline's CD-ROMs and other aspects with a shopping-mall tour. Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was part of the Aspire Games Arcade for the Acer Aspire PC. From August to October, it was a choice in a buy-one-get-one-free promotion of Creative Wonders titles sponsored by Electronic Arts. The game was one of four in a marketing campaign where customers received a free video cassette with a CD-ROM purchase. Madeline Thinking Games was introduced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in June. A panel discussion, "Case Study: Vortex Media Arts' Madeline, From Development to Ship", was moderated by Richard Kahlenberg at the 1996 Children's Interactive Media Festival. For the 1996 holiday season, Creative Wonders bundled plush toys with Madeline European Adventures. The following year, it launched a website which included Know Europe, a free downloadable game. The software was featured on Australia's ABC Online, and the Madeline's European Adventures game included a free trial of America Online. The company included a "Buy One Take One" deal on its website, where a customer could purchase two products for the price of one. In mid-October 1997, Creative Wonders had a "Buy One, Get One Free" offer for its Madeline Classroom Companion series. During the week of November 4, Computer City introduced a "Just For Girls" software section with entertainment and educational titles for girls aged 4–13; Madeline was among its first series with products and in-store demonstrations. Golden Books Family Entertainment Home Video and Audio and Creative Wonders collaborated to a cross-promotion in 1998. According to a summer 1998 Los Angeles Times article, Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool & Kindergarten would be attractive as a result of the live-action Madeline film. The following year, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) and Noodle Kidoodle collaborated to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Madeline's publication, and children could play demo versions of the Madeline video games in stores. The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) donated hundreds of copies of the software to children without access to the learning tools. It collaborated with the educational-store chain Zany Brainy on a Madeline-themed event at which children interacted with the series' latest software. Buena Vista Home Entertainment and Creative Wonders offered purchasers of the television film Madeline: Lost in Paris and an installment of the Madeline game series a free Madeline software program by mail. On April 26, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) announced plans to introduce new software (including Madeline 1st & 2nd Grade Math) at the May Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles. Commercial performance In December 1995, Creative Wonders announced that Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was as commercially successful as the company's best-selling Sesame Street title. Two titles in the series had total sales of $500,000 from September 1995 to June 1997, and Madeline was the second-bestselling female-targeted brand (after Mattel's Barbie video-game series). Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was the second-most-popular Macintosh title at 11 Software Etc. and Babbage's stores in the Washington, D.C. area for the week ending on March 2, 1997; Madeline Classroom Companion was the most popular educational title at the stores for the week ending on November 22 the same year. Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show, Madeline Thinking Games and Madeline's European Adventure were among the year's best-selling educational-software titles. Karen Wickre reported in Upside in January 1998 that a Madeline game was one of two top titles from the Chinese distribution and development company Mediamax. According to PC Data, four of the top ten girls' video games in 1998 were Madeline titles. That December, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) Asia-Pacific managing director Tony Hughes said that Madeline Classroom Companion was outselling Sesame Street at Target Australia. According to PC Data, Madeline 1st Grade and 2nd Grade Math was the ninth-bestselling educational title at 13 software retail chains (57 percent of the U.S. market) for the week of July 17, 1999 and the seventh-bestselling title for the week of August 21. Madeline Preschool/Kindergarten (119,721 units, $2.6 million), Madeline Thinking Games (106,392 units, $1.7 million), Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe (102,164 units, $2.0 million) and Madeline Classroom 1st/2nd (101,331 units, $2.2 million) were ranked sixth, eighth, ninth and 10th in sales and revenue for 1998–1999 girls' titles. Critical response Gameplay and graphics The Madeline video-game series has been praised as an effective example of edutainment. Joe Chidley wrote in Maclean's that the storyline of Madeline European Adventures is "simple ... and silly without being stupid", with "engaging ... fanciful, surprise-filled" moments for children and humor for parents. The game was praised for making its educational content subtly entertaining, teaching children life skills such as using different currencies and acquiring a passport, and for developing creative-writing skills. The series was praised for its foreign-language instruction as one of only a few such games. Reviewers said that the games would expose young American children to European culture and pique their curiosity. According to some reviewers, the series improved with more activities and educational minigames in later releases. The series' art, music and sound received positive reviews. Its soundtrack and illustrations were praised as immersive, stimulating, consistent with the television series and faithful to the books. Terri Payne Butler of The Horn Book Magazine wrote that the "character-driven" games are "faithful in spirit, accent, and illustration" to the source material, telling original stories and avoiding the traps of other video-game adaptions of books and TV series. According to a Discount Store News review of the 1996 E3, Madeline Thinking Games had "sharper more detailed graphics than have been seen in the past". Games in the series have received awards. In 1996, PC Magazine gave Madeline Thinking Games its Education/fun 5–9 age group award in an analysis of 500 games. In 1999, the Association of Educational Publishers gave Madeline's Reading 1st and 2nd Grade its Golden Lamp Award in the home-learning category. The series has also been criticized, with some reviewers calling the early games simplistic; primarily developing point-and-click skills, they would provide only a few hours of entertainment. Some reviewers criticized the series' lack of replayability, due to the games' simplicity. Others called the games too challenging for their target audience, and the game pace relatively slow. The games were also criticized for slight technical glitches and inferior graphics. Transitions between graphics and pictures were considered slow by some critics, and the voices seemed to have static contamination. A Newsday reviewer wrote that in Madeline Thinking Games, "the music is dull (and not the least bit French), the drawings are homogenized, the animation is about as basic as it gets". Voice acting and characterization Madeline's dialogue in Madeline European Adventures Tracey-Lee Smyth's giggling voice and pseudo-French accent as Madeline and the repetitiveness of the dialogue have been critiqued. Problems playing this file? See media help. Critics have noted the voice acting for Madeline and its impact on the player. According to Larry Blasko, Madeline's constant giggling, pirouetting, skipping and smiling reflected the games' intended female audience. Although the authors of two SuperKids reviews found Madeline's accent and "encouraging, praising, and giggling" attitude endearing, the New Straits Times' Rhonwyn Hwan-Chi wondered if they would deter a male audience. AllGame's Lisa Karen Savignano compared Madeline's repeated phrases congratulating the player to "fingernails down a blackboard" and suggested "invest in a good pair of earplugs" before playing the game. Katherine Foran wrote that players might tire of Madeline's "phony accent and endless saccharine praise", and The Daily Gazette's Lynne Touhy called the repetition of "you are so clever" in Madeline's "French-accentuated, high-pitched" voice a deterrent to players. Robin Ray praised Madeline's characterization, but her faux French accent annoyed his young play-testers. Jeffrey Branzburg wrote in Technology & Learning that young players may have difficulty understanding Madeline's French accent, a Macworld wrote that her "exaggerated French accent can be hard on the ears annoying". The New Straits Times' Rhonwyn Hwan-Chi wrote that Madeline spoke "flawless (although accented) English", but a Herald Sun reviewer believed that the character spoke "in the worst fake French accent imaginable". A Home PC reviewer wrote that Christopher Plummer's narration "frees children who have not yet learned to read from the feelings of frustration that come with stumbling through printed directions". Madeline's characterization received a mixed response from video-game critics. In their book, New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques, Hamido Fujita and Paul Johannesson called Madeline a role model for girls because of her use of problem solving, critical thinking and logic in the games. According to The Record, Madeline's "spirit and enthusiasm are well-suited to coaching and teaching role". Philip Bishop said that the games had the "bounce and charm" of other portions of the Madeline franchise. Kathy Yakal of PC Magazine wrote that "Madeline's warmth as a host" made the series "a nice, gentle activity platform for younger children". Although Computer Shopper's Wayne Kawamoto called Madeline a "feisty female lead" and wrote that the games were potentially "equally enjoyable for boys and girls", Amee Abel said that the series is "especially appealing to girls" because of its protagonist. Reviewers from Children's Software Revue wrote that the games were "popular with girls", and a SuperKids writer called Madeline "the epitome of the strong young female". According to Warren Buckleitner, "you can't go wrong with this solid program". In their book, Packaging Girlhood: Rescuing Our Daughters from Marketers' Schemes, Sharon Lamb and Lyn Mikel Brown criticized the decorating activities in Madeline's Rainy Day Activities: "On what planet would brave Madeline give a hoot about the color of the living room wallpaper?" Computer Shopper and SuperKids, however, found the most popular activity in Madeline's Thinking Games was "Let's Decorate"; according to SuperKids, testers "frequently returned to the room to rearrange items or totally obliterate their designs and begin anew". See also List of educational video games References Citations ^ Gregor, Anne; Rose, Martha (September 30, 1997). "For Girls Only". Girls' Life. 4 (1): 31. ProQuest 219954005. 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External links Creative Wonders' official website (archive) vteMadeline by Ludwig BemelmansBook series The Golden Basket (1936) Madeline (1939) Madeline's Rescue (1953) Madeline and the Bad Hat (1956) Madeline and the Gypsies (1959) Madeline in London (1961) Madeline's Christmas (1985) Madeline in America (1999) Film and television Live-action film Animated TV series Madeline: Lost in Paris Other Madeline (video game series) Portals: 1990s Video games France Education
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"educational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_video_game"},{"link_name":"point-and-click adventure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventure_game"},{"link_name":"video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_game"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-2"},{"link_name":"Madeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Bemelmans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Bemelmans"},{"link_name":"TV series of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"Creative Wonders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Creative_Wonders"},{"link_name":"The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Learning_Company_(formerly_SoftKey)"},{"link_name":"Mattel Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel_Interactive"},{"link_name":"DIC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Learning_Company_(formerly_SoftKey)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Video game seriesMadeline is a series of educational point-and-click adventure video games which were developed during the mid-1990s for Windows and Mac systems.[1][2] The games are an extension of the Madeline series of children's books by Ludwig Bemelmans, which describe the adventures of a young French girl. The video-game series was produced concurrently with a TV series of the same name, with characters and voice actors from the show.In each game, Madeline guides the player through educational mini-games. Activities include reading comprehension, mathematics, problem-solving, basic French and Spanish vocabulary, and cultural studies. Each game focuses on a different subject. Although the series is set primarily in Madeline's boarding school in Paris (and its surrounding neighborhoods), some games are set in other European countries.The series was conceived by Creative Wonders president Greg Bestick and developed by Vortex Media Arts. It aimed to provide educational material to preschool and early-elementary-grade girls with a recognizable, appealing character. Educators, parents, and children were consulted during the series' development. The first game, Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey, was released in the fall of 1995 to coincide with the premiere of The New Adventures of Madeline animated television series. The series has eight games and two compilations.The games were published by Creative Wonders, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) and Mattel Interactive. They were developed in association with DIC Entertainment, which held the rights to the game and the TV series. Creative Wonders and the Learning Company conducted several promotional campaigns for the games. The series was commercially successful, with individual games frequently appearing on lists of best-selling games. It was generally well received by critics for its focus on education and its animation style. In 1998, Creative Wonders was purchased by The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey), and in 1999 the series was discontinued when Creative Wonders was dissolved and demand lessened for children's point and click games.[3]","title":"Madeline (video game series)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC TV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"animated series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_animated_television_series"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storyline2-4"},{"link_name":"Madeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delightful-5"},{"link_name":"minigames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigame"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Think2-6"},{"link_name":"genie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genie"},{"link_name":"Zermatt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zermatt"},{"link_name":"Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice"},{"link_name":"Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Think2-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reading12-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FortyFive-10"},{"link_name":"Egyptian pyramids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagicAttic-11"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"CD-ROM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CD-ROM"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Louvre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louvre"},{"link_name":"Musée d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay"},{"link_name":"Mona Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mona_Lisa"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MonaClavel-13"},{"link_name":"Madeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_(book)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beloved22-14"}],"text":"Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was the first game in the series. Its release was scheduled to promote the American ABC TV animated series, The New Adventures of Madeline.[4] Set in Paris, the game follows Madeline as she organizes a puppet show to raise money to help her neighbor avoid eviction by his greedy landlord.[5] In the second game, Madeline Thinking Games, Madeline invites the player to explore the rooms and gardens of her boarding school with educational minigames.[6] This was followed by Madeline European Adventures (also known as Madeline European Vacation), in which Madeline tracks down a man who stole a genie's magic lamp and travels to Zermatt, Venice and Istanbul.[7] Madeline Classroom Companion: 1st and 2nd Grade was part of the Madeline Classroom Companion series, with games designed for children aged four to eight.[8] The story follows Madeline on a tour of her Paris neighborhood. Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe was a combination of Madeline Thinking Games and Madeline European Adventures.[6][7] Madeline Rainy Day Activities, the sixth game, is set in Madeline's Catholic boarding school in Paris and follows her as she busies herself during rainy weather.Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Reading is also set in the boarding school, where Madeline guides the player through activities encouraging reading comprehension.[9][10] From Madeline's imaginary magic attic, the player could travel to a carnival in Venice and visit Egyptian pyramids.[11] The game was later re-released as Madeline: 1st and 2nd Grade Reading Deluxe. Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool and Kindergarten was part of the Madeline Classroom Companion series of games for four- to eight-year-olds. Similar to Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade, it follows Madeline on a tour of her neighborhood with a variety of activities.[8]Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math, the final game in the series, was released as a two-CD-ROM set on July 12, 1999.[12] The discs were also sold separately as Madeline 1st Grade Math and Madeline 2nd Grade Math. Set in the Louvre and the Musée d'Orsay, Madeline guides the player through nine works of art. Each is given a Madeline-related name change; the Mona Lisa is reimagined as Mona Clavel after Miss Clavel, the headmistress of Madeline's school. The paintings help teach addition, subtraction, and multiplication.[13] The game was released for the 60th anniversary of the 1939 publication of Madeline.[14]","title":"Titles"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"point and click","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_and_click"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PointClick-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PointClick2-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-18"},{"link_name":"gameplay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay"},{"link_name":"edutainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Educational_entertainment"},{"link_name":"Big Thinkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Thinkers_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Fisher-Price video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher-Price#Video_games"},{"link_name":"JumpStart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JumpStart"},{"link_name":"Reader Rabbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reader_Rabbit"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MadelineWebsite2-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Interfaces-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Originals-21"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"first person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-person_(gaming)"},{"link_name":"Myst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myst"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-22"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madeline_2nd_Grade_Math_Fractions.png"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reading12-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev122-23"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MonaClavel-13"},{"link_name":"Concentration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_(game)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delightful-5"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LotsofWords-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-26"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RainyDays-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BriefArticle-28"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beloved22-14"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-30"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-7"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AgesMonthsYears-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SavvyEh-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europa-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-35"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beloved22-14"},{"link_name":"reinforcement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinforcement"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beloved22-14"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beloved22-14"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-35"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NotHard1-38"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europa-33"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MonaClavel-13"}],"sub_title":"Gameplay","text":"The games have a point and click interface,[15] which players use to navigate through screens, interact with characters and manipulate objects to complete tasks and overcome obstacles[16][17] at a comfortable speed.[18] The series' gameplay has been compared to other edutainment games, such as Big Thinkers, Fisher-Price video games, JumpStart and Reader Rabbit.[18] The games contain minigames about reading comprehension, mathematics, problem-solving and cultural studies.[19] They have a simple, straightforward design.[20] The interface varied during the series; Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show and Madeline's European Adventures were designed to look (and play) like interactive storybook adventure games,[21] and Madeline Thinking Games was designed as a series of in-game activities.[7] Madeline European Adventures requires players to search each screen in first person, similar to Myst.[22]Screenshot of a minigame in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math.The minigames' subjects vary; in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Reading, reading comprehension and spelling are taught by completing crossword puzzles, arranging words in alphabetical order and finding synonyms and antonyms for words.[9] Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math focuses on building math knowledge; Madeline coaches the player through 55 activities covering a two-year mathematics curriculum,[23] including lessons on \"logic, time, money skills, sequencing, fractions, geometry, estimation, and patterns\".[13]Basic French and Spanish vocabulary are taught throughout the series. In Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey players can click on objects to hear English, French and Spanish, and can review vocabulary by playing \"Concentration\".[5] Madeline European Adventures contains 100 words in Spanish and French and information about European countries, flags, and culture through an interactive map[24][25] and repeatable activities.[26] The series' gameplay includes references to European culture and foreign languages.[8]In-game activities include dressing up Madeline's friends (and dog) in a variety of outfits and creating postcards, masks, door signs and stickers.[27] In Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe, the player can design Madeline's bedroom by changing its wallpaper, carpeting and furniture.[28] Personalized graphics, printable activities and reward certificates are common to the games,[14] and players can watch (and sing along with) music videos in Madeline Thinking Games.[29]Madeline was targeted at younger players, with age recommendations varying by reviewers. The series was deemed appropriate for \"even the youngest pre-readers\" by one video-game reviewer;[30] according to others, the series was best suited for kindergarten to second-grade players.[7][31][32] A SuperKids reviewer suggested that young children might require adult assistance due to the games' complex skill requirements;[33] although the series was appropriate for older players, the games were not sufficiently challenging.[34] It is primarily a single-player series except for Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math, which includes six multiplayer games with different levels of difficulty.[35]The games have several methods for tracking progress. Madeline is an in-game helper, providing encouragement and hints[14] supporting the learning process through positive reinforcement;[14] according to an Orlando Sentinel article, \"the effervescent Madeline is there to offer frequent encouragement and reward correct answers\".[36] The games have a progress tracker to keep parents and educators informed of a player's performance, highlighting activities in which they excel or may need assistance.[14][35] One feature recognizes skill mastery and increases difficulty automatically,[37] but is not present in all the games.[38] Some games, such as Madeline European Adventures, have a user guide with hints and a walkthrough to help a player who is stuck or quickly teach the gameplay to a parent.[33] Several games allow the player to track their progress with \"printable cards, postcards, and games that you can play away from the computer\".[13]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChristopherPlummer09TIFF.jpg"},{"link_name":"boarding school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boarding_school"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ages-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europa2-40"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MonaClavel-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MagicAttic-11"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:25-26"},{"link_name":"watercolor painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watercolor_painting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delightful-5"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-42"},{"link_name":"Annie Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annie_Fox_(author)"},{"link_name":"Putt-Putt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putt-Putt_(series)"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-InSite-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AnnieFox2-44"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LotsofWords-24"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genevieve-45"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NotHard1-38"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Easel-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PepPepAway-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Christopher Plummer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Plummer"},{"link_name":"Madeline specials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_(TV_series)#Television_specials_(1988%E2%80%931991)"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storyline2-4"},{"link_name":"Madeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The New Adventures of Madeline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Adventures_of_Madeline"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TVGuidePlums-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enteractive-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"}],"sub_title":"Settings and characters","text":"Christopher Plummer narrated both the television and video-game series.Most of the Madeline series is set in Madeline's boarding school or the surrounding neighborhood.[39] The two exceptions are Madeline European Adventures (which includes Italy, Switzerland and Turkey)[40] and Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math, set in the Louvre and the Musée d'Orsay.[13] Although Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Reading is set in the boarding school, Madeline and the player can also travel to Italy and Egypt from a magic attic.[11] Throughout the series, Madeline is tasked with helping several characters reach their goals.[26] The series includes original artwork (emulating watercolor painting) for the backgrounds and full animation;[5] Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show has 30 background scenes and over 10,000 frames of original animation.[41] The TV series' theme song is heard at the beginning of each game.[42] American author Annie Fox, who had co-created the edutainment Putt-Putt series,[43] contributed to the development of the Madeline games.[44]Madeline is a guide (or teacher) for the player throughout the minigames, and the series was cited as unique for its female protagonist.[24] Madeline's dog Genevieve is featured in several games, supplying hints about how to complete an activity in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math[45] and helping Madeline search for the genie's magic lamp in Madeline European Adventure.[38] In Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade, Madeline helps Miss Clavel complete equations on an easel.[46] Madeline's Spanish neighbor, Pepito, is featured in the \"reading comprehension and problem solving\" activity \"Where's Pepito?\" in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Reading.[47]Tracey-Lee Smyth voices Madeline in most of the video games, reprising her role in the television series.[48][49] Christopher Plummer, who narrated six Madeline specials on HBO (1989–1991)[4] and the TV series Madeline (1993–1994) and The New Adventures of Madeline (1995),[50] returned to narrate Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey[51] and the later games.[52] In other games, such as Madeline Thinking Games, Madeline is the narrator. Other voice actors from the television series also reprised their roles in the video game in which their character appeared. The voice actors recorded their dialogue at Koko Productions 8th Avenue Sound Studios in Vancouver and the Audio Department in New York.[53]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MadelineVestGameplay.jpg"},{"link_name":"preschool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preschool"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MadelineWebsite2-19"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Consult2-55"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-42"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-58"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"The Free Lance–Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Free_Lance%E2%80%93Star"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delightful-5"},{"link_name":"The Washington Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cloak-61"},{"link_name":"curricula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curriculum"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LessonPlanReading-62"},{"link_name":"School Library Journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_Library_Journal"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Times"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:82-35"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-72"}],"sub_title":"Education","text":"As the only educational software brand focused on meeting the specific needs of young girls, Madeline is a great addition to The Learning Company's growing girls software library [which creates] multimedia products for girls and children that are not only entertaining, but also educational.— Andy Young, senior vice president of marketing for The Learning Company, PR Newswire[54]Screenshot of a minigame about reading comprehension in Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool and Kindergarten.A major goal of the series was to improve creativity, reading, math, critical thinking and problem solving, and foreign-language abilities for preschool children to third or fourth grade.[19] The growth in development of educational computer software was thought to reflect the desire of parents to begin teaching their children at younger ages. Developers consulted with children, parents and teachers during the design and development of each game.[55] Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool and Kindergarten was play-tested by children and their parents at the Redwood City Kid's Club and the Sequoia Children's Center,[42] and reviewers indicated that the developers achieved many of their goals.[56][57][58][59] Although up to 90 percent of all software is bought by (or for) boys, Madeline was produced by one of a \"handful of companies ... taking a stab at games they hope will appeal to the other half of the population\".[60]Larry Blasko of The Free Lance–Star found that the series filled a void, with games which balanced education with entertainment.[5] Robert Harrow Jr. of The Washington Post recommended the Madeline series to parents as \"educational software ... cloaked in games\".[61] In her book, Lesson Plans for the Busy Librarian, Joyce Keeling described how to incorporate Madeline video games into school curricula (such as using Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe in math class);[62] according to Priscilla Bennett of School Library Journal, the games \"should be popular in schools, homes, and public libraries\".[63] A school in Hope Meadows, Illinois offered the program as a reward for children who had read for 15 minutes,[64] and Madeline Classroom Companion: 1st and 2nd Grade Reading Deluxe was a resource at the Washington-Centerville Public Library in 1999.[65] Education lecturer Tom Lowrie wrote in a paper, \"Using Technology to Enhance Children's Spatial Sense\", that the interactive program Madeline Thinking Games is commonly used to test \"for a range of visual and spatial understandings\" in children.[66] Sebastian Dortch of the St. Petersburg Times wrote that when his three-year-old son woke up, he said that he wanted to \"play Madeline\"; Dortch considered it a \"ringing endorsement\".[67]Joe Szadkowski of the Washington Post wrote that each CD of Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math covered one year of educational material.[35] According to Software and CD-ROM Reviews on File, the Madeline Classroom Companion games contained the \"basic elements of [the] school curriculum\";[8] it cited Philip Bishop's Family PC review, which said that the games \"constitute two complete years of learning, covering pre-reading, pre-math, thinking skills, and creativity\".[68] The Chicago Tribune said about Madeline European Adventures that \"the games build on each other for cumulative learning\".[69] Linda Jewell Carr's paper, \"Instructional Programs Used in Home Schools in Five North Carolina Counties\", found Madeline's instructional programs among those played by participants in the exploratory study.[70] In the Washington Post, Beth Berselli said that the games were Creative Wonders \"big sellers\" which \"incorporate a more educational tone\" than their contemporaries.[71] Julie Strasberg of PC Magazine, however, wrote that most tasks in Madeline Thinking Games \"involve simple observation ... [and] kids may not learn a tremendous amount\".[72]","title":"Goals"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schick_1998-73"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-2"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"American Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Girl_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:20-2"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"an attempt to reach young girls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women_and_video_games"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storyline2-4"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-76"},{"link_name":"The Daily Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reimer2-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeaconBacon-78"},{"link_name":"Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_News_(Kentucky)"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-79"},{"link_name":"Toronto Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Star"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"Carmen Sandiego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Sandiego_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-8"},{"link_name":"Kiplinger's Personal Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiplinger%27s_Personal_Finance"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-84"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beloved22-14"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Nancy Drew games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Nancy_Drew_video_games"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NancyDrew-86"},{"link_name":"The Horn Book Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horn_Book_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Ninja Turtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles_video_games"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-22"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Comfort-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:24-89"},{"link_name":"Chop Suey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chop_Suey_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StreetSuccess-90"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"}],"sub_title":"Feminism","text":"I think that we know that Madeline is a character who is popular with both boys and girls. Although parents are more likely to buy the software for girls, we didn't have to come out and say that. I think it's kind of a turnoff to parents to actually ... see a box that says on it \"For Girls Only\".— Creative Wonders producer Holly Smevog, Computer & Entertainment Retailing interview[73]In 1995, there was a \"conspicuous absence\" of interactive edutainment software aimed at young girls; thirteen years later, there were 65 titles.[2] Although many of the games (including those by Mattel, Polaroid, Hasbro and Disney) were accused of reinforcing negative stereotypes with themes such as the color pink, makeovers, jewelry, ponies and kitchens, Katie Hafner of the Chicago Tribune and The New York Times wrote that the Madeline and American Girl series achieved the \"lofty goal\" of providing young players with content which was \"carefully designed [and] thoughtful\" – popular and \"present[ing] players with some intellectual substance\".[2][74] According to an Orlando Sentinel article, \"the success of Barbie software ... encouraged other software makers to come out with their own programs just for girls\".[75] Creative Wonders product manager Jennifer Rush called Madeline \"a good role model\" with \"an assertive, spunky personality and ... a logical fit in the interactive world\". Rush cited the decision to center a series of educational games on the character as an attempt to reach young girls who are \"often ignored by multimedia developers\", saying that the games fulfilled the \"real opportunity in multimedia to develop titles that appeal to girls\" and \"girls tend to want more of a storyline\".[4] According to Creative Wonders software producer Holly Smevog, girls are drawn to \"story lines, real-life situations, hands-on experiences and developing relationships with characters\".[76]The Daily Gazette's Susan Reimer wrote that the Madeline games helped revive girls' interest in computers and changed their conception of them as \"that solitary, isolating experience\"; the games are: \"based on the idea that girls learn, play and relate to each other in a different way than boys\".[77] According to a Beacon News writer, the series resonated with girls because the main character is a young girl and finding software for girls was difficult.[78] Mark Ivey and Elizabeth Kemper of the Daily News wrote that the series was an example of software developers' creating quality girls' software matching that created for boys.[79] James Madge of the Toronto Star called the games \"edutainment ... geared at girls\",[80] and Selling to Kids said that Creative Wonders was \"targeting girls\" and \"get[ing] girls thinking\" with its Madeline series.[81] J.P. Faber of U.S. Kids praised the fact that a \"smart little girl is the star\", saying that \"it's usually a boy who is in charge\".[82]The article \"Engaging Girls with Computers Through Software Games\" noted that since the 1990s, \"several companies have attempted to market a line of software games specifically for girls\" and Broderbund's Carmen Sandiego and Creative Wonders's Madeline were two rare examples of \"market[ing] girl games that were designed to appeal to boys as well\".[83] Software and CD-ROM Reviews on File said that reviewers thought the games would \"engage both boys and girls\".[8] A Kiplinger's Personal Finance reviewer found an activity in Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe where players have to redecorate Madeline's room \"excruciatingly painful\" for a male tester, who denied a female tester's claim that he disliked the \"girl's game\".[84] Although the boys in the HomePC kids' lab did not like the \"sweet\" Madeline TV show, they were eager to play the video games.[85]In a press release for Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) senior vice president of marketing Andy Young described the series as \"imaginative product\" for girls to play with \"their beloved and adventurous friend Madeline ... that children love and parents trust\".[14] According to Bestick, girls were more drawn to plot and character development over dominance and violence, and he saw the series as a way to enter this untapped market.[citation needed] Ivey and Kemper noted that boys spent more time on computers than girls, and girls were missing out on learning opportunities; the Daily News identified a trend toward \"high skill, not high kill\" games, such as the Nancy Drew games and Madeline.[86] According to Terri Payne Butler of The Horn Book Magazine, the series offered a solution for \"every young girl who wants to play computer games but has little interest in shootem-up, take-em-out games such as Ninja Turtle\".[22] Nancy Churnin of the Los Angeles Times wrote that a child's comfort level can increase if their educational content has familiar characters like Madeline.[87] Donna Ladd of MacHome Journal wrote that a Madeline Classroom Companion game of \"Concentration\" had a subtle, positive message by asking players to match images such as female forest rangers, police officers and newspaper reporters, with \"few portraying traditional gender roles\".[88] A Retailing Today article said that the Madeline series was \"among the few titles specifically aimed at girls that seems ready for the mass market\".[89] The Los Angeles Daily News compared Madeline to the storybook video game Chop Suey; both had heroines and \"brightly colored, naive-style illustrations\", and were targeted at all children despite \"obvious feminine appeal\".[90] Shelley Campbell, education coordinator at Wiz Zone Computers for Kids in Vancouver, recommended Madeline European Adventures as a video game which appealed to girls.[91]","title":"Goals"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-92"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-93"},{"link_name":"Electronic Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Arts"},{"link_name":"Capital Cities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_Cities_Communications"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Redwood City, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redwood_City,_California"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-76"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev222-94"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MultimediaJointVenture2-95"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev222-94"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-96"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-96"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OuiGirls2-100"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-96"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-101"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-96"},{"link_name":"Sesame Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street"},{"link_name":"Elmo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmo"},{"link_name":"Schoolhouse Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoolhouse_Rock!"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-102"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MultimediaJointVenture2-95"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowReading2-104"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delightful-5"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-106"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-106"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-107"},{"link_name":"DIC Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DIC_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VortexKate2-108"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MoneyHoney-109"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-107"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:13-92"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-113"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:31-113"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schick_1998-73"}],"sub_title":"Creative Wonders (1995–1997)","text":"Creative Wonders (also known as ABC/EA Home Software until 1 June 1995),[92][93] a multimedia software joint venture of Electronic Arts and the Capital Cities-ABC Multimedia Group, was founded in Redwood City, California[76] in December 1994[94] to develop children's software.[95] It aimed to utilize the \"creative, marketing, and distribution muscle of its partners\"[94] and cultivate a brand based on quality.[96] ABC contributed a \"video archive and production expertise\", and EA added \"software development experience and retail distribution system\".[97] Executive producer and Creative Wonders director of development Michael Pole \"supervised the development of children's product lines\".[98] In 1993, Pole saw an opportunity for a \"recognised, franchisable property which could be marketed to girls in the 7-12-year-old age bracket\".[99] Creative Wonders president Greg Bestick envisioned an educational product which would \"excite the emotions, stimulate learning, and provide entertaining, yet valuable lessons\".[96] The Madeline book[100] and its sequels remained popular decades after its 1939 publication.[96] By 1995 Madeline was a \"cultural icon\",[101] a \"widely licensed character in dolls, games and videos\"[96] and \"internationally recognized\" with Sesame Street's Elmo and Schoolhouse Rock's Lucky Sampson.[102] That year, after Disney's acquisition of Capital Cities-ABC, Creative Wonders and DIC Entertainment became Disney subsidiaries[103] to \"dovetail... with Disney's overall corporate strategy\".[95] DIC Entertainment had bought the Madeline content rights from Ludwig Bemelmans' estate in 1993, and produced the Madeline TV series for Home Box Office and The Family Channel.[99] Pole acquired electronic rights to the Madeline franchise.[104][99][5][105]Vortex Media Arts was contracted to provide programming, art, animation, sound, scripts and voice artists for the series,[106] and Creative Wonders was in charge of production, testing, package design, documentation, online assistance, print activities and consulting.[106] Vortex Media Arts was formed by a 1993 merger of game-design and programming-technology company Strategic Visions and art and animation company Lil' Gangster Entertainment.[107] Before the creation of Vortex, Lil' Gangster partner Jay Francis produced the animated Madeline for DIC Entertainment.[108] Although Pole was familiar with Lil' Gangster Entertainment, he did not think that the company could produce an entire title in-house.[99] After the merger, however, Creative Wonders and Vortex obtained the Madeline license from DIC.[99] Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show, the first project of the video-game series, was created on a $500,000 budget and required sales of 60,000 to break even.[99] It cost Vortex $300,000 to produce later Madeline video games.[109] The company saved money during development;[110] many Vortex artists had worked on the DIC television series, and were familiar with the characters and design.[99] Although the video-game series used an existing engine,[99] \"overhead, salaries, and marketing\" cut into royalty reimbursements.[107]Vortex vice president Rick Giolito said that the company was pressured \"to incorporate Hollywood-type production, techniques, and corporate structure\".[111] Creative Wonders streamlined the production process in accordance with Hollywood practice.[99] According to Giolito, the publishers forced Vortex to create prototypes for focus groups.[92][112] EA required the developer to produce design documents of project milestones.[113] Madeline game artists worked double shifts, sharing computers, desks and phone lines.[114] According to Pole, \"Madeline doesn't belong on the Sony Playstation\".[113] The Madeline series was Creative Wonders' \"flagship product\".[73]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Learning Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Learning_Company"},{"link_name":"SoftKey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SoftKey"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-115"},{"link_name":"The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Learning_Company_(formerly_SoftKey)"},{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Separation2-116"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:423-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-118"},{"link_name":"The Salt Lake Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Salt_Lake_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rebound2-120"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reading12-9"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev122-23"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Buds12-121"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-122"},{"link_name":"children's literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_literature"},{"link_name":"cartoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartoon"},{"link_name":"Dr. Seuss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Seuss"},{"link_name":"Winnie the Pooh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnie_the_Pooh_(franchise)"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev122-23"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Beloved22-14"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-102"},{"link_name":"The Horn Book Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Horn_Book_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-22"},{"link_name":"Kevin O'Leary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_O%27Leary"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:32-115"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-118"},{"link_name":"BMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertelsmann_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-118"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:14-118"},{"link_name":"Boston Herald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston_Herald"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighPitchAnnoying2-125"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"}],"sub_title":"The Learning Company era (1997-1999)","text":"In 1995, the Learning Company was acquired by SoftKey.[115] At the end of December 1997, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) acquired Creative Wonders from Capital Cities-ABC and Electronic Arts.[116] The acquisition[117] added Madeline to the company's assets.[118] According to The Salt Lake Tribune, some games were published by Davidson/Creative Wonders.[119] During the mid-1990s, after personal-computer prices fell, software companies begin marketing to families. The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) capitalized on demand for educational software by purchasing franchises such as Sesame Street and Madeline from smaller companies, and chief executive Michael Perik wanted the company to incorporate recognizable brands into its catalogue.[120]The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) published the Madeline video-game series under its LearningBuddies brand.[9][23][121] Some games in the series, such as Madeline's European Adventures, were published under the SmartSaver brand.[122] The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) established LearningBuddies for \"developmental reading and math skills programs\" based on Madeline and other characters from children's literature and cartoons, such as Dr. Seuss and the Winnie the Pooh franchise, to attract a younger audience.[23][14] The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) senior vice president of marketing Andy Young wanted children to \"learn important skills from their all-time favorite friends\".[102] In 1997, Terri Payne Butler of The Horn Book Magazine wrote that popular children's characters (including Madeline) had entered the \"burgeoning world of CD-ROM\".[22] SoftKey founder Kevin O'Leary said in 1998: \"We have recently acquired widely known brands such as Sesame Street, Madeline and Cyber Patrol to our stable of strong brand equities\".[123] According to The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) director of corporate communications Susan Getgood: \"The more we give [players] familiar things, the better they learn\".[124]O'Leary had wanted The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) to \"produce products to service that 40 percent of the market that hasn't bought educational software because of pricing issues\".[115] This resulted in a budget line of \"platinum\" CD-ROM products; the company became known for aggressively driving down the development costs of products and laying off employees of the companies it acquired.[118] After 1997, Madeline products were manufactured by BMG manufacturing division Sonopress and orders were fulfilled by BMG Distribution.[118] They were distributed to a number of retail outlets, including Best Buy, Circuit City, Computer City, Egghead Software, Office Depot, Price Club/Costco, Sam's Club and Staples.[118] Robin Ray of the Boston Herald wrote in 1998 that the repackaging of two games into Madeline's Thinking Games Deluxe was a bargain.[125] Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show was released at a higher price three years earlier,[99] but Madeline Rainy Day Activities and Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe were introduced in late 1998[126] for the holiday season.[127]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:423-117"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:423-117"},{"link_name":"Mattel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:423-117"},{"link_name":"Barbie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbie"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"forensic accounting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic_accounting"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:423-117"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mattell2-129"},{"link_name":"Businessweek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Businessweek"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:423-117"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End3-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End22-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MuseumofPlay2-132"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-133"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-End22-131"},{"link_name":"Mattel Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mattel_Interactive"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BarbieBrand2-134"},{"link_name":"the Gores Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Gores_Group"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gores12-135"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gores22-136"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Trouble2-137"},{"link_name":"Riverdeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverdeep"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gores32-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FishPond12-139"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewHopeMadeline2-140"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Houghton12-141"},{"link_name":"Harcourt Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harcourt_Education"},{"link_name":"Reed Elsevier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_Elsevier"},{"link_name":"Houghton Mifflin Harcourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin_Harcourt"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-142"},{"link_name":"Carmen Sandiego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Sandiego"},{"link_name":"revived in 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmen_Sandiego_Returns"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WhereInTheWorldIsMadeline2-143"}],"sub_title":"Mattel and discontinuation (1999-present)","text":"During the late 1990s (when the Madeline series was released), The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) was accused of being \"burdened with tired brands\", cutting research and development and focusing on repackaging old products through convenience stores and drugstores rather than investing in new software by the development companies it had acquired.[117] The company had continued to grow, with revenue of $800 million despite an accumulated deficit of $1.1 billion by the end of 1998.[117] Mattel CEO Jill Barad made a takeover bid to overcome a downward slide in her company's stock price, \"seiz[ing] on educational software as a driver of future growth\".[117] Mattel's Barbie had been successful, and the company wanted to expand its product line to the Madeline series' \"well-developed characters\".[128] A few weeks after the sale, the Center for Financial Research and Analysis forensic accounting firm published a report critical of Mattel. O'Leary, who had been hired as president of Mattel's new TLC digital division, sold his stock for $6 million a few months before $2 billion in shareholder value was lost in one day.[117] The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey)'s May 1999 acquisition by Mattel resulted in a loss of nearly $300 million,[129] and was the end of the mid-1990s edutainment boom. Former The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) educational design department manager Toby Levenson said that edutainment had become \"a toxic word\" after the company's merger with Mattel, and Businessweek called the acquisition one of the worst deals of all time.[117] Lee Banville, editor of Gamesandlearning.org, wrote that the collapse of the market for children's education games reflected the difficulty of growing and diversifying a business.[130] Although the Madeline video-game series was cancelled in 1997,[131] Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math was released two years later by Mattel[132][133] (the last release of the series before Creative Wonders closed later that year).[131]The Madeline video-game assets were distributed among several companies at the turn of the 21st century; The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) became a subsidiary of Mattel's game division, Mattel Interactive.[134] Mattel sold Mattel Interactive in 2000 to the Gores Group, a privately held international acquisition and management firm.[135][136][137] The following year, edutainment development company Riverdeep acquired The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey).[138] In 2002, Encore Software (a privately held home-entertainment and educational publisher) acquired the publishing rights for Madeline and re-released the software under its brand name.[139] That year, the Navarre Corporation distribution company purchased Encore \"to strengthen its position in the video game market\".[140] In 2006, Riverdeep acquired Houghton Mifflin and became Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep Group.[141] The following year, Houghton Mifflin Riverdeep Group bought Harcourt Education from Reed Elsevier; the resulting company was Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.[142] Houghton Mifflin Harcourt owns the Madeline video-game license, and Navarre Corporation holds the publishing rights or they reverted to HMH after the games went out of print. HMH has not attempted to resurrect the series, unlike the similarly-acquired Carmen Sandiego (which was revived in 2015).[143]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the 1995 holiday season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_and_holiday_season"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-96"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Enteractive-51"},{"link_name":"Bump in the Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bump_in_the_Night_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:102-144"},{"link_name":"cross-merchandise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_merchandising"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-145"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:28-145"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:33-99"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"Western Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Sony Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Wonder"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Storyline2-4"},{"link_name":"Acer Aspire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acer_Aspire"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-147"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"Electronic Entertainment Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-150"},{"link_name":"Richard Kahlenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Kahlenberg"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-152"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Extension-153"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-KnowEurope-154"},{"link_name":"ABC Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Online"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dev222-94"},{"link_name":"America Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOL"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:52-122"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Website-152"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"Computer City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_City"},{"link_name":"[156]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-156"},{"link_name":"Golden Books Family Entertainment Home Video and Audio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Book_Video"},{"link_name":"[157]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewYorkBallet-157"},{"link_name":"[158]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-158"},{"link_name":"Noodle Kidoodle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noodle_Kidoodle"},{"link_name":"[159]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Noodles-159"},{"link_name":"Zany Brainy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zany_Brainy"},{"link_name":"[160]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Theme-160"},{"link_name":"Buena Vista Home Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Disney_Studios_Home_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Madeline: Lost in Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeline:_Lost_in_Paris"},{"link_name":"[161]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lost-161"},{"link_name":"Electronic Entertainment Expo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_Entertainment_Expo"},{"link_name":"[162]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-162"}],"text":"Creative Wonders conducted several promotional campaigns for the Madeline games. The first game, Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was released for the 1995 holiday season,[96] and the ABC-TV premiere of the Saturday-morning cartoon The New Adventures of Madeline in September;[51] it was part of Creative Wonders software with Bump in the Night and Free Willy, video-game adaptions of ABC's 1995 fall children's-programming lineup.[144] Promotions accompanied Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show to cross-merchandise the CD-ROM title and the Madeline television show, including a create-your-own-puppet-show-scene contest.[145] According to Computer Retail Week, the initial shipment of CD-ROMs included a 32-piece kit of Madeline napkins, plates and invitations and bookmark giveaways were also part of the promotion.[145] The company used part of its marketing budget to fund displays of toy, software, doll, book and video merchandise for the Christmas season.[99] The game was showcased at the May 1995 Electronic Entertainment Expo, Creative Wonders' debut at the event.[146]In 1996, Creative Wonders collaborated with Western Publishing and Sony Wonder to promote Madeline's CD-ROMs and other aspects with a shopping-mall tour.[4] Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was part of the Aspire Games Arcade for the Acer Aspire PC.[147] From August to October, it was a choice in a buy-one-get-one-free promotion of Creative Wonders titles sponsored by Electronic Arts.[148] The game was one of four in a marketing campaign where customers received a free video cassette with a CD-ROM purchase.[149] Madeline Thinking Games was introduced at the Electronic Entertainment Expo in June.[150] A panel discussion, \"Case Study: Vortex Media Arts' Madeline, From Development to Ship\", was moderated by Richard Kahlenberg at the 1996 Children's Interactive Media Festival.[citation needed]For the 1996 holiday season, Creative Wonders bundled plush toys with Madeline European Adventures.[151] The following year, it launched a website[152][153] which included Know Europe, a free downloadable game.[154] The software was featured on Australia's ABC Online,[94] and the Madeline's European Adventures game included a free trial of America Online.[122] The company included a \"Buy One Take One\" deal on its website, where a customer could purchase two products for the price of one.[152] In mid-October 1997, Creative Wonders had a \"Buy One, Get One Free\" offer for its Madeline Classroom Companion series.[155] During the week of November 4, Computer City introduced a \"Just For Girls\" software section with entertainment and educational titles for girls aged 4–13; Madeline was among its first series with products and in-store demonstrations.[156]Golden Books Family Entertainment Home Video and Audio and Creative Wonders collaborated to a cross-promotion in 1998.[157] According to a summer 1998 Los Angeles Times article, Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool & Kindergarten would be attractive as a result of the live-action Madeline film.[158] The following year, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) and Noodle Kidoodle collaborated to celebrate the 60th anniversary of Madeline's publication, and children could play demo versions of the Madeline video games in stores. The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) donated hundreds of copies of the software to children without access to the learning tools.[159] It collaborated with the educational-store chain Zany Brainy on a Madeline-themed event at which children interacted with the series' latest software.[160] Buena Vista Home Entertainment and Creative Wonders offered purchasers of the television film Madeline: Lost in Paris and an installment of the Madeline game series a free Madeline software program by mail.[161] On April 26, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) announced plans to introduce new software (including Madeline 1st & 2nd Grade Math) at the May Electronic Entertainment Expo in Los Angeles.[162]","title":"Promotion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sesame Street title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame_Street_video_games"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-StreetSuccess-90"},{"link_name":"[163]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Successful-163"},{"link_name":"Macintosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macintosh"},{"link_name":"Software Etc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameStop"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[164]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MarchBest-164"},{"link_name":"[165]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BestAgain-165"},{"link_name":"[166]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-166"},{"link_name":"Upside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upside_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[167]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-167"},{"link_name":"PC Data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Data"},{"link_name":"[168]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Successful2-168"},{"link_name":"[169]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-169"},{"link_name":"Target Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Australia"},{"link_name":"[170]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-170"},{"link_name":"[171]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-July-171"},{"link_name":"[172]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-August-172"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-173"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-173"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-173"},{"link_name":"[173]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:30-173"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:29-133"}],"text":"In December 1995, Creative Wonders announced that Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was as commercially successful as the company's best-selling Sesame Street title.[90] Two titles in the series had total sales of $500,000 from September 1995 to June 1997, and Madeline was the second-bestselling female-targeted brand (after Mattel's Barbie video-game series).[163]Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show: A Learning Journey was the second-most-popular Macintosh title at 11 Software Etc. and Babbage's stores in the Washington, D.C. area for the week ending on March 2, 1997;[164] Madeline Classroom Companion was the most popular educational title at the stores for the week ending on November 22 the same year.[165] Madeline and the Magnificent Puppet Show, Madeline Thinking Games and Madeline's European Adventure were among the year's best-selling educational-software titles.[166] Karen Wickre reported in Upside in January 1998 that a Madeline game was one of two top titles from the Chinese distribution and development company Mediamax.[167] According to PC Data, four of the top ten girls' video games in 1998 were Madeline titles.[168][169] That December, The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey) Asia-Pacific managing director Tony Hughes said that Madeline Classroom Companion was outselling Sesame Street at Target Australia.[170]According to PC Data, Madeline 1st Grade and 2nd Grade Math was the ninth-bestselling educational title at 13 software retail chains (57 percent of the U.S. market) for the week of July 17, 1999[171] and the seventh-bestselling title for the week of August 21.[172] Madeline Preschool/Kindergarten (119,721 units, $2.6 million),[173] Madeline Thinking Games (106,392 units, $1.7 million),[173] Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe (102,164 units, $2.0 million)[173] and Madeline Classroom 1st/2nd (101,331 units, $2.2 million)[173] were ranked sixth, eighth, ninth and 10th in sales and revenue for 1998–1999 girls' titles.[133]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Critical response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-174"},{"link_name":"Maclean's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclean%27s"},{"link_name":"[175]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-175"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europa-33"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BriefArticle-28"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-79"},{"link_name":"[176]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-176"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-56"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europa-33"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:26-147"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrenchyFrenh-177"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-25"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Europa-33"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-88"},{"link_name":"[174]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-174"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NotHard1-38"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Originals-21"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BriefArticle-28"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wayne-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highbeam.com-179"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-22"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:27-150"},{"link_name":"[180]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-180"},{"link_name":"Association of Educational Publishers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_of_Educational_Publishers"},{"link_name":"[181]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-181"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-72"},{"link_name":"[182]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-182"},{"link_name":"[183]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TooBasic-183"},{"link_name":"[184]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-184"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saccharine-185"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NotHard1-38"},{"link_name":"[186]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-186"},{"link_name":"[187]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-187"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hard1-188"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PointClick-16"},{"link_name":"[189]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScreenShot-189"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NotHard1-38"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"[190]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-190"}],"sub_title":"Gameplay and graphics","text":"The Madeline video-game series has been praised as an effective example of edutainment.[174] Joe Chidley wrote in Maclean's that the storyline of Madeline European Adventures is \"simple ... and silly without being stupid\", with \"engaging ... fanciful, surprise-filled\" moments for children and humor for parents.[175] The game was praised for making its educational content subtly entertaining,[33] teaching children life skills such as using different currencies and acquiring a passport,[28][79][176] and for developing creative-writing skills.[56] The series was praised for its foreign-language instruction as one of only a few such games.[33][147][177] Reviewers said that the games would expose young American children to European culture and pique their curiosity.[25][33][88][174] According to some reviewers, the series improved with more activities and educational minigames in later releases.[38]The series' art, music and sound received positive reviews. Its soundtrack and illustrations were praised as immersive, stimulating, consistent with the television series and faithful to the books.[21][28][178][179] Terri Payne Butler of The Horn Book Magazine wrote that the \"character-driven\" games are \"faithful in spirit, accent, and illustration\" to the source material, telling original stories and avoiding the traps of other video-game adaptions of books and TV series.[22] According to a Discount Store News review of the 1996 E3, Madeline Thinking Games had \"sharper [and] more detailed graphics than have been seen in the past\".[150] Games in the series have received awards. In 1996, PC Magazine gave Madeline Thinking Games its Education/fun 5–9 age group award in an analysis of 500 games.[180] In 1999, the Association of Educational Publishers gave Madeline's Reading 1st and 2nd Grade its Golden Lamp Award in the home-learning category.[181]The series has also been criticized, with some reviewers calling the early games simplistic; primarily developing point-and-click skills, they would provide only a few hours of entertainment.[72][182][183][184][185] Some reviewers criticized the series' lack of replayability, due to the games' simplicity.[38] Others called the games too challenging for their target audience, and the game pace relatively slow.[186][187][188] The games were also criticized for slight technical glitches[16] and inferior graphics.[189] Transitions between graphics and pictures were considered slow by some critics, and the voices seemed to have static contamination.[38] A Newsday reviewer wrote that in Madeline Thinking Games, \"the music is dull (and not the least bit French), the drawings are homogenized, the animation is about as basic as it gets\".[190]","title":"Critical response"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Madeline's dialogue in Madeline European Adventures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madeline_European_Adventures_dialogue.ogg"},{"link_name":"media help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Media"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Delightful-5"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-34"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Genevieve-45"},{"link_name":"New Straits Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Straits_Times"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrenchyFrenh-177"},{"link_name":"AllGame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllGame"},{"link_name":"[188]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hard1-188"},{"link_name":"[185]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saccharine-185"},{"link_name":"The Daily Gazette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Daily_Gazette"},{"link_name":"[191]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighPitch-191"},{"link_name":"[192]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LittleOrphanGirl-192"},{"link_name":"[193]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HighPitchAnnoying-193"},{"link_name":"[194]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-194"},{"link_name":"Macworld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macworld"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:21-101"},{"link_name":"[177]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FrenchyFrenh-177"},{"link_name":"Herald Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun"},{"link_name":"[195]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:23-195"},{"link_name":"[196]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-196"},{"link_name":"[197]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewTrends-197"},{"link_name":"The Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Record_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:22-58"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-68"},{"link_name":"PC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[198]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Warmth-198"},{"link_name":"[178]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wayne-178"},{"link_name":"[179]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-highbeam.com-179"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-34"},{"link_name":"[199]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-199"},{"link_name":"[200]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-200"},{"link_name":"Sharon Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Lyn Mikel Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyn_Mikel_Brown"},{"link_name":"[201]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HootHoot-201"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-30"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-34"}],"sub_title":"Voice acting and characterization","text":"Madeline's dialogue in Madeline European Adventures\n\nTracey-Lee Smyth's giggling voice and pseudo-French accent as Madeline and the repetitiveness of the dialogue have been critiqued.\nProblems playing this file? See media help.Critics have noted the voice acting for Madeline and its impact on the player. According to Larry Blasko, Madeline's constant giggling, pirouetting, skipping and smiling reflected the games' intended female audience.[5] Although the authors of two SuperKids reviews found Madeline's accent and \"encouraging, praising, and giggling\" attitude endearing,[34][45] the New Straits Times' Rhonwyn Hwan-Chi wondered if they would deter a male audience.[177] AllGame's Lisa Karen Savignano compared Madeline's repeated phrases congratulating the player to \"fingernails down a blackboard\" and suggested \"invest[ing] in a good pair of earplugs\" before playing the game.[188] Katherine Foran wrote that players might tire of Madeline's \"phony accent and endless saccharine praise\",[185] and The Daily Gazette's Lynne Touhy called the repetition of \"you are so clever\" in Madeline's \"French-accentuated, high-pitched\" voice a deterrent to players.[191][192] Robin Ray praised Madeline's characterization, but her faux French accent annoyed his young play-testers.[193] Jeffrey Branzburg wrote in Technology & Learning that young players may have difficulty understanding Madeline's French accent,[194] a Macworld wrote that her \"exaggerated French accent can be hard on the ears [and] annoying\".[101] The New Straits Times' Rhonwyn Hwan-Chi wrote that Madeline spoke \"flawless (although accented) English\",[177] but a Herald Sun reviewer believed that the character spoke \"in the worst fake French accent imaginable\".[195] A Home PC reviewer wrote that Christopher Plummer's narration \"frees children who have not yet learned to read from the feelings of frustration that come with stumbling through printed directions\".[196]Madeline's characterization received a mixed response from video-game critics. In their book, New Trends in Software Methodologies, Tools and Techniques, Hamido Fujita and Paul Johannesson called Madeline a role model for girls because of her use of problem solving, critical thinking and logic in the games.[197] According to The Record, Madeline's \"spirit and enthusiasm are well-suited to [her] coaching and teaching role\".[58] Philip Bishop said that the games had the \"bounce and charm\" of other portions of the Madeline franchise.[68] Kathy Yakal of PC Magazine wrote that \"Madeline's warmth as a host\" made the series \"a nice, gentle activity platform for younger children\".[198] Although Computer Shopper's Wayne Kawamoto called Madeline a \"feisty female lead\" and wrote that the games were potentially \"equally enjoyable for boys and girls\",[178] Amee Abel said that the series is \"especially appealing to girls\" because of its protagonist.[179] Reviewers from Children's Software Revue wrote that the games were \"popular with girls\", and a SuperKids writer called Madeline \"the epitome of the strong young female\".[34][199] According to Warren Buckleitner, \"you can't go wrong with this solid program\".[200]In their book, Packaging Girlhood: Rescuing Our Daughters from Marketers' Schemes, Sharon Lamb and Lyn Mikel Brown criticized the decorating activities in Madeline's Rainy Day Activities: \"On what planet would brave Madeline give a hoot about the color of the living room wallpaper?\"[201] Computer Shopper and SuperKids, however, found the most popular activity in Madeline's Thinking Games was \"Let's Decorate\"; according to SuperKids, testers \"frequently returned to the room to rearrange items or totally obliterate their designs and begin anew\".[30][34]","title":"Critical response"}]
[{"image_text":"Screenshot of a minigame in Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/74/Madeline_2nd_Grade_Math_Fractions.png/220px-Madeline_2nd_Grade_Math_Fractions.png"},{"image_text":"Christopher Plummer narrated both the television and video-game series.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/ChristopherPlummer09TIFF.jpg/180px-ChristopherPlummer09TIFF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Screenshot of a minigame about reading comprehension in Madeline Classroom Companion: Preschool and Kindergarten.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/MadelineVestGameplay.jpg/220px-MadelineVestGameplay.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"List of educational video games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_educational_video_games"}]
[{"reference":"Gregor, Anne; Rose, Martha (September 30, 1997). \"For Girls Only\". Girls' Life. 4 (1): 31. ProQuest 219954005. La petite French girl Madeline has her own series from Creative Wonders.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/219954005","url_text":"219954005"}]},{"reference":"Hafner, Katie (November 29, 1998). \"Soft ware firms are finally making computer games designed for girls – Pack in Pink\". Chicago Tribune. 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Madeline Thinking Games Deluxe review. Computer Shopper. p. 243 – via Software and CD-ROM Reviews on File, Volume 14 (page 679).","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Tot software helps wee ones learn\". The Daily New. August 31, 1999. Archived from the original on May 11, 2017. Retrieved September 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19990831&id=_QsbAAAAIBAJ&pg=5825,4635734","url_text":"\"Tot software helps wee ones learn\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170511024823/https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1696&dat=19990831&id=_QsbAAAAIBAJ&sjid=D0gEAAAAIBAJ&pg=5825,4635734","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Michael (September 15, 1997). \"Software for students, from kindergarten to college\". The Boston Globe. Boston Globe Media Partners, LLC. Archived from the original on October 8, 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Jos%C3%A9_da_Silva_Xavier
Tiradentes
["1 Early life","2 Political ideas","3 Discovery, trial and execution","4 National hero","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"]
18th-century Brazilian revolutionary and national hero This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Tiradentes" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) For other uses, see Tiradentes (disambiguation). In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Silva and the second or paternal family name is Xavier. TiradentesTiradentes in uniform of alferes, by José Wasth Rodrigues (1940). No contemporary portraits or physical descriptions of Tiradentes are knownBornJoaquim José da Silva Xavier(1746-11-12)12 November 1746Fazenda do Pombal (Ritápolis), Minas Gerais, Portuguese Colony of BrazilDied21 April 1792(1792-04-21) (aged 45)Rio de Janeiro, Portuguese Colony of BrazilMovementInconfidência Mineira Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (Portuguese pronunciation: ; 12 November 1746 – 21 April 1792), known as Tiradentes (pronounced ), was a leading member of the colonial Brazilian revolutionary movement known as the Inconfidência Mineira, whose aim was full independence from Portuguese rule and the creation of a republic. When the conspirators plot was uncovered by authorities, Tiradentes was arrested, tried and publicly hanged. Since the advent of the Brazilian Republic, Tiradentes has been considered a national hero of Brazil and patron of the Military Police. Early life Ruins of the Fazenda do Pombal, in the present municipality of Ritápolis Tiradentes was born on the Fazenda do Pombal, near the village of Santa Rita do Rio Abaixo, at the time disputed territory between the towns of São João del-Rei and Tiradentes, in the Captaincy of Minas Gerais. Joaquim José da Silva Xavier was the fourth of seven children of Portuguese-born Domingos da Silva Santos and of Brazilian-born Antônia da Encarnação Xavier. According to his mother's 1757 inventory, there were 35 slaves on the family's large fazenda of Pombal, where they also worked as miners. A porch provided external access to an oratory, and there were slave quarters and communal kitchens. A large and valuable quantity of mining equipment was also listed in the inventory. In 1755 after the death of his mother, he went with his father and brothers to the town of São José. Two years later, when he was 11 years old, his father died. With the premature death of his parents, his family soon lost its property due to debt. Having received no regular education, he entered under the tutelage of his uncle and godfather Sebastião Ferreira Leitão, who was a dentist. He worked as a peddler and a miner, and he became a partner in a pharmacy in Vila Rica. He dedicated himself to pharmaceutical practices and dentistry, which earned him the nickname Tiradentes. "Tiradentes" means "tooth puller", a pejorative denomination adopted during the trial against him. According to Brother Raimundo de Penaforte, Tiradentes "adorned his mouth with new teeth which he made himself that seemed natural". He also occasionally worked as a doctor in light of knowledge about medicinal plants acquired with his cousin, Brother José Mariano da Conceição Veloso, a celebrated botanist of the time. Political ideas Statue of Tiradentes, patron of the military police in Minas Gerais. Tiradentes used knowledge he acquired about minerals while working as a miner to enter the public service as a terrain surveyor. He later joined the Minas Gerais Dragoon Regiment, where he was given command of a detachment and sent on missions to cities along "Caminho Novo", a road between Vila Rica (then capital of Minas Gerais) and Rio de Janeiro through which gold was sent to the coast, ultimately to be shipped to Portugal. Over time, witnessing the transit of goods along Caminho Novo, Tiradentes started to perceive the massive exportation of gold and other valuable resources to the metropolis as exploitation to which Brazilians were subjected. He also grew dissatisfied with his relatively low rank: not a member of the local aristocracy, he was systematically overlooked for promotion, never rising above alferes (the lowest officer rank at the time), and was eventually dismissed from his commanding post. Flag of the Brazilian Republic, as proposed by the inconfidentes. His trips to Rio put him in contact with people who had lived in Europe and brought liberal ideas from there. In 1788, Tiradentes met José Álvares Maciel , a son of Vila Rica's army's commandant who had just returned from England. Contrasting British industrial progress with Brazilian colonial poverty, the two decided to create a group of freedom aspirants. Led by clerics and other Brazilians with some social presence, like Cláudio Manuel da Costa, Tomás Antônio Gonzaga (both public servants and renowned writers) and Alvarenga Peixoto (eminent businessman), the group propagated their ideas among the people. At the time, Portugal's demand for gold was high. However, productivity of Brazilian mines was declining. The colony was failing to meet the quinto – the quota of gold demanded by the Crown – and pressure from the metropolis rose. This culminated in the creation of the derrama, a heavily confiscatory tribute that, in turn, further stirred seditious sentiments. Influenced by the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the American Revolution, Tiradentes joined a number of like-minded citizens in the Inconfidência Mineira, a revolutionary movement. They envisioned an independent Brazilian republic, with São João del Rei as its capital and the conversion of Vila Rica to a university town. The proposed flag for the new republic had a green triangle over a white background, surrounded by the Latin motto "Libertas Quae Sera Tamen" ("Freedom, Even If It Be Late"). The inconfidentes' flag later became the state flag of Minas Gerais, the only modification being the color of the triangle, changed to red. Discovery, trial and execution Sentence pronounced against Tiradentes, 1792. Tiradentes's plan was to take to the streets of Vila Rica and proclaim a Brazilian Republic on the day of the derrama, in February 1789, when tax was due to Portugal and the sentiment of revolt among Brazilians would be stronger. Joaquim Silvério dos Reis, one of the conspirators, exposed the plot in exchange for a tax waiver. The governor of Minas Gerais cancelled the derrama and ordered the imprisonment of the rebels. A trial was carried, lasting almost three years. Tiradentes was sentenced to death, along with ten other inconfidentes. Queen Maria I of Portugal later commuted the sentences of capital punishment to perpetual banishment for all convicts, except those whose activities involved aggravated circumstances. Such was the case of Tiradentes, who took full responsibility for the movement. He was imprisoned in Rio, then hanged on 21 April 1792. Afterwards, his body was quartered and the pieces were sent to Vila Rica, to be displayed in places where he used to propagate his liberal ideas. His head landed in Ouro Preto but was subsequently lost. National hero Tiradentes began to be considered a national hero by the republicans in the late 19th century. After the institution of the Republic, in 1889, the anniversary of his death became a national holiday. Tiradentes depicted on a 5 centavo coin. His moniker, "Tiradentes", became the namesake of a city in the state of Minas Gerais, of city squares in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Ouro Preto, as well as of a major avenue in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. The 11th Mountain Infantry Battalion, "Tiradentes" Regiment (11º Batalhão de Infantaria de Montanha, Regimento "Tiradentes"), named after the hero, is currently operational in the Brazilian Army. See also Zica family, descendants of Tiradentes Toussaint Louverture Simón Bolívar George Washington References ^ "PM Antecipa homenagem a Tiradentes, patrono cívico do Brasil". Alerj. Archived from the original on August 10, 2014. Retrieved August 8, 2014. ^ "Tiradentes". Brasil Escola. Retrieved August 8, 2014. ^ a b Yazbeck, F. G. "Aventuras na História · Tiradentes: Um rebelde verdadeiro". Aventuras na História (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved November 28, 2018. ^ a b "São João del-Rei On-Line / Celebridades / Joaquim José da Silva Xavier". www.sjdr.com.br. Retrieved November 25, 2018. ^ from the Portuguese words tirar (to take or remove) and dentes (teeth) ^ Chiavenato, Julio José (1989). Inconfidência Mineira – As Várias Faces. São Paulo: Contexto. p. 25. ^ "11º BATALHÃO DE INFANTARIA DE MONTANHA REALIZA BREVETAÇÃO DE OFICIAIS E SARGENTOS, NOVOS GUIAS DE MONTANHA". Exército Brasileiro. July 10, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2019. Further reading Maxwell, Kenneth (2004). Conflicts & conspiracies : Brazil and Portugal, 1750–1808. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203312636. ISBN 9780203312636. OCLC 826514950. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tiradentes. Museu da Inconfidência Archived August 10, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Tiradentes Archived May 10, 2017, at the Wayback Machine at about.com Tiradentes at e-Biografias Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Netherlands Vatican People Trove Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tiradentes (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiradentes_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Portuguese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[ʒwɐˈkĩ ʒuˈzɛ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ʃɐviˈɛʁ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"[tʃiɾɐˈdẽtʃis]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"colonial Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Inconfidência Mineira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira"},{"link_name":"advent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Military Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Police_(Brazil)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Reportagens-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Tiradentes (disambiguation).In this Portuguese name, the first or maternal family name is Silva and the second or paternal family name is Xavier.Joaquim José da Silva Xavier (Portuguese pronunciation: [ʒwɐˈkĩ ʒuˈzɛ dɐ ˈsiwvɐ ʃɐviˈɛʁ]; 12 November 1746 – 21 April 1792), known as Tiradentes (pronounced [tʃiɾɐˈdẽtʃis]), was a leading member of the colonial Brazilian revolutionary movement known as the Inconfidência Mineira, whose aim was full independence from Portuguese rule and the creation of a republic. When the conspirators plot was uncovered by authorities, Tiradentes was arrested, tried and publicly hanged.Since the advent of the Brazilian Republic, Tiradentes has been considered a national hero of Brazil and patron of the Military Police.[1]","title":"Tiradentes"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fazenda_do_Pombal-ruinas.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ritápolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rit%C3%A1polis"},{"link_name":"Fazenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazenda"},{"link_name":"São João del-Rei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_del-Rei"},{"link_name":"Tiradentes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiradentes,_Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tiradentes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"fazenda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fazenda"},{"link_name":"oratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oratory_(worship)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-4"},{"link_name":"Vila Rica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro_Preto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"José Mariano da Conceição Veloso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mariano_de_Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Vellozo"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Ruins of the Fazenda do Pombal, in the present municipality of RitápolisTiradentes was born on the Fazenda do Pombal, near the village of Santa Rita do Rio Abaixo, at the time disputed territory between the towns of São João del-Rei and Tiradentes, in the Captaincy of Minas Gerais.[2]Joaquim José da Silva Xavier was the fourth of seven children of Portuguese-born Domingos da Silva Santos and of Brazilian-born Antônia da Encarnação Xavier.[3]According to his mother's 1757 inventory, there were 35 slaves on the family's large fazenda of Pombal, where they also worked as miners. A porch provided external access to an oratory, and there were slave quarters and communal kitchens. A large and valuable quantity of mining equipment was also listed in the inventory.[4]In 1755 after the death of his mother, he went with his father and brothers to the town of São José. Two years later, when he was 11 years old, his father died. With the premature death of his parents, his family soon lost its property due to debt. Having received no regular education, he entered under the tutelage of his uncle and godfather Sebastião Ferreira Leitão, who was a dentist.[4] He worked as a peddler and a miner, and he became a partner in a pharmacy in Vila Rica. He dedicated himself to pharmaceutical practices and dentistry, which earned him the nickname Tiradentes. \"Tiradentes\" means \"tooth puller\",[5] a pejorative denomination adopted during the trial against him. According to Brother Raimundo de Penaforte, Tiradentes \"adorned his mouth with new teeth which he made himself that seemed natural\".[6] He also occasionally worked as a doctor in light of knowledge about medicinal plants acquired with his cousin, Brother José Mariano da Conceição Veloso, a celebrated botanist of the time.[3]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Statuetiradentes.JPG"},{"link_name":"Statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"Minas Gerais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minas_Gerais"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandeira_da_Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira.svg"},{"link_name":"José Álvares Maciel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81lvares_Maciel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_%C3%81lvares_Maciel"},{"link_name":"British industrial progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economic_history_of_Britain#The_Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Cláudio Manuel da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%A1udio_Manuel_da_Costa"},{"link_name":"Tomás Antônio Gonzaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Ant%C3%B4nio_Gonzaga"},{"link_name":"Alvarenga Peixoto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alvarenga_Peixoto"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"American Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"motto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motto"},{"link_name":"Libertas Quae Sera Tamen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libertas_Quae_Sera_Tamen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bandeira_de_Minas_Gerais.svg"}],"text":"Statue of Tiradentes, patron of the military police in Minas Gerais.Tiradentes used knowledge he acquired about minerals while working as a miner to enter the public service as a terrain surveyor.He later joined the Minas Gerais Dragoon Regiment, where he was given command of a detachment and sent on missions to cities along \"Caminho Novo\", a road between Vila Rica (then capital of Minas Gerais) and Rio de Janeiro through which gold was sent to the coast, ultimately to be shipped to Portugal.Over time, witnessing the transit of goods along Caminho Novo, Tiradentes started to perceive the massive exportation of gold and other valuable resources to the metropolis as exploitation to which Brazilians were subjected. He also grew dissatisfied with his relatively low rank: not a member of the local aristocracy, he was systematically overlooked for promotion, never rising above alferes (the lowest officer rank at the time), and was eventually dismissed from his commanding post.Flag of the Brazilian Republic, as proposed by the inconfidentes.His trips to Rio put him in contact with people who had lived in Europe and brought liberal ideas from there.In 1788, Tiradentes met José Álvares Maciel [pt], a son of Vila Rica's army's commandant who had just returned from England. Contrasting British industrial progress with Brazilian colonial poverty, the two decided to create a group of freedom aspirants. Led by clerics and other Brazilians with some social presence, like Cláudio Manuel da Costa, Tomás Antônio Gonzaga (both public servants and renowned writers) and Alvarenga Peixoto (eminent businessman), the group propagated their ideas among the people.At the time, Portugal's demand for gold was high. However, productivity of Brazilian mines was declining. The colony was failing to meet the quinto – the quota of gold demanded by the Crown – and pressure from the metropolis rose. This culminated in the creation of the derrama, a heavily confiscatory tribute that, in turn, further stirred seditious sentiments.Influenced by the writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau and the American Revolution, Tiradentes joined a number of like-minded citizens in the Inconfidência Mineira, a revolutionary movement. They envisioned an independent Brazilian republic, with São João del Rei as its capital and the conversion of Vila Rica to a university town. The proposed flag for the new republic had a green triangle over a white background, surrounded by the Latin motto \"Libertas Quae Sera Tamen\" (\"Freedom, Even If It Be Late\").The inconfidentes' flag later became the state flag of Minas Gerais, the only modification being the color of the triangle, changed to red.","title":"Political ideas"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Senten%C3%A7a_proferida_contra_os_r%C3%A9us_do_levante_e_conjura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Minas_Gerais._Autos_da_Devassa_da_Conjura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Mineira.jpg"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Silvério dos Reis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Silv%C3%A9rio_dos_Reis"},{"link_name":"Maria I of Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal"}],"text":"Sentence pronounced against Tiradentes, 1792.Tiradentes's plan was to take to the streets of Vila Rica and proclaim a Brazilian Republic on the day of the derrama, in February 1789, when tax was due to Portugal and the sentiment of revolt among Brazilians would be stronger. Joaquim Silvério dos Reis, one of the conspirators, exposed the plot in exchange for a tax waiver. The governor of Minas Gerais cancelled the derrama and ordered the imprisonment of the rebels.A trial was carried, lasting almost three years. Tiradentes was sentenced to death, along with ten other inconfidentes. Queen Maria I of Portugal later commuted the sentences of capital punishment to perpetual banishment for all convicts, except those whose activities involved aggravated circumstances. Such was the case of Tiradentes, who took full responsibility for the movement.He was imprisoned in Rio, then hanged on 21 April 1792. Afterwards, his body was quartered and the pieces were sent to Vila Rica, to be displayed in places where he used to propagate his liberal ideas. His head landed in Ouro Preto but was subsequently lost.","title":"Discovery, trial and execution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic"},{"link_name":"national holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:5_Centavos_(2022)_-_R%C3%BCckseite.jpg"},{"link_name":"5 centavo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_real"},{"link_name":"Belo Horizonte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belo_Horizonte"},{"link_name":"Curitiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba"},{"link_name":"São Paulo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Ouro Preto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouro_Preto"},{"link_name":"Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Domingo"},{"link_name":"Dominican Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Republic"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Army"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Tiradentes began to be considered a national hero by the republicans in the late 19th century. After the institution of the Republic, in 1889, the anniversary of his death became a national holiday.Tiradentes depicted on a 5 centavo coin.His moniker, \"Tiradentes\", became the namesake of a city in the state of Minas Gerais, of city squares in Belo Horizonte, Curitiba, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, and Ouro Preto, as well as of a major avenue in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.The 11th Mountain Infantry Battalion, \"Tiradentes\" Regiment (11º Batalhão de Infantaria de Montanha, Regimento \"Tiradentes\"), named after the hero, is currently operational in the Brazilian Army.[7]","title":"National hero"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Maxwell, Kenneth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Maxwell"},{"link_name":"Conflicts & conspiracies : Brazil and Portugal, 1750–1808","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//revistadeindias.revistas.csic.es/index.php/revistadeindias/article/view/1055"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.4324/9780203312636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203312636"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780203312636","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780203312636"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"826514950","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/826514950"}],"text":"Maxwell, Kenneth (2004). Conflicts & conspiracies : Brazil and Portugal, 1750–1808. New York: Routledge. doi:10.4324/9780203312636. ISBN 9780203312636. OCLC 826514950.","title":"Further reading"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabua
Nabua
["1 Past mayors","2 Etymology","3 History","4 Geography","4.1 Climate","4.2 Land","4.3 Elevation and slope","4.4 Barangays","5 Demographics","5.1 Religion","5.2 Language","6 Culture","6.1 Pangarana","6.2 Pa-aurora","6.3 Pista sa mga Kalag","6.4 Tang-gal kin Cuaresma","6.5 Pag-li-li","6.6 Katapusan","6.7 Dotoc","6.8 Segunda Dia","7 Economy","7.1 Primary Products","7.2 Trade","7.3 Industry","8 Infrastructure","8.1 Health","8.2 Transportation","8.3 Utilities","8.4 Water resources","8.5 Communication","9 Tourism","9.1 Boa-Boahan Festival","9.2 Holy Cross Parish","9.3 Lenten season","9.4 Local industries","10 Education","11 Notable personalities","12 References","13 External links"]
Coordinates: 13°24′30″N 123°22′30″E / 13.4083°N 123.375°E / 13.4083; 123.375Municipality in Camarines Sur, Philippines This article is about the place in the Philippines. For the place in Fiji, see Nabua, Fiji. This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nabua" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (June 2015) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Municipality in Bicol Region, PhilippinesNabuaMunicipalityMunicipality of NabuaMunicipal Hall FlagSealMotto(s): Abante Nabua, Abante!Map of Camarines Sur with Nabua highlightedOpenStreetMapNabuaLocation within the PhilippinesCoordinates: 13°24′30″N 123°22′30″E / 13.4083°N 123.375°E / 13.4083; 123.375CountryPhilippinesRegionBicol RegionProvinceCamarines SurDistrict 5th districtFoundedJuly 25, 1569Barangays42 (see Barangays)Government  • TypeSangguniang Bayan • MayorFernando D. Simbulan • Vice MayorMarissa C. Velitario-Hao • RepresentativeMiguel Luis R. Villafuerte • Municipal Council Members Maria Eleanor O. LuzonGerard S. PononRoman Gwyllen F. Ladaw Jr.Alden J. GallarteJoselito F. FiguracionSonny C. PradesRuben G. Bearish IIIUlpiano P. Duran Jr.  • Electorate54,225 voters (2022)Area • Total96.20 km2 (37.14 sq mi)Elevation16 m (52 ft)Highest elevation112 m (367 ft)Lowest elevation4 m (13 ft)Population (2020 census) • Total86,490 • Density900/km2 (2,300/sq mi) • Households18,313Economy • Income class1st municipal income class • Poverty incidence32.78% (2021) • Revenue₱261,332,586.69 (2020) • Assets₱ 727.4 million (2020) • Expenditure₱ 174.2 million (2020) • Liabilities₱ 238.3 million (2020)Service provider • ElectricityCamarines Sur 3 Electric Cooperative (CASURECO 3) • WaterNabua Water District • TelecommunicationsSmart Telecommunications Globe Telecommunications • Cable TVVision Prime Cable • Satellite Cable TV ProvidersCignal TVSky Cable • Radio StationsDWEB FM 99.9DWVF CSPC Radio 87.5Time zoneUTC+8 (PST)ZIP code4434PSGC051723000IDD : area code +63 (0)54Native languagesRinconada Bikol Central Bikol Tagalog Nabua, officially the Municipality of Nabua (Rinconada Bikol: Banwāan ka Nabua; Tagalog: Bayan ng Nabua), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 86,490 people. Nabua is the mother town of Iriga City, Buhi, Bato, Balatan, Bula and Baao in Camarines Sur. Nabua has five districts: Antacudos, Binoyoan, Caobnan, Lupa and Sabang. Nabua is home of the modern kuntaw, and jota rojana. Past mayors Atty. Fernando "Fer" Simbulan | 2007–2010, 2019–2022, 2022-present Delia "Del" Castro-Simbulan | 2010–2013, 2013–2016, 2016–2019 Etymology This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nabua" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The municipality of Nabua traces the historical origin of its name way back during the Spanish colonial era. It was said that in 1571, an Augustinian friar named Alonzo Gimenez reached one of the rancherías called "Lupa" which was then under Datu Panga from Borneo. The good friar found persons inside the said rancheria cutting coconuts. He was offered to partake the inside shoot of coconut which the natives called “boa." Immediately, Fray Alonzo tagged the place as “Nabua” pronounced with his Spanish Accent. From that time onward, this place become popularly known as "Nabua." In another version, the historian Fray Felix Huerta claimed that the name came from the story that the original sitio of the town was in the shape of a young coconut embryo surrounded by five rancherias named Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang, Caobnan, and Binoyoan. Others believed otherwise and said it was centrally located in the middle of said rancherias, thus closely resembling "boa." For a time, the town was called “Nabobowa" but years of long usage shortened and corrupted it to the present name. History Early map showing the town of "Nava" and surrounding towns of present-day Rinconada area In 1578, a group of Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Pablo de Jesus and Fray Bartolome Ruiz put up a church in Antacodos where they placed a big cross. These missionaries soon merged the villages of Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang, and Binoyoan into one place. In a research mission to Spain funded by the municipality, it was learned that Nabua was officially established as a municipality on July 25, 1569. Based on the 1734 Murillo Velarde map, one of the earliest cartographic maps of the Philippine archipelago, the town is identified as "Nava"—a Spanish name indicating a "level piece of ground." This is probably the apt description of the place at that time, and until the present time, a flat terrain stretching from the shores of the lakes of Bato and Baao and nestled in the plains between Mt. Asog and the mountains of Bula and the then Pantao. Geography The municipality of Nabua ranges approximately 123.25–123.39° east longitude and 13.35–13.42° north latitude. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Baao and Bula; on the south by the municipality of Bato; on the east by Iriga City; and on the west by the municipality of Balatan. The municipality is an established growth center in the southeast part of Camarines Sur or the midsection of Bicol River Basin Area. It is located along the Legazpi–Iriga–Naga–Daet Growth Corridor or LINDGC. Nabua is 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Pili and 470 kilometres (290 mi) from Manila. Climate Climate data for Nabua, Camarines Sur Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 33(91) 32(90) 35(95) 37(99) 37(99) 36(97) 35(95) 33(91) 35(95) 34(93) 33(91) 32(90) 34(94) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 26(79) 26(79) 28(82) 30(86) 31(88) 31(88) 29(84) 28(82) 29(84) 28(82) 28(82) 27(81) 28(83) Average precipitation mm (inches) 51.03(2.01) 78.13(3.08) 55.3(2.18) 83.07(3.27) 159.34(6.27) 239.88(9.44) 385.80(15.19) 391.75(15.42) 293.65(11.56) 401.33(15.80) 108.2(4.26) 334.9(13.19) 2,582.38(101.67) Average rainy days 21 24 19 20 25 29 31 29 29 29 27 30 313 Source: World Weather Online The municipality of Nabua possesses a climate belonging to the 4th type wherein rainfalls are more or less evenly distributed throughout the years. Its rainfall is classified as Type B or humid which is characterized by rains well or evenly distributed throughout the year with at most three dry months. General wind direction prevailing the municipality is from northeast to southwest at an average velocity of eight knots. The municipality has a dry, a cold, and a wet season. From June to November, the town experiences heavy rains. The cold season comes every December to February. Then, from March to May, the dry season commences. Land The municipality of Nabua is one land mass containing a total land area of 8,854.4193 hectares. This total land area distributed among the 42 barangays, nine of which are considered as urban barangays, namely, San Antonio (Poblacion), San Esteban, San Francisco, San Juan, San Luis, San Isidro, San Miguel, San Nicolas, San Roque (Poblacion) and 33 are considered as rural barangays. Among the urban barangays, San Antonio (Poblacion) has the biggest land area of 234.1798 hectares while San Luis has the least land area of 2.1746 hectares. In the rural barangays, La Purisima has the largest land area as well as in the entire municipality of 428.1501 hectares while San Roque Madawon has the smallest land area of 76.3228 hectares. The municipality of Nabua given its land mass is entirely classified as alienable and disposable lands. Previous land classification has its slight share of forestland but was absorbed by the adjacent municipality of Balatan which requires political solution. Elevation and slope Nabua has about 8,803.0600 hectares or 99.42% very low elevation or less than 100 meters elevation and remaining 51.3593 hectares or 0.58% of low elevation or between 100 and 300 meters elevation. Its slope covers about 7,927.3616 hectares or 89.53% which are level to nearly level (0-3%) while the remaining 927.0577 hectares or 10.47% are rolling to moderately steep (18-30%) As the dominantly alluvial plain, the municipality of Nabua has the prevalent soil types classified as either clay loam or sandy loam having silty texture. These soil types are very favorable for agricultural usage. The geological characteristics for Nabua consist of: Upper Pleistocene (Sandstone and shale), Pliocene Pleistocene (Volcanoclast alluvial fans), and Recent (Alluvium or rice terraces). The natural drainage tributaries for Nabua consist of numerous creeks interconnected with the three major rivers namely: Bicol River, Waras River, and Barit River. Barangays Nabua is politically subdivided into 42 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios. Angustia (Angustia Inapatan) Antipolo Old Antipolo Young Aro-aldao Bustrac Inapatan (Del Rosario Inapatan) Dolorosa (Dolorosa Inapatan) Duran (Jesus Duran) La Purisima (Agupit) Lourdes Old Lourdes Young La Opinion Paloyon Oriental Paloyon (Sagrada Paloyon) Salvacion Que Gatos San Antonio (Poblacion) San Antonio Ogbon San Esteban (Poblacion) San Francisco (Poblacion) San Isidro (Poblacion) San Isidro Inapatan Malawag (San Jose Malawag) San Jose (San Jose Pangaraon) San Juan (Poblacion) San Luis (Poblacion) San Miguel (Poblacion) San Nicolas (Poblacion) San Roque (Poblacion) San Roque Madawon San Roque Sagumay San Vicente Gorong-Gorong San Vicente Ogbon Santa Barbara (Maliban) Santa Cruz Santa Elena Baras Santa Lucia Baras Santiago Old Santiago Young Santo Domingo Tandaay Topas Proper Topas Sogod Demographics Population census of NabuaYearPop.±% p.a.1903 18,893—    1918 19,314+0.15%1939 29,433+2.03%1948 42,946+4.29%1960 66,657+3.73%1970 44,417−3.97%1975 48,635+1.84%1980 53,295+1.85%1990 60,885+1.34%1995 65,988+1.52%2000 70,909+1.55%2007 75,422+0.85%2010 80,111+2.22%2015 83,874+0.88%2020 86,490+0.61%Source: Philippine Statistics Authority In the 2020 census, the population of Nabua, was 86,490 people, with a density of 900 inhabitants per square kilometre or 2,300 inhabitants per square mile. The municipality's total population accounts for 4.3% of the total provincial population of Camarines Sur, ranking sixth behind much larger population sizes of Naga City, Iriga, Libmanan, Pili and Calabanga. Historically, the municipal population has experienced positive growth rate, beginning in Censal Year 1903 up to 1999. Municipal population records show only one exception in Censal Year 1970 where the municipal population decreased. This population shift in number can be attributed to migration patterns due to socio-economic reasons. Thus, from a mere population size of 18,893 in 1903, the current municipal population more than tripled in size for 1999. Spread out among the 42 barangays of Nabua, there are 10,093 persons living in the urban barangays while 65,329 persons live in the rural barangays. Among urban barangays, San Antonio Poblacion has the largest population with 2,363 persons while San Luis has the smallest with 358 persons. For rural barangays, La Purisima has the largest population with 8,165 persons while Salvacion Que Gatos has the lowest with a population of 523 persons. Religion Parish of the Holy Cross Church Many Nabueños are followers of Catholicism which is very apparent to the names of several barangays which bear the names of Catholic patron saints. However, culture, festivals and practices are of mixed Catholic and local beliefs of Bicolanos of pre-Spanish period. Iglesia ni Cristo on the other hand is the largest minority religion with several local congregations in the municipality and is growing rapidly. Language The Nabua-Balatan variant under lowland dialect (sinaranəw) of Rinconada Bikol can be considered having its base from the Bikol languages. However, there are other smaller social groups within the Bicol region where Nabua derives the foundation of its variant. The Rinconada area composed of Baao, Buhi, Bula, Balatan, Bato, Nabua and Iriga shares the same Rinconada Bikol language that the local folks are still enriching up to this day. The Nabua-Balatan variant can be easily recognized by the way they enunciate words or phrases when they talk or use the language. For being the mother town of all the municipalities and city in Rinconada area, the Nabua-Balatan variant is considered by linguistics as one of the foundation variants of Rinconada Bikol language. Additionally, Spanish influences are frequently encountered in the languages of Nabuenos. Some examples of Spanish words embedded in the local dialect are: “Abreyā raw iton puertan.” This is a command statement, meaning “Open the door” in English or “Buksan ang pintuan” in the Filipino language. The word “abreyā” is an inflection of the Spanish verb “abrir” (to open), and “puertan” is a shorten word of "puertāhan" which is from the Spanish word “puerta”. Other variations of Spanish words being used in the Nabua-Balatan variant can be found, but many of these words or terms due to usage over time do not follow proper Spanish language conjugations and grammar. Culture Nabua has a rich array of customs and colorful practices that are found up to the present day. Pangarana This is the Nabua version of “serenading”. When a man wants to show his intent to court a woman, the man (sometimes accompanied by his friends) armed with a guitar or possibly a karaoke machine shows up on the woman’s doorsteps unannounced late at night. The woman or her family have either the option to turn on the lights and acknowledge the serenaders or just ignore them. In some cases, the event turns into an unforgettable event as the woman’s family may come up with some unique ways to get the serenaders out of their property, such as throwing a bucketful of hot water or unleashing “bantay”, the household watch dog. Pa-aurora The local folks are religious in nature so it is common for them to make a religious promise or ‘panata’ expressing their exultation to God because of a bountiful harvest or they have a petition that they wish would be granted. This is manifested through the local practice of “Aurora”. On nine consecutive nights, they would decorate an improvised "carroza" for their local patron saint and then visit the households in the neighborhood with singing and prayers. Pista sa mga Kalag On November 1, nearly all citizens take a trip down to the cemetery. This is their practice of honoring and remembering departed loved ones. They would offer flowers and light candles in their tombstones, sarcophagus, or decorate the family mausoleum with flowers and food. The local cemetery comes alive the night of November 1 to commemorate All Saints Day until the early morning of November 2 for All Souls Day. Masses at the cemetery are often offered on both days. Tang-gal kin Cuaresma During the season of Lent, some of the prominent families in Nabua will sponsor a “Tang-gal”. Tang-gal is the re-enactment of Jesus Christ’s Passion and Death on the cross. After the passion of Christ is re-enacted, the “tang-gal” is concluded with “Ire-Helena”, the story of Helene and Constantine in search of the True Cross. Pag-li-li When a family member or loved one dies, the family, friends and relatives of the dead offer nine days of prayers. This is the nine days of mourning where they go to the local church to attend Mass and then continue their novena prayers at the house of the deceased. Prayers are offered to help the soul of the deceased rest in peace and at the same time to console the grieving family. Katapusan After forty days of mourning, the family, friends and relatives of the dead celebrate the passage by hosting a feast and invite all those who consoled them in their time of grief. Once everyone invited are gathered, they say the litanies and pray the Rosary of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary. Local folks believe that the soul of their dead have now passed the stage of “roaming” and ready to rest in eternal peace. This is the time to let go and as a symbolism, they can now wear other colors of clothing instead of the traditional all black or all white. Dotoc Before the baranggay fiesta, "Dotoc" is a custom of Nabueños in honoring their patron saint through nine nights of thanksgiving. Segunda Dia The day after fiesta. It is a dance extravaganza played with folk, country, and novelty songs that the married couples, widows, widower and senior citizens dance in a dance floor. This make more fun and recreation for them especially for the balikbayans, or overseas locals, that will remember the steps of Codot-codotan. Economy Poverty incidence of Nabua 10 20 30 40 2006 31.90 2009 35.49 2012 29.47 2015 30.58 2018 15.52 2021 32.78 Source: Philippine Statistics Authority LCC Nabua is the largest commercial establishment in the municipality Macagang offers accommodation and recreational facilities Nabua used to be the center of economic development in Bicol just behind Legazpi City and Naga City throughout the 19th and 20th century. During the late 1990s and early 2000s most development went to the cities and municipalities of Tabaco, Iriga, Masbate City, Sorsogon City, Bulan, Ligao, Polangui, Goa, Pili and Sipocot then leaving behind Nabua as a residential area. But due to Nabua's wide fertile agricultural land and resources plus the Bicol River in the western portion of the municipality Nabua was seen as a growing commercial hub of Bicol in 2006 and was reclassified as a first class municipality in 2007. Now Nabua has several shopping centers, cultural centers, and other businesses. Primary Products Agriculture contributes a major role to the economy of the municipality of Nabua given its vast alluvial plains. Its agricultural contribution consists of crop production, livestock, and fishery. Crop production is more intense rather than livestock and fishery. Rice production, both irrigated and non-irrigated occupies about 87.26% of the total agricultural land devoted to crop production while corn and other types of crops occupies merely 7.96% and 4.78% respectively. However, crop production in the entire municipality represents only about 36.94% of the total municipal land area. Livestock production can be described as one merely that of backyard raising style despite the presence of at least two farms located at Inapatan with aggregate of only 1.00 hectare and only 22,000 animal heads. Likewise, inland fishing can hardly produce much-needed agricultural revenues both for the inland fishermen as well as for the benefit of the local government. Trade The Poblacion of the municipality of Nabua is strategic area for commercial development. Presently, its commercial area can be classified as a minor central business district which is reflective of being a tertiary urban growth corridor along the Legazpi-Iriga-Naga-Daet-Sorsogon growth corridor. It services the commercial needs of the neighboring municipalities of Bato and Balatan secondary only to Iriga City. Among the commercial establishments to be found within the Poblacion are wholesale trade, general merchandise, auto and motor supplies, school supplies, funeral parlor, groceries, insurance companies, banks, lending investors, pawnshops, drugstores, restaurant and sari-sari stores. Several barangays outside of the Poblacion functions as neighborhood centers. Those rural barangays include Santo Domingo, Malawag, La Purisima, La Opinion, Dolorosa and San Jose. Most common in about 30 rural barangays are the mushrooming of sari-sari stores. Industry The municipality of Nabua remains predominantly agriculturally-related in terms of industrial activities at present. The existing industrial establishment within Nabua consists mainly of rice mills with total industrial of about 3,000 square meters. Cottage industries generating household employment and income proliferate in rural barangays. Nabua has a potential for agro-industrial development. This is manifested by its: (1) proximity to both Balatan Port and Pantao Port (2) Inherent vast agricultural lands (3) As an urban growth center and, (4) suitable agro-industrial site. Infrastructure Health The municipality has Rural Health Units and hospitals nearby Poblacion area. Those are: Rural Health Unit 1 Rural Health Unit 2 Don Henrico Uvero Hospital Medical Mission Group Hospital (Rinconada Medical Center) Clinica Figuracion Carino Clinic Recuenco Optical Clinic Queen Hannah Birthing Clinic Belen Lying-in Clinic Tagomata Dental Clinic Transportation Maharlika Highway Transportation is very much important in Nabua because of its strategic location and membership in the Legazpi-Iriga-Naga-Daet growth corridor; and it is the preferred development strategy of agro-industrial commerce and tourism. Land transportation available are the various road systems and the Philippine National Railways (PNR) track facilities traversing the municipalities. Generally, the municipality has adequate road lengths based on the standards of 1.5 km. per 100 hectares of arable land. Utilities The strategic location of Nabua along the Luzon grid makes it an ample recipient of power supply from NAPOCOR. Within the municipality itself, the Camarines Sur Electric Cooperative (CASURECO) 3 as the exclusive provider retails supply of electricity. All barangays within the municipality are already energized both in urban and rural barangays. Water resources There are three existing Level 3 water supply systems that provide potable water, namely: Nabua Water District, Duran Water System, and Sagumay Water System. Communication Existing communication services and facilities includes cable television, telephone services, telegraph services and telegraphic transfer, cellphones, and postal services. The only existing radio station in the municipality is DWEB FM 99.9 MHz of the Filipinas Broadcasting Company and the Bicol Media Network. Tourism The town of Nabua is known for having a large contingent of active and retired United States Navy servicemen. That makes Nabua a veritable destination for tourists, retirees, and balikbayans from the United States. Oftentimes, coyly and with a tinge of amusement, the town is usually referred to as the Town of the Green Bucks (U.S. Dollars). Most of the families of these servicemen reside in Southern California, particularly in the San Diego area. During religious and special holidays, these U.S. based Nabueños plus a growing number of Nabua natives now residing in other parts of the world would unfailingly return to their beloved Nabua, tagging along their friends, and freely spending their hard-earned foreign currency which definitely boosts the local economy and tourism. Boa-Boahan Festival Boa-boahan MonumentNabua celebrates its fiesta with the now-famous annual Boa-Boahan Festival on the third of May. The highlight of the festival is the reenactment of the traditional "Boa Feast," a 13th-century rite where ancient Bicolanos offered chains of coconut embryos called boa to their pagan deities, in the belief that this would give them ample harvests, favorable weather, and make their lives more prosperous and happy throughout the year. The feast is enlivened with frenzied street theater, heart-pounding street dances and spectacles, and a riveting display of colorful and dazzling ethnic costumes. This annual festival was initiated and given unprecedented impetus and funding by then Mayor Ulpiano Duran and the town's first lady then, Mrs. Delia Duran, in tandem with the late District Supervisor Mrs. Patricia Romano and the principals, teachers, and pupils from both public and private schools. The first-ever festival was held in 1975 and crowned as the first Binibining Nabua Alinsangan was Julie Sales Estadilla. The Boa-bowaan pageantry was graced in the evening by a memorable dramatic revue performed by the legendary U.P. Mobile Theater under Professor and National Artist Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero, with the help of the touring company's long-time national coordinator, Mr. Timothy O. Albano (incidentally, he and his staff volunteered to research extensively the legend and authentic lore behind the festival's underlying mythology). The late U.S. Engr. Cleto Descalso, a Nabueño philanthropist who chose to retire in Nabua after the decades he spent working in the United States, funded the creation of the Descalso Garden Park near the Municipal Hall. This exquisitely-designed garden became the staging point for this first festival. A poetry-reading featured during the first Miss Boa-Boahan/Alinsangan beauty pageant was delivered by National Artist Mr. Riyoh Alma (Virgilio Almario). The guests of honor who helped crown Miss Julie Sales Estadilla, the first Miss Boa-boahan Festival had included the commanding generals and commodores from both the Subic Bay Naval and Clark Air bases. Holy Cross Parish The over 400-year-old church of Nabua known as the Vicariate of the Holy Cross is a prominent landmark along the national diversion road connecting the municipality of Baao directly to this town without passing the city of Iriga. Lenten season Starting from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday, you will find 400-year-old religious customs and traditions being celebrated by the locals. Semana Santa starts with the Palm Sunday procession and blessing of Palms. On Holy Wednesday and Good Friday, the Processions of 'Pasos' are solemnly held to depict the Passion of the Christ. To commemorate Christ's resurrection, the "Balo-balu" is celebrated the night of Black Saturday and then the "Ton-ton" at dawn on Easter Sunday after the "Salubong" procession. Local industries Existing local industries such as bamboo craft, handloom weaving, woodcraft and basketry derived from available raw materials. Education Polytechnic State University of Bicol, formerly known as Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges Nabua National High School Nabua boasts of a high literacy rate of 96.54% within the municipality. The people of Nabua put a premium on higher education as their key to social and economic mobility. The present level of educational services within the municipality covers a number of teachers and classrooms vis-a-vis current and projected enrollments. For elementary level, there are a total of 33 elementary schools divided into East and West Districts with a total current enrollment of 11,947 pupils. The secondary level of education is currently provided by Nabua National High School, La Purisima National High School, Malawag Nationalized High School, Santo Domingo Institute, and Saint Jude Agro-Industrial College. The Polytechnic State University of Bicol, formerly known as Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, is a public school located in San Miguel that offers tertiary, post-graduate, as well as short–term courses, technical or vocational in nature. Nabua is the site of large state-run and private educational institutions in Rinconada. Some of the leading schools in Nabua are: Angustia Elementary School Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges St. Jude Agro-Industrial College Santo Domingo Institute Ryden Technological Institute Nabua National High School La Purisima National High School Malawag High School Victor Bernal High School Tandaay High School Holy Cross Parochial School Good Start Learning Academy, Inc. Nabua Central Pilot School Nabua Educational Learning Center Nabua Music Learning Center St. Jude Thaddeus Learning Center Montessori House of Learning Santiago Elementary School Don Telesforo Llorin Elementary School Baras Elementary School Antipolo Young Elementary School Paloyon Elementary School Notable personalities Christi Lynn A. McGarry - Filipino-American beauty queen and model Sofia Moran - actress, model, recording artist and philanthropist Elizabeth Oropesa - actress and beauty queen Ofelia M. Samar-Sy — Physician, Dean of Bicol University College of Medicine References ^  Municipality of Nabua | (DILG) ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024. ^ "Kuntaw History- Nabua". Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2008-05-11. ^ "Jota Dances of the Philippines" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-05-11. ^ "Nabua, Camarines Sur: Average Temperatures and Rainfall". World Weather Online. Retrieved 29 October 2017. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region V (Bicol Region)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region V (Bicol Region)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ "Province of Camarines Sur". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016. ^ "Poverty incidence (PI):". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020. ^ "Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005. ^ "2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009. ^ "City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012. ^ "2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016. ^ "Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015". Philippine Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019. ^ "PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024. ^ "Lindcgp - Project Background". Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2011-04-02. ^ "Sofia Moran". IMDb. Retrieved 2020-04-04. ^ "Dean | BU College of Medicine". External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nabua, Camarines Sur. Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Nabua". Municipality of Nabua Nabua Forum Non-profit Online Forum for Nabueno Communities Worldwide Virtual Gallery - Town of Nabua Town of Nabua Website Philippine Standard Geographic Code Philippine Census Information www.camarinessur.gov.ph Places adjacent to Nabua Bula Baao Balatan Nabua Iriga Bato vte Province of Camarines SurPili (capital) Naga (largest city)Municipalities Baao Balatan Bato Bombon Buhi Bula Cabusao Calabanga Camaligan Canaman Caramoan Del Gallego Gainza Garchitorena Goa Lagonoy Libmanan Lupi Magarao Milaor Minalabac Nabua Ocampo Pamplona Pasacao Pili Presentacion Ragay Sagñay San Fernando San Jose Sipocot Siruma Tigaon Tinambac Component city Iriga Independent component city Naga (Administratively independent from the province but grouped under Camarines Sur by the Philippine Statistics Authority.)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nabua, Fiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabua,_Fiji"},{"link_name":"Rinconada Bikol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language"},{"link_name":"Tagalog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_language"},{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Province"},{"link_name":"Camarines Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9305-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Municipality in Camarines Sur, PhilippinesThis article is about the place in the Philippines. For the place in Fiji, see Nabua, Fiji.Municipality in Bicol Region, PhilippinesNabua, officially the Municipality of Nabua (Rinconada Bikol: Banwāan ka Nabua; Tagalog: Bayan ng Nabua), is a 1st class municipality in the province of Camarines Sur, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 86,490 people.[3]Nabua is the mother town of Iriga City, Buhi, Bato, Balatan, Bula and Baao in Camarines Sur. Nabua has five districts: Antacudos, Binoyoan, Caobnan, Lupa and Sabang.Nabua is home of the modern kuntaw,[5] and jota rojana.[6]","title":"Nabua"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Atty. Fernando \"Fer\" Simbulan | 2007–2010, 2019–2022, 2022-presentDelia \"Del\" Castro-Simbulan | 2010–2013, 2013–2016, 2016–2019","title":"Past mayors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish colonial era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1565%E2%80%931898)"},{"link_name":"rancherías","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancher%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Borneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borneo"},{"link_name":"Felix Huerta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Huerta"}],"text":"The municipality of Nabua traces the historical origin of its name way back during the Spanish colonial era. It was said that in 1571, an Augustinian friar named Alonzo Gimenez reached one of the rancherías called \"Lupa\" which was then under Datu Panga from Borneo. The good friar found persons inside the said rancheria cutting coconuts. He was offered to partake the inside shoot of coconut which the natives called “boa.\" Immediately, Fray Alonzo tagged the place as “Nabua” pronounced with his Spanish Accent. From that time onward, this place become popularly known as \"Nabua.\"In another version, the historian Fray Felix Huerta claimed that the name came from the story that the original sitio of the town was in the shape of a young coconut embryo surrounded by five rancherias named Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang, Caobnan, and Binoyoan. Others believed otherwise and said it was centrally located in the middle of said rancherias, thus closely resembling \"boa.\" For a time, the town was called “Nabobowa\" but years of long usage shortened and corrupted it to the present name.","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:VelardeMurilloMap_Rinconada_1734.JPG"},{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"missionaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries"},{"link_name":"church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_(building)"},{"link_name":"cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"Murillo Velarde map","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murillo_Velarde_map"},{"link_name":"Bato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Baao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baao,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Mt. Asog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Asog"},{"link_name":"Bula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula,_Camarines_Sur"}],"text":"Early map showing the town of \"Nava\" and surrounding towns of present-day Rinconada areaIn 1578, a group of Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Pablo de Jesus and Fray Bartolome Ruiz put up a church in Antacodos where they placed a big cross. These missionaries soon merged the villages of Lupa, Antacodos, Sabang, and Binoyoan into one place.In a research mission to Spain funded by the municipality,[when?] it was learned that Nabua was officially established as a municipality on July 25, 1569.Based on the 1734 Murillo Velarde map, one of the earliest cartographic maps of the Philippine archipelago, the town is identified as \"Nava\"—a Spanish name indicating a \"level piece of ground.\" This is probably the apt description of the place at that time, and until the present time, a flat terrain stretching from the shores of the lakes of Bato and Baao and nestled in the plains between Mt. Asog and the mountains of Bula and the then Pantao.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baao"},{"link_name":"Bula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bula,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Bato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bato,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Iriga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriga_City"},{"link_name":"Balatan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balatan"},{"link_name":"Camarines Sur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Bicol River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_River"},{"link_name":"Legazpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legazpi,_Albay"},{"link_name":"Iriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriga"},{"link_name":"Naga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Daet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daet"},{"link_name":"Pili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manila"}],"text":"The municipality of Nabua ranges approximately 123.25–123.39° east longitude and 13.35–13.42° north latitude. It is bounded on the north by the municipality of Baao and Bula; on the south by the municipality of Bato; on the east by Iriga City; and on the west by the municipality of Balatan. The municipality is an established growth center in the southeast part of Camarines Sur or the midsection of Bicol River Basin Area. It is located along the Legazpi–Iriga–Naga–Daet Growth Corridor or LINDGC. Nabua is 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Pili and 470 kilometres (290 mi) from Manila.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-met_norms-7"},{"link_name":"4th type","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_of_the_Philippines#Climate_types"}],"sub_title":"Climate","text":"Climate data for Nabua, Camarines Sur\n\n\nMonth\n\nJan\n\nFeb\n\nMar\n\nApr\n\nMay\n\nJun\n\nJul\n\nAug\n\nSep\n\nOct\n\nNov\n\nDec\n\nYear\n\n\nMean daily maximum °C (°F)\n\n33(91)\n\n32(90)\n\n35(95)\n\n37(99)\n\n37(99)\n\n36(97)\n\n35(95)\n\n33(91)\n\n35(95)\n\n34(93)\n\n33(91)\n\n32(90)\n\n34(94)\n\n\nMean daily minimum °C (°F)\n\n26(79)\n\n26(79)\n\n28(82)\n\n30(86)\n\n31(88)\n\n31(88)\n\n29(84)\n\n28(82)\n\n29(84)\n\n28(82)\n\n28(82)\n\n27(81)\n\n28(83)\n\n\nAverage precipitation mm (inches)\n\n51.03(2.01)\n\n78.13(3.08)\n\n55.3(2.18)\n\n83.07(3.27)\n\n159.34(6.27)\n\n239.88(9.44)\n\n385.80(15.19)\n\n391.75(15.42)\n\n293.65(11.56)\n\n401.33(15.80)\n\n108.2(4.26)\n\n334.9(13.19)\n\n2,582.38(101.67)\n\n\nAverage rainy days\n\n21\n\n24\n\n19\n\n20\n\n25\n\n29\n\n31\n\n29\n\n29\n\n29\n\n27\n\n30\n\n313\n\n\nSource: World Weather Online[7]The municipality of Nabua possesses a climate belonging to the 4th type wherein rainfalls are more or less evenly distributed throughout the years. Its rainfall is classified as Type B or humid which is characterized by rains well or evenly distributed throughout the year with at most three dry months. General wind direction prevailing the municipality is from northeast to southwest at an average velocity of eight knots.The municipality has a dry, a cold, and a wet season. From June to November, the town experiences heavy rains. The cold season comes every December to February. Then, from March to May, the dry season commences.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Land","text":"The municipality of Nabua is one land mass containing a total land area of 8,854.4193 hectares. This total land area distributed among the 42 barangays, nine of which are considered as urban barangays, namely, San Antonio (Poblacion), San Esteban, San Francisco, San Juan, San Luis, San Isidro, San Miguel, San Nicolas, San Roque (Poblacion) and 33 are considered as rural barangays. Among the urban barangays, San Antonio (Poblacion) has the biggest land area of 234.1798 hectares while San Luis has the least land area of 2.1746 hectares. In the rural barangays, La Purisima has the largest land area as well as in the entire municipality of 428.1501 hectares while San Roque Madawon has the smallest land area of 76.3228 hectares.The municipality of Nabua given its land mass is entirely classified as alienable and disposable lands. Previous land classification has its slight share of forestland but was absorbed by the adjacent municipality of Balatan which requires political solution.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"loam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loam"}],"sub_title":"Elevation and slope","text":"Nabua has about 8,803.0600 hectares or 99.42% very low elevation or less than 100 meters elevation and remaining 51.3593 hectares or 0.58% of low elevation or between 100 and 300 meters elevation. Its slope covers about 7,927.3616 hectares or 89.53% which are level to nearly level (0-3%) while the remaining 927.0577 hectares or 10.47% are rolling to moderately steep (18-30%)As the dominantly alluvial plain, the municipality of Nabua has the prevalent soil types classified as either clay loam or sandy loam having silty texture. These soil types are very favorable for agricultural usage.The geological characteristics for Nabua consist of: Upper Pleistocene (Sandstone and shale), Pliocene Pleistocene (Volcanoclast alluvial fans), and Recent (Alluvium or rice terraces).The natural drainage tributaries for Nabua consist of numerous creeks interconnected with the three major rivers namely: Bicol River, Waras River, and Barit River.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"puroks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purok"},{"link_name":"sitios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitios"}],"sub_title":"Barangays","text":"Nabua is politically subdivided into 42 barangays. Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.Angustia (Angustia Inapatan)\nAntipolo Old\nAntipolo Young\nAro-aldao\nBustrac\nInapatan (Del Rosario Inapatan)\nDolorosa (Dolorosa Inapatan)\nDuran (Jesus Duran)\nLa Purisima (Agupit)\nLourdes Old\nLourdes Young\nLa Opinion\nPaloyon Oriental\nPaloyon (Sagrada Paloyon)\nSalvacion Que Gatos\nSan Antonio (Poblacion)\nSan Antonio Ogbon\nSan Esteban (Poblacion)\nSan Francisco (Poblacion)\nSan Isidro (Poblacion)\nSan Isidro Inapatan\nMalawag (San Jose Malawag)\nSan Jose (San Jose Pangaraon)\nSan Juan (Poblacion)\nSan Luis (Poblacion)\nSan Miguel (Poblacion)\nSan Nicolas (Poblacion)\nSan Roque (Poblacion)\nSan Roque Madawon\nSan Roque Sagumay\nSan Vicente Gorong-Gorong\nSan Vicente Ogbon\nSanta Barbara (Maliban)\nSanta Cruz\nSanta Elena Baras\nSanta Lucia Baras\nSantiago Old\nSantiago Young\nSanto Domingo\nTandaay\nTopas Proper\nTopas Sogod","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PSA20%E2%80%9305-3"},{"link_name":"Naga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Iriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriga"},{"link_name":"Libmanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libmanan"},{"link_name":"Pili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Calabanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabanga"}],"text":"In the 2020 census, the population of Nabua, was 86,490 people,[3] with a density of 900 inhabitants per square kilometre or 2,300 inhabitants per square mile.The municipality's total population accounts for 4.3% of the total provincial population of Camarines Sur, ranking sixth behind much larger population sizes of Naga City, Iriga, Libmanan, Pili and Calabanga.Historically, the municipal population has experienced positive growth rate, beginning in Censal Year 1903 up to 1999. Municipal population records show only one exception in Censal Year 1970 where the municipal population decreased. This population shift in number can be attributed to migration patterns due to socio-economic reasons. Thus, from a mere population size of 18,893 in 1903, the current municipal population more than tripled in size for 1999.Spread out among the 42 barangays of Nabua, there are 10,093 persons living in the urban barangays while 65,329 persons live in the rural barangays. Among urban barangays, San Antonio Poblacion has the largest population with 2,363 persons while San Luis has the smallest with 358 persons. For rural barangays, La Purisima has the largest population with 8,165 persons while Salvacion Que Gatos has the lowest with a population of 523 persons.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parish_of_the_Holy_Cross_Church,_Nabua.JPG"},{"link_name":"Iglesia ni Cristo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"Parish of the Holy Cross ChurchMany Nabueños are followers of Catholicism which is very apparent to the names of several barangays which bear the names of Catholic patron saints. However, culture, festivals and practices are of mixed Catholic and local beliefs of Bicolanos of pre-Spanish period. Iglesia ni Cristo on the other hand is the largest minority religion with several local congregations in the municipality and is growing rapidly.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rinconada Bikol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language"},{"link_name":"Bikol languages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bikol_languages"},{"link_name":"Rinconada Bikol language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rinconada_Bikol_language"},{"link_name":"Spanish influences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_influence_on_Filipino_culture#Language"}],"sub_title":"Language","text":"The Nabua-Balatan variant under lowland dialect (sinaranəw) of Rinconada Bikol can be considered having its base from the Bikol languages. However, there are other smaller social groups within the Bicol region where Nabua derives the foundation of its variant. The Rinconada area composed of Baao, Buhi, Bula, Balatan, Bato, Nabua and Iriga shares the same Rinconada Bikol language that the local folks are still enriching up to this day. The Nabua-Balatan variant can be easily recognized by the way they enunciate words or phrases when they talk or use the language. For being the mother town of all the municipalities and city in Rinconada area, the Nabua-Balatan variant is considered by linguistics as one of the foundation variants of Rinconada Bikol language.Additionally, Spanish influences are frequently encountered in the languages of Nabuenos. Some examples of Spanish words embedded in the local dialect are: “Abreyā raw iton puertan.” This is a command statement, meaning “Open the door” in English or “Buksan ang pintuan” in the Filipino language. The word “abreyā” is an inflection of the Spanish verb “abrir” (to open), and “puertan” is a shorten word of \"puertāhan\" which is from the Spanish word “puerta”.Other variations of Spanish words being used in the Nabua-Balatan variant can be found, but many of these words or terms due to usage over time do not follow proper Spanish language conjugations and grammar.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Nabua has a rich array of customs and colorful practices that are found up to the present day.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pangarana","text":"This is the Nabua version of “serenading”. When a man wants to show his intent to court a woman, the man (sometimes accompanied by his friends) armed with a guitar or possibly a karaoke machine shows up on the woman’s doorsteps unannounced late at night. The woman or her family have either the option to turn on the lights and acknowledge the serenaders or just ignore them. In some cases, the event turns into an unforgettable event as the woman’s family may come up with some unique ways to get the serenaders out of their property, such as throwing a bucketful of hot water or unleashing “bantay”, the household watch dog.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pa-aurora","text":"The local folks are religious in nature so it is common for them to make a religious promise or ‘panata’ expressing their exultation to God because of a bountiful harvest or they have a petition that they wish would be granted. This is manifested through the local practice of “Aurora”. On nine consecutive nights, they would decorate an improvised \"carroza\" for their local patron saint and then visit the households in the neighborhood with singing and prayers.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All Saints Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_Day"},{"link_name":"All Souls Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Souls_Day"}],"sub_title":"Pista sa mga Kalag","text":"On November 1, nearly all citizens take a trip down to the cemetery. This is their practice of honoring and remembering departed loved ones. They would offer flowers and light candles in their tombstones, sarcophagus, or decorate the family mausoleum with flowers and food. The local cemetery comes alive the night of November 1 to commemorate All Saints Day until the early morning of November 2 for All Souls Day. Masses at the cemetery are often offered on both days.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lent"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ’s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"True Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Cross"}],"sub_title":"Tang-gal kin Cuaresma","text":"During the season of Lent, some of the prominent families in Nabua will sponsor a “Tang-gal”. Tang-gal is the re-enactment of Jesus Christ’s Passion and Death on the cross. After the passion of Christ is re-enacted, the “tang-gal” is concluded with “Ire-Helena”, the story of Helene and Constantine in search of the True Cross.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Pag-li-li","text":"When a family member or loved one dies, the family, friends and relatives of the dead offer nine days of prayers. This is the nine days of mourning where they go to the local church to attend Mass and then continue their novena prayers at the house of the deceased. Prayers are offered to help the soul of the deceased rest in peace and at the same time to console the grieving family.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rosary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosary"}],"sub_title":"Katapusan","text":"After forty days of mourning, the family, friends and relatives of the dead celebrate the passage by hosting a feast and invite all those who consoled them in their time of grief. Once everyone invited are gathered, they say the litanies and pray the Rosary of the Most Blessed Virgin Mary. Local folks believe that the soul of their dead have now passed the stage of “roaming” and ready to rest in eternal peace. This is the time to let go and as a symbolism, they can now wear other colors of clothing instead of the traditional all black or all white.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Dotoc","text":"Before the baranggay fiesta, \"Dotoc\" is a custom of Nabueños in honoring their patron saint through nine nights of thanksgiving.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Segunda Dia","text":"The day after fiesta. It is a dance extravaganza played with folk, country, and novelty songs that the married couples, widows, widower and senior citizens dance in a dance floor. This make more fun and recreation for them especially for the balikbayans, or overseas locals, that will remember the steps of Codot-codotan.","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LCC,_Nabua.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Macagang_Resort,_Nabua.JPG"},{"link_name":"Legazpi City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legazpi_City"},{"link_name":"Naga City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naga,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Tabaco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabaco"},{"link_name":"Iriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriga"},{"link_name":"Masbate City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masbate_City"},{"link_name":"Sorsogon City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorsogon_City"},{"link_name":"Bulan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulan,_Sorsogon"},{"link_name":"Ligao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligao"},{"link_name":"Polangui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polangui"},{"link_name":"Goa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goa,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Pili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pili,_Camarines_Sur"},{"link_name":"Sipocot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sipocot"}],"text":"Poverty incidence of NabuaLCC Nabua is the largest commercial establishment in the municipalityMacagang offers accommodation and recreational facilitiesNabua used to be the center of economic development in Bicol just behind Legazpi City and Naga City throughout the 19th and 20th century. During the late 1990s and early 2000s most development went to the cities and municipalities of Tabaco, Iriga, Masbate City, Sorsogon City, Bulan, Ligao, Polangui, Goa, Pili and Sipocot then leaving behind Nabua as a residential area. But due to Nabua's wide fertile agricultural land and resources plus the Bicol River in the western portion of the municipality Nabua was seen as a growing commercial hub of Bicol in 2006 and was reclassified as a first class municipality in 2007. Now Nabua has several shopping centers, cultural centers, and other businesses.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Primary Products","text":"Agriculture contributes a major role to the economy of the municipality of Nabua given its vast alluvial plains. Its agricultural contribution consists of crop production, livestock, and fishery. Crop production is more intense rather than livestock and fishery.Rice production, both irrigated and non-irrigated occupies about 87.26% of the total agricultural land devoted to crop production while corn and other types of crops occupies merely 7.96% and 4.78% respectively. However, crop production in the entire municipality represents only about 36.94% of the total municipal land area. Livestock production can be described as one merely that of backyard raising style despite the presence of at least two farms located at Inapatan with aggregate of only 1.00 hectare and only 22,000 animal heads. Likewise, inland fishing can hardly produce much-needed agricultural revenues both for the inland fishermen as well as for the benefit of the local government.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"sari-sari stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sari-sari_store"}],"sub_title":"Trade","text":"The Poblacion of the municipality of Nabua is strategic area for commercial development. Presently, its commercial area can be classified as a minor central business district which is reflective of being a tertiary urban growth corridor along the Legazpi-Iriga-Naga-Daet-Sorsogon growth corridor.[20] It services the commercial needs of the neighboring municipalities of Bato and Balatan secondary only to Iriga City. Among the commercial establishments to be found within the Poblacion are wholesale trade, general merchandise, auto and motor supplies, school supplies, funeral parlor, groceries, insurance companies, banks, lending investors, pawnshops, drugstores, restaurant and sari-sari stores.Several barangays outside of the Poblacion functions as neighborhood centers. Those rural barangays include Santo Domingo, Malawag, La Purisima, La Opinion, Dolorosa and San Jose. Most common in about 30 rural barangays are the mushrooming of sari-sari stores.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Industry","text":"The municipality of Nabua remains predominantly agriculturally-related in terms of industrial activities at present. The existing industrial establishment within Nabua consists mainly of rice mills with total industrial of about 3,000 square meters. Cottage industries generating household employment and income proliferate in rural barangays. Nabua has a potential for agro-industrial development. This is manifested by its: (1) proximity to both Balatan Port and Pantao Port (2) Inherent vast agricultural lands (3) As an urban growth center and, (4) suitable agro-industrial site.","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Health","text":"The municipality has Rural Health Units and hospitals nearby Poblacion area. Those are:Rural Health Unit 1\nRural Health Unit 2\nDon Henrico Uvero Hospital\nMedical Mission Group Hospital (Rinconada Medical Center)\nClinica Figuracion\nCarino Clinic\nRecuenco Optical Clinic\nQueen Hannah Birthing Clinic\nBelen Lying-in Clinic\nTagomata Dental Clinic","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Highway_in_Nabua.jpg"},{"link_name":"Philippine National Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_National_Railways"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"Maharlika HighwayTransportation is very much important in Nabua because of its strategic location and membership in the Legazpi-Iriga-Naga-Daet growth corridor; and it is the preferred development strategy of agro-industrial commerce and tourism.Land transportation available are the various road systems and the Philippine National Railways (PNR) track facilities traversing the municipalities. Generally, the municipality has adequate road lengths based on the standards of 1.5 km. per 100 hectares of arable land.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NAPOCOR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Power_Corporation"}],"sub_title":"Utilities","text":"The strategic location of Nabua along the Luzon grid makes it an ample recipient of power supply from NAPOCOR. Within the municipality itself, the Camarines Sur Electric Cooperative (CASURECO) 3 as the exclusive provider retails supply of electricity. All barangays within the municipality are already energized both in urban and rural barangays.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Level 3 water supply systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_the_Philippines#Access"}],"sub_title":"Water resources","text":"There are three existing Level 3 water supply systems that provide potable water, namely: Nabua Water District, Duran Water System, and Sagumay Water System.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Communication","text":"Existing communication services and facilities includes cable television, telephone services, telegraph services and telegraphic transfer, cellphones, and postal services.The only existing radio station in the municipality is DWEB FM 99.9 MHz of the Filipinas Broadcasting Company and the Bicol Media Network.","title":"Infrastructure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Diego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego"},{"link_name":"economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy"},{"link_name":"tourism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism"}],"text":"The town of Nabua is known for having a large contingent of active and retired United States Navy servicemen. That makes Nabua a veritable destination for tourists, retirees, and balikbayans from the United States. Oftentimes, coyly and with a tinge of amusement, the town is usually referred to as the Town of the Green Bucks (U.S. Dollars). Most of the families of these servicemen reside in Southern California, particularly in the San Diego area. During religious and special holidays, these U.S. based Nabueños plus a growing number of Nabua natives now residing in other parts of the world would unfailingly return to their beloved Nabua, tagging along their friends, and freely spending their hard-earned foreign currency which definitely boosts the local economy and tourism.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boa_boa_an_rotonda_landmark_WTR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festival"},{"link_name":"coconut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut"},{"link_name":"embryos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embryos"},{"link_name":"Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrido_Ma._Guerrero"},{"link_name":"Subic Bay Naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Naval_Base_Subic_Bay"},{"link_name":"Clark Air bases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clark_Air_Base"}],"sub_title":"Boa-Boahan Festival","text":"Boa-boahan MonumentNabua celebrates its fiesta with the now-famous annual Boa-Boahan Festival on the third of May. The highlight of the festival is the reenactment of the traditional \"Boa Feast,\" a 13th-century rite where ancient Bicolanos offered chains of coconut embryos called boa to their pagan deities, in the belief that this would give them ample harvests, favorable weather, and make their lives more prosperous and happy throughout the year. The feast is enlivened with frenzied street theater, heart-pounding street dances and spectacles, and a riveting display of colorful and dazzling ethnic costumes. This annual festival was initiated and given unprecedented impetus and funding by then Mayor Ulpiano Duran and the town's first lady then, Mrs. Delia Duran, in tandem with the late District Supervisor Mrs. Patricia Romano and the principals, teachers, and pupils from both public and private schools.The first-ever festival was held in 1975 and crowned as the first Binibining Nabua Alinsangan was Julie Sales Estadilla. The Boa-bowaan pageantry was graced in the evening by a memorable dramatic revue performed by the legendary U.P. Mobile Theater under Professor and National Artist Wilfrido Ma. Guerrero, with the help of the touring company's long-time national coordinator, Mr. Timothy O. Albano (incidentally, he and his staff volunteered to research extensively the legend and authentic lore behind the festival's underlying mythology).The late U.S. Engr. Cleto Descalso, a Nabueño philanthropist who chose to retire in Nabua after the decades he spent working in the United States, funded the creation of the Descalso Garden Park near the Municipal Hall. This exquisitely-designed garden became the staging point for this first festival. A poetry-reading featured during the first Miss Boa-Boahan/Alinsangan beauty pageant was delivered by National Artist Mr. Riyoh Alma (Virgilio Almario). The guests of honor who helped crown Miss Julie Sales Estadilla, the first Miss Boa-boahan Festival had included the commanding generals and commodores from both the Subic Bay Naval and Clark Air bases.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_cross"},{"link_name":"Baao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baao"},{"link_name":"Iriga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iriga"}],"sub_title":"Holy Cross Parish","text":"The over 400-year-old church of Nabua known as the Vicariate of the Holy Cross is a prominent landmark along the national diversion road connecting the municipality of Baao directly to this town without passing the city of Iriga.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Palm Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palm_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Easter Sunday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easter_Sunday"},{"link_name":"Palms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arecaceae"},{"link_name":"Good Friday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Friday"},{"link_name":"Black Saturday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Saturday"}],"sub_title":"Lenten season","text":"Starting from Palm Sunday to Easter Sunday, you will find 400-year-old religious customs and traditions being celebrated by the locals. Semana Santa starts with the Palm Sunday procession and blessing of Palms. On Holy Wednesday and Good Friday, the Processions of 'Pasos' are solemnly held to depict the Passion of the Christ. To commemorate Christ's resurrection, the \"Balo-balu\" is celebrated the night of Black Saturday and then the \"Ton-ton\" at dawn on Easter Sunday after the \"Salubong\" procession.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bamboo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bamboo"}],"sub_title":"Local industries","text":"Existing local industries such as bamboo craft, handloom weaving, woodcraft and basketry derived from available raw materials.","title":"Tourism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CSPC_nabua_WTR.jpg"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic State University of Bicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_State_University_of_Bicol"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nabua_National_High_School.JPG"},{"link_name":"literacy rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literacy_rate"},{"link_name":"Polytechnic State University of Bicol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polytechnic_State_University_of_Bicol"}],"text":"Polytechnic State University of Bicol, formerly known as Camarines Sur Polytechnic CollegesNabua National High SchoolNabua boasts of a high literacy rate of 96.54% within the municipality. The people of Nabua put a premium on higher education as their key to social and economic mobility. The present level of educational services within the municipality covers a number of teachers and classrooms vis-a-vis current and projected enrollments.For elementary level, there are a total of 33 elementary schools divided into East and West Districts with a total current enrollment of 11,947 pupils. The secondary level of education is currently provided by Nabua National High School, La Purisima National High School, Malawag Nationalized High School, Santo Domingo Institute, and Saint Jude Agro-Industrial College.The Polytechnic State University of Bicol, formerly known as Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges, is a public school located in San Miguel that offers tertiary, post-graduate, as well as short–term courses, technical or vocational in nature.Nabua is the site of large state-run and private educational institutions in Rinconada. Some of the leading schools in Nabua are:Angustia Elementary School\nCamarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges\nSt. Jude Agro-Industrial College\nSanto Domingo Institute\nRyden Technological Institute\nNabua National High School\nLa Purisima National High School\nMalawag High School\nVictor Bernal High School\nTandaay High School\nHoly Cross Parochial School\nGood Start Learning Academy, Inc.\nNabua Central Pilot School\nNabua Educational Learning Center\nNabua Music Learning Center\nSt. Jude Thaddeus Learning Center\nMontessori House of Learning\nSantiago Elementary School\nDon Telesforo Llorin Elementary School\nBaras Elementary School\nAntipolo Young Elementary School\nPaloyon Elementary School","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christi Lynn A. McGarry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christi_McGarry"},{"link_name":"Sofia Moran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofia_Moran"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Oropesa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Oropesa"},{"link_name":"Ofelia M. Samar-Sy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ofelia_M._Samar-Sy"},{"link_name":"Bicol University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicol_University"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"Christi Lynn A. McGarry - Filipino-American beauty queen and model\nSofia Moran - actress, model, recording artist and philanthropist[21]\nElizabeth Oropesa - actress and beauty queen\nOfelia M. Samar-Sy — Physician, Dean of Bicol University College of Medicine[22]","title":"Notable personalities"}]
[{"image_text":"Early map showing the town of \"Nava\" and surrounding towns of present-day Rinconada area","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/VelardeMurilloMap_Rinconada_1734.JPG/220px-VelardeMurilloMap_Rinconada_1734.JPG"},{"image_text":"Parish of the Holy Cross Church","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Parish_of_the_Holy_Cross_Church%2C_Nabua.JPG/220px-Parish_of_the_Holy_Cross_Church%2C_Nabua.JPG"},{"image_text":"LCC Nabua is the largest commercial establishment in the municipality","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/LCC%2C_Nabua.JPG/220px-LCC%2C_Nabua.JPG"},{"image_text":"Macagang offers accommodation and recreational facilities","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Macagang_Resort%2C_Nabua.JPG/220px-Macagang_Resort%2C_Nabua.JPG"},{"image_text":"Maharlika Highway","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Highway_in_Nabua.jpg/220px-Highway_in_Nabua.jpg"},{"image_text":"Boa-boahan Monument","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Boa_boa_an_rotonda_landmark_WTR.jpg/220px-Boa_boa_an_rotonda_landmark_WTR.jpg"},{"image_text":"Polytechnic State University of Bicol, formerly known as Camarines Sur Polytechnic Colleges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/CSPC_nabua_WTR.jpg/220px-CSPC_nabua_WTR.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nabua National High School","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Nabua_National_High_School.JPG/220px-Nabua_National_High_School.JPG"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf","url_text":"\"2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0117-1453","url_text":"0117-1453"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210525030629/https://www.psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/_POPCEN%20Report%20No.%203.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Census of Population (2020). \"Region V (Bicol Region)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 8 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Region%25205.xlsx","url_text":"\"Region V (Bicol Region)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority","url_text":"Philippine Statistics Authority"}]},{"reference":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2021-city-and-municipal-level-poverty-estimates","url_text":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kuntaw History- Nabua\". Archived from the original on 2008-07-31. Retrieved 2008-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080731122134/http://www.kuntaw.com/history.htm","url_text":"\"Kuntaw History- Nabua\""},{"url":"http://www.kuntaw.com/history.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Jota Dances of the Philippines\" (PDF). Retrieved 2008-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.upd.edu.ph/~chk/research/A%20comparative%20study%20of%20selected%20Jota%20Dances%20of%20the%20Philippines.pdf","url_text":"\"Jota Dances of the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nabua, Camarines Sur: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\". World Weather Online. Retrieved 29 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldweatheronline.com/nabua-weather-averages/camarines-sur/ph.aspx","url_text":"\"Nabua, Camarines Sur: Average Temperatures and Rainfall\""}]},{"reference":"Census of Population (2015). \"Region V (Bicol Region)\". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved 20 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/R05.xlsx","url_text":"\"Region V (Bicol Region)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority","url_text":"Philippine Statistics Authority"}]},{"reference":"Census of Population and Housing (2010). \"Region V (Bicol Region)\" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved 29 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/system/files/phcd/2022-12/Bicol.pdf","url_text":"\"Region V (Bicol Region)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office","url_text":"National Statistics Office"}]},{"reference":"Censuses of Population (1903–2007). \"Region V (Bicol Region)\". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007/Region%205%20Bicol%20Region%20Philippines%20Census%20of%20Population%201903%20-%202007.xls","url_text":"\"Region V (Bicol Region)\""},{"url":"https://archive.org/download/PhilippinesCensusofPopulationLGUs19032007","url_text":"Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Statistics_Authority#National_Statistics_Office","url_text":"National Statistics Office"}]},{"reference":"\"Province of Camarines Sur\". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved 17 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://122.54.214.222/population/MunPop.asp?prov=CAS&province=Camarines%20Sur","url_text":"\"Province of Camarines Sur\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Water_Utilities_Administration","url_text":"Local Water Utilities Administration"}]},{"reference":"\"Poverty incidence (PI):\". Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved December 28, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/content/poverty-incidence-pi","url_text":"\"Poverty incidence (PI):\""}]},{"reference":"\"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 29 November 2005.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/NSCB_LocalPovertyPhilippines_0.pdf","url_text":"\"Estimation of Local Poverty in the Philippines\""}]},{"reference":"\"2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 23 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2003%20SAE%20of%20poverty%20(Full%20Report)_1.pdf","url_text":"\"2003 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 3 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2006%20and%202009%20City%20and%20Municipal%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates_0_1.pdf","url_text":"\"City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates; 2006 and 2009\""}]},{"reference":"\"2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. 31 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/2012%20Municipal%20and%20City%20Level%20Poverty%20Estimates%20Publication%20(1).pdf","url_text":"\"2012 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 10 July 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/sites/default/files/City%20and%20Municipal-level%20Small%20Area%20Poverty%20Estimates_%202009%2C%202012%20and%202015_0.xlsx","url_text":"\"Municipal and City Level Small Area Poverty Estimates; 2009, 2012 and 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 15 December 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2018-municipal-and-city-level-poverty-estimates","url_text":"\"PSA Releases the 2018 Municipal and City Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\". Philippine Statistics Authority. 2 April 2024. Retrieved 28 April 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.psa.gov.ph/content/psa-releases-2021-city-and-municipal-level-poverty-estimates","url_text":"\"PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lindcgp - Project Background\". Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. Retrieved 2011-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110516164903/http://www.neda5.net/rdc/lindgcp/proj_background.htm","url_text":"\"Lindcgp - Project Background\""},{"url":"http://www.neda5.net/rdc/lindgcp/proj_background.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Sofia Moran\". IMDb. Retrieved 2020-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0602976/","url_text":"\"Sofia Moran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dean | BU College of Medicine\".","urls":[{"url":"https://bicol-u.edu.ph/college+of+medicine/dean","url_text":"\"Dean | BU College of Medicine\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Tertis
Lionel Tertis
["1 Career","2 Legacy","3 Works","3.1 Original compositions","3.2 Transcriptions, arrangements and adaptations","4 Recordings","5 Writings","6 References","7 External links","8 Other reading"]
English violist (1876 - 1975) Lionel TertisBackground informationBorn(1876-12-29)29 December 1876West Hartlepool, United KingdomDied22 February 1975(1975-02-22) (aged 98)Wimbledon, LondonOccupation(s)ViolistInstrument(s)ViolaYears active1900-1975Musical artist Lionel Tertis, CBE (29 December 1876 – 22 February 1975) was an English violist. He was one of the first viola players to achieve international fame and a noted teacher. Career Tertis was born in West Hartlepool, the son of Polish-Jewish immigrants. He first studied violin in Leipzig, Germany and at the Royal Academy of Music (RAM) in London. There he was encouraged by the principal, Alexander Mackenzie, to take up the viola instead. Under the additional influence of Oskar Nedbal, he did so and rapidly became one of the best known violists of his time, touring Europe and the US as a soloist. As Professor of Viola at the RAM (from 1900), he encouraged his colleagues and students to compose for the instrument, thereby greatly expanding its repertoire. In 1906, Tertis was temporarily in the famous Bohemian Quartet to replace the violist/composer Oskar Nedbal and later he took the viola position in the Walenn Quartet. Composers such as Arnold Bax, Frank Bridge, Gustav Holst, Benjamin Dale, York Bowen, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Arthur Bliss, Arnold Trowell and William Walton wrote pieces for him. The Walton piece was his Viola Concerto; however, Tertis did not give the world premiere as he found it difficult to comprehend at the time; that honour went to Paul Hindemith. His pupil Bernard Shore took on the second performance at the Proms in August 1930. Tertis first performed the work a month later at the International Society for Contemporary Music festival in Liège. Over the next three years he gave five more performances of the concerto. He owned a 1717 Montagnana from 1920 to 1937 which he found during one of his concert tours to Paris in 1920, and took a chance in acquiring. According to his memoirs, it was "shown to me in an unplayable condition, without bridge, strings or fingerboard.... No case was available – it was such a large instrument 17 1/8 inches – so my wife came to the rescue by wrapping it in her waterproof coat, and that is how it was taken across the English Channel." Tertis preferred a large viola to get an especially rich tone from his instrument. Knowing that some would find a 17-1/8-inch instrument too large he created his own Tertis model, which provides many of the tonal advantages of the larger instrument in a manageable 16-3/4-inch size. Tertis sold the 1717 Montegnana to his pupil Bernard Shore in 1937, who in turn passed it on to his pupil Roger Chase. Along with William Murdoch (piano), Albert Sammons, and Lauri Kennedy, Tertis formed the Chamber Music Players. He also encouraged and coached Sidney Griller as he worked to found the Griller Quartet in 1928, and influenced the Griller's enthusiasm for the first Viennese School. In 1937, while at the height of his powers, he announced his retirement from the concert platform to concentrate on teaching. He appeared as soloist only one more time, at a special concert in 1949 to an invited audience at the RAM to help raise money for his fund to encourage the composition of music for the viola. He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1950 New Year's Honours. Tertis composed several original works and also arranged many pieces not originally for the viola, such as Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto. He was the author of a number of publications about string playing, the viola in particular, and his own life. They include Cinderella No More and My Viola and I. Lionel Tertis died on 22 February 1975 in Wimbledon, London. He was 99 years old. Legacy English Heritage blue plaque erected 18 May 2015 The Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition was established in 1980 to honour his memory. In February 2007 Roger Chase, along with his accompanist, pianist Michiko Otaki, initiated "The Tertis Project," a series of concerts devoted to works composed for Tertis. A CD, The Tertis Tradition, was issued in 2009. In 2015, English Heritage unveiled a blue plaque at his Wimbledon, London home. Many fine English violists were students of Tertis, including Harry Berly, Rebecca Clarke, Eric Coates, Winifred Copperwheat, Paul Cropper, Harry Danks, C. Sidney Errington, Watson Forbes, Max Gilbert, Hope Hambourg, Raymond Jeremy, James Lockyer, Frederick Riddle, Ian Ritchie, Philip Sainton, Beryl Scawen Blunt, Bernard Shore, Gilbert Shufflebotham, Jacqueline Townshend, Maurice Ward and Lena Wood. Works Original compositions Elizabethan Melody for viola and cello 15th Century Folk Song: 1452-Anonymous for viola, cello and piano Hier au soir for viola and piano Rêverie for viola and piano Sunset (Coucher du soleil) for viola (or violin or cello) and piano Three Sketches for viola and piano Serenade; revised as A Tune The Blackbirds (1952) The River A Tune for viola and piano (published 1954); 2nd version of Serenade Variations on a Passacaglia of Handel for 2 violas (1935); original work based on the Passacaglia by Johan Halvorsen Variations on a Four Bar Theme of Handel for viola and cello Transcriptions, arrangements and adaptations For viola and piano unless otherwise noted Original composer Title Remarks Anton Arensky (1861–1906) Berceuse   Johann Sebastian Bach (1685–1750) Air on the C-String original from Orchestral Suite No. 3 Aria "Come Sweet Death" from Cantata 191 Adagio from Toccata in C major published 1935; original for organ Ludwig van Beethoven (1770–1827) Menuet published 1912; original for orchestra; from 12 Menuette, WoO 7 Theme and Variations (on Mozart's "Ein Mädchen oder Weibchen"), Op. 66 (1796) original for cello and piano Johannes Brahms (1833–1897) Minnelied, Op. 71 No. 5 (1877) original for voice and piano Wir wandelten for violin or viola and piano, Op. 96 No. 2 (1884) original for voice and piano Willy Burmester (1869–1933) Französisches Lied aus dem 18. Jahrhundert (French Air from the 18th Century) (1909) original for violin and piano Eric Coates (1886–1957) Ballad in G major, Op. 13 (1906)   First Meeting: Souvenir   Frederick Delius (1862–1934) Caprice and Elegy for viola and orchestra (1930) original for cello and orchestra Double Concerto for violin, viola and orchestra (1915–1916) original for violin, cello and orchestra Serenade from the drama Hassan (1920–1923)   Sonata No. 2 (1922–1923) original for violin and piano; 1929 transcription Sonata No. 3 (1930) original for violin and piano; 1932 transcription Ernő Dohnányi (1877–1960) Sonata in C♯ minor, Op. 21 (1912) original for violin and piano Edward Elgar (1857–1934) Concerto in E minor for viola and orchestra, Op. 85 (1918–1919) original for cello and orchestra Gabriel Fauré (1845–1924) Après un rêve, Op. 7 No. 1 original for voice and piano Élégie for viola and orchestra, Op. 24 original for cello and orchestra Baldassare Galuppi Aria Amorosa   Giovan Battista Grazioli (1746–1828) Sonata in F major original for cello and continuo Edvard Grieg (1843–1907) Ich liebe Dich (I Love But Thee!), Op. 5 No. 3 (1864–1865) original from Hjertets Melodier, 4 songs for voice and piano George Frideric Handel (1685–1759) Arietta published 1910; transcription (violin and piano) by Hamilton Harty of "Si che lieta goderò" from Rodrigo; viola part by Tertis Sarabande transcription of "Sorge nel petto" from Rinaldo Sonata in F major (Adagio and Allegro) original for violin with basso continuo Joseph Haydn (1732–1809) Capriccio published 1912; transcription (violin and piano) by Willy Burmester from String Quartet No. 49, Op. 64 No. 2; viola part by Tertis Menuet published 1912; original for orchestra; transcription (violin and piano) by Willy Burmester from Symphony No. 96; viola part by Tertis William Yeates Hurlstone (1876–1906) 4 Characteristic Pieces (1899) original for clarinet and piano John Ireland (1879–1962) The Holy Boy published 1918 Sonata in G minor (1923) original for cello and piano; 1941 transcription Sonata No. 2 in A minor (1915–1917) original for violin and piano; 1918 transcription Fritz Kreisler (1875–1962) La Chasse, Caprice in the Style of Cartier original for violin and piano Franz Liszt (1811–1886) Liebestraum No. 3 in A♭ major, S. 541 (ca. 1850) published 1954; original for piano Étienne Méhul (1763–1817) Gavotte published 1912 Felix Mendelssohn (1809–1847) Duetto original for piano: Song without Words, Op. 38 No. 6 (1836) Fleecy Cloud original for piano: Song without Words, Op. 53 No. 2 (1838) Gondola Song original for piano: Song without Words, Op. 19 No. 6 (1830) On Wings of Song, Op. 34 No. 2 (1835) original for voice and piano: Auf Flügeln des Gesanges Spring Song original for piano: Song without Words, Op. 62 No. 6 (1842) Sweet Remembrance original for piano: Song without Words, Op. 19 No. 1 (1831) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756–1791) Menuet Sonata in A major, K. 305: Allegro molto; Tema con variazione original for violin and piano Gabriel Pierné (1863–1937) Sérénade, Op. 7 original for piano Nicola Porpora (1686–1768) Aria in E major extracted from the collection I Classici Violinisti Italiani, freely developed and harmonized by Mario Corti Anton Rubinstein (1829–1894) Melody in F, Op. 3 No. 1 (1852) original for piano Camille Saint-Saëns (1835–1921) Melody for viola or violin or cello and piano (1959)   Franz Schubert (1797–1828) Allegretto, Duet for violin or viola or 2 violins or 2 violas and piano (1936) original from the String Quartet No. 15 in G major, Op. 161, D. 887 (1826) Ave Maria, Op. 52 No. 6 (D. 839) (1825) original for voice and piano Du bist die Ruh, Op. 59 No. 3 (D. 776) original for voice and piano Nacht und Träume, Op. 43 No. 2 (D. 827) original for voice and piano Robert Schumann (1810–1856) Abendlied (Evening Song) in D♭ major, Op. 85 No. 12 (1849) original for piano 4-hands Romance, Op. 28 No. 2 original for piano Schlummerlied (Slumber Song) in E♭ major, Op. 124 No. 16 original for piano Cyril Scott (1879–1970) Cherry Ripe   Alexander Scriabin (1872–1915) Étude, Op. 42 No. 4 original for piano Joseph Sulzer (1850–1926) Sarabande: Air on the G-string, Op. 8 original for cello (or violin) and piano Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937) Pieśń Roksany (Chant de Roxane) from the opera Król Roger Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840–1893) Chanson triste, Op. 40 No. 2 original for piano June (Barcarolle), Op. 37b No. 6 (1875–1876) original for piano None But the Lonely Heart (also entitled A Pleading), Op. 6 No. 6 (1869) original for voice and piano Francis Thomé (1850–1909) Sous la feuillée, Op. 29 original for piano traditional Londonderry Air "Farewell to Cucullain" for viola or violin and piano   Old Irish Air for viola or violin and piano   William Wolstenholme (1865–1931) Allegretto in E♭ major, Op. 17 No. 2 published 1900; original for organ Canzona in B♭ major, Op. 12 No. 1 original for organ Die Antwort (The Answer), Op. 13 No. 2 original for organ Die Frage (The Question), Op. 13 No. 1 original for organ Romanza, Op. 17 No. 1 published 1900; original for organ Recordings Lionel Tertis made recordings in ensembles: Vocalion D-02019 Robert Fuchs: Duet; Handel (arr. Halvorsen): Passacaglia with Albert Sammons Columbia LX225-7 Brahms: Sonata in F minor, Op.120/1, with Harriet Cohen, piano Columbia L 2342-3 Delius (arr. Tertis): (Violin) sonata 2 (1915) 3s / Hassan - Serenade, with G. Reeves, piano and as a soloist: HMV Treasury HLM 7055, Sonatas by Brahms, Handel, Delius, music by Bach, Mendelssohn etc. Recorded between 1920 & 1933. issued:74 Writings My Viola and I. London: Kahn & Averill. 1991. ISBN 1-871-08220-X. Cinderella No More. London: Peter Nevill LTD. 1953. References ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography ^ This account is disputed by John White, who writes "It was another fellow student, Percy Hilder Miles, who made the casual request that would change the course of Tertis' life" (Lionel Tertis: The First Great Virtuoso of the Viola, page 5.) ^ Foreman, Christopher (2011). Benjamin Dale—A reassessment, Part 2: The viola years, 1916–1914. Retrieved 17 August 2011. ^ BBC Proms performance archive, 21 August, 1930 ^ Lloyd, Stephen. William Walton: Muse of Fire (2001), pp. 94-95 ^ "ID: 3487, Type: viola". Cozio. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2006. ^ "William David Murdoch (1888–1942)". Murdoch, William David (1888–1942). adbonline. Retrieved 24 January 2007. ^ Obituary, Sidney Griller. The Independent, 23 November, 1993 ^ a b Eric Blom ed., Grove's Dictionary of Music and Musicians, 5th ed. (1954), Vol. VIII, p. 400 ^ Roger Chase: The Tertis Project Archived 15 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ^ Dutton CDLX7231 ^ Middleton, Becky (18 May 2015). "'Greatest viola player of the 20th century' honoured with English Heritage plaque on former home". Yourlocalguardian. Retrieved 19 May 2015. ^ Riley, Maurice W. (1980). The History of the Viola. Michigan, U.S.A: Braun-Brumfield. p. 269. ISBN 0960315004. External links Erin Arts Centre: Lionel Tertis photo gallery Harold B. Lee Library: Tertis discography Other reading John White, Lionel Tertis: The First Great Virtuoso of the Viola (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2006) Tully Potter, "Chase Fulfilled", The Strad, August 1988. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Spain France BnF data Germany Israel Finland United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"violist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola"}],"text":"Musical artistLionel Tertis, CBE (29 December 1876 – 22 February 1975) was an English violist. He was one of the first viola players to achieve international fame and a noted teacher.","title":"Lionel Tertis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Royal Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Music"},{"link_name":"Alexander Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Mackenzie_(composer)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Oskar Nedbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Nedbal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bohemian Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemian_Quartet"},{"link_name":"Walenn Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Walenn#Musical_family"},{"link_name":"Arnold Bax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Bax"},{"link_name":"Frank Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Gustav Holst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Holst"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Dale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Dale"},{"link_name":"York Bowen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/York_Bowen"},{"link_name":"Ralph Vaughan Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Vaughan_Williams"},{"link_name":"Arthur Bliss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Bliss"},{"link_name":"Arnold Trowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Trowell"},{"link_name":"William Walton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Walton"},{"link_name":"Viola Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viola_Concerto_(Walton)"},{"link_name":"Paul Hindemith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hindemith"},{"link_name":"Bernard Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Shore"},{"link_name":"Proms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Promenade_Concerts"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Montagnana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domenico_Montagnana"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Roger Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Chase"},{"link_name":"William Murdoch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdoch_(pianist)"},{"link_name":"Albert Sammons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sammons"},{"link_name":"Lauri Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauri_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Sidney Griller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidney_Griller"},{"link_name":"Griller Quartet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griller_Quartet"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove-9"},{"link_name":"Commander of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-grove-9"},{"link_name":"arranged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrangement"},{"link_name":"Edward Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"Cello Concerto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cello_Concerto_(Elgar)"},{"link_name":"Wimbledon, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wimbledon,_London"}],"text":"Tertis was born in West Hartlepool, the son of Polish-Jewish immigrants.[1] He first studied violin in Leipzig, Germany and at the Royal Academy of Music (RAM) in London. There he was encouraged by the principal, Alexander Mackenzie, to take up the viola instead.[2] Under the additional influence of Oskar Nedbal, he did so and rapidly became one of the best known violists of his time, touring Europe and the US as a soloist.As Professor of Viola at the RAM (from 1900), he encouraged his colleagues and students to compose for the instrument, thereby greatly expanding its repertoire.[3] In 1906, Tertis was temporarily in the famous Bohemian Quartet to replace the violist/composer Oskar Nedbal and later he took the viola position in the Walenn Quartet.Composers such as Arnold Bax, Frank Bridge, Gustav Holst, Benjamin Dale, York Bowen, Ralph Vaughan Williams, Arthur Bliss, Arnold Trowell and William Walton wrote pieces for him. The Walton piece was his Viola Concerto; however, Tertis did not give the world premiere as he found it difficult to comprehend at the time; that honour went to Paul Hindemith. His pupil Bernard Shore took on the second performance at the Proms in August 1930.[4] Tertis first performed the work a month later at the International Society for Contemporary Music festival in Liège. Over the next three years he gave five more performances of the concerto.[5]He owned a 1717 Montagnana from 1920 to 1937[6] which he found during one of his concert tours to Paris in 1920, and took a chance in acquiring. According to his memoirs, it was \"shown to me in an unplayable condition, without bridge, strings or fingerboard.... No case was available – it was such a large instrument 17 1/8 inches – so my wife came to the rescue by wrapping it in her waterproof coat, and that is how it was taken across the English Channel.\" Tertis preferred a large viola to get an especially rich tone from his instrument. Knowing that some would find a 17-1/8-inch instrument too large he created his own Tertis model, which provides many of the tonal advantages of the larger instrument in a manageable 16-3/4-inch size. Tertis sold the 1717 Montegnana to his pupil Bernard Shore in 1937, who in turn passed it on to his pupil Roger Chase.Along with William Murdoch (piano), Albert Sammons, and Lauri Kennedy, Tertis formed the Chamber Music Players.[7] He also encouraged and coached Sidney Griller as he worked to found the Griller Quartet in 1928, and influenced the Griller's enthusiasm for the first Viennese School.[8]In 1937, while at the height of his powers, he announced his retirement from the concert platform to concentrate on teaching. He appeared as soloist only one more time, at a special concert in 1949 to an invited audience at the RAM to help raise money for his fund to encourage the composition of music for the viola.[9]He was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1950 New Year's Honours.[9]Tertis composed several original works and also arranged many pieces not originally for the viola, such as Edward Elgar's Cello Concerto. He was the author of a number of publications about string playing, the viola in particular, and his own life. They include Cinderella No More and My Viola and I.Lionel Tertis died on 22 February 1975 in Wimbledon, London. He was 99 years old.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lionel_Tertis_1876-1975_viola_soloist_lived_in_a_flat_here_1961-1975.jpg"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Tertis_International_Viola_Competition"},{"link_name":"Michiko Otaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michiko_Otaki&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"English Heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Heritage"},{"link_name":"blue plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_plaque"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yourlocalguardian-12"},{"link_name":"Harry Berly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Berly"},{"link_name":"Rebecca Clarke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebecca_Clarke_(composer)"},{"link_name":"Eric Coates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Coates"},{"link_name":"Winifred Copperwheat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Copperwheat"},{"link_name":"Paul Cropper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cropper"},{"link_name":"Harry Danks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Danks"},{"link_name":"Watson Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_Forbes"},{"link_name":"Hope Hambourg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Hambourg"},{"link_name":"Raymond Jeremy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Jeremy"},{"link_name":"James Lockyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Lockyer_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Frederick Riddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Riddle"},{"link_name":"Philip Sainton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Sainton"},{"link_name":"Bernard Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Shore"},{"link_name":"Gilbert Shufflebotham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Shufflebotham"},{"link_name":"Jacqueline Townshend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacqueline_Townshend"},{"link_name":"Lena Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lena_Wood"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"English Heritage blue plaque erected 18 May 2015The Lionel Tertis International Viola Competition was established in 1980 to honour his memory.In February 2007 Roger Chase, along with his accompanist, pianist Michiko Otaki, initiated \"The Tertis Project,\" a series of concerts devoted to works composed for Tertis.[10] A CD, The Tertis Tradition, was issued in 2009.[11]In 2015, English Heritage unveiled a blue plaque at his Wimbledon, London home.[12]Many fine English violists were students of Tertis, including Harry Berly, Rebecca Clarke, Eric Coates, Winifred Copperwheat, Paul Cropper, Harry Danks, C. Sidney Errington, Watson Forbes, Max Gilbert, Hope Hambourg, Raymond Jeremy, James Lockyer, Frederick Riddle, Ian Ritchie, Philip Sainton, Beryl Scawen Blunt, Bernard Shore, Gilbert Shufflebotham, Jacqueline Townshend, Maurice Ward and Lena Wood.[13]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Johan Halvorsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Halvorsen"}],"sub_title":"Original compositions","text":"Elizabethan Melody for viola and cello\n15th Century Folk Song: 1452-Anonymous for viola, cello and piano\nHier au soir for viola and piano\nRêverie for viola and piano\nSunset (Coucher du soleil) for viola (or violin or cello) and piano\nThree Sketches for viola and pianoSerenade; revised as A Tune\nThe Blackbirds (1952)\nThe RiverA Tune for viola and piano (published 1954); 2nd version of Serenade\nVariations on a Passacaglia of Handel for 2 violas (1935); original work based on the Passacaglia by Johan Halvorsen\nVariations on a Four Bar Theme of Handel for viola and cello","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Transcriptions, arrangements and adaptations","text":"For viola and piano unless otherwise noted","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Sammons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Sammons"},{"link_name":"Harriet Cohen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harriet_Cohen"}],"text":"Lionel Tertis made recordings in ensembles:Vocalion D-02019 Robert Fuchs: Duet; Handel (arr. Halvorsen): Passacaglia with Albert Sammons\nColumbia LX225-7 Brahms: Sonata in F minor, Op.120/1, with Harriet Cohen, piano\nColumbia L 2342-3 Delius (arr. Tertis): (Violin) sonata 2 (1915) 3s / Hassan - Serenade, with G. Reeves, pianoand as a soloist:HMV Treasury HLM 7055, Sonatas by Brahms, Handel, Delius, music by Bach, Mendelssohn etc. Recorded between 1920 & 1933. issued:74","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-871-08220-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871-08220-X"}],"text":"My Viola and I. London: Kahn & Averill. 1991. ISBN 1-871-08220-X.Cinderella No More. London: Peter Nevill LTD. 1953.","title":"Writings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q718637#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/94369/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000083744654"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/39563444"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJgmPJFDgcxgryrkP97vHC"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/3107103"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1741477"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900357x"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13900357x"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/117274194"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007279272905171"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000208855"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n82084387"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jo2007265318&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p08441460X"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810598779305606"},{"link_name":"MusicBrainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//musicbrainz.org/artist/5286b09d-f187-4a2c-a85f-6db982a94482"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd117274194.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/990594"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w66t0zt9"}],"text":"John White, Lionel Tertis: The First Great Virtuoso of the Viola (Woodbridge: Boydell Press, 2006)\nTully Potter, \"Chase Fulfilled\", The Strad, August 1988.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nSpain\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nFinland\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nNetherlands\nPoland\nArtists\nMusicBrainz\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Other reading"}]
[{"image_text":"English Heritage blue plaque erected 18 May 2015","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Lionel_Tertis_1876-1975_viola_soloist_lived_in_a_flat_here_1961-1975.jpg/200px-Lionel_Tertis_1876-1975_viola_soloist_lived_in_a_flat_here_1961-1975.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"My Viola and I. London: Kahn & Averill. 1991. ISBN 1-871-08220-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-871-08220-X","url_text":"1-871-08220-X"}]},{"reference":"Cinderella No More. London: Peter Nevill LTD. 1953.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"ID: 3487, Type: viola\". Cozio. Archived from the original on 6 May 2006. Retrieved 22 August 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060506193916/http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=3487","url_text":"\"ID: 3487, Type: viola\""},{"url":"http://www.cozio.com/Instrument.aspx?id=3487","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"William David Murdoch (1888–1942)\". Murdoch, William David (1888–1942). adbonline. Retrieved 24 January 2007.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A100616b.htm","url_text":"Murdoch, William David (1888–1942)"}]},{"reference":"Middleton, Becky (18 May 2015). \"'Greatest viola player of the 20th century' honoured with English Heritage plaque on former home\". Yourlocalguardian. Retrieved 19 May 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yourlocalguardian.co.uk/news/local/12956183._Greatest_viola_player_of_the_20th_century__honoured_with_English_Heritage_plaque_on_former_home/","url_text":"\"'Greatest viola player of the 20th century' honoured with English Heritage plaque on former home\""}]},{"reference":"Riley, Maurice W. (1980). The History of the Viola. Michigan, U.S.A: Braun-Brumfield. p. 269. ISBN 0960315004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0960315004","url_text":"0960315004"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_priest
Regular clergy
["1 Terminology and history","2 See also","3 Notes","4 Further reading"]
Clerics in the Catholic Church who follow a rule of life Not to be confused with Cleric regular. Part of a series on theCanon law of theCatholic Church Ius vigens (current law) 1983 Code of Canon Law Omnium in mentem Magnum principium Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Ad tuendam fidem Ex corde Ecclesiae Indulgentiarum Doctrina Praedicate evangelium Veritatis gaudium Custom Matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis Documents of the Second Vatican Council Christus Dominus Lumen gentium Optatam totius Orientalium ecclesiarum Presbyterorum ordinis Sacrosanctum concilium Precepts of the Church Legal historyJus antiquum (c. 33-1140) Ancient Church Orders Didache The Apostolic Constitutions Canons of the Apostles Collections of ancient canons Collectiones canonum Dionysianae Collectio canonum quadripartita Collectio canonum Quesnelliana Collectio canonum Wigorniensis Gelasian Decree Symmachian forgeries Pseudo-Isidorian Decretals Donation of Constantine Gregorian Reform Lay investiture controversy Dictatus papae Libertas ecclesiae Plenitudo potestatis Jus novum (c. 1140-1563) Corpus Juris Canonici Decretum Gratiani Decretist Canon Episcopi Margaritae Jus commune Decretals of Gregory IX Decretalist Regulæ Juris Extravagantes Liber Septimus Jus novissimum (c. 1563-1918) Council of Trent Benedictus Deus Tametsi Apostolicae Sedis moderationi Jus codicis (1918-present) 1917 Code of Canon Law Ecclesiae Sanctae 1983 Code of Canon Law Other Contractum trinius Papal judge-delegate Right of option Eastern law Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches Eastern Canonical Reforms of Pius XII Nomocanon Eparchy Exarchate Ordinariate for Eastern Catholic faithful Protosyncellus Liturgical lawLatin Church General Roman Calendar Ranking of liturgical days in the Roman Rite General Instruction of the Roman Missal Code of Rubrics Sacrosanctum Concilium Mysterii Paschalis Musicam sacram Scripturarum thesaurus Liturgiam authenticam Quattuor abhinc annos Ecclesia Dei Summorum Pontificum Magnum principium Traditionis custodes Red Mass Holy day of obligation Sacramental law Communicatio in sacris Ex opere operato Omnium in mentem Validity and liceity Sacraments Holy Orders Impediment (Catholic canon law) Abstemius Defect of birth Obligation of celibacy Nullity of Sacred Ordination Apostolicae curae Dimissorial letters Episcopal consecrators Approbation (Catholic canon law) Confession Penitential canons Paenitentiale Theodori Seal of the Confessional Internal and external forum Note on the importance of the internal forum and the inviolability of the Sacramental Seal Apostolic Penitentiary Canon penitentiary Complicit absolution Sacramentum Poenitentiae Eucharist Eucharistic discipline Canon 915 Celebret Mass stipend Sacramentals Indulgence Indulgentiarum doctrina Sacred places Altars Major basilica Minor basilica Oratory (chapel) Sacred times Feast days Fast days and abstinence Paenitemini Holy day of obligation Matrimonial law Canonical form (Latin Church) Tametsi Ne Temere Banns of marriage Declaration of Nullity Dignitas connubii Matrimonial Nullity Trial Reforms of Pope Francis Vetitum Defender of the Bond Impediments to Marriage Affinity Clandestinity Impediment of crime Disparity of cult Ligamen Public propriety Matrimonial dispensation Ratum sed non consummatum Sanatio in radice Natural marriage Pauline privilege Petrine privilege Supreme authority, particularchurches, and canonical structuresSupreme authority of the Church Roman Pontiff College of Bishops Supra-diocesan/eparchal structures College of Cardinals Conference of bishops Synod of Bishops Particular churches Churches sui juris Latin Church Eastern Catholic Churches Local particular churches Appointment of bishops Abbacy nullius Apostolic vicariate Apostolic vicar Apostolic administration Apostolic administrator Diocese/Archdiocese Aeque principaliter Cathedraticum In persona episcopi Diocesan Curia Moderator of the Curia Chancery Deanery Vicar forane Eparchy Eparchal curia Military ordinariate Mission sui juris Personal ordinariate Anglicanorum Coetibus Juridic persons Parish Team of priests in solidum Collegiate church Parish register Lay trusteeism Roman Curia Dicastery Congregation Pontifical council Personal prelature Types of membership of Opus Dei Association of the Christian faithful Vicar general Quinquennial visit ad limina Jurisprudence Canonical coronation Canonically crowned images Computation of time Custom Delegata potestas non potest delegari Derogation Dispensation Taxa Innocentiana Faculty Indult Impediment Donation Interpretation Pontifical Council for Legislative Texts Jurisdiction Peritus Obreption & subreption Obrogation Promulgation Resignation of the Roman Pontiff Sede vacante Simony Vacatio legis Validity and liceity Visitation Apostolic visitor Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law Theology Ecclesiology Treatise on Law Determinatio Temporal goods (property) Benefice Cathedraticum Contract law Mass stipend Stole fee Temporalities Law of persons Person (Catholic canon law) Formal act of defection from the Catholic Church Canonical age Emancipation Exemption Heresy Clerics Secular clergy Regular clergy Obligation of celibacy Clerics and public office Incardination and excardination Laicization (dispensation) Canonical faculties Office Canonical provision Canonical election Juridic and physical persons Jus patronatus Associations of the faithful Consecrated life Canonical documents Acta Apostolicae Sedis Acta Sanctae Sedis Censor librorum Imprimatur Imprimi potest Notary Protonotary apostolic Apostolic constitution Canon Concordat Decree Decretal Encyclical Motu proprio Ordinance Papal brief Papal bull Penitential Positive law Rescript Parish register Ecclesiastical Latin Penal law Canon 1324 Canon 1397 §2 Censure (Catholic canon law) De delictis gravioribus Complicit absolution Crimen sollicitationis Excommunication List of excommunicable offences in the Catholic Church List of people excommunicated by the Catholic Church List of cardinals excommunicated by the Catholic Church Interdict Laicization (penal) Latae sententiae and ferendae sententiae Lifetime of prayer and penance Canonical admonitions Ecclesiastical prison Procedural lawPars statica (tribunals & ministers/parties) Tribunals Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura Tribunal of the Roman Rota Apostolic Penitentiary Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith Ministers of Justice Judicial Vicar/Officialis Auditor Parties Defender of the Bond Procurator Pars dynamica (trial procedure) Dignitas connubii (matrimonial causes) Appeal as from an abuse Presumption Penal procedure Vos estis lux mundi Canonization Congregation for the Causes of Saints Maiorem hac dilectionem Advocatus Diaboli Oblatio vitae Positio Beatification and canonization process in 1914 Election of the Roman Pontiff Current law Universi Dominici gregis Papal renunciation Reforms of Pope Benedict XVI Historical Cum proxime Jus exclusivae Papal appointment Aeterni Patris Filius Romano Pontifici eligendo Ingravescentem aetatem Ubi periculum Quia propter Legal practice and scholarship List of legal abbreviations Academic degrees Licentiate of Canon Law Doctor of Canon Law Doctor of both laws Journals and Professional Societies Canon Law Society of America The Jurist Faculties of canon law School of Canon Law Canonists Medieval Gratian Hostiensis Jean Lemoine Raymond of Penyafort Rufinus Johannes Teutonicus Geoffrey of Trani Burchard of Worms Brocard Modern & Contemporary Eugenio Corecco John D. Faris Pietro Gasparri Ladislas Orsy Edward N. Peters Law of consecrated life Solemn vow Exclaustration Manifestation of Conscience Canonical erection of a house of religious Pontifical right Diocesan right Congregation for Institutes of Consecrated Life and Societies of Apostolic Life Institute of consecrated life Religious institute Congregation Order Monasticism Canons regular Mendicant orders Clerics regular Secular institute Cum Sanctissimus Primo Feliciter Provida Mater Ecclesia Society of apostolic life Decretum laudis Catholicism portalvte Regular clergy, or just regulars, are clerics in the Catholic Church who follow a rule (Latin: regula) of life, and are therefore also members of religious institutes. Secular clergy are clerics who are not bound by a rule of life. Terminology and history The observance of the Rule of St. Benedict procured for Benedictine monks at an early period the name of "regulars". The Council of Verneuil (755) so refers to them in its third canon, and in its eleventh canon speaks of the "ordo regularis" as opposed to the "ordo canonicus", formed by the canons who lived under the bishop according to the canonical regulations. There was question also of a "regula canonicorum", or "regula canonica", especially after the extension of the rule which Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz, had drawn up from the sacred canons (766). And when the canons were divided into two classes in the eleventh century, it was natural to call those who added religious poverty to their common life regulars, and those who gave up the common life, seculars. The 821 Chronicle of St. Bertin mentions "sæculares canonici". In fact as the monks were said to leave the world, sometimes those persons who were neither clerics nor monks were called seculars, as at times were clerics not bound by the rule. Sometimes also the name "regulars" was applied to the canons regular to distinguish them from monks. Thus the collection of Gratian (about 1139) speaks of canons regular, who make canonical profession, and live in a regular canonicate, in opposition to monks who wear the monastic habit, and live in a monastery. But the Decretals of Gregory IX, promulgated 5 September 1234, use the word "regularis" in a more general sense, in book III, ch. xxxi, which is entitled "De regularibus et transeuntibus ad religionem". However in ch. xxxv "De statu monachorum et canonicorum regularium" the distinction returns, disappearing in the corresponding book and chapter of the Decretals of Boniface VIII (3 March 1298), which is entitled merely "De statu regularium" and reappearing in the collection of Clementines (25 Oct., 1317) but with the conjunction vel, which indicates the resemblance between them. From that time, while the word "religious" is more generally used, the word "regular" was reserved for members of religious orders with solemn vows. Those who have taken simple vows in the Society of Jesus were also regulars in the proper sense according to the Constitution "Ascendente" of Pope Gregory XIII. Before the publication of the Code of Canon Law of 1917, writers were not agreed on the question whether the religious of other orders can properly be called regulars before solemn profession, but it was agreed that novices of religious orders were regulars only in the wider meaning of the word. In the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the word "regulars" was officially defined as those who have made their vows in a "religion" (what in the 1983 Code is called a religious institute). The technical juridical term "regular" does not appear, as such, in the current 1983 Code of Canon Law, which does, however, use the phrase "canons regular". See also Catholicism portal Canon regular Cleric regular Notes ^ a b c d e f g h i  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Vermeersch, Arthur (1913). "Regulars". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company. ^ cf. capitularies (n. 69 circa 810, n. 138 of 818, 819, ed. Alf. Boretii) ^ Martène, Anecdot., III, 505. ^ Augustine of Hippo, Serm. 40 de div. ^ C. xix, q. 2, c. 2 and q. 3, c. 1. ^ t. XVI, in 6 ^ Although another edition has et, the title of ch. x, c. 3 Clem. in the official edition reads "De statu monachorum, vel canonicorum regularium". ^ 1917 Code of Canon Law, canon 488, 7 ^ Code of Canon Law, canon 613 §1 Further reading John F. X. Murphy (1913), "Clerks Regular", in The Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Appleton. vteCatholic religious institutesMaleandfemale Alexians Assumptionists (AA) Augustinian Recollects (OAR) Basilian Aleppians (BA) Basilian Chouerites (BC) Benedictines (OSB) Bridgettines (OSsS) Canossians (FDCC) Carmelites (OCarm) Carthusians (OCart) Cistercians (OCist) Congregation of Our Lady of Sion (NDS) Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (SSCC) Discalced Carmelites (OCD) Dominicans (OP) Franciscans (OFM) Institute of the Incarnate Word (IVE) Mercedarians (O de M) Missionaries of Charity (MC) Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo (CS) Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno Premonstratensians (OPraem) Servants of Charity (SC) Servite Order (OSM) Society of the Atonement (SA) TOR Franciscans Trappists (OCSO) Trinitarian Order (OSST) Coat of arms of Vatican CityMale Adorno Fathers (CRM) Albertine Brothers Augustinians (OSA) Barnabites (B) Basilians (CSB) Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy (FDM) Camillians (MI) Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius Capuchins (OFM Cap) Christian Brothers (Irish) (CFC) Congregatio Discipulorum Domini (CDD) Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS) Claretians (CMF) Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (CST) Conventual Franciscans (OFM Conv) Crosiers (OSC) De La Salle Brothers (FSC) Discalced Augustinians (OAD) Franciscan Friars of the Renewal (CFR) Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word (MFVA) Gabrielites Holy Cross (CSC) Holy Ghost Fathers (CSSp) Josephites (SSJ) Legionaries of Christ (LC) Little Brothers of Jesus Marians of the Immaculate Conception (MIC) Society of Jesus (Jesuits) (SJ) Society of Mary (Marianists) (SM) Society of Mary (Marists) (SM) Society of the Divine Word (SVD) Society of Saint Edmund (SSE) Marist Brothers (FMS) Mechitarists (CAM) Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus (MCCI) Missionaries of La Salette (MS) Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales (MSFS) Missionaries of the Poor (MOP) Missionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC) Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary Oblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI) Oblates of the Virgin Mary (OMV) Oblates of St. Francis de Sales (OSFS) Order of Friars Minor (OFM) Passionists (CP) Pauline Fathers (OSPPE) Redemptorists (CSsR) Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus (RCJ) Sacred Heart Brothers Salesians (SDB) Servants of Jesus and Mary (SJM) Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer (FSSR) Xaverian Brothers (CFX) Female Adorers of the Blood of Christ (ASC) Apostolic Carmel (AC) Basilian Aleppian Sisters Basilian Chouerite Sisters Brigidines Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (CSIC) Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa (CSST) Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (FHIC) Daughters of Divine Love Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary Faithful Companions of Jesus Felicians (CSSF) Filippini Sisters (MPF) Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus Hijas de Jesús Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb Little Sisters of Jesus Little Sisters of the Poor Living the Gospel Community (LGC) Lovers of the Holy Cross Marianites of Holy Cross (MSC) Maryknoll Sisters (MM) Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God (SMIC) Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM) Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (MSC) Oblate Sisters of Providence Oblates of Jesus the Priest Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima (OMVF) Order of Our Lady of Charity (ODNC) Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary Poor Clares (OSC) Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament (MC) Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (RSCJ) Religious of the Virgin Mary (RVM) Servants of St. Joseph (SSJ) Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament Sisters of Charity Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG) Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy (DC) Sisters of the Cross and Passion Sisters of the Destitute Sisters of the Good Shepherd (RGS) Sisters of Holy Cross Sisters of the Holy Cross Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary Sisters of Life (SV) Sisters of Mercy (RSM) Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods Sisters of the Sacred Heart Sisters of Saint Francis Sisters of Saint Joseph The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (RSJ) Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC) Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls Sisters of Social Service (sss) Servants of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS) Ursulines (OSU) White Sisters See also: Third orders of Catholic laity Catholicism portal vteConsecrated life in the Catholic ChurchTypes Consecrated virgin Hermit Religious institute Orders Monastic Cenobitic Chapter Enclosed Idiorrhythmic Canons regular Mendicants Second orders Cleric regular Congregations Secular institute Society of apostolic life Vows Evangelical counsels Poverty Chastity Obedience Profession Solemn vow Vow of silence Vow of enclosure Monastery(List) Abbey Chapter house Cloister Convent Double Hermitage Priory Refectory Prayer Contemplation Liturgy of the Hours Mass Meditation Mysticism Rosary Habit Clerical clothing Coif Cornette Scapular Vestment Members Superior General Provincial Abbot/Abbess Prior/Prioress Grand master Rector Brother Friar Monk Sister Nun Hermit Anchorite Novice Master Oblate Postulant Lay brother Porter Other Asceticism Tonsure Vocational discernment Monastic cell List of religious institutes Catholicism portal
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Secular clergy are clerics who are not bound by a rule of life.","title":"Regular clergy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rule of St. Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule_of_St._Benedict"},{"link_name":"Benedictine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine"},{"link_name":"monks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Council of Verneuil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Council_of_Verneuil&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"canons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_(priest)"},{"link_name":"canonical regulations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canon_law"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"Chrodegang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrodegang"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Metz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Metz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"religious poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"canons regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"Gratian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratian_(jurist)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"Decretals of Gregory IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decretals_of_Gregory_IX"},{"link_name":"Decretals of Boniface VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decretals_of_Boniface_VIII&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"Clementines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clementines"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_(Catholicism)"},{"link_name":"simple vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_vow"},{"link_name":"Society of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Pope Gregory XIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Catholic-1"},{"link_name":"1917 Code of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1917_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"1983 Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"religious institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"1983 Code of Canon Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The observance of the Rule of St. Benedict procured for Benedictine monks at an early period the name of \"regulars\". The Council of Verneuil (755) so refers to them in its third canon, and in its eleventh canon speaks of the \"ordo regularis\" as opposed to the \"ordo canonicus\", formed by the canons who lived under the bishop according to the canonical regulations.[1]There was question also of a \"regula canonicorum\", or \"regula canonica\", especially after the extension of the rule which Chrodegang, Bishop of Metz, had drawn up from the sacred canons (766).[1][2] And when the canons were divided into two classes in the eleventh century, it was natural to call those who added religious poverty to their common life regulars, and those who gave up the common life, seculars. The 821 Chronicle of St. Bertin mentions \"sæculares canonici\".[3][1] In fact as the monks were said to leave the world,[4][1] sometimes those persons who were neither clerics nor monks were called seculars, as at times were clerics not bound by the rule.[1]Sometimes also the name \"regulars\" was applied to the canons regular to distinguish them from monks. Thus the collection of Gratian (about 1139)[5][1] speaks of canons regular, who make canonical profession, and live in a regular canonicate, in opposition to monks who wear the monastic habit, and live in a monastery. But the Decretals of Gregory IX, promulgated 5 September 1234, use the word \"regularis\" in a more general sense, in book III, ch. xxxi, which is entitled \"De regularibus et transeuntibus ad religionem\". However in ch. xxxv \"De statu monachorum et canonicorum regularium\" the distinction returns, disappearing in the corresponding book and chapter of the Decretals of Boniface VIII (3 March 1298),[6][1] which is entitled merely \"De statu regularium\" and reappearing in the collection of Clementines (25 Oct., 1317) but with the conjunction vel, which indicates the resemblance between them.[7][1]From that time, while the word \"religious\" is more generally used, the word \"regular\" was reserved for members of religious orders with solemn vows. Those who have taken simple vows in the Society of Jesus were also regulars in the proper sense according to the Constitution \"Ascendente\" of Pope Gregory XIII. Before the publication of the Code of Canon Law of 1917, writers were not agreed on the question whether the religious of other orders can properly be called regulars before solemn profession, but it was agreed that novices of religious orders were regulars only in the wider meaning of the word.[1]In the 1917 Code of Canon Law, the word \"regulars\" was officially defined as those who have made their vows in a \"religion\" (what in the 1983 Code is called a religious institute).[8]The technical juridical term \"regular\" does not appear, as such, in the current 1983 Code of Canon Law, which does, however, use the phrase \"canons regular\".[9]","title":"Terminology and history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-7"},{"link_name":"i","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Catholic_1-8"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Regulars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Regulars"},{"link_name":"Catholic Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Martène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mart%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Augustine of Hippo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"1917 Code of Canon Law, canon 488, 7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.intratext.com/IXT/LAT0813/_P1D.HTM"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Code of Canon Law, canon 613 §1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/_P20.HTM#97"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h i  One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Vermeersch, Arthur (1913). \"Regulars\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.\n\n^ cf. capitularies (n. 69 circa 810, n. 138 of 818, 819, ed. Alf. Boretii)\n\n^ Martène, Anecdot., III, 505.\n\n^ Augustine of Hippo, Serm. 40 de div.\n\n^ C. xix, q. 2, c. 2 and q. 3, c. 1.\n\n^ t. XVI, in 6\n\n^ Although another edition has et, the title of ch. x, c. 3 Clem. in the official edition reads \"De statu monachorum, vel canonicorum regularium\".\n\n^ 1917 Code of Canon Law, canon 488, 7\n\n^ Code of Canon Law, canon 613 §1","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_religious_institutes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_religious_institutes"},{"link_name":"Catholic religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"Alexians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexians"},{"link_name":"Assumptionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assumptionists"},{"link_name":"Augustinian Recollects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects"},{"link_name":"Basilian Aleppians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order"},{"link_name":"Basilian Chouerites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Benedictines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictines"},{"link_name":"Bridgettines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridgettines"},{"link_name":"Canossians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canossians"},{"link_name":"Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Carthusians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carthusians"},{"link_name":"Cistercians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cistercians"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Our Lady of Sion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion"},{"link_name":"Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Discalced Carmelites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites"},{"link_name":"Dominicans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscans"},{"link_name":"Institute of the Incarnate Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word"},{"link_name":"Mercedarians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Charles_Borromeo"},{"link_name":"Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno"},{"link_name":"Premonstratensians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premonstratensians"},{"link_name":"Servants of Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants_of_Charity"},{"link_name":"Servite Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servite_Order"},{"link_name":"Society of the Atonement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement"},{"link_name":"TOR Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Order_Regular_of_Saint_Francis_of_Penance"},{"link_name":"Trappists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trappists"},{"link_name":"Trinitarian Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinitarians"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg"},{"link_name":"Adorno Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor"},{"link_name":"Albertine Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Augustinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustinians"},{"link_name":"Barnabites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnabites"},{"link_name":"Basilians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil"},{"link_name":"Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_Mercy_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help"},{"link_name":"Camillians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillians"},{"link_name":"Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)"},{"link_name":"Capuchins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers (Irish)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Congregatio Discipulorum Domini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini"},{"link_name":"Immaculate Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CICM_Missionaries"},{"link_name":"Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Claretians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claretians"},{"link_name":"Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux"},{"link_name":"Conventual Franciscans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual"},{"link_name":"Crosiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"De La Salle Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Discalced Augustinians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians"},{"link_name":"Franciscan Friars of the Renewal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal"},{"link_name":"Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word"},{"link_name":"Gabrielites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montfort_Brothers_of_St._Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Holy Ghost Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit"},{"link_name":"Josephites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josephites_(Maryland)"},{"link_name":"Legionaries of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Little Brothers of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Marians of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Society of Jesus (Jesuits)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesuits"},{"link_name":"Society of Mary (Marianists)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)"},{"link_name":"Society of Mary (Marists)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)"},{"link_name":"Society of the Divine Word","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word"},{"link_name":"Society of Saint Edmund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund"},{"link_name":"Marist Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Mechitarists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekhitarists"},{"link_name":"Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of La Salette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_La_Salette"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Francis_de_Sales"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Oblates of Mary Immaculate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate"},{"link_name":"Oblates of the Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblates_of_the_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Oblates of St. Francis de Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales"},{"link_name":"Order of Friars Minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor"},{"link_name":"Passionists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passionists"},{"link_name":"Pauline Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit"},{"link_name":"Redemptorists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redemptorists"},{"link_name":"Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogationists"},{"link_name":"Sacred Heart Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"Salesians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco"},{"link_name":"Servants of Jesus and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants_of_Jesus_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer"},{"link_name":"Xaverian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers"},{"link_name":"Adorers of the Blood of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Blood_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Apostolic Carmel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel"},{"link_name":"Basilian Aleppian Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Basilian Chouerite Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Brigidines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigidine_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Saint_Teresa"},{"link_name":"Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan_Hospitaller_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Daughters of Divine Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Divine_Love"},{"link_name":"Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Holy_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Faithful Companions of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Felicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felician_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Filippini Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_Teachers_Filippini"},{"link_name":"Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Hijas de Jesús","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters"},{"link_name":"Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto"},{"link_name":"Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sisters_Disciples_of_the_Lamb"},{"link_name":"Little Sisters of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Little Sisters of the Poor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor"},{"link_name":"Living the Gospel Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living_the_Gospel_Community"},{"link_name":"Lovers of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Marianites of Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianites_of_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Maryknoll Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic"},{"link_name":"Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Mother_of_God"},{"link_name":"Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Oblate Sisters of Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence"},{"link_name":"Oblates of Jesus the Priest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblates_of_Jesus_the_Priest"},{"link_name":"Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Fatima"},{"link_name":"Order of Our Lady of Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity"},{"link_name":"Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Poor Clares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Clares"},{"link_name":"Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poor_Clare_Missionaries_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart"},{"link_name":"Religious of the Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_of_the_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Servants of St. Joseph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants_of_St._Joseph"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Charity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Saints_Bartolomea_Capitanio_and_Vincenza_Gerosa_(SCCG)"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Doctrine_of_Nancy"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Cross and Passion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Destitute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Good Shepherd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Holy Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Names_of_Jesus_and_Mary"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Immaculate Conception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary"},{"link_name":"Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary"},{"link_name":"Sisters of 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Chartres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Paul_of_Chartres"},{"link_name":"Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_the_Helpers_of_the_Holy_Souls"},{"link_name":"Sisters of Social Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service"},{"link_name":"Servants of the Blessed Sacrament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament"},{"link_name":"Ursulines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursulines"},{"link_name":"White Sisters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Third orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_order"},{"link_name":"Catholic laity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_laity"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism 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institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_institute"},{"link_name":"Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Monastic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_monasticism"},{"link_name":"Cenobitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cenobitic_monasticism"},{"link_name":"Chapter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_(religion)"},{"link_name":"Enclosed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders"},{"link_name":"Idiorrhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiorrhythmic_monasticism"},{"link_name":"Canons regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canons_regular"},{"link_name":"Mendicants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendicant_orders"},{"link_name":"Second orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_order_(religious)"},{"link_name":"Cleric regular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleric_regular"},{"link_name":"Congregations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_congregation"},{"link_name":"Secular institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secular_institute"},{"link_name":"Society of apostolic life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg"},{"link_name":"Vows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_vows"},{"link_name":"Evangelical counsels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelical_counsels"},{"link_name":"Poverty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vow_of_poverty"},{"link_name":"Chastity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vow_of_chastity"},{"link_name":"Obedience","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vow_of_obedience"},{"link_name":"Profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_profession"},{"link_name":"Solemn vow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solemn_vow"},{"link_name":"Vow of silence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vow_of_silence"},{"link_name":"Vow of enclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vow_of_Enclosure"},{"link_name":"Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastery"},{"link_name":"List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_abbeys_and_priories"},{"link_name":"Abbey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey"},{"link_name":"Chapter house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapter_house"},{"link_name":"Cloister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloister"},{"link_name":"Convent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convent"},{"link_name":"Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_monastery"},{"link_name":"Hermitage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermitage_(religious_retreat)"},{"link_name":"Priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priory"},{"link_name":"Refectory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refectory"},{"link_name":"Prayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayer_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Contemplation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_contemplation"},{"link_name":"Liturgy of the Hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liturgy_of_the_Hours"},{"link_name":"Mass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Meditation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_meditation"},{"link_name":"Mysticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mysticism"},{"link_name":"Rosary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosary"},{"link_name":"Habit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_habit"},{"link_name":"Clerical clothing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerical_clothing"},{"link_name":"Coif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coif"},{"link_name":"Cornette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornette"},{"link_name":"Scapular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapular"},{"link_name":"Vestment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestment"},{"link_name":"Members","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Superior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_General_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Provincial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincial_superior"},{"link_name":"Abbot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbot"},{"link_name":"Abbess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbess"},{"link_name":"Prior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Prioress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prioress"},{"link_name":"Grand master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_master_(order)"},{"link_name":"Rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"Brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brother_(Christian)"},{"link_name":"Friar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar"},{"link_name":"Monk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monk"},{"link_name":"Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religious_sister_(Catholic)"},{"link_name":"Nun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nun#Distinction_between_a_nun_and_a_religious_sister"},{"link_name":"Hermit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermit"},{"link_name":"Anchorite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchorite"},{"link_name":"Novice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novitiate"},{"link_name":"Master","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novice_master"},{"link_name":"Oblate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblate"},{"link_name":"Postulant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postulant"},{"link_name":"Lay brother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay_brother"},{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(monastery)"},{"link_name":"Asceticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asceticism#Christianity"},{"link_name":"Tonsure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonsure"},{"link_name":"Vocational discernment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocational_discernment_in_the_Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Monastic cell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monastic_cell"},{"link_name":"List of religious institutes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_religious_institutes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg"},{"link_name":"Catholicism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Catholicism"}],"text":"John F. X. Murphy (1913), \"Clerks Regular\", in The Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Appleton.vteCatholic religious institutesMaleandfemale\nAlexians\nAssumptionists (AA)\nAugustinian Recollects (OAR)\nBasilian Aleppians (BA)\nBasilian Chouerites (BC)\nBenedictines (OSB)\nBridgettines (OSsS)\nCanossians (FDCC)\nCarmelites (OCarm)\nCarthusians (OCart)\nCistercians (OCist)\nCongregation of Our Lady of Sion (NDS)\nCongregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary (SSCC)\nDiscalced Carmelites (OCD)\nDominicans (OP)\nFranciscans (OFM)\nInstitute of the Incarnate Word (IVE)\nMercedarians (O de M)\nMissionaries of Charity (MC)\nMissionaries of St. Charles Borromeo (CS)\nMonastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno\nPremonstratensians (OPraem)\nServants of Charity (SC)\nServite Order (OSM)\nSociety of the Atonement (SA)\nTOR Franciscans\nTrappists (OCSO)\nTrinitarian Order (OSST)\nCoat of arms of Vatican CityMale\nAdorno Fathers (CRM)\nAlbertine Brothers\nAugustinians (OSA)\nBarnabites (B)\nBasilians (CSB)\nBrothers of Our Lady of Mercy (FDM)\nCamillians (MI)\nCanons Regular of Saint John Cantius\nCapuchins (OFM Cap)\nChristian Brothers (Irish) (CFC)\nCongregatio Discipulorum Domini (CDD)\nImmaculate Heart of Mary (CICM)\nCongregation of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS)\nClaretians (CMF)\nCongregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux (CST)\nConventual Franciscans (OFM Conv)\nCrosiers (OSC)\nDe La Salle Brothers (FSC)\nDiscalced Augustinians (OAD)\nFranciscan Friars of the Renewal (CFR)\nFranciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word (MFVA)\nGabrielites\nHoly Cross (CSC)\nHoly Ghost Fathers (CSSp)\nJosephites (SSJ)\nLegionaries of Christ (LC)\nLittle Brothers of Jesus\nMarians of the Immaculate Conception (MIC)\nSociety of Jesus (Jesuits) (SJ)\nSociety of Mary (Marianists) (SM)\nSociety of Mary (Marists) (SM)\nSociety of the Divine Word (SVD)\nSociety of Saint Edmund (SSE)\nMarist Brothers (FMS)\nMechitarists (CAM)\nComboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus (MCCI)\nMissionaries of La Salette (MS)\nMissionaries of St. Francis de Sales (MSFS)\nMissionaries of the Poor (MOP)\nMissionaries of the Sacred Heart (MSC)\nMissionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary\nOblates of Mary Immaculate (OMI)\nOblates of the Virgin Mary (OMV)\nOblates of St. Francis de Sales (OSFS)\nOrder of Friars Minor (OFM)\nPassionists (CP)\nPauline Fathers (OSPPE)\nRedemptorists (CSsR)\nRogationists of the Heart of Jesus (RCJ)\nSacred Heart Brothers\nSalesians (SDB)\nServants of Jesus and Mary (SJM)\nSons of the Most Holy Redeemer (FSSR)\nXaverian Brothers (CFX)\nFemale\nAdorers of the Blood of Christ (ASC)\nApostolic Carmel (AC)\nBasilian Aleppian Sisters\nBasilian Chouerite Sisters\nBrigidines\nCongregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary (CSIC)\nCarmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa (CSST)\nCongregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception (FHIC)\nDaughters of Divine Love\nDaughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception\nDaughters of the Holy Heart of Mary\nFaithful Companions of Jesus\nFelicians (CSSF)\nFilippini Sisters (MPF)\nHandmaids of the Heart of Jesus\nHandmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus\nHijas de Jesús\nHoly Spirit Adoration Sisters\nInstitute of the Blessed Virgin Mary\nLittle Sisters Disciples of the Lamb\nLittle Sisters of Jesus\nLittle Sisters of the Poor\nLiving the Gospel Community (LGC)\nLovers of the Holy Cross\nMarianites of Holy Cross (MSC)\nMaryknoll Sisters (MM)\nMissionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God (SMIC)\nMissionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (ICM)\nMissionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart\nMissionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (MSC)\nOblate Sisters of Providence\nOblates of Jesus the Priest\nOblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima (OMVF)\nOrder of Our Lady of Charity (ODNC)\nOrder of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary\nPoor Clares (OSC)\nPoor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament (MC)\nReligious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (RSCJ)\nReligious of the Virgin Mary (RVM)\nServants of St. Joseph (SSJ)\nSisters of the Blessed Sacrament\nSisters of Charity\nSisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)\nSisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy (DC)\nSisters of the Cross and Passion\nSisters of the Destitute\nSisters of the Good Shepherd (RGS)\nSisters of Holy Cross\nSisters of the Holy Cross\nSisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana\nSisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary\nSisters of the Immaculate Conception\nSisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary\nSisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary\nSisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary\nSisters of Life (SV)\nSisters of Mercy (RSM)\nSisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods\nSisters of the Sacred Heart\nSisters of Saint Francis\nSisters of Saint Joseph\nThe Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace\nSisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart (RSJ)\nSisters of St. Paul of Chartres (SPC)\nSociety of the Helpers of the Holy Souls\nSisters of Social Service (sss)\nServants of the Blessed Sacrament (SSS)\nUrsulines (OSU)\nWhite Sisters\n\nSee also: Third orders of Catholic laity\n Catholicism portalvteConsecrated life in the Catholic ChurchTypes\nConsecrated virgin\nHermit\nReligious institute\nOrders\nMonastic\nCenobitic\nChapter\nEnclosed\nIdiorrhythmic\nCanons regular\nMendicants\nSecond orders\nCleric regular\nCongregations\nSecular institute\nSociety of apostolic life\nVows\nEvangelical counsels\nPoverty\nChastity\nObedience\nProfession\nSolemn vow\nVow of silence\nVow of enclosure\nMonastery(List)\nAbbey\nChapter house\nCloister\nConvent\nDouble\nHermitage\nPriory\nRefectory\nPrayer\nContemplation\nLiturgy of the Hours\nMass\nMeditation\nMysticism\nRosary\nHabit\nClerical clothing\nCoif\nCornette\nScapular\nVestment\nMembers\nSuperior\nGeneral\nProvincial\nAbbot/Abbess\nPrior/Prioress\nGrand master\nRector\nBrother\nFriar\nMonk\nSister\nNun\nHermit\nAnchorite\nNovice\nMaster\nOblate\nPostulant\nLay brother\nPorter\nOther\nAsceticism\nTonsure\nVocational discernment\nMonastic cell\nList of religious institutes\n\n Catholicism portal","title":"Further reading"}]
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[{"reference":"Vermeersch, Arthur (1913). \"Regulars\". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Regulars","url_text":"Regulars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia","url_text":"Catholic Encyclopedia"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feature_group
Feature group
["1 External links"]
"950 numbers" redirects here. For the number 950, see 950 (number). A feature group, in North American telephone industry jargon, is most commonly used to designate various standard means of access by callers to competitive long-distance services. They defined switching arrangements from local exchange carriers central offices to interexchange carriers. These arrangements were described in an official tariff of the National Exchange Carrier Association, filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). While there are other feature groups for local access, the four common feature groups exist for access from the local subscriber to competitive long-distance carriers: Feature Group A The original implementation, in which a user has to dial the local telephone number of a provider's gateway, followed by (usually) a password, then the desired long-distance number. There is a different local access number in each local calling area. This requires no special capability at the local telephone company office as competing long-distance providers connected using standard local lines, which may or may not support caller ID. If a carrier has no local presence, a foreign exchange line is used to reach its nearest point of presence. Once the standard means of accessing alternate long-distance carriers, local access numbers are now used primarily for low-cost prepaid calling cards as the calls may be made from any phone, at flat or local rates. Feature Group B Associated with 950-XXXX calling; instead of a local telephone number the user enters 950 and 4 additional digits which identify the long-distance carrier. Operation is similar to the local access numbers (feature group A) except that the 950-XXXX access number is the same in every community, NANP-wide. Some exchanges send the caller's number automatically; where this service is not provided or not desired (calling card applications), the 950-XXXX number must be followed by a calling card number and the long-distance destination number. If ANI is provided, calls from the one subscribed line may be made as 950-XXXX and the long-distance destination. Largely deprecated by feature group D, but the 950 prefix and a list of carrier codes remain reserved in all North American area codes, even in Canada where most providers went from feature group A directly to 1+ default carrier dialling and feature group D (101xxxx + destination) calling without ever using 950-XXXX as a primary means to access alternate long-distance carriers from home land lines. Feature Group C Rare, originally used by AT&T for operator-assisted coin phones since they allow the operator to keep control of the caller's telephone line until the transaction is completed. As coin-handling for trunk calls is now automated within the phone (like a COCOT, the current generation of coin phones operates self-contained without the central exchange providing coin-call support functions), group 'C' is largely obsolete. Feature Group D The current standard, requires the local switch support equal access by competing carriers at the trunk level; highest quality connection, and allows pre-selection of the interexchange carrier by the end-user. This feature group permits two types of calls. If a user dials 1 + area code + seven-digit number, the long-distance call is handled by a default carrier chosen by the user. Alternatively, a user dials 101 + four-digit carrier code + area code + seven-digit number, and the call is handled by the carrier specified by the carrier code. The original batch of carrier codes began with 0, so this type of "dial around" service was typically marketed as dial-around 1010-xxx service. NANPA maintains separate lists of carrier codes for feature groups 'B' and 'D' as not all long-distance providers support both standards. These Feature Group alternatives allowed the LEC's end users to make long-distance calls using the interexchange carrier's network, when non-stored program-controlled exchanges could not be modified to provide equal access. By the mid 1990s, Equal Access features in exchange software had rendered Feature Group D universally available in modern landline exchanges; the others are either used for calling card applications or are obsolete. External links ^ Complete List of NECA standard Feature Codes ^ Feature group 'A' Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, AT&T/SBC ^ Feature group 'B' Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, AT&T/SBC ^ NANPA list of feature group 'B' carrier codes ^ Telephone World - AT&T Automated Coin Toll System ^ Feature group 'D' Archived 2012-07-22 at the Wayback Machine, AT&T/SBC ^ NANPA list of feature group 'D' carrier codes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"950 (number)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/950_(number)"},{"link_name":"long-distance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_calling"},{"link_name":"local exchange carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_exchange_carrier"},{"link_name":"interexchange carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interexchange_carrier"},{"link_name":"specify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"National Exchange Carrier Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Exchange_Carrier_Association"},{"link_name":"Federal Communications Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission"},{"link_name":"when?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"long-distance carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interexchange_carrier"},{"link_name":"telephone number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_number"},{"link_name":"caller ID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_ID"},{"link_name":"foreign exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_exchange_service_(telecommunications)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"NANP-wide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Numbering_Plan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"the caller's number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automatic_number_identification"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"COCOT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COCOT"},{"link_name":"interexchange carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interexchange_carrier"},{"link_name":"area code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Area_code"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"long-distance calls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_calling"}],"text":"\"950 numbers\" redirects here. For the number 950, see 950 (number).A feature group, in North American telephone industry jargon, is most commonly used to designate various standard means of access by callers to competitive long-distance services. \nThey defined switching arrangements from local exchange carriers central offices to interexchange carriers. These arrangements were described in an official tariff[specify] of the National Exchange Carrier Association, filed with the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).[when?]While there are other feature groups for local access,[1] the four common feature groups exist for access from the local subscriber to competitive long-distance carriers:Feature Group A\nThe original implementation, in which a user has to dial the local telephone number of a provider's gateway, followed by (usually) a password, then the desired long-distance number. There is a different local access number in each local calling area. This requires no special capability at the local telephone company office as competing long-distance providers connected using standard local lines, which may or may not support caller ID. If a carrier has no local presence, a foreign exchange line is used to reach its nearest point of presence.[2] Once the standard means of accessing alternate long-distance carriers, local access numbers are now used primarily for low-cost prepaid calling cards as the calls may be made from any phone, at flat or local rates.\nFeature Group B\nAssociated with 950-XXXX calling; instead of a local telephone number the user enters 950 and 4 additional digits which identify the long-distance carrier. Operation is similar to the local access numbers (feature group A) except that the 950-XXXX access number is the same in every community, NANP-wide.[3] Some exchanges send the caller's number automatically; where this service is not provided or not desired (calling card applications), the 950-XXXX number must be followed by a calling card number and the long-distance destination number. If ANI is provided, calls from the one subscribed line may be made as 950-XXXX and the long-distance destination. Largely deprecated by feature group D, but the 950 prefix and a list of carrier codes[4] remain reserved in all North American area codes, even in Canada where most providers went from feature group A directly to 1+ default carrier dialling and feature group D (101xxxx + destination) calling without ever using 950-XXXX as a primary means to access alternate long-distance carriers from home land lines.\nFeature Group C\nRare, originally used by AT&T for operator-assisted coin phones since they allow the operator to keep control of the caller's telephone line until the transaction is completed.[5] As coin-handling for trunk calls is now automated within the phone (like a COCOT, the current generation of coin phones operates self-contained without the central exchange providing coin-call support functions), group 'C' is largely obsolete.\nFeature Group D\nThe current standard, requires the local switch support equal access by competing carriers at the trunk level; highest quality connection, and allows pre-selection of the interexchange carrier by the end-user. This feature group permits two types of calls. If a user dials 1 + area code + seven-digit number, the long-distance call is handled by a default carrier chosen by the user. Alternatively, a user dials 101 + four-digit carrier code + area code + seven-digit number, and the call is handled by the carrier specified by the carrier code.[6] The original batch of carrier codes began with 0, so this type of \"dial around\" service was typically marketed as dial-around 1010-xxx service. NANPA maintains separate lists of carrier codes for feature groups 'B' and 'D'[7] as not all long-distance providers support both standards.These Feature Group alternatives allowed the LEC's end users to make long-distance calls using the interexchange carrier's network, when non-stored program-controlled exchanges could not be modified to provide equal access. By the mid 1990s, Equal Access features in exchange software had rendered Feature Group D universally available in modern landline exchanges; the others are either used for calling card applications or are obsolete.","title":"Feature group"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Thatcher
Samuel Thatcher
["1 External links"]
American politician (1776–1872) This article was imported from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Please help improve this article. Samuel ThatcherMember of theU.S. House of Representatives from MassachusettsIn officeDecember 6, 1802 – March 3, 1805Preceded bySilas LeeSucceeded byOrchard CookConstituency12th district (1802–1803)16th district (1803–1805)Member of the Massachusetts House of RepresentativesIn office1801-1811 Personal detailsBorn(1776-07-01)July 1, 1776Cambridge, Province of Massachusetts Bay, British AmericaDiedJuly 18, 1872(1872-07-18) (aged 96)Bangor, Maine, U.S.Alma materHarvard CollegeProfessionlawyer Samuel Thatcher (July 1, 1776 – July 18, 1872) was a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts. He was born in Cambridge in the Province of Massachusetts Bay on July 1, 1776; was graduated from Harvard University in 1793; studied law; was admitted to the bar in 1797 and commenced practice in New Gloucester (then in Massachusetts' District of Maine); moved to Warren in 1800; member of the Massachusetts house of representatives 1801–1811; was elected as a Federalist to the Seventh Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of Silas Lee; reelected to the Eighth Congress and served from December 6, 1802, to March 3, 1805; sheriff of Lincoln County, 1814–1821; member of the Maine house of representatives in 1824; moved to Bangor, Maine, in 1860, and died there July 18, 1872; interment in Bangor's Mount Hope Cemetery. External links United States Congress. "Samuel Thatcher (id: T000143)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Samuel Thatcher at Find a Grave U.S. House of Representatives Preceded bySilas Lee Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts's 12th congressional district (Maine district)December 6, 1802 – March 3, 1805 Succeeded byThomson Skinner Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National United States People US Congress Other SNAC vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Massachusetts1st district F. Ames Dexter Goodhue Holten Sedgwick Skinner Sedgwick J. Bacon Eustis Quincy Ward Jr. Mason Gorham Webster Gorham N. Appleton Gorham A. Lawrence Fletcher A. Lawrence Winthrop N. Appleton Winthrop S. Eliot W. Appleton Scudder T. D. Eliot Hall T. D. Eliot Buffington Crapo R. Davis Randall Wright G. Lawrence Treadway Heselton Conte Olver Neal 2nd district Goodhue Foster W. Lyman Sedgwick Ward Sr. W. Lyman Shepard J. Crowninshield Story Pickman W. Reed Pickering Silsbee Barstow B. Crowninshield Choate Phillips Saltonstall D. King Rantoul Fay Crocker Buffington O. Ames Harris Long E. Morse Gillett Churchill Bowles Kaynor Granfield Clason Furcolo Boland Neal McGovern 3rd district Gerry Bourne Coffin S. Lyman Mattoon Cutler Nelson Livermore White Pickering Nelson Varnum Nelson Osgood Cushing A. Abbott Duncan Edmands Damrell C. Adams Thomas A. Rice Twichell Whiting I Pierce Field B. Dean Field Ranney L. Morse J. Andrew Walker J. R. Thayer R. Hoar C. Washburn J. A. Thayer Wilder Paige F. Foss Casey Philbin Drinan Donohue Early Blute McGovern N. Tsongas Trahan 4th district Sedgwick Dearborn G. Thatcher Wadsworth Foster L. Lincoln Sr. Hastings Varnum W. Richardson Dana Stearns Fuller E. Everett Sa. Hoar Parmenter Thompson Palfrey Thompson Sabine Walley Comins A. Rice Hooper Frost J. Abbott L. Morse Collins O'Neil Apsley Weymouth Tirrell Mitchell Wilder Winslow Stobbs P. Holmes Donohue Drinan Frank Kennedy III Auchincloss 5th district Partridge Bourne Freeman L. Williams T. Dwight Ely Mills Lathrop Sibley J. Davis L. Lincoln Jr. Hudson C. Allen W. Appleton Burlingame W. Appleton Hooper Alley Butler Gooch Banks Bowman L. Morse Hayden Banks Sh. Hoar Stevens Knox B. Ames J. Rogers E. Rogers B. Morse Cronin P. Tsongas Shannon Atkins Meehan N. Tsongas Markey Clark 6th district G. Thatcher Leonard J. Reed Sr. J. Smith Taggart S. Allen Locke Kendall Grennell Alvord Baker Ashmun G. Davis Upham T. Davis Alley Gooch Banks Butler Thompson Loring Stone Lovering Lodge Cogswell Moody Gardner Lufkin A.P. Andrew G. Bates W. Bates Harrington Mavroules Torkildsen Tierney Moulton 7th district Leonard Ward Sr. Leonard Bullock Bishop Mitchell Barker Baylies Turner Baylies Hulbert Shaw H. Dwight S. Allen Grennell Briggs J. Rockwell Goodrich Banks Gooch Boutwell Brooks Esty E. Hoar Tarbox Butler W. Russell Stone Cogswell W. Everett Barrett Roberts Phelan Maloney W. Connery L. Connery Lane Macdonald Markey Capuano Pressley 8th district Grout G. Thatcher F. Ames Otis Eustis L. Williams Green Gardner Green J. Reed Jr. Baylies Sampson Hobart Lathrop Bates Calhoun J. Adams Mann Wentworth Knapp Train Baldwin G. Hoar J. M. S. Williams Warren Claflin Candler W Russell C. H. Allen Greenhalge Stevens McCall Deitrick Dallinger H. Thayer Dallinger Healey Goodwin Macdonald O'Neill Kennedy II Capuano Lynch 9th district Varnum Bishop J. Dean Wheaton J. Reed Jr. Folger J. Reed Jr. H. Dwight Briggs Jackson Hastings H. Williams Hale Fowler Little De Witt E. Thayer Bailey A. Walker W. Washburn Crocker G. Hoar W. Rice T. Lyman Ely Burnett Candler G. Williams O'Neil Fitzgerald Conry Keliher Murray Roberts Fuller Underhill Luce R. Russell Luce T. H. Eliot Gifford Nicholson Keith McCormack Hicks Moakley Lynch Keating 10th district Goodhue Sewall Read Hastings Upham J. Allen Brigham Wheaton Morton F Baylies Bailey H. A. S. Dearborn W. Baylies Borden H. Williams Borden Burnell Grinnell Scudder Dickinson Chaffee Delano Dawes Crocker Stevens Seelye Norcross W. Rice J. E. Russell J. Walker McEttrick Atwood Barrows Naphen McNary O'Connell Curley Murray Tague Fitzgerald Tague Douglass Tinkham Herter Curtis Martin Heckler Studds Delahunt Keating 11th district Bradbury Bartlett Cutler Stedman A. Bigelow Brigham B. Adams J. Russell Hobart J. Richardson J. Adams J. Reed Jr. Burnell Goodrich Trafton Dawes Chapin Robinson Whiting II Wallace Coolidge Draper Sprague Powers Sullivan Peters Tinkham Douglass Higgins Flaherty Curley Kennedy O'Neill Burke Donnelly 12th district H. Dearborn I. Parker Lee S. Thatcher Skinner Larned Bidwell Bacon Dewey Hulbert Strong Kendall L. Bigelow Baylies Hodges J. Adams Robinson F. Rockwell Crosby E. Morse Lovering Powers Weeks Curley Gallivan McCormack Keith Studds 13th district Wadsworth Seaver Ruggles Dowse Eustis J. Reed Jr. Randall Simpkins Greene Weeks Mitchell Carter Luce Wigglesworth Burke 14th district G. Thatcher Cutts C. King J. Holmes Lovering E. Foss Harris Gilmore Olney Frothingham Wigglesworth Martin 15th district Wadsworth Ilsley Whitman Widgery Bradbury Whitman Greene Leach Martin Gifford 16th district S. Thatcher Cook Tallman S. Davis Brown Orr Hill Thacher Walsh Gifford 17th district Bruce Chandler Gannett F. Carr Wood J. Carr Wilson Kinsley 18th district Wilson T. Rice J. Parker 19th district J. Parker Conner Gage Cushman 20th district Hubbard Parris E. Lincoln At-large Cobb This article about a Maine politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a member of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(2007_film)
The Ten Commandments (2007 film)
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Box office","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]
2007 animated film The Ten CommandmentsDVD coverDirected byJohn StronachBill BoyceWritten byEd NahaProduced byCindy BondJohn StronachStarringChristian SlaterAlfred MolinaElliott GouldNarrated byBen KingsleyEdited byAdam ScottMusic byReg PowellProductioncompaniesHuhu StudiosiVL AnimationSparky AnimationTen Chimneys EntertainmentDistributed byPromenade PicturesRelease date October 19, 2007 (2007-10-19) Running time88 minutesCountriesUnited StatesCanadaLanguageEnglishBudget$10 millionBox office$1.1 million The Ten Commandments is a 2007 animated biblical fantasy film directed by John Stronach and Bill Boyce, and written by Ed Naha. The film follows Moses from his childhood, as the adopted grandson of Pharaoh, to his adulthood, as the chosen one of Yahweh and liberator of his people. With narration by Ben Kingsley, the film stars Christian Slater as Moses, Alfred Molina as Ramses and Elliott Gould as God. It was theatrically released on October 19, 2007 to largely negative reviews, with criticism directed towards the animation, screenplay, plot, voice acting and inaccuracies to the Bible. It was also a box office failure, having grossed only $1.1 million against a budget of $10 million, resulting in having the worst opening for an animated movie in history. Plot The Pharaoh is a nervous man, outnumbered by his Hebrew slaves; he orders them to be worked harder, that doesn't break their spirits, so he has all the newborn male babies thrown into the Nile; Moses' parents, Amram and Jochebed, are desperate to save their baby son, and put him in a basket and send him down the river while his sister, Miram, follows to make sure he's okay. The next morning, the Pharaoh's daughter adopts and raises him as her own, with Jochebed as his nurse growing up. His playmate and uncle is Ramses, the Pharaoh's son. As teens, they wrestle, but Ramses does not like Moses much, and Moses is exiled from town after Moses comes to the aid of a slave being beaten, and the beater is killed. Moses is mistaken for a Hebrew slave based on his appearance. His brother Aaron comes forward, revealing his past and how they are actually brothers-making Moses a Hebrew. They all grow up, Ramses is now Pharaoh, God speaks to Moses, telling him to get the Hebrews from Egypt into the promised land. Ramses says no, the ten plagues come, and Ramses gives in only when his son is killed (as God's spirit kills all the firstborn Egyptian sons). Moses leads the people from Egypt, ditches Ramses and his army at the parting of the Red Sea, and Moses receives the Ten Commandments and delivers them to the Hebrews. Moses puts Joshua in charge of leading the people the rest of the way. Cast Ben Kingsley as the Narrator Christian Slater as Moses Alfred Molina as Ramses Elliott Gould as God Scott McNeil as Seti Christopher Gaze as Aaron Kathleen Barr as Miriam Lee Tockar as Dathan Matt Hill as Joshua Tabitha St. Germain (credited as "Kitanou St. Germain") as the Princess Trevor Devall as Amram Jane Mortifee as Zipporah Brian Dobson as the Task Master Garry Chalk as the General Nico Ghisi as Ramses' Son Colin Murdock as the Elderly Slave Box office The film opened in 830 theaters in the United States and grossed $478,910 on its opening weekend. Brandon Gray of Box Office Mojo wrote that it and Sarah Landon and the Paranormal Hour had "two of the worst national debuts of all time". The film ended up grossing $952,820 in the United States and $99,087 elsewhere, for a total of $1,051,907. Reception The Ten Commandments received mostly negative reviews from critics. According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 18% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 3.99/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "The Ten Commandments proves that not even one of humanity's most enduring tales is strong enough to overcome a biblical plague of cheap-looking animation." At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 25 out of 100 based on 6 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Joe Ledyon of Variety gave a negative review, calling it "a well-intentioned misfire featuring 3-D CGI animation that recalls lesser vidgames of the mid-1990s". Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club wrote that it "fails on every conceivable level" and "seems to have been made using public-domain software, and targeted squarely at kids impressed by any brightly colored moving objects". Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel was also critical, writing "a big-name voice cast doesn't cover for a script that may hit the Biblical high points but somehow misses the dramatic heart of the story", and that "the filmmakers certainly could have used a little Veggie Tales humor". Lou Carlozo of the Chicago Tribune was more positive, stating "There's an endearing, earnest quality to The Ten Commandments that transcends its star-studded cast and computer-generated animation". References ^ "The Ten Commandments (2007) (2007) - Weekend Box Office". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-10-24. ^ Gray, Brandon (22 October 2007). "'30 Days of Night' Leads Lifeless Crowd". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 February 2018. ^ "The Ten Commandments (2007)". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 May 2019. ^ "The Ten Commandments (2007)". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 2019-05-14. ^ "The Ten Commandments Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2019-05-14. ^ Leydon, Joe (18 October 2007). "The Ten Commandments". Variety. Retrieved 25 February 2018. ^ Phipps, Keith (18 October 2007). "The Ten Commandments". The A.V. Club. ^ Moore, Roger. "The Ten Commandments (2 stars out of 5)". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 25 February 2018. ^ Carlozo, Louis (19 October 2007). "Voices rule in 'Ten Commandments'". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 May 2019. External links Official website The Ten Commandments at IMDb The Ten Commandments at the TCM Movie Database The Ten Commandments at AllMovie The Ten Commandments at Rotten Tomatoes The Ten Commandments at Metacritic The Ten Commandments at Box Office Mojo Animation Magazine article vteTen CommandmentsTablets of Stone · Finger of God · Ritual DecalogueCommandments I am the Lord thy God Thou shalt have no other gods before me Thou shalt not make unto thee any graven image Thou shalt not take the name of the Lord thy God in vain Remember the sabbath day, to keep it holy Honour thy father and thy mother Thou shalt not kill Thou shalt not commit adultery Thou shalt not steal Thou shalt not bear false witness against thy neighbour Thou shalt not covet Topics Moses Biblical Mount Sinai Mount Sinai Mount Horeb Ark of the Covenant lid Book of Exodus The Exodus In art Descent from Mount Sinai (Sistine Chapel, 1481-1482 painting) Moses (c. 1513–1515 sculpture) Moses and his Ethiopian wife Zipporah (c. 1645-1650 painting) Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659 painting) Catholic Total Abstinence Union Fountain (1876) Moses (1962 sculpture) Moses (1968 sculptures, 3/3) Media The Ten Commandments (1923 film) The Ten Commandments (1956 film) Les Dix Commandements (2000 musical) The Ten Commandments (2004 musical) The Ten Commandments (2006 miniseries) The Ten (2007 film) The Ten Commandments (2007 film) I Am (2010 film) The Ten Commandments (2016 film) Related Joshua In Catholic theology Tabot Alternatives 613 commandments Seven Laws of Noah Great Commandment Golden Rule Ethics in the Bible vteBook of Exodus mediaArt The Crossing of the Red Sea (1482) Crossing of the Red Sea (1542) The Crossing of the Red Sea (1634) The Adoration of the Golden Calf (1634) Moses Breaking the Tablets of the Law (1659) The Fifth Plague of Egypt (1800) Victory O Lord! (1871) Dance Around the Golden Calf (1910) FilmBiblical The Ten Commandments (1923) The Moon of Israel (1924) The Ten Commandments (1956) Moses und Aron (1973) Moses the Lawgiver (1974) Moses (1995) The Prince of Egypt (1998) Joseph: King of Dreams (2000) The Exodus Decoded (2006) The Ten Commandments (2006) The Ten Commandments (2007) Exodus: Gods and Kings (2014) The Ten Commandments: The Movie (2016) Seder-Masochism (2018) Modern settings The Abominable Dr. Phibes (1971) The Reaping (2007) Exodus (2007) Musical Les Dix Commandements (2000) The Ten Commandments: The Musical (2004) The Prince of Egypt (2015) Opera Mosè in Egitto (1818) Moïse et Pharaon, ou Le passage de la mer rouge (1827) Moses und Aron (1951) Music Israel in Egypt (1739) Creeping Death (1984) Exodus (2002) Plague Songs (2006) Television "Duke and the Great Pie War" (2005) "Moe and the Big Exit" (2007) Os Dez Mandamentos (2015 telenovela) Literature Exodus (10th century) Moon of Israel (1918) Moses, Man of the Mountain (1939) The Tables of the Law (1944)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biblical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bible_in_film"},{"link_name":"fantasy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasy_film"},{"link_name":"Ed Naha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Naha"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Christian Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Slater"},{"link_name":"Alfred Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Molina"},{"link_name":"Elliott Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Gould"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"}],"text":"The Ten Commandments is a 2007 animated biblical fantasy film directed by John Stronach and Bill Boyce, and written by Ed Naha. The film follows Moses from his childhood, as the adopted grandson of Pharaoh, to his adulthood, as the chosen one of Yahweh and liberator of his people.With narration by Ben Kingsley, the film stars Christian Slater as Moses, Alfred Molina as Ramses and Elliott Gould as God. It was theatrically released on October 19, 2007 to largely negative reviews, with criticism directed towards the animation, screenplay, plot, voice acting and inaccuracies to the Bible. It was also a box office failure, having grossed only $1.1 million against a budget of $10 million, resulting in having the worst opening for an animated movie in history.","title":"The Ten Commandments (2007 film)"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The Pharaoh is a nervous man, outnumbered by his Hebrew slaves; he orders them to be worked harder, that doesn't break their spirits, so he has all the newborn male babies thrown into the Nile; Moses' parents, Amram and Jochebed, are desperate to save their baby son, and put him in a basket and send him down the river while his sister, Miram, follows to make sure he's okay. The next morning, the Pharaoh's daughter adopts and raises him as her own, with Jochebed as his nurse growing up. His playmate and uncle is Ramses, the Pharaoh's son. As teens, they wrestle, but Ramses does not like Moses much, and Moses is exiled from town after Moses comes to the aid of a slave being beaten, and the beater is killed. Moses is mistaken for a Hebrew slave based on his appearance. His brother Aaron comes forward, revealing his past and how they are actually brothers-making Moses a Hebrew.They all grow up, Ramses is now Pharaoh, God speaks to Moses, telling him to get the Hebrews from Egypt into the promised land. Ramses says no, the ten plagues come, and Ramses gives in only when his son is killed (as God's spirit kills all the firstborn Egyptian sons). Moses leads the people from Egypt, ditches Ramses and his army at the parting of the Red Sea, and Moses receives the Ten Commandments and delivers them to the Hebrews. Moses puts Joshua in charge of leading the people the rest of the way.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ben Kingsley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Kingsley"},{"link_name":"Christian Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Slater"},{"link_name":"Moses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moses"},{"link_name":"Alfred Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Molina"},{"link_name":"Ramses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesses_II"},{"link_name":"Elliott Gould","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elliott_Gould"},{"link_name":"God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahweh"},{"link_name":"Scott McNeil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott_McNeil"},{"link_name":"Seti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_I"},{"link_name":"Christopher Gaze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Gaze"},{"link_name":"Aaron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron"},{"link_name":"Kathleen Barr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathleen_Barr"},{"link_name":"Miriam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miriam"},{"link_name":"Lee Tockar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Tockar"},{"link_name":"Dathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dathan"},{"link_name":"Matt Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Hill"},{"link_name":"Joshua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua"},{"link_name":"Tabitha St. Germain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabitha_St._Germain"},{"link_name":"the Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharaoh%27s_daughter_(Exodus)"},{"link_name":"Trevor Devall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Devall"},{"link_name":"Amram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amram"},{"link_name":"Zipporah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipporah"},{"link_name":"Brian Dobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Dobson_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Garry Chalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garry_Chalk"},{"link_name":"Ramses' Son","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amun-her-khepeshef"}],"text":"Ben Kingsley as the Narrator\nChristian Slater as Moses\nAlfred Molina as Ramses\nElliott Gould as God\nScott McNeil as Seti\nChristopher Gaze as Aaron\nKathleen Barr as Miriam\nLee Tockar as Dathan\nMatt Hill as Joshua\nTabitha St. Germain (credited as \"Kitanou St. Germain\") as the Princess\nTrevor Devall as Amram\nJane Mortifee as Zipporah\nBrian Dobson as the Task Master\nGarry Chalk as the General\nNico Ghisi as Ramses' Son\nColin Murdock as the Elderly Slave","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Box Office Mojo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo"},{"link_name":"Sarah Landon and the Paranormal Hour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Landon_and_the_Paranormal_Hour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The film opened in 830 theaters in the United States and grossed $478,910 on its opening weekend.[1] Brandon Gray of Box Office Mojo wrote that it and Sarah Landon and the Paranormal Hour had \"two of the worst national debuts of all time\".[2] The film ended up grossing $952,820 in the United States and $99,087 elsewhere, for a total of $1,051,907.[3]","title":"Box office"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"review aggregator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Review_aggregator"},{"link_name":"Rotten Tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"sic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sic"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"The A.V. Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_A.V._Club"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Orlando Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlando_Sentinel"},{"link_name":"Veggie Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veggie_Tales"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chicago Tribune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Tribune"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Ten Commandments received mostly negative reviews from critics. According to the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 18% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 22 reviews, with an average rating of 3.99/10. The site's critics consensus reads, \"The Ten Commandments proves that not even one of humanity's most enduring tales is strong enough to overcome a biblical plague of cheap-looking animation.\"[4] At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 25 out of 100 based on 6 critics, indicating \"generally unfavorable reviews\".[5]Joe Ledyon of Variety gave a negative review, calling it \"a well-intentioned misfire featuring 3-D CGI animation that recalls lesser vidgames [sic] of the mid-1990s\".[6] Keith Phipps of The A.V. Club wrote that it \"fails on every conceivable level\" and \"seems to have been made using public-domain software, and targeted squarely at kids impressed by any brightly colored moving objects\".[7]Roger Moore of the Orlando Sentinel was also critical, writing \"a big-name voice cast doesn't cover for a script that may hit the Biblical high points but somehow misses the dramatic heart of the story\", and that \"the filmmakers certainly could have used a little Veggie Tales humor\".[8] Lou Carlozo of the Chicago Tribune was more positive, stating \"There's an endearing, earnest quality to The Ten Commandments that transcends its star-studded cast and computer-generated animation\".[9]","title":"Reception"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"The Ten Commandments (2007) (2007) - Weekend Box Office\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2007-10-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=tencommandments07.htm","url_text":"\"The Ten Commandments (2007) (2007) - Weekend Box Office\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"Gray, Brandon (22 October 2007). \"'30 Days of Night' Leads Lifeless Crowd\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=2406&p=.htm","url_text":"\"'30 Days of Night' Leads Lifeless Crowd\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ten Commandments (2007)\". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=tencommandments07.htm","url_text":"\"The Ten Commandments (2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Box_Office_Mojo","url_text":"Box Office Mojo"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ten Commandments (2007)\". Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. Retrieved 2019-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/epic_stories_of_the_bible_the_ten_commandments","url_text":"\"The Ten Commandments (2007)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fandango_(company)","url_text":"Fandango"}]},{"reference":"\"The Ten Commandments Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2019-05-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/movie/the-ten-commandments","url_text":"\"The Ten Commandments Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"Leydon, Joe (18 October 2007). \"The Ten Commandments\". Variety. Retrieved 25 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2007/film/markets-festivals/the-ten-commandments-5-1200555258/","url_text":"\"The Ten Commandments\""}]},{"reference":"Phipps, Keith (18 October 2007). \"The Ten Commandments\". The A.V. Club.","urls":[{"url":"https://film.avclub.com/the-ten-commandments-1798203224","url_text":"\"The Ten Commandments\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Roger. \"The Ten Commandments (2 stars out of 5)\". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved 25 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.orlandosentinel.com/2008-01-11/news/0801110152_1_moses-commandments-elliott-gould","url_text":"\"The Ten Commandments (2 stars out of 5)\""}]},{"reference":"Carlozo, Louis (19 October 2007). \"Voices rule in 'Ten Commandments'\". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 25 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-2007-10-19-0710170597-story.html","url_text":"\"Voices rule in 'Ten Commandments'\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Schenk
Karl Schenk
["1 Life and work","1.1 Death and legacy","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"]
Swiss pastor, politician, and member of the Swiss Federal Council Karl SchenkPresident of SwitzerlandIn office1 January 1893 – 31 December 1893Preceded byWalter HauserSucceeded byEmil FreyIn office1 January 1885 – 31 December 1885Preceded byEmil WeltiSucceeded byAdolf DeucherIn office1 January 1878 – 31 December 1878Preceded byJoachim HeerSucceeded byEmil WeltiIn office1 January 1874 – 31 December 1874Preceded byPaul CérésoleSucceeded byJohann Jakob SchererIn office1 January 1871 – 31 December 1871Preceded byJakob DubsSucceeded byEmil WeltiIn office1 January 1865 – 31 December 1865Preceded byJakob DubsSucceeded byMelchior Josef Martin KnüselMember of the Swiss Federal CouncilIn office12 December 1863 – 18 July 1895Preceded byJakob StämpfliSucceeded byEduard Müller Personal detailsBorn1 December 1823Bern, SwitzerlandDied18 July 1895 (aged 71)Bern, SwitzerlandPolitical partyFree Democratic Party Johann Karl Emmanuel Schenk (1 December 1823 – 18 July 1895) was a Swiss pastor, politician, and member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1863 until his death in 1895. Serving for 31 years and 218 days, he was the longest-serving member in the Federal Council. Later in life he became one of the first leaders of the Swiss Red Cross. Life and work Schenk was born in 1823 in Bern, Switzerland, as the son of Christian Schenk. At the age of eleven, he became an orphan and lived in Korntal (Germany). From 1839 to 1842 he attended school in Bern and then studied theology. He completed his studies at the age of 22. In 1845 he became vicar and later pastor at Schüpfen. In 1848, he married Elise Kähr. The couple had nine children, two of which died at young age. He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 12 December 1863 and died in office 31 years later, on 18 July 1895. He was affiliated with the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland. During his time in office he held the following departments: Department of Home Affairs (1864) Political Department (Foreign ministry) as President of the Confederation (1865) Department of Home Affairs (1866 - 1870) Political Department as President of the Confederation (1871) Department of Home Affairs (1872) Department of Finance (1872) Department of Home Affairs (1873) Political Department as President of the Confederation (1874) Department of Railway and Trade (1875 - 1877) Political Department as President of the Confederation (1878) Department of Home Affairs (1879 - 1884) Political Department as President of the Confederation (1885) Department of Home Affairs (1886 - 1895) He was President of the Confederation six times in 1865, 1871, 1874, 1878, 1885 and 1893. Schenk also served as President of the Swiss Red Cross from 1873–1882. Death and legacy Schenk died 1895 in Bern, and was buried at Bremgartenfriedhof. The local museum of Langnau im Emmental "Chüechlihus" includes a section on him. Schenkstrasse in Bern is named after him. Further, the house at Spitalgasse 4 in the city of Bern is named Karl-Schenk-Haus and its passage Karl-Schenk-Haus-Passage or Karl-Schenk-Passage. References ^ "Frühere Departmentsvorsteher/Innen". Further reading Rossel, Virgile (1909). Un magistrat républicain : le conseiller fédéral Schenk (in French). Delémont.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Karl Schenk. "Bundesrat Johann Carl Emmanuel Schenk" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2006-08-05. (35.4 KiB) (in German) Profile of Karl Schenk with election results on the website of the Swiss Federal Council. Karl Geiser. (1910), "Schenk, Karl", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 55, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 165–171 Franziska Metzger (2005), "Schenk, Carl", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 22, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 672–673; (full text online) Karl Schenk in German, French and Italian in the online Historical Dictionary of Switzerland. Political offices Preceded byEduard Häberlin President of the Council of States 1863/1864 Succeeded byJules Roguin Preceded byJakob Stämpfli Member of the Swiss Federal Council 1863–1895 Succeeded byEduard Müller vtePresident of the Swiss Confederation (list)1848–1874 Furrer Druey Munzinger Furrer Naeff Frey-Herosé Furrer Stämpfli Fornerod Furrer Stämpfli Frey-Herosé Knüsel Stämpfli Fornerod Dubs Schenk Knüsel Fornerod Dubs Welti Dubs Schenk Welti Cérésole Schenk 1875–1899 Scherer Welti Heer Schenk Hammer Welti Droz Bavier Ruchonnet Welti Schenk Deucher Droz Hertenstein Hammer Ruchonnet Welti Hauser Schenk Frey Zemp Lachenal Deucher Ruffy Müller 1900–1924 Hauser Brenner Zemp Deucher Comtesse Ruchet Forrer Müller Brenner Deucher Comtesse Ruchet Forrer Müller Hoffmann Motta Decoppet Schulthess Calonder Ador Motta Schulthess Haab Scheurer Chuard 1925–1949 Musy Häberlin Motta Schulthess Haab Musy Häberlin Motta Schulthess Pilet-Golaz Minger Meyer Motta Baumann Etter Pilet-Golaz Wetter Etter E. Celio Stampfli von Steiger Kobelt Etter E. Celio Nobs 1950–1974 Petitpierre Steiger Kobelt Etter Rubattel Petitpierre Feldmann Streuli Holenstein Chaudet Petitpierre Wahlen Chaudet Spühler von Moos Tschudi Schaffner Bonvin Spühler von Moos Tschudi Gnägi N. Celio Bonvin Brugger 1975–1999 Graber Gnägi Furgler Ritschard Hürlimann Chevallaz Furgler Honegger Aubert Schlumpf Furgler Egli Aubert Stich Delamuraz Koller Cotti Felber Ogi Stich Villiger Delamuraz Koller Cotti Dreifuss 2000–present Ogi Leuenberger Villiger Couchepin Deiss Schmid Leuenberger Calmy-Rey Couchepin Merz Leuthard Calmy-Rey Widmer-Schlumpf Maurer Burkhalter Sommaruga Schneider-Ammann Leuthard Berset Maurer Sommaruga Parmelin Cassis Berset Amherd Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Netherlands People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland IdRef This article about a Swiss politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss Federal Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Federal_Council"},{"link_name":"Swiss Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Red_Cross"}],"text":"Johann Karl Emmanuel Schenk (1 December 1823 – 18 July 1895) was a Swiss pastor, politician, and member of the Swiss Federal Council from 1863 until his death in 1895. Serving for 31 years and 218 days, he was the longest-serving member in the Federal Council. Later in life he became one of the first leaders of the Swiss Red Cross.","title":"Karl Schenk"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Korntal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korntal"},{"link_name":"theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theology"},{"link_name":"Schüpfen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%BCpfen"},{"link_name":"Free Democratic Party of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Democratic_Party_of_Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Department of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Political Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Department_of_Foreign_Affairs"},{"link_name":"President of the Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederation_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Department of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Department of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Department of Finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Finance_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Department of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Department of Railway and Trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Department_of_Railway_and_Trade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Department of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Department of Home Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Home_Affairs_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"President of the Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Confederation_(Switzerland)"},{"link_name":"Swiss Red Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_Red_Cross"}],"text":"Schenk was born in 1823 in Bern, Switzerland, as the son of Christian Schenk. At the age of eleven, he became an orphan and lived in Korntal (Germany). From 1839 to 1842 he attended school in Bern and then studied theology. He completed his studies at the age of 22. In 1845 he became vicar and later pastor at Schüpfen. In 1848, he married Elise Kähr. The couple had nine children, two of which died at young age.He was elected to the Swiss Federal Council on 12 December 1863 and died in office 31 years later, on 18 July 1895. He was affiliated with the Free Democratic Party of Switzerland.During his time in office he held the following departments:Department of Home Affairs (1864)\nPolitical Department (Foreign ministry) as President of the Confederation (1865)\nDepartment of Home Affairs (1866 - 1870)\nPolitical Department as President of the Confederation (1871)\nDepartment of Home Affairs (1872)\nDepartment of Finance (1872)[1]\nDepartment of Home Affairs (1873)\nPolitical Department as President of the Confederation (1874)\nDepartment of Railway and Trade (1875 - 1877)\nPolitical Department as President of the Confederation (1878)\nDepartment of Home Affairs (1879 - 1884)\nPolitical Department as President of the Confederation (1885)\nDepartment of Home Affairs (1886 - 1895)He was President of the Confederation six times in 1865, 1871, 1874, 1878, 1885 and 1893.Schenk also served as President of the Swiss Red Cross from 1873–1882.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bern"},{"link_name":"Bremgartenfriedhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bremgartenfriedhof&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Langnau im Emmental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langnau_im_Emmental"}],"sub_title":"Death and legacy","text":"Schenk died 1895 in Bern, and was buried at Bremgartenfriedhof.The local museum of Langnau im Emmental \"Chüechlihus\" includes a section on him. Schenkstrasse in Bern is named after him. Further, the house at Spitalgasse 4 in the city of Bern is named Karl-Schenk-Haus and its passage Karl-Schenk-Haus-Passage or Karl-Schenk-Passage.","title":"Life and work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rossel, Virgile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgile_Rossel"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher"}],"text":"Rossel, Virgile (1909). Un magistrat républicain : le conseiller fédéral Schenk (in French). Delémont.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Frühere Departmentsvorsteher/Innen\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.efd.admin.ch/efd/de/home/das-efd/der-departementsvorsteher/ueli-maurer/fruehere-departmentsvorsteher.html","url_text":"\"Frühere Departmentsvorsteher/Innen\""}]},{"reference":"Rossel, Virgile (1909). Un magistrat républicain : le conseiller fédéral Schenk (in French). Delémont.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgile_Rossel","url_text":"Rossel, Virgile"}]},{"reference":"\"Bundesrat Johann Carl Emmanuel Schenk\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-11-10. Retrieved 2006-08-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20061110034714/http://www.fdp-be.ch/signau/dokumente/Carl-Schenk-Schrift.pdf","url_text":"\"Bundesrat Johann Carl Emmanuel Schenk\""},{"url":"http://www.fdp-be.ch/signau/dokumente/Carl-Schenk-Schrift.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Karl Geiser. (1910), \"Schenk, Karl\", Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 55, Leipzig: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 165–171","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:ADB:Schenk,_Karl","url_text":"Schenk, Karl"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allgemeine_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie"}]},{"reference":"Franziska Metzger (2005), \"Schenk, Carl\", Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German), vol. 22, Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, pp. 672–673","urls":[{"url":"https://daten.digitale-sammlungen.de/0001/bsb00016410/images/index.html?seite=686","url_text":"\"Schenk, Carl\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Deutsche_Biographie","url_text":"Neue Deutsche Biographie"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Carolina_Highway_917
South Carolina Highway 917
["1 Route description","2 History","2.1 South Carolina Highway 73","3 Major intersections","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Route map: State highway in South Carolina, United States South Carolina Highway 917Route informationMaintained by SCDOTLength39.690 mi (63.875 km)Existed1940–presentMajor junctionsSouth end SC 410 / SC 9 Bus. in FinkleaMajor intersections SC 41 in Mullins US 76 in Mullins SC 41 south of Fork SC 41 Alt. southwest of Fork US 501 / US 301 in Latta North end SC 38 west of Latta LocationCountryUnited StatesStateSouth CarolinaCounties Horry Marion Dillon Highway system South Carolina State Highway System Interstate US State Scenic ← SC 914→ US 1 South Carolina Highway 917 (SC 917) is a 39.690-mile (63.875 km) state highway in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of South Carolina. It travels from the SC 410/SC 9 Business (SC 9 Bus.) intersection between Green Sea and Loris in Horry County to the SC 38 intersection outside Latta in Dillon County. Route description This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (February 2018) The highway travels in a southeast-to-northwest direction, but is signed as a north–south highway. It travels between SC 410/SC 9 Bus. in the community of Finklea, through Mullins where it has a concurrency with SC 41 and intersects US 76, Latta where it intersects U.S. Route 301 (US 301) and US 501, to SC 38 south of its interchange with I-95. History South Carolina Highway 73 South Carolina Highway 73LocationLatta, South CarolinaExisted1939–1942 South Carolina Highway 73 (SC 73) was a state highway that was established in 1939 from US 301/US 501 in Latta southeast to SC 57 (now SC 41) south-southeast of Fork. In 1942, it was decommissioned and redesignated as SC 573. Today, most of its path is part of SC 917. Major intersections CountyLocationmikmDestinationsNotes HorryFinklea0.0000.000 SC 9 Bus. south – Loris, SC 45 (Bayboro Street), US 701 (Broad Street)Continuation southeast beyond southern terminus SC 410 (Green Sea Road) / SC 9 Bus. north – Loris, North Myrtle Beach, ConwaySouthern terminus MarionMullins18.99030.561 SC 41 south (South Main Street) / West Proctor Street – CharlestonSouthern end of SC 41 concurrency 19.14030.803 US 76 (McIntyre Street) – Nichols, Marion ​23.02037.047 SC 41 north – DillonNorthern end of SC 41 concurrency Marion–Dilloncounty lineSmithboro25.31040.732 SC 41 Alt. – Fork, Lake View DillonLatta34.46055.458 US 301 / US 501 (Richardson Street) – Dillon, Florence ​39.69063.875 SC 38 – Marion, Myrtle BeachNorthern terminus 1.000 mi = 1.609 km; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi      Concurrency terminus See also U.S. roads portal References ^ a b "Highway Logmile Report". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2020. ^ a b "Highway Logmile Report". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2020. ^ a b "Highway Logmile Report". South Carolina Department of Transportation. Retrieved December 29, 2020. ^ a b Google (February 25, 2018). "Overview map of SC 917" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved February 25, 2018. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to South Carolina Highway 917. KML file (edit • help) Template:Attached KML/South Carolina Highway 917KML is from Wikidata SC 917 at Virginia Highways' South Carolina Highways Annex This South Carolina road or road transport-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"U.S. roads portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:U.S._roads"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazewell_County_Public_Schools
Tazewell County Public Schools
["1 Schools","1.1 Elementary schools","1.2 Middle schools","1.3 High schools","1.4 Specialty schools","2 References","3 External links"]
Tazewell County Public Schools is the school district that administers all public schools in Tazewell County, Virginia, United States. The school system is managed by the School Board, based in Tazewell, Virginia, and the Division Superintendent is Dr. Christopher Stacy. The system comprises fourteen schools, thirteen of which are fully accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. As of the 2007-2008 school year, there were 6,911 students enrolled in the school system. Schools Elementary schools Abbs Valley- Boissevain Elementary School, Boissevain Cedar Bluff Elementary School, Cedar Bluff Dudley Primary School, Bluefield Graham Intermediate School, Bluefield Tazewell Intermediate School, North Tazewell Richlands Elementary School, Richlands Tazewell Primary School, Tazewell Middle schools Graham Middle School, Bluefield Richlands Middle School, Richlands Tazewell Middle School, Tazewell High schools Graham High School, Bluefield Richlands High School, Richlands Tazewell High School, Tazewell Specialty schools Tazewell County Career and Technical Center References ^ Self Study Report: Profile of Tazewell County Public Schools. Retrieved on 2009-04-16. ^ Tazewell County Public Schools Report Card. Virginia Department of Education. Retrieved on 2009-04-16. External links Tazewell County Public Schools
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Tazewell County Public Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cedar Bluff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedar_Bluff,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Bluefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluefield,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"North Tazewell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Tazewell,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Richlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richlands,_Virginia"}],"sub_title":"Elementary schools","text":"Abbs Valley- Boissevain Elementary School, Boissevain\nCedar Bluff Elementary School, Cedar Bluff\nDudley Primary School, Bluefield\nGraham Intermediate School, Bluefield\nTazewell Intermediate School, North Tazewell\nRichlands Elementary School, Richlands\nTazewell Primary School, Tazewell","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Middle schools","text":"Graham Middle School, Bluefield\nRichlands Middle School, Richlands\nTazewell Middle School, Tazewell","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graham High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_High_School_(Bluefield,_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Richlands High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richlands_High_School_(Virginia)"},{"link_name":"Tazewell High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazewell_High_School"}],"sub_title":"High schools","text":"Graham High School, Bluefield\nRichlands High School, Richlands\nTazewell High School, Tazewell","title":"Schools"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Specialty schools","text":"Tazewell County Career and Technical Center","title":"Schools"}]
[]
null
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_%26_Dangerous_(song)
Armed & Dangerous (song)
["1 Composition","2 Music video","3 Critical reception","4 Charts","5 Certifications","6 References"]
Not to be confused with the Juice Wrld song Armed and Dangerous (song). 2020 song by King Von"Armed & Dangerous"Song by King Vonfrom the album Welcome to O'Block ReleasedOctober 30, 2020Genre Drill Gangsta rap Length2:03Label Only the Family Empire Songwriter(s)Dayvon BennettProducer(s)Chopsquad DJMusic video"Armed & Dangerous" on YouTube "Armed & Dangerous" is a song by American rapper King Von. It was released on October 30, 2020, as an extract and first track from Von's debut studio album Welcome to O'Block from 2020. "Armed & Dangerous" was certified platinum by Recording Industry Association of America on February 16, 2023. and it peaked at number eight on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart by Billboard. Composition In the song, Von raps with refined storytelling technique about being hawked by the feds due to his past, as Revolt reports: "Police steady watching me, every day they clocking me, red alert, armed and dangerous, I keep that Glock on me" and also: "cause I done did shit that n***as ain’t talking ‘bout no rapping beef"; and consequently talking in merit of that 2011-2014 period, spelling about going at war with opps, he also mentions Chief Keef and how he fostered the popularity of O'Block and how he made war with the GDs mainstream, favoring consequently the rise of the musical genre. He also speaks about his uncle’s crack addiction, and how he was crucial in its growth and about how he died while Von was in prison. The beat is a drill instrumental, devised by trustworthy producer Chopsquad DJ. Music video Bennett revealed to Uproxx, that he was the creator of each of his videos and that he had a decent imaginative capacity in order to write the scripts of his music videos, like "Armed & Dangerous" itself. Also according to Respect, King Von wanted to show, with this song and musical video, how the lessons he learned inside shaped his worldview, even as a successful rapper. The music video was released on January 11, 2021 on YouTube. It was directed by Jerry Productions, and finds King Von in various locations: from his suburban residence where he does typical activities beginning with Von taking a trash can out to the curb while suspected law enforcement official watch him from a distance, considering him a menace; to the prison, where Von is wearing an orange jumpsuit, both rapping to his cellmate and playing basketball with fellow inmates inside a court, still inside the prison. "Armed & Dangerous" musical video reached over 1.7 millions views in less than one day on youtube. King Von's idea, as stated by his last twitter's post, was to release this music video on November 6, 2020, but due to his death the video was released instead only after the dropping of "Wayne's Story official video, representing the second posthumous video of the artist and the eighth of the project. Critical reception On January 4, 2021, iii Williams described the song as "a blunt and brutally open recount of the events and moments that have helped turn a young kid into a man with a past that he’s not necessarily proud of but doesn’t apologize for either." and also said that the dates and individuals referenced on the song effortlessly convey to the audience that Von is well aware of the consequences of his chosen lifestyle, and the costs associated with it; and that while the track is undeniably engaging, it vividly portrays a reality that may remain elusive or enigmatic to many. Charts Chart (2020) Peakposition US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) 8 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) Platinum 1,000,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ "King Von drops off new album 'Welcome To O'Block'", Revolt Tv, October 30, 2020, retrieved February 28, 2023 ^ "KING VON - ARMED & DANGEROUS", Recording Industry Association of America, February 16, 2023, retrieved August 14, 2023 ^ "Chart History King Von", Billboard, November 21, 2020, retrieved August 16, 2023 ^ a b "King Von is "Armed & Dangerous" in new visual". Revolt Tv. Retrieved February 28, 2023. ^ "KING VON REFLECTS ON UNCLE'S CRACK ADDICTION, PRISON & MORE IN POSTHUMOUS 'ARMED & DANGEROUS' VIDEO". HipHopDX. January 11, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2023. ^ a b "King Von Is Being Watched In His Posthumous 'Armed & Dangerous' Video", Uproxx, January 11, 2021, retrieved August 14, 2023 ^ "King Von's 'Armed and Dangerous' music video posthumously released", Respect, January 11, 2021, archived from the original on February 17, 2021, retrieved August 14, 2023 ^ "King Von Reflects on Lessons From Prison in Posthumous "Armed & Dangerous" Visual", Hypebeast, January 11, 2021, retrieved February 28, 2023 ^ "Watch King Von's Posthumous "Armed & Dangerous" Video", Complex, January 11, 2021, retrieved February 28, 2023 ^ "King Von's 'Armed and Dangerous' music video posthumously released", Chicago Sun-Times, January 11, 2021, retrieved February 28, 2023 ^ "V.Roy🦅 @KingVonFrmdaWic Armed and Dangerous video tomorrow 😈", Twitter, November 5, 2020, retrieved October 15, 2023 ^ "King Von's Last Instagram Post: 'Armed & Dangerous' Before Death", Heavy.com, November 6, 2020, retrieved August 14, 2023 ^ "'Armed & Dangerous Drops On Friday'- Last Message Of American Rapper King Von Before He Was Gunned Down", ghgossip.com, November 6, 2020, retrieved August 14, 2023 ^ "King Von — Welcome to O'Block (Album Review)". Medium. January 4, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2023. ^ "King Von Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "American single certifications – King Von – Armed & Dangerous". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 16, 2023. vteKing Von Discography Studio albums Welcome to O'Block (2020) What It Means to Be King (2022) Grandson (2023) Mixtapes Grandson, Vol. 1 (2019) Levon James (2020) Singles "Crazy Story" "Crazy Story 2.0" "Crazy Story, Pt. 3" "Took Her to the O" "Why He Told" "All These Niggas" "How It Go" "I Am What I Am" "The Code" "Don't Play That" "War" "Robberies" "Heartless" "Don't Miss" Other songs "Armed & Dangerous" "Demon" "Wayne's Story" "Still Trappin'" Related articles Lil Durk Only the Family
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Armed and Dangerous (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_and_Dangerous_(song)"},{"link_name":"King Von","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Von"},{"link_name":"Welcome to O'Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_to_O%27Block"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Not to be confused with the Juice Wrld song Armed and Dangerous (song).2020 song by King Von\"Armed & Dangerous\" is a song by American rapper King Von. It was released on October 30, 2020, as an extract and first track from Von's debut studio album Welcome to O'Block from 2020.[1]\"Armed & Dangerous\" was certified platinum by Recording Industry Association of America on February 16, 2023.\n[2] and it peaked at number eight on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 chart by Billboard.[3]","title":"Armed & Dangerous (song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Chief Keef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Keef"},{"link_name":"O'Block","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Block"},{"link_name":"drill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drill_music"},{"link_name":"Chopsquad DJ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopsquad_DJ"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolt-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"In the song, Von raps with refined storytelling technique about being hawked by the feds due to his past, as Revolt reports: \"Police steady watching me, every day they clocking me, red alert, armed and dangerous, I keep that Glock on me\" and also: \"cause I done did shit that n***as ain’t talking ‘bout no rapping beef\"; and consequently talking in merit of that 2011-2014 period, spelling about going at war with opps, he also mentions Chief Keef and how he fostered the popularity of O'Block and how he made war with the GDs mainstream, favoring \nconsequently the rise of the musical genre. He also speaks about his uncle’s crack addiction, and how he was crucial in its growth and about how he died while Von was in prison.\nThe beat is a drill instrumental, devised by trustworthy producer Chopsquad DJ.[4][5]","title":"Composition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Uproxx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uprox-6"},{"link_name":"Respect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-revolt-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-uprox-6"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Wayne's Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%27s_Story"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Bennett revealed to Uproxx, that he was the creator of each of his videos and that he had a decent imaginative capacity in order to write the scripts of his music videos, like \"Armed & Dangerous\" itself.[6] Also according to Respect, King Von wanted to show, with this song and musical video, how the lessons he learned inside shaped his worldview, even as a successful rapper.[7]The music video was released on January 11, 2021 on YouTube. It was directed by Jerry Productions, and finds King Von in various locations: from his suburban residence where he does typical activities beginning with Von taking a trash can out to the curb while suspected law enforcement official watch him from a distance, considering him a menace; to the prison, where Von is wearing an orange jumpsuit, both rapping to his cellmate and playing basketball with fellow inmates inside a court, still inside the prison.[4][6][8][9]\"Armed & Dangerous\" musical video reached over 1.7 millions views in less than one day on youtube.[10]King Von's idea, as stated by his last twitter's post, was to release this music video on November 6, 2020, but due to his death the video was released instead only after the dropping of \"Wayne's Story official video, representing the second posthumous video of the artist and the eighth of the project.[11][12][13]","title":"Music video"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"On January 4, 2021, iii Williams described the song as \"a blunt and brutally open recount of the events and moments that have helped turn a young kid into a man with a past that he’s not necessarily proud of but doesn’t apologize for either.\" and also said that the dates and individuals referenced on the song effortlessly convey to the audience that Von is well aware of the consequences of his chosen lifestyle, and the costs associated with it; and that while the track is undeniably engaging, it vividly portrays a reality that may remain elusive or enigmatic to many.[14]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"King Von drops off new album 'Welcome To O'Block'\", Revolt Tv, October 30, 2020, retrieved February 28, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revolt.tv/article/2020-10-30/68642/king-von-drops-off-new-album-welcome-to-oblock/","url_text":"\"King Von drops off new album 'Welcome To O'Block'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_(TV_network)","url_text":"Revolt Tv"}]},{"reference":"\"KING VON - ARMED & DANGEROUS\", Recording Industry Association of America, February 16, 2023, retrieved August 14, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=Armed+%26+Dangerous&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"KING VON - ARMED & DANGEROUS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]},{"reference":"\"Chart History King Von\", Billboard, November 21, 2020, retrieved August 16, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/king-von/chart-history/hbu/","url_text":"\"Chart History King Von\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]},{"reference":"\"King Von is \"Armed & Dangerous\" in new visual\". Revolt Tv. Retrieved February 28, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.revolt.tv/article/2021-01-11/62159/king-von-is-armed-dangerous-in-new-visual/","url_text":"\"King Von is \"Armed & Dangerous\" in new visual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolt_(TV_network)","url_text":"Revolt Tv"}]},{"reference":"\"KING VON REFLECTS ON UNCLE'S CRACK ADDICTION, PRISON & MORE IN POSTHUMOUS 'ARMED & DANGEROUS' VIDEO\". HipHopDX. January 11, 2021. Retrieved August 14, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.60001/title.king-von-reflects-on-uncles-crack-addiction-prison-more-in-posthumous-armed-dangerous-video","url_text":"\"KING VON REFLECTS ON UNCLE'S CRACK ADDICTION, PRISON & MORE IN POSTHUMOUS 'ARMED & DANGEROUS' VIDEO\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HipHopDX","url_text":"HipHopDX"}]},{"reference":"\"King Von Is Being Watched In His Posthumous 'Armed & Dangerous' Video\", Uproxx, January 11, 2021, retrieved August 14, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-armed-and-dangerous-video/","url_text":"\"King Von Is Being Watched In His Posthumous 'Armed & Dangerous' Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uproxx","url_text":"Uproxx"}]},{"reference":"\"King Von's 'Armed and Dangerous' music video posthumously released\", Respect, January 11, 2021, archived from the original on February 17, 2021, retrieved August 14, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://respect-mag.com/2021/01/the-late-king-von-armed-dangerous-visuals-released/","url_text":"\"King Von's 'Armed and Dangerous' music video posthumously released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respect_(magazine)","url_text":"Respect"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210217205525/https://respect-mag.com/2021/01/the-late-king-von-armed-dangerous-visuals-released/","url_text":"archived"}]},{"reference":"\"King Von Reflects on Lessons From Prison in Posthumous \"Armed & Dangerous\" Visual\", Hypebeast, January 11, 2021, retrieved February 28, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://hypebeast.com/2021/1/king-von-posthumous-armed-dangerous-music-video","url_text":"\"King Von Reflects on Lessons From Prison in Posthumous \"Armed & Dangerous\" Visual\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypebeast_(company)","url_text":"Hypebeast"}]},{"reference":"\"Watch King Von's Posthumous \"Armed & Dangerous\" Video\", Complex, January 11, 2021, retrieved February 28, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.complex.com/music/2021/01/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous","url_text":"\"Watch King Von's Posthumous \"Armed & Dangerous\" Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex_Networks","url_text":"Complex"}]},{"reference":"\"King Von's 'Armed and Dangerous' music video posthumously released\", Chicago Sun-Times, January 11, 2021, retrieved February 28, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/1/12/22227212/king-von-armed-dangerous-music-video-o-block-drill-chicago-atlanta-timothy-leaks","url_text":"\"King Von's 'Armed and Dangerous' music video posthumously released\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Sun-Times","url_text":"Chicago Sun-Times"}]},{"reference":"\"V.Roy🦅 @KingVonFrmdaWic Armed and Dangerous video tomorrow 😈\", Twitter, November 5, 2020, retrieved October 15, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://twitter.com/KingVonFrmdaWic/status/1324479008092946434","url_text":"\"V.Roy🦅 @KingVonFrmdaWic Armed and Dangerous video tomorrow 😈\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"King Von's Last Instagram Post: 'Armed & Dangerous' Before Death\", Heavy.com, November 6, 2020, retrieved August 14, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://heavy.com/entertainment/king-von-last-instagram-post-death/","url_text":"\"King Von's Last Instagram Post: 'Armed & Dangerous' Before Death\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Armed & Dangerous Drops On Friday'- Last Message Of American Rapper King Von Before He Was Gunned Down\", ghgossip.com, November 6, 2020, retrieved August 14, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ghgossip.com/armed-dangerous-drops-on-friday-last-message-of-american-rapper-king-von-before-he-was-gunned-down/","url_text":"\"'Armed & Dangerous Drops On Friday'- Last Message Of American Rapper King Von Before He Was Gunned Down\""}]},{"reference":"\"King Von — Welcome to O'Block (Album Review)\". Medium. January 4, 2021. Retrieved August 31, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://futureofheretro.medium.com/king-von-welcome-to-oblock-album-review-4bab06457fe1","url_text":"\"King Von — Welcome to O'Block (Album Review)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_(website)","url_text":"Medium"}]},{"reference":"\"American single certifications – King Von – Armed & Dangerous\". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved February 16, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=Armed+%26+Dangerous&format=Single&type=#search_section","url_text":"\"American single certifications – King Von – Armed & Dangerous\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America","url_text":"Recording Industry Association of America"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tBKYI3-3lMg","external_links_name":"\"Armed & Dangerous\""},{"Link":"https://www.revolt.tv/article/2020-10-30/68642/king-von-drops-off-new-album-welcome-to-oblock/","external_links_name":"\"King Von drops off new album 'Welcome To O'Block'\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=Armed+%26+Dangerous&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"KING VON - ARMED & DANGEROUS\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/king-von/chart-history/hbu/","external_links_name":"\"Chart History King Von\""},{"Link":"https://www.revolt.tv/article/2021-01-11/62159/king-von-is-armed-dangerous-in-new-visual/","external_links_name":"\"King Von is \"Armed & Dangerous\" in new visual\""},{"Link":"https://hiphopdx.com/news/id.60001/title.king-von-reflects-on-uncles-crack-addiction-prison-more-in-posthumous-armed-dangerous-video","external_links_name":"\"KING VON REFLECTS ON UNCLE'S CRACK ADDICTION, PRISON & MORE IN POSTHUMOUS 'ARMED & DANGEROUS' VIDEO\""},{"Link":"https://uproxx.com/music/king-von-armed-and-dangerous-video/","external_links_name":"\"King Von Is Being Watched In His Posthumous 'Armed & Dangerous' Video\""},{"Link":"https://respect-mag.com/2021/01/the-late-king-von-armed-dangerous-visuals-released/","external_links_name":"\"King Von's 'Armed and Dangerous' music video posthumously released\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210217205525/https://respect-mag.com/2021/01/the-late-king-von-armed-dangerous-visuals-released/","external_links_name":"archived"},{"Link":"https://hypebeast.com/2021/1/king-von-posthumous-armed-dangerous-music-video","external_links_name":"\"King Von Reflects on Lessons From Prison in Posthumous \"Armed & Dangerous\" Visual\""},{"Link":"https://www.complex.com/music/2021/01/king-von-new-video-armed-and-dangerous","external_links_name":"\"Watch King Von's Posthumous \"Armed & Dangerous\" Video\""},{"Link":"https://chicago.suntimes.com/2021/1/12/22227212/king-von-armed-dangerous-music-video-o-block-drill-chicago-atlanta-timothy-leaks","external_links_name":"\"King Von's 'Armed and Dangerous' music video posthumously released\""},{"Link":"https://twitter.com/KingVonFrmdaWic/status/1324479008092946434","external_links_name":"\"V.Roy🦅 @KingVonFrmdaWic Armed and Dangerous video tomorrow 😈\""},{"Link":"https://heavy.com/entertainment/king-von-last-instagram-post-death/","external_links_name":"\"King Von's Last Instagram Post: 'Armed & Dangerous' Before Death\""},{"Link":"https://www.ghgossip.com/armed-dangerous-drops-on-friday-last-message-of-american-rapper-king-von-before-he-was-gunned-down/","external_links_name":"\"'Armed & Dangerous Drops On Friday'- Last Message Of American Rapper King Von Before He Was Gunned Down\""},{"Link":"https://futureofheretro.medium.com/king-von-welcome-to-oblock-album-review-4bab06457fe1","external_links_name":"\"King Von — Welcome to O'Block (Album Review)\""},{"Link":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/King-Von/chart-history/HBU","external_links_name":"\"King Von Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)\""},{"Link":"https://www.riaa.com/gold-platinum/?tab_active=default-award&ar=King+Von&ti=Armed+%26+Dangerous&format=Single&type=#search_section","external_links_name":"\"American single certifications – King Von – Armed & Dangerous\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Kilkerran
County of Fergusson
["1 Description","2 History","3 List of constituent hundreds","3.1 Description of layout of the hundreds","3.2 Hundred of Kilkerran","3.3 Hundred of Maitland","3.4 Hundred of Cunningham","3.5 Hundred of Wauraltee","3.6 Hundred of Muloowurtie","3.7 Hundred of Koolywurtie","3.8 Hundred of Curramulka","3.9 Hundred of Minlacowie","3.10 Hundred of Ramsay","3.11 Hundred of Carribie","3.12 Hundred of Para Wurlie","3.13 Hundred of Moorowie","3.14 Hundred of Dalrymple","3.15 Hundred of Melville","3.16 Hundred of Coonarie","3.17 Hundred of Warrenben","4 See also","5 References"]
Coordinates: 34°42′22″S 137°39′22″E / 34.706°S 137.656°E / -34.706; 137.656This article is about the cadastral unit in South Australia. For the cadastral division in Queensland, see County of Ferguson. Cadastral in South AustraliaFergussonSouth AustraliaArdrossan in the Hundred of CunninghamFergussonCoordinates34°42′22″S 137°39′22″E / 34.706°S 137.656°E / -34.706; 137.656Established1869Area4,830 square kilometres (1,864 sq mi)LGA(s)Yorke Peninsula CouncilRegionYorke and Mid North Lands administrative divisions around Fergusson: Spencer Gulf Daly Stanley Spencer Gulf Fergusson Gawler Spencer Gulf Investigator Strait Investigator Strait FootnotesCoordinatesAdjoining counties Map all coordinates using OpenStreetMap Download coordinates as: KML GPX (all coordinates) GPX (primary coordinates) GPX (secondary coordinates) County of Fergusson is a cadastral unit located in the Australian state of South Australia which spans Yorke Peninsula south of Price. It was proclaimed in 1869 by Governor Fergusson after whom the county was named. Description The County of Fergusson covers the part of Yorke Peninsula "lying to the south of the south boundary of the County of Daly, including Wauraltee Island", the county boundary approximately aligning with Price town centre. History The County of Fergusson was proclaimed by Sir James Fergusson, the eighth Governor of South Australia on 18 February 1869 along with three of its constituent hundreds, Melville, Moorowie and Para Wurlie. The county was named after Governor Fergusson, who held office from 1869 to 1873. Sixteen hundreds were proclaimed within the county from 1869 to 1878: Carribie and Coonarie in 1878, Cunningham in 1873, Curramulka in 1874, Dalrymple and Kilkerran in 1872, Koolywurtie in 1874, Maitland in 1872, Melville in 1869, Minlacowie in 1874, Moorowie in 1869, Muloowurtie in 1874, Para Wurlie in 1869, Ramsay in 1872, Warrenben in 1878 and Wauraltee in 1874. The earliest local government bodies established within the county were the District Council of Melville, formed in 1875 and comprising the Hundred of Melville and part of the Hundred of Moorowie, the Corporate Town of Yorketown which seceded from Melville in 1879, the Corporate Town of Edithburgh which seceded from the same in 1882, the Corporate Town of Maitland, formed in 1883 within the Hundred of Maitland, and the District Council of Dalrymple, formed in 1877 and comprising the Hundred of Dalrymple. Until 1888 the remaining residents of Yorke Peninsula, scattered across 14 hundred divisions, strongly resisted the establishment of local government. This allowed them to escape being subject to the expense of council rates until 1888 when the promulgation of the District Councils Act 1887 forced the incorporation of the entire peninsula into district councils. Thus, from January 1888: The hundreds of Cunningham, Kilkerran, Wauraltee and Muloowurtie were incorporated as the new District Council of Yorke Peninsula, along with a previously unincorporated portion of the Hundred of Maitland; The hundreds of Curramulka, Koolywurtie and Minlacowie were incorporated as the new District Council of Minlaton, along with a previously unincorporated portion of the Hundred of Ramsay; and The hundreds of Carribie, Coonarie, Para Wurlie and Warrenben were incorporated into the District Council of Melville along with a previously unincorporated portion of the Hundred of Moorowie. List of constituent hundreds Description of layout of the hundreds The hundreds located within the County of Fergusson are laid out as follows: West coast of the peninsula overlooking Spencer Gulf (from south to north) - Warrenben, Carribie, Para Wurlie, northern end of Moorowie, Minlacowie, Koolywurtie, Wauraltee and Kilkerran. South coast of the peninsula overlooking Investigator Strait (from west to east) - Warrenben, Coonarie, Moorowie and Melville. East coast overlooking Gulf St Vincent (from south to north) - Melville, Dalrymple, Ramsay, Curramulka, Muloowurtie and Cunningham. Boundary with the County of Daly (from west to east) - Kilkerran, Maitland and Cunningham. Hundred of Kilkerran The Hundred of Kilkerran (34°22′45″S 137°33′14″E / 34.379050°S 137.553820°E / -34.379050; 137.553820 (Hundred of Kilkerran)) was proclaimed on 20 June 1872. It covers an area of 320 square kilometres (123 sq mi) and its name is derived from “Governor Fergusson's estate in Scotland.” The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Yorke Peninsula. Localities include Balgowan, Point Pearce, South Kilkerran and part of the Maitland boundary. Hundred of Maitland Hundred of Maitland, 1894The Hundred of Maitland (34°22′26″S 137°43′02″E / 34.373930°S 137.717120°E / -34.373930; 137.717120 (Hundred of Maitland)) was proclaimed on 20 June 1872. It covers an area of 320 square kilometres (123 sq mi) and was named after Julia Maitland who is considered to be a relative of Governor Fergusson., The first local government bodies within the hundred were the District Council of Yorke Peninsula and the Corporate Town of Maitland. Localities include most of the Maitland boundary including the township, Yorke Valley and the western area of Cunningham. Hundred of Cunningham The Hundred of Cunningham (34°21′35″S 137°53′25″E / 34.359620°S 137.890150°E / -34.359620; 137.890150 (Hundred of Cunningham)) was proclaimed on 19 June 1873. It covers an area of 350 square kilometres (134 sq mi) around the Ardrossan and Price areas and its name is reported as being derived from Hastings Cunningham which was the founder of what is now Mount Gambier and “a friend of Governor Fergusson.” The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Yorke Peninsula. The localities included are Ardrossan, Cunningham (eastern part), Dowlingville, Petersville, Price, Winulta (southern part). Hundred of Wauraltee The Hundred of Wauraltee (34°32′51″S 137°35′57″E / 34.547450°S 137.5992°E / -34.547450; 137.5992 (Hundred of Wauraltee)) was proclaimed on 31 December 1878. It covers an area of 300 square kilometres (117 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from the aboriginal words “waural” which means ‘bandicoot’ and “tee” which means ‘island island (sic).’!! The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Yorke Peninsula. Localities include Port Victoria, Urania and Wauraltee. Hundred of Muloowurtie The Hundred of Muloowurtie (34°33′13″S 137°47′33″E / 34.553590°S 137.792490°E / -34.553590; 137.792490 (Hundred of Muloowurtie)) was proclaimed on 31 December 1874. It covers an area of 280 square kilometres (107 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “a rat burrow.” The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Yorke Peninsula. The localities of Sandilands, James Well, Rogues Point, Pine Point and Black Point, and a northern section of Curramulka are within the hundred. Hundred of Koolywurtie Main article: Hundred of Koolywurtie Proclaimed in 1874 on central Yorke Peninsula and first governed at the local level by the District Council of Minlaton. Hundred of Curramulka The Hundred of Curramulka (34°41′23″S 137°46′15″E / 34.6896°S 137.770750°E / -34.6896; 137.770750 (Hundred of Curramulka)) was proclaimed on 31 December 1874. It covers an area of 270 square kilometres (105 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from the aboriginal words "curra" which means emu and "mulka" which means ‘deep waterhole.’ The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Minlaton. The localities of Curramulka, PortJulia, Sheoak Flat and part of the Port Vincent are within the hundred. Hundred of Minlacowie The Hundred of Minlacowie (34°49′19″S 137°33′26″E / 34.821950°S 137.557210°E / -34.821950; 137.557210 (Hundred of Minlacowie)) was proclaimed on 26 March 1874. It covers an area of 280 square kilometres (110 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “sweet water.” The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Minlaton. Localities include Minlaton, Brentwood, Parsons Beach and part of the Hardwicke Bay boundary. Hundred of Ramsay The Hundred of Ramsay (34°49′19″S 137°44′36″E / 34.821840°S 137.743360°E / -34.821840; 137.743360 (Hundred of Ramsay)) was proclaimed on 20 June 1872. It covers an area of 280 square kilometres (110 sq mi) and was named after J G Ramsay, a South Australian parliamentarian. The first local government bodies within the hundred were the District Council of Minlaton and the District Council of Dalrymple. Localities include Ramsay, Port Vincent and part of Stansbury Hundred of Carribie The Hundred of Carribie (35°00′01″S 137°03′58″E / 35.0004°S 137.066220°E / -35.0004; 137.066220 (Hundred of Carribie)) was proclaimed on 24 January 1878. It covers an area of 350 square kilometres (137 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an Aboriginal word meaning “Emu Flat.” The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville. Hundred of Para Wurlie The Hundred of Para Wurlie (34°59′12″S 137°16′36″E / 34.986790°S 137.276570°E / -34.986790; 137.276570 (Hundred of Para Wurlie)) was proclaimed on 18 February 1869. It covers an area of 330 square kilometres (126 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from the aboriginal words “Para” which means ‘water’ and “Wurlie” which means ‘hut’. The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville. Hundred of Moorowie The Hundred of Moorowie (35°00′01″S 137°28′15″E / 35.000160°S 137.47076°E / -35.000160; 137.47076 (Hundred of Moorowie)) was proclaimed on 18 February 1869. It covers an area of 280 square kilometres (110 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “a sandy or dusty water.” The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville. Hundred of Dalrymple Main article: Hundred of Dalrymple Proclaimed in 1872 on the southern Yorke Peninsula and first governed at the local level by the District Council of Dalrymple. Hundred of Melville Main article: Hundred of Melville Proclaimed in 1869 at the south-eastern corner of Yorke Peninsula and first governed at the local level by the District Council of Melville, the Corporate Town of Yorketown and the Corporate Town of Edithburgh. Hundred of Coonarie The Hundred of Coonarie (35°06′38″S 137°16′50″E / 35.110590°S 137.2806°E / -35.110590; 137.2806 (Hundred of Coonarie)) was proclaimed on 24 January 1878. It covers an area of 270 square kilometres (104 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “Hollow Tree.” The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville. Hundred of Warrenben The Hundred of Warrenben (35°09′35″S 137°01′47″E / 35.159640°S 137.029660°E / -35.159640; 137.029660 (Hundred of Warrenben)) was proclaimed on 24 January 1878. It covers an area of 429 square kilometres (165.5 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “a waterhole.” The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville. See also Lands administrative divisions of South Australia References ^ a b c "New Counties" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. 1869. Government of South Australia: 248. 18 February 1869. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ a b c d e "Search result for "County of Fergusson (CNTY)" (Record no SA0023746) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Land Services, Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure, Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Yorke and Mid North SA Government region" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ a b "HUNDRED MAP Series Index Map" (PDF). Department of Environment and Heritage, Government of South Australia. December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2015. ^ "New Hundreds" (PDF). South Australian Government Gazette. 1869 (10). Government of South Australia: 249–250. 18 February 1869. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ Leadbeater, Maureen (2014). "Counties & Hundreds of South Australia". FamilyHistorySA. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ Marsden, Susan (2012). "A History of South Australian Councils to 1936" (PDF). Local Government Association of South Australia. pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2017. ^ The Hundred of Kilkerran, State Library of South Australia. ^ a b Leadbeater, Maureen M (5 June 2016). "Counties and Hundreds – South Australia". FamilyHistorySA.info. Retrieved 19 July 2016. ^ a b Counties and hundreds of South Australia. ^ a b Maureen M Leadbeater Counties and Hundreds, South Australia. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Kilkerran (HD)" (Record no SA0036575) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Maitland (HD)" (Record no SA0042118) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Maitland, Nomenclature". Place Names of South Australia. State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Cunningham (HD)" (Record no SA0017333) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Wauraltee (HD)" (Record no SA0020015) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ Wauraltee, South Australian Museum. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Muloowurtie (HD)" (Record no SA0047616) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Curramulka (HD)" (Record no SA0017408) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Minlacowie (HD)" (Record no SA0045169) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Ramsay (HD)" (Record no SA0057759) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Carribie (HD)" (Record no SA0062029) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Para Wurlie (HD)" (Record no SA0053257) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Moorowie (HD)" (Record no SA0046245) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Coonarie (HD)" (Record no SA0015674) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Search result for " Hundred of Warrenben (HD)" (Record no SA0018206) with the following layers selected - "Counties" and "Hundreds"". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016. vteCounties of South Australia Adelaide Albert Alfred Blachford Bosanquet Buccleuch Buckingham Burra Buxton Cardwell Carnarvon Chandos Dalhousie Daly Derby Dufferin Eyre Fergusson Flinders Frome Gawler Granville Grey Hamley Hanson Herbert Hindmarsh Hopetoun Hore-Ruthven Jervois Kimberley Kintore Le Hunte Light Lytton MacDonnell Manchester Musgrave Newcastle Robe Robinson Russell Stanley Sturt Taunton Victoria Way York Young vteYorke Peninsula, South AustraliaMajor Townships Ardrossan Bute Kadina Maitland Minlaton Moonta Paskeville Port Broughton Wallaroo Yorketown Minor Townships Agery Clinton Coobowie Corny Point Curramulka Edithburgh Marion Bay Point Pearce Point Turton Port Hughes Port Moorowie Port Rickaby Port Victoria Price Stansbury Stenhouse Bay Tickera Warooka Wool Bay GovernanceFederal division Grey State electoral districts Narungga Local Government Yorke Peninsula Council Copper Coast Council District Council of Barunga West Coastal features Brown Point Cape Spencer Corny Point Hardwicke Bay Klein Point Pondalowie Bay Royston Head Sultana Point Troubridge Hill Troubridge Point Troubridge Shoals Warburto Point West Cape Protected areasNational parks Innes Conservation parks Bird Islands Carribie Clinton (part) Leven Beach Minlacowie Point Davenport Ramsay Thidna Warrenben Wills Creek Aquatic reservesCoobowieAdjacent islands Bird Chinamans Hat Middle Royston South Related and uncategorised County of Daly County of Fergusson Narungga people The Peninsulas zone (wine) Port Giles Yorke Peninsula Field Days Kernewek Lowender Category Commons
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County of Ferguson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Ferguson"},{"link_name":"OpenStreetMap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/osm4wiki/cgi-bin/wiki/wiki-osm.pl?project=en&article=County_of_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"KML","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tools.wmflabs.org/kmlexport?article=County_of_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"GPX (all coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=all&titles=County_of_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"GPX (primary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=primary&titles=County_of_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"GPX (secondary coordinates)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geoexport.toolforge.org/gpx?coprimary=secondary&titles=County_of_Fergusson"},{"link_name":"cadastral unit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadastral_divisions_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Governor Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Fergusson,_6th_Baronet"}],"text":"This article is about the cadastral unit in South Australia. For the cadastral division in Queensland, see County of Ferguson.Cadastral in South AustraliaMap all coordinates using OpenStreetMap\n\nDownload coordinates as:\n\n\nKML\nGPX (all coordinates)\nGPX (primary coordinates)\nGPX (secondary coordinates)County of Fergusson is a cadastral unit located in the Australian state of South Australia which spans Yorke Peninsula south of Price. It was proclaimed in 1869 by Governor Fergusson after whom the county was named.","title":"County of Fergusson"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"County of Daly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Daly"},{"link_name":"Wauraltee Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardang_Island"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-y1869-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundreds-map-4"}],"text":"The County of Fergusson covers the part of Yorke Peninsula \"lying to the south of the south boundary of the County of Daly, including Wauraltee Island\", the county boundary approximately aligning with Price town centre.[1][4]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir James Fergusson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_James_Fergusson,_6th_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Governor of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-y1869-1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PLB-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Leadbeater-6"},{"link_name":"District Council of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hundred of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Melville"},{"link_name":"Hundred of Moorowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Moorowie"},{"link_name":"Corporate Town of Yorketown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Town_of_Yorketown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corporate Town of Edithburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Town_of_Edithburgh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corporate Town of Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Town_of_Maitland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hundred of Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Maitland"},{"link_name":"District Council of Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Dalrymple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hundred of Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Dalrymple"},{"link_name":"District Councils Act 1887","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Councils_Act_1887"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Marsden-7"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Kilkerran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Kilkerran"},{"link_name":"Wauraltee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Wauraltee"},{"link_name":"Muloowurtie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Muloowurtie"},{"link_name":"District Council of Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Yorke_Peninsula_(1888%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Curramulka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Curramulka"},{"link_name":"Koolywurtie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Koolywurtie"},{"link_name":"Minlacowie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Minlacowie"},{"link_name":"District Council of Minlaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Minlaton"},{"link_name":"Hundred of Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"Carribie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Carribie"},{"link_name":"Coonarie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Coonarie"},{"link_name":"Para Wurlie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Para_Wurlie"},{"link_name":"Warrenben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hundred_of_Warrenben"},{"link_name":"District Council of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"The County of Fergusson was proclaimed by Sir James Fergusson, the eighth Governor of South Australia on 18 February 1869 along with three of its constituent hundreds, Melville, Moorowie and Para Wurlie.[1][5] The county was named after Governor Fergusson, who held office from 1869 to 1873.[2]Sixteen hundreds were proclaimed within the county from 1869 to 1878: Carribie and Coonarie in 1878, Cunningham in 1873, Curramulka in 1874, Dalrymple and Kilkerran in 1872, Koolywurtie in 1874, Maitland in 1872, Melville in 1869, Minlacowie in 1874, Moorowie in 1869, Muloowurtie in 1874, Para Wurlie in 1869, Ramsay in 1872, Warrenben in 1878 and Wauraltee in 1874.[6]The earliest local government bodies established within the county were the District Council of Melville, formed in 1875 and comprising the Hundred of Melville and part of the Hundred of Moorowie, the Corporate Town of Yorketown which seceded from Melville in 1879, the Corporate Town of Edithburgh which seceded from the same in 1882, the Corporate Town of Maitland, formed in 1883 within the Hundred of Maitland, and the District Council of Dalrymple, formed in 1877 and comprising the Hundred of Dalrymple.Until 1888 the remaining residents of Yorke Peninsula, scattered across 14 hundred divisions, strongly resisted the establishment of local government. This allowed them to escape being subject to the expense of council rates until 1888 when the promulgation of the District Councils Act 1887 forced the incorporation of the entire peninsula into district councils.[7] Thus, from January 1888:The hundreds of Cunningham, Kilkerran, Wauraltee and Muloowurtie were incorporated as the new District Council of Yorke Peninsula, along with a previously unincorporated portion of the Hundred of Maitland;\nThe hundreds of Curramulka, Koolywurtie and Minlacowie were incorporated as the new District Council of Minlaton, along with a previously unincorporated portion of the Hundred of Ramsay; and\nThe hundreds of Carribie, Coonarie, Para Wurlie and Warrenben were incorporated into the District Council of Melville along with a previously unincorporated portion of the Hundred of Moorowie.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hundreds-map-4"},{"link_name":"Spencer Gulf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spencer_Gulf"},{"link_name":"Investigator Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investigator_Strait"},{"link_name":"Gulf St Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_St_Vincent"}],"sub_title":"Description of layout of the hundreds","text":"The hundreds located within the County of Fergusson are laid out as follows:[4]West coast of the peninsula overlooking Spencer Gulf (from south to north) - Warrenben, Carribie, Para Wurlie, northern end of Moorowie, Minlacowie, Koolywurtie, Wauraltee and Kilkerran.\nSouth coast of the peninsula overlooking Investigator Strait (from west to east) - Warrenben, Coonarie, Moorowie and Melville.\nEast coast overlooking Gulf St Vincent (from south to north) - Melville, Dalrymple, Ramsay, Curramulka, Muloowurtie and Cunningham.\nBoundary with the County of Daly (from west to east) - Kilkerran, Maitland and Cunningham.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°22′45″S 137°33′14″E / 34.379050°S 137.553820°E / -34.379050; 137.553820 (Hundred of Kilkerran)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.379050_S_137.553820_E_&title=Hundred+of+Kilkerran"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FHSAshowsdates-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fleurieufamilyhistory.org-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-familyhistorysa.org-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"District Council of Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Yorke_Peninsula_(1888%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Balgowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balgowan,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Point Pearce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_Pearce,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"South Kilkerran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Kilkerran,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Kilkerran","text":"The Hundred of Kilkerran (34°22′45″S 137°33′14″E / 34.379050°S 137.553820°E / -34.379050; 137.553820 (Hundred of Kilkerran)) was proclaimed on 20 June 1872.[8][9][10][11] It covers an area of 320 square kilometres (123 sq mi) and its name is derived from “Governor Fergusson's estate in Scotland.”[12] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Yorke Peninsula.Localities include Balgowan, Point Pearce, South Kilkerran and part of the Maitland boundary.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hundred_of_Maitland,_1894_(23511772885).jpg"},{"link_name":"34°22′26″S 137°43′02″E / 34.373930°S 137.717120°E / -34.373930; 137.717120 (Hundred of Maitland)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.373930_S_137.717120_E_&title=Hundred+of+Maitland"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"District Council of Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Yorke_Peninsula_(1888%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Corporate Town of Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Town_of_Maitland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maitland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maitland,_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Maitland","text":"Hundred of Maitland, 1894The Hundred of Maitland (34°22′26″S 137°43′02″E / 34.373930°S 137.717120°E / -34.373930; 137.717120 (Hundred of Maitland)) was proclaimed on 20 June 1872. It covers an area of 320 square kilometres (123 sq mi) and was named after Julia Maitland who is considered to be a relative of Governor Fergusson.,[13][14] The first local government bodies within the hundred were the District Council of Yorke Peninsula and the Corporate Town of Maitland.Localities include most of the Maitland boundary including the township, Yorke Valley and the western area of Cunningham.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°21′35″S 137°53′25″E / 34.359620°S 137.890150°E / -34.359620; 137.890150 (Hundred of Cunningham)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.359620_S_137.890150_E_&title=Hundred+of+Cunningham"},{"link_name":"Ardrossan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardrossan,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hastings Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hastings_Cunningham&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mount Gambier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Gambier,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"District Council of Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Yorke_Peninsula_(1888%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Ardrossan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardrossan,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Dowlingville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dowlingville,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Petersville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petersville,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Price,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Winulta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winulta,_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Cunningham","text":"The Hundred of Cunningham (34°21′35″S 137°53′25″E / 34.359620°S 137.890150°E / -34.359620; 137.890150 (Hundred of Cunningham)) was proclaimed on 19 June 1873. It covers an area of 350 square kilometres (134 sq mi) around the Ardrossan and Price areas and its name is reported as being derived from Hastings Cunningham which was the founder of what is now Mount Gambier and “a friend of Governor Fergusson.”[15] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Yorke Peninsula.The localities included are Ardrossan, Cunningham (eastern part), Dowlingville, Petersville, Price, Winulta (southern part).","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°32′51″S 137°35′57″E / 34.547450°S 137.5992°E / -34.547450; 137.5992 (Hundred of Wauraltee)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.547450_S_137.5992_E_&title=Hundred+of+Wauraltee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fleurieufamilyhistory.org-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-familyhistorysa.org-11"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FHSAshowsdates-9"},{"link_name":"District Council of Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Yorke_Peninsula_(1888%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Port Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Victoria,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Urania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urania,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wauraltee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wauraltee,_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Wauraltee","text":"The Hundred of Wauraltee (34°32′51″S 137°35′57″E / 34.547450°S 137.5992°E / -34.547450; 137.5992 (Hundred of Wauraltee)) was proclaimed on 31 December 1878. It covers an area of 300 square kilometres (117 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from the aboriginal words “waural” which means ‘bandicoot’ and “tee” which means ‘island island (sic).’[16][17][10][11][9]!! The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Yorke Peninsula.Localities include Port Victoria, Urania and Wauraltee.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°33′13″S 137°47′33″E / 34.553590°S 137.792490°E / -34.553590; 137.792490 (Hundred of Muloowurtie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.553590_S_137.792490_E_&title=Hundred+of+Muloowurtie"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"District Council of Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Yorke_Peninsula_(1888%E2%80%931969)"},{"link_name":"Sandilands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandilands,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"James Well","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Well,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Rogues Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogues_Point,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Pine Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pine_Point,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Black Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Point,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Curramulka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curramulka,_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Muloowurtie","text":"The Hundred of Muloowurtie (34°33′13″S 137°47′33″E / 34.553590°S 137.792490°E / -34.553590; 137.792490 (Hundred of Muloowurtie)) was proclaimed on 31 December 1874. It covers an area of 280 square kilometres (107 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “a rat burrow.”[18] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Yorke Peninsula.The localities of Sandilands, James Well, Rogues Point, Pine Point and Black Point, and a northern section of Curramulka are within the hundred.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District Council of Minlaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Minlaton"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Koolywurtie","text":"Proclaimed in 1874 on central Yorke Peninsula and first governed at the local level by the District Council of Minlaton.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°41′23″S 137°46′15″E / 34.6896°S 137.770750°E / -34.6896; 137.770750 (Hundred of Curramulka)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.6896_S_137.770750_E_&title=Hundred+of+Curramulka"},{"link_name":"emu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emu"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"District Council of Minlaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Minlaton"},{"link_name":"Curramulka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curramulka,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"PortJulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Julia,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Sheoak Flat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sheoak_Flat,_South_Australia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Port Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vincent,_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Curramulka","text":"The Hundred of Curramulka (34°41′23″S 137°46′15″E / 34.6896°S 137.770750°E / -34.6896; 137.770750 (Hundred of Curramulka)) was proclaimed on 31 December 1874. It covers an area of 270 square kilometres (105 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from the aboriginal words \"curra\" which means emu and \"mulka\" which means ‘deep waterhole.’[19] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Minlaton.The localities of Curramulka, PortJulia, Sheoak Flat and part of the Port Vincent are within the hundred.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°49′19″S 137°33′26″E / 34.821950°S 137.557210°E / -34.821950; 137.557210 (Hundred of Minlacowie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.821950_S_137.557210_E_&title=Hundred+of+Minlacowie"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"District Council of Minlaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Minlaton"},{"link_name":"Minlaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minlaton,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Brentwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brentwood,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Hardwicke Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardwicke_Bay,_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Minlacowie","text":"The Hundred of Minlacowie (34°49′19″S 137°33′26″E / 34.821950°S 137.557210°E / -34.821950; 137.557210 (Hundred of Minlacowie)) was proclaimed on 26 March 1874. It covers an area of 280 square kilometres (110 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “sweet water.”[20] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Minlaton.Localities include Minlaton, Brentwood, Parsons Beach and part of the Hardwicke Bay boundary.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°49′19″S 137°44′36″E / 34.821840°S 137.743360°E / -34.821840; 137.743360 (Hundred of Ramsay)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.821840_S_137.743360_E_&title=Hundred+of+Ramsay"},{"link_name":"J G Ramsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garden_Ramsay"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"District Council of Minlaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_Council_of_Minlaton"},{"link_name":"District Council of Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Dalrymple&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Port Vincent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_Vincent,_South_Australia"},{"link_name":"Stansbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stansbury,_South_Australia"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Ramsay","text":"The Hundred of Ramsay (34°49′19″S 137°44′36″E / 34.821840°S 137.743360°E / -34.821840; 137.743360 (Hundred of Ramsay)) was proclaimed on 20 June 1872. It covers an area of 280 square kilometres (110 sq mi) and was named after J G Ramsay, a South Australian parliamentarian.[21] The first local government bodies within the hundred were the District Council of Minlaton and the District Council of Dalrymple.Localities include Ramsay, Port Vincent and part of Stansbury","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°00′01″S 137°03′58″E / 35.0004°S 137.066220°E / -35.0004; 137.066220 (Hundred of Carribie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=35.0004_S_137.066220_E_&title=Hundred+of+Carribie"},{"link_name":"Aboriginal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_Australian"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"District Council of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Carribie","text":"The Hundred of Carribie (35°00′01″S 137°03′58″E / 35.0004°S 137.066220°E / -35.0004; 137.066220 (Hundred of Carribie)) was proclaimed on 24 January 1878. It covers an area of 350 square kilometres (137 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an Aboriginal word meaning “Emu Flat.”[22] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"34°59′12″S 137°16′36″E / 34.986790°S 137.276570°E / -34.986790; 137.276570 (Hundred of Para Wurlie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=34.986790_S_137.276570_E_&title=Hundred+of+Para+Wurlie"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"District Council of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Para Wurlie","text":"The Hundred of Para Wurlie (34°59′12″S 137°16′36″E / 34.986790°S 137.276570°E / -34.986790; 137.276570 (Hundred of Para Wurlie)) was proclaimed on 18 February 1869. It covers an area of 330 square kilometres (126 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from the aboriginal words “Para” which means ‘water’ and “Wurlie” which means ‘hut’.[23] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°00′01″S 137°28′15″E / 35.000160°S 137.47076°E / -35.000160; 137.47076 (Hundred of Moorowie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=35.000160_S_137.47076_E_&title=Hundred+of+Moorowie"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"District Council of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Moorowie","text":"The Hundred of Moorowie (35°00′01″S 137°28′15″E / 35.000160°S 137.47076°E / -35.000160; 137.47076 (Hundred of Moorowie)) was proclaimed on 18 February 1869. It covers an area of 280 square kilometres (110 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “a sandy or dusty water.”[24] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"District Council of Dalrymple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Dalrymple&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Dalrymple","text":"Proclaimed in 1872 on the southern Yorke Peninsula and first governed at the local level by the District Council of Dalrymple.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yorke Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorke_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"District Council of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corporate Town of Yorketown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Town_of_Yorketown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Corporate Town of Edithburgh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Corporate_Town_of_Edithburgh&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Melville","text":"Proclaimed in 1869 at the south-eastern corner of Yorke Peninsula and first governed at the local level by the District Council of Melville, the Corporate Town of Yorketown and the Corporate Town of Edithburgh.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°06′38″S 137°16′50″E / 35.110590°S 137.2806°E / -35.110590; 137.2806 (Hundred of Coonarie)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=35.110590_S_137.2806_E_&title=Hundred+of+Coonarie"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"District Council of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Coonarie","text":"The Hundred of Coonarie (35°06′38″S 137°16′50″E / 35.110590°S 137.2806°E / -35.110590; 137.2806 (Hundred of Coonarie)) was proclaimed on 24 January 1878. It covers an area of 270 square kilometres (104 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “Hollow Tree.”[25] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"35°09′35″S 137°01′47″E / 35.159640°S 137.029660°E / -35.159640; 137.029660 (Hundred of Warrenben)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=County_of_Fergusson&params=35.159640_S_137.029660_E_&title=Hundred+of+Warrenben"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"District Council of Melville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=District_Council_of_Melville&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Hundred of Warrenben","text":"The Hundred of Warrenben (35°09′35″S 137°01′47″E / 35.159640°S 137.029660°E / -35.159640; 137.029660 (Hundred of Warrenben)) was proclaimed on 24 January 1878. It covers an area of 429 square kilometres (165.5 sq mi) and its name is reported as being derived from an aboriginal word meaning “a waterhole.”[26] The first local government body within the hundred was the District Council of Melville.","title":"List of constituent hundreds"}]
[{"image_text":"Hundred of Maitland, 1894","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Hundred_of_Maitland%2C_1894_%2823511772885%29.jpg/220px-Hundred_of_Maitland%2C_1894_%2823511772885%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Lands administrative divisions of South Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lands_administrative_divisions_of_South_Australia"}]
[{"reference":"\"New Counties\" (PDF). The South Australian Government Gazette. 1869. Government of South Australia: 248. 18 February 1869. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1869/10.pdf","url_text":"\"New Counties\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \"County of Fergusson (CNTY)\" (Record no SA0023746) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Land Services, Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure, Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \"County of Fergusson (CNTY)\" (Record no SA0023746) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Planning,_Transport_and_Infrastructure","url_text":"Department of Planning, Transport and Infrastructure"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia","url_text":"Government of South Australia"},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yorke and Mid North SA Government region\" (PDF). The Government of South Australia. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0004/12793/Yorke_Mid_North_SA_Government_region.pdf","url_text":"\"Yorke and Mid North SA Government region\""}]},{"reference":"\"HUNDRED MAP Series Index Map\" (PDF). Department of Environment and Heritage, Government of South Australia. December 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/files/e929b24d-0a54-4d0b-88d6-9e4e008f770f/hundred_sheet_index.pdf","url_text":"\"HUNDRED MAP Series Index Map\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Hundreds\" (PDF). South Australian Government Gazette. 1869 (10). Government of South Australia: 249–250. 18 February 1869. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/other/sa_gazette/1869/10.pdf","url_text":"\"New Hundreds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australian_Government_Gazette","url_text":"South Australian Government Gazette"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia","url_text":"Government of South Australia"}]},{"reference":"Leadbeater, Maureen (2014). \"Counties & Hundreds of South Australia\". FamilyHistorySA. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.familyhistorysa.info/sahistory/hundreds.html","url_text":"\"Counties & Hundreds of South Australia\""}]},{"reference":"Marsden, Susan (2012). \"A History of South Australian Councils to 1936\" (PDF). Local Government Association of South Australia. pp. 5–6. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 March 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160317082016/https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/LGA-89938_-_2011_18_-_FINAL_History_of_SA_Councils.pdf","url_text":"\"A History of South Australian Councils to 1936\""},{"url":"https://www.lga.sa.gov.au/webdata/resources/files/LGA-89938_-_2011_18_-_FINAL_History_of_SA_Councils.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Leadbeater, Maureen M (5 June 2016). \"Counties and Hundreds – South Australia\". FamilyHistorySA.info. Retrieved 19 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.familyhistorysa.info/sahistory/hundreds.html","url_text":"\"Counties and Hundreds – South Australia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Kilkerran (HD)\" (Record no SA0036575) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Kilkerran (HD)\" (Record no SA0036575) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Maitland (HD)\" (Record no SA0042118) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Maitland (HD)\" (Record no SA0042118) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Maitland, Nomenclature\". Place Names of South Australia. State Library of South Australia. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/manning/pn/m/m1.htm#maitland","url_text":"\"Maitland, Nomenclature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Cunningham (HD)\" (Record no SA0017333) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Cunningham (HD)\" (Record no SA0017333) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Wauraltee (HD)\" (Record no SA0020015) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Wauraltee (HD)\" (Record no SA0020015) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Muloowurtie (HD)\" (Record no SA0047616) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Muloowurtie (HD)\" (Record no SA0047616) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Curramulka (HD)\" (Record no SA0017408) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Curramulka (HD)\" (Record no SA0017408) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Minlacowie (HD)\" (Record no SA0045169) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Minlacowie (HD)\" (Record no SA0045169) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Ramsay (HD)\" (Record no SA0057759) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Ramsay (HD)\" (Record no SA0057759) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Carribie (HD)\" (Record no SA0062029) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Carribie (HD)\" (Record no SA0062029) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Para Wurlie (HD)\" (Record no SA0053257) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Para Wurlie (HD)\" (Record no SA0053257) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Moorowie (HD)\" (Record no SA0046245) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Moorowie (HD)\" (Record no SA0046245) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Coonarie (HD)\" (Record no SA0015674) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Coonarie (HD)\" (Record no SA0015674) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Warrenben (HD)\" (Record no SA0018206) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\". Property Location Browser. Government of South Australia. Archived from the original on 7 December 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151207082745/http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb/","url_text":"\"Search result for \" Hundred of Warrenben (HD)\" (Record no SA0018206) with the following layers selected - \"Counties\" and \"Hundreds\"\""},{"url":"http://maps.sa.gov.au/plb","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Barer
Marshall Barer
["1 Early career","2 Career","3 Death","4 Popular songs","5 Musicals/stage","6 External links"]
Marshall Barer (born Marshall Louis Barer; February 19, 1923 in Astoria, Queens – August 25, 1998 in Santa Fe, New Mexico) was a lyricist, librettist, singer, songwriter and director. Early career Barer began his career as a lyricist and songwriter in the late 1940s while working as a commercial artist/designer in New York. His most-heard song is the Mighty Mouse theme song. Career He had his greatest Broadway success came in 1959 with Once Upon a Mattress, for which he was lyricist and a book writer. In 1972 he wrote 7 songs for Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers, a low-budget movie starring Holly Woodlawn. Death Marshall died aged 75 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, at his home, after living many years in Venice, California. Popular songs River Run La Ronde (This Is Quite a Perfect Night) Scratch My Back Roller Coaster Blues Intoxication In a Little While Shy Normandy Very Soft Shoes Song of Love (I'm In Love With A Girl Named Fred) Christmas long Ago What'll I Do With All the Love I Was Savin' for You? Warm Winter On Such A Night As This Musicals/stage Walk Tall (1954) New Faces of 1956 (1956) Ziegfeld Follies (1957 starring Beatrice Lillie) Once Upon a Mattress (1959) Dancing on the Air (an adaptation of Shaw's The Devil's Disciple) with Dean Fuller Around the World in Eighty Days with music by Michel Legrand A Little Night Music (never produced) External links Obituary, The independent Obituary, The Big Bands Database Unofficial site about Lorenz Hart and Marshall Barer Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain Germany Israel United States Netherlands Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Marshall Barer"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mighty Mouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mighty_Mouse"}],"text":"Barer began his career as a lyricist and songwriter in the late 1940s while working as a commercial artist/designer in New York. His most-heard song is the Mighty Mouse theme song.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Once Upon a Mattress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Mattress"},{"link_name":"Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Scarecrow_in_a_Garden_of_Cucumbers&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"He had his greatest Broadway success came in 1959 with Once Upon a Mattress, for which he was lyricist and a book writer.In 1972 he wrote 7 songs for Scarecrow in a Garden of Cucumbers, a low-budget movie starring Holly Woodlawn.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santa Fe, New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Fe,_New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Venice, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice,_California"}],"text":"Marshall died aged 75 in Santa Fe, New Mexico, at his home, after living many years in Venice, California.","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"River Run\nLa Ronde (This Is Quite a Perfect Night)\nScratch My Back\nRoller Coaster Blues\nIntoxication\nIn a Little While\nShy\nNormandy\nVery Soft Shoes\nSong of Love (I'm In Love With A Girl Named Fred)\nChristmas long Ago\nWhat'll I Do With All the Love I Was Savin' for You?\nWarm Winter\nOn Such A Night As This","title":"Popular songs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Walk Tall (1954)\nNew Faces of 1956 (1956)\nZiegfeld Follies (1957 starring Beatrice Lillie)\nOnce Upon a Mattress (1959)\nDancing on the Air (an adaptation of Shaw's The Devil's Disciple) with Dean Fuller\nAround the World in Eighty Days with music by Michel Legrand\nA Little Night Music (never produced)","title":"Musicals/stage"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/obituary-marshall-barer-1174694.html","external_links_name":"Obituary, The independent"},{"Link":"http://nfo.net/cal/tb1.html","external_links_name":"Obituary, The Big Bands Database"},{"Link":"http://larryandmarshall.wordpress.com/","external_links_name":"Unofficial site about Lorenz Hart and Marshall Barer"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1518655/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/000000011585498X","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/1705295","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyCHhfhdGmM39ThpJWhpP","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5628435","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/143869604","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007323169705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94092649","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p074796895","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/0cc8a175-f645-429e-a7cb-ea986de6c748","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paleologo_Zaccaria
Paleologo Zaccaria
["1 Sources"]
Family tree of the Zaccaria family in Latin Greece Paleologo Zaccaria ( ? –1314) was the Lord of Chios and Phocaea, as well as other Aegean islands from 1307 until his death. Paleologo was the son of Benedetto I Zaccaria Lord of Chios and Pocaea; his mother was a Palaiologina, sister of the Emperor Michael VIII. His first name is unknown, as is the first name of his mother. On the death of his father, he succeeded him. The brothers Benedetto II Zaccaria and Martino Zaccaria were his sons (or his cousins, sons of Nicolino Zaccaria). Sources Miller, William (1921). "The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)". Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–298. OCLC 457893641. Setton, Kenneth M. (general editor) A History of the Crusades: Volume III — The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Harry W. Hazard, editor. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1975. Setton, Kenneth M. Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380. Revised edition. Variorum: London, 1975. Preceded byBenedetto I Zaccaria Lord of Chios 1307–1314 Succeeded byMartino Zaccaria andBenedetto II Zaccaria This biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lord of Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_of_Chios"},{"link_name":"Phocaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phocaea"},{"link_name":"Aegean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Islands"},{"link_name":"Benedetto I Zaccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_I_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Michael VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos"},{"link_name":"Benedetto II Zaccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_II_Zaccaria"},{"link_name":"Martino Zaccaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martino_Zaccaria"}],"text":"Paleologo Zaccaria ( ? –1314) was the Lord of Chios and Phocaea, as well as other Aegean islands from 1307 until his death.Paleologo was the son of Benedetto I Zaccaria Lord of Chios and Pocaea; his mother was a Palaiologina, sister of the Emperor Michael VIII. His first name is unknown, as is the first name of his mother. On the death of his father, he succeeded him.The brothers Benedetto II Zaccaria and Martino Zaccaria were his sons (or his cousins, sons of Nicolino Zaccaria).","title":"Paleologo Zaccaria"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Miller, William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)"},{"link_name":"Essays on the Latin Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft/"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"457893641","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/457893641"},{"link_name":"Setton, Kenneth M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Setton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coronet_of_a_British_Earl.svg"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleologo_Zaccaria&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe-noble-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe-noble-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Europe-noble-stub"}],"text":"Miller, William (1921). \"The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)\". Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–298. OCLC 457893641.\nSetton, Kenneth M. (general editor) A History of the Crusades: Volume III — The Fourteenth and Fifteenth Centuries. Harry W. Hazard, editor. University of Wisconsin Press: Madison, 1975.\nSetton, Kenneth M. Catalan Domination of Athens 1311–1380. Revised edition. Variorum: London, 1975.This biographical article of a European noble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Family tree of the Zaccaria family in Latin Greece","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/La_Zecca_di_Scio_p_19.png/220px-La_Zecca_di_Scio_p_19.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"Miller, William (1921). \"The Zaccaria of Phocaea and Chios (1275-1329)\". Essays on the Latin Orient. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 283–298. OCLC 457893641.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(historian)","url_text":"Miller, William"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft/","url_text":"Essays on the Latin Orient"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457893641","url_text":"457893641"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/essaysonlatinori00milluoft/","external_links_name":"Essays on the Latin Orient"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/457893641","external_links_name":"457893641"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paleologo_Zaccaria&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quek_Kee_Siong
Murder of Cheng Geok Ha
["1 Disappearance of Cheng","2 Murder investigation","3 Trial of Quek Kee Siong","3.1 Cases of the prosecution and defence","3.2 Death penalty","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 References"]
1977 case of missing girl found raped and murdered in Singapore In this Chinese name, the family name is Cheng. For another rape-murder case that happened in Chai Chee in 2003, see 2003 Chai Chee rape and murder. Cheng Geok HaCheng Geok HaBornCheng Geok Ha1967 (1967)SingaporeDied25 November 1977 (aged 10)Chai Chee, SingaporeCause of deathMurdered by strangulationResting placeA cemetery in SingaporeNationalitySingaporean (Chinese)Other namesMei MeiEducationPrimary Three at Opera Estate School (incomplete due to her death)OccupationStudentKnown forMurder victim On the morning of 25 November 1977, ten-year-old schoolgirl Cheng Geok Ha (Chinese: 钟玉霞; pinyin: Zhōng Yùxiá; c. 1967 – 25 November 1977) was last seen playing with her two friends at the carpark below her flat at Chai Chee, Singapore. According to the pair who were last with Cheng, the girl hung out with them at the playground for a while before she left, and she never came back home on that night. The Cheng family reported Cheng missing, and there was a public appeal which seeks information to trace her whereabouts. Nearly two weeks later, on 7 December 1977, Cheng's dead body was found abandoned under a manhole, with her decomposing body stuffed inside a gunny sack. The cause of Cheng's death was revealed to be strangulation, and the girl was found to be sexually assaulted prior to her death. The police soon arrested the Cheng family's neighbour Quek Kee Siong (郭祺祥 Guō Qíxiáng), a 41-year-old labourer who confessed to the crime but claimed he killed Cheng accidentally. Eventually, the courts ruled that Quek had intentionally killed Cheng based on the severe nature of the girl's injuries and thus sentenced Quek to death for murder. Disappearance of Cheng Cheng Geok Ha, the youngest of twelve children in her family, was born in 1967 to her parents Cheng Hung Kay (or Cheng Ham Kay; 钟汉庚 Zhōng Hàngēng) and Sin Boon Tay (沈春茶 Shěn Chūnchá), who both have seven sons and four daughters before Geok Ha's birth. Cheng, a ten-year-old Primary Three student at Opera Estate School, was said to be a bright and independent child who did well academically in her schoolwork. She was doted upon by her family members, who affectionately called her "Mei Mei". On 25 November 1977, after helping her father to do an errand, ten-year-old Cheng went downstairs to return a bicycle she borrowed from her neighbour Khayan Jasim. She played together with Khayan and Khayan's sister at the carpark below her flat before all three of them went to the nearby playground to continue playing. Afterwards, Cheng told the siblings that she was leaving for somewhere else and bid them good-bye. That was the last time Cheng was seen alive, as she failed to return home that night. Cheng's family, who spent the whole night searching for Cheng but to no avail, reported her missing 24 hours after her disappearance. Five days later, Cheng's father contacted the newspapers to post a missing person poster, seeking the assistance of any members of the public to look for Cheng. Soon after, Cheng's mother received a phone call from a man, who claimed that he had her daughter held captive, and he asked to meet up at a coffee shop in Serangoon Gardens at noon, but the man did not show up despite Cheng's mother showing up. The mysterious caller made another phone call, asking to meet the Chengs' second-eldest daughter at a theater in Geylang and wanted the daughter to wear white, and if she did so, Cheng would return home. However, Cheng's second sister was too afraid and did not go to the meeting as scheduled. Cheng's family later received several phone calls from other people, but most of them were just prank calls or nuisance calls. Murder investigation On 7 December 1977, two weeks after Cheng Geok Ha went missing, a group of teenagers playing sepak raga nearby discovered a gunny sack hidden below a manhole at the void deck of Cheng's flat. Inside the gunny sack was Geok Ha's decomposing body and a rusty chopper. The police were contacted and they arrived at the scene where a large crowd of the nearby residents gathered. Ten minutes after the police's arrival, Cheng's father identified his daughter's body based on the clothes she wore prior to her disappearance. Later, Chao Tzee Cheng, a renowned forensic pathologist, conducted a post-mortem examination of the victim, and found injuries around Cheng's neck and rib fractures from the first to eighth ribs. Chao determined that Cheng had died from asphyxia due to strangulation, and that she died for an estimated period of between ten and 14 days at the timing her body was found. Chao also concluded that the girl was sexually assaulted before her death, based on the bruises and swelling at her vulva. The case of Cheng's disappearance and murder occurred less than a month after the death of Usharani Ganaison, who was seven years old when she was similarly killed after being molested by her assailant, and both the girl's cases, though unrelated, were extensively reported back in the year 1977 which shook the public. Later, Usharani's uncle, Kalidass Sinnathamby Narayanasamy, who was an army lance corporal, was arrested and later sentenced to death for murder in March 1980. The police questioned the neighbours of Cheng's family one by one. Later, the police arrested one of the neighbours, a 41-year-old labourer named Quek Kee Siong. Quek subsequently confessed to strangling Cheng on the night she was thought missing. Prior to the crime, Quek was a friend of Cheng's father for twenty years, and they lived in the same kampong before both families relocated to their respective HDB flats in Chai Chee, and they maintained contact since then. One of Quek's three children - a son - went to the same school as Cheng. After his arrest, on 8 December 1977, Quek was charged at the Subordinate Courts with murder. After some pre-trial hearings by the district court, the case was transferred to the High Court in April 1978 for trial hearing on a later date. Trial of Quek Kee Siong Cases of the prosecution and defence On 27 February 1979, Quek Kee Siong first stood trial in the High Court for the murder of Cheng Geok Ha. The prosecution was led by Fong Kwok Jen, while Quek was represented by defence lawyer Ching Chiak Yong. The case was heard by two judges T. S. Sinnathuray and T. Kulasekaram of the High Court. The prosecution began to present their case, in which they argued that Quek had intentionally strangled Cheng after sexually assaulting her. The prosecution's evidence also showed that Quek was the same mysterious caller who made the two phone calls to harass Cheng's family. In both conversations, the caller had addressed Cheng by her nickname "Mei Mei", which was the nickname that only Cheng's family and their closest acquaintances would use to address Cheng, and the phone calls were traced back to Quek's home telephone. At Quek's flat, the police also found a pawn ticket, which showed Quek pawning a pair of gold earrings for S$8. These earrings were confirmed to be Cheng's, and the earrings were not found on her ears at the time her body was found. A pair of scissors was also seized from Quek's home and they were matched to the marks made on the earrings, which were retrieved by the police from the pawn shop. It was also revealed in court that Quek tried to matchmake his younger brother with one of the daughters of Cheng's father but his requests were denied. Lim Soon Heng (林顺兴 Lín Shùnxīng), a 13-year-old neighbour of Quek, came to court to testify that Quek asked him to buy a gunny sack for him to catch a stray cat. Quek stated that he wanted to use the cat's teeth to save someone's life, and he had hanged the cat to extract the teeth before bringing it home, supposedly to "save someone's life" as Quek told Lim. When he was presented with the gunny sack that Quek used to contain Cheng's body, Lim identified it as the same gunny sack that he bought for Quek. In his defence, Quek claimed he did the killing out of accident and he only intended to rape Cheng. He stated that he asked Cheng to come to his flat after encountering the girl alone outdoors, telling her he wanted to show her something nice. Quek recounted that after Cheng entered his home, he observed Cheng playing with his son's toys for a while, before he ambushed the girl, covering her mouth and pinned her down to rape her. Quek stated he used his hand to hold the struggling Cheng down by the neck as he proceeded to sexually assault the girl. It was only later when Quek noticed that Cheng had become motionless. Upon the ten-year-old girl's death, Quek used Lim's newly-bought gunny sack to contain Cheng's body and threw it down the rubbish chute. He even went downstairs to remove the gunny sack from the rubbish chute and hid it underneath the manhole. He also claimed at one point, his statements were made involuntarily and he was abused by his two interrogators - Inspector Leong Kong Hong and Sergeant Wee Chiang Chwee - who forced him to make the incriminating statements. However, the pathologist, Chao Tzee Cheng, had earlier presented his autopsy report and gave evidence which refuted the account of Quek killing Cheng accidentally. Chao stated that based on the extensive fractures on the neck and rib fractures, it could only be inferred that the girl was being strangled by Quek for a prolonged period of time, and a huge amount of force and pressure was exerted during the strangulation. It could only mean that Quek had intentionally strangled Cheng and it was unlikely an accident. Aside from the inconsistent accounts Quek made about the case, there were also evidence that Quek used the money he gotten from pawning Cheng's earrings to watch a movie despite his claims that he did not know why he pawned the earrings. The allegations that Quek was abused by his interrogators and forced to make his statements were subsequently dismissed by the judges. The prosecution argued in rebuttal that it was inferentially clear that Quek had done the killing in order to cover up his rape crime and avoid leaving Cheng as a potential witness to his actions. As such, they sought from the High Court a guilty verdict of murder in Quek's case. Death penalty Quek Kee Siong, who was found guilty of murdering Cheng Geok Ha and sentenced to death On 6 March 1979, after a seven-day trial, both the judges, Justice T. Kulasekaram and Justice T. S. Sinnathuray, reached and presented their final verdict. In their final verdict, the two judges rejected the defence's arguments that Quek accidentally killed Cheng, and they agreed that Quek had intentionally strangled Cheng to cause her death, or at least a fatal injury that could in the ordinary cause of nature lead to death. Justice Kulasekaram, who read the verdict, stated that both judges agreed with the prosecution that based on the forensic evidence given by Chao, it could be inferred that Quek did not apply light pressure to the neck as he claimed or that he accidentally suffocated the victim. With reference to the prosecution's arguments, the judges were satisfied that Quek's actions came in line with the requirements of Section 300 of the Penal Code, which therefore fitted the legal description of murder as an offence under the law. As such, 43-year-old Quek Kee Siong was found guilty of murder. Upon his conviction, Quek was sentenced to death under Section 302 of the Penal Code, which then dictated the death penalty as the mandatory sentence for murder in Singapore. Quek was reportedly emotionless as he heard the sentence and he stared at Cheng's parents for a short moment while he was led away from the courtroom by the police officers. Quek later filed an appeal to overturn the death sentence. But on 17 November 1980, Quek's appeal against his sentence was rejected by the Court of Appeal. Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin, who heard the case together with two other judges Choor Singh and A. P. Rajah, cited that this was one of the "clearest cases" of murder based on the medical evidence presented. They largely agreed with the High Court that Quek did not kill Cheng accidentally, and thus rejected his defence like the High Court did. After the loss of his appeal, Quek Kee Siong was eventually hanged at Changi Prison for the murder of Cheng Geok Ha, as confirmed by a crime documentary. However, his execution date remains unspecified. Aftermath In January 1978, the murder of Cheng Geok Ha was reported as one of the top ten most shocking news ever covered by the media in the year 1977 itself. The case of Cheng's murder was also listed in 1987 as one of the horrific murder cases involving the disposal of the bodies using gunny sacks. In 1980, there were 27 police officers commended and awarded for their spectacular performance in cracking major cases (including a major armed robbery case). One of them, Sergeant Wee Chiang Chwee, who was one of the officers in charge of the investigation of Cheng's murder, was commended and credited for his dedication to investigate and solve the case, which allowed Quek to be prosecuted and hanged for his crime. Ever since the trial and execution of Quek Kee Siong, Cheng's family members, especially her parents, continued to struggle with their heartbreak over the loss of Cheng. According to Cheng's fourth sister Cheng Siok Ngee (钟淑圆 Zhōng Shūyuán; born in 1956), the death of her youngest sister took an emotional toll on her mother Sin Boon Tay's health, and around 15 years after Cheng's death, Cheng's mother died. It was also revealed that after Cheng's death, Cheng's parents bore another child, who became their 13th and final child overall. In 2005, Singaporean documentary series Missing, which mainly covered Singapore's most bizarre missing person cases over the past decades, re-enacted the case of Cheng's disappearance and murder. The show's producers also interviewed Cheng's fourth-eldest sister Cheng Siok Ngee, who agreed to talk about her sister's case. Aside from her sadness over her sister's death, Cheng Siok Ngee stated that during the first few years, she at first hated Quek and could not forgive him for having cruelly murdered her sister. Cheng's sister added that over the recent years before the interview, she devoted herself to Buddhism and eventually came to forgive Quek and not hate him anymore, since he was no longer alive. Part of her reason to forgive Quek was due to her sympathy towards Quek's three children, who endured a lot of hardships due to their late father's crime. See also Murder of Huang Na Murder of Nonoi Murder of Usharani Ganaison Capital punishment in Singapore List of major crimes in Singapore List of solved missing person cases References ^ "菜市道麻袋弃屍案 涉嫌谋杀十岁女童 被告面对死刑审讯". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "FATHER'S PLEA TO HELP FIND GIRL, 10". The Straits Times. 30 November 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Boy tells court: Murder accused hanged cat to 'save somebody's life'". The Straits Times. 28 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "十岁女童遇害案 死者双亲接获 两次神秘电话". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 28 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Missing girl's body found in manhole". The Straits Times. 8 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "十二天前遭诱拐失踪 十歲女生被發現 蔴袋裹屍棄在糞溝內". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 8 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "蔴袋藏屍！十歲女童被害屍藏蔴袋丢在組屋楼下地下粪溝警方認明死者係鍾玉霞". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 8 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Budak 10 thn, dijumpai mati dlm lubang saluran air". Berita Harian (in Malay). 8 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Pathologist: Fatal injury not accidental". The Straits Times. 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "一九七七年 十大意外新闻". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 1 January 1978. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Missing girl, 7, murdered". The Straits Times. 12 November 1977. ^ "Bite marks and denture fit uncle, court told". The Straits Times. 18 March 1980. ^ "Uncle gets death for murder". The Straits Times. 28 March 1980. ^ "女童遭害弃屍粪沟案 警方漏夜调查后 一嫌犯落网被控". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 9 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Murder: Man held". New Nation. 8 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Murder charge". The Straits Times. 9 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Quek dituduh bunuh". Berita Harian (in Malay). 9 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "十岁女生遭兇杀案 嫌兇表面罪名成立". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 4 April 1978. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "菜市道麻袋弃屍案 涉嫌谋杀十岁女童 被告面对死刑审讯". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "女童蔴袋裹屍案主控官供述 探长搜查時發現當死者耳環當票". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Boy tells court: Murder accused hanged cat to 'save somebody's life'". The Straits Times. 28 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "女童蔴袋裹屍案主女童遇害案续审小邻居供称 替被告买一麻袋与裹尸麻袋同样". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 28 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Kes bunuh: Budak, 13, terangkan". Berita Harian (in Malay). 28 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Lelaki: Cuba rogol saja..." Berita Harian (in Malay). 3 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "'Saya masukkan mayat dim guni'". Berita Harian (in Malay). 6 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "女童遇害案被告答辩述案情 声称正图强姦时突发现女童气绝". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 3 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "'I wanted to rape girl, not kill her'". The Straits Times. 3 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "女童被杀案被吿供称 企图强姦过程中 发现女童已死亡". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 3 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "'Suspect found near scene'". The Straits Times. 1 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Accused: After beating by police I made statement". The Straits Times. 2 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Kes bunuh: Patologis beri gambaran". Berita Harian (in Malay). 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Pathologist: Fatal injury not accidental". The Straits Times. 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "谋杀十岁女童案被吿 将屍体搬运下楼 前后有三种说法". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 6 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "被控谋杀十岁女童被吿 承認曾在庭上撒谎部份口供也不符實". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 6 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Pathologist: Fatal injury not accidental". The Straits Times. 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Man gets death for murdering girl, 10". The Straits Times. 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Man gets death for murdering girl, 10". The Straits Times. 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "谋杀十岁女童被告 郭祺祥昨判处死刑". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "谋杀十岁女童罪名成立 被告昨日遭判死刑". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Tali gantung untuk Quek". Berita Harian (in Malay). 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "KILLER RAPIST LOSES APPEAL". The Straits Times. 18 November 1980. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "菜市道麻袋弃屍案 被告上诉遭驳回". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 18 November 1980. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha". Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "一九七七年 十大意外新闻". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 1 January 1978. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "案例 过去数宗麻袋藏尸案". 新明日报 Shin Min Daily (in Chinese). 21 April 1987. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "二十七名英勇警方人员 擒盗立功表现出色获颁发奖状鼓励". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 22 June 1980. Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha". Retrieved 11 July 2022. ^ "Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha". Retrieved 11 July 2022.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_name"},{"link_name":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_surname"},{"link_name":"Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhong_(surname)"},{"link_name":"2003 Chai Chee rape and murder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003_Chai_Chee_rape_and_murder"},{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"Chai Chee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_Chee"},{"link_name":"Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore"}],"text":"In this Chinese name, the family name is Cheng.For another rape-murder case that happened in Chai Chee in 2003, see 2003 Chai Chee rape and murder.On the morning of 25 November 1977, ten-year-old schoolgirl Cheng Geok Ha (Chinese: 钟玉霞; pinyin: Zhōng Yùxiá; c. 1967 – 25 November 1977) was last seen playing with her two friends at the carpark below her flat at Chai Chee, Singapore. According to the pair who were last with Cheng, the girl hung out with them at the playground for a while before she left, and she never came back home on that night. The Cheng family reported Cheng missing, and there was a public appeal which seeks information to trace her whereabouts.Nearly two weeks later, on 7 December 1977, Cheng's dead body was found abandoned under a manhole, with her decomposing body stuffed inside a gunny sack. The cause of Cheng's death was revealed to be strangulation, and the girl was found to be sexually assaulted prior to her death. The police soon arrested the Cheng family's neighbour Quek Kee Siong (郭祺祥 Guō Qíxiáng), a 41-year-old labourer who confessed to the crime but claimed he killed Cheng accidentally. Eventually, the courts ruled that Quek had intentionally killed Cheng based on the severe nature of the girl's injuries and thus sentenced Quek to death for murder.","title":"Murder of Cheng Geok Ha"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Serangoon Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangoon_Gardens"},{"link_name":"Geylang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geylang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cheng Geok Ha, the youngest of twelve children in her family, was born in 1967 to her parents Cheng Hung Kay (or Cheng Ham Kay; 钟汉庚 Zhōng Hàngēng) and Sin Boon Tay (沈春茶 Shěn Chūnchá), who both have seven sons and four daughters before Geok Ha's birth. Cheng, a ten-year-old Primary Three student at Opera Estate School, was said to be a bright and independent child who did well academically in her schoolwork. She was doted upon by her family members, who affectionately called her \"Mei Mei\".On 25 November 1977, after helping her father to do an errand, ten-year-old Cheng went downstairs to return a bicycle she borrowed from her neighbour Khayan Jasim. She played together with Khayan and Khayan's sister at the carpark below her flat before all three of them went to the nearby playground to continue playing. Afterwards, Cheng told the siblings that she was leaving for somewhere else and bid them good-bye. That was the last time Cheng was seen alive, as she failed to return home that night.[1]Cheng's family, who spent the whole night searching for Cheng but to no avail, reported her missing 24 hours after her disappearance. Five days later, Cheng's father contacted the newspapers to post a missing person poster, seeking the assistance of any members of the public to look for Cheng.Soon after, Cheng's mother received a phone call from a man, who claimed that he had her daughter held captive, and he asked to meet up at a coffee shop in Serangoon Gardens at noon, but the man did not show up despite Cheng's mother showing up. The mysterious caller made another phone call, asking to meet the Chengs' second-eldest daughter at a theater in Geylang and wanted the daughter to wear white, and if she did so, Cheng would return home. However, Cheng's second sister was too afraid and did not go to the meeting as scheduled. Cheng's family later received several phone calls from other people, but most of them were just prank calls or nuisance calls.[2][3][4]","title":"Disappearance of Cheng"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sepak raga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepak_raga"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Chao Tzee Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Tzee_Cheng"},{"link_name":"vulva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulva"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Usharani Ganaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usharani_Ganaison"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Kalidass Sinnathamby Narayanasamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalidass_Sinnathamby_Narayanasamy"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"kampong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kampong"},{"link_name":"HDB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Housing_and_Development_Board"},{"link_name":"Chai Chee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chai_Chee"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Subordinate Courts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Courts_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"On 7 December 1977, two weeks after Cheng Geok Ha went missing, a group of teenagers playing sepak raga nearby discovered a gunny sack hidden below a manhole at the void deck of Cheng's flat. Inside the gunny sack was Geok Ha's decomposing body and a rusty chopper. The police were contacted and they arrived at the scene where a large crowd of the nearby residents gathered. Ten minutes after the police's arrival, Cheng's father identified his daughter's body based on the clothes she wore prior to her disappearance.[5][6][7][8]Later, Chao Tzee Cheng, a renowned forensic pathologist, conducted a post-mortem examination of the victim, and found injuries around Cheng's neck and rib fractures from the first to eighth ribs. Chao determined that Cheng had died from asphyxia due to strangulation, and that she died for an estimated period of between ten and 14 days at the timing her body was found. Chao also concluded that the girl was sexually assaulted before her death, based on the bruises and swelling at her vulva.[9]The case of Cheng's disappearance and murder occurred less than a month after the death of Usharani Ganaison, who was seven years old when she was similarly killed after being molested by her assailant, and both the girl's cases, though unrelated, were extensively reported back in the year 1977 which shook the public.[10][11] Later, Usharani's uncle, Kalidass Sinnathamby Narayanasamy, who was an army lance corporal, was arrested and later sentenced to death for murder in March 1980.[12][13]The police questioned the neighbours of Cheng's family one by one. Later, the police arrested one of the neighbours, a 41-year-old labourer named Quek Kee Siong. Quek subsequently confessed to strangling Cheng on the night she was thought missing. Prior to the crime, Quek was a friend of Cheng's father for twenty years, and they lived in the same kampong before both families relocated to their respective HDB flats in Chai Chee, and they maintained contact since then. One of Quek's three children - a son - went to the same school as Cheng.[14]After his arrest, on 8 December 1977, Quek was charged at the Subordinate Courts with murder.[15][16][17] After some pre-trial hearings by the district court, the case was transferred to the High Court in April 1978 for trial hearing on a later date.[18]","title":"Murder investigation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Trial of Quek Kee Siong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"High Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Court_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"T. S. Sinnathuray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Sinnathuray"},{"link_name":"S$","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S$"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Chao Tzee Cheng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Tzee_Cheng"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"sub_title":"Cases of the prosecution and defence","text":"On 27 February 1979, Quek Kee Siong first stood trial in the High Court for the murder of Cheng Geok Ha.[19] The prosecution was led by Fong Kwok Jen, while Quek was represented by defence lawyer Ching Chiak Yong. The case was heard by two judges T. S. Sinnathuray and T. Kulasekaram of the High Court.The prosecution began to present their case, in which they argued that Quek had intentionally strangled Cheng after sexually assaulting her. The prosecution's evidence also showed that Quek was the same mysterious caller who made the two phone calls to harass Cheng's family. In both conversations, the caller had addressed Cheng by her nickname \"Mei Mei\", which was the nickname that only Cheng's family and their closest acquaintances would use to address Cheng, and the phone calls were traced back to Quek's home telephone. At Quek's flat, the police also found a pawn ticket, which showed Quek pawning a pair of gold earrings for S$8. These earrings were confirmed to be Cheng's, and the earrings were not found on her ears at the time her body was found. A pair of scissors was also seized from Quek's home and they were matched to the marks made on the earrings, which were retrieved by the police from the pawn shop. It was also revealed in court that Quek tried to matchmake his younger brother with one of the daughters of Cheng's father but his requests were denied.[20]Lim Soon Heng (林顺兴 Lín Shùnxīng), a 13-year-old neighbour of Quek, came to court to testify that Quek asked him to buy a gunny sack for him to catch a stray cat. Quek stated that he wanted to use the cat's teeth to save someone's life, and he had hanged the cat to extract the teeth before bringing it home, supposedly to \"save someone's life\" as Quek told Lim. When he was presented with the gunny sack that Quek used to contain Cheng's body, Lim identified it as the same gunny sack that he bought for Quek.[21][22][23]In his defence, Quek claimed he did the killing out of accident and he only intended to rape Cheng.[24][25] He stated that he asked Cheng to come to his flat after encountering the girl alone outdoors, telling her he wanted to show her something nice. Quek recounted that after Cheng entered his home, he observed Cheng playing with his son's toys for a while, before he ambushed the girl, covering her mouth and pinned her down to rape her. Quek stated he used his hand to hold the struggling Cheng down by the neck as he proceeded to sexually assault the girl. It was only later when Quek noticed that Cheng had become motionless. Upon the ten-year-old girl's death, Quek used Lim's newly-bought gunny sack to contain Cheng's body and threw it down the rubbish chute. He even went downstairs to remove the gunny sack from the rubbish chute and hid it underneath the manhole.[26][27][28] He also claimed at one point, his statements were made involuntarily and he was abused by his two interrogators - Inspector Leong Kong Hong and Sergeant Wee Chiang Chwee - who forced him to make the incriminating statements.[29][30]However, the pathologist, Chao Tzee Cheng, had earlier presented his autopsy report and gave evidence which refuted the account of Quek killing Cheng accidentally. Chao stated that based on the extensive fractures on the neck and rib fractures, it could only be inferred that the girl was being strangled by Quek for a prolonged period of time, and a huge amount of force and pressure was exerted during the strangulation. It could only mean that Quek had intentionally strangled Cheng and it was unlikely an accident.[31][32]Aside from the inconsistent accounts Quek made about the case, there were also evidence that Quek used the money he gotten from pawning Cheng's earrings to watch a movie despite his claims that he did not know why he pawned the earrings.[33][34] The allegations that Quek was abused by his interrogators and forced to make his statements were subsequently dismissed by the judges. The prosecution argued in rebuttal that it was inferentially clear that Quek had done the killing in order to cover up his rape crime and avoid leaving Cheng as a potential witness to his actions. As such, they sought from the High Court a guilty verdict of murder in Quek's case.[35][36]","title":"Trial of Quek Kee Siong"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Quek_Kee_Siong.png"},{"link_name":"T. S. Sinnathuray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._S._Sinnathuray"},{"link_name":"Penal Code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penal_Code_(Singapore)"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"sentenced to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore"},{"link_name":"Wee Chong Jin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wee_Chong_Jin"},{"link_name":"Choor Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choor_Singh"},{"link_name":"A. P. Rajah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._P._Rajah"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Changi Prison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changi_Prison"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"}],"sub_title":"Death penalty","text":"Quek Kee Siong, who was found guilty of murdering Cheng Geok Ha and sentenced to deathOn 6 March 1979, after a seven-day trial, both the judges, Justice T. Kulasekaram and Justice T. S. Sinnathuray, reached and presented their final verdict.In their final verdict, the two judges rejected the defence's arguments that Quek accidentally killed Cheng, and they agreed that Quek had intentionally strangled Cheng to cause her death, or at least a fatal injury that could in the ordinary cause of nature lead to death. Justice Kulasekaram, who read the verdict, stated that both judges agreed with the prosecution that based on the forensic evidence given by Chao, it could be inferred that Quek did not apply light pressure to the neck as he claimed or that he accidentally suffocated the victim. With reference to the prosecution's arguments, the judges were satisfied that Quek's actions came in line with the requirements of Section 300 of the Penal Code, which therefore fitted the legal description of murder as an offence under the law.[37]As such, 43-year-old Quek Kee Siong was found guilty of murder. Upon his conviction, Quek was sentenced to death under Section 302 of the Penal Code, which then dictated the death penalty as the mandatory sentence for murder in Singapore. Quek was reportedly emotionless as he heard the sentence and he stared at Cheng's parents for a short moment while he was led away from the courtroom by the police officers.[38][39][40]Quek later filed an appeal to overturn the death sentence. But on 17 November 1980, Quek's appeal against his sentence was rejected by the Court of Appeal. Chief Justice Wee Chong Jin, who heard the case together with two other judges Choor Singh and A. P. Rajah, cited that this was one of the \"clearest cases\" of murder based on the medical evidence presented. They largely agreed with the High Court that Quek did not kill Cheng accidentally, and thus rejected his defence like the High Court did.[41][42]After the loss of his appeal, Quek Kee Siong was eventually hanged at Changi Prison for the murder of Cheng Geok Ha, as confirmed by a crime documentary. However, his execution date remains unspecified.[43]","title":"Trial of Quek Kee Siong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Missing_(2004-5_Singaporean_TV_series)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"}],"text":"In January 1978, the murder of Cheng Geok Ha was reported as one of the top ten most shocking news ever covered by the media in the year 1977 itself.[44] The case of Cheng's murder was also listed in 1987 as one of the horrific murder cases involving the disposal of the bodies using gunny sacks.[45]In 1980, there were 27 police officers commended and awarded for their spectacular performance in cracking major cases (including a major armed robbery case). One of them, Sergeant Wee Chiang Chwee, who was one of the officers in charge of the investigation of Cheng's murder, was commended and credited for his dedication to investigate and solve the case, which allowed Quek to be prosecuted and hanged for his crime.[46]Ever since the trial and execution of Quek Kee Siong, Cheng's family members, especially her parents, continued to struggle with their heartbreak over the loss of Cheng. According to Cheng's fourth sister Cheng Siok Ngee (钟淑圆 Zhōng Shūyuán; born in 1956), the death of her youngest sister took an emotional toll on her mother Sin Boon Tay's health, and around 15 years after Cheng's death, Cheng's mother died. It was also revealed that after Cheng's death, Cheng's parents bore another child, who became their 13th and final child overall.[47]In 2005, Singaporean documentary series Missing, which mainly covered Singapore's most bizarre missing person cases over the past decades, re-enacted the case of Cheng's disappearance and murder. The show's producers also interviewed Cheng's fourth-eldest sister Cheng Siok Ngee, who agreed to talk about her sister's case. Aside from her sadness over her sister's death, Cheng Siok Ngee stated that during the first few years, she at first hated Quek and could not forgive him for having cruelly murdered her sister. Cheng's sister added that over the recent years before the interview, she devoted herself to Buddhism and eventually came to forgive Quek and not hate him anymore, since he was no longer alive. Part of her reason to forgive Quek was due to her sympathy towards Quek's three children, who endured a lot of hardships due to their late father's crime.[48]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[{"image_text":"Quek Kee Siong, who was found guilty of murdering Cheng Geok Ha and sentenced to death","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/0c/Quek_Kee_Siong.png/220px-Quek_Kee_Siong.png"}]
[{"title":"Murder of Huang Na","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Huang_Na"},{"title":"Murder of Nonoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Nonoi"},{"title":"Murder of Usharani Ganaison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Usharani_Ganaison"},{"title":"Capital punishment in Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Singapore"},{"title":"List of major crimes in Singapore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_major_crimes_in_Singapore"},{"title":"List of solved missing person cases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_solved_missing_person_cases:_pre-2000"}]
[{"reference":"\"菜市道麻袋弃屍案 涉嫌谋杀十岁女童 被告面对死刑审讯\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19790227-1.2.31.1?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80&oref=article","url_text":"\"菜市道麻袋弃屍案 涉嫌谋杀十岁女童 被告面对死刑审讯\""}]},{"reference":"\"FATHER'S PLEA TO HELP FIND GIRL, 10\". The Straits Times. 30 November 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19771130-1.2.107","url_text":"\"FATHER'S PLEA TO HELP FIND GIRL, 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boy tells court: Murder accused hanged cat to 'save somebody's life'\". The Straits Times. 28 February 1979. 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The Straits Times. 12 November 1977.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19771112-1.2.34?ST=1&AT=search&k=Sinnathamby%20Narayanasamy&QT=sinnathamby,narayanasamy&oref=article-related","url_text":"\"Missing girl, 7, murdered\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bite marks and denture fit uncle, court told\". The Straits Times. 18 March 1980.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19800318-1.2.67?ST=1&AT=search&k=Sinnathamby%20Narayanasamy&QT=sinnathamby,narayanasamy&oref=article","url_text":"\"Bite marks and denture fit uncle, court told\""}]},{"reference":"\"Uncle gets death for murder\". The Straits Times. 28 March 1980.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19800328-1.2.76","url_text":"\"Uncle gets death for murder\""}]},{"reference":"\"女童遭害弃屍粪沟案 警方漏夜调查后 一嫌犯落网被控\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 9 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19771209-1.2.24.4","url_text":"\"女童遭害弃屍粪沟案 警方漏夜调查后 一嫌犯落网被控\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murder: Man held\". New Nation. 8 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/newnation19771208-1.2.5?ST=1&AT=search&k=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha%20murder&QT=cheng,geok,ha,murder&oref=article","url_text":"\"Murder: Man held\""}]},{"reference":"\"Murder charge\". The Straits Times. 9 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19771209-1.2.30","url_text":"\"Murder charge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quek dituduh bunuh\". Berita Harian (in Malay). 9 December 1977. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19771209-1.2.45?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&KA=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=cheng,geok,ha&oref=article","url_text":"\"Quek dituduh bunuh\""}]},{"reference":"\"十岁女生遭兇杀案 嫌兇表面罪名成立\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 4 April 1978. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19780404-1.2.36.6?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&KA=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E9%BA%BB,%E8%A2%8B,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80,%E5%A5%B3,%E7%AB%A5,%E6%A1%88&oref=article","url_text":"\"十岁女生遭兇杀案 嫌兇表面罪名成立\""}]},{"reference":"\"菜市道麻袋弃屍案 涉嫌谋杀十岁女童 被告面对死刑审讯\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19790227-1.2.31.1?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80&oref=article","url_text":"\"菜市道麻袋弃屍案 涉嫌谋杀十岁女童 被告面对死刑审讯\""}]},{"reference":"\"女童蔴袋裹屍案主控官供述 探长搜查時發現當死者耳環當票\". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/nysp19790227-1.2.10.5?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E5%A4%B1,%E8%B8%AA&oref=article","url_text":"\"女童蔴袋裹屍案主控官供述 探长搜查時發現當死者耳環當票\""}]},{"reference":"\"Boy tells court: Murder accused hanged cat to 'save somebody's life'\". The Straits Times. 28 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790228-1.2.34?ST=1&AT=search&k=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha%20murder&QT=cheng,geok,ha,murder&oref=article","url_text":"\"Boy tells court: Murder accused hanged cat to 'save somebody's life'\""}]},{"reference":"\"女童蔴袋裹屍案主女童遇害案续审小邻居供称 替被告买一麻袋与裹尸麻袋同样\". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 28 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/nysp19790228-1.2.11.7?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&KA=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E9%BA%BB,%E8%A2%8B,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80,%E5%A5%B3,%E7%AB%A5,%E6%A1%88&oref=article","url_text":"\"女童蔴袋裹屍案主女童遇害案续审小邻居供称 替被告买一麻袋与裹尸麻袋同样\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kes bunuh: Budak, 13, terangkan\". Berita Harian (in Malay). 28 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19790228-1.2.46?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&KA=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=cheng,geok,ha&oref=article","url_text":"\"Kes bunuh: Budak, 13, terangkan\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lelaki: Cuba rogol saja...\" Berita Harian (in Malay). 3 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19790303-1.2.77?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&KA=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=cheng,geok,ha&oref=article","url_text":"\"Lelaki: Cuba rogol saja...\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Saya masukkan mayat dim guni'\". Berita Harian (in Malay). 6 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19790306-1.2.64?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&KA=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=cheng,geok,ha&oref=article","url_text":"\"'Saya masukkan mayat dim guni'\""}]},{"reference":"\"女童遇害案被告答辩述案情 声称正图强姦时突发现女童气绝\". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 3 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/nysp19790303-1.2.13.4?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&KA=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E9%BA%BB,%E8%A2%8B,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80,%E5%A5%B3,%E7%AB%A5,%E6%A1%88&oref=article","url_text":"\"女童遇害案被告答辩述案情 声称正图强姦时突发现女童气绝\""}]},{"reference":"\"'I wanted to rape girl, not kill her'\". The Straits Times. 3 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790303-1.2.74.11?ST=1&AT=search&k=Quek%20Kee%20Siong%20trial&QT=quek,kee,siong,trial&oref=article-related","url_text":"\"'I wanted to rape girl, not kill her'\""}]},{"reference":"\"女童被杀案被吿供称 企图强姦过程中 发现女童已死亡\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 3 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19790303-1.2.29.2?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&KA=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E9%BA%BB,%E8%A2%8B,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80,%E5%A5%B3,%E7%AB%A5,%E6%A1%88&oref=article","url_text":"\"女童被杀案被吿供称 企图强姦过程中 发现女童已死亡\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Suspect found near scene'\". The Straits Times. 1 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790301-1.2.58?ST=1&AT=search&k=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha%20murder&QT=cheng,geok,ha,murder&oref=article-related","url_text":"\"'Suspect found near scene'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Accused: After beating by police I made statement\". The Straits Times. 2 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790302-1.2.96?ST=1&AT=search&k=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha%20murder&QT=cheng,geok,ha,murder&oref=article-related","url_text":"\"Accused: After beating by police I made statement\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kes bunuh: Patologis beri gambaran\". Berita Harian (in Malay). 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19790227-1.2.48?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&KA=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=cheng,geok,ha&oref=article","url_text":"\"Kes bunuh: Patologis beri gambaran\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pathologist: Fatal injury not accidental\". The Straits Times. 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790227-1.2.60?ST=1&AT=search&k=quek%20kee%20siong%20death&QT=quek,kee,siong,death&oref=article","url_text":"\"Pathologist: Fatal injury not accidental\""}]},{"reference":"\"谋杀十岁女童案被吿 将屍体搬运下楼 前后有三种说法\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 6 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19790306-1.2.84.6?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&KA=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E9%BA%BB,%E8%A2%8B,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80,%E5%A5%B3,%E7%AB%A5,%E6%A1%88&oref=article","url_text":"\"谋杀十岁女童案被吿 将屍体搬运下楼 前后有三种说法\""}]},{"reference":"\"被控谋杀十岁女童被吿 承認曾在庭上撒谎部份口供也不符實\". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 6 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/nysp19790306-1.2.8.5?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&KA=%E9%BA%BB%E8%A2%8B%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%E5%A5%B3%E7%AB%A5%E6%A1%88&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E9%BA%BB,%E8%A2%8B,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80,%E5%A5%B3,%E7%AB%A5,%E6%A1%88&oref=article","url_text":"\"被控谋杀十岁女童被吿 承認曾在庭上撒谎部份口供也不符實\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pathologist: Fatal injury not accidental\". The Straits Times. 27 February 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790227-1.2.60?ST=1&AT=search&k=quek%20kee%20siong%20death&QT=quek,kee,siong,death&oref=article","url_text":"\"Pathologist: Fatal injury not accidental\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man gets death for murdering girl, 10\". The Straits Times. 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790307-1.2.81.9?ST=1&AT=search&k=quek%20kee%20siong%20murder&QT=quek,kee,siong,murder&oref=article","url_text":"\"Man gets death for murdering girl, 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"Man gets death for murdering girl, 10\". The Straits Times. 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19790307-1.2.81.9?ST=1&AT=search&k=quek%20kee%20siong%20murder&QT=quek,kee,siong,murder&oref=article","url_text":"\"Man gets death for murdering girl, 10\""}]},{"reference":"\"谋杀十岁女童被告 郭祺祥昨判处死刑\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19790307-1.2.64.3?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%20%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E&KA=%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80%20%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E&DF=01%2F11%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1981&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80,%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E&oref=article","url_text":"\"谋杀十岁女童被告 郭祺祥昨判处死刑\""}]},{"reference":"\"谋杀十岁女童罪名成立 被告昨日遭判死刑\". 南洋商报 Nanyang Siang Pau (in Chinese). 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/nysp19790307-1.2.15.4?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80&oref=article","url_text":"\"谋杀十岁女童罪名成立 被告昨日遭判死刑\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tali gantung untuk Quek\". Berita Harian (in Malay). 7 March 1979. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/beritaharian19790307-1.2.53?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&KA=Cheng%20Geok%20Ha&DF=01%2F12%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=cheng,geok,ha&oref=article","url_text":"\"Tali gantung untuk Quek\""}]},{"reference":"\"KILLER RAPIST LOSES APPEAL\". The Straits Times. 18 November 1980. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/straitstimes19801118-1.2.37?ST=1&AT=search&k=quek%20kee%20siong%20death&QT=quek,kee,siong,death&oref=article","url_text":"\"KILLER RAPIST LOSES APPEAL\""}]},{"reference":"\"菜市道麻袋弃屍案 被告上诉遭驳回\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 18 November 1980. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19801118-1.2.27.3?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80&oref=article","url_text":"\"菜市道麻袋弃屍案 被告上诉遭驳回\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha\". Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mewatch.sg/watch/Missing-S2-E4-Geok-Ha-57096","url_text":"\"Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha\""}]},{"reference":"\"一九七七年 十大意外新闻\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 1 January 1978. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19780101-1.2.50?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA&KA=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA&DF=01%2F11%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E5%A4%B1,%E8%B8%AA&oref=article","url_text":"\"一九七七年 十大意外新闻\""}]},{"reference":"\"案例 过去数宗麻袋藏尸案\". 新明日报 Shin Min Daily (in Chinese). 21 April 1987. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/shinmin19870421-1.2.8?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80&oref=article","url_text":"\"案例 过去数宗麻袋藏尸案\""}]},{"reference":"\"二十七名英勇警方人员 擒盗立功表现出色获颁发奖状鼓励\". 星洲日报 Sin Chew Jit Poh (in Chinese). 22 June 1980. Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19800622-1.2.29.4?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80&oref=article","url_text":"\"二十七名英勇警方人员 擒盗立功表现出色获颁发奖状鼓励\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha\". Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mewatch.sg/watch/Missing-S2-E4-Geok-Ha-57096","url_text":"\"Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha\""}]},{"reference":"\"Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha\". Retrieved 11 July 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mewatch.sg/watch/Missing-S2-E4-Geok-Ha-57096","url_text":"\"Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha\""}]}]
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Ha\""},{"Link":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19780101-1.2.50?ST=1&AT=advanced&K=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA&KA=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E5%A4%B1%E8%B8%AA&DF=01%2F11%2F1977&DT=31%2F12%2F1980&Display=0&NPT=&L=&CTA=&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E5%A4%B1,%E8%B8%AA&oref=article","external_links_name":"\"一九七七年 十大意外新闻\""},{"Link":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/shinmin19870421-1.2.8?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80&oref=article","external_links_name":"\"案例 过去数宗麻袋藏尸案\""},{"Link":"https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/Digitised/Article/scjp19800622-1.2.29.4?ST=1&AT=search&k=%E9%92%9F%E7%8E%89%E9%9C%9E%20%E8%B0%8B%E6%9D%80&QT=%E9%92%9F,%E7%8E%89,%E9%9C%9E,%E8%B0%8B,%E6%9D%80&oref=article","external_links_name":"\"二十七名英勇警方人员 擒盗立功表现出色获颁发奖状鼓励\""},{"Link":"https://www.mewatch.sg/watch/Missing-S2-E4-Geok-Ha-57096","external_links_name":"\"Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha\""},{"Link":"https://www.mewatch.sg/watch/Missing-S2-E4-Geok-Ha-57096","external_links_name":"\"Missing S2 Ep 4 Geok Ha\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PWS-35_Ogar
PWS-35 Ogar
["1 Design and development","2 Variants","3 Specifications (PWS-35/II)","4 References"]
PWS-35 PWS-35 Role Aerobatic trainer aircraftType of aircraft National origin Poland Manufacturer Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów First flight July 1938 Number built 2 prototypes (+17 incomplete) The PWS-35 Ogar (English: Polish Hound) was a two-seat, aerobatic training biplane that was designed by Kazimierz Nowicki, Marian Piątka and Michał Rosnowski at the Politechnika Lwowska in 1935/1936. Design and development The aircraft was designed by three young scientists at the Lvov University of Technology ("Polytechnic") as their thesis. The designers initially planned to build a single aircraft (designated as the NPR-1, after the initials of the design team's members), but in 1937 the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów became interested in their design and hired professional designers to modify it to fit the needs of the Polish Air Force. At the time the PAF was looking for an advanced trainer and it was decided that Ogar would be perfect for that role. The prototype was completed in 1937 and in early 1938 underwent static tests. In the summer of 1938 it was successfully test-flown by S. Szubka. The first prototype, equipped with a de Havilland Gipsy Major engine, was heavier than anticipated and as a result the aircraft had poor stall characteristics and stability issues. By the end of the summer a second prototype, with an enlarged vertical stabilizer and a stronger PZInż. Major engine was completed and sent to the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw for further tests. Michał Rosnowski designed further modifications and the aircraft was scheduled to enter serial production in late 1938, however, numerous problems with handling and weight and balance postponed the start of serial production until late 1939. Out of the initial order of 150, 50 were finally ordered in the summer of 1939. Out of the first batch of 17 airframes started in July 1939, none were delivered to the Polish Air Force by the invasion of Poland. The first prototype was provided to the air force but was destroyed near Lubartów shortly afterwards. The other prototype was destroyed in an air raid on Warsaw's Okęcie Airport. The aircraft was powered by a four-cylinder PZInż. Major 4 engine, with 120 hp (89 kW). Variants PWS-35/I First prototype. PWS-35/II Second prototype. Specifications (PWS-35/II) General characteristics Crew: 2 Capacity: 250kg Length: 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in) Wingspan: 8 m (26 ft 3 in) Height: 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in) Wing area: 17 m2 (180 sq ft) Empty weight: 610 kg (1,345 lb) Max takeoff weight: 860 kg (1,896 lb) Powerplant: 1 × PZInż. Major 4 4-cylinder inverted inline, 89 kW (120 hp) Performance Maximum speed: 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn) Cruise speed: 170 km/h (110 mph, 92 kn) Stall speed: 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kn) Range: 550 km (340 mi, 300 nmi) Service ceiling: 3,500 m (11,500 ft) Rate of climb: 3 m/s (590 ft/min) Wing loading: 50.59 kg/m2 (10.36 lb/sq ft) References Wikimedia Commons has media related to PWS-35 Ogar. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Krzysztof Luto (2010). "PWS-35 "Ogar", 1938". Samoloty w Lotnictwie Polskim (in Polish). Suwałki.{{cite encyclopedia}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ a b Andrzej Glass (2007). Polskie konstrukcje lotnicze do 1939 (in Polish). Vol. 2. Sandomierz: Stratus. vtePodlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów (PWS) aircraftAircraft PWS-1 PWS 3 PWS-4 PWS-5 PWS-6 PWS-7 PWS-8 PWS-10 PWS-11 PWS-12 PWS-14 PWS-15 PWS-16 PWS-18 PWS-19 PWS-20 PWS-21 PWS-22 PWS-23 PWS-24 PWS-26 PWS-33 PWS-35 PWS-40 PWS-50 PWS-51 PWS-52 PWS-54 License built Avia BH-33 as PWS-A Gliders PWS-101 PWS-102 PWS-103
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"PWS-35 Ogar"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podlaska_Wytw%C3%B3rnia_Samolot%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"de Havilland Gipsy Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Havilland_Gipsy_Major"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"stall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stall_(flight)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"PZInż. Major","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZIn%C5%BC._Major"},{"link_name":"Institute of Aviation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Aviation,_Warsaw"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Glass-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"invasion of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"Lubartów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lubart%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"Okęcie Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ok%C4%99cie_Airport"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"},{"link_name":"PZInż. Major 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZIn%C5%BC._Major_4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Luto-1"}],"text":"The aircraft was designed by three young scientists at the Lvov University of Technology (\"Polytechnic\") as their thesis.[1] The designers initially planned to build a single aircraft (designated as the NPR-1, after the initials of the design team's members), but in 1937 the Podlaska Wytwórnia Samolotów became interested in their design and hired professional designers to modify it to fit the needs of the Polish Air Force.[1][2] At the time the PAF was looking for an advanced trainer and it was decided that Ogar would be perfect for that role.[1]The prototype was completed in 1937 and in early 1938 underwent static tests.[1] In the summer of 1938 it was successfully test-flown by S. Szubka. The first prototype, equipped with a de Havilland Gipsy Major engine,[1] was heavier than anticipated and as a result the aircraft had poor stall characteristics and stability issues.[1] By the end of the summer a second prototype, with an enlarged vertical stabilizer and a stronger PZInż. Major engine was completed and sent to the Institute of Aviation in Warsaw for further tests.[1] Michał Rosnowski designed further modifications and the aircraft was scheduled to enter serial production in late 1938,[2] however, numerous problems with handling and weight and balance postponed the start of serial production until late 1939. Out of the initial order of 150, 50 were finally ordered in the summer of 1939.[1] Out of the first batch of 17 airframes started in July 1939, none were delivered to the Polish Air Force by the invasion of Poland.[1] The first prototype was provided to the air force but was destroyed near Lubartów shortly afterwards.[1] The other prototype was destroyed in an air raid on Warsaw's Okęcie Airport.[1]The aircraft was powered by a four-cylinder PZInż. Major 4 engine, with 120 hp (89 kW).[1]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"PWS-35/I\nFirst prototype.\nPWS-35/II\nSecond prototype.","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"PZInż. Major 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PZIn%C5%BC._Major_4"}],"text":"General characteristicsCrew: 2\nCapacity: 250kg\nLength: 6.8 m (22 ft 4 in)\nWingspan: 8 m (26 ft 3 in)\nHeight: 2.5 m (8 ft 2 in)\nWing area: 17 m2 (180 sq ft)\nEmpty weight: 610 kg (1,345 lb)\nMax takeoff weight: 860 kg (1,896 lb)\nPowerplant: 1 × PZInż. Major 4 4-cylinder inverted inline, 89 kW (120 hp)PerformanceMaximum speed: 200 km/h (120 mph, 110 kn)\nCruise speed: 170 km/h (110 mph, 92 kn)\nStall speed: 80 km/h (50 mph, 43 kn)\nRange: 550 km (340 mi, 300 nmi)\nService ceiling: 3,500 m (11,500 ft)\nRate of climb: 3 m/s (590 ft/min)\nWing loading: 50.59 kg/m2 (10.36 lb/sq ft)","title":"Specifications (PWS-35/II)"}]
[]
null
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[{"Link":"http://www.samolotypolskie.pl/samoloty/2246/126/PWS-35-Ogar","external_links_name":"\"PWS-35 \"Ogar\", 1938\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_(newspaper)
Tan (newspaper)
["1 History and profile","1.1 Beginnings","1.2 The Sertels period","1.3 Tan incident and aftermath","2 References","3 External links"]
For the weekly newspaper in Kosovo, see Tan (weekly newspaper). Turkish newspaper (1935–1945) TanTan front page dated 29 April 1939, the headline reads: “Hitler Says Germany Threatens Noone.”TypeDaily newspaperPublisherİş Bankası PublicationsFounded15 July 1935Political alignmentLeftistLanguageTurkishCeased publicationDecember 1945HeadquartersIstanbulCountryTurkeyMedia of TurkeyList of newspapers Tan (Turkish: Dawn) was a Turkish newspaper based in Istanbul, Turkey, which existed for ten years between 1935 and 1945. The paper has been known for the attacks against its offices due to the allegations of being a communist publication in December 1945. It is also known for its editors, Zekeriya and Sabiha Sertel. History and profile Beginnings Tan was launched by İş Bankası Publications (a publishing company of a state bank, İş Bankası) in 1935, and the first issue appeared on 15 July 1935. The founding editor-in-chief was a well-known Turkish novelist Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu who served in the post until 1938. He also became the publisher of the paper in 1936 through a publishing company he established. The contributors of Tan during this period included Burhan Felek, Fikret Adil, Eşref Şefik, Refi Cevat Ulunay, Refik Halit, Niyazi Berkes, Sabiha Sertel and Ahmet Emin Yalman. The latter contributed to the paper from 1936, and his writings were anti-Fascist and anti-Nazi. In 1938 the paper was closed down by the government for three months due to Yalman's articles in which he announced the deteriorating health of the Turkish President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Following this incident Yalman left the paper. The Sertels period Then Zekeriya and Sabiha Sertel began to guide the paper, and Halil Lütfü Dördüncü funded it. Notable contributors of Tan under the Sertels included Niyazi Berkes, his wife Mediha Esenel, Aziz Nesin and Behice Boran. Sertels adopted a critical approach against the government denouncing the slowness of the reform activities. The paper also openly criticized the fascist ideology that was popular at the period. As a result Tan became the most significant media outlet for leftists in Turkey and had a pro-Soviet stance. It published interviews with the leading international figures, including Bogdan Filov, prime minister of the Kingdom of Bulgaria, in 1940. The anti-Nazi approach of Tan led to its boycott by major German companies which had investments in Turkey, including Bayer and the Daimler Benz. In the period of World War II Tan sold 10,000-12,000 copies making it one of the three best selling newspapers in Turkey. Tan incident and aftermath Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın published an article in Tanin newspaper on 3 December 1945 calling for struggle against communism. Upon this nearly 20,000 university students attacked the headquarters of Tan in Cağaloğlu, Istanbul, on 4 December. In the attack the offices of the paper were destructed. Shortly after this incident, which is called the incident of 4 December and the Tan raid, Tan ceased publication. The destruction of the paper's offices and its closure had very negative effects on the relations between Turkey and the Soviet Union, and on 8 December the Soviet Union officially condemned the raid during which a bookstore of a Soviet citizen in Istanbul was also destroyed. References ^ a b c d e f Ayla Acar (2012). "Basında Tan Olayı- 4 Aralık 1945". IÜ İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 43: 2. ^ a b c d Aylin Yazan (4 December 2019). "Tan Gazetesi ve Matbaası Baskını - 4 Aralık 1945". BBC Turkish. Retrieved 21 August 2021. ^ a b c d Atakan Yılmaz (August 2021). The depiction of the American image in post-war Turkey: Americanization and anti-Americanization in Turkish periodicals (1946-1950) (MA thesis). Middle East Technical University. p. 29. hdl:11511/91667. ^ a b c d e f Mete Kaan Kaynar; Gökhan Ak (2017). "A Forgotten Moment in Turkish Intellectual History: 24 Hours and Mediha Berkes". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 19 (3): 262, 264–265. doi:10.1080/19448953.2017.1267417. S2CID 151343533. ^ a b James Ryan (2022). "Ideology on Trial: The Prosecution of Pan-Turkists and Leftists at the Dawn of the Cold War in Turkey, 1944-1947". Prisms (1): 28, 40. ^ Banu İdrisoğlu (2016). Left-Leaning Interpretations of Kemalism within the Scope of Three Journals: Kadro, Markopaşa and Yön (MA thesis). Leiden University. p. 77. ^ "Behice Boran" (in Turkish). Yordam Kitap. Retrieved 4 May 2023. ^ a b Mustafa Bilgin (2007). Britain and Turkey in the Middle East. Politics and Influence in the Early Cold War Era. London; New York: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84511-350-6. ^ "Chronology". Bulletin of International News. 17 (3): 200. 10 February 1940. JSTOR 25642701. ^ Stanford J. Shaw (1993). Turkey and the Holocaust. Turkey's Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933–1945. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 23. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-13041-2. ISBN 978-1-349-13043-6. External links Media related to Tan (newspaper) at Wikimedia Commons
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It is also known for its editors, Zekeriya and Sabiha Sertel.","title":"Tan (newspaper)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"İş Bankası","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0%C5%9F_Bankas%C4%B1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacar-1"},{"link_name":"editor-in-chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor-in-chief"},{"link_name":"Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakup_Kadri_Karaosmano%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ay19-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacar-1"},{"link_name":"Burhan Felek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burhan_Felek"},{"link_name":"Niyazi Berkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyazi_Berkes"},{"link_name":"Sabiha Sertel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabiha_Sertel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacar-1"},{"link_name":"Ahmet Emin Yalman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmet_Emin_Yalman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atakan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atakan-3"},{"link_name":"Turkish President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Turkey"},{"link_name":"Mustafa Kemal Atatürk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atakan-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-atakan-3"}],"sub_title":"Beginnings","text":"Tan was launched by İş Bankası Publications (a publishing company of a state bank, İş Bankası) in 1935, and the first issue appeared on 15 July 1935.[1] The founding editor-in-chief was a well-known Turkish novelist Yakup Kadri Karaosmanoğlu who served in the post until 1938.[2] He also became the publisher of the paper in 1936 through a publishing company he established.[1] The contributors of Tan during this period included Burhan Felek, Fikret Adil, Eşref Şefik, Refi Cevat Ulunay, Refik Halit, Niyazi Berkes, Sabiha Sertel[1] and Ahmet Emin Yalman.[3] The latter contributed to the paper from 1936, and his writings were anti-Fascist and anti-Nazi.[3] In 1938 the paper was closed down by the government for three months due to Yalman's articles in which he announced the deteriorating health of the Turkish President Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.[3] Following this incident Yalman left the paper.[3]","title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ay19-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mete17-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryan-5"},{"link_name":"Mediha Esenel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediha_Esenel"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mete17-4"},{"link_name":"Aziz Nesin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aziz_Nesin"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Behice Boran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Behice_Boran"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ay19-2"},{"link_name":"fascist ideology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_ideology"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mete17-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mete17-4"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbil-8"},{"link_name":"Bogdan Filov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogdan_Filov"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Bulgaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Bayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayer"},{"link_name":"Daimler Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daimler_AG"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacar-1"}],"sub_title":"The Sertels period","text":"Then Zekeriya and Sabiha Sertel began to guide the paper,[2][4] and Halil Lütfü Dördüncü funded it.[5] Notable contributors of Tan under the Sertels included Niyazi Berkes, his wife Mediha Esenel,[4] Aziz Nesin[6] and Behice Boran.[7]Sertels adopted a critical approach against the government denouncing the slowness of the reform activities.[2] The paper also openly criticized the fascist ideology that was popular at the period.[4] As a result Tan became the most significant media outlet for leftists in Turkey[4] and had a pro-Soviet stance.[8] It published interviews with the leading international figures, including Bogdan Filov, prime minister of the Kingdom of Bulgaria, in 1940.[9]The anti-Nazi approach of Tan led to its boycott by major German companies which had investments in Turkey, including Bayer and the Daimler Benz.[10] In the period of World War II Tan sold 10,000-12,000 copies making it one of the three best selling newspapers in Turkey.[1]","title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Cahit_Yal%C3%A7%C4%B1n"},{"link_name":"Tanin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanin_(newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacar-1"},{"link_name":"Cağaloğlu, Istanbul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C4%9Falo%C4%9Flu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aacar-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mete17-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ryan-5"},{"link_name":"Tan raid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_incident"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ay19-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mete17-4"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mbil-8"}],"sub_title":"Tan incident and aftermath","text":"Hüseyin Cahit Yalçın published an article in Tanin newspaper on 3 December 1945 calling for struggle against communism.[1] Upon this nearly 20,000 university students attacked the headquarters of Tan in Cağaloğlu, Istanbul, on 4 December.[1][4] In the attack the offices of the paper were destructed.[5] Shortly after this incident, which is called the incident of 4 December and the Tan raid, Tan ceased publication.[2][4]The destruction of the paper's offices and its closure had very negative effects on the relations between Turkey and the Soviet Union, and on 8 December the Soviet Union officially condemned the raid during which a bookstore of a Soviet citizen in Istanbul was also destroyed.[8]","title":"History and profile"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Ayla Acar (2012). \"Basında Tan Olayı- 4 Aralık 1945\". IÜ İletişim Fakültesi Dergisi (in Turkish). 43: 2.","urls":[{"url":"https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/download/article-file/213075","url_text":"\"Basında Tan Olayı- 4 Aralık 1945\""}]},{"reference":"Aylin Yazan (4 December 2019). \"Tan Gazetesi ve Matbaası Baskını - 4 Aralık 1945\". BBC Turkish. Retrieved 21 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-50387805","url_text":"\"Tan Gazetesi ve Matbaası Baskını - 4 Aralık 1945\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_World_Service","url_text":"BBC Turkish"}]},{"reference":"Atakan Yılmaz (August 2021). The depiction of the American image in post-war Turkey: Americanization and anti-Americanization in Turkish periodicals (1946-1950) (MA thesis). Middle East Technical University. p. 29. hdl:11511/91667.","urls":[{"url":"https://open.metu.edu.tr/handle/11511/91667","url_text":"The depiction of the American image in post-war Turkey: Americanization and anti-Americanization in Turkish periodicals (1946-1950)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_East_Technical_University","url_text":"Middle East Technical University"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)","url_text":"hdl"},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11511%2F91667","url_text":"11511/91667"}]},{"reference":"Mete Kaan Kaynar; Gökhan Ak (2017). \"A Forgotten Moment in Turkish Intellectual History: 24 Hours and Mediha Berkes\". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 19 (3): 262, 264–265. doi:10.1080/19448953.2017.1267417. S2CID 151343533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F19448953.2017.1267417","url_text":"10.1080/19448953.2017.1267417"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151343533","url_text":"151343533"}]},{"reference":"James Ryan (2022). \"Ideology on Trial: The Prosecution of Pan-Turkists and Leftists at the Dawn of the Cold War in Turkey, 1944-1947\". Prisms (1): 28, 40.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.journal-prisms.de/index.php/home/article/view/1/1","url_text":"\"Ideology on Trial: The Prosecution of Pan-Turkists and Leftists at the Dawn of the Cold War in Turkey, 1944-1947\""}]},{"reference":"Banu İdrisoğlu (2016). Left-Leaning Interpretations of Kemalism within the Scope of Three Journals: Kadro, Markopaşa and Yön (MA thesis). Leiden University. p. 77.","urls":[{"url":"https://studenttheses.universiteitleiden.nl/access/item%3A2663575/view","url_text":"Left-Leaning Interpretations of Kemalism within the Scope of Three Journals: Kadro, Markopaşa and Yön"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiden_University","url_text":"Leiden University"}]},{"reference":"\"Behice Boran\" (in Turkish). Yordam Kitap. Retrieved 4 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.yordamkitap.com/behice-boran","url_text":"\"Behice Boran\""}]},{"reference":"Mustafa Bilgin (2007). Britain and Turkey in the Middle East. Politics and Influence in the Early Cold War Era. London; New York: Tauris Academic Studies. p. 62. ISBN 978-1-84511-350-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=m_sWAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Britain and Turkey in the Middle East. Politics and Influence in the Early Cold War Era"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I.B._Tauris","url_text":"Tauris Academic Studies"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-350-6","url_text":"978-1-84511-350-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Chronology\". Bulletin of International News. 17 (3): 200. 10 February 1940. JSTOR 25642701.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/25642701","url_text":"25642701"}]},{"reference":"Stanford J. Shaw (1993). Turkey and the Holocaust. Turkey's Role in Rescuing Turkish and European Jewry from Nazi Persecution, 1933–1945. London: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 23. doi:10.1007/978-1-349-13041-2. ISBN 978-1-349-13043-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_J._Shaw","url_text":"Stanford J. Shaw"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-349-13041-2","url_text":"10.1007/978-1-349-13041-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-13043-6","url_text":"978-1-349-13043-6"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A12_expressway_(Shanghai)
S5 Shanghai–Jiading Expressway
["1 Route","2 Exit list","3 References"]
Road in Shanghai, China Shanghai–Jiading ExpresswayHujia Expressway沪嘉高速公路Route informationLength17.37 km (10.79 mi)Major junctionsEast endMiddle Ring Road in Baoshan DistrictMajor intersections Shanghai S20 in Putuo District G1503 in Jiading DistrictWest endYecheng Road / South Bo'le Road in Jiading District LocationCountryChinaProvinceShanghai Highway system Transport in China ← S4→ S6 The Shanghai–Jiading Expressway, commonly referred to as the Hujia Expressway (Chinese: 沪嘉高速公路; pinyin: Hùjiā Gāosù Gōnglù) and designated S5, is a 17.37-kilometre-long expressway (10.79 mi) in the city of Shanghai, China. The expressway connects the Middle Ring Road in Baoshan District with the center of Jiading District. Opened in October 1988, it is the oldest expressway in China. At the time, the expressway reduced the travel time from 2 hours to 30 minutes. Route The Shanghai–Jiading Expressway begins at an elevated interchange with the Middle Ring Road in Baoshan District to the east and south. At the interchange, motorists can continue east on Middle Ring Road toward Zhabei District, south on Middle Ring Road toward Changning District, or descend to an intersection with Zhenbei Road and Wenshui Road, which are surface-level roadways that run under Middle Ring Road. The expressway traverses west to an interchange with Outer Ring Expressway in Putuo District before turning to a northwesterly direction, paralleling the route of China National Highway 204 from Putuo to Jiading District. It ends at an interchange with the G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway in Jiading District. A short segment of expressway continues north past the interchange to a toll plaza and intersection with Yecheng Road and South Bo'le Road. South Bo'le Road, which eventually becomes Bo'le Road, is a major arterial roadway into the old city center of Jiading District. The expressway is tolled from just west of the Outer Ring Expressway to its western terminus in Jiading District. It has two lanes in each direction for its entire length, and has a maximum speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph). Exit list Location km mi Exit Name Destinations Notes Shanghai S5 (Shanghai–Jiading Expressway) Baoshan District, Shanghai 0 0 Middle Ring Hujia InterchangeMiddle Ring Road 11 Zhenbei RoadWenshui Road Putuo District, Shanghai 13 TaopuQilianshan RoadEastbound exit and westbound entrance only 15 Outer Ring Hujia Interchange Shanghai S20 Jiading District, Shanghai 18 NanxiangFengxiang Road 23/24 Malu Shanghai S322 (Bao'an Highway) 28 Jiading Nanmen Interchange G1503 Jiading City CenterSouth Bo'le RoadYecheng Road       Closed/former      Concurrency terminus      HOV only      Incomplete access       Tolled      Route transition      Unopened References ^ a b c China Highway Information Service. Retrieved 29 April 2013. (in Chinese) ^ 谭欣雨. "The expressway that kicked off China's transport dreams". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-06-01. ^ 搜狗地图 (Map). Cartography by Sogou Maps. Retrieved 29 April 2013. (in Chinese) vteRoads and expressways of ShanghaiExpress roadsPrimary Inner Ring Middle Ring North-South Yan'an Auxiliary Beidi Bund Tunnel Caobao Dujiaqu Hongdi Hongmei Hongyu Huaxia Humin Husong Jiamin Jianhong Jungong Longdong Luoshan Songze Wuzhou Yixian ExpresswaysNational G2 (Jinghu)(Huning section) G15 (Shenhai) G40 (Hushan) G42 (Hurong)(Huning section) G50 (Huyu) G60 (Hukun) G92 (Hangzhou Bay Ring) G1503 (Shanghai Ring) Provincial S1 (Yingbin) S2 (Hulu) S3 (Hufeng) S4 (Hujin) S5 (Hujia) S6 (Huxiang) S7 (Huchong) S12 (Chonghai) S16 (Huyi) S19 (Xinwei) S20 (Outer Ring) S22 (Jia'an) S26 (Huchang) S32 (Shenjiahu) S36 (Tingfeng) HighwaysNational G204 G228 G312 G318 G320 G346 This People's Republic of China road-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_language"},{"link_name":"pinyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinyin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chis-1"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China"},{"link_name":"Middle Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ring_Road_(Shanghai)"},{"link_name":"Baoshan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoshan_District,_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Jiading District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiading_District"},{"link_name":"expressway in China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expressways_of_China"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Shanghai–Jiading Expressway, commonly referred to as the Hujia Expressway (Chinese: 沪嘉高速公路; pinyin: Hùjiā Gāosù Gōnglù) and designated S5, is a 17.37-kilometre-long expressway (10.79 mi)[1] in the city of Shanghai, China. The expressway connects the Middle Ring Road in Baoshan District with the center of Jiading District.Opened in October 1988, it is the oldest expressway in China. At the time, the expressway reduced the travel time from 2 hours to 30 minutes.[2]","title":"S5 Shanghai–Jiading Expressway"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Middle Ring Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ring_Road_(Shanghai)"},{"link_name":"Baoshan District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baoshan_District,_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Zhabei District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhabei_District"},{"link_name":"Changning District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Changning_District"},{"link_name":"Outer Ring Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S20_Outer_Ring_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Putuo District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putuo_District,_Shanghai"},{"link_name":"China National Highway 204","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_National_Highway_204"},{"link_name":"Jiading District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiading_District"},{"link_name":"G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G1501_Shanghai_Ring_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Outer Ring Expressway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S20_Outer_Ring_Expressway"},{"link_name":"Jiading District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiading_District"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chis-1"}],"text":"The Shanghai–Jiading Expressway begins at an elevated interchange with the Middle Ring Road in Baoshan District to the east and south. At the interchange, motorists can continue east on Middle Ring Road toward Zhabei District, south on Middle Ring Road toward Changning District, or descend to an intersection with Zhenbei Road and Wenshui Road, which are surface-level roadways that run under Middle Ring Road.The expressway traverses west to an interchange with Outer Ring Expressway in Putuo District before turning to a northwesterly direction, paralleling the route of China National Highway 204 from Putuo to Jiading District. It ends at an interchange with the G1501 Shanghai Ring Expressway in Jiading District. A short segment of expressway continues north past the interchange to a toll plaza and intersection with Yecheng Road and South Bo'le Road. South Bo'le Road, which eventually becomes Bo'le Road, is a major arterial roadway into the old city center of Jiading District.The expressway is tolled from just west of the Outer Ring Expressway to its western terminus in Jiading District. It has two lanes in each direction for its entire length, and has a maximum speed limit of 100 km/h (62 mph).[1]","title":"Route"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Exit list"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"谭欣雨. \"The expressway that kicked off China's transport dreams\". www.chinadaily.com.cn. Retrieved 2021-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202104/06/WS606c39f3a31024ad0bab3d48.html","url_text":"\"The expressway that kicked off China's transport dreams\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.chinahighway.gov.cn//NavView.jsp?searchType=2&roadtype=3&roadid=S5&distid=31","external_links_name":"China Highway Information Service"},{"Link":"https://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202104/06/WS606c39f3a31024ad0bab3d48.html","external_links_name":"\"The expressway that kicked off China's transport dreams\""},{"Link":"http://map.sogou.com/#c=13505843.75,3652781.25,12","external_links_name":"搜狗地图"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S5_Shanghai%E2%80%93Jiading_Expressway&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vale_Music
Vale Music
["1 Vale Music artists","2 References"]
Spanish record label Vale MusicIndustryDance, popFounded1997Defunct2011HeadquartersBarcelona, Catalonia, SpainParentUniversal Music GroupSubsidiariesO'clock music and Tool musicWebsiteVale Music Ricardo Campoy, president of Vale Music, together with Jesús López, CEO of Universal Music Latin Ricardo Campoy with his team José María Castells, Andreu Ugas, Quique Tejada and Toni Peret Vale Music was a Spanish record company founded and directed by Ricardo Campoy. Alongside him were José María Castells, Gabriel Blanco, Toni Peret, Quique Tejada, Andreu Ugas, and Narcís Rebollo, who came from Campoy's previous record label, Max Music. Universal Music Group acquired the label in 2006, thus forming part of the world's largest music company. Its headquarters were in Barcelona, Spain, and was founded at the end of 1997. It became the largest record label in Spain. The Spanish company started its career specializing in 'dance' music and compilation albums such as Caribe, Disco Estrella, Todo Éxitos and Superventas, besides being the record label of several television projects such as Crónicas marcianas, Gran Hermano and Operación Triunfo. Some of their artists have had great success since they left Spain to conquer new markets in other countries, such as David Bisbal, Manuel Carrasco and Juan Magán (Latin America, Europe, United States, Asia) and to a lesser extent, Rosario Flores, David Bustamante and María Isabel. They were also national successes singers such as Coyote Dax, Sonia and Selena, David Civera and King Africa. The releases of Vale Music have generated worldwide sales of more than 14 million albums of individual artists and more than 7 million of compilation albums. The artists and repertoire are now under the label Universal Music Group. Vale Music artists Ainhoa Arteta Axel Batuka Beth David Bustamante Calle París Coyote Dax Chenoa Chipper David Bisbal David Civera Decai Gloria Trevi José Luis Perales Juan Magan Kate Ryan King Africa Lexter Manu Tenorio Manuel Carrasco María Isabel Merche\ Nacha Pop OT Café Quijano Rosa López Rosario Flores Soraya Arnelas Víctor Ullate Viceversa Natalia La Unión References ^ a b "Universal Music Group compra Vale Music". El Mundo (in Spanish). 2006-06-23. Retrieved 17 June 2023. Authority control databases International VIAF National Spain Other MusicBrainz label
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universal_Music_compra_Vale_Music.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vale_Music_Fundacion.png"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Universal_Music_1-1"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Crónicas marcianas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cr%C3%B3nicas_marcianas"},{"link_name":"Gran Hermano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Hermano_(Spanish_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Operación Triunfo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operaci%C3%B3n_Triunfo_(Spanish_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"David Bisbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bisbal"},{"link_name":"Manuel Carrasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Carrasco"},{"link_name":"Juan Magán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Mag%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Rosario Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Flores"},{"link_name":"David Bustamante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bustamante"},{"link_name":"María Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mar%C3%ADa_Isabel_(singer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coyote Dax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coyote_Dax&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sonia and Selena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sonia_and_Selena&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Civera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Civera"},{"link_name":"King Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Africa"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Universal_Music_1-1"}],"text":"Ricardo Campoy, president of Vale Music, together with Jesús López, CEO of Universal Music LatinRicardo Campoy with his team José María Castells, Andreu Ugas, Quique Tejada and Toni PeretVale Music was a Spanish record company founded and directed by Ricardo Campoy. Alongside him were José María Castells, Gabriel Blanco, Toni Peret, Quique Tejada, Andreu Ugas, and Narcís Rebollo, who came from Campoy's previous record label, Max Music. Universal Music Group acquired the label in 2006, thus forming part of the world's largest music company.[1]Its headquarters were in Barcelona, Spain, and was founded at the end of 1997. It became the largest record label in Spain. The Spanish company started its career specializing in 'dance' music and compilation albums such as Caribe, Disco Estrella, Todo Éxitos and Superventas, besides being the record label of several television projects such as Crónicas marcianas, Gran Hermano and Operación Triunfo.Some of their artists have had great success since they left Spain to conquer new markets in other countries, such as David Bisbal, Manuel Carrasco and Juan Magán (Latin America, Europe, United States, Asia) and to a lesser extent, Rosario Flores, David Bustamante and María Isabel. They were also national successes singers such as Coyote Dax, Sonia and Selena, David Civera and King Africa.The releases of Vale Music have generated worldwide sales of more than 14 million albums of individual artists and more than 7 million of compilation albums. The artists and repertoire are now under the label Universal Music Group.[1]","title":"Vale Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ainhoa Arteta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ainhoa_Arteta"},{"link_name":"Axel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axel_Coon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Batuka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Batuka_(dance)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Beth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beth_(singer)"},{"link_name":"David Bustamante","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bustamante"},{"link_name":"Calle París","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calle_Par%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coyote Dax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coyote_Dax&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Chenoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenoa"},{"link_name":"Chipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanley_Miller_(singer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"David Bisbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Bisbal"},{"link_name":"David Civera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Civera"},{"link_name":"Decai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Decai&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gloria Trevi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Trevi"},{"link_name":"José Luis Perales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Perales"},{"link_name":"Juan Magan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Magan"},{"link_name":"Kate Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate_Ryan"},{"link_name":"King Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Africa"},{"link_name":"Lexter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lexter&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manu Tenorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manu_Tenorio&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Manuel Carrasco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Carrasco"},{"link_name":"María Isabel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Isabel"},{"link_name":"Merche\\","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Merche%5C&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nacha Pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nacha_Pop"},{"link_name":"OT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Operaci%C3%B3n_Triunfo_(Espa%C3%B1a)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Café Quijano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caf%C3%A9_Quijano"},{"link_name":"Rosa López","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_L%C3%B3pez"},{"link_name":"Rosario Flores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Flores"},{"link_name":"Soraya Arnelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soraya_Arnelas"},{"link_name":"Víctor Ullate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Ullate"},{"link_name":"Natalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natalia_(Spanish_singer)"},{"link_name":"La Unión","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Uni%C3%B3n_(band)"}],"text":"Ainhoa Arteta\nAxel\nBatuka\nBeth\nDavid Bustamante\nCalle París\nCoyote Dax\nChenoa\nChipper\nDavid Bisbal\nDavid Civera\nDecai\nGloria Trevi\nJosé Luis Perales\nJuan Magan\nKate Ryan\nKing Africa\nLexter\nManu Tenorio\nManuel Carrasco\nMaría Isabel\nMerche\\\nNacha Pop\nOT\nCafé Quijano\nRosa López\nRosario Flores\nSoraya Arnelas\nVíctor Ullate\nViceversa\nNatalia\nLa Unión","title":"Vale Music artists"}]
[{"image_text":"Ricardo Campoy, president of Vale Music, together with Jesús López, CEO of Universal Music Latin","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Universal_Music_compra_Vale_Music.png/263px-Universal_Music_compra_Vale_Music.png"},{"image_text":"Ricardo Campoy with his team José María Castells, Andreu Ugas, Quique Tejada and Toni Peret","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Vale_Music_Fundacion.png/276px-Vale_Music_Fundacion.png"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Universal Music Group compra Vale Music\". El Mundo (in Spanish). 2006-06-23. Retrieved 17 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/06/22/cultura/1150972476.html","url_text":"\"Universal Music Group compra Vale Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Mundo_(Spain)","url_text":"El Mundo"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.valemusic.com/","external_links_name":"Vale Music"},{"Link":"https://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2006/06/22/cultura/1150972476.html","external_links_name":"\"Universal Music Group compra Vale Music\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/167908093","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5044091","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/label/e621790c-3d55-4503-9bbb-4202f20ea3d6","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz label"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorenka
Lorenka
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 52°14′N 17°11′E / 52.233°N 17.183°E / 52.233; 17.183Village in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandLorenkaVillageLorenkaCoordinates: 52°14′N 17°11′E / 52.233°N 17.183°E / 52.233; 17.183Country PolandVoivodeshipGreater PolandCountyŚroda WielkopolskaGminaŚroda WielkopolskaPopulation30 Lorenka is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland. It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Środa Wielkopolska and 26 km (16 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań. References ^ "Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)" (in Polish). 2008-06-01. vteGmina Środa WielkopolskaTown and seat Środa Wielkopolska Villages Annopole Babin Bieganowo Brodowo Brzeziak Brzezie Brzeziny Chocicza Chudzice Chwałkowo Czarne Piątkowo Czartki Dębicz Dębiczek Gajówka Grójec Henrykowo Janowo Januszewo Jarosławiec Kijewo Koszuty Koszuty-Huby Lorenka Mączniki Marcelino Marianowo Brodowskie Nadziejewo Nietrzanowo Ołaczewo Olszewo Pętkowo Pierzchnica Pierzchno Pławce Podgaj Połażejewo Ramutki Romanowo Rumiejki Ruszkowo Słupia Wielka Staniszewo Starkowiec Piątkowski Strzeszki Szlachcin Szlachcin-Huby Tadeuszowo Topola Trzebisławki Turek Ulejno Urniszewo Winna Góra Włostowo Żabikowo Zdziechowice Zielniczki Zielniki Zmysłowo This Środa County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[lɔˈrɛnka]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish"},{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Gmina Środa Wielkopolska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_%C5%9Aroda_Wielkopolska"},{"link_name":"Środa Wielkopolska County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_Wielkopolska_County"},{"link_name":"Greater Poland Voivodeship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Poland_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TERYT-1"},{"link_name":"Środa Wielkopolska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Aroda_Wielkopolska"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"}],"text":"Village in Greater Poland Voivodeship, PolandLorenka [lɔˈrɛnka] is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Środa Wielkopolska, within Środa Wielkopolska County, Greater Poland Voivodeship, in west-central Poland.[1] It lies approximately 7 kilometres (4 mi) west of Środa Wielkopolska and 26 km (16 mi) south-east of the regional capital Poznań.","title":"Lorenka"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\" (in Polish). 2008-06-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","url_text":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lorenka&params=52_14_N_17_11_E_region:PL_type:city(30)","external_links_name":"52°14′N 17°11′E / 52.233°N 17.183°E / 52.233; 17.183"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lorenka&params=52_14_N_17_11_E_region:PL_type:city(30)","external_links_name":"52°14′N 17°11′E / 52.233°N 17.183°E / 52.233; 17.183"},{"Link":"http://www.stat.gov.pl/broker/access/prefile/listPreFiles.jspa","external_links_name":"\"Central Statistical Office (GUS) - TERYT (National Register of Territorial Land Apportionment Journal)\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenka&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Bowler
Grant Bowler
["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","3.3 Video games","4 References","5 External links"]
New Zealand–Australian actor For the baseball player, see Grant Bowler (baseball). Grant BowlerBowler at 2012 Toronto International Film FestivalBorn (1968-07-18) 18 July 1968 (age 55)Auckland, New ZealandEducationNational Institute of Dramatic Art (BFA)Occupation(s)Actor, television presenterYears active1993–presentSpouse Roxane Wilson ​ ​(m. 2001; div. 2011)​Children2 Grant Bowler (born 18 July 1968) is a New Zealand-Australian actor and television presenter who has worked in American, Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian film, television, and theatre. He is known for playing the role of Constable Wayne Patterson in Blue Heelers and Wolfgang West in Outrageous Fortune. He also appeared as Wilhelmina Slater's love interest Connor Owens in Ugly Betty. He starred as Joshua Nolan on the Syfy television series Defiance. As a presenter, he was best known for hosting reality game shows – including The Mole Australia and The Amazing Race Australia, both of which aired on the Seven Network. Bowler has been the voiceover for Border Security: Australia for the Seven Network since 2004. He has also provided the voiceover for the Canadian version of the show and the American version of the show when those version screen in Australia & New Zealand as Border Security: International, which often air on 7two. Personal life Bowler was born in Auckland, New Zealand, but moved to Australia when he was young, and was raised in Brisbane. In 2011, he separated from his wife of nine years, Australian actress Roxane Wilson, with whom he has two children. Career Bowler is a graduate of the National Institute of Dramatic Art. He worked extensively in theatre with the Bell Shakespeare Company touring with the original company founded by John Bell. His first television role was as Constable Wayne Patterson on Blue Heelers, from 1993 to 1996. After leaving that show, he spent time on Pacific Drive in 1996 and Medivac from 1996 to 1998. He had recurring roles on Always Greener and Stingers, starred in the television adaptation of On the Beach, spent a year on the ABC series Something in the Air, and starred in the 2004 miniseries Through My Eyes about the disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain. Bowler had a recurring role on All Saints from 2004 to 2005. Bowler also hosted the Australian version of The Mole, hosting the show from 2000 to 2003. He was replaced as host on the 2005 series by Tom Williams because of family commitments and hosting duties with Border Security. Bowler serves as the narrator of the reality show Border Security: Australia's Front Line, a duty which he began as host in 2004, though he stopped appearing on camera after the first season. Bowler starred in the New Zealand series Outrageous Fortune. Bowler's acting career has developed since he first began playing Wolf, but although the character is not in every episode, he has turned down other roles to continue in Outrageous Fortune. Starting with the season four episode "Ji Yeon", Bowler plays the guest role of Captain Gault, the captain of a freighter on the popular American television series Lost. In 2008, he became a recurring regular on Ugly Betty, in which he played the corrupt CFO of Meade Publications (Connor Owens) who romanced the series' main villain Wilhelmina Slater. Bowler said of his character, "He's got a lot of evil secrets." In December 2009, he was cast in the role of Cooter, a werewolf, in the HBO urban fantasy series True Blood, for that show's third season. In late 2010, he was announced as the host of Seven Network's The Amazing Race Australia and hosted the show for 3 seasons. He did not return to host for the 2019 Network 10 revival of the series, being replaced by Beau Ryan. He played Hank Rearden in Atlas Shrugged: Part I (2011), the first part of a planned three-part film adaptation of Ayn Rand's novel of the same name. He was also seen in 2011 in The City of Gardens, as well as the film Killer Elite. In 2012, Bowler was cast as Richard Burton opposite Lindsay Lohan as Elizabeth Taylor in the biographical TV-movie Liz & Dick for Lifetime in the US. He was seen in the war drama Gallipoli, released in 2015 on Channel 9, Australia. Bowler was also seen in the psychological action film Swelter, alongside Jean-Claude Van Damme and Alfred Molina, in the sci-fi thriller 400 Days with Brandon Routh and Dane Cook, Lucky Dog with Amy Smart, and the family movie, Zooey to the Max. In 2020, Bowler appeared in a recurring role in The Baker and the Beauty playing the Australian father of lead character Noa Hamilton, played by Nathalie Kelley. Filmography Film Year Title Role Notes 2003 Ned Town priest 2003 Calling Gerry Molloy Oliver Laird 2004 One of the Oldest Con Games Sam 2004 Through My Eyes: The Lindy Chamberlain Story Black Rat 2007 The Fall of Night Harry 2011 Killer Elite Warwick Cregg 2011 City of Gardens Jesus Christ 2011 Atlas Shrugged: Part I Hank Rearden 2011 Steve Niles's Remains Tom 2012 I Do Peter 2014 Swelter Cole 2014 Lucky Dog Preston Spencer 2015 400 Days Walter 2015 One & Two Daniel 2018 Painkillers Herb Morris 2019 The Car: Road to Revenge Rainer 2019 Guns Akimbo Degraves 2020 Bad Impulse Henry Sharpe Television Year Title Role Notes 1993–1996 Blue Heelers Wayne Patterson Main role (seasons 1–3) 1996 Pacific Drive Garth Stephens Episode: "#1.10" 1996–1998 Medivac Dr. Arch Craven Main role 1997 Halifax f.p: Someone You Know Bob Palance Episode 13 1998 Wildside Peter Simms Episode: "#1.27" 1999 Farscape Shaman Liko Episode: "That Old Black Magic" 1999 Close Contact Mike Heyns Television film 1999–2001 Stingers Sean Peck 3 episodes 2000–2003 The Mole Himself (host) 30 episodes 2000 On the Beach Lt. Peter Holmes Television film 2000 The Lost World Montague Fitzsimmonds Episode: "London Calling" 2001 Finding Hope Jack Television film 2001–2002 Something in the Air Mark Waters 26 episodes 2002 White Collar Blue Steve Petrovic Episode: "#1.9" 2002 Always Greener Greg Steele 11 episodes 2004 McLeod's Daughters Jarred Wuchowski Episode: "Fool for Love" 2004–2005 All Saints Nigel "Mac" MacPherson 20 episodes 2004–present Border Security: Australia's Front Line Narrator 105 episodes 2005–2009 Outrageous Fortune Wolfgang West Main role 2008 Lost Captain Gault 3 episodes 2008 Canal Road Detective Ray Driscoll 10 episodes 2008–2010 Ugly Betty Connor Owens 17 episodes 2010 True Blood Cooter 7 episodes 2011 Panic at Rock Island Jim Quinn Television film 2011 The Cape Razer Episode: "Razer" 2011–20122014 The Amazing Race Australia Himself (host) 34 episodes 2012 The Great Mint Swindle Ray Mickelberg Television film 2012 GCB Mason Massey 2 episodes 2012 Liz & Dick Richard Burton Television film 2013–2015 Defiance Joshua Nolan 38 episodes 2015 Gallipoli Lieutenant Colonel William Malone 7 episodes 2015 Getting On Dr. Ron Rudd 8 episodes 2016 Still Star-Crossed Damiano Montague Main role 2016 J.L. Family Ranch Sheriff Henry Whitlock Television film 2019 Harrow Francis Chester 10 episodes 2019 Reef Break Carter Eastland 6 episodes 2022 Super Volcano Eric TV Movie 2022 20.0 Megaquake Eric TV Movie 2023 Ice Storm Eric TV Movie Video games Year Title Role Notes 2013 Defiance Chief Lawkeeper Jeb Nolan Voice References ^ Shattuck, Kathryn (4 December 2009). "What's On Today > 9 p.m. (ABC) Ugly Betty". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ "'Defiance' Star Grant Bowler Reveals His Gaming Habits". Comcast TV Blog. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013. ^ Coster, Alice (11 May 2011). "Grant Bowler hosts Channel 7 and Active TV's The Amazing Race Australia". Herald Sun. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ "Grant Bowler Video: Celebrity Interview and Paparazzi". OV Guide. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ "Amazing Race's Grant Bowler splits with wife". Herald Sun. Melbourne, Australia. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2012. ^ "More New Blood – Both Vamp & Lycan Added to True Blood". Dreadcentral.com. Retrieved 14 August 2010. ^ "Wolf at the door". Otago Daily Times. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008. ^ "SPOILER ALERT: The Ugly Betty Cast Dishes on Season 3". People. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2010. ^ "Final True Blood Season 3 Promo Poster Revealed". Dreadcentral.com. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010. ^ Chocano, Carina (29 April 2011). "Atlas Shrugged Part One (2011) : A Utopian Society Made Up of Business Moguls in Fedoras". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 October 2014. ^ "Grant Bowler to play Richard Burton opposite Lindsay Lohan's Liz Taylor". Tvtonight.com.au. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Grant Bowler. Grant Bowler at IMDb Outrageous Fortune Official site Sue Barnett & Associates | Grant Bowler "Grant Bowler Signs On For Lead In Syfy's Upcoming Epic Science Fiction Series, 'Defiance'". Syfy press release via Zap2It.com. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012. "Grant Bowler on Gallipoli, the 2015 TV miniseries". Stuff/Fairfax. 9 February 2015. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data United States Netherlands Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grant Bowler (baseball)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_Bowler_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Constable Wayne Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Blue Heelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Heelers"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_West"},{"link_name":"Outrageous Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Fortune_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_Slater"},{"link_name":"love interest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romantic_interest"},{"link_name":"Ugly Betty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Syfy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy"},{"link_name":"Defiance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defiance_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"reality game shows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television#Reality_competition_or_game_shows"},{"link_name":"The Mole Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mole_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Race Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_Australia"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Border Security: Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security:_Australia%27s_Front_Line"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"Canadian version of the show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security:_Canada%27s_Front_Line"},{"link_name":"American version of the show","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeland_Security_USA"},{"link_name":"7two","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7two"}],"text":"For the baseball player, see Grant Bowler (baseball).Grant Bowler (born 18 July 1968) is a New Zealand-Australian actor and television presenter who has worked in American, Australian, New Zealand, and Canadian film, television, and theatre.He is known for playing the role of Constable Wayne Patterson in Blue Heelers and Wolfgang West in Outrageous Fortune. He also appeared as Wilhelmina Slater's love interest Connor Owens in Ugly Betty.[1] He starred as Joshua Nolan on the Syfy television series Defiance.[2]As a presenter, he was best known for hosting reality game shows – including The Mole Australia and The Amazing Race Australia, both of which aired on the Seven Network.[3]Bowler has been the voiceover for Border Security: Australia for the Seven Network since 2004. He has also provided the voiceover for the Canadian version of the show and the American version of the show when those version screen in Australia & New Zealand as Border Security: International, which often air on 7two.","title":"Grant Bowler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"Brisbane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ov-bio-4"},{"link_name":"Roxane Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roxane_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Bowler was born in Auckland, New Zealand, but moved to Australia when he was young, and was raised in Brisbane.[4]In 2011, he separated from his wife of nine years, Australian actress Roxane Wilson, with whom he has two children.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Institute of Dramatic Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Institute_of_Dramatic_Art"},{"link_name":"Bell Shakespeare Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Shakespeare_Company"},{"link_name":"John Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bell_(Australian_actor)"},{"link_name":"Constable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constable"},{"link_name":"Wayne Patterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Patterson"},{"link_name":"Blue Heelers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Heelers"},{"link_name":"Pacific Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Drive_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Medivac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medivac_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Always Greener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Always_Greener"},{"link_name":"Stingers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stingers_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"On the Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Beach_(2000_film)"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Something in the Air","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Something_in_the_Air_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azaria_Chamberlain_disappearance"},{"link_name":"All Saints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Saints_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"The Mole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mole_(Australian_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Tom Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Williams_(television)"},{"link_name":"Border Security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security:_Australia%27s_Front_Line"},{"link_name":"Border Security: Australia's Front Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Security:_Australia%27s_Front_Line"},{"link_name":"Outrageous Fortune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outrageous_Fortune_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang_West"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Ji Yeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ji_Yeon"},{"link_name":"Lost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_(2004_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Ugly Betty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugly_Betty"},{"link_name":"Wilhelmina Slater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelmina_Slater"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Cooter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_True_Blood_characters#Coot"},{"link_name":"HBO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HBO"},{"link_name":"urban fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_fantasy"},{"link_name":"True Blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/True_Blood"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Seven Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Network"},{"link_name":"The Amazing Race Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_Australia"},{"link_name":"Network 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_10"},{"link_name":"Beau Ryan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beau_Ryan"},{"link_name":"Hank Rearden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hank_Rearden"},{"link_name":"Atlas Shrugged: Part I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged:_Part_I"},{"link_name":"Ayn Rand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayn_Rand"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"The City of Gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_City_of_Gardens_(film)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Killer Elite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killer_Elite_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Burton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Burton"},{"link_name":"Lindsay Lohan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Lohan"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Taylor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor"},{"link_name":"TV-movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TV-movie"},{"link_name":"Liz & Dick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liz_%26_Dick"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Swelter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swelter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jean-Claude Van Damme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Claude_Van_Damme"},{"link_name":"Alfred Molina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Molina"},{"link_name":"400 Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/400_Days_(film)"},{"link_name":"Brandon Routh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandon_Routh"},{"link_name":"Dane Cook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dane_Cook"},{"link_name":"Amy Smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Smart"},{"link_name":"The Baker and the Beauty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Baker_and_the_Beauty_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Nathalie Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathalie_Kelley"}],"text":"Bowler is a graduate of the National Institute of Dramatic Art.He worked extensively in theatre with the Bell Shakespeare Company touring with the original company founded by John Bell.His first television role was as Constable Wayne Patterson on Blue Heelers, from 1993 to 1996. After leaving that show, he spent time on Pacific Drive in 1996 and Medivac from 1996 to 1998. He had recurring roles on Always Greener and Stingers, starred in the television adaptation of On the Beach, spent a year on the ABC series Something in the Air, and starred in the 2004 miniseries Through My Eyes about the disappearance of Azaria Chamberlain. Bowler had a recurring role on All Saints from 2004 to 2005.Bowler also hosted the Australian version of The Mole, hosting the show from 2000 to 2003. He was replaced as host on the 2005 series by Tom Williams because of family commitments and hosting duties with Border Security.Bowler serves as the narrator of the reality show Border Security: Australia's Front Line, a duty which he began as host in 2004, though he stopped appearing on camera after the first season. Bowler starred in the New Zealand series Outrageous Fortune.[6] Bowler's acting career has developed since he first began playing Wolf, but although the character is not in every episode, he has turned down other roles to continue in Outrageous Fortune.[7]Starting with the season four episode \"Ji Yeon\", Bowler plays the guest role of Captain Gault, the captain of a freighter on the popular American television series Lost.In 2008, he became a recurring regular on Ugly Betty, in which he played the corrupt CFO of Meade Publications (Connor Owens) who romanced the series' main villain Wilhelmina Slater. Bowler said of his character, \"He's got a lot of evil secrets.\"[8] In December 2009, he was cast in the role of Cooter, a werewolf, in the HBO urban fantasy series True Blood, for that show's third season.[9]In late 2010, he was announced as the host of Seven Network's The Amazing Race Australia and hosted the show for 3 seasons. He did not return to host for the 2019 Network 10 revival of the series, being replaced by Beau Ryan.He played Hank Rearden in Atlas Shrugged: Part I (2011), the first part of a planned three-part film adaptation of Ayn Rand's novel of the same name.[10] He was also seen in 2011 in The City of Gardens, as well as the film Killer Elite.In 2012, Bowler was cast as Richard Burton opposite Lindsay Lohan as Elizabeth Taylor in the biographical TV-movie Liz & Dick for Lifetime in the US.[11]He was seen in the war drama Gallipoli, released in 2015 on Channel 9, Australia. Bowler was also seen in the psychological action film Swelter, alongside Jean-Claude Van Damme and Alfred Molina, in the sci-fi thriller 400 Days with Brandon Routh and Dane Cook, Lucky Dog with Amy Smart, and the family movie, Zooey to the Max.In 2020, Bowler appeared in a recurring role in The Baker and the Beauty playing the Australian father of lead character Noa Hamilton, played by Nathalie Kelley.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Shattuck, Kathryn (4 December 2009). \"What's On Today > 9 p.m. (ABC) Ugly Betty\". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.nytimes.com/query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage-9900E3D9113DF937A35751C1A96F9C8B63.html","url_text":"\"What's On Today > 9 p.m. (ABC) Ugly Betty\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"'Defiance' Star Grant Bowler Reveals His Gaming Habits\". Comcast TV Blog. 20 March 2013. Retrieved 17 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://xfinity.comcast.net/blogs/tv/2013/03/20/defiance-star-grant-bowler-reveals-his-gaming-habits/","url_text":"\"'Defiance' Star Grant Bowler Reveals His Gaming Habits\""}]},{"reference":"Coster, Alice (11 May 2011). \"Grant Bowler hosts Channel 7 and Active TV's The Amazing Race Australia\". Herald Sun. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/tv-radio/grant-bowler-hosts-channel-7-and-active-tvs-the-amazing-race-australia/story-e6frf9ho-1226054137089","url_text":"\"Grant Bowler hosts Channel 7 and Active TV's The Amazing Race Australia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"Grant Bowler Video: Celebrity Interview and Paparazzi\". OV Guide. Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150924101324/http://www.ovguide.com/grant-bowler-9202a8c04000641f8000000000752576","url_text":"\"Grant Bowler Video: Celebrity Interview and Paparazzi\""},{"url":"http://www.ovguide.com/grant-bowler-9202a8c04000641f8000000000752576","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amazing Race's Grant Bowler splits with wife\". Herald Sun. Melbourne, Australia. 30 March 2011. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.heraldsun.com.au/entertainment/confidential/amazing-races-grant-bowler-splits-with-wife/story-e6frf96o-1226030345078","url_text":"\"Amazing Race's Grant Bowler splits with wife\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herald_Sun","url_text":"Herald Sun"}]},{"reference":"\"More New Blood – Both Vamp & Lycan Added to True Blood\". Dreadcentral.com. Retrieved 14 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/34791/more-new-blood-both-vamp-lycan-added-true-blood","url_text":"\"More New Blood – Both Vamp & Lycan Added to True Blood\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wolf at the door\". Otago Daily Times. 17 June 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.odt.co.nz/entertainment/film/9773/wolf-door","url_text":"\"Wolf at the door\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Daily_Times","url_text":"Otago Daily Times"}]},{"reference":"\"SPOILER ALERT: The Ugly Betty Cast Dishes on Season 3\". People. 16 September 2008. Retrieved 14 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://people.com/tv/spoiler-alert-the-ugly-betty-cast-dishes-on-season-3/","url_text":"\"SPOILER ALERT: The Ugly Betty Cast Dishes on Season 3\""}]},{"reference":"\"Final True Blood Season 3 Promo Poster Revealed\". Dreadcentral.com. 11 June 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/37967/final-true-blood-season-3-promo-poster-revealed","url_text":"\"Final True Blood Season 3 Promo Poster Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"Chocano, Carina (29 April 2011). \"Atlas Shrugged Part One (2011) : A Utopian Society Made Up of Business Moguls in Fedoras\". The New York Times. Retrieved 4 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/29/movies/atlas-shrugged-part-i-ayn-rands-opus-review.html","url_text":"\"Atlas Shrugged Part One (2011) : A Utopian Society Made Up of Business Moguls in Fedoras\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Grant Bowler to play Richard Burton opposite Lindsay Lohan's Liz Taylor\". Tvtonight.com.au. 27 May 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tvtonight.com.au/2012/05/grant-bowler-to-play-richard-burton-opposite-lindsay-lohans-liz-taylor.html","url_text":"\"Grant Bowler to play Richard Burton opposite Lindsay Lohan's Liz Taylor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grant Bowler Signs On For Lead In Syfy's Upcoming Epic Science Fiction Series, 'Defiance'\". Syfy press release via Zap2It.com. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 21 January 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120121020049/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/01/17/grant-bowler-signs-on-for-lead-in-syfys-upcoming-epic-science-fiction-series-defiance/116791/","url_text":"\"Grant Bowler Signs On For Lead In Syfy's Upcoming Epic Science Fiction Series, 'Defiance'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syfy","url_text":"Syfy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press_release","url_text":"press release"},{"url":"http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2012/01/17/grant-bowler-signs-on-for-lead-in-syfys-upcoming-epic-science-fiction-series-defiance/116791/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grant Bowler on Gallipoli, the 2015 TV miniseries\". Stuff/Fairfax. 9 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv-radio/tv-guide/65807492/Grants-Gallipoli-campaign","url_text":"\"Grant Bowler on Gallipoli, the 2015 TV miniseries\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lionel_Mallier
Lionel Mallier
["1 References"]
French rugby union player Lionel Mallier (born 6 March 1974) is a French former professional rugby union player who played as a flanker. He made five appearances for France between 1999 and 2000, including one substitute appearance at the 1999 Rugby World Cup. References ^ "Lionel Mallier". ESPN. Retrieved 7 December 2015. vteFrance squad – 1999 Rugby World Cup runners-upForwards Auradou Benazzi Brouzet Califano Costes Dal Maso de Villiers Ibanez (c) Juillet M. Lièvremont T. Lièvremont Magne Mallier Pelous Soulette Tournaire Backs Bernat-Salles S. Castaignède T. Castaignède (injured) Brusque (sub) Desbrosse Dominici Dourthe Galthié (sub) Garbajosa Glas Lamaison Mignoni (injured) Marlu Mola Ntamack Sarraméa Coach: Skrela This biographical article relating to French rugby union is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"1999 Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1999_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Lionel Mallier (born 6 March 1974) is a French former professional rugby union player who played as a flanker. He made five appearances for France between 1999 and 2000, including one substitute appearance at the 1999 Rugby World Cup.[1]","title":"Lionel Mallier"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalus_dumetorum
Blyth's reed warbler
[]
Species of bird Blyth's reed warbler At New Alipore in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Acrocephalidae Genus: Acrocephalus Species: A. dumetorum Binomial name Acrocephalus dumetorumBlyth, 1849 Range of A. dumetorum  Breeding   Non-breeding Blyth's reed warbler (Acrocephalus dumetorum) is an Old World warbler in the genus Acrocephalus. It breeds in the Palearctic and easternmost Europe. It is migratory, wintering in Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. It is one of the most common winter warblers in those countries. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe. Etymology This bird is named after the British zoologist Edward Blyth. The genus name Acrocephalus is from Ancient Greek akros, "highest", and kephale, "head". It is possible that Naumann and Naumann thought akros meant "sharp-pointed". The specific dumetorum is from Latin dumetum, "thicket". Description This small passerine bird is a species found in scrub or clearings, often near water, but it is not found in marshes. 4-6 eggs are laid in a nest in a bush. At New Alipore in Kolkata, West Bengal, India. This is a medium-sized warbler, 12.5-14 cm in length. The adult has a plain brown back and pale underparts. It can easily be confused with the reed warbler, the marsh warbler and some of the Hippolais warblers. It is most like the reed warbler but is greyer on the back, the forehead is less flattened and the bill is less strong and pointed. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds are yellower below. Habitat The habitat of Blyth's reed warbler is different from the reedbeds favoured by the reed warbler or the rank vegetation of the marsh warbler: this species chooses trees or bushes as songposts. Like most warblers, it is insectivorous, but will take other small food items, including berries. In the breeding season, the best identification feature is the song, which is slow and repetitive, with much mimicry of other birds, punctuated with scales and typically acrocephaline whistles. References ^ BirdLife International (2017). "Acrocephalus dumetorum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22714736A111098258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22714736A111098258.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 30, 142. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4. Further reading Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acrocephalus dumetorum. Wikispecies has information related to Acrocephalus dumetorum. Identification Golley, Mark and Richard Millington (1996) Identification of Blyth's Reed Warbler in the field. Birding World 9(9): 351-353 Vinicombe, Keith (2002) Identification matters: Acrocephalus. Birdwatch 124:27-30 Taxon identifiersAcrocephalus dumetorum Wikidata: Q312779 Wikispecies: Acrocephalus dumetorum Avibase: B22EAFC877C38967 BirdLife: 22714736 BOLD: 68526 BOW: blrwar1 CoL: 9L5F eBird: blrwar1 EUNIS: 12027 EURING: 12480 Fauna Europaea: 97316 Fauna Europaea (new): 3fdd7f49-2085-40d0-8b74-fa5969383ae4 GBIF: 2493145 iNaturalist: 116797 IRMNG: 11413353 ITIS: 558416 IUCN: 22714736 NBN: NHMSYS0000530125 NCBI: 68474 Open Tree of Life: 383146 TSA: 1119 Xeno-canto: Acrocephalus-dumetorum
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Old World warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_World_warbler"},{"link_name":"Acrocephalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalus_(bird)"},{"link_name":"Palearctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palearctic"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"migratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird_migration"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"}],"text":"Blyth's reed warbler (Acrocephalus dumetorum) is an Old World warbler in the genus Acrocephalus. It breeds in the Palearctic and easternmost Europe. It is migratory, wintering in Bangladesh, India and Sri Lanka. It is one of the most common winter warblers in those countries. It is a rare vagrant to western Europe.","title":"Blyth's reed warbler"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edward Blyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Blyth"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"Naumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Andreas_Naumann"},{"link_name":"Naumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Naumann"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-job-2"}],"text":"This bird is named after the British zoologist Edward Blyth. The genus name Acrocephalus is from Ancient Greek akros, \"highest\", and kephale, \"head\". It is possible that Naumann and Naumann thought akros meant \"sharp-pointed\". The specific dumetorum is from Latin dumetum, \"thicket\".[2]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"passerine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passerine"},{"link_name":"bird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Blyth%27s_Reed_Warbler_Im-_Kolkata_IMG_9405.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"reed warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reed_warbler"},{"link_name":"marsh warbler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marsh_warbler"},{"link_name":"Hippolais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippolais"}],"text":"This small passerine bird is a species found in scrub or clearings, often near water, but it is not found in marshes. 4-6 eggs are laid in a nest in a bush.At New Alipore in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.This is a medium-sized warbler, 12.5-14 cm in length. The adult has a plain brown back and pale underparts. It can easily be confused with the reed warbler, the marsh warbler and some of the Hippolais warblers. It is most like the reed warbler but is greyer on the back, the forehead is less flattened and the bill is less strong and pointed. The sexes are identical, as with most warblers, but young birds are yellower below.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insectivorous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insectivorous"}],"text":"The habitat of Blyth's reed warbler is different from the reedbeds favoured by the reed warbler or the rank vegetation of the marsh warbler: this species chooses trees or bushes as songposts. Like most warblers, it is insectivorous, but will take other small food items, including berries.In the breeding season, the best identification feature is the song, which is slow and repetitive, with much mimicry of other birds, punctuated with scales and typically acrocephaline whistles.","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Acrocephalus dumetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Acrocephalus_dumetorum"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Acrocephalus dumetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalus_dumetorum"}],"text":"Wikimedia Commons has media related to Acrocephalus dumetorum.Wikispecies has information related to Acrocephalus dumetorum.","title":"Further reading"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Richard Millington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Millington"},{"link_name":"Birding World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birding_World"},{"link_name":"Vinicombe, Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinicombe,_Keith"},{"link_name":"Birdwatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdwatch_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Taxon identifiers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers"},{"link_name":"Wikidata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikidata"},{"link_name":"Q312779","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q312779"},{"link_name":"Wikispecies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikispecies"},{"link_name":"Acrocephalus dumetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Acrocephalus_dumetorum"},{"link_name":"Avibase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avibase"},{"link_name":"B22EAFC877C38967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=B22EAFC877C38967"},{"link_name":"BirdLife","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BirdLife_International"},{"link_name":"22714736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/22714736"},{"link_name":"BOLD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System"},{"link_name":"68526","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=68526"},{"link_name":"blrwar1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/blrwar1"},{"link_name":"CoL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life"},{"link_name":"9L5F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/9L5F"},{"link_name":"eBird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EBird"},{"link_name":"blrwar1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ebird.org/species/blrwar1"},{"link_name":"EUNIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Nature_Information_System"},{"link_name":"12027","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eunis.eea.europa.eu/species/12027"},{"link_name":"EURING","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union_for_Bird_Ringing"},{"link_name":"12480","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//euring.org/edb/species-maps/sp12480.htm"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"97316","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:97316"},{"link_name":"Fauna Europaea (new)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fauna_Europaea"},{"link_name":"3fdd7f49-2085-40d0-8b74-fa5969383ae4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/3fdd7f49-2085-40d0-8b74-fa5969383ae4"},{"link_name":"GBIF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility"},{"link_name":"2493145","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.gbif.org/species/2493145"},{"link_name":"iNaturalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INaturalist"},{"link_name":"116797","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inaturalist.org/taxa/116797"},{"link_name":"IRMNG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera"},{"link_name":"11413353","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11413353"},{"link_name":"ITIS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System"},{"link_name":"558416","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=558416"},{"link_name":"IUCN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List"},{"link_name":"22714736","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//apiv3.iucnredlist.org/api/v3/taxonredirect/22714736"},{"link_name":"NBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network"},{"link_name":"NHMSYS0000530125","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000530125"},{"link_name":"NCBI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information"},{"link_name":"68474","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=68474"},{"link_name":"Open Tree of Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life"},{"link_name":"383146","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=383146"},{"link_name":"TSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierstimmenarchiv"},{"link_name":"1119","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.tierstimmen.org/en/database?field_spec_species_target_id_selective=1119"},{"link_name":"Xeno-canto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno-canto"},{"link_name":"Acrocephalus-dumetorum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//xeno-canto.org/species/Acrocephalus-dumetorum"}],"sub_title":"Identification","text":"Golley, Mark and Richard Millington (1996) Identification of Blyth's Reed Warbler in the field. Birding World 9(9): 351-353\nVinicombe, Keith (2002) Identification matters: Acrocephalus. Birdwatch 124:27-30Taxon identifiersAcrocephalus dumetorum\nWikidata: Q312779\nWikispecies: Acrocephalus dumetorum\nAvibase: B22EAFC877C38967\nBirdLife: 22714736\nBOLD: 68526\nBOW: blrwar1\nCoL: 9L5F\neBird: blrwar1\nEUNIS: 12027\nEURING: 12480\nFauna Europaea: 97316\nFauna Europaea (new): 3fdd7f49-2085-40d0-8b74-fa5969383ae4\nGBIF: 2493145\niNaturalist: 116797\nIRMNG: 11413353\nITIS: 558416\nIUCN: 22714736\nNBN: NHMSYS0000530125\nNCBI: 68474\nOpen Tree of Life: 383146\nTSA: 1119\nXeno-canto: Acrocephalus-dumetorum","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"At New Alipore in Kolkata, West Bengal, India.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Blyth%27s_Reed_Warbler_Im-_Kolkata_IMG_9405.jpg/220px-Blyth%27s_Reed_Warbler_Im-_Kolkata_IMG_9405.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"BirdLife International (2017). \"Acrocephalus dumetorum\". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22714736A111098258. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22714736A111098258.en. Retrieved 12 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22714736/111098258","url_text":"\"Acrocephalus dumetorum\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IUCN_Red_List","url_text":"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22714736A111098258.en","url_text":"10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22714736A111098258.en"}]},{"reference":"Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 30, 142. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling","url_text":"The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling/page/n30","url_text":"30"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-2501-4","url_text":"978-1-4081-2501-4"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_St._George_Tucker
Henry St. George Tucker Sr.
["1 Biography","2 Electoral history","3 Legacy and honors","4 Works","5 Notes","6 References","7 External links"]
American judge (1780–1848) For other people named Henry St. George Tucker, see Henry Tucker (disambiguation). Henry St. George TuckerPresident of the Virginia Supreme Court of AppealsIn officeMarch 1831 – 1841Preceded byFrancis T. BrookeSucceeded byWilliam H. CabellMember of the Virginia SenateIn office1819–1823Member of the U.S. House of Representativesfrom Virginia's 3rd districtIn officeMarch 4, 1815 – March 3, 1819Preceded byJohn SmithSucceeded byJared WilliamsChairman of the House Committee on Expenditures on Public BuildingsIn officeMarch 4, 1817 – March 3, 1819Preceded byLewis CondictSucceeded byHenry MeigsChairman of the House Committee on the District of ColumbiaIn officeMarch 4, 1815 – March 3, 1817Preceded byJohn DawsonSucceeded byJohn Carlyle Herbert Personal detailsBornHenry St. George TuckerDecember 29, 1780Mattoax Plantation, Chesterfield County, VirginiaDiedAugust 28, 1848(1848-08-28) (aged 67)Winchester, VirginiaPolitical partyDemocratic-RepublicanAlma materCollege of William and MaryProfessionlawyer, professorMilitary serviceAllegianceUnited States of AmericaRankCaptainBattles/warsWar of 1812 Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (December 29, 1780 – August 28, 1848) was a Virginia jurist, law professor, and U.S. Congressman (1815–1819). Biography Tucker was born on Mattoax Plantation in Chesterfield County, Virginia on December 29, 1780, to St. George Tucker and Frances Bland, the daughter of Theodorick Bland of Cawsons. He was thus the half-brother through his mother of U.S. Representative and Senator John Randolph of Roanoke. As a young man, he pursued classical studies at the College of William & Mary; he graduated in 1798. Tucker stayed in Williamsburg, Virginia to study law at William and Mary as well as under his father who was an established Virginia lawyer. He excelled in the study of law, obtaining his law degree in 1801. After being admitted to the Virginia bar, Tucker commenced a legal practice in Winchester, Virginia. Notably, Tucker was appointed to the law faculty at the College of William & Mary (1801–1804) and later was captain of Cavalry in the War of 1812. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives and served for two terms, from 1815 to 1819. During his tenure, Tucker was a supporter of the American System, including the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States and the passage of the Tariff of 1816. In 1823 he had a son, John Randolph Tucker. From 1824 to 1831 he operated the Winchester Law School. He went on to be judge and president of the Court of Appeals of Virginia (1831–1841) and then became a professor of law at the University of Virginia (1841 to 1845). As a law professor, Tucker authored Commentaries on the Law of Virginia as well as several treatises on natural law and on the formation of the Constitution of the United States. He is widely known for adding a mandatory pledge to the student honor code while a professor at the University of Virginia. On July 4, 1842, St. George Tucker offered the following resolution as a gesture of confidence in students: "...resolved, that in all future examinations ... each candidate shall attach to the written answers ... a certificate of the following words: I, A.B., do hereby certify on my honor that I have derived no assistance during the time of this examination from any source whatsoever." Tucker's pledge was adopted and soon became the following: "I do hereby certify on honor that I have derived no assistance during the time of this examination from any source whatever, whether oral, written or in print." This basic pledge has, in one form or another, been adopted at many American universities. Tucker resigned in July, 1845 due to ill health. He died in Winchester, Virginia in 1848. Electoral history 1815; Tucker was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 71.5% of the vote, defeating Federalist Griffin Taylor and Independent Robert Bailey. 1817; Tucker was re-elected with 67.84% of the vote, defeating fellow Democratic-Republican William Carlson. Legacy and honors The papers of the Tucker-Coleman family, including the papers of Henry St. George Tucker, are held by the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary. His home near Leetown, West Virginia, known as Woodbury, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. Tucker County, West Virginia is named in his honor Works Commentaries on the Law of Virginia (2 vols., Winchester, 1836–1837) Lectures on Constitutional Law (Richmond, 1843) Lectures on Natural Law and Government (Charlottesville, 1844) Notes ^ a b Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. (1915). "Judges of the Supreme Court". Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Vol. II. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 63–64. Retrieved September 17, 2012. ^ Annals of Congress, 14th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 1084-88, 1219; Annals of Congress, 14th Cong., 2nd Sess., pg. 1352 ^ Smith, C. Alphonso (November 29, 1936). "'I Certify On My Honor--' The Real Story of How the Famed 'Honor System' at University of Virginia Functions and What Matriculating Students Should Know About It". Richmond Times Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013. ^ Bruce, Philip Alexander (1921). History of the University of Virginia: The Lengthening Shadow of One Man. Vol. III. New York: Macmillan. p. 68. ^ "Tucker-Coleman Papers". Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William & Mary. Retrieved 5 February 2011. ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. References United States Congress. "Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (id: T000398)". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1889). "Tucker, Thomas Tudor" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton. External links Media related to Henry St. George Tucker Sr. at Wikimedia Commons Henry St. George Tucker Sr. at Find a Grave Finding aid for the Tucker-Coleman Papers Legal offices Preceded byFrancis T. Brooke President of the Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals 1831–1841 Succeeded byWilliam H. Cabell U.S. House of Representatives Preceded byJohn Smith Member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 3rd congressional district 1815–1819 Succeeded byJared Williams Political offices Preceded byLewis CondictNew Jersey Chairman of House Expenditures on Public Buildings Committee 1817–1819 Succeeded byHenry MeigsNew York Preceded byJohn DawsonVirginia Chairman of House Committee on the District of Columbia 1815–1817 Succeeded byJohn Carlyle HerbertVirginia vteChairmen of the United States House Committee on the District of Columbia Lewis Love Van Horne Lewis Kent Tucker Herbert Kent Alexander Powers Doddridge Washington Chinn Shepard Bouldin W. Johnson Underwood Campbell Hunter Chapman Inge Brown Ficklin Hamilton Matteson Dodd Goode Carter Conkling Lovejoy Dumont Ingersoll Cook Starkweather Hale Buckner Blackburn Hunton Neal Barbour Hemphill Grout Hemphill Heard Babcock Smith B. Johnson Mapes Zihlman Focht Reed Zihlman Norton Palmisano Randolph McMillan Dirksen McMillan Simpson McMillan Diggs Dellums Stark vteMembers of the U.S. House of Representatives from Virginia's 3rd congressional district Moore Neville Jackson Machir Jackson J. Smith Tucker Williams Archer Jones Coles Tredway Flournoy Averett Caskie DeJarnette Porter J. A. Smith Walker Johnston Wise Waddill Wise Ellett Lamb Montague Satterfield Jr. Gary Satterfield III Bliley Scott Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel Belgium United States People US Congress Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Tucker (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Tucker_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyler-1"},{"link_name":"Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia"},{"link_name":"jurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jurist"},{"link_name":"U.S. Congressman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"}],"text":"For other people named Henry St. George Tucker, see Henry Tucker (disambiguation).Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (December 29, 1780 – August 28, 1848)[1] was a Virginia jurist, law professor, and U.S. Congressman (1815–1819).","title":"Henry St. George Tucker Sr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chesterfield County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesterfield_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"St. George Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._George_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Theodorick Bland of Cawsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodorick_Bland_of_Cawsons"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tyler-1"},{"link_name":"John Randolph of Roanoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"Williamsburg, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Winchester, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"War of 1812","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_of_1812"},{"link_name":"Democratic-Republican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic-Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"U.S. House of Representatives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives"},{"link_name":"Second Bank of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Tariff of 1816","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tariff_of_1816"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"John Randolph Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Randolph_Tucker_(Virginia_politician)"},{"link_name":"Winchester Law School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Law_School"},{"link_name":"Court of Appeals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"honor code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_honor_code"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bruce-resignation-4"}],"text":"Tucker was born on Mattoax Plantation in Chesterfield County, Virginia on December 29, 1780, to St. George Tucker and Frances Bland, the daughter of Theodorick Bland of Cawsons.[1] He was thus the half-brother through his mother of U.S. Representative and Senator John Randolph of Roanoke. As a young man, he pursued classical studies at the College of William & Mary; he graduated in 1798. Tucker stayed in Williamsburg, Virginia to study law at William and Mary as well as under his father who was an established Virginia lawyer. He excelled in the study of law, obtaining his law degree in 1801. After being admitted to the Virginia bar, Tucker commenced a legal practice in Winchester, Virginia.Notably, Tucker was appointed to the law faculty at the College of William & Mary (1801–1804) and later was captain of Cavalry in the War of 1812. He was elected as a Democratic-Republican to the U.S. House of Representatives and served for two terms, from 1815 to 1819. During his tenure, Tucker was a supporter of the American System, including the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States and the passage of the Tariff of 1816.[2] In 1823 he had a son, John Randolph Tucker. From 1824 to 1831 he operated the Winchester Law School. He went on to be judge and president of the Court of Appeals of Virginia (1831–1841) and then became a professor of law at the University of Virginia (1841 to 1845).As a law professor, Tucker authored Commentaries on the Law of Virginia as well as several treatises on natural law and on the formation of the Constitution of the United States. He is widely known for adding a mandatory pledge to the student honor code while a professor at the University of Virginia. On July 4, 1842, St. George Tucker offered the following resolution as a gesture of confidence in students: \"...resolved, that in all future examinations ... each candidate shall attach to the written answers ... a certificate of the following words: I, A.B., do hereby certify on my honor that I have derived no assistance during the time of this examination from any source whatsoever.\" Tucker's pledge was adopted and soon became the following: \"I do hereby certify on honor that I have derived no assistance during the time of this examination from any source whatever, whether oral, written or in print.\"[3] This basic pledge has, in one form or another, been adopted at many American universities.Tucker resigned in July, 1845 due to ill health.[4] He died in Winchester, Virginia in 1848.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1815; Tucker was elected to the U.S. House of Representatives with 71.5% of the vote, defeating Federalist Griffin Taylor and Independent Robert Bailey.\n1817; Tucker was re-elected with 67.84% of the vote, defeating fellow Democratic-Republican William Carlson.","title":"Electoral history"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Special Collections Research Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_Gregg_Swem_Library#Special_Collections_Research_Center"},{"link_name":"College of William & Mary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Leetown, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leetown,_West_Virginia"},{"link_name":"Woodbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury_(Leetown,_West_Virginia)"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-6"},{"link_name":"Tucker County, West Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tucker_County,_West_Virginia"}],"text":"The papers of the Tucker-Coleman family, including the papers of Henry St. George Tucker, are held by the Special Collections Research Center at the College of William & Mary.[5]\nHis home near Leetown, West Virginia, known as Woodbury, was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.[6]\nTucker County, West Virginia is named in his honor","title":"Legacy and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Commentaries on the Law of Virginia (2 vols., Winchester, 1836–1837)\nLectures on Constitutional Law (Richmond, 1843)\nLectures on Natural Law and Government (Charlottesville, 1844)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tyler_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Tyler_1-1"},{"link_name":"Tyler, Lyon Gardiner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Gardiner_Tyler"},{"link_name":"\"Judges of the Supreme Court\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TykSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63"},{"link_name":"Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=TykSAAAAYAAJ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Annals of Congress, 14th Cong., 1st sess.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwaclink.html#anchor14"},{"link_name":"Annals of Congress, 14th Cong., 2nd Sess.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwaclink.html#anchor14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"'I Certify On My Honor--' The Real Story of How the Famed 'Honor System' at University of Virginia Functions and What Matriculating Students Should Know About It\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20130725221314/http://richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Honor-System.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Honor-System.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-bruce-resignation_4-0"},{"link_name":"Bruce, Philip Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Alexander_Bruce"},{"link_name":"History of the University of Virginia: The Lengthening Shadow of One Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofunivers03brucuoft"},{"link_name":"Macmillan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing"},{"link_name":"68","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/historyofunivers03brucuoft/page/68"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Tucker-Coleman Papers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//scrc.swem.wm.edu/?p=collections/controlcard&id=7010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-nris_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"National Register Information System\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"National Park Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service"}],"text":"^ a b Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. (1915). \"Judges of the Supreme Court\". Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Vol. II. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 63–64. Retrieved September 17, 2012.\n\n^ Annals of Congress, 14th Cong., 1st sess., pp. 1084-88, 1219; Annals of Congress, 14th Cong., 2nd Sess., pg. 1352\n\n^ Smith, C. Alphonso (November 29, 1936). \"'I Certify On My Honor--' The Real Story of How the Famed 'Honor System' at University of Virginia Functions and What Matriculating Students Should Know About It\". Richmond Times Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013.\n\n^ Bruce, Philip Alexander (1921). History of the University of Virginia: The Lengthening Shadow of One Man. Vol. III. New York: Macmillan. p. 68.\n\n^ \"Tucker-Coleman Papers\". Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William & Mary. Retrieved 5 February 2011.\n\n^ \"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Tyler, Lyon Gardiner, ed. (1915). \"Judges of the Supreme Court\". Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography. Vol. II. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company. pp. 63–64. Retrieved September 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyon_Gardiner_Tyler","url_text":"Tyler, Lyon Gardiner"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TykSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA63","url_text":"\"Judges of the Supreme Court\""},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=TykSAAAAYAAJ","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Virginia Biography"}]},{"reference":"Smith, C. Alphonso (November 29, 1936). \"'I Certify On My Honor--' The Real Story of How the Famed 'Honor System' at University of Virginia Functions and What Matriculating Students Should Know About It\". Richmond Times Dispatch. Archived from the original on July 25, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130725221314/http://richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Honor-System.html","url_text":"\"'I Certify On My Honor--' The Real Story of How the Famed 'Honor System' at University of Virginia Functions and What Matriculating Students Should Know About It\""},{"url":"http://richmondthenandnow.com/Newspaper-Articles/Honor-System.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bruce, Philip Alexander (1921). History of the University of Virginia: The Lengthening Shadow of One Man. Vol. III. New York: Macmillan. p. 68.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Alexander_Bruce","url_text":"Bruce, Philip Alexander"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofunivers03brucuoft","url_text":"History of the University of Virginia: The Lengthening Shadow of One Man"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing","url_text":"Macmillan"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/historyofunivers03brucuoft/page/68","url_text":"68"}]},{"reference":"\"Tucker-Coleman Papers\". Special Collections Research Center, Earl Gregg Swem Library, College of William & Mary. Retrieved 5 February 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://scrc.swem.wm.edu/?p=collections/controlcard&id=7010","url_text":"\"Tucker-Coleman Papers\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"United States Congress. \"Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (id: T000398)\". Biographical Directory of the United States Congress.","urls":[{"url":"http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=T000398","url_text":"\"Henry St. George Tucker Sr. (id: T000398)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographical_Directory_of_the_United_States_Congress","url_text":"Biographical Directory of the United States Congress"}]},{"reference":"Wilson, J. G.; Fiske, J., eds. (1889). \"Tucker, Thomas Tudor\" . Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography. New York: D. Appleton.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Wilson","url_text":"Wilson, J. G."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fiske_(philosopher)","url_text":"Fiske, J."},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Tucker,_Thomas_Tudor","url_text":"\"Tucker, Thomas Tudor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography","url_text":"Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edgar_(MP)
Thomas Edgar (MP)
["1 References"]
16th-century English politician Thomas Edgar (by 1508–1547), of Blewbury, Berkshire; Bermondsey, Surrey and London, was an English politician. He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Malmesbury in 1529. References ^ "EDGAR, Thomas (by 1508-47), of Blewbury, Berks.; Bermondsey, Surr. and London. - History of Parliament Online". Historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 3 March 2019. This article about a Member of the Parliament of England during the fifth Parliament of Henry VIII, November 1529 to April 1536 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blewbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blewbury"},{"link_name":"Bermondsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermondsey"},{"link_name":"Member","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Parliament of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_England"},{"link_name":"Malmesbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malmesbury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Thomas Edgar (by 1508–1547), of Blewbury, Berkshire; Bermondsey, Surrey and London, was an English politician.He was a Member (MP) of the Parliament of England for Malmesbury in 1529.[1]","title":"Thomas Edgar (MP)"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"EDGAR, Thomas (by 1508-47), of Blewbury, Berks.; Bermondsey, Surr. and London. - History of Parliament Online\". Historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 3 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1509-1558/member/edgar-thomas-1508-47","url_text":"\"EDGAR, Thomas (by 1508-47), of Blewbury, Berks.; Bermondsey, Surr. and London. - History of Parliament Online\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrie_Dunn
Barrie Dunn
["1 Education","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]
Canadian actor, producer and lawyer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Barrie Dunn" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Barrie DunnNationalityCanadianAlma materMount St. Vincent UniversityDalhousie Law SchoolOccupation(s)Actor, lawyer, film and television producer Barrie Dunn is a Canadian actor, lawyer, film and television producer best known for his character Ray LaFleur on the Canadian mockumentary television program Trailer Park Boys. Education Dunn received a Diploma in Theatre from the London Drama Studio in London, England in 1976. He received his Bachelor of Public Relations from Mount St. Vincent University in 1985, receiving the President's Award for his academic achievements. Dunn graduated from Dalhousie University with a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) in 1998. Career Dunn worked for many years at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, winning the Moonsnail award for "Best Documentary" for his work on Theatre on the Mulgrave Road at the Atlantic Film Festival. Barrie has made guest lectures on entertainment law issues at Dalhousie University, and taught Film and Television Production at Mount Saint Vincent University as well, both in Nova Scotia. Before getting involved in the film industry Barrie was a street performer in Eastern Europe. Dunn began earning screen credits for acting in 1990. He portrayed main character Ricky's father Ray Lafleur in the Trailer Park Boys TV and film franchise between 2001 and 2014. He also had writing and production credits on multiple projects in the franchise. Dunn was also among the producers of the 2011 film Afghan Luke. Dunn was a practicing lawyer at the law firm Pink Larkin. He was called to the Nova Scotia Bar in 1999. Dunn is a previous President of the Nova Scotia Film & Television Producers Association. References ^ "Barrie Dunn". IMDb. Retrieved 7 October 2019. ^ "Barrie Dunn - Pink Larkin". 15 March 2016. Archived from the original on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2017. External links Barrie Dunn at IMDb Authority control databases VIAF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"actor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actor"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_producer"},{"link_name":"television producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_producer"},{"link_name":"Ray LaFleur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_(Trailer_Park_Boys_character)"},{"link_name":"Trailer Park Boys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trailer_Park_Boys"}],"text":"Barrie Dunn is a Canadian actor, lawyer, film and television producer best known for his character Ray LaFleur on the Canadian mockumentary television program Trailer Park Boys.","title":"Barrie Dunn"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount St. Vincent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_St._Vincent_University"},{"link_name":"Dalhousie University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalhousie_University"}],"text":"Dunn received a Diploma in Theatre from the London Drama Studio in London, England in 1976. He received his Bachelor of Public Relations from Mount St. Vincent University in 1985, receiving the President's Award for his academic achievements. Dunn graduated from Dalhousie University with a Bachelor of Laws (LL.B) in 1998.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian Broadcasting Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"entertainment law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entertainment_law"},{"link_name":"Mount Saint Vincent University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Saint_Vincent_University"},{"link_name":"street performer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_performer"},{"link_name":"Eastern Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_Europe"},{"link_name":"Afghan Luke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghan_Luke"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dunn worked for many years at the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, winning the Moonsnail award for \"Best Documentary\" for his work on Theatre on the Mulgrave Road at the Atlantic Film Festival. Barrie has made guest lectures on entertainment law issues at Dalhousie University, and taught Film and Television Production at Mount Saint Vincent University as well, both in Nova Scotia. Before getting involved in the film industry Barrie was a street performer in Eastern Europe.Dunn began earning screen credits for acting in 1990. He portrayed main character Ricky's father Ray Lafleur in the Trailer Park Boys TV and film franchise between 2001 and 2014. He also had writing and production credits on multiple projects in the franchise. Dunn was also among the producers of the 2011 film Afghan Luke.[1]Dunn was a practicing lawyer at the law firm Pink Larkin.[2] He was called to the Nova Scotia Bar in 1999. Dunn is a previous President of the Nova Scotia Film & Television Producers Association.","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lorna_(rapper)
Lorna (rapper)
["1 References"]
Panamanian rapper (born 1983) Lorna Zarina Aponte (born May 11, 1983), better known simply as Lorna, is a Panamanian rapper. She best known for her song "Papi chulo... (te traigo el mmmm...)", which was a success debuting on the charts of France (#1), Italy (#2) and Belgium (#4). At the age of 19, Aponte decided that she wanted to become a singer and solo artist and so she went searching for, and found, a music producer and DJ who was willing to record a song. With help from this producer, she entered a talent competition for new singers organised in Panama City which she won. This gave Aponte the opportunity to record a single. Soon after, she was working with El Chombo, a producer in Panama. In 2005, Aponte was scheduled to appear at a festival in Bilbao called Zorrozaurre, but instead of her, the record company sent one of her backing singers claiming that Lorna had decided to take a sabbatical due to health related issues. The backing singer also gave interviews under the impression of being Aponte. References ^ "Papi Chulo (Apaga La Luz)", in various Singles Charts Lescharts.com (Retrieved April 6, 2008) ^ "Y los chicos del barrio la llamaban "Lorna"". Manerasdevivir.com. 2005-08-26. Retrieved 2006-07-27. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz This Panamanian biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article on a singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papi chulo... (te traigo el mmmm...)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papi_chulo..._(te_traigo_el_mmmm...)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Panama City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama_City"},{"link_name":"El Chombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Chombo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Lorna Zarina Aponte (born May 11, 1983), better known simply as Lorna, is a Panamanian rapper. She best known for her song \"Papi chulo... (te traigo el mmmm...)\", which was a success debuting on the charts of France (#1), Italy (#2) and Belgium (#4).[1]At the age of 19, Aponte decided that she wanted to become a singer and solo artist and so she went searching for, and found, a music producer and DJ who was willing to record a song. With help from this producer, she entered a talent competition for new singers organised in Panama City which she won. This gave Aponte the opportunity to record a single. Soon after, she was working with El Chombo, a producer in Panama. In 2005, Aponte was scheduled to appear at a festival in Bilbao called Zorrozaurre, but instead of her, the record company sent one of her backing singers claiming that Lorna had decided to take a sabbatical due to health related issues. The backing singer also gave interviews under the impression of being Aponte.[2]","title":"Lorna (rapper)"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel_Desoutter
Marcel Desoutter
["1 Early life","2 Aviation career","3 References"]
André Marcel Desoutter (31 January 1894–13 April 1952) was an English aviator, who lost a leg in an early flying accident, but went on to a successful career in the aviation industry. Early life Desoutter was one of six children of Louis Albert Desoutter, an immigrant French watchmaker, and Philomène Duret. Along with his four brothers, Rene, Charles, Louis and Robert, Marcel trained as a watchmaker. Aviation career Learning to fly with the Blériot Company at their Hendon works, he passed the flying tests at the age of 17, but could not receive his licence until he was 18, receiving Royal Aero Club Aviators' Certificate no. 186 on 27 February 1912. He became an instructor, test and demonstration pilot. Desoutter's accident occurred at the London Aviation Meeting held at Hendon Aerodrome at Easter 1913: whilst flying his 50-h.p. Gnome-Blériot on the afternoon of 23 March, the control stick slipped from his hand and the Blériot dived into the ground at the edge of the aerodrome. Desoutter's leg was badly broken, and later had to be amputated above the knee. He was fitted with the standard wooden leg, but his younger brother Charles used his knowledge of aircraft materials to design a new jointed Duralumin alloy leg of half the weight, with which he was able to return to flying. In 1914 the pair formed a company, Desoutter Brothers Limited, at 73 Baker Street, London, to manufacture the legs. The firm expanded greatly during and after the First World War, and moved to The Hyde, Hendon in 1924, where they manufactured both artificial limbs and the pneumatic portable Desoutter Tools which had been developed initially as a sideline. Marcel married Margaret F. Rust in 1918; they had three children. Marcel Desoutter left the business in 1928 and formed the Desoutter Aircraft Company Ltd. at Croydon to build the Dutch Koolhoven F.K.41 three-seat monoplane, renaming it as the Desoutter I. 41 of this type and the improved Desoutter II were produced, but the business folded in 1932 after its main customer, National Flying Services at London Air Park, Hanworth, went into liquidation. In 1935 Desoutter became a partner with Morris Jackaman in Airports, Ltd., which had been set up to develop Gatwick and Gravesend aerodromes as airports, and was still managing director of the company when he died at his home in Horley, Surrey on 13 April 1952. References Flight magazine, 29 March 1913 Flight magazine, 2 May 1929 Flight magazine, 25 April 1952 (Obituary) Jackson, A J. British Civil Aircraft since 1919 Volume 2. Putnam, 1973 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Volume15. Oxford University Press, 2004 The origins of De Soutter Medical vteAtlas CopcoSubsidiaries Chicago Pneumatic Desoutter Tools Edwards Leybold GmbH People Marcel Desoutter History Dynapac Epiroc Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas_station
Salinas station
["1 Services","2 Design","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 36°40′45″N 121°39′24″W / 36.6792°N 121.6567°W / 36.6792; -121.6567Train and bus stop in Central California Salinas, CASalinas station in October 2021General informationLocation11 Station PlaceSalinas, CaliforniaUnited StatesCoordinates36°40′45″N 121°39′24″W / 36.6792°N 121.6567°W / 36.6792; -121.6567Owned byCity of SalinasLine(s)UP Coast SubdivisionPlatforms1 side platformTracks1Connections Amtrak Thruway: 17, 21 Greyhound Lines Monterey–Salinas Transit: 20, 23, 25, 28, 29, 41, 44, 45, 47, 49, 61, 95ConstructionParkingYesAccessibleYesOther informationStatusStaffed, station building with waiting roomStation codeAmtrak: SNSHistoryOpenedSeptember 9, 1872Rebuilt1905June 10, 1941–January 11, 1942PassengersFY 202216,160 (Amtrak) Services Preceding station Amtrak Following station San Josetoward Seattle Coast Starlight Paso Roblestoward Los Angeles Future services Preceding station Caltrain Following station Castrovilletoward San Francisco Limited (L3)Select peak-hour trains only Terminus Limited (L4)Select peak-hour trains only Preceding station Amtrak Following station Castrovilletoward Auburn Capitol Corridor Terminus Former services Preceding station Amtrak Following station San Josetoward Sacramento Spirit of California San Luis Obispotoward Los Angeles Preceding station Southern Pacific Railroad Following station Castrovilletoward San Francisco Coast Line Chualartoward Los Angeles Location Salinas station, also known as the Salinas Intermodal Transportation Center, is an intermodal transit center in downtown Salinas, California, United States. As a transit hub, the facility is a passenger rail station and bus station. Services The station is a stop on the Coast Starlight from Los Angeles to Seattle, Washington. Greyhound Lines moved its Salinas station to the property in 2015. The Transportation Agency for Monterey County's planned Monterey County Rail Extension would see expanded Caltrain commuter rail service from the station to the San Francisco Bay Area by 2025, with long-term plans to extend Amtrak California's Capitol Corridor as well. The station grounds were remodeled in 2021 to prepare for increased services; traffic circulation was improved by extending Lincoln Avenue to the station. Monterey–Salinas Transit local bus service will move from the Salinas Transit Center a few blocks away to the expanded station. As of 2024, Amtrak plans to modify the platform for accessibility by FY 2025. Design The depot, constructed in 1941 by the Southern Pacific Railroad, exhibits a pared down Spanish Revival style as influenced by the then-popular Art Deco movement. Spanish Revival elements include the red tile roof and stuccoed walls, while the Art Deco influence is visible in the rectilinear composition and clean lines. The Coast Starlight at Salinas The 1880s-built freight house, now a welcome center The former Railway Express Agency building, now the Monterey and Salinas Valley Railroad Museum References ^ SMA Rail Consulting (April 2016). "California Passenger Rail Network Schematics" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 6. ^ Greenrose, H.R. (July 17, 1941). "Streamlined Age". The Salinas Morning Post. p. 9E. Retrieved June 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Koller Will Build Depot". The Californian. Salinas, California. May 22, 1941. p. 1. Retrieved June 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Civic Leaders Take Part in New Depot Dedication". The Californian. Salinas, California. January 12, 1942. pp. 1, 10. Retrieved June 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023. ^ "Greyhound Relocates in Salinas, Calif". Greyhound.com. Retrieved May 19, 2015. ^ Johnson, Jim (August 3, 2018). "Salinas rail extension project set for groundbreaking ceremony". Monterey Herald. Retrieved February 25, 2019. ^ Johnson, Jim (May 9, 2018). "Salinas commuter rail extension project gets $10 million SB 1 gas tax grant". Monterey Herald. Retrieved May 11, 2018. ^ "Salinas Rail Extension". TAMC. Retrieved June 24, 2016. ^ "TAMC Selects LAN as Part of Construction Management Team for Salinas Rail Extension". Mass Transit. January 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018. ^ https://www.tamcmonterey.org/files/b19d25afa/TAMC-MCRE.pdf ^ "Salinas Train Station". ^ Herrera, James (January 14, 2021). "Transportation Agency for Monterey County celebrates Salinas train station improvements". Monterey Herald. Retrieved January 16, 2021. ^ Rahaim, Nick (January 5, 2017). "Frank's Fish Market will close to pave way for new Salinas train station". Monterey County Weekly. ^ "Amtrak Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2023 State of California" (PDF). Amtrak. March 2024. p. 8. ^ "Coast Line History" (PDF). The Ferroequinologist. June 1984. p. 4. Retrieved May 23, 2018. ^ Great American Stations. Accessed February 19, 2013. External links Media related to Salinas station at Wikimedia Commons Salinas, CA – Amtrak Salinas, CA – Station history at Great American Stations (Amtrak) Salinas Amtrak Station – USA RailGuide (TrainWeb) vteAmtrak stations in CaliforniaActive stations Allensworth State Park Anaheim Antioch–Pittsburg Auburn Bakersfield Barstow Berkeley Burbank Airport–South Camarillo Carpinteria Chatsworth Chico Colfax Corcoran Davis Dunsmuir Emeryville Fairfield–Vacaville Fremont Fullerton Fresno Glendale Goleta Grover Beach Guadalupe Hanford Hayward Irvine Lodi Lompoc–Surf Los Angeles Madera Martinez Merced Modesto Moorpark Needles Oakland Coliseum Oakland–Jack London Square Oceanside Ontario Oxnard Palm Springs Paso Robles Pomona Redding Richmond Riverside Rocklin Roseville Sacramento Salinas San Bernardino San Clemente Pier San Diego–Old Town San Diego–Santa Fe Depot San Jose Diridon San Juan Capistrano San Luis Obispo Santa Ana Santa Barbara Santa Clara–Great America Santa Clara–University Simi Valley Solana Beach Stockton–Cabral Stockton–San Joaquin Street Suisun–Fairfield Truckee Turlock–Denair Van Nuys Ventura Victorville Wasco Former stations Alhambra Anaheim–Stadium Bakersfield (ATSF) Carlsbad Poinsettia Carlsbad Village Commerce Del Mar Encinitas Gerber Indio Madera–Storey Laguna Niguel/Mission Viejo Marysville Oakland–16th Street Orange Orland Pasadena Pomona–North Riverbank San Francisco Sorrento Valley Future stations Hercules Oakley vteSalinas, CaliforniaPoints of interest Sheriff William Joseph Nesbitt House Krough House Rancho Las Palmas Republic Cafe John Steinbeck House National Steinbeck Center Samuel M. Black House Peter J. Bontadelli House Jose Eusebio Boronda Adobe Monterey County Court House Monterey County Jail B. V. Sargent House Palma School Salinas High School California Rodeo Salinas Notre Dame High School Salinas station People William Joseph Nesbitt Peter Krough Hiram Corey John Steinbeck Mike Rianda Howard H. Leach
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[{"reference":"SMA Rail Consulting (April 2016). \"California Passenger Rail Network Schematics\" (PDF). California Department of Transportation. p. 6.","urls":[{"url":"https://dot.ca.gov/-/media/dot-media/programs/rail-mass-transportation/documents/f0009927-ca-rail-schematics-a11y.pdf","url_text":"\"California Passenger Rail Network Schematics\""}]},{"reference":"Greenrose, H.R. (July 17, 1941). \"Streamlined Age\". The Salinas Morning Post. p. 9E. Retrieved June 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103520654/salinas-station-july-17-1941/","url_text":"\"Streamlined Age\""}]},{"reference":"\"Koller Will Build Depot\". The Californian. Salinas, California. May 22, 1941. p. 1. Retrieved June 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103520925/salinas-depot-may-22-1941/","url_text":"\"Koller Will Build Depot\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas,_California","url_text":"Salinas, California"}]},{"reference":"\"Civic Leaders Take Part in New Depot Dedication\". The Californian. Salinas, California. January 12, 1942. pp. 1, 10. Retrieved June 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103521124/salinas-station-january-12-1942/","url_text":"\"Civic Leaders Take Part in New Depot Dedication\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salinas,_California","url_text":"Salinas, California"},{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/103521151/salinas-part-2-january-12-1942/","url_text":"10"}]},{"reference":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California\" (PDF). Amtrak. June 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/CALIFORNIA22.pdf","url_text":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet, Fiscal Year 2022: State of California\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amtrak","url_text":"Amtrak"}]},{"reference":"\"Greyhound Relocates in Salinas, Calif\". Greyhound.com. Retrieved May 19, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.greyhound.com/en/media/2015/03-03-2015","url_text":"\"Greyhound Relocates in Salinas, Calif\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Jim (August 3, 2018). \"Salinas rail extension project set for groundbreaking ceremony\". Monterey Herald. Retrieved February 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.montereyherald.com/2018/08/03/salinas-rail-extension-project-set-for-groundbreaking-ceremony/","url_text":"\"Salinas rail extension project set for groundbreaking ceremony\""}]},{"reference":"Johnson, Jim (May 9, 2018). \"Salinas commuter rail extension project gets $10 million SB 1 gas tax grant\". Monterey Herald. Retrieved May 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20180509/NEWS/180509827","url_text":"\"Salinas commuter rail extension project gets $10 million SB 1 gas tax grant\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salinas Rail Extension\". TAMC. Retrieved June 24, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tamcmonterey.org/programs/rail/salinas-rail-extension/","url_text":"\"Salinas Rail Extension\""}]},{"reference":"\"TAMC Selects LAN as Part of Construction Management Team for Salinas Rail Extension\". Mass Transit. January 3, 2018. Retrieved February 2, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.masstransitmag.com/press_release/12389038/tamc-selects-lan-as-part-of-construction-management-team-for-salinas-rail-extension","url_text":"\"TAMC Selects LAN as Part of Construction Management Team for Salinas Rail Extension\""}]},{"reference":"\"Salinas Train Station\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tamcmonterey.org/salinas-train-station","url_text":"\"Salinas Train Station\""}]},{"reference":"Herrera, James (January 14, 2021). \"Transportation Agency for Monterey County celebrates Salinas train station improvements\". Monterey Herald. Retrieved January 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.montereyherald.com/2021/01/14/transportation-agency-for-monterey-county-celebrates-salinas-train-station-improvements","url_text":"\"Transportation Agency for Monterey County celebrates Salinas train station improvements\""}]},{"reference":"Rahaim, Nick (January 5, 2017). \"Frank's Fish Market will close to pave way for new Salinas train station\". Monterey County Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.montereycountyweekly.com/news/local_news/frank-s-fish-market-will-close-to-pave-way-for/article_a037d32a-d2ce-11e6-afcc-a3a114db3548.html","url_text":"\"Frank's Fish Market will close to pave way for new Salinas train station\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2023 State of California\" (PDF). Amtrak. March 2024. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.amtrak.com/content/dam/projects/dotcom/english/public/documents/corporate/statefactsheets/CALIFORNIA23.pdf","url_text":"\"Amtrak Fact Sheet Fiscal Year 2023 State of California\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coast Line History\" (PDF). The Ferroequinologist. June 1984. p. 4. Retrieved May 23, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://slorrm.com/images/coast_line_hist.pdf","url_text":"\"Coast Line History\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Harling_(knight)
Robert Harling (knight)
["1 Footnotes","2 Further reading"]
This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (December 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Sir Robert Harling (died 9 September 1435) was an English early member of the landed gentry, a soldier, and political strongman. The Norfolk villages of East Harling, West Harling, Harling Market and Larling were greatly under his control. He married Jane Gonville, whose father established what was to become Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. He died on the feast of Gregory, fighting under John, Duke of Bedford, during the Hundred Years' War. Bedford died less than a week thereafter. He is buried in the East Harling Church, of which his coat of arms is a main feature. An anonymous Parisian chronicler described how Harling's body was prepared for transportation to Norfolk. He wrote: "His body was afterwards cut up and boiled in a cauldron at the St. Nicholas cemetery until the flesh came off the bones. These were then carefully cleaned and packed in a chest to be taken to England. The flesh, the entrails and water were buried in a big grave at the St. Nicholas cemetery." His daughter, Anne, married William Chamberlain (d. 1462), a soldier, and later Sir Robert Wingfield (Member of Parliament for Herts, comptroller of the House of Edward IV). Footnotes ^ Shirley, Janet, ed. (1968). A Parisian Journal 1405–1449 . Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-821466-3. Further reading Blomefield, F. (1805). "Hundred of Giltcross: Market-Herling, or East-Herling". An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk: Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: William Miller. pp. 316–333. In British History Online.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link) "Sir Robert Harling". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. "Sir William Chamberlain KG". Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. "Sir Robert Wingfield". Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. "East Harling Church depictions of Harling". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. This English biographical article related to the military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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The Norfolk villages of East Harling, West Harling, Harling Market and Larling were greatly under his control. He married Jane Gonville, whose father established what was to become Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.He died on the feast of Gregory, fighting under John, Duke of Bedford, during the Hundred Years' War. Bedford died less than a week thereafter. He is buried in the East Harling Church, of which his coat of arms is a main feature.An anonymous Parisian chronicler described how Harling's body was prepared for transportation to Norfolk. He wrote: \"His [Harling's] body was afterwards cut up and boiled in a cauldron at the St. Nicholas cemetery until the flesh came off the bones. These were then carefully cleaned and packed in a chest to be taken to England. The flesh, the entrails and water were buried in a big grave at the St. Nicholas cemetery.\"[1]His daughter, Anne, married William Chamberlain (d. 1462), a soldier, and later Sir Robert Wingfield (Member of Parliament for Herts, comptroller of the House of Edward IV).","title":"Robert Harling (knight)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-821466-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-821466-3"}],"text":"^ Shirley, Janet, ed. (1968). A Parisian Journal 1405–1449 [Journal d'un Bourgeois de Paris]. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 297. ISBN 978-0-19-821466-3.","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Blomefield, F.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Blomefield"},{"link_name":"An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk: Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.british-history.ac.uk/topographical-hist-norfolk/vol1/pp316-333"},{"link_name":"William Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Miller_(British_publisher)"},{"link_name":"British History Online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_History_Online"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript"},{"link_name":"\"Sir Robert Harling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071008143240/http://www.norfolkheraldry.co.uk/awebpages/sir_robert_harling.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.norfolkheraldry.co.uk/awebpages/sir_robert_harling.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Sir William Chamberlain KG\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071006184822/http://www.norfolkheraldry.co.uk/awebpages/NEWchamberlain_kg.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.norfolkheraldry.co.uk/awebpages/NEWchamberlain_kg.htm"},{"link_name":"\"Sir Robert Wingfield\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20071006184758/http://www.norfolkheraldry.co.uk/awebpages/sir-robert-wingfield.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.norfolkheraldry.co.uk/awebpages/sir-robert-wingfield.htm"},{"link_name":"\"East Harling Church depictions of Harling\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20160303184723/http://www.wingfield.org/Churches/ENGLAND/East%20Harling/page_01.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.wingfield.org/Churches/ENGLAND/East%20Harling/page_01.htm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UK_mil_bio_stub_pic_(Nelson).gif"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Harling_(knight)&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:England-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:England-mil-bio-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England-mil-bio-stub"}],"text":"Blomefield, F. (1805). \"Hundred of Giltcross: Market-Herling, or East-Herling\". An Essay Towards a Topographical History of the County of Norfolk: Volume 1 (2nd ed.). London: William Miller. pp. 316–333. In British History Online.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: postscript (link)\n\"Sir Robert Harling\". Archived from the original on 8 October 2007.\n\"Sir William Chamberlain KG\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.\n\"Sir Robert Wingfield\". Archived from the original on 6 October 2007.\n\"East Harling Church depictions of Harling\". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016.This English biographical article related to the military is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Further reading"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/12th_Street_Oakland_City_Center_(BART_station)
12th Street Oakland City Center station
["1 Station layout","1.1 Bus connections","2 History","3 References","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°48′13″N 122°16′19″W / 37.803608°N 122.272006°W / 37.803608; -122.272006Rapid transit station in Oakland, California, US 12th St/OaklandA Richmond-bound Red Line train at the station in 2024General informationLocation1245 BroadwayOakland, CaliforniaCoordinates37°48′13″N 122°16′19″W / 37.803608°N 122.272006°W / 37.803608; -122.272006Line(s)BART K-LinePlatforms1 side platform, 1 island platformTracks3Connections AC Transit: 6, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 29, 33, 40, 51A, 72, 72M, 72R, 88, 96, 611, 800, 801, 802, 805, 840, 851ConstructionStructure typeUndergroundBicycle facilitiesLockers and racks availableAccessibleYesArchitectGerald McCue & AssociatesHistoryOpenedSeptember 11, 1972 (1972-09-11)Rebuilt1980–1986Previous namesOakland City Center/12th Street (until c. 2008)Passengers20245,139 (weekday average) Services Preceding station Bay Area Rapid Transit Following station Lake Merritttoward Berryessa/​North San José Orange Line 19th Street Oaklandtoward Richmond West Oaklandtoward Millbrae Red Line West Oaklandtoward San Francisco International Airport or Millbrae Yellow Line 19th Street Oaklandtoward Antioch via Pittsburg/​Bay Point Preceding station AC Transit Following station Uptown Transit CenterTerminus Tempo Harrisontowards San Leandro BART Location 12th Street/Oakland City Center station (signed as 12th St/Oakland) is an underground Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station located under Broadway between 12th Street and 14th Street in Downtown Oakland, adjacent to the Oakland City Center. The station has three underground levels, with tracks on the second and third levels. It is served by the Red Line, Orange Line, and Yellow Line, as well as by AC Transit buses on the surface. Oakland City Center/12th Street station opened in 1972 as part of the first section of BART. In 1980–1986, the KE Track project added the third track to the station. From 1992 to 2002, and 2004 to 2010, it was the timed transfer point between northbound trains. Tempo bus rapid transit service began in 2020. Station layout The Oakland City Center entrance to the station The station has three underground levels. The first level is a concourse with ticket machines and faregates. An island platform and two main tracks (C1 and CX) for northbound trains (bound for Richmond and Antioch) are on the second level. A side platform with one track (C2) for southbound trains (bound for Berryessa/​North San José or San Francisco) is on the third level. The station has red brickwork, contrasting with the blue of nearby 19th Street Oakland station. The station has eight public entrances: two at 12th Street, three at 13th Street, and two at 14th Street (including one from Frank H. Ogawa Plaza), plus one from the belowground plaza of Oakland City Center near 13th Street. Surface elevators are located at the Ogawa Plaza entrance and at the southwest 12th Street entrance, while the platform elevator is at the south end of the station. A currently unused passage leads directly to the Central Building at the north end of the station. Bus connections Downtown Oakland is a major transfer point for AC Transit buses, which stop at various locations on Broadway and cross streets near the station: Rapid: 1T, 72R Local: 6, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 29, 33, 40, 51A, 72, 72M, 88, 96 All-Nighter: 1T, 800, 802, 805, 840, 851 Route 1T stops at dedicated platforms at two locations: 14th Street on Broadway at the north end of the station, and City Center just east of Broadway on 12th Street (northbound) and 11th Street (southbound) at the south end of the station. History The disused Central Building entrance/exit Map of the KE Track project The station, along with 19th Street Oakland and Daly City stations, was designed by Gerard McCue and Associates. By 1967, owners of three Oakland buildings were considering paying for private entrances from the station mezzanine. Only one was actually constructed: an entrance from the Central Building (1400 Broadway) was approved in February 1968. By August 1965, the city wanted to called the station "Oakland Downtown South", while BART preferred "Oakland-12". In October 1965, a BART committee recommended "12th Street". The BART Board approved 12th Street Oakland as the name that December. In October 1971, after pressure from Oakland officials to include mention of the new Oakland City Center development, the name was changed to Oakland City Center/12th Street. The station opened on September 11, 1972, as part of the first section of BART to open; service was extended to Richmond the next year. Service to Concord was added on May 21, 1973, and extended to San Francisco through the Transbay Tube on September 16, 1974. Richmond–San Francisco service was added on April 19, 1976. The station was initially built without an elevator between the mezzanine and street level because the city of Oakland refused to allow elevator kiosks on the sidewalks. By late 1973, it was the only BART station without an elevator completed or under construction. A surface elevator near 11th Street, set back from the sidewalk on a parcel being redevelopment, was ultimately built as part of a $1.47 million modification to the station. Constructed as part of the City Center development, it also included additional escalators and a new entrance from the City Center plaza. The United States Department of Transportation awarded $1.17 million for the project in April 1974, and a construction contract was issued that December. The elevator and new entrance opened along with the plaza and the Clorox Building on October 15, 1976. A second elevator was added in Ogawa Plaza in 2002. The station initially had one side platform on each level, with one track on the east side of each platform. The KE Track project, begun in 1980 and completed on March 17, 1986, converted the upper platform to an island platform with a new west track (Track CX). The new track was originally used for peak hour service (southbound towards San Francisco in the morning, and northbound in the evening). Schedule changes on June 22, 1992, introduced timed transfers between Richmond–Fremont line and Concord–Daly City line trains. Oakland City Center/12th Street was the transfer point between northbound (Richmond-bound and Concord-bound) trains, while MacArthur station was the transfer point between southbound trains. The CX Track was became northbound-only at this time.: 35  Timed transfers were discontinued in 2002, but resumed on February 9, 2004. The station was renamed to 12th Street Oakland City Center around 2008. On September 13, 2010, the northbound transfer location was changed to 19th Street Oakland station. Sunday-only service to the station on the Dublin/Pleasanton line was operated from February 11, 2019, to February 10, 2020, due to construction work in the Transbay Tube. Four of the six entrances were closed from April 13, 2020, to June 12, 2021, due to low ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic. Construction of the Oakland–San Leandro East Bay Bus Rapid Transit line (later branded Tempo) began in August 2016. Tempo route 1T service began on August 9, 2020, with surface stations at 14th Street and City Center. References ^ Cerny, Susan Dinkelspiel (2007). An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area (1st ed.). Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith. pp. 501–502. ISBN 978-1-58685-432-4. OCLC 85623396. ^ a b c "BART Chronology January 1947 – March 2009" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2013. ^ "Monthly Ridership Reports". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. February 2024. ^ a b "Station Layout: 12th Street/Oakland City Center Station". Metropolitan Transportation Commission. October 25, 2018. ^ a b Mahon, Vincent P. "Track Rehabilitation and New Construction in An Operating Environment at BART" (PDF). Transportation Research Record. 1006: 45–54. ^ Burks, John (September 12, 1972). "1st Day Smash Hit With Happy BART Riders". San Francisco Examiner. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b "Solution Hinted On Ashby Subway". Oakland Tribune. February 9, 1968. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Historic Central Building" (PDF). Grubb & Ellis. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2016. ^ a b "Transit Stops: 12th Street/Oakland City Center Station". Metropolitan Transportation Commission. March 23, 2023. ^ Cerny, Susan (2007). An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area. Gibbs Smith. pp. 501–502. ISBN 978-1-58685-432-4. ^ "Subway Entry for 4 Firms?". Oakland Tribune. June 8, 1967. p. 68 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Differences On Transit Stop Names". Oakland Tribune. August 24, 1965. p. 50 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "A Name For BART Station?". Oakland Tribune. October 20, 1965. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Names Approved for 38 Rapid Transit Stations Around Bay". Oakland Tribune. December 10, 1965. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Demoro, Harre W. (September 24, 1971). "BART Will Share Cost of the Ramp". Oakland Tribune. p. 52 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "City Center Name for BART Stop". Oakland Tribune. October 15, 1971. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com. ^ a b Demoro, Harre W. (November 7, 1973). "BART Board Gives Nod To Oakland Station Job". Oakland Tribune. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Strike Delays Elevator Service at Some Stations". Oakland Tribune. September 10, 1972. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "1 million U.S. gift to BART for station". The San Francisco Examiner. April 3, 1974. p. 38 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "BART Lets City Center Station Job". Oakland Tribune. December 15, 1974. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com. ^ 1976/1977 Annual Report. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. 1977. p. 7. ^ "City Center". Oakland Tribune. October 14, 1976. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Dedication Gala Slated". Oakland Tribune. August 26, 1976. p. 3-CL – via Newspapers.com. ^ Allen, Annalee (March 10, 2002). "Oakland in party mood, lines up 150th celebration". Oakland Tribune. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Annual Report 1985–86. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District – via Internet Archive. ^ Marino, Frank (July 1986). "BART". Pacific RailNews. p. 40. ^ Chin, Steven A. (June 12, 1992). "More, faster service slated by BART". San Francisco Examiner – via Newspapers.com. ^ Cabanatuan, Michael (February 9, 2004). "BART changing schedule so more go to SFO / Peninsula ridership below expectations, needs a boost". San Francisco Chronicle. ^ "BART Fares and Schedules" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. January 1, 2008. ^ "BART Fares and Schedules" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. September 14, 2009. ^ "12th St. Oakland City Center Station". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008. ^ "Minor BART schedule changes on Monday, September 13" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. August 25, 2010. ^ "February 11 schedule change impacts weekdays and Sundays" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. January 15, 2019. ^ "New Sunday service plan to begin in February" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. November 25, 2019. ^ "BART opens all entrances/exits that were previously closed due to pandemic" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. June 12, 2021. ^ "AC TRANSIT ANNOUNCES THE GROUNDBREAKING CEREMONY FOR THE EAST BAY BUS RAPID TRANSIT" (Press release). Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District. August 26, 2016. ^ "AC TRANSIT TEMPO OPENS TO RIDERS SUNDAY, AUGUST 9" (Press release). Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District. August 7, 2020. External links Media related to 12th Street Oakland City Center station at Wikimedia Commons BART – 12th St. Oakland City Center vteBay Area Rapid Transit (BART)Current linesRapid transit  B  Blue Line  G  Green Line  O  Orange Line  R  Red Line  Y  Yellow Line Light rail  Y  Yellow Line (eBART) Automated guideway transit  OAK  Oakland Airport Connector StationsAlameda CountyOakland 12th Street Oakland City Center 19th Street Oakland Coliseum Fruitvale Lake Merritt MacArthur Oakland International Airport Rockridge West Oakland Ashby Bay Fair Castro Valley Downtown Berkeley Dublin/​Pleasanton Fremont Hayward North Berkeley San Leandro South Hayward Union City Warm Springs/​South Fremont West Dublin/​Pleasanton Planned (2031) Irvington Contra Costa County Antioch Concord El Cerrito del Norte El Cerrito Plaza Lafayette North Concord/​Martinez Orinda Pittsburg/​Bay Point Pittsburg Center Pleasant Hill/​Contra Costa Centre Richmond Walnut Creek San Francisco 16th Street Mission 24th Street Mission Balboa Park Civic Center/​UN Plaza Embarcadero Glen Park Montgomery Street Powell Street San Mateo County Colma Daly City Millbrae San Bruno San Francisco International Airport South San Francisco Santa Clara County Berryessa/​North San José Milpitas Planned (2029–30) 28th Street/​Little Portugal Diridon Downtown San José Santa Clara Infrastructure Berkeley Hills Tunnel Doolittle Maintenance and Storage Facility Market Street subway Oakland Wye Ohlone Greenway Transbay Tube History Planned expansion Silicon Valley extension      Purple Line General managers B. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bay Area Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_Area_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_station"},{"link_name":"Downtown Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Oakland"},{"link_name":"Oakland City Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oakland_City_Center"},{"link_name":"Red Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"Orange Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"Yellow Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(BART)"},{"link_name":"AC Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit"},{"link_name":"timed transfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_platform_interchange"},{"link_name":"Tempo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(bus_rapid_transit)"},{"link_name":"bus rapid transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit"}],"text":"Rapid transit station in Oakland, California, US12th Street/Oakland City Center station (signed as 12th St/Oakland) is an underground Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) station located under Broadway between 12th Street and 14th Street in Downtown Oakland, adjacent to the Oakland City Center. The station has three underground levels, with tracks on the second and third levels. It is served by the Red Line, Orange Line, and Yellow Line, as well as by AC Transit buses on the surface.Oakland City Center/12th Street station opened in 1972 as part of the first section of BART. In 1980–1986, the KE Track project added the third track to the station. From 1992 to 2002, and 2004 to 2010, it was the timed transfer point between northbound trains. Tempo bus rapid transit service began in 2020.","title":"12th Street Oakland City Center station"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oakland_City_Center_entrance_to_12th_Street_station,_November_2017.jpg"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_station_(California)"},{"link_name":"Antioch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antioch_station_(BART)"},{"link_name":"side platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"Berryessa/​North San José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berryessa/North_San_Jos%C3%A9_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-layout-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ketrack-5"},{"link_name":"19th Street Oakland station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Street_Oakland_station"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Frank H. Ogawa Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_H._Ogawa_Plaza"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-layout-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feb1968-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The Oakland City Center entrance to the stationThe station has three underground levels. The first level is a concourse with ticket machines and faregates. An island platform and two main tracks (C1 and CX) for northbound trains (bound for Richmond and Antioch) are on the second level. A side platform with one track (C2) for southbound trains (bound for Berryessa/​North San José or San Francisco) is on the third level.[4][5] The station has red brickwork, contrasting with the blue of nearby 19th Street Oakland station.[6]The station has eight public entrances: two at 12th Street, three at 13th Street, and two at 14th Street (including one from Frank H. Ogawa Plaza), plus one from the belowground plaza of Oakland City Center near 13th Street. Surface elevators are located at the Ogawa Plaza entrance and at the southwest 12th Street entrance, while the platform elevator is at the south end of the station.[4] A currently unused passage leads directly to the Central Building at the north end of the station.[7][8]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AC Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stops-9"},{"link_name":"Rapid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AC_Transit_routes#Rapid_service"},{"link_name":"1T","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempo_(bus_rapid_transit)"},{"link_name":"72R","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit_Route_72"},{"link_name":"Local","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AC_Transit_routes#Local_service"},{"link_name":"72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit_Route_72"},{"link_name":"72M","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Transit_Route_72"},{"link_name":"All-Nighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_AC_Transit_routes#All_Nighter_service"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-stops-9"}],"sub_title":"Bus connections","text":"Downtown Oakland is a major transfer point for AC Transit buses, which stop at various locations on Broadway and cross streets near the station:[9]Rapid: 1T, 72R\nLocal: 6, 12, 14, 18, 19, 20, 29, 33, 40, 51A, 72, 72M, 88, 96\nAll-Nighter: 1T, 800, 802, 805, 840, 851Route 1T stops at dedicated platforms at two locations: 14th Street on Broadway at the north end of the station, and City Center just east of Broadway on 12th Street (northbound) and 11th Street (southbound) at the south end of the station.[9]","title":"Station layout"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Former_entrance_to_Central_Building_at_12th_Street_station,_March_2018.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:KE_Track_project_map,_1982.jpg"},{"link_name":"19th Street Oakland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Street_Oakland_station"},{"link_name":"Daly City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daly_City_station"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-feb1968-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"to Richmond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berryessa/North_San_Jos%C3%A9%E2%80%93Richmond_line"},{"link_name":"Service to Concord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(BART)#History"},{"link_name":"Transbay Tube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transbay_Tube"},{"link_name":"Richmond–San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Line_(BART)#History"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nov1973-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nov1973-17"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Clorox Building","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clorox_Building"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"side platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side_platform"},{"link_name":"island platform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_platform"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ketrack-5"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"timed transfers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-platform_interchange"},{"link_name":"Richmond–Fremont line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berryessa/North_San_Jos%C3%A9%E2%80%93Richmond_line"},{"link_name":"Concord–Daly City line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yellow_Line_(BART)#History"},{"link_name":"MacArthur station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MacArthur_station_(BART)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-history-2"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"19th Street Oakland station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_Street_Oakland_station"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Dublin/Pleasanton line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin/Pleasanton%E2%80%93Daly_City_line"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"East Bay Bus Rapid Transit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bay_Bus_Rapid_Transit"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"The disused Central Building entrance/exitMap of the KE Track projectThe station, along with 19th Street Oakland and Daly City stations, was designed by Gerard McCue and Associates.[10] By 1967, owners of three Oakland buildings were considering paying for private entrances from the station mezzanine.[11] Only one was actually constructed: an entrance from the Central Building (1400 Broadway) was approved in February 1968.[7]By August 1965, the city wanted to called the station \"Oakland Downtown South\", while BART preferred \"Oakland-12\".[12] In October 1965, a BART committee recommended \"12th Street\".[13] The BART Board approved 12th Street Oakland as the name that December.[14] In October 1971, after pressure from Oakland officials to include mention of the new Oakland City Center development, the name was changed to Oakland City Center/12th Street.[15][16] The station opened on September 11, 1972, as part of the first section of BART to open; service was extended to Richmond the next year. Service to Concord was added on May 21, 1973, and extended to San Francisco through the Transbay Tube on September 16, 1974. Richmond–San Francisco service was added on April 19, 1976.[2]The station was initially built without an elevator between the mezzanine and street level because the city of Oakland refused to allow elevator kiosks on the sidewalks.[17][18] By late 1973, it was the only BART station without an elevator completed or under construction.[17] A surface elevator near 11th Street, set back from the sidewalk on a parcel being redevelopment, was ultimately built as part of a $1.47 million modification to the station. Constructed as part of the City Center development, it also included additional escalators and a new entrance from the City Center plaza. The United States Department of Transportation awarded $1.17 million for the project in April 1974, and a construction contract was issued that December.[19][20] The elevator and new entrance opened along with the plaza and the Clorox Building on October 15, 1976.[21][22][23] A second elevator was added in Ogawa Plaza in 2002.[24]The station initially had one side platform on each level, with one track on the east side of each platform. The KE Track project, begun in 1980 and completed on March 17, 1986, converted the upper platform to an island platform with a new west track (Track CX).[25][5] The new track was originally used for peak hour service (southbound towards San Francisco in the morning, and northbound in the evening).[26] Schedule changes on June 22, 1992, introduced timed transfers between Richmond–Fremont line and Concord–Daly City line trains. Oakland City Center/12th Street was the transfer point between northbound (Richmond-bound and Concord-bound) trains, while MacArthur station was the transfer point between southbound trains. The CX Track was became northbound-only at this time.[27][2]: 35  Timed transfers were discontinued in 2002, but resumed on February 9, 2004.[28]The station was renamed to 12th Street Oakland City Center around 2008.[29][30][31] On September 13, 2010, the northbound transfer location was changed to 19th Street Oakland station.[32] Sunday-only service to the station on the Dublin/Pleasanton line was operated from February 11, 2019, to February 10, 2020, due to construction work in the Transbay Tube.[33][34] Four of the six entrances were closed from April 13, 2020, to June 12, 2021, due to low ridership during the COVID-19 pandemic.[35]Construction of the Oakland–San Leandro East Bay Bus Rapid Transit line (later branded Tempo) began in August 2016.[36] Tempo route 1T service began on August 9, 2020, with surface stations at 14th Street and City Center.[37]","title":"History"}]
[{"image_text":"The Oakland City Center entrance to the station","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Oakland_City_Center_entrance_to_12th_Street_station%2C_November_2017.jpg/220px-Oakland_City_Center_entrance_to_12th_Street_station%2C_November_2017.jpg"},{"image_text":"The disused Central Building entrance/exit","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Former_entrance_to_Central_Building_at_12th_Street_station%2C_March_2018.JPG/220px-Former_entrance_to_Central_Building_at_12th_Street_station%2C_March_2018.JPG"},{"image_text":"Map of the KE Track project","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/KE_Track_project_map%2C_1982.jpg/220px-KE_Track_project_map%2C_1982.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Cerny, Susan Dinkelspiel (2007). An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area (1st ed.). Layton, UT: Gibbs Smith. pp. 501–502. ISBN 978-1-58685-432-4. OCLC 85623396.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58685-432-4","url_text":"978-1-58685-432-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/85623396","url_text":"85623396"}]},{"reference":"\"BART Chronology January 1947 – March 2009\" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. March 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 13, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013054420/http://www.bart.gov/docs/BARThistory.pdf","url_text":"\"BART Chronology January 1947 – March 2009\""},{"url":"http://www.bart.gov/docs/BARThistory.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Monthly Ridership Reports\". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bart.gov/about/reports/ridership","url_text":"\"Monthly Ridership Reports\""}]},{"reference":"\"Station Layout: 12th Street/Oakland City Center Station\". Metropolitan Transportation Commission. October 25, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://511.org/media/587/show","url_text":"\"Station Layout: 12th Street/Oakland City Center Station\""}]},{"reference":"Mahon, Vincent P. \"Track Rehabilitation and New Construction in An Operating Environment at BART\" (PDF). Transportation Research Record. 1006: 45–54.","urls":[{"url":"http://onlinepubs.trb.org/Onlinepubs/trr/1985/1006/1006-007.pdf","url_text":"\"Track Rehabilitation and New Construction in An Operating Environment at BART\""}]},{"reference":"Burks, John (September 12, 1972). \"1st Day Smash Hit With Happy BART Riders\". San Francisco Examiner. p. 5 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63970062/the-san-francisco-examiner/","url_text":"\"1st Day Smash Hit With Happy BART Riders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Solution Hinted On Ashby Subway\". Oakland Tribune. February 9, 1968. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64488068/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Solution Hinted On Ashby Subway\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Central Building\" (PDF). Grubb & Ellis. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160222015112/http://www.loopnet.com/Attachments/2/9/4/294B30EB-FE10-4D00-A379-AEB26640E2B1.PDF","url_text":"\"Historic Central Building\""},{"url":"http://www.loopnet.com/Attachments/2/9/4/294B30EB-FE10-4D00-A379-AEB26640E2B1.PDF","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Transit Stops: 12th Street/Oakland City Center Station\". Metropolitan Transportation Commission. March 23, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://511.org/media/56/show","url_text":"\"Transit Stops: 12th Street/Oakland City Center Station\""}]},{"reference":"Cerny, Susan (2007). An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area. Gibbs Smith. pp. 501–502. ISBN 978-1-58685-432-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FkVQx6MWa8MC&pg=PA501","url_text":"An Architectural Guidebook to San Francisco and the Bay Area"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58685-432-4","url_text":"978-1-58685-432-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Subway Entry for 4 Firms?\". Oakland Tribune. June 8, 1967. p. 68 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64487911/oakland-tribune/","url_text":"\"Subway Entry for 4 Firms?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Differences On Transit Stop Names\". Oakland Tribune. August 24, 1965. p. 50 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/144328927/","url_text":"\"Differences On Transit Stop Names\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Name For BART Station?\". Oakland Tribune. October 20, 1965. p. 16 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/144328585/","url_text":"\"A Name For BART Station?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Names Approved for 38 Rapid Transit Stations Around Bay\". Oakland Tribune. December 10, 1965. p. 10 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/144328970/","url_text":"\"Names Approved for 38 Rapid Transit Stations Around Bay\""}]},{"reference":"Demoro, Harre W. (September 24, 1971). \"BART Will Share Cost of the Ramp\". Oakland Tribune. p. 52 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/143705747/","url_text":"\"BART Will Share Cost of the Ramp\""}]},{"reference":"\"City Center Name for BART Stop\". Oakland Tribune. October 15, 1971. p. 18 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/143705781/","url_text":"\"City Center Name for BART Stop\""}]},{"reference":"Demoro, Harre W. (November 7, 1973). \"BART Board Gives Nod To Oakland Station Job\". Oakland Tribune. p. 6 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/143721612/","url_text":"\"BART Board Gives Nod To Oakland Station Job\""}]},{"reference":"\"Strike Delays Elevator Service at Some Stations\". Oakland Tribune. September 10, 1972. p. 36 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/143718399/","url_text":"\"Strike Delays Elevator Service at Some Stations\""}]},{"reference":"\"1 million U.S. gift to BART for station\". The San Francisco Examiner. April 3, 1974. p. 38 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-francisco-examiner/143723060/","url_text":"\"1 million U.S. gift to BART for station\""}]},{"reference":"\"BART Lets City Center Station Job\". Oakland Tribune. December 15, 1974. p. 15 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/143723073/","url_text":"\"BART Lets City Center Station Job\""}]},{"reference":"1976/1977 Annual Report. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. 1977. p. 7.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bartannualreport1976sanf/page/6","url_text":"1976/1977 Annual Report"}]},{"reference":"\"City Center\". Oakland Tribune. October 14, 1976. p. 8 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/143846756/","url_text":"\"City Center\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dedication Gala Slated\". Oakland Tribune. August 26, 1976. p. 3-CL – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/143846866/","url_text":"\"Dedication Gala Slated\""}]},{"reference":"Allen, Annalee (March 10, 2002). \"Oakland in party mood, lines up 150th celebration\". Oakland Tribune. p. 21 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/oakland-tribune/143720617/","url_text":"\"Oakland in party mood, lines up 150th celebration\""}]},{"reference":"Annual Report 1985–86. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District – via Internet Archive.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bayarearapidtran1985sanf/page/2/mode/2up","url_text":"Annual Report 1985–86"}]},{"reference":"Marino, Frank (July 1986). \"BART\". Pacific RailNews. p. 40.","urls":[{"url":"http://original.trainlife.com/magazines/pages/566/40046/july-1986-page-40","url_text":"\"BART\""}]},{"reference":"Chin, Steven A. (June 12, 1992). \"More, faster service slated by BART\". San Francisco Examiner – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64209805/the-san-francisco-examiner/","url_text":"\"More, faster service slated by BART\""}]},{"reference":"Cabanatuan, Michael (February 9, 2004). \"BART changing schedule so more go to SFO / Peninsula ridership below expectations, needs a boost\". San Francisco Chronicle.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sfgate.com/default/article/BART-changing-schedule-so-more-go-to-SFO-2800214.php","url_text":"\"BART changing schedule so more go to SFO / Peninsula ridership below expectations, needs a boost\""}]},{"reference":"\"BART Fares and Schedules\" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. January 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/BART010108.pdf","url_text":"\"BART Fares and Schedules\""}]},{"reference":"\"BART Fares and Schedules\" (PDF). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. September 14, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/sites/default/files/docs/BART_FS_091409.pdf","url_text":"\"BART Fares and Schedules\""}]},{"reference":"\"12th St. Oakland City Center Station\". San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. Archived from the original on July 1, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080701231617/http://www.bart.gov/stations/12th/index.aspx","url_text":"\"12th St. Oakland City Center Station\""},{"url":"http://www.bart.gov/stations/12th/index.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Minor BART schedule changes on Monday, September 13\" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. August 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2010/news20100825","url_text":"\"Minor BART schedule changes on Monday, September 13\""}]},{"reference":"\"February 11 schedule change impacts weekdays and Sundays\" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. January 15, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2019/news20190115","url_text":"\"February 11 schedule change impacts weekdays and Sundays\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Sunday service plan to begin in February\" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. November 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2019/news20191121-0","url_text":"\"New Sunday service plan to begin in February\""}]},{"reference":"\"BART opens all entrances/exits that were previously closed due to pandemic\" (Press release). San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District. June 12, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bart.gov/news/articles/2020/news20200410","url_text":"\"BART opens all entrances/exits that were previously closed due to pandemic\""}]},{"reference":"\"AC TRANSIT ANNOUNCES THE GROUNDBREAKING CEREMONY FOR THE EAST BAY BUS RAPID TRANSIT\" (Press release). Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District. August 26, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.actransit.org/2016/08/26/ac-transit-announces-the-groundbreaking-ceremony-for-the-east-bay-bus-rapid-transit-2/","url_text":"\"AC TRANSIT ANNOUNCES THE GROUNDBREAKING CEREMONY FOR THE EAST BAY BUS RAPID TRANSIT\""}]},{"reference":"\"AC TRANSIT TEMPO OPENS TO RIDERS SUNDAY, AUGUST 9\" (Press release). Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District. August 7, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.actransit.org/2020/08/07/ac-transit-tempo-opens-to-riders-sunday-august-9/","url_text":"\"AC TRANSIT TEMPO OPENS TO RIDERS SUNDAY, AUGUST 9\""}]}]
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pandemic\""},{"Link":"http://www.actransit.org/2016/08/26/ac-transit-announces-the-groundbreaking-ceremony-for-the-east-bay-bus-rapid-transit-2/","external_links_name":"\"AC TRANSIT ANNOUNCES THE GROUNDBREAKING CEREMONY FOR THE EAST BAY BUS RAPID TRANSIT\""},{"Link":"http://www.actransit.org/2020/08/07/ac-transit-tempo-opens-to-riders-sunday-august-9/","external_links_name":"\"AC TRANSIT TEMPO OPENS TO RIDERS SUNDAY, AUGUST 9\""},{"Link":"http://www.bart.gov/stations/12th","external_links_name":"BART – 12th St. Oakland City Center"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shandong_Women%27s_University
Shandong Women's University
["1 References","2 External links"]
Women's university in Shandong, China This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Shandong Women's University" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) main campus Shandong Women's University (simplified Chinese: 山东女子学院; traditional Chinese: 山東女子學院; pinyin: Shāndōng Nǚzǐ Xuéyuàn) is a women's university in Jinan, Shandong. It was founded in 1952. The number of students in 2022 was 16,588. It offers 44 majors. References ^ "学校介绍". 山东女子学院. ^ "Shandong Women's University | Higher Ed Jobs". ISAC Teach in China Program. 2018-02-02. Retrieved 2022-08-11. External links Shandong Women's University (in Chinese) vteUniversities and colleges in ShandongNational Shandong University Ocean University of China China University of Petroleum (Huadong) China Agricultural University at Yantai Harbin Institute of Technology, Weihai Campus ProvincialJinan Shandong Normal University University of Jinan Shandong University of Finance and Economics Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shandong Jianzhu University Qilu University of Technology Shandong Women's University Qingdao Qingdao University Shandong University of Science and Technology Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao Technological University Qingdao Agricultural University Yantai Yantai University Ludong University Shandong Institute of Business and Technology Other cities Shandong Agricultural University Qufu Normal University Shandong University of Technology Liaocheng University Linyi University Binzhou Medical University Jining Medical University Shandong Second Medical University Weifang University Harbin University of Science and Technology at Weihai Dezhou University Private Qingdao Binhai University Shandong Foreign Languages Vocational College Vocational Rizhao Polytechnic Qingdao Technical College Shandong Vocational College of Science and Technology Zibo Vocational Institute See also: List of universities in China Authority control databases ISNI This article on a university, college or other tertiary educational institution in China is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_approach_(credit_risk)
Standardized approach (credit risk)
["1 The summary of risk weights in standardized approach","2 References"]
Set of credit risk measurement techniques Not to be confused with Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk), Standardized approach (operational risk), or Standardized approach (market risk). Basel Framework International regulatory standards for banks Basel Committee on Banking Supervision Basel Accords Basel I Basel II Basel III LCR NSFR FRTB Endgame Background Banking / Regulation Monetary policy / Central bank Risk / Risk management Pillar 1: Regulatory capital Capital requirement Capital ratio Leverage ratio Tier 1 Tier 2 Credit risk SA-CR IRB F-IRB A-IRB EAD SA-CCR IMM CCF Market risk Standardized IMA CVA vol BA-CVA SA-CVA Operational risk Basic Standardized AMA Pillar 2: Supervisory review Economic capital Liquidity risk Legal risk Pillar 3: Market disclosure Disclosure Business and Economics Portalvte The term standardized approach (or standardised approach) refers to a set of credit risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II, which sets capital adequacy rules for banking institutions. Under this approach the banks are required to use ratings from external credit rating agencies to quantify required capital for credit risk. In many countries this is the only approach regulators approved in the initial phase of Basel II implementation. The Basel II accord proposes to permit banks a choice between two broad methodologies for calculating their capital requirements for credit risk. The other alternative is based on internal ratings. Reforms to the standardised approach to credit risk are due to be introduced under the Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms. The summary of risk weights in standardized approach There are some options in weighing risks for some claims, below are the summary as it might be likely to be implemented. NOTE: For some "unrated" risk weights, banks are encouraged to use their own internal-ratings system based on Foundation IRB and Advanced IRB in Internal-Ratings Based approach with a set of formulae provided by the Basel-II accord. There exist several alternative weights for some of the following claim categories published in the original framework text. Claims on sovereigns Credit Assessment AAA to AA- A+ to A- BBB+ to BBB- BB+ to B- Below B- unrated Risk Weight 0% 20% 50% 100% 150% 100% Claims on the BIS, the IMF, the ECB, the EC and the MDBs Risk Weight: 0% Claims on banks and securities companies Related to assessment of sovereign as banks and securities companies are regulated. Credit Assessment AAA to AA- A+ to A- BBB+ to BBB- BB+ to B- Below B- unrated Risk Weight 20% 50% 100% 100% 150% 100% Claims on corporates Credit Assessment AAA to AA- A+ to A- BBB+ to BB- Below BB- unrated Risk Weight 20% 50% 100% 150% 100% Claims on retail products This includes credit card, overdraft, auto loans, personal finance and small business. Risk weight: 75% Claims secured by residential property Risk weight: 35% Claims secured by commercial real estate Risk weight: 100% Overdue loans more than 90 days other than residential mortgage loans. Risk weight: 150% for provisions that are less than 20% of the outstanding amount 100% for provisions that are between 20% - 49% of the outstanding amount 100% for provisions that are no less than 50% of the outstanding amount, but with supervisory discretion are reduced to 50% of the outstanding amount Other assets Risk weight: 100% Cash Risk weight: 0% References Basel II: Revised international capital framework (BCBS) Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework (BCBS) Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework (BCBS) (November 2005 Revision) Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework, Comprehensive Version (BCBS) (June 2006 Revision) vteFinancial risk and financial risk managementCategoriesCredit risk Consumer credit risk Sovereign credit risk Settlement risk Default risk Concentration risk Credit derivative Securitization Market risk Commodity risk (e.g. Volume risk, Basis risk, Shape risk, Holding period risk, Price area risk) Equity risk Valuation risk FX risk Margining risk Interest rate risk Inflation risk Volatility risk Liquidity risk (e.g. Refinancing risk, Deposit risk) Operational risk Operational risk management Business risk Model risk Reputational risk Country risk Political risk Legal risk Other Execution risk Profit risk Systemic risk Non-financial risk Modeling Arbitrage pricing theory Black–Scholes model Replicating portfolio Cash flow matching Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR) Copula Drawdown First-hitting-time model Interest rate immunization Market portfolio Modern portfolio theory Omega ratio RAROC Risk-free rate Risk parity Sharpe ratio Sortino ratio Survival analysis (Proportional hazards model) Tracking error Value-at-Risk (VaR) and extensions (Profit at risk, Margin at risk, Liquidity at risk, Cash flow at risk, Earnings at risk) Basic concepts Asset allocation Asset and liability management Asset pricing Bad debt Capital asset Capital structure Corporate finance Cost of capital Diversification Economic bubble Enterprise value ESG Exchange traded fund Expected return Financial adviser analysis analyst asset betting crime engineering law risk social work Fundamental analysis Growth investing Hazard Hedge Investment management Risk Risk pool Risk of ruin Systematic risk Mathematical finance Moral hazard Risk-return spectrum Speculation Speculative attack Statistical finance Strategic financial management Stress test (financial) Structured finance Structured product Systemic risk Toxic asset Financial economics Investment management Mathematical finance
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_approach_(counterparty_credit_risk)"},{"link_name":"Standardized approach (operational risk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_approach_(operational_risk)"},{"link_name":"Standardized approach (market risk)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standardized_approach_(market_risk)"},{"link_name":"credit risk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_risk"},{"link_name":"Basel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_II"},{"link_name":"capital adequacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_adequacy"},{"link_name":"credit rating agencies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_rating_agency"},{"link_name":"internal ratings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ratings-based_approach_(credit_risk)"},{"link_name":"Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_III:_Finalising_post-crisis_reforms"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk), Standardized approach (operational risk), or Standardized approach (market risk).The term standardized approach (or standardised approach) refers to a set of credit risk measurement techniques proposed under Basel II, which sets capital adequacy rules for banking institutions.Under this approach the banks are required to use ratings from external credit rating agencies to quantify required capital for credit risk. In many countries this is the only approach regulators approved in the initial phase of Basel II implementation. The Basel II accord proposes to permit banks a choice between two broad methodologies for calculating their capital requirements for credit risk. The other alternative is based on internal ratings.Reforms to the standardised approach to credit risk are due to be introduced under the Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms.","title":"Standardized approach (credit risk)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Foundation IRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundation_IRB"},{"link_name":"Advanced IRB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Advanced_IRB"},{"link_name":"Internal-Ratings Based approach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_ratings-based_approach_(credit_risk)"}],"text":"There are some options in weighing risks for some claims, below are the summary as it might be likely to be implemented.NOTE: For some \"unrated\" risk weights, banks are encouraged to use their own internal-ratings system based on Foundation IRB and Advanced IRB in Internal-Ratings Based approach with a set of formulae provided by the Basel-II accord. There exist several alternative weights for some of the following claim categories published in the original framework text.Claims on sovereignsClaims on the BIS, the IMF, the ECB, the EC and the MDBsRisk Weight: 0%Claims on banks and securities companiesRelated to assessment of sovereign as banks and securities companies are regulated.Claims on corporatesClaims on retail productsThis includes credit card, overdraft, auto loans, personal finance and small business.Risk weight: 75%Claims secured by residential propertyRisk weight: 35%Claims secured by commercial real estateRisk weight: 100%Overdue loansmore than 90 days other than residential mortgage loans.Risk weight:\n150% for provisions that are less than 20% of the outstanding amount\n100% for provisions that are between 20% - 49% of the outstanding amount\n100% for provisions that are no less than 50% of the outstanding amount, but with supervisory discretion are reduced to 50% of the outstanding amountOther assetsRisk weight: 100%CashRisk weight: 0%","title":"The summary of risk weights in standardized approach"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbsca.htm","external_links_name":"Basel II: Revised international capital framework (BCBS)"},{"Link":"http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs107.htm","external_links_name":"Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework (BCBS)"},{"Link":"http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs118.htm","external_links_name":"Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework (BCBS) (November 2005 Revision)"},{"Link":"http://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs128.pdf","external_links_name":"Basel II: International Convergence of Capital Measurement and Capital Standards: a Revised Framework, Comprehensive Version (BCBS) (June 2006 Revision)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Need_to_Know_(album)
All I Need to Know (album)
["1 Content","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","4 Charts","4.1 Weekly charts","4.2 Singles","5 Certifications","6 References"]
1995 studio album by Kenny ChesneyAll I Need To KnowStudio album by Kenny ChesneyReleasedJune 13, 1995 (1995-06-13)Recorded1995StudioMasterfonics, Sound Stage (Nashville)GenreCountryLength30:20LabelBNAProducerBarry BeckettKenny Chesney chronology In My Wildest Dreams(1994) All I Need To Know(1995) Me and You(1996) Singles from All I Need to Know "Fall in Love"Released: March 13, 1995 "All I Need to Know"Released: July 18, 1995 "Grandpa Told Me So"Released: November 6, 1995 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllmusic All I Need to Know is the second studio album by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. It was released on June 13, 1995, as his first album for BNA Records after leaving Capricorn Records in 1994. It features the singles "Fall in Love", the title track, and "Grandpa Told Me So"; these songs peaked at number six, number eight, and number 23, respectively, on the Billboard country charts in 1995. Content This album's recording of "The Tin Man" was previously released on Chesney's 1994 album In My Wildest Dreams. "Me and You", co-written by McBride & the Ride guitarist Ray Herndon, was later included on Chesney's 1996 album of the same name, from which it was released as a single. "Paris, Tennessee" was originally recorded by Tracy Lawrence on his 1991 album Sticks and Stones, and later by Dennis Robbins (who co-wrote it) on his 1992 album Man with a Plan. Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Fall in Love"Buddy Brock, Kenny Chesney, Kim Williams2:372."Grandpa Told Me So"Mark Alan Springer, James Dean Hicks4:183."The Bigger the Fool (The Harder the Fall)"Larry Cordle, Jim Rushing2:464."All I Need to Know"Springer, Steve Seskin3:095."Honey, Would You Stand by Me"Bob McDill2:486."Someone Else's Hog"Chesney, David Lowe2:367."Me and You"Skip Ewing, Ray Herndon3:398."Between Midnight and Daylight"Sanger D. Shafer, Chesney2:409."Paris, Tennessee"Bob DiPiero, John Scott Sherrill, Dennis Robbins2:2310."The Tin Man"Stacey Slate, Chesney, Lowe3:26Total length:30:20 Personnel Eddie Bayers – drums Barry Beckett – keyboards Kenny Chesney – acoustic guitar, lead vocals "Cowboy" Eddie Long – steel guitar Terry McMillan – harmonica, percussion Phil Naish – keyboards Bobby Ogdin – keyboards Don Potter – acoustic guitar Michael Rhodes – bass guitar Brent Rowan – electric guitar Ricky Skaggs – background vocals Joe Spivey – fiddle Harry Stinson – background vocals Dennis Wilson – background vocals Curtis Young – background vocals Charts Weekly charts Chart (1995) Peakposition US Top Country Albums (Billboard) 39 US Top Heatseekers (Billboard) 9 Singles Year Single Peak chartpositions US Country CAN Country 1995 "Fall in Love" 6 6 "All I Need to Know" 8 8 "Grandpa Told Me So" 23 17 Certifications Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000^ ^ Shipments figures based on certification alone. References ^ a b c AOL Music single page for Kenny Chesney ^ Allmusic review ^ "Kenny Chesney Chart History – Country Songs". Billboard. Retrieved March 3, 2020. ^ "Results - RPM - Library and Archives Canada - Country Singles". RPM. Retrieved October 22, 2010. ^ "American album certifications – Kenny Chesney – All I Need to Know". Recording Industry Association of America. vteKenny ChesneyAlbumsSinglesStudio albums In My Wildest Dreams All I Need to Know Me and You I Will Stand Everywhere We Go No Shoes, No Shirt, No Problems All I Want for Christmas Is a Real Good Tan When the Sun Goes Down Be as You Are (Songs from an Old Blue Chair) The Road and the Radio Just Who I Am: Poets & Pirates Lucky Old Sun Hemingway's Whiskey Welcome to the Fishbowl Life on a Rock The Big Revival Cosmic Hallelujah Songs for the Saints Here and Now Born Compilation albums Greatest Hits Super Hits Greatest Hits II Live albums Live: Live Those Songs Again Live in No Shoes Nation Concert tours Sun City Carnival Tour Goin' Coastal Tour Brothers of the Sun Tour No Shoes Nation Tour The Big Revival Tour Spread the Love Tour Trip Around the Sun Tour Here and Now Tour Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"country music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Country_music"},{"link_name":"Kenny Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Chesney"},{"link_name":"BNA Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BNA_Records"},{"link_name":"Capricorn Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capricorn_Records"},{"link_name":"Fall in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_in_Love_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"title track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Need_to_Know_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"Grandpa Told Me So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_Told_Me_So"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"}],"text":"All I Need to Know is the second studio album by American country music singer Kenny Chesney. It was released on June 13, 1995, as his first album for BNA Records after leaving Capricorn Records in 1994. It features the singles \"Fall in Love\", the title track, and \"Grandpa Told Me So\"; these songs peaked at number six, number eight, and number 23, respectively, on the Billboard country charts in 1995.","title":"All I Need to Know (album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Tin Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tin_Man_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"Me and You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_You_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"McBride & the Ride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McBride_%26_the_Ride"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_You_(Kenny_Chesney_album)"},{"link_name":"Tracy Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracy_Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Sticks and Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sticks_and_Stones_(Tracy_Lawrence_album)"},{"link_name":"Dennis Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Robbins"},{"link_name":"Man with a Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_with_a_Plan_(Dennis_Robbins_album)"}],"text":"This album's recording of \"The Tin Man\" was previously released on Chesney's 1994 album In My Wildest Dreams. \"Me and You\", co-written by McBride & the Ride guitarist Ray Herndon, was later included on Chesney's 1996 album of the same name, from which it was released as a single. \"Paris, Tennessee\" was originally recorded by Tracy Lawrence on his 1991 album Sticks and Stones, and later by Dennis Robbins (who co-wrote it) on his 1992 album Man with a Plan.","title":"Content"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fall in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_in_Love_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"Buddy Brock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddy_Brock"},{"link_name":"Kenny Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Chesney"},{"link_name":"Kim Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Williams_(songwriter)"},{"link_name":"Grandpa Told Me So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_Told_Me_So"},{"link_name":"Larry Cordle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Cordle"},{"link_name":"All I Need to Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Need_to_Know_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"Steve Seskin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Seskin"},{"link_name":"Bob McDill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_McDill"},{"link_name":"Me and You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Me_and_You_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"Skip Ewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skip_Ewing"},{"link_name":"Ray Herndon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Herndon"},{"link_name":"Sanger D. Shafer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanger_D._Shafer"},{"link_name":"Bob DiPiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_DiPiero"},{"link_name":"John Scott Sherrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Scott_Sherrill"},{"link_name":"Dennis Robbins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Robbins"},{"link_name":"The Tin Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tin_Man_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Fall in Love\"Buddy Brock, Kenny Chesney, Kim Williams2:372.\"Grandpa Told Me So\"Mark Alan Springer, James Dean Hicks4:183.\"The Bigger the Fool (The Harder the Fall)\"Larry Cordle, Jim Rushing2:464.\"All I Need to Know\"Springer, Steve Seskin3:095.\"Honey, Would You Stand by Me\"Bob McDill2:486.\"Someone Else's Hog\"Chesney, David Lowe2:367.\"Me and You\"Skip Ewing, Ray Herndon3:398.\"Between Midnight and Daylight\"Sanger D. Shafer, Chesney2:409.\"Paris, Tennessee\"Bob DiPiero, John Scott Sherrill, Dennis Robbins2:2310.\"The Tin Man\"Stacey Slate, Chesney, Lowe3:26Total length:30:20","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eddie Bayers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Bayers"},{"link_name":"drums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums"},{"link_name":"Barry Beckett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barry_Beckett"},{"link_name":"keyboards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyboard_instrument"},{"link_name":"Kenny Chesney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Chesney"},{"link_name":"acoustic guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_guitar"},{"link_name":"steel guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steel_guitar"},{"link_name":"harmonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonica"},{"link_name":"percussion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percussion"},{"link_name":"Don Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Potter_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Michael Rhodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Rhodes_(musician)"},{"link_name":"bass guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_guitar"},{"link_name":"Brent Rowan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brent_Rowan"},{"link_name":"electric guitar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_guitar"},{"link_name":"Ricky Skaggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Skaggs"},{"link_name":"fiddle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiddle"},{"link_name":"Harry Stinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Stinson_(musician)"}],"text":"Eddie Bayers – drums\nBarry Beckett – keyboards\nKenny Chesney – acoustic guitar, lead vocals\n\"Cowboy\" Eddie Long – steel guitar\nTerry McMillan – harmonica, percussion\nPhil Naish – keyboards\nBobby Ogdin – keyboards\nDon Potter – acoustic guitar\nMichael Rhodes – bass guitar\nBrent Rowan – electric guitar\nRicky Skaggs – background vocals\nJoe Spivey – fiddle\nHarry Stinson – background vocals\nDennis Wilson – background vocals\nCurtis Young – background vocals","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Need_to_Know_(album)&action=edit&section=5"},{"link_name":"Top Country Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Country_Albums"},{"link_name":"Top Heatseekers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_Heatseekers"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Need_to_Know_(album)&action=edit&section=6"},{"link_name":"US Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Country_Songs-3"},{"link_name":"CAN Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RPM_Country-4"},{"link_name":"Fall in Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_in_Love_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"All I Need to Know","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_I_Need_to_Know_(Kenny_Chesney_song)"},{"link_name":"Grandpa Told Me So","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandpa_Told_Me_So"}],"text":"Weekly charts[edit]\n\n\nChart (1995)\n\nPeakposition\n\n\nUS Top Country Albums (Billboard)\n\n39\n\n\nUS Top Heatseekers (Billboard)\n\n9\n\n\n\nSingles[edit]\n\n\n\nYear\n\nSingle\n\nPeak chartpositions\n\n\nUS Country[3]\n\nCAN Country[4]\n\n\n1995\n\n\"Fall in Love\"\n\n6\n\n6\n\n\n\"All I Need to Know\"\n\n8\n\n8\n\n\n\"Grandpa Told Me So\"\n\n23\n\n17","title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Certifications"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_Weevil
Boll weevil
["1 Description","2 Life cycle","3 Infestation","4 Control","5 Impact","6 In popular culture","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Species of beetle For other uses, see Boll weevil (disambiguation). Not to be confused with Poll evil. Boll weevil Adult on a cotton boll Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Coleoptera Infraorder: Cucujiformia Family: Curculionidae Subfamily: Curculioninae Genus: Anthonomus Species: A. grandis Binomial name Anthonomus grandisBoheman, 1843 The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. The boll weevil feeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico, it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions. Description The adult insect has a long snout, a grayish color, and is usually less than 6 mm (1⁄4 in) in length. Life cycle 1) Dorsal view of adult; 2) side view of adult; 3) egg; 4) side view of larva; 5) ventral view of pupa; 6) adult, with wings spread Adult weevils overwinter in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields, and farms after diapause. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls. The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period. The oviposition leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger buds before flowering), feed for 8 to 10 days, and then pupate. The pupal stage lasts another 5 to 7 days. The lifecycle from egg to adult spans about three weeks during the summer. Under optimal conditions, 8 to 10 generations per season may occur. Boll weevils begin to die at temperatures at or below −5 °C (23 °F). Research at the University of Missouri indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at −15 °C (5 °F). The insulation offered by leaf litter, crop residues, and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels. Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. The weevil's natural predators include fire ants, other insects, spiders, birds, and a parasitoid wasp, Catolaccus grandis. The weevils sometimes emerge from diapause before cotton buds are available. Infestation Cotton boll with weevil larvae. The insect crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, to enter the United States from Mexico in 1892 and reached southeastern Alabama in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., traveling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost U.S. cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year. The boll weevil contributed to Southern farmers' economic woes during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the Great Depression in the 1930s. The boll weevil appeared in Venezuela in 1949 and Colombia in 1950. The Amazon Rainforest was thought to present a barrier to the insect's further spread, until it was detected in Brazil in 1983. An estimated 90% of the cotton farms in Brazil are now infested. During the 1990s, the weevil spread to Paraguay and Argentina. The International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) has proposed a control program similar to that used in the U.S. Control See also: Boll Weevil Eradication Program During early years of the weevil's presence, growers sought relatively warm soils and early-ripening cultivars. Following World War II, the development of new pesticides such as DDT enabled U.S. farmers again to grow cotton as an economic crop. DDT was initially extremely effective, but U.S. weevil populations developed resistance by the mid-1950s. Methyl parathion, malathion, and pyrethroids were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT, and control strategies changed. While many control methods have been investigated since the boll weevil entered the United States, insecticides have always remained the main control methods. In the 1980s, entomologists at Texas A&M University pointed to the spread of another invasive pest, the red imported fire ant, as a factor in the weevils' population decline in some areas. Other avenues of control that have been explored include weevil-resistant strains of cotton, the parasitoid wasp Catolaccus grandis, the fungus Beauveria bassiana, and the Chilo iridescent virus. Genetically engineered Bt cotton is not protected from the boll weevil. "Beat the boll weevil..." (U.S. Food Administration, Educational div., Advertising section, 1918–1919) Eradication map (USDA, 2006) Although it was possible to control the boll weevil, the necessary insecticide was costly. The goal of many cotton entomologists was to eventually eradicate the pest from U.S. cotton. In 1978, a large-scale test was begun in eastern North Carolina and in adjacent Southampton County, Virginia, to determine the feasibility of eradication. Based on the success of this test, area-wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions. These are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Research methods were developed. The ability to distinguish between individuals which had eaten certain substances and those which had not was needed, to determine effectiveness of the active ingredients used. Lindig et al. 1980 studied several dietary dyes as markers. They find Calco Oil Red N-1700 to persist from larval feeding to adulthood, and for females to their eggs, although the resulting first instar was too faintly pink to be distinguishable.: 1274  The program has been successful in eradicating boll weevils from all cotton-growing states with the exception of Texas, and most of this state is free of boll weevils. Problems along the southern border with Mexico have delayed eradication in the extreme southern portions of this state. Follow-up programs are in place in all cotton-growing states to prevent the reintroduction of the pest. These monitoring programs rely on pheromone-baited traps for detection. The boll weevil eradication program, although slow and costly, has paid off for cotton growers in reduced pesticide costs. This program and the screwworm program of the 1950s are among the biggest and most successful insect control programs in history. The boll weevil plaque in Enterprise, Alabama Impact The Library of Congress American Memory Project contains a number of oral history materials on the boll weevil's impact. It devastated black Americans disproportionately because most were directly financially dependent on cotton as a cash crop. Because they were more likely to labor as tenant farmers or sharecroppers on cotton plantations in the Southern United States - the epicenter of the Boll Weevil infestation, Black Farmers, suffered disproportionately. Additionally, Government intervention such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, resulted in the abandonment and loss of cropland for Black Farmers. By 1922 it was taking 8% of the cotton in the country annually. This failure of the south's primary crop became a major impetus for the Great Migration of the time, although not the only one. Thereby it was one of the factors in the birth of the Harlem Renaissance - including the culture of the Cotton Club. A 2009 study found "that as the weevil traversed the American South , it seriously disrupted local economies, significantly reduced the value of land (at this time still the most important asset in the American South), and triggered substantial intraregional population movements." A 2020 Journal of Economic History study found that the boll weevil spread between 1892 and 1922 had a beneficial impact on educational outcomes, as children were less likely to work on cultivating cotton. A 2020 NBER paper found that the boll weevil spread contributed to fewer lynchings, less Confederate monument construction, less KKK activity, and higher non-white voter registration. The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the Southern US, including the expansion of peanut cropping. The citizens of Enterprise, Alabama, erected the Boll Weevil Monument in 1919, perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton, and that mixed farming and manufacturing were better alternatives. In popular culture Music "Boll Weevil" is a traditional blues song covered by artists including Huddie “Lead Belly” Ledbetter, Buster “Bus” Ezel, Woody Guthrie. It reached #2 on the Billboard chart in 1961 in a recording by Brook Benton. In their self-titled debut album, The Presidents of the United States of America made reference to a wide range of animals including on the track, Boll Weevil. Music critic Michael Sun wrote, "By the time track five, ‘Boll Weevil’, rolls around, there's been enough cameos from birds, spiders, monkeys, fish, frogs, pigs, and beetles to fill a zoo, all referenced without agenda or coded meaning — just fun, plain and simple." Sports The boll weevil is the mascot for the University of Arkansas at Monticello and is listed on several "silliest" or "weirdest" mascots of all time. It was also the mascot of a short-lived minor league baseball team, the Temple Boll Weevils, which were alternatively called the "Cotton Bugs". See also Lixus concavus, the rhubarb curculio weevil Female sperm storage Black Belt in the American South References Notes ^ Jones, Robert (2000-01-21). "Evolution of the Host Plant Associations of the Anthonomus grandis Species Group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Phylogenetic Tests of Various Hypotheses". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 94 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2001)0942.0.CO;2. ^ a b Economic impacts of the boll weevil: Mississippi State University. "History of the Boll Weevil in the United States". ^ a b ICAC. "Integrated Pest Management Of The Cotton Boll Weevil In Argentina, Brazil, And Paraguay" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2007-02-20. ^ a b Timothy D. Schowalter (31 May 2011). Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach. Academic Press. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-12-381351-0. Retrieved 8 November 2011. ^ Fillman, D. A. & Sterling, W. L. (December 1983). "Killing power of the red imported fire ant : a key predator of the boll weevil ". Entomophaga. 28 (4). BioControl: Volume 28, Number 4 / December, 1983: 339–344. doi:10.1007/BF02372186. ISSN 0013-8959. S2CID 38550501. ^ Hedin, Paul A.; McCarty, Jack C. (October 1995). "Boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh. oviposition is decreased in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. lines lower in anther monosaccharides and gossypol". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (10): 2735–2739. doi:10.1021/jf00058a035. ISSN 0021-8561. ^ Juan A. Morales-Ramos. "Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)". Biological Control: a guide to Natural Enemies in North America. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14. ^ "boll weevil facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about boll weevil". www.encyclopedia.com. ^ Bt susceptibility of insect species Archived April 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ Hagler, James R.; Jackson, Charles G. (2001). "Methods for Marking Insects: Current Techniques and Future Prospects". Annual Review of Entomology. 46 (1). Annual Reviews: 511–543. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.511. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 11112178. ^ Silver, John, ed. (2008). Mosquito Ecology - Field Sampling Methods. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. xxi+1477. ISBN 978-1-4020-6666-5. OCLC 233972575. ^ "Delta Farm Press". Delta Farm Press. 2006-01-06. Retrieved 2 September 2016. ^ "Today in History - December 11". loc.gov. ^ Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem; Obstfeld, Raymond (2007). On The Shoulders Of Giants : My Journey Through the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 1–288. ISBN 978-1-4165-3488-4. OCLC 76168045. ^ Lange, Fabian; Olmstead, Alan L.; Rhode, Paul W. (2009-09-01). "The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932". The Journal of Economic History. 69 (3): 685–718. doi:10.1017/S0022050709001090. ISSN 1471-6372. S2CID 154646873. ^ Baker, Richard B.; Blanchette, John; Eriksson, Katherine (2020). "Long-Run Impacts of Agricultural Shocks on Educational Attainment: Evidence from the Boll Weevil". The Journal of Economic History. 80 (1): 136–174. doi:10.1017/S0022050719000779. ISSN 0022-0507. ^ Feigenbaum, James J; Mazumder, Soumyajit; Smith, Cory B (2020). "When Coercive Economies Fail: The Political Economy of the US South After the Boll Weevil". Social Science Research. Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w27161. S2CID 219441177. ^ "History of Enterprise". City of Enterprise, Alabama. Archived from the original on 2013-07-03. Retrieved December 21, 2020. ^ Hall, Stephanie (2013-12-11). "The Life and Times of Boll Weevil | Folklife Today". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-10. ^ "Brook Benton". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-03-10. ^ "The Presidents of the United States of America — The Presidents of the United States of America". www.abc.net.au. 21 September 2018. ^ "10 Weirdest College Mascots - RISD mascot, university mascot - Oddee". oddee.com. ^ "Top 10 Weirdest College Mascots". www.campusexplorer.com. 24 June 2021. Further reading Dickerson, Willard A., et al., Ed. Boll Weevil Eradication in the United States Through 1999. The Cotton Foundation, Memphis, Tn 2001. 627 pp. Lange, Fabian, Alan L. Olmstead, and Paul W. Rhode, "The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932", Journal of Economic History, 69 (Sept. 2009), 685–718. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anthonomus grandis. Wikispecies has information related to Boll weevil. Texas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation Boll weevil life cycle Boll weevil biology Archived 2008-08-30 at the Wayback Machine Arkansas Boll Weevil Eradication Foundation Hunter and Coad, "The boll-weevil problem", U.S. Department of Agriculture Farmers' Bulletin, (1928). Hosted by the University of North Texas Libraries Digital Collections Alabama Tourism Board Boll Weevil in Georgia Archived 2011-06-06 at the Wayback Machine A 1984 paper on the effect of a parasitic wasp on the boll weevil Taxon identifiersAnthonomus grandis Wikidata: Q217336 Wikispecies: Anthonomus grandis BioLib: 297360 BOLD: 169925 BugGuide: 230612 GBIF: 5013559 GISD: 549 iNaturalist: 199328 IRMNG: 11145102 ISC: 5735 ITIS: 617370 NCBI: 7044 Authority control databases National Israel Other NARA
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boll weevil (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_weevil_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Poll evil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poll_evil"},{"link_name":"species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Species"},{"link_name":"beetle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetle"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Curculionidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curculionidae"},{"link_name":"cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_America"},{"link_name":"Boll Weevil Eradication Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program"}],"text":"For other uses, see Boll weevil (disambiguation).Not to be confused with Poll evil.The boll weevil (Anthonomus grandis) is a species of beetle in the family Curculionidae. The boll weevil \nfeeds on cotton buds and flowers. Thought to be native to Central Mexico,[1] it migrated into the United States from Mexico in the late 19th century and had infested all U.S. cotton-growing areas by the 1920s, devastating the industry and the people working in the American South. During the late 20th century, it became a serious pest in South America as well. Since 1978, the Boll Weevil Eradication Program in the U.S. allowed full-scale cultivation to resume in many regions.","title":"Boll weevil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"snout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snout"}],"text":"The adult insect has a long snout, a grayish color, and is usually less than 6 mm (1⁄4 in) in length.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulletin_(1904)_(20402387206).jpg"},{"link_name":"Dorsal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsum_(anatomy)"},{"link_name":"overwinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overwintering"},{"link_name":"diapause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapause"},{"link_name":"oviposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviposition"},{"link_name":"pupate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pupate"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"leaf litter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaf_litter"},{"link_name":"fire ants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_ant"},{"link_name":"Catolaccus grandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catolaccus_grandis"},{"link_name":"diapause","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diapause"}],"text":"1) Dorsal view of adult; 2) side view of adult; 3) egg; 4) side view of larva; 5) ventral view of pupa; 6) adult, with wings spreadAdult weevils overwinter in well-drained areas in or near cotton fields, and farms after diapause. They emerge and enter cotton fields from early spring through midsummer, with peak emergence in late spring, and feed on immature cotton bolls.The boll weevil lays its eggs inside buds and ripening bolls (fruits) of the cotton plants. The female can lay up to 200 eggs over a 10- to 12-day period. The oviposition leaves wounds on the exterior of the flower bud. The eggs hatch in 3 to 5 days within the cotton squares (larger buds before flowering), feed for 8 to 10 days, and then pupate. The pupal stage lasts another 5 to 7 days. The lifecycle from egg to adult spans about three weeks during the summer. Under optimal conditions, 8 to 10 generations per season may occur.Boll weevils begin to die at temperatures at or below −5 °C (23 °F). Research at the University of Missouri indicates they cannot survive more than an hour at −15 °C (5 °F). The insulation offered by leaf litter, crop residues, and snow may enable the beetle to survive when air temperatures drop to these levels.Other limitations on boll weevil populations include extreme heat and drought. The weevil's natural predators include fire ants, other insects, spiders, birds, and a parasitoid wasp, Catolaccus grandis. The weevils sometimes emerge from diapause before cotton buds are available.","title":"Life cycle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rio Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Grande"},{"link_name":"Brownsville, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msstate-2"},{"link_name":"Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alabama"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-msstate-2"},{"link_name":"Great Depression","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICAC-3"},{"link_name":"Amazon Rainforest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Paraguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraguay"},{"link_name":"Argentina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina"},{"link_name":"International Cotton Advisory Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Cotton_Advisory_Committee"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ICAC-3"}],"text":"Cotton boll with weevil larvae.The insect crossed the Rio Grande near Brownsville, Texas, to enter the United States from Mexico in 1892[2] and reached southeastern Alabama in 1909. By the mid-1920s, it had entered all cotton-growing regions in the U.S., traveling 40 to 160 miles per year. It remains the most destructive cotton pest in North America. Since the boll weevil entered the United States, it has cost U.S. cotton producers about $13 billion, and in recent times about $300 million per year.[2]The boll weevil contributed to Southern farmers' economic woes during the 1920s, a situation exacerbated by the Great Depression in the 1930s.The boll weevil appeared in Venezuela in 1949 and Colombia in 1950.[3] The Amazon Rainforest was thought to present a barrier to the insect's further spread, until it was detected in Brazil in 1983. An estimated 90% of the cotton farms in Brazil are now infested. During the 1990s, the weevil spread to Paraguay and Argentina. The International Cotton Advisory Committee (ICAC) has proposed a control program similar to that used in the U.S.[3]","title":"Infestation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boll Weevil Eradication Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Eradication_Program"},{"link_name":"DDT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDT"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scho-4"},{"link_name":"Methyl parathion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl_parathion"},{"link_name":"malathion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malathion"},{"link_name":"pyrethroids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrethroid"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scho-4"},{"link_name":"red imported fire ant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_imported_fire_ant"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Catolaccus grandis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catolaccus_grandis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Beauveria bassiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauveria_bassiana"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Genetically engineered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Bt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacillus_thuringiensis"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%22Beat_the_boll_weevil...With_a_little_more_care_at_every_step_you-_not_the_weevils-_get_the_crop._Get_a_good_cotton..._-_NARA_-_512572.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boll_weevil_eradication.jpg"},{"link_name":"Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_and_Plant_Health_Inspection_Service"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"active ingredients","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Active_ingredient"},{"link_name":"dyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dye"},{"link_name":"Calco Oil Red N-1700","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calco_Oil_Red_N-1700&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"instar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Instar"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hagler-Jackson-2001-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Silver-2008-11"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"screwworm program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cochliomyia"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG"},{"link_name":"Enterprise, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise,_Alabama"}],"text":"See also: Boll Weevil Eradication ProgramDuring early years of the weevil's presence, growers sought relatively warm soils and early-ripening cultivars. Following World War II, the development of new pesticides such as DDT enabled U.S. farmers again to grow cotton as an economic crop. DDT was initially extremely effective, but U.S. weevil populations developed resistance by the mid-1950s.[4] Methyl parathion, malathion, and pyrethroids were subsequently used, but environmental and resistance concerns arose as they had with DDT, and control strategies changed.[4]While many control methods have been investigated since the boll weevil entered the United States, insecticides have always remained the main control methods. In the 1980s, entomologists at Texas A&M University pointed to the spread of another invasive pest, the red imported fire ant, as a factor in the weevils' population decline in some areas.[5]Other avenues of control that have been explored include weevil-resistant strains of cotton,[6] the parasitoid wasp Catolaccus grandis,[7] the fungus Beauveria bassiana,[8] and the Chilo iridescent virus[citation needed]. Genetically engineered Bt cotton is not protected from the boll weevil.[9]\"Beat the boll weevil...\" (U.S. Food Administration, Educational div., Advertising section, 1918–1919)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEradication map (USDA, 2006)Although it was possible to control the boll weevil, the necessary insecticide was costly. The goal of many cotton entomologists was to eventually eradicate the pest from U.S. cotton. In 1978, a large-scale test was begun in eastern North Carolina and in adjacent Southampton County, Virginia, to determine the feasibility of eradication. Based on the success of this test, area-wide programs were begun in the 1980s to eradicate the insect from whole regions. These are based on cooperative effort by all growers together with the assistance of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA).[citation needed]Research methods were developed. The ability to distinguish between individuals which had eaten certain substances and those which had not was needed, to determine effectiveness of the active ingredients used. Lindig et al. 1980 studied several dietary dyes as markers. They find Calco Oil Red N-1700 to persist from larval feeding to adulthood, and for females to their eggs, although the resulting first instar was too faintly pink to be distinguishable.[10][11]: 1274The program has been successful in eradicating boll weevils from all cotton-growing states with the exception of Texas, and most of this state is free of boll weevils.[citation needed] Problems along the southern border with Mexico have delayed eradication in the extreme southern portions of this state. Follow-up programs are in place in all cotton-growing states to prevent the reintroduction of the pest. These monitoring programs rely on pheromone-baited traps for detection.[citation needed] The boll weevil eradication program, although slow and costly, has paid off for cotton growers in reduced pesticide costs. This program and the screwworm program of the 1950s are among the biggest and most successful insect control programs in history.[12]The boll weevil plaque in Enterprise, Alabama","title":"Control"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Library of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"American Memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Memory"},{"link_name":"oral history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_history"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"black Americans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_America"},{"link_name":"Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_Adjustment_Act"},{"link_name":"Great Migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Migration_(African_American)"},{"link_name":"Harlem Renaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Renaissance"},{"link_name":"Cotton Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton_Club"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jabbar-Obstfeld-2007-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"peanut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"},{"link_name":"Enterprise, Alabama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enterprise,_Alabama"},{"link_name":"Boll Weevil Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_Weevil_Monument"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"The Library of Congress American Memory Project contains a number of oral history materials on the boll weevil's impact.[13]It devastated black Americans disproportionately because most were directly financially dependent on cotton as a cash crop. Because they were more likely to labor as tenant farmers or sharecroppers on cotton plantations in the Southern United States - the epicenter of the Boll Weevil infestation, Black Farmers, suffered disproportionately. Additionally, Government intervention such as the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, resulted in the abandonment and loss of cropland for Black Farmers.By 1922 it was taking 8% of the cotton in the country annually. This failure of the south's primary crop became a major impetus for the Great Migration of the time, although not the only one. Thereby it was one of the factors in the birth of the Harlem Renaissance - including the culture of the Cotton Club.[14] A 2009 study found \"that as the weevil traversed the American South [in the period 1892-1932], it seriously disrupted local economies, significantly reduced the value of land (at this time still the most important asset in the American South), and triggered substantial intraregional population movements.\"[15] A 2020 Journal of Economic History study found that the boll weevil spread between 1892 and 1922 had a beneficial impact on educational outcomes, as children were less likely to work on cultivating cotton.[16] A 2020 NBER paper found that the boll weevil spread contributed to fewer lynchings, less Confederate monument construction, less KKK activity, and higher non-white voter registration.[17]The boll weevil infestation has been credited with bringing about economic diversification in the Southern US, including the expansion of peanut cropping. The citizens of Enterprise, Alabama, erected the Boll Weevil Monument in 1919, perceiving that their economy had been overly dependent on cotton, and that mixed farming[18] and manufacturing were better alternatives.","title":"Impact"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Boll Weevil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boll_Weevil_(song)"},{"link_name":"Huddie “Lead Belly” Ledbetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead_Belly"},{"link_name":"Woody Guthrie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woody_Guthrie"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Brook Benton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brook_Benton"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"The Presidents of the United States of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Presidents_of_the_United_States_of_America_(band)"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"University of Arkansas at Monticello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_at_Monticello"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Temple Boll Weevils","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Boll_Weevils"}],"text":"Music\"Boll Weevil\" is a traditional blues song covered by artists including Huddie “Lead Belly” Ledbetter, Buster “Bus” Ezel, Woody Guthrie.[19] It reached #2 on the Billboard chart in 1961 in a recording by Brook Benton.[20]\nIn their self-titled debut album, The Presidents of the United States of America made reference to a wide range of animals including on the track, Boll Weevil. Music critic Michael Sun wrote, \"By the time track five, ‘Boll Weevil’, rolls around, there's been enough cameos from birds, spiders, monkeys, fish, frogs, pigs, and beetles to fill a zoo, all referenced without agenda or coded meaning — just fun, plain and simple.\"[21]SportsThe boll weevil is the mascot for the University of Arkansas at Monticello and is listed on several \"silliest\" or \"weirdest\" mascots of all time.[22][23] It was also the mascot of a short-lived minor league baseball team, the Temple Boll Weevils, which were alternatively called the \"Cotton Bugs\".","title":"In popular culture"}]
[{"image_text":"1) Dorsal view of adult; 2) side view of adult; 3) egg; 4) side view of larva; 5) ventral view of pupa; 6) adult, with wings spread","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg/220px-Bulletin_%281904%29_%2820402387206%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Cotton boll with weevil larvae.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg/220px-Anthonomus_grandis_1233023.jpg"},{"image_text":"The boll weevil plaque in Enterprise, Alabama","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG/175px-Boll_Weevil_monument_angle_at_Enterprise_City_Hall.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Lixus concavus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lixus_concavus"},{"title":"Female sperm storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Female_sperm_storage"},{"title":"Black Belt in the American South","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Belt_in_the_American_South"}]
[{"reference":"Jones, Robert (2000-01-21). \"Evolution of the Host Plant Associations of the Anthonomus grandis Species Group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Phylogenetic Tests of Various Hypotheses\". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 94 (1): 51–58. doi:10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0051:EOTHPA]2.0.CO;2.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1603%2F0013-8746%282001%29094%5B0051%3AEOTHPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"\"Evolution of the Host Plant Associations of the Anthonomus grandis Species Group (Coleoptera: Curculionidae): Phylogenetic Tests of Various Hypotheses\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1603%2F0013-8746%282001%29094%5B0051%3AEOTHPA%5D2.0.CO%3B2","url_text":"10.1603/0013-8746(2001)094[0051:EOTHPA]2.0.CO;2"}]},{"reference":"Mississippi State University. \"History of the Boll Weevil in the United States\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bollweevil.ext.msstate.edu/history.html","url_text":"\"History of the Boll Weevil in the United States\""}]},{"reference":"ICAC. \"Integrated Pest Management Of The Cotton Boll Weevil In Argentina, Brazil, And Paraguay\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-05. Retrieved 2007-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20061005064716/http://www.icac.org/projects/CommonFund/Boll/proj_03_proposal.pdf","url_text":"\"Integrated Pest Management Of The Cotton Boll Weevil In Argentina, Brazil, And Paraguay\""},{"url":"http://www.icac.org/Projects/CommonFund/Boll/proj_03_proposal.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Timothy D. Schowalter (31 May 2011). Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach. Academic Press. p. 482. ISBN 978-0-12-381351-0. Retrieved 8 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=2KzokTLIysQC&pg=PA482","url_text":"Insect Ecology: An Ecosystem Approach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-381351-0","url_text":"978-0-12-381351-0"}]},{"reference":"Fillman, D. A. & Sterling, W. L. (December 1983). \"Killing power of the red imported fire ant [Hym.: Formicidae]: a key predator of the boll weevil [Col.: Curculionidae]\". Entomophaga. 28 (4). BioControl: Volume 28, Number 4 / December, 1983: 339–344. doi:10.1007/BF02372186. ISSN 0013-8959. S2CID 38550501.","urls":[{"url":"http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF02372186","url_text":"\"Killing power of the red imported fire ant [Hym.: Formicidae]: a key predator of the boll weevil [Col.: Curculionidae]\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02372186","url_text":"10.1007/BF02372186"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8959","url_text":"0013-8959"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38550501","url_text":"38550501"}]},{"reference":"Hedin, Paul A.; McCarty, Jack C. (October 1995). \"Boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh. oviposition is decreased in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. lines lower in anther monosaccharides and gossypol\". Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 43 (10): 2735–2739. doi:10.1021/jf00058a035. ISSN 0021-8561.","urls":[{"url":"https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/jf00058a035","url_text":"\"Boll weevil Anthonomus grandis Boh. oviposition is decreased in cotton Gossypium hirsutum L. lines lower in anther monosaccharides and gossypol\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjf00058a035","url_text":"10.1021/jf00058a035"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0021-8561","url_text":"0021-8561"}]},{"reference":"Juan A. Morales-Ramos. \"Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)\". Biological Control: a guide to Natural Enemies in North America. Archived from the original on 2013-10-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014100230/http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/parasitoids/catolaccus.html","url_text":"\"Catolaccus grandis (Burks) (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)\""},{"url":"http://www.biocontrol.entomology.cornell.edu/parasitoids/catolaccus.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"boll weevil facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about boll weevil\". www.encyclopedia.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-14987730.html","url_text":"\"boll weevil facts, information, pictures - Encyclopedia.com articles about boll weevil\""}]},{"reference":"Hagler, James R.; Jackson, Charles G. (2001). \"Methods for Marking Insects: Current Techniques and Future Prospects\". Annual Review of Entomology. 46 (1). Annual Reviews: 511–543. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.511. ISSN 0066-4170. PMID 11112178.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Entomology","url_text":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)","url_text":"Annual Reviews"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.46.1.511","url_text":"10.1146/annurev.ento.46.1.511"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4170","url_text":"0066-4170"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11112178","url_text":"11112178"}]},{"reference":"Silver, John, ed. (2008). Mosquito Ecology - Field Sampling Methods. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer. pp. xxi+1477. ISBN 978-1-4020-6666-5. OCLC 233972575.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dordrecht,_Netherlands","url_text":"Dordrecht, Netherlands"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Publishing","url_text":"Springer"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-6666-5","url_text":"978-1-4020-6666-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/233972575","url_text":"233972575"}]},{"reference":"\"Delta Farm Press\". Delta Farm Press. 2006-01-06. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://deltafarmpress.com/most-successful-biological-pest-exclusion-program-ever","url_text":"\"Delta Farm Press\""}]},{"reference":"\"Today in History - December 11\". loc.gov.","urls":[{"url":"http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/today/dec11.html","url_text":"\"Today in History - December 11\""}]},{"reference":"Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem; Obstfeld, Raymond (2007). On The Shoulders Of Giants : My Journey Through the Harlem Renaissance. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 1–288. ISBN 978-1-4165-3488-4. OCLC 76168045.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareem_Abdul-Jabbar","url_text":"Abdul-Jabbar, Kareem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Obstfeld","url_text":"Obstfeld, Raymond"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster","url_text":"Simon & Schuster"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3488-4","url_text":"978-1-4165-3488-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/76168045","url_text":"76168045"}]},{"reference":"Lange, Fabian; Olmstead, Alan L.; Rhode, Paul W. (2009-09-01). \"The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932\". The Journal of Economic History. 69 (3): 685–718. doi:10.1017/S0022050709001090. ISSN 1471-6372. S2CID 154646873.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-economic-history/article/div-classtitlethe-impact-of-the-boll-weevil-18921932div/B726479ED1550ECE8F28A7D8115F5A52","url_text":"\"The Impact of the Boll Weevil, 1892–1932\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050709001090","url_text":"10.1017/S0022050709001090"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1471-6372","url_text":"1471-6372"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154646873","url_text":"154646873"}]},{"reference":"Baker, Richard B.; Blanchette, John; Eriksson, Katherine (2020). \"Long-Run Impacts of Agricultural Shocks on Educational Attainment: Evidence from the Boll Weevil\". The Journal of Economic History. 80 (1): 136–174. doi:10.1017/S0022050719000779. ISSN 0022-0507.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050719000779","url_text":"\"Long-Run Impacts of Agricultural Shocks on Educational Attainment: Evidence from the Boll Weevil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022050719000779","url_text":"10.1017/S0022050719000779"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0507","url_text":"0022-0507"}]},{"reference":"Feigenbaum, James J; Mazumder, Soumyajit; Smith, Cory B (2020). \"When Coercive Economies Fail: The Political Economy of the US South After the Boll Weevil\". Social Science Research. Working Paper Series. doi:10.3386/w27161. S2CID 219441177.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nber.org/papers/w27161","url_text":"\"When Coercive Economies Fail: The Political Economy of the US South After the Boll Weevil\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3386%2Fw27161","url_text":"10.3386/w27161"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219441177","url_text":"219441177"}]},{"reference":"Hall, Stephanie (2013-12-11). \"The Life and Times of Boll Weevil | Folklife Today\". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 2021-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://blogs.loc.gov/folklife/2013/12/the-life-and-times-of-boll-weevil/","url_text":"\"The Life and Times of Boll Weevil | Folklife Today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brook Benton\". Billboard. Retrieved 2021-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.billboard.com/artist/brook-benton/chart-history/hsi/","url_text":"\"Brook Benton\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Presidents of the United States of America — The Presidents of the United States of America\". www.abc.net.au. 21 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc.net.au/doublej/programs/classic-albums/classic-albums:-monday,-24-september/10290966","url_text":"\"The Presidents of the United States of America — The Presidents of the United States of America\""}]},{"reference":"\"10 Weirdest College Mascots - RISD mascot, university mascot - Oddee\". oddee.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oddee.com/item_96800.aspx","url_text":"\"10 Weirdest College Mascots - RISD mascot, university mascot - Oddee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 10 Weirdest College Mascots\". www.campusexplorer.com. 24 June 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.campusexplorer.com/Top-10-Weirdest-College-Mascots/","url_text":"\"Top 10 Weirdest College Mascots\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Todd_(1803%E2%80%931873)
William Todd (businessman)
["1 References"]
Canadian politician (1803–1873) William ToddBornJuly 10, 1803North Yarmouth, Maine, United States of AmericaDiedOctober 5, 1873Nationality United States Canada Occupationbusinessman William Todd (July 10, 1803 – October 5, 1873) was an American-born businessman who was offered a seat in the Senate of Canada but refused to move to Ottawa and letters patent were not issued. He was affiliated with the Liberal Party of Canada. Todd was the son of Hannah Worthley Todd and William Todd, a Maine merchant who prospered in the West Indies trade until the Napoleonic Wars ruined the business and he moved his family to New Brunswick in 1811. Young William was succeeding as a merchant at Milltown on the St. Croix River by the time he was age 22. He eventually became president of the St Croix and Penobscot Railroad and president of the St. Stephen Branch Railroad (which became the New Brunswick and Canada Railway). He was a founder and director of the St. Stephen's Bank in St. Stephen, New Brunswick, and was bank president from 1849 until 1873. Although he was one of the senators named in Her Majesty's Proclamation of 1867, Todd declined to serve. References ^ a b c "William Todd". Dictionary of Canadian Biography. biographi.ca. Retrieved 2 November 2017. ^ Ross, Sir George William (1914). The Senate of Canada: Its Constitution, Powers and Duties Historically Considered. Copp, Clark Company. This article about a New Brunswick politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_H%C3%BCl%C3%ABg%C3%BC
Qara Hülegü
["1 References"]
This article is about the Chagatai khan. For the founder of the Ilkhanate, see Hulagu. Khan of the Chagatai Khanate Qara HülegüKhan of the Chagatai Khanate1st reign1242–1246PredecessorChagatai KhanSuccessorYesü Möngke2nd reign1252PredecessorYesü MöngkeSuccessorMubarak ShahVizierQaracharDied1252SpouseOrghanaHouseBorjiginFatherMö'etükenMotherEbuskun Qara Hülegü (died 1252) was head of the ulus of the Chagatai Khanate (1242 - 1246, 1252). He was the son of Mö'etüken (killed during the 1221 siege of Bamiyan), favored son of Chagatai Khan. He was nominated by Chagatai Khan, as well as Ögedei Khan, to become khan. Since he was still young, his mother Ebuskun acted as regent for him. In order to ensure his power, however, the Grand Khan Güyük Khan deposed him in 1246 and replaced him with one of Qara Hülegü's uncles, Yesü Möngke. However, following the ascension of Güyük's successor, Möngke Khan, Qara Hülegü gained the Great Khan's favor by supporting him in his purges of the family of Ögedei. He was restored to his position of Chagatai Khan, but died before returning to his realm. Mongke permitted his wife Orghana Khatun (daughter of Toralchi Küregen, granddaughter of Qutuqa Beki) to serve as regent. Qara Hülegü was later succeeded by his son Mubarak Shah. References ^ Boyle, John Andrew (1971). The Successors of Genghis Khan. Columbia University Press. p. 149.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) Preceded byChagatai Khan Khan of Chagatai Khanate First Reign 1242–1246 Succeeded byYesü Möngke Preceded byYesü Möngke Khan of Chagatai Khanate Second Reign 1252 Succeeded byMubarak Shah(under the regency of Orghana) vteMongol EmpireTerminologyTitles Khagan Khan Khatun Khanum Jinong Khong Tayiji Noyan Tarkhan PoliticalMilitary Jarlig Örtöö Orda Pax Mongolica Yassa Kurultai Paiza / Gerege Manghit / Mangudai Tümen Kheshig Darughachi PoliticsOrganizationLifeTopics Administrative divisions and vassals Banner/Bunchuk/Tug Invasions and conquests Destructiveness Imperial Seal Military Religion Society and economy House of Borjigin House of Ögedei Mongol Armenia Byzantine–Mongol Alliance Franco-Mongol alliance Lists of battles of the Mongol invasion of Europe List of battles of the Mongol invasion of Kievan Rus' Khanates Yuan dynasty Northern Yuan Chagatai Khanate House of Ögedei Golden Horde Wings Ilkhanate Major cities Almalik Avarga Azov (Azaq) Bukhara Bolghar Karakorum Dadu Majar Maragheh Qarshi Samarkand Sarai Batu/Berke Saray-Jük Shangdu (Xanadu) Soltaniyeh Tabriz Ukek Xacitarxan CampaignsBattlesAsiaCentral Siberia (1207-1308) Sakhalin (1264–1308) Qara Khitai (1216–18) Khwarazmian Empire (1219–1221) Persia (1219–1256) East Western Xia (1205 / 1207 / 1209–10 / 1225–27) Northern China (1211–34) Korea (1231–60) Southern China (1235–79) Tibet (1236 / 1240 / 1252) Yunnan (1253–56) Japan (1274 / 1281) Southeast Burma (1277 / 1283 / 1287) Java (1293) Vietnam (1257 / 1284–88) Burma (1300–02) South India (1221–1327) Europe Georgia (1220–22 / 1226–31 / 1237–64) Circassia (1237–1300s) Chechnya (1237–1300s) Volga Bulgaria (1229–36) Alania (1238–1239) Kievan Rus' (1223 / 1236–40) Poland and Bohemia (1240–41) Hungary (1241–42) Holy Roman Empire (1241–42) Serbia and Bulgaria (1242) Latin Empire (1242) Lithuania (1258–59) Poland (1259–60) Thrace (1264–65) Hungary (1285–86) Poland (1287–88) Serbia (1291) Middle East Anatolia (1241–43) Alamut (1253–1256) Baghdad (1258) Syria (1260–1323) Palestine (1260 / 1301) Civil wars Division of the Mongol Empire Toluid Civil War (1260–64) Berke–Hulagu war (1262) Kaidu–Kublai war (1268–1301) Esen Buqa–Ayurbarwada war (1314–1318) PeopleGreat Khans Genghis Khan Tolui (regent) Ögedei Khan Töregene Khatun (regent) Güyük Khan Oghul Qaimish (regent) Möngke Khan Kublai Khan (Khagans of the Yuan) Khans Jochi Batu Khan Sartaq Khan Orda Khan Berke Toqta Özbeg Khan Chagatai Khan Duwa Kebek Hulegu Abaqa Arghun Ghazan Military Subutai Jebe Muqali Negudar Bo'orchu Guo Kan Boroqul Jelme Khubilai Aju Bayan Kadan Boroldai Nogai Khan Timeline of the Mongol Empire This article related to Central Asian history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a member of an Asian royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
[{"reference":"Boyle, John Andrew (1971). The Successors of Genghis Khan. Columbia University Press. p. 149.","urls":[]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve_stem_(tire)
Valve stem
["1 Schrader","2 Presta","3 Dunlop (or Woods)","4 Regina","5 Others","6 References","7 External links"]
For the shaft which transmits motion from the outside to the inside of a valve, see Valve § Stem. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Valve stem" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Type of valve Replacing a valve stem. A valve stem is a self-contained valve that opens to admit gas to a chamber (such as air to inflate a tire), and is then automatically closed and kept sealed by the pressure in the chamber, or a spring, or both, to prevent the gas from escaping. There are many types of valves, and they are most commonly used on automobile, motorcycle, and bicycle tires, but also for many other applications. The most common type is the Schrader valve, but some road bicycles with skinny tires instead use the Presta valve. Schrader Schrader valve stem Main article: Schrader valve Schrader valves consist of a valve stem into which a poppet valve is threaded with a spring attached. They are used on virtually all automobile and motorbike tires and on wider-rimmed bicycle tires. In addition to tires, Schrader valves of varying diameters are used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, plumbing, engine fuel injection, suspension systems, and SCUBA regulators, allowing the user to remove and attach a hose while in use. The Schrader valves in the fuel injector rail of many automobiles are used as a quick and easy point to check fuel pressure or connect an injector cleaner cartridge. Presta Presta valve stem Main article: Presta valve Presta valves (also called Sclaverand valves or French valves) are normally only used on bicycles. The stem has a narrower diameter (nominally 6 mm) than the thinnest (nominally 8 mm) Schrader type, and so the bore of the hole in the rim through which the stem passes can be smaller. Has a locknut that needs to be opened to inflate/deflate. Dunlop (or Woods) Dunlop (or Woods) valve stem Main article: Dunlop valve Dunlop valves (also called Woods valves or English valves) were the dominating bicycle valves in the European region and many other countries. As of 2021, Presta valves are just as common in these regions. Dunlop valves are still widely used especially on low to medium-priced bicycles (city and trekking bikes). They can be pumped up with a Presta bicycle pump. Regina Regina Valve stem The "Regina Valve" is very similar to the Presta and mostly used in Italy. The central threaded pin is so short that it does not protrude from the valve tube and therefore cannot be bent. In order to close the valve tightly, a small, loose nut is placed on this threaded rod with a diameter of only around 1.5 mm and screwed on by hand. A threaded rod is enough. By tightening the nut, the valve disc with the conical sealing body is pressed against the valve seat. Rim drilling:⌀ 6.5 mm Thread DIN 7756 • outside VG 6×32 •outside VG 5.2×24 at the upper end Maximum pressure 15 bars. Others Many other valves are used only in certain regions or for limited purposes. Invisible tire valves are different in design from traditional tire valves. An inflator stem is not used; instead, a removable cap on a valve stem embedded in the tire rim is fitted, with only the cap visible. When inflating the tire, the cap is first removed, typically with a coin, and then a "portable" dedicated inflator stem is screwed onto the valve stem. Through the inflator, the tire is inflated as usual. References ^ García-Ramírez, Yasmany (2022). "Real Driving on Under-inflated Rear Tire on Horizontal Curves: A Road Experimental Study". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. doi:10.5220/0011056900003191. ^ "Pressure". Pressure. 2020. doi:10.5040/9781682661031. ^ Tools for pressing. Spring plungers with helicoidal compression steel spring or gas spring, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ "Handmade Automobiles". Handmade Automobiles. 2009. doi:10.5040/9781350904057. ^ Motorcycle Headlamps, SAE International, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ "The Repair of Single Tube Bicycle Tires". Scientific American. 75 (5): 125–126. 1896-08-01. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125. ISSN 0036-8733. ^ Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Eugene A. Sloane (1991). Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles. Simon and Schuster. pp. 313–. ISBN 978-0-671-67587-5. ^ "poppet valve, n.", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Karmakar, Sibdas; Karmakar (2022-02-16), "Diameters and Conjugate Diameters", Analytical Geometry: Two Dimensions, London: CRC Press, pp. 273–300, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ "Air conditioning system cost", Air Conditioning, Routledge, pp. 367–373, 2014-05-09, ISBN 978-1-315-79406-8, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Pressure regulators for use with medical gases, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ "Unit 1 Welcome to Plumbing", Plumbing, Routledge, pp. 13–32, 2007-08-15, ISBN 978-0-08-055005-3, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle Bodies, SAE International, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Bauer, Wolfgang (2021-10-01), "Suspension Systems Basics", Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–22, ISBN 978-3-662-63771-5, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Christopher Wiggins (5 June 2014). Bike Repair and Maintenance. DK Publishing. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-1-61564-511-4. ^ Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25 ^ Sheldon Brown's Bicycle Glossary ^ "Fahrradventil". Wikipedia DE. Retrieved 27 March 2023. External links summary of bicycle valve types by Sheldon Brown common types of valves used for bicycles advantages Of tire monitoring valve cap vteTiresTypes Tubeless tire Radial tire Low rolling resistance tire Run-flat tire Michelin PAX System Airless tire Tweel Rain tyre Snow tire All-terrain tire Bar grip Knobby tire Large tire Mud-terrain tire Paddle tire Orange oil tires Whitewall tire Aircraft tire Tundra tire Bicycle tire Tubular tire Lego tire Motorcycle tyre Tractor tire Racing slick Formula One tyres Spare tire Continental tire Components Bead Beadlock Tread Siping (rubber) Valve stem Dunlop valve Presta valve Schrader valve Attributes Camber thrust Circle of forces Cold inflation pressure Contact patch Cornering force Ground pressure Pacejka's Magic Formula Pneumatic trail Relaxation length Rolling resistance Self aligning torque Slip angle Steering ratio Tire balance Tire load sensitivity Tire uniformity Lateral Force Variation Radial Force Variation Traction (engineering) Treadwear rating Behaviors Aquaplaning Groove wander Slip (vehicle dynamics) Tramlining Maintenance Tire maintenance Tire rotation Bicycle pump Central Tire Inflation System Tire mousse Tire-pressure monitoring system Tire-pressure gauge Direct TPMS Bead breaker Tire changer Tire iron Life cycle Tire manufacturing List of tire companies Retread Waste tires Tire recycling Tire fire Blowout Flat tire Ozone cracking Organizations European Tyre and Rim Technical Organisation Tire Society Tire Science and Technology Identification Tire code Plus sizing Tire label Uniform Tire Quality Grading (UTQG) Outline of tires Category vteBicycle partsFrame Handlebars Stem Head tube Headset Fork Seatpost Saddle Bottom bracket Fork end Suspension Wheels Tire Spoke Spoke nipple Valve stem Dustcap Quick release skewer Drivetrain Pedal Crankset Chain/Belt Master link Cogset Derailleur/Hub gears Gear case Sprocket Cabling Shifter Bowden cable Cable guide Brake Ferrule Peripherals Basket Bell Bottle cage Fairing Cyclocomputer Kickstand Lighting Luggage carrier Mudguards Panniers Saddlebag Spoke card Reflectors Skirt guard Fender Training wheels
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Valve § Stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve#Stem"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ImageerMedia-70.jpg"},{"link_name":"valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valve"},{"link_name":"tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"pressure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressure"},{"link_name":"spring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spring_(device)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"automobile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tire"},{"link_name":"motorcycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motorcycle_tire"},{"link_name":"bicycle tires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_tire"},{"link_name":"Schrader valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schrader_valve"},{"link_name":"road bicycles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle"},{"link_name":"Presta valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presta_valve"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"For the shaft which transmits motion from the outside to the inside of a valve, see Valve § Stem.Type of valveReplacing a valve stem.A valve stem is a self-contained valve that opens to admit gas to a chamber (such as air to inflate a tire),[1] and is then automatically closed and kept sealed by the pressure in the chamber, or a spring,[2][3] or both, to prevent the gas from escaping.[4]There are many types of valves, and they are most commonly used on automobile, motorcycle, and bicycle tires, but also for many other applications. The most common type is the Schrader valve, but some road bicycles with skinny tires instead use the Presta valve.[5][6][7][8]","title":"Valve stem"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Schrader-ventil.jpg"},{"link_name":"poppet valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve"},{"link_name":"refrigeration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration"},{"link_name":"air conditioning systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_conditioning"},{"link_name":"plumbing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumbing"},{"link_name":"engine fuel injection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_injection"},{"link_name":"suspension systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_suspension"},{"link_name":"regulators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_regulator"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sloane1991-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Schrader valve stemSchrader valves consist of a valve stem into which a poppet valve is threaded with a spring attached. They are used on virtually all automobile and motorbike tires and on wider-rimmed bicycle tires. In addition to tires, Schrader valves of varying diameters are used in refrigeration and air conditioning systems, plumbing, engine fuel injection, suspension systems, and SCUBA regulators, allowing the user to remove and attach a hose while in use. The Schrader valves in the fuel injector rail of many automobiles are used as a quick and easy point to check fuel pressure or connect an injector cleaner cartridge.[9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]","title":"Schrader"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Presta_valve_close.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wiggins2014-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Presta valve stemPresta valves (also called Sclaverand valves or French valves) are normally only used on bicycles. The stem has a narrower diameter (nominally 6 mm) than the thinnest (nominally 8 mm) Schrader type, and so the bore of the hole in the rim through which the stem passes can be smaller.\nHas a locknut that needs to be opened to inflate/deflate.[17][18]","title":"Presta"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dunlop_valve.jpg"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"bicycle pump","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle_pump"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"Dunlop (or Woods) valve stemDunlop valves (also called Woods valves or English valves) were the dominating bicycle valves in the European region and many other countries.\nAs of 2021, Presta valves are just as common in these regions. Dunlop valves are still widely used especially on low to medium-priced bicycles (city and trekking bikes).[19]\nThey can be pumped up with a Presta bicycle pump.[20]","title":"Dunlop (or Woods)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Valve_Regina_avec_son_bouchon.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"}],"text":"Regina Valve stemThe \"Regina Valve\" is very similar to the Presta and mostly used in Italy.[21][circular reference] The central threaded pin is so short that it does not protrude from the valve tube and therefore cannot be bent. In order to close the valve tightly, a small, loose nut is placed on this threaded rod with a diameter of only around 1.5 mm and screwed on by hand. A threaded rod is enough. By tightening the nut, the valve disc with the conical sealing body is pressed against the valve seat.Rim drilling:⌀ 6.5 mmThread DIN 7756\n• outside VG 6×32\n•outside VG 5.2×24 at the upper endMaximum pressure 15 bars.","title":"Regina"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Many other valves are used only in certain regions or for limited purposes.Invisible tire valves are different in design from traditional tire valves. An inflator stem is not used; instead, a removable cap on a valve stem embedded in the tire rim is fitted, with only the cap visible. When inflating the tire, the cap is first removed, typically with a coin, and then a \"portable\" dedicated inflator stem is screwed onto the valve stem. Through the inflator, the tire is inflated as usual.","title":"Others"}]
[{"image_text":"Replacing a valve stem.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/ImageerMedia-70.jpg/220px-ImageerMedia-70.jpg"},{"image_text":"Schrader valve stem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Schrader-ventil.jpg/50px-Schrader-ventil.jpg"},{"image_text":"Presta valve stem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Presta_valve_close.jpg/50px-Presta_valve_close.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dunlop (or Woods) valve stem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dunlop_valve.jpg/50px-Dunlop_valve.jpg"},{"image_text":"Regina Valve stem","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Valve_Regina_avec_son_bouchon.jpg/50px-Valve_Regina_avec_son_bouchon.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"García-Ramírez, Yasmany (2022). \"Real Driving on Under-inflated Rear Tire on Horizontal Curves: A Road Experimental Study\". Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Vehicle Technology and Intelligent Transport Systems. SCITEPRESS - Science and Technology Publications. doi:10.5220/0011056900003191.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5220/0011056900003191","url_text":"\"Real Driving on Under-inflated Rear Tire on Horizontal Curves: A Road Experimental Study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5220%2F0011056900003191","url_text":"10.5220/0011056900003191"}]},{"reference":"\"Pressure\". Pressure. 2020. doi:10.5040/9781682661031.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781682661031","url_text":"\"Pressure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781682661031","url_text":"10.5040/9781682661031"}]},{"reference":"Tools for pressing. Spring plungers with helicoidal compression steel spring or gas spring, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3403/30338766","url_text":"Tools for pressing. Spring plungers with helicoidal compression steel spring or gas spring"}]},{"reference":"Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710","url_text":"Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces"}]},{"reference":"\"Handmade Automobiles\". Handmade Automobiles. 2009. doi:10.5040/9781350904057.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781350904057","url_text":"\"Handmade Automobiles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781350904057","url_text":"10.5040/9781350904057"}]},{"reference":"Motorcycle Headlamps, SAE International, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4271/j584_202002","url_text":"Motorcycle Headlamps"}]},{"reference":"\"The Repair of Single Tube Bicycle Tires\". Scientific American. 75 (5): 125–126. 1896-08-01. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125. ISSN 0036-8733.","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125","url_text":"\"The Repair of Single Tube Bicycle Tires\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican08011896-125","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamerican08011896-125"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8733","url_text":"0036-8733"}]},{"reference":"Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710","url_text":"Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces"}]},{"reference":"Eugene A. Sloane (1991). Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles. Simon and Schuster. pp. 313–. ISBN 978-0-671-67587-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=90ume00drmsC&pg=PA313","url_text":"Sloane's Complete Book of All-terrain Bicycles"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-67587-5","url_text":"978-0-671-67587-5"}]},{"reference":"\"poppet valve, n.\", Oxford English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, 2023-03-02, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oed/1063025456","url_text":"\"poppet valve, n.\""}]},{"reference":"Karmakar, Sibdas; Karmakar (2022-02-16), \"Diameters and Conjugate Diameters\", Analytical Geometry: Two Dimensions, London: CRC Press, pp. 273–300, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003293248-7","url_text":"\"Diameters and Conjugate Diameters\""}]},{"reference":"\"Air conditioning system cost\", Air Conditioning, Routledge, pp. 367–373, 2014-05-09, ISBN 978-1-315-79406-8, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315794068-23","url_text":"\"Air conditioning system cost\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-79406-8","url_text":"978-1-315-79406-8"}]},{"reference":"Pressure regulators for use with medical gases, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02670016u","url_text":"Pressure regulators for use with medical gases"}]},{"reference":"\"Unit 1 Welcome to Plumbing\", Plumbing, Routledge, pp. 13–32, 2007-08-15, ISBN 978-0-08-055005-3, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780080550053-6","url_text":"\"Unit 1 Welcome to Plumbing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-055005-3","url_text":"978-0-08-055005-3"}]},{"reference":"Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle Bodies, SAE International, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.4271/j1223_201208","url_text":"Marine Carburetors and Fuel Injection Throttle Bodies"}]},{"reference":"Bauer, Wolfgang (2021-10-01), \"Suspension Systems Basics\", Hydropneumatic Suspension Systems, Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 1–22, ISBN 978-3-662-63771-5, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-63772-2_1","url_text":"\"Suspension Systems Basics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-662-63771-5","url_text":"978-3-662-63771-5"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Wiggins (5 June 2014). Bike Repair and Maintenance. DK Publishing. pp. 16–. ISBN 978-1-61564-511-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oruUAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16","url_text":"Bike Repair and Maintenance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61564-511-4","url_text":"978-1-61564-511-4"}]},{"reference":"Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710","url_text":"Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces"}]},{"reference":"Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces, BSI British Standards, retrieved 2023-09-25","urls":[{"url":"https://dx.doi.org/10.3403/02162710","url_text":"Hydraulic fluid power. Pressure-reducing valves, sequence valves, unloading valves, throttle valves and check valves. Mounting surfaces"}]},{"reference":"\"Fahrradventil\". Wikipedia DE. Retrieved 27 March 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahrradventil#Reginaventil","url_text":"\"Fahrradventil\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Free_(The_Rolling_Stones_song)
I'm Free (Rolling Stones song)
["1 Release","2 Music and reception","3 Personnel","4 The Soup Dragons version","4.1 Critical reception","4.2 Charts","5 Other versions","6 References"]
1965 single by The Rolling Stones "I'm Free"Single by the Rolling Stonesfrom the album Out of Our Heads A-side"Get off of My Cloud" (US)Released25 October 1965Recorded6 September 1965StudioRCA, Hollywood, CaliforniaGenre Rock folk rock Length2:24LabelLondon (45-LON 9792)Songwriter(s)Jagger/RichardsProducer(s)Andrew Loog Oldham "I'm Free" is a song by the Rolling Stones written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, first released as the final track on the UK version of their album Out of Our Heads on 24 September 1965. It was also released at the same time as a single in the US and later included on the American December's Children (And Everybody's) album. Release The Rolling Stones recorded a re-worked acoustic version for their 1995 album Stripped, and performed a live version in the 2008 film Shine a Light, which was included on the accompanying live album. The song was also performed at the free concert in Hyde Park, London, on July 5, 1969, released on the DVD The Stones in the Park in 2006. In 2007, a remixed version of the original recording was used in a television commercial for the Chase Freedom credit card and in 2008 it was used in a UK commercial for a Renault SUV. The original vinyl bootleg Live'r Than You'll Ever Be included a live version recorded in Oakland, California, in November 1969. It appears on the Rolling Stones live album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! as a re-release bonus track, following "Under My Thumb" without a break. Music and reception Rolling Stone magazine ranked "I'm Free" as the 78th greatest Rolling Stones song, saying: "A tambourine-spangled folk rocker with chime-y, Byrds-like guitar, this offhandedly libertarian tune wasn't a big hit, but it's one of the Sixties' most pliant anthems." The Guardian identified the song as an example of the improving songwriting of Jagger and Richards at the time, describing the song as "gleefully hymning the arrogance of youth." Cash Box described it as a "raunchy, hard-driving emotion-packed romancer." Personnel Mick Jagger – lead vocals, backing vocals Keith Richards – lead guitar, backing vocals Brian Jones – rhythm guitar, organ Bill Wyman – bass guitar Charlie Watts – drums James W. Alexander – tambourine The Soup Dragons version "I'm Free"Single by the Soup Dragons featuring Junior Reidfrom the album Lovegod Released1990Genre Rock baggy Length 3:58 (album version) 3:29 (radio edit) LabelBig LifeSongwriter(s)Jagger/RichardsProducer(s) Sean Dickson George Shilling The Soup Dragons singles chronology "Mother Universe" (1990) "I'm Free" (1990) "Electric Blues" (1991) Scottish alternative rock/dance band the Soup Dragons rearranged the song in 1990. Their version interpolates Donovan's 1969 song "Barabajagal" and contains a toasted verse by Junior Reid. The single became the band's biggest hit, reaching the top ten in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, and charted in other countries as well. The Soup Dragons' version was featured in the films Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even, The World's End and Renfield. Critical reception Reviewing the single, David Giles of Music Week stated that the Soup Dragons "have fashioned a thoroughly contemporary piece of music that could well pay off at a commercial level". Charts Chart (1990–1991) Peakposition Australia (ARIA) 9 Austria (Ö3 Austria Top 40) 26 Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 38 Europe (Eurochart Hot 100) 16 France (SNEP) 33 Ireland (IRMA) 15 Netherlands (Dutch Top 40 Tipparade) 9 Netherlands (Single Top 100) 52 New Zealand (Recorded Music NZ) 6 UK Singles (OCC) 5 UK Dance (Music Week) 6 US Billboard Hot 100 79 US Alternative Airplay (Billboard) 2 US Dance Club Songs (Billboard) 20 Other versions Pitbull heavily interpolated "I'm Free" in his song "Freedom" from the album Climate Change, which was featured on the soundtrack of the 2017 film Ferdinand. Dua Lipa sang a special version in a TV commercial for Yves Saint Laurent 2019 (released 2021). References ^ "100 Greatest Rolling Stones Songs". Rolling Stone. 15 October 2013. ^ "100 Greatest Rolling Stones Songs". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2018-05-25. ^ Petridis, Alexis (2018-05-17). "The Rolling Stones – every album ranked!". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-05-25. ^ "CashBox Record Reviews" (PDF). Cash Box. October 2, 1965. p. 12. Retrieved 2022-01-12. ^ Harcourt, Nic (2005). "Good Enough To Eat". Music Lust. Seattle: Sasquatch Books. p. 69. ISBN 1570614377. ^ Stanley, Bob (13 September 2013). "Smiley Culture: Acid House and Madchester". Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop. Faber & Faber. p. 630. ISBN 978-0-571-28198-5. ^ Giles, David (7 July 1990). "Singles" (PDF). Music Week. p. 25. Retrieved 6 September 2023 – via World Radio History. ^ "The Soup Dragons – I'm Free". ARIA Top 50 Singles. ^ "The Soup Dragons – I'm Free" (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40. ^ "The Soup Dragons – I'm Free" (in Dutch). Ultratop 50. ^ "Eurochart Hot 100 Singles" (PDF). Music & Media. 1990-08-18. Retrieved 2021-06-19. ^ "The Soup Dragons – I'm Free" (in French). Les classement single. ^ "The Irish Charts – Search Results – The Soup Dragons". Irish Singles Chart. ^ "The Soup Dragons – I'm Free". top40.nl. Retrieved 2021-06-22. ^ "The Soup Dragons – I'm Free" (in Dutch). Single Top 100. ^ "The Soup Dragons – I'm Free". Top 40 Singles. ^ "Soup Dragons: Artist Chart History". Official Charts Company. ^ "Top Dance Singles" (PDF). Music Week. 28 July 1990. p. 23. Retrieved 6 September 2023 – via World Radio History. ^ "The Soup Dragons Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "The Soup Dragons Chart History (Alternative Airplay)". Billboard. ^ "The Soup Dragons Chart History (Dance Club Songs)". Billboard. vteThe Rolling Stones Mick Jagger Keith Richards Ronnie Wood Brian Jones Ian Stewart Bill Wyman Charlie Watts Mick Taylor Dick Taylor Ricky Fenson Tony Chapman Carlo Little Video releases Let's Spend the Night Together (1983) Video Rewind (1984) Stones at the Max (1992) Sympathy for the Devil (1994) Voodoo Lounge Live (1995) The Rolling Stones Rock and Roll Circus (1996) Bridges to Babylon Tour '97–98 (1998) Four Flicks (2003) Toronto Rocks (2004) A Bigger Bang: Special Edition (2005) The Biggest Bang (2007) T.A.M.I. Show (2010) Ladies and Gentlemen: The Rolling Stones (2010) Some Girls: Live in Texas '78 (2011) Muddy Waters & The Rolling Stones Live At The Checkerboard Lounge, Chicago 1981 (2012) Sweet Summer Sun: Live in Hyde Park (2013) Hampton Coliseum (Live 1981) (2014) L.A. Friday (2014) Live at the Tokyo Dome (2015) Live at Leeds (2015) Totally Stripped (2016) Havana Moon (2016) Voodoo Lounge Uncut (2018) Steel Wheels Live (2020) Documentaries Charlie Is My Darling (1966) The Stones in the Park (1969) Gimme Shelter (1970) Cocksucker Blues (1972) 25×5: the Continuing Adventures of the Rolling Stones (1989) Stripped (1995) Shine a Light (2008) Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! (2009) Stones in Exile (2010) Crossfire Hurricane (2012) Olé Olé Olé!: A Trip Across Latin America (2017) Catching Fire: The Story of Anita Pallenberg Tours British Tour 1963 1964 tours 1965 tours 1966 tours European Tour 1967 American Tour 1969 European Tour 1970 UK Tour 1971 American Tour 1972 Pacific Tour 1973 European Tour 1973 Tour of the Americas '75 Tour of Europe '76 US Tour 1978 American Tour 1981 Steel Wheels/Urban Jungle Tour Voodoo Lounge Tour Bridges to Babylon Tour No Security Tour Licks Tour A Bigger Bang Tour 50 & Counting 14 On Fire Zip Code América Latina Olé No Filter Tour Sixty Hackney Diamonds Tour Associated places Redlands Stargroves Nellcôte The Wick Downe House The Mick Jagger Centre Stones Fan Museum Related articles Discography Songs Awards and nominations Concert tours Jagger–Richards Nanker/Phelge Rolling Stones Records Promotone Altamont Free Concert The Rolling Stones' Redlands bust Rolling Stones Mobile Studio The Rolling Stones: An Illustrated Record Andrew Loog Oldham Eric Easton Allen Klein Nicky Hopkins John Pasche Instruments played Stone Country: Country Artists Perform the Songs of the Rolling Stones Tongue and lips logo The Stone Age: Sixty Years of the Rolling Stones Category vteThe Rolling Stones singlesDecca (UK) andLondon (US) singles "Come On" "I Wanna Be Your Man" / "Stoned" "Not Fade Away" / "Little by Little" "It's All Over Now" "Tell Me" / "I Just Want to Make Love to You" "Time Is on My Side" "Little Red Rooster" "Heart of Stone" "The Last Time" / "Play with Fire" "(I Can't Get No) Satisfaction" / "The Spider and the Fly" "Get Off of My Cloud" / "I'm Free" "As Tears Go By" "19th Nervous Breakdown" / "As Tears Go By" "Paint It Black" / "Stupid Girl" "Mother's Little Helper" / "Lady Jane" "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?" "Let's Spend the Night Together" / "Ruby Tuesday" "We Love You" / "Dandelion" "In Another Land" / "The Lantern" "She's a Rainbow" / "2000 Light Years from Home" "Jumpin' Jack Flash" "Street Fighting Man" / "No Expectations" "Honky Tonk Women" / "You Can't Always Get What You Want" Rolling StonesRecords/Atlanticsingles "Brown Sugar" / "Bitch" / "Let It Rock" "Wild Horses" / "Sway" "Tumbling Dice" / "Sweet Black Angel" "Happy" / "All Down the Line" "Angie" / "Silver Train" "Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" / "Dancing with Mr. D." "It's Only Rock 'n Roll (But I Like It)" "Ain't Too Proud to Beg" / "Dance Little Sister" "Fool to Cry" "Hot Stuff" Rolling StonesRecords singles "Miss You" / "Far Away Eyes" "Beast of Burden" / "When the Whip Comes Down" "Respectable" / "When the Whip Comes Down" "Shattered" "Emotional Rescue" "She's So Cold" / "Send It to Me" "Start Me Up" "Waiting on a Friend" / "Little T&A" "Hang Fire" / "Neighbours" "Going to a Go-Go" (live) / "Beast of Burden" (live) "Time Is on My Side" (live) / "Twenty Flight Rock" (live) "Undercover of the Night" "She Was Hot" "Too Much Blood" "Harlem Shuffle" "One Hit (To the Body)" "Mixed Emotions" "Rock and a Hard Place" "Almost Hear You Sigh" "Highwire" / "2000 Light Years from Home" (live) "Ruby Tuesday" (live) / "Play with Fire" (live) "Jumpin' Jack Flash" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live) Virgin singles "Love Is Strong" "You Got Me Rocking" "Out of Tears" "I Go Wild" "Like a Rolling Stone" (live) / "Black Limousine" / "All Down the Line" "Wild Horses" (live) / "Live with Me" (live) / "Tumbling Dice" (live) "Anybody Seen My Baby?" "Saint of Me" / "Gimme Shelter" (live) "Out of Control" "Don't Stop" / "Miss You" (remix) "Streets of Love" / "Rough Justice" "Rain Fall Down" "Biggest Mistake" / "Before They Make Me Run" (live) "Laugh, I Nearly Died" Universal singles "Plundered My Soul" / "All Down the Line" "No Spare Parts" / "Before They Make Me Run" "Doom and Gloom" "One More Shot" "Just Your Fool" "Living in a Ghost Town" "Scarlet" ABKCO singles "I Don't Know Why" / "Try a Little Harder" "Out of Time" / "Jiving Sister Fanny" Others "Let It Bleed" / "You Got the Silver" (Japan) "Rocks Off" / "Sweet Virginia" (Japan) "Star Star" / "Doo Doo Doo Doo Doo (Heartbreaker)" (France, Germany) "Angry" "Sweet Sounds of Heaven" Authority control databases MusicBrainz work
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Rolling Stones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones"},{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Out of Our Heads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Out_of_Our_Heads"},{"link_name":"December's Children (And Everybody's)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December%27s_Children_(And_Everybody%27s)"}],"text":"\"I'm Free\" is a song by the Rolling Stones written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, first released as the final track on the UK version of their album Out of Our Heads on 24 September 1965. It was also released at the same time as a single in the US and later included on the American December's Children (And Everybody's) album.","title":"I'm Free (Rolling Stones song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"acoustic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_music"},{"link_name":"Stripped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stripped_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"Shine a Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_a_Light_(film)"},{"link_name":"live album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shine_a_Light_(The_Rolling_Stones_album)"},{"link_name":"The Stones in the Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stones_in_the_Park"},{"link_name":"remixed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remix"},{"link_name":"Chase Freedom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase"},{"link_name":"Renault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renault"},{"link_name":"Live'r Than You'll Ever Be","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live%27r_Than_You%27ll_Ever_Be"}],"text":"The Rolling Stones recorded a re-worked acoustic version for their 1995 album Stripped, and performed a live version in the 2008 film Shine a Light, which was included on the accompanying live album. The song was also performed at the free concert in Hyde Park, London, on July 5, 1969, released on the DVD The Stones in the Park in 2006.In 2007, a remixed version of the original recording was used in a television commercial for the Chase Freedom credit card and in 2008 it was used in a UK commercial for a Renault SUV.The original vinyl bootleg Live'r Than You'll Ever Be included a live version recorded in Oakland, California, in November 1969.It appears on the Rolling Stones live album Get Yer Ya-Ya's Out! as a re-release bonus track, following \"Under My Thumb\" without a break.","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rolling Stone magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone"},{"link_name":"Byrds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Byrds"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cash Box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_Box"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cb-4"}],"text":"Rolling Stone magazine ranked \"I'm Free\" as the 78th greatest Rolling Stones song, saying: \"A tambourine-spangled folk rocker with chime-y, Byrds-like guitar, this offhandedly libertarian tune wasn't a big hit, but it's one of the Sixties' most pliant anthems.\"[2] The Guardian identified the song as an example of the improving songwriting of Jagger and Richards at the time, describing the song as \"gleefully hymning the arrogance of youth.\"[3]Cash Box described it as a \"raunchy, hard-driving emotion-packed romancer.\"[4]","title":"Music and reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mick Jagger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Jagger"},{"link_name":"Keith Richards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Richards"},{"link_name":"Brian Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Jones"},{"link_name":"Bill Wyman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Wyman"},{"link_name":"Charlie Watts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Watts"}],"text":"Mick Jagger – lead vocals, backing vocals\nKeith Richards – lead guitar, backing vocals\nBrian Jones – rhythm guitar, organ\nBill Wyman – bass guitar\nCharlie Watts – drums\nJames W. Alexander – tambourine","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"the Soup Dragons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Soup_Dragons"},{"link_name":"Donovan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donovan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"toasted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)"},{"link_name":"Junior Reid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junior_Reid"},{"link_name":"Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Girls_Don%27t_Cry..._They_Get_Even"},{"link_name":"The World's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_End_(film)"},{"link_name":"Renfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfield_(film)"}],"text":"Scottish alternative rock/dance band the Soup Dragons rearranged the song in 1990. Their version interpolates Donovan's 1969 song \"Barabajagal\"[citation needed] and contains a toasted verse by Junior Reid. The single became the band's biggest hit, reaching the top ten in the UK, Australia and New Zealand, and charted in other countries as well. The Soup Dragons' version was featured in the films Big Girls Don't Cry... They Get Even, The World's End and Renfield.","title":"The Soup Dragons version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Music Week","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Critical reception","text":"Reviewing the single, David Giles of Music Week stated that the Soup Dragons \"have fashioned a thoroughly contemporary piece of music that could well pay off at a commercial level\".[7]","title":"The Soup Dragons version"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charts","title":"The Soup Dragons version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pitbull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitbull_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Climate Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_Change_(album)"},{"link_name":"soundtrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_(film)"},{"link_name":"Dua Lipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dua_Lipa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Pitbull heavily interpolated \"I'm Free\" in his song \"Freedom\" from the album Climate Change, which was featured on the soundtrack of the 2017 film Ferdinand.\nDua Lipa sang a special version in a TV commercial for Yves Saint Laurent 2019 (released 2021).[citation needed]","title":"Other versions"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"100 Greatest Rolling Stones Songs\". Rolling Stone. 15 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-lists/100-greatest-rolling-stones-songs-40475/im-free-1965-93084/","url_text":"\"100 Greatest Rolling Stones Songs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling_Stone","url_text":"Rolling Stone"}]},{"reference":"\"100 Greatest Rolling Stones Songs\". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2018-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rollingstone.com/music/lists/100-greatest-rolling-stones-songs-20131015/im-free-1965-19691231","url_text":"\"100 Greatest Rolling Stones Songs\""}]},{"reference":"Petridis, Alexis (2018-05-17). \"The Rolling Stones – every album ranked!\". The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-05-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/music/2018/may/17/the-rolling-stones-every-album-ranked","url_text":"\"The Rolling Stones – every album ranked!\""}]},{"reference":"\"CashBox Record Reviews\" (PDF). Cash Box. October 2, 1965. p. 12. Retrieved 2022-01-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Cash-Box/60s/1965/CB-1965-10-02.pdf","url_text":"\"CashBox Record Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"Harcourt, Nic (2005). \"Good Enough To Eat\". Music Lust. Seattle: Sasquatch Books. p. 69. ISBN 1570614377.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books/about/Music_Lust.html?id=qwQNNY3MX54C","url_text":"Music Lust"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sasquatch_Books","url_text":"Sasquatch Books"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1570614377","url_text":"1570614377"}]},{"reference":"Stanley, Bob (13 September 2013). \"Smiley Culture: Acid House and Madchester\". Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop. Faber & Faber. p. 630. ISBN 978-0-571-28198-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=9emZAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT7","url_text":"Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-28198-5","url_text":"978-0-571-28198-5"}]},{"reference":"Giles, David (7 July 1990). \"Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. p. 25. Retrieved 6 September 2023 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1990/MW-1990-07-07.pdf","url_text":"\"Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]},{"reference":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\" (PDF). Music & Media. 1990-08-18. Retrieved 2021-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1990/MM-1990-08-18.pdf","url_text":"\"Eurochart Hot 100 Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_%26_Media","url_text":"Music & Media"}]},{"reference":"\"The Soup Dragons – I'm Free\". top40.nl. Retrieved 2021-06-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.top40.nl/the-soup-dragons/the-soup-dragons-i-m-free-19500","url_text":"\"The Soup Dragons – I'm Free\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top Dance Singles\" (PDF). Music Week. 28 July 1990. p. 23. Retrieved 6 September 2023 – via World Radio History.","urls":[{"url":"https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-Week/1990/MW-1990-07-28.pdf","url_text":"\"Top Dance Singles\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Week","url_text":"Music Week"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindsay_Zullo
Lindsay Zullo
["1 Early years","2 Club career","3 International career","4 References","5 External links"]
Haitian footballer (born 1991) Lindsay ZulloPersonal informationFull name Lindsay Michelle ZulloDate of birth (1991-05-03) 3 May 1991 (age 33)Place of birth Hudson, Florida, United StatesHeight 5 ft 3 in (1.60 m)Position(s) ForwardTeam informationCurrent team F.C. IndianaYouth career2007–2009 Hudson High SchoolCollege careerYears Team Apps (Gls)2009–2012 Flagler College 62 (17)Senior career*Years Team Apps (Gls)2013– F.C. Indiana International career‡2014– Haiti 6 (2) *Club domestic league appearances and goals‡ National team caps and goals, correct as of 13:22, 20 March 2015 (UTC) Lindsay Michelle Zullo (born 3 May 1991) is an American-born Haitian footballer who plays as a forward. She has been a member of the Haiti women's national team. Early years Zullo a native of Hudson, Florida, played varsity during her junior and senior years at Hudson High School leading her team to a pair of district championships. Named captain as a senior, she participated in the Senior All-Star Game. She became an honorable mention All-State selection, named Pasco County Player of the Year and earned first-team All-Conference honors. Zullo played 47 games, totaling 54 goals (1.1 gpg) and 21 assists; all far above national averages. Club career Zullo plays for F.C. Indiana, based out of New Paris, Indiana, of the Women’s Professional Soccer League (WPSL) and was selected as a WPSL All-Star for the region in 2014. International career In 2014, Zullo debuted for the Haiti women's national football team, leading the selection to a third-place finish in the Caribbean Cup scoring a goal against Trinidad and Tobago. At the opening of the 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship, Zullo scored a goal against Guatemala that won the game 1-0. Zullo was recruited by Shek Borkowski, head coach of the Haitian selection and also at F.C. Indiana, who was actively recruiting Haitian-American players. References ^ a b Max Preps - Lindsay Zullo ^ Flagler College - Lindsay Zullo - 2012 Women's Soccer ^ Grainey, Tim, ed. (17 June 2014). "Four Caribbean Teams Advance To Next Round Of Concacaf World Cup Qualifiers". Equalizer Soccer. Retrieved 17 April 2016. ^ Press, ed. (18 September 2014). "Former Flagler star Lindsay Zullo playing on Haitian National Team". Peach Belt. Retrieved 17 April 2016. ^ Women's Caribbean Cup 2014 ^ a b Louis-Charle, James, ed. (23 October 2014). "Analysis: What now for the Haiti Women National Team?". Haiti Tempo. Retrieved 17 April 2016. ^ Nere, Enock, ed. (15 October 2014). "Haïti bat le Guatemala pour commencer". Le Nouvelliste. Retrieved 17 April 2016. (in French) ^ McHugh, Kelly, ed. (16 October 2014). "Wambach scores, US beats Trinidad and Tobago 1-0". Washington Times. Retrieved 17 April 2016. ^ Hays Graham, ed. (15 October 2014). "USWNT Wins CONCACAF Opener, But Caribbean Nations Make Biggest Strides". ESPN. Retrieved 17 April 2016. ^ Hays Graham, ed. (24 July 2014). "Coupe du monde 2015: Le sélectionneur Shek Borowsky convoque 30 joueuses pour l'équipe nationale". Haiti Press Network (HPN Haiti). Retrieved 17 April 2016. (in French) External links Lindsay Zullo at Soccerway vteHaiti squad – 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship 1 Saintilus 2 Cajuste 3 G. Charles 4 Marseille 5 Jean-Baptiste 6 Boulos 7 Pierre Louis 8 Bobo 9 Zullo 10 Dolce 11 Robuste 12 Chéry 13 Jean Pierre 14 Brand 15 Hudson 16 Jeune 17 Gerville 18 Borgella 19 Rateau 20 S. Charles Coach: Borkowski This biographical article related to women's association football in Haiti is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to women's soccer in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biographical article related to an American soccer forward is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"footballer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Haiti women's national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_women%27s_national_football_team"}],"text":"Lindsay Michelle Zullo (born 3 May 1991) is an American-born Haitian footballer who plays as a forward. She has been a member of the Haiti women's national team.","title":"Lindsay Zullo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hudson, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson,_Florida"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hudson High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_High_School_(Florida)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MaxPreps-1"}],"text":"Zullo a native of Hudson, Florida,[3] played varsity during her junior and senior years at Hudson High School leading her team to a pair of district championships. Named captain as a senior, she participated in the Senior All-Star Game. She became an honorable mention All-State selection, named Pasco County Player of the Year and earned first-team All-Conference honors.Zullo played 47 games, totaling 54 goals (1.1 gpg) and 21 assists; all far above national averages.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Paris, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Paris,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Zullo plays for F.C. Indiana, based out of New Paris, Indiana, of the Women’s Professional Soccer League (WPSL) and was selected as a WPSL All-Star for the region in 2014.[4]","title":"Club career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Haiti women's national football team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti_women%27s_national_football_team"},{"link_name":"Caribbean Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CFU_Women%27s_Caribbean_Cup"},{"link_name":"Trinidad and Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-6"},{"link_name":"2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_CONCACAF_Women%27s_Championship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Shek Borkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shek_Borkowski"},{"link_name":"Haitian-American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haitian_Americans"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-James-6"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 2014, Zullo debuted for the Haiti women's national football team, leading the selection to a third-place finish in the Caribbean Cup scoring a goal against Trinidad and Tobago.[5][6]At the opening of the 2014 CONCACAF Women's Championship, Zullo scored a goal against Guatemala that won the game 1-0.[7][8][9]Zullo was recruited by Shek Borkowski, head coach of the Haitian selection and also at F.C. Indiana, who was actively recruiting Haitian-American players.[6][10]","title":"International career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Grainey, Tim, ed. (17 June 2014). \"Four Caribbean Teams Advance To Next Round Of Concacaf World Cup Qualifiers\". Equalizer Soccer. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/06/17/four-caribbean-teams-advance-to-next-round-of-concacaf-world-cup-qualifiers/","url_text":"\"Four Caribbean Teams Advance To Next Round Of Concacaf World Cup Qualifiers\""}]},{"reference":"Press, ed. (18 September 2014). \"Former Flagler star Lindsay Zullo playing on Haitian National Team\". Peach Belt. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peachbelt.com/sports/wsoc/2014-15/releases/20140918flagzullo","url_text":"\"Former Flagler star Lindsay Zullo playing on Haitian National Team\""}]},{"reference":"Louis-Charle, James, ed. (23 October 2014). \"Analysis: What now for the Haiti Women National Team?\". Haiti Tempo. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://haititempo.com/analysis-now-haiti-women-national-team/","url_text":"\"Analysis: What now for the Haiti Women National Team?\""}]},{"reference":"Nere, Enock, ed. (15 October 2014). \"Haïti bat le Guatemala pour commencer\". Le Nouvelliste. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/137022/Haiti-bat-le-Guatemala-pour-commencer.html","url_text":"\"Haïti bat le Guatemala pour commencer\""}]},{"reference":"McHugh, Kelly, ed. (16 October 2014). \"Wambach scores, US beats Trinidad and Tobago 1-0\". Washington Times. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/oct/16/wambach-scores-us-beats-trinidad-and-tobago-1-0/","url_text":"\"Wambach scores, US beats Trinidad and Tobago 1-0\""}]},{"reference":"Hays Graham, ed. (15 October 2014). \"USWNT Wins CONCACAF Opener, But Caribbean Nations Make Biggest Strides\". ESPN. Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/11709189/uswnt-wins-caribbean-nations-score-most-notable-performances","url_text":"\"USWNT Wins CONCACAF Opener, But Caribbean Nations Make Biggest Strides\""}]},{"reference":"Hays Graham, ed. (24 July 2014). \"Coupe du monde 2015: Le sélectionneur Shek Borowsky convoque 30 joueuses pour l'équipe nationale\". Haiti Press Network (HPN Haiti). Retrieved 17 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hpnhaiti.com/site/index.php/sport/13465-eliminatoires-coupe-du-monde-2015-le-selectionneur-national-feminine-shek-borowsky-convoque-30-jou","url_text":"\"Coupe du monde 2015: Le sélectionneur Shek Borowsky convoque 30 joueuses pour l'équipe nationale\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.maxpreps.com/athlete/lindsay-zullo/OWo_H_TrEeKZ5AAmVebBJg/gendersport/girls-soccer-stats.htm","external_links_name":"Max Preps - Lindsay Zullo"},{"Link":"http://flaglerathletics.com/roster.aspx?rp_id=1401","external_links_name":"Flagler College - Lindsay Zullo - 2012 Women's Soccer"},{"Link":"http://equalizersoccer.com/2014/06/17/four-caribbean-teams-advance-to-next-round-of-concacaf-world-cup-qualifiers/","external_links_name":"\"Four Caribbean Teams Advance To Next Round Of Concacaf World Cup Qualifiers\""},{"Link":"http://www.peachbelt.com/sports/wsoc/2014-15/releases/20140918flagzullo","external_links_name":"\"Former Flagler star Lindsay Zullo playing on Haitian National Team\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/tablesc/car-women2014.html","external_links_name":"Women's Caribbean Cup 2014"},{"Link":"http://haititempo.com/analysis-now-haiti-women-national-team/","external_links_name":"\"Analysis: What now for the Haiti Women National Team?\""},{"Link":"http://lenouvelliste.com/lenouvelliste/article/137022/Haiti-bat-le-Guatemala-pour-commencer.html","external_links_name":"\"Haïti bat le Guatemala pour commencer\""},{"Link":"http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2014/oct/16/wambach-scores-us-beats-trinidad-and-tobago-1-0/","external_links_name":"\"Wambach scores, US beats Trinidad and Tobago 1-0\""},{"Link":"http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/11709189/uswnt-wins-caribbean-nations-score-most-notable-performances","external_links_name":"\"USWNT Wins CONCACAF Opener, But Caribbean Nations Make Biggest Strides\""},{"Link":"http://www.hpnhaiti.com/site/index.php/sport/13465-eliminatoires-coupe-du-monde-2015-le-selectionneur-national-feminine-shek-borowsky-convoque-30-jou","external_links_name":"\"Coupe du monde 2015: Le sélectionneur Shek Borowsky convoque 30 joueuses pour l'équipe nationale\""},{"Link":"https://int.soccerway.com/players/lindsay-zullo/385927/","external_links_name":"Lindsay Zullo"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_Zullo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_Zullo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lindsay_Zullo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cart_Bridge
White Cart Bridge
["1 History","2 Gallery","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 55°52′48″N 4°24′33″W / 55.8800°N 4.4091°W / 55.8800; -4.4091 Bridge in RenfrewWhite Cart BridgeCoordinates55°52′48″N 4°24′33″W / 55.8800°N 4.4091°W / 55.8800; -4.4091CarriesMotor vehicles, cycles, pedestriansCrossesWhite Cart WaterLocaleRenfrewOwnerRenfrewshire councilHeritage statusCategory A listedCharacteristicsDesignBascule bridgeNo. of spans1HistoryDesignerSir William ArrolConstructed bySir William Arrol & CoOpened1923ReplacesOld White Cart BridgeLocation White Cart Bridge is a Scherzer rolling lift bascule bridge situated on the A8 road in Renfrew, Scotland. The bridge crosses White Cart Water at the confluence with the Black Cart River. It is one of only two remaining Scherzer type rolling lift bridges in the country, the other being 'the Queenie' at Peterhead Harbour, and became category A listed on 13 December 1994. The bridge is still capable of opening, as the Doosan Babcock factory in Renfrew requires the capability to move large loads by river. History The White Cart and Black Cart Rivers have been an important crossing site for many years. Initially, people forded the rivers and latterly, a ferry was used to make the crossing. A bridge built in 1759 was a seven-arch bridge, crossing both rivers, but was washed away in 1809. Two separate bridges, still in use today, were built in 1812 as a replacement for the crossing. The new bridges could not accommodate large ships sailing into Paisley. A new section of river bypassing the low bridge was completed by 1838, requiring a new bridge to cross the White Cart. Initially, a swing bridge was used to make the crossing. It was replaced by the lift bridge in 1923. The name "swing bridge" has remained locally, though the bridge lifts, rather than swings. The original channel bypassed by the cut under the new bridge gradually silted up, and the old bridge is now landlocked. The bridge was designed by Scottish civil engineer William Bertram Hall working for William Arrol & Co, who built some of the most famous bridges in the United Kingdom, including the Forth Bridge and Tower Bridge. They were responsible for the construction of the bridge at Renfrew. In August 2004, a £1m restoration project in connection with Historic Scotland took place. This involved renewing all the mechanical components and resurfacing the road. The bridge was also painted red and cream and had new lights installed. A film and poem were commissioned to mark the centenary of the bridge completion in March 2023, and in May 2024 the bridge was awarded a red wheel plaque and listing with the National Transport Trust. Gallery Bridge after restoration project View from river bank Engine house and counterbalance weight Old White Cart bridge See also List of bascule bridges List of bridges in the United Kingdom List of Category A listed buildings in Renfrewshire List of listed buildings in Renfrew, Renfrewshire References ^ Historic Environment Scotland. "Rolling Lift Bridge over White Cart Water (Category A Listed Building) (LB40425)". Retrieved 28 March 2019. ^ a b c "Secret Scotland - White Cart Bridge". Secret Scotland. ^ a b c "Site Record for Renfrew, Inchinnan Road, Rolling Lift Bridge Over White Cart Water; Bascule Bridge Details". RCAHMS. ^ "Inchinnan Bascule Bridge Opening, White Cart River, Renfrew". Youtube. ^ "Renfrew, Inchinnan Road, White Cart Bridge". Scotlands Places. ^ "Renfrew - Renfrewshire Council". Renfrewshire Council. ^ "Secret Scotland - White Cart Bridge". ^ "Cadogans :: Inchinnan Bridge Restoration". Cadogans. ^ https://www.oneren.org/rentv/archive/videos/a-bridge-in-time/ ^ https://www.oneren.org/rentv/archive/videos/bascule-bridge-a-video-poem/ ^ https://www.the-gazette.co.uk/news/24301047.renfrew-bridge-recognised-site-historical-importance/ ^ https://www.nationaltransporttrust.org.uk/heritage-sites/heritage-detail/white-cart-lifting-bridge-inchinnan?rs=1
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scherzer rolling lift bascule bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scherzer_rolling_lift_bridge"},{"link_name":"A8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A8_road"},{"link_name":"Renfrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrew"},{"link_name":"White Cart Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Cart_Water"},{"link_name":"Black Cart River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Cart"},{"link_name":"category A listed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_A_listed"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HES-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canmore-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Doosan Babcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doosan_Babcock"}],"text":"Bridge in RenfrewWhite Cart Bridge is a Scherzer rolling lift bascule bridge situated on the A8 road in Renfrew, Scotland. The bridge crosses White Cart Water at the confluence with the Black Cart River. It is one of only two remaining Scherzer type rolling lift bridges in the country, the other being 'the Queenie' at Peterhead Harbour, and became category A listed on 13 December 1994.[1][2][3][4] The bridge is still capable of opening, as the Doosan Babcock factory in Renfrew requires the capability to move large loads by river.","title":"White Cart Bridge"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"forded","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_ford"},{"link_name":"Paisley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paisley,_Renfrewshire"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SP-5"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"swing bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swing_bridge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Secret-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canmore-3"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"William Arrol & Co","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Arrol_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"Forth Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forth_Bridge"},{"link_name":"Tower Bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tower_Bridge"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Canmore-3"},{"link_name":"Historic Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The White Cart and Black Cart Rivers have been an important crossing site for many years. Initially, people forded the rivers and latterly, a ferry was used to make the crossing. A bridge built in 1759 was a seven-arch bridge, crossing both rivers, but was washed away in 1809. Two separate bridges, still in use today, were built in 1812 as a replacement for the crossing. The new bridges could not accommodate large ships sailing into Paisley.[5][2][6]A new section of river bypassing the low bridge was completed by 1838, requiring a new bridge to cross the White Cart. Initially, a swing bridge was used to make the crossing. It was replaced by the lift bridge in 1923. The name \"swing bridge\" has remained locally, though the bridge lifts, rather than swings.[2][3] The original channel bypassed by the cut under the new bridge gradually silted up, and the old bridge is now landlocked.[7]The bridge was designed by Scottish civil engineer William Bertram Hall working for William Arrol & Co, who built some of the most famous bridges in the United Kingdom, including the Forth Bridge and Tower Bridge. They were responsible for the construction of the bridge at Renfrew.[3]In August 2004, a £1m restoration project in connection with Historic Scotland took place. This involved renewing all the mechanical components and resurfacing the road. The bridge was also painted red and cream and had new lights installed.[8]A film [9] and poem [10] were commissioned to mark the centenary of the bridge completion in March 2023, and in May 2024 the bridge was awarded a red wheel plaque [11] and listing with the National Transport Trust. [12]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Cart_%27Swing%27_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1006429.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IMGP0416_White_Cart_Bridge_v1.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White_Cart_%27Swing%27_Bridge,_Renfrew_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1158281.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Old_White_Cart_bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_35388.jpg"}],"text":"Bridge after restoration project\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView from river bank\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tEngine house and counterbalance weight\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOld White Cart bridge","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of bascule bridges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bascule_bridges"},{"title":"List of bridges in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"List of Category A listed buildings in Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Category_A_listed_buildings_in_Renfrewshire"},{"title":"List of listed buildings in Renfrew, Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_listed_buildings_in_Renfrew,_Renfrewshire"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_%26_The_Juniors
Danny & the Juniors
["1 1950s","2 1960s","3 1970s to the present","3.1 Personnel deaths","4 Members","5 Awards and recognition","6 Singles","7 Albums","8 References","9 External links"]
American doo-wop and rock and roll vocal group This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Danny & the Juniors" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Danny & the JuniorsFrom left to right: Danny Rapp, David White, Joe Terranova, Frank MaffeiBackground informationOriginPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania United StatesGenresDoo-wop, rock and rollYears active1955–2019LabelsSwan, ABC, Guyden, Mercury, CapitolMembersFrank Maffei Bobby MaffeiPast membersDanny Rapp David WhiteJoe Terranova Danny & the Juniors was an American doo-wop and rock and roll vocal group formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Originally consisting of Danny Rapp, Dave White, Frank Maffei and Joe Terranova, the group was formed in 1955. They are best known for their 1957 no. 1 hit "At the Hop" and their 1958 follow-up hit "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay". 1950s Danny Rapp (lead), Frank Maffei (2nd tenor), Joe Terranova (baritone) (aka Joe Terry), and Dave White Tricker (first tenor) (aka Dave White) met at John Bartram High School and started singing together in the mid 1950s. Known as the Juvenaires at the time, they sang at school parties and other local events. Local record producer John Madara, took notice of them and introduced them to local DJs Larry Brown and Artie Singer, who had a record label known as Singular Records. In 1957, as Johnny Madara and The Juvenaires, they recorded a song written by Madara and White, "Do the Bop". Singer took it to a fellow DJ named Dick Clark. Clark liked it and suggested changing their name to the Juniors and renaming their song. The song was recorded as "At The Hop', this time with Danny Rapp on the lead vocal. Changing "Let's all do the Bop" to "Let's go to the Hop" proved to be successful, and it became a local hit in June 1957. In December 1957, they received a call from Dick Clark to be a last-minute substitution for a no-show band on American Bandstand, and they performed it for a national audience. The song became a nationwide hit after ABC Paramount bought the master recording and issued it in January 1958. They soon appeared on The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom and other national TV shows. Soon after, they recorded "Rock and Roll Is Here To Stay" and "Dottie", both of which charted. In the fall of 1957, David began attending Temple University and was on the Gym Team, but quit school when the group started making personal appearances. "At the Hop" reached no. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart and the R&B singles chart in 1958. In the UK that same year, "At the Hop" reached no. 3 on the Record Retailers (RR) chart. "At the Hop" returned to the Top 40 in the UK in 1976, reaching no. 39 on the Record Retailers chart. The group appeared in the 1958 jukebox musical Let's Rock with Julius LaRosa, Paul Anka, and The Royal Teens. They performed the song "At the Hop". 1960s In 1960, the band was signed to Dick Clark's Swan Records label, and they released one more record, "Twistin' USA". It made it into the Top 40, and became their final hit single. They went on to release several more singles, but were not able to repeat their earlier successes. White left the group sometime near the end of the band’s recording career in the early 1960s to concentrate on writing and production. He was very successful in this venture, composing a number of hits, including "You Don't Own Me" for Lesley Gore, and "1-2-3" and "Like a Baby" for Len Barry. Through the rest of the 1960s, the Juniors also appeared on Guyden Records, Mercury Records, and Luv Records (a subsidiary of Bell Records), where they re-recorded "Rock 'n' Roll Is Here To Stay" in 1968. In 1973, they re-recorded "At The Hop" for Crunch Records, which was owned by the same company that owned their ABC-Paramount Records master recordings. 1970s to the present In 1976, "At the Hop" was re-issued, and it made its way into the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, reaching no. 39. The single was commercially used for the Canadian National Exhibition, changing the words to "Let's go to the Ex" rather than "Let's go to the hop." It was parodied by the band Dash Rip Rock with their single entitled "Let's Go Smoke Some Pot", and by NRBQ during the 1973 energy crisis under the title, "Get That Gasoline". The group appeared in the 1973 Columbia Pictures concert film Let the Good Times Roll hosted by Richard Nader. This was one of the first 1950s themed nostalgia films. Billy Carlucci, Joe "Terry" Terranova, and Frank Maffei appeared on season 3, episode 3, of the syndicated series Sha Na Na as Danny and the Juniors performing "At the Hop", "Twistin' U.S.A.", and "Rock and Roll is Here to Stay". Danny & the Juniors, featuring Joe Terry, continued to tour, with Terranova singing lead, along with Maffei and Maffei's brother, Bobby Maffei. They appeared at music festivals in England following release of their Swan recordings by Rollercoaster Records, who had acquired the original master tapes. From September 2011, Frank Maffei and Terranova presented an hour-long rock'n'roll radio special for London's Covent Garden Radio in the UK. Personnel deaths Rapp was found dead in a hotel in Arizona on April 5, 1983, of an apparent suicide. David White died on March 16, 2019, at the age of 79. Joe Terranova died on April 15, 2019, aged 78. Members Danny Rapp (born Daniel Earl Rapp, May 9, 1941, Philadelphia – died April 5, 1983) — lead vocalist Joe Terry (born Joseph Angelo Terranova, January 30, 1941, Philadelphia – died April 15, 2019) — lead/baritone vocalist Dave White (born David Ernest White, November 26, 1939, Philadelphia - died March 16, 2019) — first tenor vocalist Frank Maffei (born December 15, 1939, Philadelphia) — baritone/second tenor vocalist Bobby Maffei (born December 14, 1940, Philadelphia) — first tenor vocalist Awards and recognition Danny & the Juniors were inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2003, and the group was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia Hall of Fame on November 22, 2013. Singles Year Title US Hot 100 US R&B Label 1957 "Do the Bop" / "Sometimes" -- -- Singular 1957 "At the Hop" / "Sometimes" -- -- Singular 711 1957 "At the Hop" / "Sometimes (When I'm All Alone)" 1 1 ABC-Paramount 9871 1958 "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay" / "School Boy Romance" 19 16 ABC-Paramount 9888 1958 "Dottie" / "In The Meantime" 39 -- ABC-Paramount 9926 1958 "A Thief" / "Crazy Cave" -- -- ABC-Paramount 9953 1958 "Sassy Fran" / "I Feel So Lonely" -- -- ABC-Paramount 9978 1959 "Do You Love Me" / "Somehow I Can't Forget" -- -- ABC-Paramount 10004 1959 "Playing Hard To Get" / "Of Love" -- -- ABC-Paramount 10052 1960 "Twistin' U.S.A." / "A Thousand Miles Away" 27 -- Swan 4060 1960 "Candy Cane, Sugary Plum" / "Oh Holy Night" -- -- Swan 4064 1961 "Pony Express" / "Daydreamer" 60 -- Swan 4068 1961 "Cha Cha Go Go (Chicago Cha-Cha)" / "Mister Whisper" -- -- Swan 4072 1961 "Back To The Hop" / "The Charleston Fish" 80 -- Swan 4082 1962 "Twistin' All Night Long" (with Freddy Cannon) / "Some Kind Of Nut" 68 -- Swan 4092 1962 "Doin' The Continental Walk" / "(Do The) Mashed Potatoes" 93 -- Swan 4100 1962 "Funny" / "We Got Soul" -- -- Swan 4113 1962 "Oo-La-La-Limbo" / "Now And Then" 99 -- Guyden 2076 1964 "Sad Girl" / "Let's Go Ski-ing" -- -- Mercury 72240 1968 "Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay" / "Sometimes (When I'm All Alone)" -- -- Luv 252 1973 "At the Hop" / "Let the Good Times Roll" -- -- Crunch 018001 1973 "At the Hop" / "Rock And Roll Is Here To Stay" -- -- Roulette 1980 "At the Hop" / "Rock And Roll Is Here To Stay" -- -- MCA Albums Despite the sizable output released by Danny & The Juniors from the late 1950s to early 1960s, no albums were ever released during that time. The first compilation album was released in 1983: Rockin' With Danny and The Juniors on MCA; this was followed over the years by several other compilations on vinyl and CD. References ^ a b c d e f g h i Colin Larkin, ed. (1997). The Virgin Encyclopedia of Popular Music (Concise ed.). Virgin Books. p. 340. ISBN 1-85227-745-9. ^ a b "Danny and the Juniors biography - The Pop History Dig". Pophistorydig.com. Retrieved March 18, 2019. ^ a b "David White, 'At the Hop,' 'You Don't Own Me' Songwriter, Dies". Bestclassicbands.com. July 23, 2015. Retrieved March 18, 2019. ^ "Remembering Danny and the Juniors' Joe Terranova", Blitz, April 16, 2019 ^ Joe "Terry" Terranova January 30, 1941 - April 15, 2019 Egizi Funeral Home retrieved April 16, 2020 External links Danny & The Juniors Official Website The Vocal Group Hall of Fame: Danny and the Juniors Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doo-wop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doo-wop"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Danny Rapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Rapp"},{"link_name":"Dave White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_White_(musician)"},{"link_name":"At the Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Hop"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Is_Here_to_Stay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"}],"text":"Danny & the Juniors was an American doo-wop and rock and roll vocal group formed in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Originally consisting of Danny Rapp, Dave White, Frank Maffei and Joe Terranova, the group was formed in 1955. They are best known for their 1957 no. 1 hit \"At the Hop\" and their 1958 follow-up hit \"Rock and Roll Is Here to Stay\".[1]","title":"Danny & the Juniors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Bartram High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bartram_High_School"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"},{"link_name":"John Madara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Madara"},{"link_name":"Artie Singer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artie_Singer"},{"link_name":"Dick Clark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Clark"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-2"},{"link_name":"American Bandstand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Bandstand"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Clark-2"},{"link_name":"ABC Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC_Paramount_Records"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"},{"link_name":"The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Pat_Boone_Chevy_Showroom&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rock and Roll Is Here To Stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_Roll_Is_Here_To_Stay"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"},{"link_name":"Let's Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Rock"},{"link_name":"Julius LaRosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_LaRosa"},{"link_name":"Paul Anka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Anka"},{"link_name":"The Royal Teens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Teens"}],"text":"Danny Rapp (lead), Frank Maffei (2nd tenor), Joe Terranova (baritone) (aka Joe Terry), and Dave White Tricker (first tenor) (aka Dave White) met at John Bartram High School and started singing together in the mid 1950s.[1] Known as the Juvenaires at the time, they sang at school parties and other local events. Local record producer John Madara, took notice of them and introduced them to local DJs Larry Brown and Artie Singer, who had a record label known as Singular Records. In 1957, as Johnny Madara and The Juvenaires, they recorded a song written by Madara and White, \"Do the Bop\". Singer took it to a fellow DJ named Dick Clark.[1] Clark liked it and suggested changing their name to the Juniors and renaming their song. The song was recorded as \"At The Hop', this time with Danny Rapp on the lead vocal.[2] Changing \"Let's all do the Bop\" to \"Let's go to the Hop\" proved to be successful, and it became a local hit in June 1957. In December 1957, they received a call from Dick Clark to be a last-minute substitution for a no-show band on American Bandstand, and they performed it for a national audience.[2] The song became a nationwide hit after ABC Paramount bought the master recording and issued it in January 1958.[1] They soon appeared on The Pat Boone Chevy Showroom and other national TV shows. Soon after, they recorded \"Rock and Roll Is Here To Stay\" and \"Dottie\", both of which charted.[1] In the fall of 1957, David began attending Temple University and was on the Gym Team, but quit school when the group started making personal appearances.\"At the Hop\" reached no. 1 on the Billboard pop singles chart and the R&B singles chart in 1958. In the UK that same year, \"At the Hop\" reached no. 3 on the Record Retailers (RR) chart. \"At the Hop\" returned to the Top 40 in the UK in 1976, reaching no. 39 on the Record Retailers chart.The group appeared in the 1958 jukebox musical Let's Rock with Julius LaRosa, Paul Anka, and The Royal Teens. They performed the song \"At the Hop\".","title":"1950s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swan Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swan_Records"},{"link_name":"label","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_label"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"},{"link_name":"Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Top_40"},{"link_name":"writing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriter"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"You Don't Own Me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/You_Don%27t_Own_Me"},{"link_name":"Lesley Gore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesley_Gore"},{"link_name":"1-2-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1-2-3_(Len_Barry_song)"},{"link_name":"Len Barry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Len_Barry"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"},{"link_name":"Mercury Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury_Records"},{"link_name":"Bell Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bell_Records"},{"link_name":"ABC-Paramount Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-Paramount_Records"}],"text":"In 1960, the band was signed to Dick Clark's Swan Records label, and they released one more record, \"Twistin' USA\".[1] It made it into the Top 40, and became their final hit single. They went on to release several more singles, but were not able to repeat their earlier successes.White left the group sometime near the end of the band’s recording career in the early 1960s to concentrate on writing and production. He was very successful in this venture, composing a number of hits, including \"You Don't Own Me\" for Lesley Gore, and \"1-2-3\" and \"Like a Baby\" for Len Barry.[1]Through the rest of the 1960s, the Juniors also appeared on Guyden Records, Mercury Records, and Luv Records (a subsidiary of Bell Records), where they re-recorded \"Rock 'n' Roll Is Here To Stay\" in 1968. In 1973, they re-recorded \"At The Hop\" for Crunch Records, which was owned by the same company that owned their ABC-Paramount Records master recordings.","title":"1960s"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"At the Hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/At_the_Hop"},{"link_name":"UK Singles Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Singles_Chart"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"},{"link_name":"Canadian National Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_National_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Dash Rip Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dash_Rip_Rock"},{"link_name":"NRBQ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NRBQ"},{"link_name":"1973 energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"Columbia Pictures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_Pictures"},{"link_name":"Let the Good Times Roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_the_Good_Times_Roll_(film)"},{"link_name":"Richard Nader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Nader"}],"text":"In 1976, \"At the Hop\" was re-issued, and it made its way into the Top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, reaching no. 39.[1] The single was commercially used for the Canadian National Exhibition, changing the words to \"Let's go to the Ex\" rather than \"Let's go to the hop.\" It was parodied by the band Dash Rip Rock with their single entitled \"Let's Go Smoke Some Pot\", and by NRBQ during the 1973 energy crisis under the title, \"Get That Gasoline\".The group appeared in the 1973 Columbia Pictures concert film Let the Good Times Roll hosted by Richard Nader. This was one of the first 1950s themed nostalgia films.Billy Carlucci, Joe \"Terry\" Terranova, and Frank Maffei appeared on season 3, episode 3, of the syndicated series Sha Na Na as Danny and the Juniors performing \"At the Hop\", \"Twistin' U.S.A.\", and \"Rock and Roll is Here to Stay\".Danny & the Juniors, featuring Joe Terry, continued to tour, with Terranova singing lead, along with Maffei and Maffei's brother, Bobby Maffei. They appeared at music festivals in England following release of their Swan recordings by Rollercoaster Records, who had acquired the original master tapes. From September 2011, Frank Maffei and Terranova presented an hour-long rock'n'roll radio special for London's Covent Garden Radio in the UK.","title":"1970s to the present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hotel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"suicide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suicide"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Larkin-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Personnel deaths","text":"Rapp was found dead in a hotel in Arizona on April 5, 1983, of an apparent suicide.[1]David White died on March 16, 2019, at the age of 79.[3]Joe Terranova died on April 15, 2019, aged 78.[4]","title":"1970s to the present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danny Rapp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Rapp"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-obi-5"},{"link_name":"Dave White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_White_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Best-3"}],"text":"Danny Rapp (born Daniel Earl Rapp, May 9, 1941, Philadelphia – died April 5, 1983) — lead vocalist\nJoe Terry (born Joseph Angelo Terranova, January 30, 1941, Philadelphia – died April 15, 2019)[5] — lead/baritone vocalist\nDave White (born David Ernest White, November 26, 1939, Philadelphia - died March 16, 2019) — first tenor vocalist[3]\nFrank Maffei (born December 15, 1939, Philadelphia) — baritone/second tenor vocalist\nBobby Maffei (born December 14, 1940, Philadelphia) — first tenor vocalist","title":"Members"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vocal Group Hall of Fame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vocal_Group_Hall_of_Fame"}],"text":"Danny & the Juniors were inducted into The Vocal Group Hall of Fame in 2003, and the group was inducted into the Broadcast Pioneers of Philadelphia Hall of Fame on November 22, 2013.","title":"Awards and recognition"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Singles"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Despite the sizable output released by Danny & The Juniors from the late 1950s to early 1960s, no albums were ever released during that time. The first compilation album was released in 1983: Rockin' With Danny and The Juniors on MCA; this was followed over the years by several other compilations on vinyl and CD.","title":"Albums"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birgit_Hebein
Birgit Hebein
["1 Personal life","2 Political career","2.1 2018 Greens leadership election","2.2 Deputy Mayor","3 References"]
Austrian politician (born 1967) Birgit HebeinHebein in 2020Deputy Mayor of ViennaIn office26 June 2019 – 24 November 2020Preceded byMaria VassilakouSucceeded byChristoph WiederkehrLeader of The Greens in ViennaIn office22 June 2019 – 18 January 2021Preceded byOffice establishedSucceeded byPeter Kristofel (interim)City Councillor for Urban Development, Transport, Climate Protection, Energy Planning, and Citizen ParticipationIn office26 June 2019 – 24 November 2020Preceded byMaria VassilakouSucceeded byKathrin Gaál (Housing, Urban Renewal, and Women)Jürgen Czernohorszky (Climate, the Environment, and Citizen Participation)Member of the Gemeinderat and Landtag of ViennaIn office10 October 2010 – 22 June 2019 Personal detailsBornBirgit Hebein (1967-01-13) 13 January 1967 (age 57)Villach, CarinthiaPolitical partyThe Greens – The Green Alternative (until 2021)Children2 Birgit Hebein (born 13 January 1967) is a former Austrian politician of The Greens. She served as Deputy Mayor of Vienna and City Councillor for Urban Development, Transport, Climate Protection, Energy Planning, and Citizen Participation from 2019 to 2020. At the same time, she was chairwoman of the Vienna Greens. Prior, who served as a member of the Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna from 2010 to 2019. She resigned as party leader in January 2021, and later resigned her party membership in August, citing the policies of the ÖVP–Green federal government. Personal life Hebein has lived in Vienna since 1986. She is a qualified social worker, and was employed by Caritas Vienna from 1990 to 1992. She also worked in other NGO areas and was active in the conscientious objection group Gruppe für Totalverweigerung (Group for Total Refusal). Political career Hebein was responsible for security policy in the Austrian Students' Association from 1996 to 1997. She was elected district councillor for Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus on the Greens list in the 2005 local elections, and served as group chairwoman from 2007. Hebein was elected to the Gemeinderat and Landtag in the 2010 Viennese state election. Thereafter she served as social affairs spokeswoman for the Vienna Greens. Hebein is secretary of the communist youth organisation "Free Austrian Youth - Movement for Socialism" (FÖJ-BfS). When hundreds of refugees arrived at Vienna's Westbahnhof railway station in early September 2015, Hebein organized and negotiated with the authorities and ÖBB. In 2018 she drew attention to herself through her commitment to negotiations for the new Vienna minimum income and criticism of the alcohol ban in public spaces. She argued that the ban only leads to displacement, and suggested instead that moderate alcohol consumption should be permitted in care facilities for the homeless so that they do not have to rely on public space. 2018 Greens leadership election In November 2018, the Vienna Greens held an election to determine their lead candidate for the next state election. After incumbent Deputy Mayor and two-time lead candidate Maria Vassilakou announced her pending retirement and decision not to compete, the election was considered an open contest. Hebein announced her candidacy two days later on 4 September. She was considered a dark horse candidate, described by Der Standard as a representative of the left "Fundi" wing of the party. Hebein won 33% of votes cast in the first round, placing second behind Peter Kraus and ahead of candidates David Ellensohn, Benjamin Kaan, and Marihan Abensperg-Traun. In the fourth and final round of voting, she won the election with 49% of votes to Kraus's 45% (the remainder were invalid). Contrary to the speculation of commentators, she clarified that she would continue the Greens' coalition with the SPÖ until the scheduled election date in 2020. Her reputation as a left-winger was reinforced by a widely-reported quip she made shortly after her victory: "Yes, of course I do left-wing politics. What else?" During her first major appearance in front of the party base on 1 December, Hebein voiced her support for a restructuring and opening of the Greens. She stated her aim was to make the party more nimble and action-oriented, but that they should remain ecologically-centred. Deputy Mayor Upon Maria Vassilakou's retirement from politics in June 2019, Hebein succeeded her as deputy Mayor and city councillor. The Greens' state congress held at the time voted to change the statutes and, for the first time, establish the office of party chairperson. Hebein thus became the first party chairwoman of the Vienna Greens. At a party conference in February 2020, Hebein was formally chosen as the Greens' lead candidate for the October state election. The Greens won 14.8% in the election, their best result to date. They increased their representation in the Gemeinderat and Landtag from 10 to 16 seats. Afterwards, Hebein called for a renewal of the incumbent SPÖ–Green government, citing the result as a "very clear mandate" for its continuation. However, the SPÖ opted to form a coalition with NEOS rather than renew the incumbent government. After it became clear that the Greens would return to opposition, Hebein unsuccessfully sought election as Greens parliamentary chair, as well as to each of the Greens' non-executive city council positions. Afterwards, she announced she would not take up her seat in the Gemeinderat and Landtag. Shortly before the swearing-in of the new city government, she announced she planned to resign as state party leader prior to the scheduled end of her term in 2021. Hebein left office as Vice Mayor and city councillor on 24 November. Hebein resigned as Greens chairwoman on 18 January 2021, and party secretary Peter Kristofel became interim leader. She was succeeded full-time by Judith Pühringer and Peter Kraus in October. On 22 August, Hebein announced that she had resigned her membership of the Greens in protest against the direction of the ÖVP–Green federal government. She stated that the ÖVP had violated the coalition agreement by refusing to accept refugees from Afghanistan, and that the Greens had failed to challenge them. She voiced concern about the coalition pact at large, saying: "If we look at it honestly, we have reached the limit with the already-daring strategy to correct course with government participation," and that the social and political atmosphere of the country had continued "developing in turquoise-authoritarian direction ... as if nothing had changed." References ^ a b "Hebein elected city councillor". ORF. 26 June 2019. ^ a b "Greens: Hebein now also party leader". ORF. 22 June 2019. ^ a b "New city government is sworn in". ORF. 24 November 2020. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 24 November 2020. ^ a b c d "Birgit Hebein: From Carinthia to Vienna with left-wing commitment". Der Standard. 4 September 2018. ^ a b "Birgit Hebein resigns Green Party chairmanship". heute (in German). 18 January 2021. ^ a b "Ex-Vienna Greens leader Hebein resigns from the party". puls24.at (in German). 22 August 2021. ^ "Birgin Hebein". Meineabgeordneten.at. ^ ""Refugees welcome" - this is how help was given at Vienna's Westbahnhof". Vice. 1 September 2015. ^ ""Hell freezes over before we abandon children"". Heute. 23 November 2017. ^ "Hebein, Lichtenegger: Ban on alcohol at the Praterstern does not solve any problems". Ots.at. 22 April 2018. ^ "Vassilakou no longer competes". ORF. 2 September 2018. ^ "Greens: Birgit Hebein is running". ORF. 4 September 2018. ^ a b "Vienna's new leader of the Greens: "Yes, of course I do left-wing politics, what else?"". Die Presse. 27 November 2018. ^ "The result of the Spitz-election 2018". The Greens Vienna. 26 November 2018. ^ "Greens: Hebein new at the top". ORF. 26 November 2018. ^ "Greens leader Hebein: "Of course I do left-wing politics, what else?"". Der Kurier. 27 November 2018. ^ "Hebein swears a new beginning". ORF. 1 December 2018. ^ "Greens chose candidates for the Vienna election". ORF. 15 February 2020. ^ "Ludwig leaves all coalition options open". ORF. 11 October 2020. ^ "Hebein waives her mandate". ORF. 18 November 2020. ^ "Hebein: "I also made mistakes"". ORF. 23 November 2020. ^ "Viennese Greens have a new top duo". ORF (in German). 16 October 2021. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Germany
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Greens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Greens_%E2%80%93_The_Green_Alternative"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Office-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chair-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F-3"},{"link_name":"Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemeinderat_and_Landtag_of_Vienna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Candidate-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Res-5"},{"link_name":"ÖVP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_People%27s_Party"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Kurz_government"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puls-6"}],"text":"Birgit Hebein (born 13 January 1967) is a former Austrian politician of The Greens. She served as Deputy Mayor of Vienna and City Councillor for Urban Development, Transport, Climate Protection, Energy Planning, and Citizen Participation from 2019 to 2020.[1] At the same time, she was chairwoman of the Vienna Greens.[2][3] Prior, who served as a member of the Gemeinderat and Landtag of Vienna from 2010 to 2019.[4] She resigned as party leader in January 2021,[5] and later resigned her party membership in August, citing the policies of the ÖVP–Green federal government.[6]","title":"Birgit Hebein"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Caritas Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caritas_Austria"},{"link_name":"NGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGO"},{"link_name":"conscientious objection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscientious_objection"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Candidate-4"}],"text":"Hebein has lived in Vienna since 1986. She is a qualified social worker, and was employed by Caritas Vienna from 1990 to 1992. She also worked in other NGO areas and was active in the conscientious objection group Gruppe für Totalverweigerung (Group for Total Refusal).[4]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Austrian Students' Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austrian_Students%27_Association"},{"link_name":"Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolfsheim-F%C3%BCnfhaus"},{"link_name":"2010 Viennese state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Viennese_state_election"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Candidate-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Westbahnhof railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wien_Westbahnhof_railway_station"},{"link_name":"ÖBB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96BB"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Hebein was responsible for security policy in the Austrian Students' Association from 1996 to 1997. She was elected district councillor for Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus on the Greens list in the 2005 local elections, and served as group chairwoman from 2007. Hebein was elected to the Gemeinderat and Landtag in the 2010 Viennese state election. Thereafter she served as social affairs spokeswoman for the Vienna Greens.[4]Hebein is secretary of the communist youth organisation \"Free Austrian Youth - Movement for Socialism\" (FÖJ-BfS).[7]When hundreds of refugees arrived at Vienna's Westbahnhof railway station in early September 2015, Hebein organized and negotiated with the authorities and ÖBB.[8] In 2018 she drew attention to herself through her commitment to negotiations for the new Vienna minimum income[9] and criticism of the alcohol ban in public spaces. She argued that the ban only leads to displacement, and suggested instead that moderate alcohol consumption should be permitted in care facilities for the homeless so that they do not have to rely on public space.[10]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"next state election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Viennese_state_election"},{"link_name":"Maria Vassilakou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Vassilakou"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"dark horse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_horse"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naturally-13"},{"link_name":"Der Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Standard"},{"link_name":"Fundi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundi_(politics)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Candidate-4"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"SPÖ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Austria"},{"link_name":"left-wing politics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-wing_politics"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Naturally-13"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"2018 Greens leadership election","text":"In November 2018, the Vienna Greens held an election to determine their lead candidate for the next state election. After incumbent Deputy Mayor and two-time lead candidate Maria Vassilakou announced her pending retirement and decision not to compete, the election was considered an open contest.[11] Hebein announced her candidacy two days later on 4 September.[12] She was considered a dark horse candidate,[13] described by Der Standard as a representative of the left \"Fundi\" wing of the party.[4] Hebein won 33% of votes cast in the first round, placing second behind Peter Kraus and ahead of candidates David Ellensohn, Benjamin Kaan, and Marihan Abensperg-Traun. In the fourth and final round of voting, she won the election with 49% of votes to Kraus's 45% (the remainder were invalid).[14][15] Contrary to the speculation of commentators, she clarified that she would continue the Greens' coalition with the SPÖ until the scheduled election date in 2020. Her reputation as a left-winger was reinforced by a widely-reported quip she made shortly after her victory: \"Yes, of course I do left-wing politics. What else?\"[13][16]During her first major appearance in front of the party base on 1 December, Hebein voiced her support for a restructuring and opening of the Greens. She stated her aim was to make the party more nimble and action-oriented, but that they should remain ecologically-centred.[17]","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Office-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chair-2"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"NEOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NEOS_%E2%80%93_The_New_Austria_and_Liberal_Forum"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-F-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Res-5"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afghanistan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Puls-6"}],"sub_title":"Deputy Mayor","text":"Upon Maria Vassilakou's retirement from politics in June 2019, Hebein succeeded her as deputy Mayor and city councillor.[1] The Greens' state congress held at the time voted to change the statutes and, for the first time, establish the office of party chairperson. Hebein thus became the first party chairwoman of the Vienna Greens.[2]At a party conference in February 2020, Hebein was formally chosen as the Greens' lead candidate for the October state election.[18]The Greens won 14.8% in the election, their best result to date. They increased their representation in the Gemeinderat and Landtag from 10 to 16 seats. Afterwards, Hebein called for a renewal of the incumbent SPÖ–Green government, citing the result as a \"very clear mandate\" for its continuation.[19]However, the SPÖ opted to form a coalition with NEOS rather than renew the incumbent government. After it became clear that the Greens would return to opposition, Hebein unsuccessfully sought election as Greens parliamentary chair, as well as to each of the Greens' non-executive city council positions. Afterwards, she announced she would not take up her seat in the Gemeinderat and Landtag.[20] Shortly before the swearing-in of the new city government, she announced she planned to resign as state party leader prior to the scheduled end of her term in 2021.[21] Hebein left office as Vice Mayor and city councillor on 24 November.[3]Hebein resigned as Greens chairwoman on 18 January 2021, and party secretary Peter Kristofel became interim leader.[5] She was succeeded full-time by Judith Pühringer and Peter Kraus in October.[22]On 22 August, Hebein announced that she had resigned her membership of the Greens in protest against the direction of the ÖVP–Green federal government. She stated that the ÖVP had violated the coalition agreement by refusing to accept refugees from Afghanistan, and that the Greens had failed to challenge them. She voiced concern about the coalition pact at large, saying: \"If we look at it honestly, we have reached the limit with the already-daring strategy to correct course with government participation,\" and that the social and political atmosphere of the country had continued \"developing in turquoise-authoritarian direction ... as if nothing had changed.\"[6]","title":"Political career"}]
[]
null
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Retrieved 24 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201124080123/https://wien.orf.at/stories/3077291/","url_text":"\"New city government is sworn in\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)","url_text":"ORF"},{"url":"https://wien.orf.at/stories/3077291/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Birgit Hebein: From Carinthia to Vienna with left-wing commitment\". Der Standard. 4 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.derstandard.at/story/2000086697954/birgit-hebein-aus-kaernten-nach-wien-mit-linkem-engagement","url_text":"\"Birgit Hebein: From Carinthia to Vienna with left-wing commitment\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Standard","url_text":"Der Standard"}]},{"reference":"\"Birgit Hebein resigns Green Party chairmanship\". heute (in German). 18 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heute.at/s/birgit-hebein-legt-heute-gruenen-parteivorsitz-zurueck-100123276","url_text":"\"Birgit Hebein resigns Green Party chairmanship\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heute","url_text":"heute"}]},{"reference":"\"Ex-Vienna Greens leader Hebein resigns from the party\". puls24.at (in German). 22 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.puls24.at/news/politik/ex-wiener-gruenen-chefin-hebein-tritt-aus-partei-aus/242234","url_text":"\"Ex-Vienna Greens leader Hebein resigns from the party\""}]},{"reference":"\"Birgin Hebein\". Meineabgeordneten.at.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.meineabgeordneten.at/Abgeordnete/birgit.hebein","url_text":"\"Birgin Hebein\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"Refugees welcome\" - this is how help was given at Vienna's Westbahnhof\". Vice. 1 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/de/article/znk8e3/refugees-welcome-so-wurde-am-wiener-westbahnhof-geholfen-654","url_text":"\"\"Refugees welcome\" - this is how help was given at Vienna's Westbahnhof\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Hell freezes over before we abandon children\"\". Heute. 23 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.heute.at/s/hebein-eher-friert-holle-zu-bevor-wir-kinder-im-stich-lassen--49955476","url_text":"\"\"Hell freezes over before we abandon children\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heute","url_text":"Heute"}]},{"reference":"\"Hebein, Lichtenegger: Ban on alcohol at the Praterstern does not solve any problems\". 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Die Presse. 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.diepresse.com/5536948/wiens-neue-grunen-chefin-ja-naturlich-mach-ich-linke-politik-was-denn-sonst","url_text":"\"Vienna's new leader of the Greens: \"Yes, of course I do left-wing politics, what else?\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Presse","url_text":"Die Presse"}]},{"reference":"\"The result of the Spitz-election 2018\". The Greens Vienna. 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivwien.gruene.at//demokratie/das-ergebnis-der-spitzenwahl-2018-1","url_text":"\"The result of the Spitz-election 2018\""}]},{"reference":"\"Greens: Hebein new at the top\". ORF. 26 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2949375/","url_text":"\"Greens: Hebein new at the top\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)","url_text":"ORF"}]},{"reference":"\"Greens leader Hebein: \"Of course I do left-wing politics, what else?\"\". Der Kurier. 27 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://kurier.at/chronik/wien/wiener-gruene-birgit-hebein-ist-die-neue-nummer-eins/400335993","url_text":"\"Greens leader Hebein: \"Of course I do left-wing politics, what else?\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Kurier","url_text":"Der Kurier"}]},{"reference":"\"Hebein swears a new beginning\". ORF. 1 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://wien.orf.at/v2/news/stories/2950551/","url_text":"\"Hebein swears a new beginning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)","url_text":"ORF"}]},{"reference":"\"Greens chose candidates for the Vienna election\". ORF. 15 February 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wien.orf.at/stories/3034757/","url_text":"\"Greens chose candidates for the Vienna election\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)","url_text":"ORF"}]},{"reference":"\"Ludwig leaves all coalition options open\". ORF. 11 October 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wien.orf.at/stories/3070915/","url_text":"\"Ludwig leaves all coalition options open\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)","url_text":"ORF"}]},{"reference":"\"Hebein waives her mandate\". ORF. 18 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wien.orf.at/stories/3076550/","url_text":"\"Hebein waives her mandate\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)","url_text":"ORF"}]},{"reference":"\"Hebein: \"I also made mistakes\"\". ORF. 23 November 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://wien.orf.at/stories/3077277/","url_text":"\"Hebein: \"I also made mistakes\"\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)","url_text":"ORF"}]},{"reference":"\"Viennese Greens have a new top duo\". ORF (in German). 16 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://wien.orf.at/stories/3125868/","url_text":"\"Viennese Greens have a new top duo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)","url_text":"ORF"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Zhongliang
Sun Zhongliang
["1 Biography","2 References"]
Chinese electrical engineer (1936–2019) In this Chinese name, the family name is Sun. Sun Zhongliang (Chinese: 孙忠良; 26 August 1936 – 29 June 2019) was a Chinese electrical engineer and professor at Southeast University who specialized in extremely high frequency research. He was an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering and a recipient of the State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class). Biography Sun was born on 26 August 1936 in Shanghai, Republic of China. He tested into the Department of Radio Engineering of Nanjing Institute of Technology (now Southeast University) in 1955, and was hired by the university as a faculty member upon graduation in 1960. He became an associate professor in 1983 and full professor in 1987. Sun was a renowned expert in the field of extremely high frequency (EHF). He solved a series of difficult problems in EHF, with important applications in military engineering and 5G mobile communication. For his contributions, he was awarded the State Science and Technology Progress Award (First Class) as well as six provincial and ministerial science prizes. Sun was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering in 2001. He was a member of the 8th, 9th, and 10th Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC). Sun died from an illness on 29 June 2019 in Nanjing, at the age of 82. References ^ a b "中国工程院院士、东南大学教授孙忠良逝世 享年83岁". bjnews.cn (in Chinese). 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-09-04. ^ a b c d e "孙忠良院士逝世，其研究助力5G发展！" (in Chinese). Sohu. 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-08-09. ^ a b "毫米波技术专家孙忠良院士逝世". Sciencenet.cn (in Chinese). 2019-06-26. Retrieved 2019-08-09. ^ a b Pang Xueting 庞雪汀 (2019-07-04). "孙忠良院士告别仪式举行 为我国毫米波技术工程和国防应用做出贡献" (in Chinese). Xinhua. Archived from the original on August 9, 2019. Retrieved 2019-08-09. ^ "讣告" (in Chinese). School of Information Science and Engineering. 2019-06-29. Retrieved 2019-09-04. Authority control databases ISNI VIAF
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_node
Graph (discrete mathematics)
["1 Definitions","1.1 Graph","1.2 Directed graph","1.3 Mixed graph","1.4 Weighted graph","2 Types of graphs","2.1 Oriented graph","2.2 Regular graph","2.3 Complete graph","2.4 Finite graph","2.5 Connected graph","2.6 Bipartite graph","2.7 Path graph","2.8 Planar graph","2.9 Cycle graph","2.10 Tree","2.11 Polytree","2.12 Advanced classes","3 Properties of graphs","4 Examples","5 Graph operations","6 Generalizations","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 Further reading","11 External links"]
This article is about sets of vertices connected by edges. For graphs of mathematical functions, see Graph of a function. For other uses, see Graph (disambiguation). Vertices connected in pairs by edges A graph with six vertices and seven edges In discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense "related". The objects are represented by abstractions called vertices (also called nodes or points) and each of the related pairs of vertices is called an edge (also called link or line). Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots or circles for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges. The edges may be directed or undirected. For example, if the vertices represent people at a party, and there is an edge between two people if they shake hands, then this graph is undirected because any person A can shake hands with a person B only if B also shakes hands with A. In contrast, if an edge from a person A to a person B means that A owes money to B, then this graph is directed, because owing money is not necessarily reciprocated. Graphs are the basic subject studied by graph theory. The word "graph" was first used in this sense by J. J. Sylvester in 1878 due to a direct relation between mathematics and chemical structure (what he called a chemico-graphical image). Definitions Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures. Graph A graph with three vertices and three edges A graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph) is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs { v 1 , v 2 } {\displaystyle \{v_{1},v_{2}\}} of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines). The vertices u and v of an edge {u, v} are called the edge's endpoints. The edge is said to join u and v and to be incident on them. A vertex may belong to no edge, in which case it is not joined to any other vertex and is called isolated. When an edge { u , v } {\displaystyle \{u,v\}} exists, the vertices u and v are called adjacent. A multigraph is a generalization that allows multiple edges to have the same pair of endpoints. In some texts, multigraphs are simply called graphs. Sometimes, graphs are allowed to contain loops, which are edges that join a vertex to itself. To allow loops, the pairs of vertices in E must be allowed to have the same node twice. Such generalized graphs are called graphs with loops or simply graphs when it is clear from the context that loops are allowed. Generally, the vertex set V is taken to be finite (which implies that the edge set E is also finite). Sometimes infinite graphs are considered, but they are usually viewed as a special kind of binary relation, because most results on finite graphs either do not extend to the infinite case or need a rather different proof. An empty graph is a graph that has an empty set of vertices (and thus an empty set of edges). The order of a graph is its number |V| of vertices, usually denoted by n. The size of a graph is its number |E| of edges, typically denoted by m. However, in some contexts, such as for expressing the computational complexity of algorithms, the term size is used for the quantity |V| + |E| (otherwise, a non-empty graph could have size 0). The degree or valency of a vertex is the number of edges that are incident to it; for graphs with loops, a loop is counted twice. In a graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is n − 1 (or n + 1 if loops are allowed, because a loop contributes 2 to the degree), and the maximum number of edges is n(n − 1)/2 (or n(n + 1)/2 if loops are allowed). The edges of a graph define a symmetric relation on the vertices, called the adjacency relation. Specifically, two vertices x and y are adjacent if {x, y} is an edge. A graph is fully determined by its adjacency matrix A, which is an n × n square matrix, with Aij specifying the number of connections from vertex i to vertex j. For a simple graph, Aij is either 0, indicating disconnection, or 1, indicating connection; moreover Aii = 0 because an edge in a simple graph cannot start and end at the same vertex. Graphs with self-loops will be characterized by some or all Aii being equal to a positive integer, and multigraphs (with multiple edges between vertices) will be characterized by some or all Aij being equal to a positive integer. Undirected graphs will have a symmetric adjacency matrix (meaning Aij = Aji). Directed graph Main article: Directed graph A directed graph with three vertices and four directed edges (the double arrow represents an edge in each direction) A directed graph or digraph is a graph in which edges have orientations. In one restricted but very common sense of the term, a directed graph is a pair G = (V, E) comprising: V, a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); E, a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows, or arcs), which are ordered pairs of distinct vertices: E ⊆ { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 and x ≠ y } {\displaystyle E\subseteq \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\;{\textrm {and}}\;x\neq y\}} . To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed simple graph. In the edge (x, y) directed from x to y, the vertices x and y are called the endpoints of the edge, x the tail of the edge and y the head of the edge. The edge is said to join x and y and to be incident on x and on y. A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. The edge (y, x) is called the inverted edge of (x, y). Multiple edges, not allowed under the definition above, are two or more edges with both the same tail and the same head. In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges, a directed graph is sometimes defined to be an ordered triple G = (V, E, ϕ) comprising: V, a set of vertices (also called nodes or points); E, a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows or arcs); ϕ, an incidence function mapping every edge to an ordered pair of vertices (that is, an edge is associated with two distinct vertices): ϕ : E → { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 and x ≠ y } {\displaystyle \phi :E\to \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\;{\textrm {and}}\;x\neq y\}} . To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed multigraph. A loop is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Directed graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex x {\displaystyle x} to itself is the edge (for a directed simple graph) or is incident on (for a directed multigraph) ( x , x ) {\displaystyle (x,x)} which is not in { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 and x ≠ y } {\displaystyle \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\;{\textrm {and}}\;x\neq y\}} . So to allow loops the definitions must be expanded. For directed simple graphs, the definition of E {\displaystyle E} should be modified to E ⊆ { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 } {\displaystyle E\subseteq \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\}} . For directed multigraphs, the definition of ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } should be modified to ϕ : E → { ( x , y ) ∣ ( x , y ) ∈ V 2 } {\displaystyle \phi :E\to \{(x,y)\mid (x,y)\in V^{2}\}} . To avoid ambiguity, these types of objects may be called precisely a directed simple graph permitting loops and a directed multigraph permitting loops (or a quiver) respectively. The edges of a directed simple graph permitting loops G is a homogeneous relation ~ on the vertices of G that is called the adjacency relation of G. Specifically, for each edge (x, y), its endpoints x and y are said to be adjacent to one another, which is denoted x ~ y. Mixed graph Main article: Mixed graph A mixed graph is a graph in which some edges may be directed and some may be undirected. It is an ordered triple G = (V, E, A) for a mixed simple graph and G = (V, E, A, ϕE, ϕA) for a mixed multigraph with V, E (the undirected edges), A (the directed edges), ϕE and ϕA defined as above. Directed and undirected graphs are special cases. Weighted graph A weighted graph with ten vertices and twelve edges A weighted graph or a network is a graph in which a number (the weight) is assigned to each edge. Such weights might represent for example costs, lengths or capacities, depending on the problem at hand. Such graphs arise in many contexts, for example in shortest path problems such as the traveling salesman problem. Types of graphs Oriented graph One definition of an oriented graph is that it is a directed graph in which at most one of (x, y) and (y, x) may be edges of the graph. That is, it is a directed graph that can be formed as an orientation of an undirected (simple) graph. Some authors use "oriented graph" to mean the same as "directed graph". Some authors use "oriented graph" to mean any orientation of a given undirected graph or multigraph. Regular graph Main article: Regular graph A regular graph is a graph in which each vertex has the same number of neighbours, i.e., every vertex has the same degree. A regular graph with vertices of degree k is called a k‑regular graph or regular graph of degree k. Complete graph Main article: Complete graph A complete graph with five vertices and ten edges. Each vertex has an edge to every other vertex. A complete graph is a graph in which each pair of vertices is joined by an edge. A complete graph contains all possible edges. Finite graph A finite graph is a graph in which the vertex set and the edge set are finite sets. Otherwise, it is called an infinite graph. Most commonly in graph theory it is implied that the graphs discussed are finite. If the graphs are infinite, that is usually specifically stated. Connected graph Main article: Connectivity (graph theory) In an undirected graph, an unordered pair of vertices {x, y} is called connected if a path leads from x to y. Otherwise, the unordered pair is called disconnected. A connected graph is an undirected graph in which every unordered pair of vertices in the graph is connected. Otherwise, it is called a disconnected graph. In a directed graph, an ordered pair of vertices (x, y) is called strongly connected if a directed path leads from x to y. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called weakly connected if an undirected path leads from x to y after replacing all of its directed edges with undirected edges. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called disconnected. A strongly connected graph is a directed graph in which every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is strongly connected. Otherwise, it is called a weakly connected graph if every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is weakly connected. Otherwise it is called a disconnected graph. A k-vertex-connected graph or k-edge-connected graph is a graph in which no set of k − 1 vertices (respectively, edges) exists that, when removed, disconnects the graph. A k-vertex-connected graph is often called simply a k-connected graph. Bipartite graph Main article: Bipartite graph A bipartite graph is a simple graph in which the vertex set can be partitioned into two sets, W and X, so that no two vertices in W share a common edge and no two vertices in X share a common edge. Alternatively, it is a graph with a chromatic number of 2. In a complete bipartite graph, the vertex set is the union of two disjoint sets, W and X, so that every vertex in W is adjacent to every vertex in X but there are no edges within W or X. Path graph Main article: Path graph A path graph or linear graph of order n ≥ 2 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v1, v2, …, vn such that the edges are the {vi, vi+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1. Path graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all but two vertices is 2 and the degree of the two remaining vertices is 1. If a path graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a path in that graph. Planar graph Main article: Planar graph A planar graph is a graph whose vertices and edges can be drawn in a plane such that no two of the edges intersect. Cycle graph Main article: Cycle graph A cycle graph or circular graph of order n ≥ 3 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v1, v2, …, vn such that the edges are the {vi, vi+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1, plus the edge {vn, v1}. Cycle graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all vertices is 2. If a cycle graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a cycle or circuit in that graph. Tree Main article: Tree (graph theory) A tree is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path, or equivalently a connected acyclic undirected graph. A forest is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by at most one path, or equivalently an acyclic undirected graph, or equivalently a disjoint union of trees. Polytree Main article: Polytree A polytree (or directed tree or oriented tree or singly connected network) is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) whose underlying undirected graph is a tree. A polyforest (or directed forest or oriented forest) is a directed acyclic graph whose underlying undirected graph is a forest. Advanced classes More advanced kinds of graphs are: Petersen graph and its generalizations; perfect graphs; cographs; chordal graphs; other graphs with large automorphism groups: vertex-transitive, arc-transitive, and distance-transitive graphs; strongly regular graphs and their generalizations distance-regular graphs. Properties of graphs See also: Glossary of graph theory and Graph property Two edges of a graph are called adjacent if they share a common vertex. Two edges of a directed graph are called consecutive if the head of the first one is the tail of the second one. Similarly, two vertices are called adjacent if they share a common edge (consecutive if the first one is the tail and the second one is the head of an edge), in which case the common edge is said to join the two vertices. An edge and a vertex on that edge are called incident. The graph with only one vertex and no edges is called the trivial graph. A graph with only vertices and no edges is known as an edgeless graph. The graph with no vertices and no edges is sometimes called the null graph or empty graph, but the terminology is not consistent and not all mathematicians allow this object. Normally, the vertices of a graph, by their nature as elements of a set, are distinguishable. This kind of graph may be called vertex-labeled. However, for many questions it is better to treat vertices as indistinguishable. (Of course, the vertices may be still distinguishable by the properties of the graph itself, e.g., by the numbers of incident edges.) The same remarks apply to edges, so graphs with labeled edges are called edge-labeled. Graphs with labels attached to edges or vertices are more generally designated as labeled. Consequently, graphs in which vertices are indistinguishable and edges are indistinguishable are called unlabeled. (In the literature, the term labeled may apply to other kinds of labeling, besides that which serves only to distinguish different vertices or edges.) The category of all graphs is the comma category Set ↓ D where D: Set → Set is the functor taking a set s to s × s. Examples A graph with six vertices and seven edges The diagram is a schematic representation of the graph with vertices V = { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 } {\displaystyle V=\{1,2,3,4,5,6\}} and edges E = { { 1 , 2 } , { 1 , 5 } , { 2 , 3 } , { 2 , 5 } , { 3 , 4 } , { 4 , 5 } , { 4 , 6 } } . {\displaystyle E=\{\{1,2\},\{1,5\},\{2,3\},\{2,5\},\{3,4\},\{4,5\},\{4,6\}\}.} In computer science, directed graphs are used to represent knowledge (e.g., conceptual graph), finite state machines, and many other discrete structures. A binary relation R on a set X defines a directed graph. An element x of X is a direct predecessor of an element y of X if and only if xRy. A directed graph can model information networks such as Twitter, with one user following another. Particularly regular examples of directed graphs are given by the Cayley graphs of finitely-generated groups, as well as Schreier coset graphs In category theory, every small category has an underlying directed multigraph whose vertices are the objects of the category, and whose edges are the arrows of the category. In the language of category theory, one says that there is a forgetful functor from the category of small categories to the category of quivers. Graph operations Main article: Graph operations There are several operations that produce new graphs from initial ones, which might be classified into the following categories: unary operations, which create a new graph from an initial one, such as: edge contraction, line graph, dual graph, complement graph, graph rewriting; binary operations, which create a new graph from two initial ones, such as: disjoint union of graphs, cartesian product of graphs, tensor product of graphs, strong product of graphs, lexicographic product of graphs, series–parallel graphs. Generalizations In a hypergraph, an edge can join any positive number of vertices. An undirected graph can be seen as a simplicial complex consisting of 1-simplices (the edges) and 0-simplices (the vertices). As such, complexes are generalizations of graphs since they allow for higher-dimensional simplices. Every graph gives rise to a matroid. In model theory, a graph is just a structure. But in that case, there is no limitation on the number of edges: it can be any cardinal number, see continuous graph. In computational biology, power graph analysis introduces power graphs as an alternative representation of undirected graphs. In geographic information systems, geometric networks are closely modeled after graphs, and borrow many concepts from graph theory to perform spatial analysis on road networks or utility grids. See also Conceptual graph Graph (abstract data type) Graph database Graph drawing List of graph theory topics List of publications in graph theory Network theory Notes ^ Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Pub. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. A graph is an object consisting of two sets called its vertex set and its edge set. ^ See: J. J. Sylvester (February 7, 1878) "Chemistry and algebra", Archived 2023-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Nature, 17 : 284. doi:10.1038/017284a0. From page 284: "Every invariant and covariant thus becomes expressible by a graph precisely identical with a Kekuléan diagram or chemicograph." J. J. Sylvester (1878) "On an application of the new atomic theory to the graphical representation of the invariants and covariants of binary quantics, – with three appendices", Archived 2023-02-04 at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Mathematics, Pure and Applied, 1 (1) : 64–90. doi:10.2307/2369436. JSTOR 2369436. The term "graph" first appears in this paper on page 65. ^ Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2004). Handbook of graph theory. CRC Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-16. ^ Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 148. ^ See, for instance, Iyanaga and Kawada, 69 J, p. 234 or Biggs, p. 4. ^ Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 149. ^ Graham et al., p. 5. ^ a b Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 161. ^ Strang, Gilbert (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (4th ed.), Brooks Cole, ISBN 978-0-03-010567-8 ^ Lewis, John (2013), Java Software Structures (4th ed.), Pearson, p. 405, ISBN 978-0133250121 ^ Fletcher, Peter; Hoyle, Hughes; Patty, C. Wayne (1991). Foundations of Discrete Mathematics (International student ed.). Boston: PWS-KENT Pub. Co. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-53492-373-0. A weighted graph is a graph in which a number w(e), called its weight, is assigned to each edge e. ^ Grandjean, Martin (2016). "A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community". Cogent Arts & Humanities. 3 (1): 1171458. doi:10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2019-09-16. ^ Pankaj Gupta, Ashish Goel, Jimmy Lin, Aneesh Sharma, Dong Wang, and Reza Bosagh Zadeh WTF: The who-to-follow system at Twitter Archived 2019-07-12 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web. doi:10.1145/2488388.2488433. References Balakrishnan, V. K. (1997). Graph Theory (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-005489-9. Bang-Jensen, J.; Gutin, G. (2000). Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications. Springer. Bender, Edward A.; Williamson, S. Gill (2010). Lists, Decisions and Graphs. With an Introduction to Probability. Berge, Claude (1958). Théorie des graphes et ses applications (in French). Paris: Dunod. Biggs, Norman (1993). Algebraic Graph Theory (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45897-9. Bollobás, Béla (2002). Modern Graph Theory (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98488-9. Diestel, Reinhard (2005). Graph Theory (3rd ed.). Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-26183-4. Graham, R.L.; Grötschel, M.; Lovász, L. (1995). Handbook of Combinatorics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-07169-7. Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (1998). Graph Theory and Its Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3982-0. Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2003). Handbook of Graph Theory. CRC. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5. Harary, Frank (1995). Graph Theory. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-41033-4. Iyanaga, Shôkichi; Kawada, Yukiyosi (1977). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-09016-2. Zwillinger, Daniel (2002). CRC Standard Mathematical Tables and Formulae (31st ed.). Chapman & Hall/CRC. ISBN 978-1-58488-291-6. Further reading Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Retrieved 8 August 2012. External links Library resources about Graph (mathematics) Resources in your library Media related to Graph (discrete mathematics) at Wikimedia Commons Weisstein, Eric W. "Graph". MathWorld.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Graph of a function","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_of_a_function"},{"link_name":"Graph (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6n-graf.svg"},{"link_name":"discrete mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete_mathematics"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"diagrammatic form","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagrammatic_form"},{"link_name":"J. J. Sylvester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester"},{"link_name":"chemical structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_structure"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"This article is about sets of vertices connected by edges. For graphs of mathematical functions, see Graph of a function. For other uses, see Graph (disambiguation).Vertices connected in pairs by edgesA graph with six vertices and seven edgesIn discrete mathematics, and more specifically in graph theory, a graph is a structure amounting to a set of objects in which some pairs of the objects are in some sense \"related\". The objects are represented by abstractions called vertices (also called nodes or points) and each of the related pairs of vertices is called an edge (also called link or line).[1] Typically, a graph is depicted in diagrammatic form as a set of dots or circles for the vertices, joined by lines or curves for the edges.The edges may be directed or undirected. For example, if the vertices represent people at a party, and there is an edge between two people if they shake hands, then this graph is undirected because any person A can shake hands with a person B only if B also shakes hands with A. In contrast, if an edge from a person A to a person B means that A owes money to B, then this graph is directed, because owing money is not necessarily reciprocated.Graphs are the basic subject studied by graph theory. The word \"graph\" was first used in this sense by J. J. Sylvester in 1878 due to a direct relation between mathematics and chemical structure (what he called a chemico-graphical image).[2][3]","title":"Graph (discrete mathematics)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematical structures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_structure"}],"text":"Definitions in graph theory vary. The following are some of the more basic ways of defining graphs and related mathematical structures.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Undirected.svg"},{"link_name":"directed graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Directed_graph"},{"link_name":"multigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010148-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"multigraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multigraph"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010149-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"infinite graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinite_graph"},{"link_name":"binary relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation"},{"link_name":"empty graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_graph"},{"link_name":"empty set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empty_set"},{"link_name":"computational complexity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_complexity"},{"link_name":"symmetric relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_relation"},{"link_name":"adjacency matrix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjacency_matrix"},{"link_name":"symmetric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Symmetric_matrix"}],"sub_title":"Graph","text":"A graph with three vertices and three edgesA graph (sometimes called an undirected graph to distinguish it from a directed graph, or a simple graph to distinguish it from a multigraph)[4][5] is a pair G = (V, E), where V is a set whose elements are called vertices (singular: vertex), and E is a set of unordered pairs \n \n \n \n {\n \n v\n \n 1\n \n \n ,\n \n v\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{v_{1},v_{2}\\}}\n \n of vertices, whose elements are called edges (sometimes links or lines).The vertices u and v of an edge {u, v} are called the edge's endpoints. The edge is said to join u and v and to be incident on them. A vertex may belong to no edge, in which case it is not joined to any other vertex and is called isolated. When an edge \n \n \n \n {\n u\n ,\n v\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{u,v\\}}\n \n exists, the vertices u and v are called adjacent.A multigraph is a generalization that allows multiple edges to have the same pair of endpoints. In some texts, multigraphs are simply called graphs.[6][7]Sometimes, graphs are allowed to contain loops, which are edges that join a vertex to itself. To allow loops, the pairs of vertices in E must be allowed to have the same node twice. Such generalized graphs are called graphs with loops or simply graphs when it is clear from the context that loops are allowed.Generally, the vertex set V is taken to be finite (which implies that the edge set E is also finite). Sometimes infinite graphs are considered, but they are usually viewed as a special kind of binary relation, because most results on finite graphs either do not extend to the infinite case or need a rather different proof.An empty graph is a graph that has an empty set of vertices (and thus an empty set of edges). The order of a graph is its number |V| of vertices, usually denoted by n. The size of a graph is its number |E| of edges, typically denoted by m. However, in some contexts, such as for expressing the computational complexity of algorithms, the term size is used for the quantity |V| + |E| (otherwise, a non-empty graph could have size 0). The degree or valency of a vertex is the number of edges that are incident to it; for graphs with loops, a loop is counted twice.In a graph of order n, the maximum degree of each vertex is n − 1 (or n + 1 if loops are allowed, because a loop contributes 2 to the degree), and the maximum number of edges is n(n − 1)/2 (or n(n + 1)/2 if loops are allowed).The edges of a graph define a symmetric relation on the vertices, called the adjacency relation. Specifically, two vertices x and y are adjacent if {x, y} is an edge. A graph is fully determined by its adjacency matrix A, which is an n × n square matrix, with Aij specifying the number of connections from vertex i to vertex j. For a simple graph, Aij is either 0, indicating disconnection, or 1, indicating connection; moreover Aii = 0 because an edge in a simple graph cannot start and end at the same vertex. Graphs with self-loops will be characterized by some or all Aii being equal to a positive integer, and multigraphs (with multiple edges between vertices) will be characterized by some or all Aij being equal to a positive integer. Undirected graphs will have a symmetric adjacency matrix (meaning Aij = Aji).","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Directed.svg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010161-8"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ordered pairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"Multiple edges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple_edges"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010161-8"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"set","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ordered pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordered_pair"},{"link_name":"loop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"quiver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"homogeneous relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation#Homogeneous_relation"}],"sub_title":"Directed graph","text":"A directed graph with three vertices and four directed edges (the double arrow represents an edge in each direction)A directed graph or digraph is a graph in which edges have orientations.In one restricted but very common sense of the term,[8] a directed graph is a pair G = (V, E) comprising:V, a set of vertices (also called nodes or points);\nE, a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows, or arcs), which are ordered pairs of distinct vertices: \n \n \n \n E\n ⊆\n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n x\n ≠\n y\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\subseteq \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\;{\\textrm {and}}\\;x\\neq y\\}}\n \n.To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed simple graph.In the edge (x, y) directed from x to y, the vertices x and y are called the endpoints of the edge, x the tail of the edge and y the head of the edge. The edge is said to join x and y and to be incident on x and on y. A vertex may exist in a graph and not belong to an edge. The edge (y, x) is called the inverted edge of (x, y). Multiple edges, not allowed under the definition above, are two or more edges with both the same tail and the same head.In one more general sense of the term allowing multiple edges,[8] a directed graph is sometimes defined to be an ordered triple G = (V, E, ϕ) comprising:V, a set of vertices (also called nodes or points);\nE, a set of edges (also called directed edges, directed links, directed lines, arrows or arcs);\nϕ, an incidence function mapping every edge to an ordered pair of vertices (that is, an edge is associated with two distinct vertices): \n \n \n \n ϕ\n :\n E\n →\n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n x\n ≠\n y\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi :E\\to \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\;{\\textrm {and}}\\;x\\neq y\\}}\n \n.To avoid ambiguity, this type of object may be called precisely a directed multigraph.A loop is an edge that joins a vertex to itself. Directed graphs as defined in the two definitions above cannot have loops, because a loop joining a vertex \n \n \n \n x\n \n \n {\\displaystyle x}\n \n to itself is the edge (for a directed simple graph) or is incident on (for a directed multigraph) \n \n \n \n (\n x\n ,\n x\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x,x)}\n \n which is not in \n \n \n \n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n \n \n \n and\n \n \n \n x\n ≠\n y\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\;{\\textrm {and}}\\;x\\neq y\\}}\n \n. So to allow loops the definitions must be expanded. For directed simple graphs, the definition of \n \n \n \n E\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E}\n \n should be modified to \n \n \n \n E\n ⊆\n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E\\subseteq \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\}}\n \n. For directed multigraphs, the definition of \n \n \n \n ϕ\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi }\n \n should be modified to \n \n \n \n ϕ\n :\n E\n →\n {\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∣\n (\n x\n ,\n y\n )\n ∈\n \n V\n \n 2\n \n \n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\phi :E\\to \\{(x,y)\\mid (x,y)\\in V^{2}\\}}\n \n. To avoid ambiguity, these types of objects may be called precisely a directed simple graph permitting loops and a directed multigraph permitting loops (or a quiver) respectively.The edges of a directed simple graph permitting loops G is a homogeneous relation ~ on the vertices of G that is called the adjacency relation of G. Specifically, for each edge (x, y), its endpoints x and y are said to be adjacent to one another, which is denoted x ~ y.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Mixed graph","text":"A mixed graph is a graph in which some edges may be directed and some may be undirected. It is an ordered triple G = (V, E, A) for a mixed simple graph and G = (V, E, A, ϕE, ϕA) for a mixed multigraph with V, E (the undirected edges), A (the directed edges), ϕE and ϕA defined as above. Directed and undirected graphs are special cases.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Weighted_network.svg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"shortest path problems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortest_path_problem"},{"link_name":"traveling salesman problem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traveling_salesman_problem"}],"sub_title":"Weighted graph","text":"A weighted graph with ten vertices and twelve edgesA weighted graph or a network[9][10] is a graph in which a number (the weight) is assigned to each edge.[11] Such weights might represent for example costs, lengths or capacities, depending on the problem at hand. Such graphs arise in many contexts, for example in shortest path problems such as the traveling salesman problem.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"orientation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation_(graph_theory)"}],"sub_title":"Oriented graph","text":"One definition of an oriented graph is that it is a directed graph in which at most one of (x, y) and (y, x) may be edges of the graph. That is, it is a directed graph that can be formed as an orientation of an undirected (simple) graph.Some authors use \"oriented graph\" to mean the same as \"directed graph\". Some authors use \"oriented graph\" to mean any orientation of a given undirected graph or multigraph.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular graph","text":"A regular graph is a graph in which each vertex has the same number of neighbours, i.e., every vertex has the same degree. A regular graph with vertices of degree k is called a k‑regular graph or regular graph of degree k.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Complete_graph_K5.svg"}],"sub_title":"Complete graph","text":"A complete graph with five vertices and ten edges. Each vertex has an edge to every other vertex.A complete graph is a graph in which each pair of vertices is joined by an edge. A complete graph contains all possible edges.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"finite sets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_set"}],"sub_title":"Finite graph","text":"A finite graph is a graph in which the vertex set and the edge set are finite sets. Otherwise, it is called an infinite graph.Most commonly in graph theory it is implied that the graphs discussed are finite. If the graphs are infinite, that is usually specifically stated.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"k-vertex-connected graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-vertex-connected_graph"},{"link_name":"k-edge-connected graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-edge-connected_graph"}],"sub_title":"Connected graph","text":"In an undirected graph, an unordered pair of vertices {x, y} is called connected if a path leads from x to y. Otherwise, the unordered pair is called disconnected.A connected graph is an undirected graph in which every unordered pair of vertices in the graph is connected. Otherwise, it is called a disconnected graph.In a directed graph, an ordered pair of vertices (x, y) is called strongly connected if a directed path leads from x to y. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called weakly connected if an undirected path leads from x to y after replacing all of its directed edges with undirected edges. Otherwise, the ordered pair is called disconnected.A strongly connected graph is a directed graph in which every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is strongly connected. Otherwise, it is called a weakly connected graph if every ordered pair of vertices in the graph is weakly connected. Otherwise it is called a disconnected graph.A k-vertex-connected graph or k-edge-connected graph is a graph in which no set of k − 1 vertices (respectively, edges) exists that, when removed, disconnects the graph. A k-vertex-connected graph is often called simply a k-connected graph.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bipartite graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bipartite_graph"},{"link_name":"partitioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_a_set"},{"link_name":"chromatic number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chromatic_number"},{"link_name":"complete bipartite graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complete_bipartite_graph"}],"sub_title":"Bipartite graph","text":"A bipartite graph is a simple graph in which the vertex set can be partitioned into two sets, W and X, so that no two vertices in W share a common edge and no two vertices in X share a common edge. Alternatively, it is a graph with a chromatic number of 2.In a complete bipartite graph, the vertex set is the union of two disjoint sets, W and X, so that every vertex in W is adjacent to every vertex in X but there are no edges within W or X.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"subgraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_graph_theory#Subgraphs"},{"link_name":"path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(graph_theory)"}],"sub_title":"Path graph","text":"A path graph or linear graph of order n ≥ 2 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v1, v2, …, vn such that the edges are the {vi, vi+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1. Path graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all but two vertices is 2 and the degree of the two remaining vertices is 1. If a path graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a path in that graph.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Planar graph","text":"A planar graph is a graph whose vertices and edges can be drawn in a plane such that no two of the edges intersect.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cycle graph","text":"A cycle graph or circular graph of order n ≥ 3 is a graph in which the vertices can be listed in an order v1, v2, …, vn such that the edges are the {vi, vi+1} where i = 1, 2, …, n − 1, plus the edge {vn, v1}. Cycle graphs can be characterized as connected graphs in which the degree of all vertices is 2. If a cycle graph occurs as a subgraph of another graph, it is a cycle or circuit in that graph.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vertices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Path_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"connected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connected_graph"},{"link_name":"acyclic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycle_(graph_theory)"},{"link_name":"disjoint union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_union_of_graphs"}],"sub_title":"Tree","text":"A tree is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by exactly one path, or equivalently a connected acyclic undirected graph.A forest is an undirected graph in which any two vertices are connected by at most one path, or equivalently an acyclic undirected graph, or equivalently a disjoint union of trees.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"directed acyclic graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Directed_acyclic_graph"}],"sub_title":"Polytree","text":"A polytree (or directed tree or oriented tree or singly connected network) is a directed acyclic graph (DAG) whose underlying undirected graph is a tree.A polyforest (or directed forest or oriented forest) is a directed acyclic graph whose underlying undirected graph is a forest.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petersen graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersen_graph"},{"link_name":"perfect graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perfect_graph"},{"link_name":"cographs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cograph"},{"link_name":"chordal graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chordal_graph"},{"link_name":"automorphism groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_automorphism"},{"link_name":"vertex-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertex-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"arc-transitive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arc-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"distance-transitive graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance-transitive_graph"},{"link_name":"strongly regular graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strongly_regular_graph"},{"link_name":"distance-regular graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance-regular_graph"}],"sub_title":"Advanced classes","text":"More advanced kinds of graphs are:Petersen graph and its generalizations;\nperfect graphs;\ncographs;\nchordal graphs;\nother graphs with large automorphism groups: vertex-transitive, arc-transitive, and distance-transitive graphs;\nstrongly regular graphs and their generalizations distance-regular graphs.","title":"Types of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glossary of graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_graph_theory"},{"link_name":"Graph property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_property"},{"link_name":"null graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null_graph"},{"link_name":"category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"comma category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comma_category"},{"link_name":"functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functor"}],"text":"See also: Glossary of graph theory and Graph propertyTwo edges of a graph are called adjacent if they share a common vertex. Two edges of a directed graph are called consecutive if the head of the first one is the tail of the second one. Similarly, two vertices are called adjacent if they share a common edge (consecutive if the first one is the tail and the second one is the head of an edge), in which case the common edge is said to join the two vertices. An edge and a vertex on that edge are called incident.The graph with only one vertex and no edges is called the trivial graph. A graph with only vertices and no edges is known as an edgeless graph. The graph with no vertices and no edges is sometimes called the null graph or empty graph, but the terminology is not consistent and not all mathematicians allow this object.Normally, the vertices of a graph, by their nature as elements of a set, are distinguishable. This kind of graph may be called vertex-labeled. However, for many questions it is better to treat vertices as indistinguishable. (Of course, the vertices may be still distinguishable by the properties of the graph itself, e.g., by the numbers of incident edges.) The same remarks apply to edges, so graphs with labeled edges are called edge-labeled. Graphs with labels attached to edges or vertices are more generally designated as labeled. Consequently, graphs in which vertices are indistinguishable and edges are indistinguishable are called unlabeled. (In the literature, the term labeled may apply to other kinds of labeling, besides that which serves only to distinguish different vertices or edges.)The category of all graphs is the comma category Set ↓ D where D: Set → Set is the functor taking a set s to s × s.","title":"Properties of graphs"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:6n-graf.svg"},{"link_name":"computer science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_science"},{"link_name":"conceptual graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_graph"},{"link_name":"finite state machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_state_machine"},{"link_name":"binary relation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_relation"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snatwitter-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twitterwtf-13"},{"link_name":"Cayley graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayley_graph"},{"link_name":"Schreier coset graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schreier_coset_graph"},{"link_name":"category theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_theory"},{"link_name":"small category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_category"},{"link_name":"forgetful functor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forgetful_functor"},{"link_name":"category of small categories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_of_small_categories"},{"link_name":"category of quivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiver_(mathematics)"}],"text":"A graph with six vertices and seven edgesThe diagram is a schematic representation of the graph with vertices \n \n \n \n V\n =\n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n ,\n 3\n ,\n 4\n ,\n 5\n ,\n 6\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle V=\\{1,2,3,4,5,6\\}}\n \n and edges \n \n \n \n E\n =\n {\n {\n 1\n ,\n 2\n }\n ,\n {\n 1\n ,\n 5\n }\n ,\n {\n 2\n ,\n 3\n }\n ,\n {\n 2\n ,\n 5\n }\n ,\n {\n 3\n ,\n 4\n }\n ,\n {\n 4\n ,\n 5\n }\n ,\n {\n 4\n ,\n 6\n }\n }\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle E=\\{\\{1,2\\},\\{1,5\\},\\{2,3\\},\\{2,5\\},\\{3,4\\},\\{4,5\\},\\{4,6\\}\\}.}\n \n\nIn computer science, directed graphs are used to represent knowledge (e.g., conceptual graph), finite state machines, and many other discrete structures.\nA binary relation R on a set X defines a directed graph. An element x of X is a direct predecessor of an element y of X if and only if xRy.\nA directed graph can model information networks such as Twitter, with one user following another.[12][13]\nParticularly regular examples of directed graphs are given by the Cayley graphs of finitely-generated groups, as well as Schreier coset graphs\nIn category theory, every small category has an underlying directed multigraph whose vertices are the objects of the category, and whose edges are the arrows of the category. In the language of category theory, one says that there is a forgetful functor from the category of small categories to the category of quivers.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"edge contraction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_contraction"},{"link_name":"line graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_graph"},{"link_name":"dual graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_graph"},{"link_name":"complement graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complement_graph"},{"link_name":"graph rewriting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_rewriting"},{"link_name":"disjoint union of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disjoint_union_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"cartesian product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartesian_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"tensor product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensor_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"strong product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strong_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"lexicographic product of graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicographic_product_of_graphs"},{"link_name":"series–parallel graphs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Series%E2%80%93parallel_graph"}],"text":"There are several operations that produce new graphs from initial ones, which might be classified into the following categories:unary operations, which create a new graph from an initial one, such as:\nedge contraction,\nline graph,\ndual graph,\ncomplement graph,\ngraph rewriting;\nbinary operations, which create a new graph from two initial ones, such as:\ndisjoint union of graphs,\ncartesian product of graphs,\ntensor product of graphs,\nstrong product of graphs,\nlexicographic product of graphs,\nseries–parallel graphs.","title":"Graph operations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypergraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypergraph"},{"link_name":"simplicial complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplicial_complex"},{"link_name":"simplices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplex"},{"link_name":"matroid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matroid"},{"link_name":"model theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_theory"},{"link_name":"structure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_(model_theory)"},{"link_name":"cardinal number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardinal_number"},{"link_name":"continuous graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous_graph"},{"link_name":"computational biology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computational_biology"},{"link_name":"power graph analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_graph_analysis"},{"link_name":"geographic information systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographic_information_systems"},{"link_name":"geometric networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometric_networks"},{"link_name":"graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_theory"}],"text":"In a hypergraph, an edge can join any positive number of vertices.An undirected graph can be seen as a simplicial complex consisting of 1-simplices (the edges) and 0-simplices (the vertices). As such, complexes are generalizations of graphs since they allow for higher-dimensional simplices.Every graph gives rise to a matroid.In model theory, a graph is just a structure. But in that case, there is no limitation on the number of edges: it can be any cardinal number, see continuous graph.In computational biology, power graph analysis introduces power graphs as an alternative representation of undirected graphs.In geographic information systems, geometric networks are closely modeled after graphs, and borrow many concepts from graph theory to perform spatial analysis on road networks or utility grids.","title":"Generalizations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:0_1-0"},{"link_name":"Introduction to Graph Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-67870-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-67870-2"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190505192352/http://store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Chemistry and algebra\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KcoKAAAAYAAJ&q=Sylvester&pg=PA284"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230204142956/https://books.google.com/books?id=KcoKAAAAYAAJ&vq=Sylvester&pg=PA284"},{"link_name":"Wayback 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2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBenderWilliamson2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010161_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBenderWilliamson2010161_8-1"},{"link_name":"Bender & Williamson 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBenderWilliamson2010"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-03-010567-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-010567-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0133250121","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0133250121"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-53492-373-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-53492-373-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-snatwitter_12-0"},{"link_name":"\"A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_81C2C68B1DF5.P001/REF"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F23311983.2016.1171458"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20210302190117/https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_81C2C68B1DF5.P001/REF"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-twitterwtf_13-0"},{"link_name":"WTF: The who-to-follow system at Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2488433"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20190712002903/http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2488433"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1145/2488388.2488433","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1145%2F2488388.2488433"}],"text":"^ Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Pub. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. A graph is an object consisting of two sets called its vertex set and its edge set.\n\n^ See:\nJ. J. Sylvester (February 7, 1878) \"Chemistry and algebra\", Archived 2023-02-04 at the Wayback Machine Nature, 17 : 284. doi:10.1038/017284a0. From page 284: \"Every invariant and covariant thus becomes expressible by a graph precisely identical with a Kekuléan diagram or chemicograph.\"\nJ. J. Sylvester (1878) \"On an application of the new atomic theory to the graphical representation of the invariants and covariants of binary quantics, – with three appendices\", Archived 2023-02-04 at the Wayback Machine American Journal of Mathematics, Pure and Applied, 1 (1) : 64–90. doi:10.2307/2369436. JSTOR 2369436. The term \"graph\" first appears in this paper on page 65.\n\n^ Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2004). Handbook of graph theory. CRC Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-16.\n\n^ Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 148.\n\n^ See, for instance, Iyanaga and Kawada, 69 J, p. 234 or Biggs, p. 4.\n\n^ Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 149.\n\n^ Graham et al., p. 5.\n\n^ a b Bender & Williamson 2010, p. 161.\n\n^ Strang, Gilbert (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (4th ed.), Brooks Cole, ISBN 978-0-03-010567-8\n\n^ Lewis, John (2013), Java Software Structures (4th ed.), Pearson, p. 405, ISBN 978-0133250121\n\n^ Fletcher, Peter; Hoyle, Hughes; Patty, C. Wayne (1991). Foundations of Discrete Mathematics (International student ed.). Boston: PWS-KENT Pub. Co. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-53492-373-0. A weighted graph is a graph in which a number w(e), called its weight, is assigned to each edge e.\n\n^ Grandjean, Martin (2016). \"A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community\". Cogent Arts & Humanities. 3 (1): 1171458. doi:10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2019-09-16.\n\n^ Pankaj Gupta, Ashish Goel, Jimmy Lin, Aneesh Sharma, Dong Wang, and Reza Bosagh Zadeh WTF: The who-to-follow system at Twitter Archived 2019-07-12 at the Wayback Machine, Proceedings of the 22nd international conference on World Wide Web. doi:10.1145/2488388.2488433.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Introduction to Graph Theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html"},{"link_name":"Dover Publications","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-486-67870-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-67870-2"}],"text":"Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Retrieved 8 August 2012.","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"A graph with six vertices and seven edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/220px-6n-graf.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A graph with three vertices and three edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Undirected.svg/220px-Undirected.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A directed graph with three vertices and four directed edges (the double arrow represents an edge in each direction)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Directed.svg/220px-Directed.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A weighted graph with ten vertices and twelve edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Weighted_network.svg/220px-Weighted_network.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A complete graph with five vertices and ten edges. Each vertex has an edge to every other vertex.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Complete_graph_K5.svg/125px-Complete_graph_K5.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A graph with six vertices and seven edges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/6n-graf.svg/220px-6n-graf.svg.png"}]
[{"title":"Conceptual graph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_graph"},{"title":"Graph (abstract data type)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_(abstract_data_type)"},{"title":"Graph database","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_database"},{"title":"Graph drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graph_drawing"},{"title":"List of graph theory topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_graph_theory_topics"},{"title":"List of publications in graph theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_publications_in_mathematics#Graph_theory"},{"title":"Network theory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_theory"}]
[{"reference":"Trudeau, Richard J. (1993). Introduction to Graph Theory (Corrected, enlarged republication. ed.). New York: Dover Pub. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-486-67870-2. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2012. A graph is an object consisting of two sets called its vertex set and its edge set.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html","url_text":"Introduction to Graph Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-67870-2","url_text":"978-0-486-67870-2"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190505192352/http://store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2004). Handbook of graph theory. CRC Press. p. 35. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5. Archived from the original on 2023-02-04. Retrieved 2016-02-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC","url_text":"Handbook of graph theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CRC_Press","url_text":"CRC Press"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC&pg=PA35","url_text":"35"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58488-090-5","url_text":"978-1-58488-090-5"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230204142959/https://books.google.com/books?id=mKkIGIea_BkC","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Strang, Gilbert (2005), Linear Algebra and Its Applications (4th ed.), Brooks Cole, ISBN 978-0-03-010567-8","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-010567-8","url_text":"978-0-03-010567-8"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, John (2013), Java Software Structures (4th ed.), Pearson, p. 405, ISBN 978-0133250121","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0133250121","url_text":"978-0133250121"}]},{"reference":"Fletcher, Peter; Hoyle, Hughes; Patty, C. Wayne (1991). Foundations of Discrete Mathematics (International student ed.). Boston: PWS-KENT Pub. Co. p. 463. ISBN 978-0-53492-373-0. A weighted graph is a graph in which a number w(e), called its weight, is assigned to each edge e.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-53492-373-0","url_text":"978-0-53492-373-0"}]},{"reference":"Grandjean, Martin (2016). \"A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community\". Cogent Arts & Humanities. 3 (1): 1171458. doi:10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458. Archived from the original on 2021-03-02. Retrieved 2019-09-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_81C2C68B1DF5.P001/REF","url_text":"\"A social network analysis of Twitter: Mapping the digital humanities community\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F23311983.2016.1171458","url_text":"10.1080/23311983.2016.1171458"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210302190117/https://serval.unil.ch/resource/serval:BIB_81C2C68B1DF5.P001/REF","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Balakrishnan, V. K. (1997). Graph Theory (1st ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN 978-0-07-005489-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-005489-9","url_text":"978-0-07-005489-9"}]},{"reference":"Bang-Jensen, J.; Gutin, G. (2000). Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications. Springer.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cs.rhul.ac.uk/books/dbook/","url_text":"Digraphs: Theory, Algorithms and Applications"}]},{"reference":"Bender, Edward A.; Williamson, S. Gill (2010). Lists, Decisions and Graphs. With an Introduction to Probability.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=vaXv_yhefG8C","url_text":"Lists, Decisions and Graphs. With an Introduction to Probability"}]},{"reference":"Berge, Claude (1958). Théorie des graphes et ses applications (in French). Paris: Dunod.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Biggs, Norman (1993). Algebraic Graph Theory (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-45897-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-45897-9","url_text":"978-0-521-45897-9"}]},{"reference":"Bollobás, Béla (2002). Modern Graph Theory (1st ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0-387-98488-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98488-9","url_text":"978-0-387-98488-9"}]},{"reference":"Diestel, Reinhard (2005). Graph Theory (3rd ed.). Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-26183-4.","urls":[{"url":"http://diestel-graph-theory.com/GrTh.html","url_text":"Graph Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-26183-4","url_text":"978-3-540-26183-4"}]},{"reference":"Graham, R.L.; Grötschel, M.; Lovász, L. (1995). Handbook of Combinatorics. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-07169-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-07169-7","url_text":"978-0-262-07169-7"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (1998). Graph Theory and Its Applications. CRC Press. ISBN 978-0-8493-3982-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3982-0","url_text":"978-0-8493-3982-0"}]},{"reference":"Gross, Jonathan L.; Yellen, Jay (2003). Handbook of Graph Theory. CRC. ISBN 978-1-58488-090-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58488-090-5","url_text":"978-1-58488-090-5"}]},{"reference":"Harary, Frank (1995). Graph Theory. Addison Wesley Publishing Company. ISBN 978-0-201-41033-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-41033-4","url_text":"978-0-201-41033-4"}]},{"reference":"Iyanaga, Shôkichi; Kawada, Yukiyosi (1977). Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics. MIT Press. 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Retrieved 8 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://store.doverpublications.com/0486678709.html","url_text":"Introduction to Graph Theory"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Publications","url_text":"Dover Publications"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-67870-2","url_text":"978-0-486-67870-2"}]},{"reference":"Weisstein, Eric W. \"Graph\". MathWorld.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_W._Weisstein","url_text":"Weisstein, Eric W."},{"url":"https://mathworld.wolfram.com/Graph.html","url_text":"\"Graph\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MathWorld","url_text":"MathWorld"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenn_Gulliver
Glenn Gulliver
["1 Amateur career","2 Professional career","3 Personal","4 References","5 External links"]
American baseball player (born 1954) Baseball player Glenn GulliverThird basemanBorn: (1954-10-15) October 15, 1954 (age 69)Detroit, MichiganBats: LeftThrows: RightMLB debutJuly 17, 1982, Baltimore OriolesLast MLB appearanceOctober 1, 1983, Baltimore OriolesMLB statisticsBatting average.203Home runs1Runs batted in7OBP.356 Teams Baltimore Orioles (1982–1983) Glenn James Gulliver (born October 15, 1954) is an American former Major League Baseball (MLB) third baseman who played for the Baltimore Orioles in 1982 and 1983. Amateur career A native of Detroit, Michigan, Gulliver played shortstop on the Eastern Michigan University baseball team that lost to Arizona University in the 1976 College World Series championship game. In 1975, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Orleans Cardinals of the Cape Cod Baseball League and was named a league all-star. Professional career He was drafted in the 8th round of the 1976 MLB Draft by the Detroit Tigers, Gulliver made his major league debut for the Baltimore Orioles on July 17, 1982. In all, Gulliver appeared in 73 games as a third baseman for the Orioles from 1982 to 1983. Gulliver posted a .203 batting average (39-for-192) with 29 runs, 10 doubles, 1 home run, 7 RBI and 46 bases on balls. Defensively, he handled 176 out of 180 total chances at third base for a .978 fielding percentage. Personal Gulliver is a high school baseball coach for Allen Park High School in Allen Park, Michigan. References ^ "Major League Baseball Players From the Cape Cod League" (PDF). capecodbaseball.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 7, 2012. Retrieved September 25, 2019. ^ "Cape All Stars in Fenway Park Next Monday". The Cape Codder. Orleans, MA. July 17, 1975. p. 26. Archived from the original on April 27, 2021. Retrieved May 29, 2022. External links Career statistics and player information from Baseball Reference, or Baseball Reference (Minors) This biographical article relating to an American baseball third baseman is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Wellington_City_mayoral_election
2016 Wellington City mayoral election
["1 Candidates","1.1 Confirmed","1.2 Withdrew","2 Opinion polling","3 Results","4 Ward results","5 References","6 External links"]
New Zealand mayoral election 2016 Wellington City mayoral election ← 2013 8 October 2016 (2016-10-08) 2019 → Turnout64,656 (45.56%)   Candidate Justin Lester Nick Leggett Jo Coughlan Party Labour Independent Independent Primary vote 23,751 16,528 16,528 Percentage 36.7% 25.6% 20.4% Final count 31,921 31,921 Percentage 56.4% 43.6% Mayor before election Celia Wade-Brown Independent Elected mayor Justin Lester Labour The 2016 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections and was held on 8 October to determine the next Mayor of Wellington. The incumbent was Celia Wade-Brown, who was first elected in the 2010 mayoral election. Wade-Brown did not seek re-election. Her title was pursued by her deputy, Justin Lester, councillors Jo Coughlan, Andy Foster, Helene Ritchie and Nicola Young, former mayor of Porirua City Nick Leggett and independent candidates Keith Johnson and Johnny Overton. Lester won the election becoming the 35th Mayor of Wellington, Leggett came second and Coughlan third. Candidates Wade-Brown decided against standing for a third term as mayor. However, eight other candidates sought her position. Confirmed Jo Coughlan (Independent) Coughlan was first elected as Councillor for the Onslow-Western ward in 2007. Previously, Coughlan gave serious consideration to running for Mayor in the 2013 election. Coughlan was chair of the Council Economic Growth and Arts Committee and is a member of other committees, including the Environment and Community, Sports and Recreation Committees. She ran as an independent candidate, but was a press secretary for Sir Don McKinnon (National) while he was serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. She is the sister-in-law of then Deputy Prime Minister, Bill English. Endorsements Kerry Prendergast (former mayor) Fran Wilde (former mayor) Jack Yan (former mayoral candidate) Andy Foster (Independent) Veteran councillor Andy Foster, the council's then Transport and Urban Development Committee Chairman, had served the Wellington City Council for well over two decades. He also sought re-election as a councillor in the Onslow-Western Ward. Keith Johnson (Independent) Dr Keith Johnson, an economic policy analyst and blogger from Island Bay, announced his candidacy in April 2016. Johnson ran for the Southern Ward in 2010 with the Labour Party alongside Paul Eagle and in 2013 proposed to stand for mayor. He subsequently withdrew, saying that "There was not much resonance in the concerns I had for debt control and against the rebalancing of rates". Nick Leggett (Independent) Leggett had been the mayor of Porirua City since 2010. In March 2016, he announced he would not stand in the next local body elections, hinting at running in the election for mayor in Wellington City. In April, Leggett resigned from the Labour Party and confirmed his intention to stand. Central to his launch campaign speech was a desire to put an end to the "bickering" and "palace politics" holding the Wellington City Council back, resolve transport issues including supporting twin tunnels to the airport, and to facilitate (not fund) a new Sports Museum and Virtual Reality Centre for Wellington. Endorsements Mark Blumsky (former mayor) Justin Lester (Labour) Lester was first elected as a Wellington City Councillor in 2010. When mayors were given the ability to choose their deputy without involving councillors after the 2013 election, Wade-Brown chose Lester. Lester ran on a Labour Party ticket. He went on to win the election. Endorsements Andrew Little (Leader of the Opposition) Celia Wade-Brown (retiring mayor) Johnny Overton (The Localisation Party) Johnny Overton speaking at a debate. Overton announced his candidacy in early August 2016. He is a fringe dwelling guerrilla gardener, artist & political activist. In the 2014 general election he contested the seat of Rongotai for the 'Peoples Revolutionary Front', finishing in last place with 0.12% of the vote. Helene Ritchie (Independent) Helene Ritchie announced her candidacy for the mayoralty, her 11th term as councillor, and a position on the District Health Board on the day nominations for local elections opened. Days before the nominations closed, Ritchie opted to campaign only for the mayoralty, withdrawing from all other contests except for the Capital and Coast DHB. She had previously served as Deputy Mayor and leader of the Labour caucus on council. Nicola Young (Freeze rates and cut waste) Young was first elected in 2013. She originally stood only for the city council, but then also nominated herself for the mayoralty. Of the six mayoral candidates, she came fourth. Young is an Independent councillor; she formerly stood for the National Party in the 2005 general election in Wellington's Rongotai electorate. Her father was the former cabinet minister Bill Young, and she is the sister of former National list MP Annabel Young. Withdrew Celia Wade-Brown Wade-Brown was first elected as a Wellington City Councillor in 1994 and apart from a three-year break served on council until she was elected mayor in the 2010 election. Whilst she has always stood as an independent during her mayoralty, she is generally associated with the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, and The Dominion Post commented that "everything about her shouts 'Green'". On 5 August, Wade-Brown pulled out of the race. Wade-Brown announced her endorsement of Justin Lester as her preferred successor on 2 September. Opinion polling Several polls were conducted indicating a tight race with Justin Lester, Jo Coughlan and Nick Leggett polling the strongest. Date(s) administered Samplesize Preference Jo Coughlan Andy Foster Keith Johnson Nick Leggett Justin Lester Johnny Overton Helene Ritchie Nicola Young Other /Undecided 8–10 September 2016 559 First 17.5% 1.4% – 17.4% 34.5% – 3.5% 4.2% 16.3% Second 19% 14.4% – 17.4% 13.1% – 8% 3.9% 21.1% 11–14 September 2016 500 First 11.1% 1.1% 0.7% 19.2% 19.6% 0.% 1% 3.5% 43.8% Second 12% 2% 1% 13% 12% 1% 0% 5% 54% Results 2016 Wellington City mayoral election Party Candidate FPv% Count 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Labour Justin Lester 36.7 23,751 23,884 24,092 24,887 26,418 27,674 31,921 Independent Nick Leggett 25.5 16,528 16,584 16,709 17,011 17,598 18,667 24,697 Independent Jo Coughlan 20.4 13,203 13,233 13,347 13,602 14,190 15,844   Independent Nicola Young 6.6 4,303 4,367 4,598 5,104 5,532     Independent Andy Foster 4.8 3,125 3,168 3,304 3,718       Independent Helene Ritchie 3.7 2,439 2,538 2,733         Independent Keith Johnson 1.8 1,083 1,190           Independent Johnny Overton 0.9 620             Electorate:     Valid: 64,656   Spoilt: 511   Quota:     Turnout: 45.56%   Ward results See also: 2016 Wellington local elections Candidates were also elected from wards to the Wellington City Council. Party/ticket Councillors Independent 8 Labour 3 Greens 3 References ^ "Election 2016: Progress results for the Mayor". Wellington City Council. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016. ^ a b c d Hubbard, Anthony (7 November 2015). "Contenders line up for 2016 Wellington mayoral race". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 9 March 2016. ^ Michael Forbes (11 June 2016). "Who wants to be Wellington's mayor?". The Dominion Post (Wellington). Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 11 June 2016. ^ a b Forbes, Michael (2 April 2016). "Councillor Jo Coughlan enters the race to be Wellington's mayor". Stuff. Retrieved 4 April 2016. ^ Chapman, Katie (6 March 2013). "Concert promoter considers mayoralty bid". Stuff. Retrieved 4 April 2016. ^ "Kerry Prendergast endorses Mayoral Candidate Jo Coughlan". Scoop.co.nz. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ "Fran Wilde endorses Mayoral candidate Jo Coughlan". Scoop.co.nz. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ "Jack Yan endorses Jo Coughlan for Wellington mayoral race". Scoop.co.nz. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ Michael Forbes (20 July 2016). "Wellington mayoral contest heats up as councillor Andy Foster joins the race". The Dominion Post. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 20 July 2016. ^ "Fifth mayoral candidate – Keith Johnson opposes big spending, runway subsidy". 3 April 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016. ^ "Six in race to be Wellington's mayor". Radio NZ. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ Chapman, Katie (1 May 2013). "Promoter rules himself out of mayoral race". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 28 July 2013. ^ "Johnson out". The Dominion Post. 8 August 2013. p. A3. ^ "Nick Leggett stands down as Porirua mayor". Dominion Post. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "Capital 'stalled at the lights', says Nick Leggett as he launches mayoralty bid". Dominion Post. 10 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016. ^ "Nick Leggett wants sports museum and 'virtual reality complex' in Wellington". Stuff.co.nz. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016. ^ "Former Wellington mayor Mark Blumsky endorses Nick Leggett". Scoop.co.nz. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ a b "Wellington deputy Justin Lester runs against incumbent Mayor Celia Wade-Brown". The Dominion Post. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016. ^ Watkins, Tracey (9 August 2016). "Ankle tap or leg up? Why Andrew Little's assault on Leggett might backfire". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 3 June 2018. ^ a b Michael, Forbes (2 September 2016). "Celia's choice: Wade-Brown delivers frank assessment of capital's mayoral contenders". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 September 2016. ^ Matt Stewart (5 August 2016). "Johnny Overton enters mayoralty race on Localisation Party ticket". The Dominion Post. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 5 August 2016. ^ "Official Count Results -- Rongotai (2014)". Electoral Commission. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2016. ^ Joel Maxwell (15 June 2016). "Councillor announces run for Wellington mayoralty as nominations open". Dominion Post. Retrieved 16 June 2016. ^ Lucy Swinnen (9 August 2016). "Mayoral candidate Helene Ritchie has declared she has no Plan B as she goes all in for Mayor". The Dominion Post. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 15 August 2016. ^ Cleland, Johanna (9 October 2013). "Young answers the call because politics runs in her blood". Newswire.co.nz. Whitireia New Zealand. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016. ^ Inggs, Charlie (16 October 2013). "2013 Triennial Election: declaration of results" (PDF). Wellington City Council. Retrieved 10 March 2016. ^ Orsman, Bernard (15 September 2005). "The candidates who stand to lose". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 9 March 2016. ^ "New mayor for Wellington". The Dominion Post. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010. ^ Michael, Forbes; Livingston, Tommy; Dooney, Laura (5 August 2016). "Wellington mayor Celia Wade-Brown pulls out of mayoral race". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 5 August 2016. ^ Michael, Forbes (15 September 2016). "Polls predict tight race to be Wellington's next mayor". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 20 September 2016. ^ "Election 2016: Preliminary results for the Mayor". Wellington City Council. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016. External links List of nominated candidates, Wellington City Council vte Mayors of WellingtonMayorselected by councillors George Hunter William Guyton Joe Dransfield Charles Borlase elected at large William Sefton Moorhouse William Hutchison Joe Dransfield George Allen William Hutchison George Fisher Arthur Winton Brown Sam Brown John Duthie Charles Johnston Arthur Winton Brown Francis Bell Alfred Brandon Charles Luke George Fisher Francis Bell John Blair John Aitken Thomas William Hislop Alfred Newman Thomas Wilford David McLaren John Luke Robert Wright Charles Norwood George Troup Thomas Hislop Will Appleton Rob Macalister Frank Kitts Michael Fowler Ian Lawrence Jim Belich Fran Wilde Mark Blumsky Kerry Prendergast Celia Wade-Brown Justin Lester Andy Foster Tory Whanau Mayoral electionsAnnual term 1842 1874 1875 1876† 1877† 1878 1879‡ 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888† 1889† 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898† 1899 1901 1902† 1903† 1904 1905 1906† 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911† 1912 1913 1914 Biennial term 1915 1917† 1919 1921 1923 1925 1927 1929 1931 1933† 1935 Triennial term 1938 1941 1944 1947 1950 1953 1956 1959 1962 1965 1968 1971 1974 1977 1980 1983 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 Local elections 1986 1989 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 2013 2016 2019 2022 by-elections † Elected unopposed ‡ By-election
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_New_Zealand_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Celia Wade-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Wade-Brown"},{"link_name":"2010 mayoral election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Wellington_City_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"Justin Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Lester_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Andy Foster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Foster_(politician)"},{"link_name":"Helene Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"Porirua City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_City"},{"link_name":"Nick Leggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Leggett"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 2016 Wellington City mayoral election was part of the New Zealand local elections and was held on 8 October to determine the next Mayor of Wellington. The incumbent was Celia Wade-Brown, who was first elected in the 2010 mayoral election. Wade-Brown did not seek re-election. Her title was pursued by her deputy, Justin Lester, councillors Jo Coughlan, Andy Foster, Helene Ritchie and Nicola Young, former mayor of Porirua City Nick Leggett and independent candidates Keith Johnson and Johnny Overton.Lester won the election becoming the 35th Mayor of Wellington, Leggett came second and Coughlan third.[1]","title":"2016 Wellington City mayoral election"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contenders_line_up-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Wade-Brown decided against standing for a third term as mayor. However, eight other candidates sought her position.[2][3]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_New_Zealand_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coughlan-4"},{"link_name":"2013 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Wellington_City_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Concert_promoter_considers_mayoralty_bid-5"},{"link_name":"Don McKinnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_McKinnon"},{"link_name":"National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Minister of Foreign Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(New_Zealand)"},{"link_name":"Deputy Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Bill English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_English"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coughlan-4"},{"link_name":"Kerry Prendergast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerry_Prendergast"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Fran Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran_Wilde"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jack Yan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Yan"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Paul Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Eagle"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Leggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nick_Leggett"},{"link_name":"Porirua City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porirua_City"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Mark Blumsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Blumsky"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Lester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Lester_(politician)"},{"link_name":"2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_New_Zealand_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deputy_against_incumbent-18"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contenders_line_up-2"},{"link_name":"Labour Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Labour_Party"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-deputy_against_incumbent-18"},{"link_name":"Andrew Little","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Little_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Celia Wade-Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celia_Wade-Brown"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frank_assessment-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Johnny_Overton.jpg"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Helene Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_New_Zealand_local_elections"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_National_Party"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_New_Zealand_general_election"},{"link_name":"Rongotai electorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rongotai_(New_Zealand_electorate)"},{"link_name":"Bill Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Young_(New_Zealand_politician)"},{"link_name":"Annabel Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annabel_Young"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contenders_line_up-2"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Confirmed","text":"Jo Coughlan (Independent)Coughlan was first elected as Councillor for the Onslow-Western ward in 2007.[4] Previously, Coughlan gave serious consideration to running for Mayor in the 2013 election.[5] Coughlan was chair of the Council Economic Growth and Arts Committee and is a member of other committees, including the Environment and Community, Sports and Recreation Committees. She ran as an independent candidate, but was a press secretary for Sir Don McKinnon (National) while he was serving as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. She is the sister-in-law of then Deputy Prime Minister, Bill English.[4]EndorsementsKerry Prendergast (former mayor)[6]\nFran Wilde (former mayor)[7]\nJack Yan (former mayoral candidate)[8]Andy Foster (Independent)Veteran councillor Andy Foster, the council's then Transport and Urban Development Committee Chairman, had served the Wellington City Council for well over two decades. He also sought re-election as a councillor in the Onslow-Western Ward.[9]Keith Johnson (Independent)Dr Keith Johnson, an economic policy analyst and blogger from Island Bay,[10] announced his candidacy in April 2016.[11] Johnson ran for the Southern Ward in 2010 with the Labour Party alongside Paul Eagle and in 2013 proposed to stand for mayor.[12] He subsequently withdrew, saying that \"There was not much resonance in the concerns I had for debt control and against the rebalancing of rates\".[13]Nick Leggett (Independent)Leggett had been the mayor of Porirua City since 2010. In March 2016, he announced he would not stand in the next local body elections, hinting at running in the election for mayor in Wellington City.[14] In April, Leggett resigned from the Labour Party and confirmed his intention to stand.[15] Central to his launch campaign speech was a desire to put an end to the \"bickering\" and \"palace politics\" holding the Wellington City Council back, resolve transport issues including supporting twin tunnels to the airport, and to facilitate (not fund) a new Sports Museum and Virtual Reality Centre for Wellington.[16]EndorsementsMark Blumsky (former mayor)[17]Justin Lester (Labour)Lester was first elected as a Wellington City Councillor in 2010.[18] When mayors were given the ability to choose their deputy without involving councillors after the 2013 election, Wade-Brown chose Lester.[2] Lester ran on a Labour Party ticket.[18] He went on to win the election.EndorsementsAndrew Little (Leader of the Opposition)[19]\nCelia Wade-Brown (retiring mayor)[20]Johnny Overton (The Localisation Party)Johnny Overton speaking at a debate.Overton announced his candidacy in early August 2016. He is a fringe dwelling guerrilla gardener, artist & political activist.[21] In the 2014 general election he contested the seat of Rongotai for the 'Peoples Revolutionary Front', finishing in last place with 0.12% of the vote.[22]Helene Ritchie (Independent)Helene Ritchie announced her candidacy for the mayoralty, her 11th term as councillor, and a position on the District Health Board on the day nominations for local elections opened.[23] Days before the nominations closed, Ritchie opted to campaign only for the mayoralty, withdrawing from all other contests except for the Capital and Coast DHB.[24] She had previously served as Deputy Mayor and leader of the Labour caucus on council.Nicola Young (Freeze rates and cut waste)Young was first elected in 2013. She originally stood only for the city council, but then also nominated herself for the mayoralty.[25] Of the six mayoral candidates, she came fourth.[26] Young is an Independent councillor; she formerly stood for the National Party in the 2005 general election in Wellington's Rongotai electorate. Her father was the former cabinet minister Bill Young, and she is the sister of former National list MP Annabel Young.[2][27]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wellington City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_City"},{"link_name":"2010 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Wellington_City_mayoral_election"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-new_mayor-28"},{"link_name":"Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Party_of_Aotearoa_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"The Dominion Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Contenders_line_up-2"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-frank_assessment-20"}],"sub_title":"Withdrew","text":"Celia Wade-BrownWade-Brown was first elected as a Wellington City Councillor in 1994 and apart from a three-year break served on council until she was elected mayor in the 2010 election.[28] Whilst she has always stood as an independent during her mayoralty, she is generally associated with the Green Party of Aotearoa New Zealand, and The Dominion Post commented that \"everything about her shouts 'Green'\".[2] On 5 August, Wade-Brown pulled out of the race.[29] Wade-Brown announced her endorsement of Justin Lester as her preferred successor on 2 September.[20]","title":"Candidates"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"text":"Several polls were conducted indicating a tight race with Justin Lester, Jo Coughlan and Nick Leggett polling the strongest.[30]","title":"Opinion polling"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2016 Wellington local elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Wellington_local_elections"},{"link_name":"Wellington City Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_City_Council"}],"text":"See also: 2016 Wellington local electionsCandidates were also elected from wards to the Wellington City Council.","title":"Ward results"}]
[{"image_text":"Johnny Overton speaking at a debate.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Johnny_Overton.jpg/220px-Johnny_Overton.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Election 2016: Progress results for the Mayor\". Wellington City Council. 8 October 2016. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010113400/http://wellington.govt.nz/your-council/elections/elections-2016/results/mayor","url_text":"\"Election 2016: Progress results for the Mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_City_Council","url_text":"Wellington City Council"},{"url":"https://wellington.govt.nz/your-council/elections/elections-2016/results/mayor","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hubbard, Anthony (7 November 2015). \"Contenders line up for 2016 Wellington mayoral race\". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/73726147/Contenders-line-up-for-2016-Wellington-mayoral-race","url_text":"\"Contenders line up for 2016 Wellington mayoral race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"Michael Forbes (11 June 2016). \"Who wants to be Wellington's mayor?\". The Dominion Post (Wellington). Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 11 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/80804045/Who-wants-to-be-Wellingtons-mayor","url_text":"\"Who wants to be Wellington's mayor?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"Forbes, Michael (2 April 2016). \"Councillor Jo Coughlan enters the race to be Wellington's mayor\". Stuff. Retrieved 4 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/78458400/councillor-jo-coughlan-enters-the-race-to-be-wellingtons-mayor","url_text":"\"Councillor Jo Coughlan enters the race to be Wellington's mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Katie (6 March 2013). \"Concert promoter considers mayoralty bid\". Stuff. Retrieved 4 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/8388146/Concert-promoter-considers-mayoralty-bid","url_text":"\"Concert promoter considers mayoralty bid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Kerry Prendergast endorses Mayoral Candidate Jo Coughlan\". Scoop.co.nz. 6 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK1608/S00215/kerry-prendergast-endorses-mayoral-candidate-jo-coughlan.htm","url_text":"\"Kerry Prendergast endorses Mayoral Candidate Jo Coughlan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop.co.nz","url_text":"Scoop.co.nz"}]},{"reference":"\"Fran Wilde endorses Mayoral candidate Jo Coughlan\". Scoop.co.nz. 30 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK1608/S00874/fran-wilde-endorses-mayoral-candidate-jo-coughlan.htm","url_text":"\"Fran Wilde endorses Mayoral candidate Jo Coughlan\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop.co.nz","url_text":"Scoop.co.nz"}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Yan endorses Jo Coughlan for Wellington mayoral race\". Scoop.co.nz. 24 August 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK1608/S00717/jack-yan-endorses-jo-coughlan-for-wellington-mayoral-race.htm","url_text":"\"Jack Yan endorses Jo Coughlan for Wellington mayoral race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop.co.nz","url_text":"Scoop.co.nz"}]},{"reference":"Michael Forbes (20 July 2016). \"Wellington mayoral contest heats up as councillor Andy Foster joins the race\". The Dominion Post. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 20 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/82253145/wellington-mayoral-contest-heats-up-as-councillor-andy-foster-joins-the-race","url_text":"\"Wellington mayoral contest heats up as councillor Andy Foster joins the race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Fifth mayoral candidate – Keith Johnson opposes big spending, runway subsidy\". 3 April 2016. Retrieved 14 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://wellington.scoop.co.nz/?p=87644","url_text":"\"Fifth mayoral candidate – Keith Johnson opposes big spending, runway subsidy\""}]},{"reference":"\"Six in race to be Wellington's mayor\". Radio NZ. 11 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/regional/301149/six-in-race-to-be-wellington's-mayor","url_text":"\"Six in race to be Wellington's mayor\""}]},{"reference":"Chapman, Katie (1 May 2013). \"Promoter rules himself out of mayoral race\". The Dominion Post. Retrieved 28 July 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/8618817/Promoter-rules-himself-out-of-mayoral-race","url_text":"\"Promoter rules himself out of mayoral race\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Johnson out\". The Dominion Post. 8 August 2013. p. A3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Leggett stands down as Porirua mayor\". Dominion Post. 16 March 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/77657541/nick-leggett-stands-down-as-porirua-mayor","url_text":"\"Nick Leggett stands down as Porirua mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Capital 'stalled at the lights', says Nick Leggett as he launches mayoralty bid\". Dominion Post. 10 April 2016. Retrieved 30 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/78741303/nick-leggett-confirms-he-will-run-for-wellington-mayoralty.html","url_text":"\"Capital 'stalled at the lights', says Nick Leggett as he launches mayoralty bid\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nick Leggett wants sports museum and 'virtual reality complex' in Wellington\". Stuff.co.nz. 6 July 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/81823507/Nick-Leggett-wants-sports-museum-and-virtual-reality-complex-in-Wellington","url_text":"\"Nick Leggett wants sports museum and 'virtual reality complex' in Wellington\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former Wellington mayor Mark Blumsky endorses Nick Leggett\". Scoop.co.nz. 22 September 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/AK1609/S00695/former-wellington-mayor-mark-blumsky-endorses-nick-leggett.htm","url_text":"\"Former Wellington mayor Mark Blumsky endorses Nick Leggett\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoop.co.nz","url_text":"Scoop.co.nz"}]},{"reference":"\"Wellington deputy Justin Lester runs against incumbent Mayor Celia Wade-Brown\". The Dominion Post. 3 December 2015. Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/74573350/wellington-deputy-justin-lester-runs-against-incumbent-mayor-celia-wadebrown","url_text":"\"Wellington deputy Justin Lester runs against incumbent Mayor Celia Wade-Brown\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"Watkins, Tracey (9 August 2016). \"Ankle tap or leg up? Why Andrew Little's assault on Leggett might backfire\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 3 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/opinion/82996057/ankle-tap-or-leg-up-why-andrew-littles-assault-on-leggett-might-backfire?rm=m","url_text":"\"Ankle tap or leg up? Why Andrew Little's assault on Leggett might backfire\""}]},{"reference":"Michael, Forbes (2 September 2016). \"Celia's choice: Wade-Brown delivers frank assessment of capital's mayoral contenders\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 4 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/83803202/celias-choice-wadebrown-delivers-frank-assessment-of-capitals-mayoral-contenders","url_text":"\"Celia's choice: Wade-Brown delivers frank assessment of capital's mayoral contenders\""}]},{"reference":"Matt Stewart (5 August 2016). \"Johnny Overton enters mayoralty race on Localisation Party ticket\". The Dominion Post. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 5 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/82845507/johnny-overton-enters-mayoralty-race-on-localisation-party-ticket","url_text":"\"Johnny Overton enters mayoralty race on Localisation Party ticket\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Official Count Results -- Rongotai (2014)\". Electoral Commission. 10 October 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.electionresults.govt.nz/electionresults_2014/electorate-46.html","url_text":"\"Official Count Results -- Rongotai (2014)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(New_Zealand)","url_text":"Electoral Commission"}]},{"reference":"Joel Maxwell (15 June 2016). \"Councillor announces run for Wellington mayoralty as nominations open\". Dominion Post. Retrieved 16 June 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/82132753/Councillor-announces-run-for-Wellington-mayoralty-as-nominations-open","url_text":"\"Councillor announces run for Wellington mayoralty as nominations open\""}]},{"reference":"Lucy Swinnen (9 August 2016). \"Mayoral candidate Helene Ritchie has declared she has no Plan B as she goes all in for Mayor\". The Dominion Post. Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 15 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/politics/82974057/Mayoral-candidate-Helene-Ritchie-has-declared-she-has-no-Plan-B-as-she-goes-all-in-for-Mayor","url_text":"\"Mayoral candidate Helene Ritchie has declared she has no Plan B as she goes all in for Mayor\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"Cleland, Johanna (9 October 2013). \"Young answers the call because politics runs in her blood\". Newswire.co.nz. Whitireia New Zealand. Archived from the original on 10 March 2016. Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160310021612/http://www.newswire.co.nz/2013/10/young-answers-call-politics-runs-blood/","url_text":"\"Young answers the call because politics runs in her blood\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitireia_New_Zealand","url_text":"Whitireia New Zealand"},{"url":"http://www.newswire.co.nz/2013/10/young-answers-call-politics-runs-blood/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Inggs, Charlie (16 October 2013). \"2013 Triennial Election: declaration of results\" (PDF). Wellington City Council. Retrieved 10 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://wellington.govt.nz/~/media/have-your-say/elections/files/2013election/final-results.pdf","url_text":"\"2013 Triennial Election: declaration of results\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellington_City_Council","url_text":"Wellington City Council"}]},{"reference":"Orsman, Bernard (15 September 2005). \"The candidates who stand to lose\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 9 March 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nzherald.co.nz/government/news/article.cfm?c_id=49&objectid=10345624","url_text":"\"The candidates who stand to lose\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"New mayor for Wellington\". The Dominion Post. 13 October 2010. Retrieved 13 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/local-elections-2010/4228521/New-mayor-for-capital","url_text":"\"New mayor for Wellington\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dominion_Post_(Wellington)","url_text":"The Dominion Post"}]},{"reference":"Michael, Forbes; Livingston, Tommy; Dooney, Laura (5 August 2016). \"Wellington mayor Celia Wade-Brown pulls out of mayoral race\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 5 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/national/politics/82843792/wellington-mayor-celia-wadebrown-calls-impromptu-election-meeting","url_text":"\"Wellington mayor Celia Wade-Brown pulls out of mayoral race\""}]},{"reference":"Michael, Forbes (15 September 2016). \"Polls predict tight race to be Wellington's next mayor\". Stuff.co.nz. Retrieved 20 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stuff.co.nz/dominion-post/news/84286950/polls-predict-tight-race-to-be-wellingtons-next-mayor","url_text":"\"Polls predict tight race to be Wellington's next mayor\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election 2016: Preliminary results for the Mayor\". Wellington City Council. Archived from the original on 10 October 2016. Retrieved 10 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161010113400/http://wellington.govt.nz/your-council/elections/elections-2016/results/mayor","url_text":"\"Election 2016: Preliminary results for the Mayor\""},{"url":"https://wellington.govt.nz/your-council/elections/elections-2016/results/mayor","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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