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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_Ayutla | Plan of Ayutla | ["1 Dissent against the Santa Anna dictatorship","2 Plan of Ayutla is drafted","3 Revolution of Ayutla","4 Aftermath","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | 1854 plan by reformist Mexicans to remove President Santa Anna from office
Juan Álvarez, strongman of Guerrero, was named by the Plan of Ayutla as one of three leaders of liberation forces.
The Plan of Ayutla was the 1854 written plan aimed at removing conservative, centralist President Antonio López de Santa Anna from control of Mexico during the Second Federal Republic of Mexico period. Initially, it seemed little different from other political plans of the era, but it is considered to be the first act of the Liberal Reform in Mexico. It was the catalyst for revolts in many parts of Mexico, which led to the resignation of Santa Anna from the presidency, never to vie for office again. The next Presidents of Mexico were the liberals, Juan Álvarez, Ignacio Comonfort, and Benito Juárez. The new regime would then proclaim the 1857 Mexican Constitution, which implemented a variety of liberal reforms.
Dissent against the Santa Anna dictatorship
After Mexico's defeat in the Mexican–American War, the country was beset by despair and political chaos. Abhorring long-term exploitation and short-term heavy taxes needed to finance the war, some indigenous peoples revolted in the Sierra Gorda region (1847–1849) and in the Yucatán peninsula (1847–1852). The north of Mexico was especially devastated. The territorial losses to the United States codified in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo were an impetus for Apache and Comanche raids in northern Mexico. The region was further weakened by depopulation, with the discovery of gold in the recently lost territory of California prompting inhabitants of northern Mexico to migrate there.
During this chaos, José María Tornel and Juan Suárez y Navarro founded the Santanista party. The Santanistas believed that Mexico should be ruled by a strong dictator who would create a centralized state that would emphasize the importance of the Catholic faith. Conservative politician and historian Lucas Alamán stated that the Church was "the only tie left that unites the Mexican people." The Santanistas hoped that exiled President Santa Anna would be that strong dictator. The Santanistas, with help from the radical puros and the military, overthrew the moderado Mariano Arista. Santa Anna arrived in Veracruz on 1 April 1853, and he took office upon reaching Mexico City on 20 April.
Upon taking office yet again, Santa Anna took measures to improve the army, hoping to create a standing army of 90,000 men. However, due to the unpopularity of the draft and the low quality of the troops who were recruited, Santa Anna lowered his goal to 46,000 troops. Mexican Liberals whom Santa Anna considered threats, notably Benito Juárez and Melchor Ocampo, were forced into exile to the U.S. Juárez and Ocampo settled in New Orleans and plotted to overthrow the government. Santa Anna also introduced tax increases to boost revenue. On 14 May 1853, a decree was promulgated that renewed all taxes and added new ones, such as the restoration of the alcabala (sales tax) and the abolition of financial concessions to the port of Acapulco and to Yucatán. Santa Anna had some successful policies, such as measures that reduced banditry and improved the country's highway system. However, he became increasingly authoritarian as well as pompous, adopting the title of "Most Serene Highness." His popularity also declined due to the tax increases that he implemented, his suppression of political opposition, and his regime's rampant corruption. A key event that further decreased his popularity was the Gadsden Purchase, in which the United States paid $10,000,000 to Mexico in exchange for more Mexican land. It has been speculated that Santa Anna took $600,000 of the indemnity for himself. Santa Anna was further weakened by the deaths of many advisors and the alienation of others, as exemplified by his decision to exile Suárez y Navarro.
Plan of Ayutla is drafted
By the beginning of 1854, Santa Anna had secured control over most of Mexico. The southern state of Guerrero, which was ruled by General Juan Álvarez, remained outside of his control. Due to its difficult terrain, the state was naturally shielded from the capital. Álvarez was angered by Santa Anna's pro-Spanish policies, such as hiring Spanish mercenaries, and by the central government's confiscation of Guerrero's public lands. The government also planned to build a highway from Mexico City to Acapulco, which threatened Álvarez's regional autonomy. Angered by Álvarez's disloyal behavior, Santa Anna sent General Pérez Palacios to seize Acapulco, and Álvarez similarly prepared for war.
Colonel Ignacio Comonfort, one of Álvarez's subordinates, pressed for a plan to be written, as he wanted to win over public opinion and to add an idealistic angle to the planned rebellion. He wanted the document to be vague and to avoid any topics that would narrow the movement's appeal. Initially drafted on 24 February 1854, by Colonel Florencio Villarreal, it was proclaimed on 1 March 1854, in Ayutla, Guerrero. The Plan de Ayutla was influenced by a document written by the New Orleans exiles. The Ayutla Plan not only aimed at removing the dictator but also convening a constituent assembly in order to draft a federal constitution. The Plan charged Santa Anna with being a tyrant and declared the Gadsden Purchase to be illegal. The authors promised to end the draft and the poll tax. Álvarez, Tomás Moreno, and Nicolás Bravo were declared to be the military leaders of the insurgency, and they were given the power to alter the plan if necessary. Álvarez and Comonfort did not support this proclamation publicly, as Comonfort believed that it would not gain support among moderados. The Plan was then slightly revised and accepted by the rebel leaders on 13 March.
The notable supporters of the Plan of Ayutla included Pedro Hinojosa, Juan Álvarez, exiles of the Santa Anna regime Benito Juárez, Melchor Ocampo, José María Mata, and Ponciano Arriaga, as well as Ignacio Comonfort, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, and José María Jesús Carbajal.
Revolution of Ayutla
Revolution of AyutlaDate1 March 1854 – 12 August 1855(1 year, 5 months, 1 week and 4 days)LocationMexicoResult
Revolutionary victory
Santa Anna is outsted and exiled.
Beginning of La Reforma and the Reform laws by the liberals.
Constituent congress convened to draft a new constitution.Belligerents
Revolutionaries
SantanistasCommanders and leaders
Juan ÁlvarezIgnacio Comonfort
Antonio López de Santa AnnaFélix María Zuloaga
Álvarez's forces initiated 19 months of guerrilla warfare and civil unrest against Santa Anna. The rebels were aided by the exiles in New Orleans, who sent them weapons. This uprising is termed the Revolution of Ayutla (1854−1855), since it entailed not just a narrow political goal of ousting the dictator, but a more thorough change in political direction via armed warfare. The Revolution of Ayutla brought a new generation of younger men into active national political life, a "generation of giants" including military men: Comonfort, Santiago Vidaurri, Epitacio Huerta, and Manuel García Pueblita; as well as radical liberal intellectuals, Ocampo, Arriaga, Guillermo Prieto, and Juárez. In the summer of 1855, Juárez returned to Acapulco from exile to serve as a political ally of Álvarez.
Alvarez had success in mobilizing forces in Guerrero, many of which had formed paramilitary units during the U.S. - Mexican War (1846-1848), Santa Anna decided to crush the rebellion in person, leaving Mexico City with an army on 16 March 1854. Santa Anna's federal army defeated the "Liberating Army" at El Coquillo. He then arrived at Acapulco on 19 April, but the rebels cut his communications with Mexico City, and he learned that Comonfort had fortified the city. After a week long siege, Santa Anna was forced to retreat. On 30 April, Santa Anna defeated Moreno at el Pelegrino, but the rebels inflicted severe losses on Santa Anna's army, and Santa Anna himself was almost captured. During the retreat to Mexico City, Santa Anna's army executed rebel prisoners and burned villages. There followed uprisings in the states of Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, and Mexico state. The rebellion then spread to the northern states of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, and Nuevo León. The irregular forces of the liberal side took a few months' time off from the revolution to attend to their crops.
The war continued without major battles or decisive victories. The government's most significant success was Colonel Félix Zuloaga's victory at El Limón on 22 July. However, the rebellion proved impossible to suppress and, on 18 January 1855, Zuloaga surrendered after being besieged at Tecpan. By April, the rebels were making progress in most parts of Mexico, but especially in Michoacán, which prompted Santa Anna to lead one last offensive into that province on 30 April 1855. The rebels retreated instead of engaging Santa Anna's army, and, unable to crush them, he eventually returned to Mexico City. When Mexico City denounced Santa Anna, he abdicated on 12 August 1855 and fled into exile. Álvarez's forces marched into the capital with a "brigade of rustics called Pintos (ferocious warriors so called because in earlier times, they wore face paint). In the capital there was widespread popular support for the Revolution of Ayutla, with people gathering in the Parque Alameda and waiting hours to sign a document in support of Mexico City for the revolution. Álvarez then assumed the office of President of Mexico. Once the rebels occupied Mexico City, they confiscated all of Santa Anna's property so as to recoup the indemnity from the Gadsden Purchase that Santa Anna's regime had squandered.
Aftermath
The Plan paved the way for La Reforma (the Liberal Reform). The Revolution of Ayutla brought its liberals to power. Their leaders initially passed a series of reform laws, notably the Juárez Law, the Lerdo Law and the Iglesias Law. These laws were explicitly anticlerical. The Juárez Law abolished special courts for groups such as the military and the clergy. The Lerdo Law sought to replace corporate ownership of land with individual ownership of land, and it confiscated Church lands. The Iglesias Law sought to control the costs of Church administered sacraments.
Soon afterward, Comonfort, who had succeeded Álvarez as President, convened a Congress to draft a new Constitution. The most contentious topic was the possibility of including a provision that would guarantee religious toleration, that is abolish the religious monopoly of the Catholic Church, with puros supporting such a measure and moderados opposing it. The moderados opposed the measure with arguments attacking Protestantism and arguments that religious toleration would harm the family and national cohesion. Other moderados argued that Constitutions should avoid idealism and reflect the country's populace. Eventually, the moderados would prevent the inclusion of a religious toleration provision, and they would also prevent a trial by jury provision from being included in the Constitution. However, the Juárez Law, the Lerdo Law, and the Iglesias Law were incorporated into the 1857 Mexican Constitution. The Congress also added many other liberal stipulations, such as freedom of thought, freedom of the press, freedom of petition, and numerous laws defending the rights of those being prosecuted, such as the right to appeal, the right of a defendant to access material so as to craft a defense, and the abolition of double jeopardy. The new Constitution also reaffirmed the abolition of slavery, which had been in effect since 1829.
Objecting to the new Constitution's anticlerical elements, Pope Pius IX opposed it. Domestic Conservatives and the Mexican Catholic Church also opposed La Reforma and the 1857 Constitution in the Plan of Tacubaya. This would soon prompt an open civil war, known as the War of the Reform or Three Years' War (1858−1860).
See also
Plans in Mexican history
Liberalism in Mexico
List of wars involving Mexico
Second Federal Republic of Mexico period
Index of Mexico-related articles
References
^ Robert J. Knowlton, "Plan of Ayutla" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, p. 420. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
^ Erika Pani, "Revolution of Ayutla" in Encyclopedia of Mexico, vol. 1, p. 119. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997.
^ Mark Wasserman, (2000). Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. p. 101. ISBN 0826321704.
^ Wasserman, (2000). Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico, p. 110.
^ Will Fowler, (2007). Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 292. ISBN 9780803211209.
^ Fowler, (2007). Santa Anna of Mexico, pp. 295–296.
^ Richard A. Johnson, (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 14. ISBN 0837174597.
^ Johnson, The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855. p. 17.
^ Johnson, The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855, pp. 21-22.
^ Roeder,(1947). Juarez and his Mexico, pp. 103–105.
^ Johnson,(1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855 p. 23.
^ Johnson (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855, p. 25.
^ Johnson. The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855, p. 20.
^ Fowler, Will (2007). Santa Anna of Mexico, p. 311.
^ Fowler,(2007). Santa Anna of Mexico. pp. 308–309.
^ Johnson, Richard A. (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 38–39. ISBN 0837174597.
^ Johnson, Richard A. (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 41–42. ISBN 0837174597.
^ Johnson, Richard A. (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 43. ISBN 0837174597.
^ Roeder, Ralph (1947). Juarez and his Mexico. New York: Viking Press. pp. 118.
^ Roeder, Ralph (1947). Juarez and his Mexico. New York: Viking Press. pp. 109.
^ "Memoria Política de México". www.memoriapoliticademexico.org. Retrieved 2017-04-23.
^ Johnson, Richard A. (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 43. ISBN 0837174597.
^ Walter V. Scholes, Mexican Politics During the Juárez Regime. Columbia, MO: University of Missouri Press 1957, pp. 3–4.
^ Meyer, Michael C.; Sherman, William L. (1983). The Course of Mexican History: Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 376. ISBN 0195031504.
^ Pani, "Revolution of Ayutla", p. 119.
^ Meyer, Michael C.; Sherman, William L. (1983). The Course of Mexican History: Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 376. ISBN 0195031504.
^ Fowler, Will (2007). Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 311. ISBN 9780803211209.
^ Pani, "Revolution of Ayutla", p. 120.
^ Fowler, Will (2007). Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 313. ISBN 9780803211209.
^ Pani, "Revolution of Ayutla", p. 120.
^ Johnson, Richard A. (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854–1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 51-52. ISBN 0837174597.
^ Johnson, Richard A. (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854-1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 55. ISBN 0837174597.
^ Johnson, Richard A. (1974). The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854-1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 58. ISBN 0837174597.
^ Fowler, Will (2007). Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 292. ISBN 9780803211209.
^ Paul Vanderwood, "Betterment for Whom? The Reform Period: 1855-1875" in The Oxford History of Mexico, Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, p.372.
^ Pani, "Revolution of Ayutla", p. 120.
^ Fowler, Will (2007). Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press. p. 315. ISBN 9780803211209.
^ Wasserman, Mark (2000). Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War, 103-104
^ Roeder, Ralph (1947). Juarez and his Mexico. New York: Viking Press. pp. 125.
^ Meyer, Michael C.; Sherman, William L. (1983). The Course of Mexican History: Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 380. ISBN 0195031504.
^ Roeder, Ralph (1947). Juarez and his Mexico. New York: Viking Press, 133.
^ Wasserman, Mark (2000). Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico. p. 104. ISBN 0826321704.
^ Roeder, Ralph (1947). Juarez and his Mexico, 138-139.
^ Wasserman, Mark (2000). Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War,104.
^ Meyer, Michael C.; Sherman, William L. (1983). The Course of Mexican History: Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 381. ISBN 0195031504.
Further reading
Fowler, Will. Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2007.
Johnson, Richard A. The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854-1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974.
Knowlton, Robert J. "Plan of Ayutla" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, p. 420. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.
Meyer, Michael C. and William L. Sherman. The Course of Mexican History: Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.
O'Gorman, Edmundo. "Antecententes y sentido de la revolución de Ayutla" in Plan de Ayutla. Conmemoración de su primer centenario. Mexico City: UNAM 1954.
Pani, Erika. "Revolution of Ayutla" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 119–21.
Roeder, Ralph. Juarez and his Mexico. New York: Viking Press, 1947.
Vanderwood, Paul. "Betterment for Whom? The Reform Period: 1855–1875" in The Oxford History of Mexico, Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, pp. 371–396.
Wasserman, Mark. Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000.
External links
Spanish Wikisource text of Plan de Ayutla - In Spanish.
Text of the Plan of Ayutla - In Spanish | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juan_Alvarez.PNG"},{"link_name":"centralist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centralist"},{"link_name":"Antonio López de Santa Anna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_L%C3%B3pez_de_Santa_Anna"},{"link_name":"Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"},{"link_name":"Second Federal Republic of Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Liberal Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reforma"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Juan Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Comonfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort"},{"link_name":"Benito Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"1857 Mexican Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitution_of_the_United_Mexican_States_of_1857"}],"text":"Juan Álvarez, strongman of Guerrero, was named by the Plan of Ayutla as one of three leaders of liberation forces.The Plan of Ayutla was the 1854 written plan aimed at removing conservative, centralist President Antonio López de Santa Anna from control of Mexico during the Second Federal Republic of Mexico period. Initially, it seemed little different from other political plans of the era, but it is considered to be the first act of the Liberal Reform in Mexico.[1] It was the catalyst for revolts in many parts of Mexico, which led to the resignation of Santa Anna from the presidency, never to vie for office again.[2] The next Presidents of Mexico were the liberals, Juan Álvarez, Ignacio Comonfort, and Benito Juárez. The new regime would then proclaim the 1857 Mexican Constitution, which implemented a variety of liberal reforms.","title":"Plan of Ayutla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mexican–American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War"},{"link_name":"Sierra Gorda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Gorda"},{"link_name":"Yucatán peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caste_War_of_Yucatan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Guadalupe_Hidalgo"},{"link_name":"Apache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apache"},{"link_name":"Comanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comanche"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lucas Alamán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucas_Alam%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mariano Arista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mariano_Arista"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Melchor Ocampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"alcabala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcabala"},{"link_name":"Acapulco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acapulco"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"authoritarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authoritarian"},{"link_name":"Most Serene Highness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Most_Serene_Highness#Mexico"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Gadsden Purchase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadsden_Purchase"},{"link_name":"by whom?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"After Mexico's defeat in the Mexican–American War, the country was beset by despair and political chaos. Abhorring long-term exploitation and short-term heavy taxes needed to finance the war, some indigenous peoples revolted in the Sierra Gorda region (1847–1849) and in the Yucatán peninsula (1847–1852).[3] The north of Mexico was especially devastated. The territorial losses to the United States codified in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo were an impetus for Apache and Comanche raids in northern Mexico. The region was further weakened by depopulation, with the discovery of gold in the recently lost territory of California prompting inhabitants of northern Mexico to migrate there.[4]During this chaos, José María Tornel and Juan Suárez y Navarro founded the Santanista party. The Santanistas believed that Mexico should be ruled by a strong dictator who would create a centralized state that would emphasize the importance of the Catholic faith. Conservative politician and historian Lucas Alamán stated that the Church was \"the only tie left that unites the Mexican people.\"[5] The Santanistas hoped that exiled President Santa Anna would be that strong dictator. The Santanistas, with help from the radical puros and the military, overthrew the moderado Mariano Arista.[6] Santa Anna arrived in Veracruz on 1 April 1853, and he took office upon reaching Mexico City on 20 April.[7]Upon taking office yet again, Santa Anna took measures to improve the army, hoping to create a standing army of 90,000 men.[8] However, due to the unpopularity of the draft and the low quality of the troops who were recruited, Santa Anna lowered his goal to 46,000 troops.[9] Mexican Liberals whom Santa Anna considered threats, notably Benito Juárez and Melchor Ocampo, were forced into exile to the U.S. Juárez and Ocampo settled in New Orleans and plotted to overthrow the government.[10] Santa Anna also introduced tax increases to boost revenue. On 14 May 1853, a decree was promulgated that renewed all taxes and added new ones, such as the restoration of the alcabala (sales tax) and the abolition of financial concessions to the port of Acapulco and to Yucatán.[11] Santa Anna had some successful policies, such as measures that reduced banditry and improved the country's highway system.[12] However, he became increasingly authoritarian as well as pompous, adopting the title of \"Most Serene Highness.\"[13] His popularity also declined due to the tax increases that he implemented, his suppression of political opposition, and his regime's rampant corruption.[14] A key event that further decreased his popularity was the Gadsden Purchase, in which the United States paid $10,000,000 to Mexico in exchange for more Mexican land. It has been speculated [by whom?] that Santa Anna took $600,000 of the indemnity for himself. Santa Anna was further weakened by the deaths of many advisors and the alienation of others, as exemplified by his decision to exile Suárez y Navarro.[15]","title":"Dissent against the Santa Anna dictatorship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Guerrero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Colonel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonel"},{"link_name":"Ayutla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutla,_Guerrero"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Pedro Hinojosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pedro_Hinojosa"},{"link_name":"Juan Álvarez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_%C3%81lvarez"},{"link_name":"Benito Juárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez"},{"link_name":"Melchor Ocampo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melchor_Ocampo"},{"link_name":"José María Mata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Mata"},{"link_name":"Ponciano Arriaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ponciano_Arriaga"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Ignacio Comonfort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ignacio_Comonfort"},{"link_name":"Miguel Lerdo de Tejada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miguel_Lerdo_de_Tejada"},{"link_name":"Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebasti%C3%A1n_Lerdo_de_Tejada"},{"link_name":"and José María Jesús Carbajal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Jes%C3%BAs_Carbajal"}],"text":"By the beginning of 1854, Santa Anna had secured control over most of Mexico. The southern state of Guerrero, which was ruled by General Juan Álvarez, remained outside of his control. Due to its difficult terrain, the state was naturally shielded from the capital. Álvarez was angered by Santa Anna's pro-Spanish policies, such as hiring Spanish mercenaries, and by the central government's confiscation of Guerrero's public lands. The government also planned to build a highway from Mexico City to Acapulco, which threatened Álvarez's regional autonomy.[16] Angered by Álvarez's disloyal behavior, Santa Anna sent General Pérez Palacios to seize Acapulco, and Álvarez similarly prepared for war.[17]Colonel Ignacio Comonfort, one of Álvarez's subordinates, pressed for a plan to be written, as he wanted to win over public opinion and to add an idealistic angle to the planned rebellion.[18] He wanted the document to be vague and to avoid any topics that would narrow the movement's appeal.[19] Initially drafted on 24 February 1854, by Colonel Florencio Villarreal, it was proclaimed on 1 March 1854, in Ayutla, Guerrero. The Plan de Ayutla was influenced by a document written by the New Orleans exiles.[20] The Ayutla Plan not only aimed at removing the dictator but also convening a constituent assembly in order to draft a federal constitution.[21] The Plan charged Santa Anna with being a tyrant and declared the Gadsden Purchase to be illegal. The authors promised to end the draft and the poll tax. Álvarez, Tomás Moreno, and Nicolás Bravo were declared to be the military leaders of the insurgency, and they were given the power to alter the plan if necessary. Álvarez and Comonfort did not support this proclamation publicly, as Comonfort believed that it would not gain support among moderados. The Plan was then slightly revised and accepted by the rebel leaders on 13 March.[22]The notable supporters of the Plan of Ayutla included Pedro Hinojosa, Juan Álvarez, exiles of the Santa Anna regime Benito Juárez, Melchor Ocampo, José María Mata, and Ponciano Arriaga,[23] as well as Ignacio Comonfort, Miguel Lerdo de Tejada, Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada, and José María Jesús Carbajal.","title":"Plan of Ayutla is drafted"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Santiago Vidaurri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Vidaurri"},{"link_name":"Guillermo Prieto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillermo_Prieto"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"U.S. - Mexican War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_American_War"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Michoacán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"text":"Álvarez's forces initiated 19 months of guerrilla warfare and civil unrest against Santa Anna. The rebels were aided by the exiles in New Orleans, who sent them weapons.[24] This uprising is termed the Revolution of Ayutla (1854−1855), since it entailed not just a narrow political goal of ousting the dictator, but a more thorough change in political direction via armed warfare. The Revolution of Ayutla brought a new generation of younger men into active national political life, a \"generation of giants\" including military men: Comonfort, Santiago Vidaurri, Epitacio Huerta, and Manuel García Pueblita; as well as radical liberal intellectuals, Ocampo, Arriaga, Guillermo Prieto, and Juárez.[25] In the summer of 1855, Juárez returned to Acapulco from exile to serve as a political ally of Álvarez.[26]Alvarez had success in mobilizing forces in Guerrero, many of which had formed paramilitary units during the U.S. - Mexican War (1846-1848), Santa Anna decided to crush the rebellion in person, leaving Mexico City with an army on 16 March 1854.[27] Santa Anna's federal army defeated the \"Liberating Army\" at El Coquillo.[28] He then arrived at Acapulco on 19 April, but the rebels cut his communications with Mexico City, and he learned that Comonfort had fortified the city. After a week long siege, Santa Anna was forced to retreat. On 30 April, Santa Anna defeated Moreno at el Pelegrino, but the rebels inflicted severe losses on Santa Anna's army, and Santa Anna himself was almost captured. During the retreat to Mexico City, Santa Anna's army executed rebel prisoners and burned villages.[29] There followed uprisings in the states of Michoacán, Morelos, Oaxaca, and Mexico state. The rebellion then spread to the northern states of Zacatecas, San Luis Potosí, and Nuevo León. The irregular forces of the liberal side took a few months' time off from the revolution to attend to their crops.[30]The war continued without major battles or decisive victories. The government's most significant success was Colonel Félix Zuloaga's victory at El Limón on 22 July.[31] However, the rebellion proved impossible to suppress and, on 18 January 1855, Zuloaga surrendered after being besieged at Tecpan.[32] By April, the rebels were making progress in most parts of Mexico, but especially in Michoacán, which prompted Santa Anna to lead one last offensive into that province on 30 April 1855.[33] The rebels retreated instead of engaging Santa Anna's army, and, unable to crush them, he eventually returned to Mexico City.[34] When Mexico City denounced Santa Anna, he abdicated on 12 August 1855 and fled into exile. Álvarez's forces marched into the capital with a \"brigade of rustics called Pintos (ferocious warriors so called because in earlier times, they wore face paint).[35] In the capital there was widespread popular support for the Revolution of Ayutla, with people gathering in the Parque Alameda and waiting hours to sign a document in support of Mexico City for the revolution.[36] Álvarez then assumed the office of President of Mexico. Once the rebels occupied Mexico City, they confiscated all of Santa Anna's property so as to recoup the indemnity from the Gadsden Purchase that Santa Anna's regime had squandered.[37]","title":"Revolution of Ayutla"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"La Reforma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Reforma"},{"link_name":"Juárez Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C3%A1rez_Law"},{"link_name":"Lerdo Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lerdo_Law"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"1857 Mexican Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1857_Constitution_of_Mexico"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius IX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Plan of Tacubaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_of_Tacubaya"},{"link_name":"War of the Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_War"}],"text":"The Plan paved the way for La Reforma (the Liberal Reform). The Revolution of Ayutla brought its liberals to power. Their leaders initially passed a series of reform laws, notably the Juárez Law, the Lerdo Law and the Iglesias Law. These laws were explicitly anticlerical. The Juárez Law abolished special courts for groups such as the military and the clergy. The Lerdo Law sought to replace corporate ownership of land with individual ownership of land, and it confiscated Church lands. The Iglesias Law sought to control the costs of Church administered sacraments.[38]Soon afterward, Comonfort, who had succeeded Álvarez as President, convened a Congress to draft a new Constitution.[39] The most contentious topic was the possibility of including a provision that would guarantee religious toleration, that is abolish the religious monopoly of the Catholic Church, with puros supporting such a measure and moderados opposing it. The moderados opposed the measure with arguments attacking Protestantism and arguments that religious toleration would harm the family and national cohesion.[40] Other moderados argued that Constitutions should avoid idealism and reflect the country's populace.[41] Eventually, the moderados would prevent the inclusion of a religious toleration provision, and they would also prevent a trial by jury provision from being included in the Constitution.[42] However, the Juárez Law, the Lerdo Law, and the Iglesias Law were incorporated into the 1857 Mexican Constitution. The Congress also added many other liberal stipulations, such as freedom of thought, freedom of the press, freedom of petition, and numerous laws defending the rights of those being prosecuted, such as the right to appeal, the right of a defendant to access material so as to craft a defense, and the abolition of double jeopardy.[43] The new Constitution also reaffirmed the abolition of slavery, which had been in effect since 1829.[44]Objecting to the new Constitution's anticlerical elements, Pope Pius IX opposed it.[45] Domestic Conservatives and the Mexican Catholic Church also opposed La Reforma and the 1857 Constitution in the Plan of Tacubaya. This would soon prompt an open civil war, known as the War of the Reform or Three Years' War (1858−1860).","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Fowler, Will. Santa Anna of Mexico. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 2007.\nJohnson, Richard A. The Mexican Revolution of Ayutla, 1854-1855: An Analysis of the Evolution and Destruction of Santa Anna’s Last Dictatorship. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1974.\nKnowlton, Robert J. \"Plan of Ayutla\" in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, vol. 4, p. 420. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996.\nMeyer, Michael C. and William L. Sherman. The Course of Mexican History: Second Edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983.\nO'Gorman, Edmundo. \"Antecententes y sentido de la revolución de Ayutla\" in Plan de Ayutla. Conmemoración de su primer centenario. Mexico City: UNAM 1954.\nPani, Erika. \"Revolution of Ayutla\" in Encyclopedia of Mexico. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn 1997, pp. 119–21.\nRoeder, Ralph. Juarez and his Mexico. New York: Viking Press, 1947.\nVanderwood, Paul. \"Betterment for Whom? The Reform Period: 1855–1875\" in The Oxford History of Mexico, Michael C. Meyer and William H. Beezley, eds. New York: Oxford University Press 2000, pp. 371–396.\nWasserman, Mark. Everyday Life and Politics in Nineteenth Century Mexico: Men, Women, and War. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 2000.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Juan Álvarez, strongman of Guerrero, was named by the Plan of Ayutla as one of three leaders of liberation forces.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Juan_Alvarez.PNG/300px-Juan_Alvarez.PNG"}] | [{"title":"Plans in Mexican history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plans_in_Mexican_history"},{"title":"Liberalism in Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberalism_in_Mexico"},{"title":"List of wars involving Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Mexico"},{"title":"Second Federal Republic of Mexico period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Federal_Republic_of_Mexico"},{"title":"Index of Mexico-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_Mexico-related_articles"}] | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/3Reforma/1854PDA.html","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/3Reforma/1854PDA.html","external_links_name":"\"Memoria Política de México\""},{"Link":"https://es.wikisource.org/wiki/Plan_de_Ayutla","external_links_name":"Spanish Wikisource text of Plan de Ayutla"},{"Link":"http://www.memoriapoliticademexico.org/Textos/3Reforma/1854PDA.html","external_links_name":"Text of the Plan of Ayutla"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GD_Serzedelo | G.D. Serzedelo | ["1 Background","2 Season to season","3 Honours","4 Footnotes","5 External links"] | Portuguese football club
Football clubSerzedeloFull nameGrupo Desportivo SerzedeloFounded1967GroundCampo das OliveirasSerzedelo, Guimarães PortugalCapacity3,000ChairmanJosé António AntunesLeagueTerceira Divisão Série B
Home colours
Grupo Desportivo Serzedelo (abbreviated as GD Serzedelo) is a Portuguese football club based in Serzedelo, Guimarães in the district of Braga.
Background
GD Serzedelo currently plays in the Terceira Divisão Série B which is the fourth tier of Portuguese football. The club was founded in 1967 and they play their home matches at the Campo das Oliveiras in Serzedelo, Guimarães. The stadium is able to accommodate 3,000 spectators.
The club is affiliated to Associação de Futebol de Braga and has competed in the AF Braga Taça. The club has also entered the national cup competition known as Taça de Portugal on occasions.
Season to season
Season
Level
Division
Section
Place
Movements
1990–91
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – 1ª Divisão B
1991–92
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – 1ª Divisão B
1992–93
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – 1ª Divisão B
1993–94
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – 1ª Divisão B
1994–95
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – Honra
1995–96
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – Honra
1996–97
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – Honra
Promoted
1997–98
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série A
8th
1998–99
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B
14th
1999–2000
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série A
4th
2000–01
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série A
4th
2001–02
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B
8th
2002–03
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B
16th
Relegated
2003–04
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – Honra B
3rd
2004–05
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – Honra B
7th
2005–06
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – Honra B
2nd
2006–07
Tier 5
Distritais
AF Braga – Honra B
1st
Promoted
2007–08
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B – 1ª Fase
6th
Promotion Group
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B Fase Final
6th
2008–09
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B – 1ª Fase
8th
Relegation Group
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B – Sub-Série B2
1st
2009–10
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B – 1ª Fase
11th
Relegation Group
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B Últimos
2nd
2010–11
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B – 1ª Fase
6th
Promotion Group
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B Fase Final
6th
2011–12
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B – 1ª Fase
7th
Relegation Group
Tier 4
Terceira Divisão
Série B Últimos
1st
Honours
AF Braga Honra B: 2006–07
Footnotes
^ a b c "Grupo Desportivo Serzedelo - ForaDeJogo - foradejogo.net". ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
^ "Grupo Desportivo de Serzedelo – Portugal – footballzz.co.uk". ZeroZero. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
^ "Portugal – Table of Honor – soccerlibrary.free.fr" (PDF). Soccer Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
^ "Competitions – Portugal – footballzz.co.uk". ZeroZero. Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2012-06-07.
^ "Competitions - ForaDeJogo - foradejogo.net". ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
^ "AF Braga – Futebol Total". Futebol Total. Retrieved 2012-06-12.
External links
Official website (in Portuguese)
vteGuimarães topicsMain topics
Historic Centre
History
Culture
Geography
Architecture
Economy
Civil parishes
Notable people
Libraries & museums
Alfredo Pimenta Archive
Vila Flor Cultural Centre
Martins Sarmento Society Building
Alberto Sampaio Museum
Raul Brandão Library
Culture & entertainment
Nicolinas
Gualterianas
Guimarães Shopping
Martins Sarmento Society
Multiusos de Guimarães
Jordão Theatre
Gil Vicente Theatre
Afonso Henriques Theatre
O Comércio de Guimarães
Avepark
Other landmarks
City Hall
Castle of Guimarães
Medieval Walls
Paço dos Duques
Padrão do Salado
Citânia de Briteiros
Vila Flor Palace
Railway Station
Religious Buildings
Casa do Arco
Hotel Fundador
Hotel Guimarães
Hotel Toural
University of Minho
Arquinho Factory
Complete list
Notable streets& squares
Toural
Campo da Feira
Oliveira Square
Santiago Square
São Dâmaso Boulevard
Misericórdia Square
Carmo Square
Avenida D. João IV
Avenida D. Afonso Henriques
Feira do Pão
Santa Maria Street
D. Maria II Street
Caldeiroa Street
Sports & clubs
Vitória S.C.
Afonso Henriques Stadium
Moreirense F.C.
Parque Joaquim de Almeida Freitas
Berço SC
Brito S.C.
Pevidém S.C.
Athletic Club of Gonça
Amigos de Urgeses
Clube Caçadores das Taipas
G.D. Serzedelo
G.D.R.C. Os Sandinenses
Guimarães Sports Centre
This article about a Portuguese football club is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"district of Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Braga"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForaDeJogo222-1"}],"text":"Football clubGrupo Desportivo Serzedelo (abbreviated as GD Serzedelo) is a Portuguese football club based in Serzedelo, Guimarães in the district of Braga.[1]","title":"G.D. Serzedelo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Terceira Divisão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_Divis%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Portuguese football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_football_league_system"},{"link_name":"Guimarães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guimar%C3%A3es"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForaDeJogo222-1"},{"link_name":"Associação de Futebol de Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associa%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_Futebol_de_Braga"},{"link_name":"Taça de Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C3%A7a_de_Portugal"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForaDeJogo222-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeroZero5669-2"}],"text":"GD Serzedelo currently plays in the Terceira Divisão Série B which is the fourth tier of Portuguese football. The club was founded in 1967 and they play their home matches at the Campo das Oliveiras in Serzedelo, Guimarães. The stadium is able to accommodate 3,000 spectators.[1]The club is affiliated to Associação de Futebol de Braga and has competed in the AF Braga Taça. The club has also entered the national cup competition known as Taça de Portugal on occasions.[1][2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Soccer_Library-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ZeroZero-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ForaDeJogo-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Futebol_Total-6"}],"text":"[3][4][5][6]","title":"Season to season"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"AF Braga Honra B: 2006–07","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ForaDeJogo222_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ForaDeJogo222_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ForaDeJogo222_1-2"},{"link_name":"\"Grupo Desportivo Serzedelo - ForaDeJogo - foradejogo.net\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foradejogo.net/team.php?team=222"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZeroZero5669_2-0"},{"link_name":"\"Grupo Desportivo de Serzedelo – Portugal – footballzz.co.uk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thefinalball.com/equipa.php?id=5669&epoca_id=0&menu=compet"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Soccer_Library_3-0"},{"link_name":"\"Portugal – Table of Honor – soccerlibrary.free.fr\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20191010211315/http://soccerlibrary.free.fr/por_ft.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//soccerlibrary.free.fr/por_ft.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ZeroZero_4-0"},{"link_name":"\"Competitions – Portugal – footballzz.co.uk\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131021011658/http://www.footballzz.co.uk/compet.php?idpais=1"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.thefinalball.com/compet.php?idpais=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ForaDeJogo_5-0"},{"link_name":"\"Competitions - ForaDeJogo - foradejogo.net\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.foradejogo.net/competitionsnew.php"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Futebol_Total_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"AF Braga – Futebol Total\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//futeboltotal-victor.blogspot.co.uk/search/label/AF%20Braga"}],"text":"^ a b c \"Grupo Desportivo Serzedelo - ForaDeJogo - foradejogo.net\". ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 2012-06-12.\n\n^ \"Grupo Desportivo de Serzedelo – Portugal – footballzz.co.uk\". ZeroZero. Retrieved 2012-06-12.\n\n^ \"Portugal – Table of Honor – soccerlibrary.free.fr\" (PDF). Soccer Library. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2012-06-12.\n\n^ \"Competitions – Portugal – footballzz.co.uk\". ZeroZero. Archived from the original on 2013-10-21. Retrieved 2012-06-07.\n\n^ \"Competitions - ForaDeJogo - foradejogo.net\". ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 2012-06-12.\n\n^ \"AF Braga – Futebol Total\". Futebol Total. Retrieved 2012-06-12.","title":"Footnotes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Grupo Desportivo Serzedelo - ForaDeJogo - foradejogo.net\". ForaDeJogo. Retrieved 2012-06-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.foradejogo.net/team.php?team=222","url_text":"\"Grupo Desportivo Serzedelo - ForaDeJogo - foradejogo.net\""}]},{"reference":"\"Grupo Desportivo de Serzedelo – Portugal – footballzz.co.uk\". ZeroZero. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broiler_(DJs) | Broiler (music producers) | ["1 Music career","1.1 Early career","1.2 2012–2013: The Beginning","2 Discography","2.1 Albums","2.2 Extended plays","2.3 Singles","2.4 Remixes","3 References","4 External links"] | Norwegian electronic music record producer and DJ duo
BroilerBackground informationAlso known asDJ Broiler 2011-2013OriginDrammen, NorwayGenresTropical houseprogressive houseelectro houseYears active2011 (2011)–presentMembersMikkel Christiansen (1992)Simen Auke (1991)Websitewww.broiler.com
Broiler, formerly known as DJ Broiler, is a Norwegian electronic music record producer and DJ duo made up of Mikkel Buxrud Christiansen (born 22 April 1992) and Simen Auke (born 22 April 1991). In 2011, they found online success with their dance tunes consisting of comical elements, but have since focused on professional remixing and music production.
Music career
Broiler performing in 2018
Early career
In 2011, Mikkel Christiansen had some success with "Navy Seals" featuring F. Genius. Same year, Simen Auke had major success with his song "Cannabus" under the pseudonym SimenA, who charted on the Norwegian Singles Chart for two weeks.
2012–2013: The Beginning
Main article: The Beginning (Broiler album)
DJ Broiler released several singles and got famous for their funny videos, which often portrayed and parodied the life in the suburbs and local cities around Drammen. They released "Afterski" in November 2012, which instantly became a hit and charted on the Norwegian Singles Chart, peaking at number 3. In May 2013 they released "Vannski", which reached number one in its third week of charting and became their first number one hit in Norway. "En gang til" was released in June 2013, reaching number 8 on the Norwegian Singles Chart. Their debut studio album The Beginning was released on 4 November 2013, reaching a peak of 6 on the Norwegian Albums Chart. The album also includes the single "Bonski", which reached number 5 on the Norwegian Singles Chart. On 29 November 2013 Broiler released the Episode 1 EP, which peaked at number 19 on the Norwegian Albums Chart. The EP includes the single "Colors", which later reached number 18 on the Norwegian Singles Chart.
Discography
Albums
Title
Album details
Peak chart positions
NOR
The Beginning
Credited as: Broiler
Released: 4 November 2013
Label: Universal Music
Format: Digital download, CD
6
Extended plays
Title
Details
Peak chart positions
NOR
Episode 1
Credited as: Broiler
Released: 29 November 2013
Label: Universal Music
Format: Digital download, CD
13
Singles
Title
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
NOR
AUT
BEL(Fl)
BEL(Wa)
DEN
FRA
SWE
USDance
"Afterski"
2012
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
The Beginning
"Vannski"
2013
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"En gang til"(with Sirkus Eliassen)
8
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Bonski"
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Colors"
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Episode 1
"Get Drunk" (featuring Dirt Nasty and Andy Milonakis)
2014
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Non-album singles
"Fuck Everybody" (featuring Dex Carrington)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Rays of Light"
11
—
—
—
—
—
—
2
"Wild Eyes"(featuring Ravvel)
1
70
4
25
11
138
—
—
"For You"(featuring Anna Bergendahl)
21
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Fly by Night" (featuring Tish Hyman)
2015
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Money" (featuring Bekuh BOOM)
2016
3
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Lay It on Me" (with Ina Wroldsen)
2
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Daydream"
19
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Amazing" (featuring Kurt Nilsen)
2017
20
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Goodbye to Love" (with Nico Santos)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Undercover" (with Voli)
31
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Mirror"
2018
28
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"A Little Longer"
28
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Do It"
2019
12
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Good Idea" (with Bekuh Boom)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"All My Friends"(with CLMD and Torine)
2021
34
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"The Way Our Story Goes"(with Money for Nothing)
18
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"I Got No One"(with Skinny Days)
30
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"OMG"(with Sofiloud)
2022
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Bap"(with Kamelen and Emma Steinbakken)
5
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Åtte Shots" / "Åtta Shots"(with Papito Mierda or ODZ)
2
—
—
—
—
—
25
—
"Oh No"(with Caden)
10
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Det eneste jeg vil er å ha det fett"(with PandaPanda)
6
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Rain"(with Tessa Odden)
2023
32
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"1"(with Hjorterud Allé)
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"02:57"(with Aiba)
40
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Idiot"(with PandaPanda)
13
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Når du slår ut håret blir jeg slått ut"(with Beathoven)
2024
1
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Mujaffa"(with Kamelen)
4
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"Amok"(with Kamelen)
26
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
"—" denotes a single that did not chart or was not released.
Remixes
Title
Original artist(s)
Year
Peak chart positions
Album
NOR
"Happy Home"
Hedegaard
2014
—
Non-album remix
"Shots"
Imagine Dragons
2015
4
Smoke + Mirrors
"It's You"
Syn Cole
10
Non-album remixes
"I Can't Say No!"
Lea Rue
17
"Hurts So Good"
Astrid S
2016
—
"What Do You Love"
Seeb (featuring Jacob Banks)
2017
—
"—" denotes a recording that did not chart or was not released.
References
^ Per Christian Selmer-Anderssen (28 November 2012). "Det glade liv som DJ Broiler". dt.no. Retrieved 14 December 2012. (in Norwegian)
^ a b c d e f "Discography DJ Broiler". Norwegian Charts Portal. Hung Medien.
^ "Discografie Broiler". Austrian Charts Portal. Hung Medien.
^ "Discografie Broiler". Belgium (Flanders) Charts Portal. Hung Medien.
^ "Discografie Broiler". Belgium (Wallonia) Charts Portal. Hung Medien.
^ "Discography DJ Broiler". French Charts Portal. Hung Medien.
^ "Veckolista Singlar, vecka 6". Sverigetopplistan. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
^ Get Drunk (feat. Dirt Nasty & Andy Milonakis) - Single by Broiler
^ Fuck Everybody (feat. Dex Carrington) - Single by Broiler
^ "VG-lista - Topp 20 Single uke 21, 2016". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 5 July 2016. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
^ "VG-lista - Topp 20 Single uke 11, 2017". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 18 March 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
^ "Goodbye To Love" on Spotify
^ "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 24, 2017". VG-lista. Archived from the original on 11 July 2017. Retrieved 17 June 2017.
^ "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 12, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 19, 2018". VG-lista. Retrieved 12 May 2018.
^ "VG-lista – Topp 20 Single uke 16, 2019". VG-lista. Retrieved 20 April 2019.
^ "Good Idea (feat. Bekuh Boom) - Single by Broiler on Apple Music". iTunes Store. Retrieved 19 May 2019.
^ "Singel 2021 uke 24" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 4 September 2021.
^ "Singel 2021 uke 33" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 20 August 2021.
^ "Singel 2021 uke 41" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
^ "Singel 2022 uke 29" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 23 July 2022.
^ "Singel 2022 uke 31" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 5 August 2022.
^ "Singel 2022 uke 34" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 27 August 2022.
^ "Singel 2022 uke 43" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
^ "Singel 2023 uke 02" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 14 January 2023.
^ "Singel 2023 uke 05" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 4 February 2023.
^ "Singel 2023 uke 15" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 14 April 2023.
^ "Singel 2023 uke 17" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 29 April 2023.
^ "Singel 2023 uke 23" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
^ "Singel 2024 uke 03" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
^ "Singel 2024 uke 09" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 2 March 2024.
^ "Singel 2024 uke 13" (in Norwegian). VG-lista. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
External links
Official website
vteDJ BroilerStudio albums
The Beginning (2013)
Extended plays
Episode 1 (2013)
Singles
"Afterski"
"Vannski"
"En gang til"
"Bonski"
"Colors"
"Rays of Light"
"Wild Eyes"
Related articles
Universal Music Group
Sirkus Eliassen
A-Lee
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Artists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuya_Productions | Kuya Productions | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 2012-Present","4 2020-Present","5 Discography","6 References","7 External links"] | Canadian record producer (active 2002– )
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Kuya is a multi-platinum award-winning Canadian hip hop, R&B and pop production duo from Toronto, Ontario, consisting of Samuel T. Gerongco and Robert T. Gerongco (both sometimes credited without the "T.").
Early life
Samuel T. Gerongco (Sammy) and Robert T. Gerongco (Bobby) were born in Toronto, Ontario. They are the sons of Felipe and Godofreda Gerongco, and brothers of America Patman.
Sammy's first big break as an actor/singer and dancer was in the original Canadian production of the Broadway musical Miss Saigon at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto, which then lead to a five-year run on Broadway in New York City. It was there that Sammy met Johann Camat (originally from Montreal) after both being cast in the production. Shortly after that, the group Kuya was formed as soon as Sammy's younger brother Bobby joined after completing his program in music production. After beginning to develop their unique style and recording with producers in Los Angeles, New York City and Toronto, Kuya quickly caught the attention of internationally recognized producers (Wyclef Jean, Pharrell Williams, Timbaland), and record label executives within the North American Music Industry
It was in New York that the brothers put their work as a group on hold to begin developing their craft as songwriters and producers.
Career
In 2004, Kuya produced on two U.S. Top 10 albums including the No.1 Grammy nominated album Suit for hip hop artist Nelly, as well as Mase's Welcome Back album. Both would do extremely well, with Nelly reaching 3 million in sales worldwide (3× platinum) and Mase hitting gold (500,000 units). Jon Platt from EMI Music Publishing signed Kuya on in 2005.
Kuya Production's official releases include songs by Jesse McCartney, Kandi Burruss, Big Time Rush, Jordin Sparks, Girlicious, and Slim (singer). The year 2009 was devoted to the development and recording of their new R&B artist, JRDN. The next year was known as a breakout year for JRDN, including a top ten single, a number one hit on the Much Music charts, along with two Juno Award nominations. JRDN's second single "Like Magic", produced by Kuya, achieved a SOCAN award for the most played song on Urban Radio across the nation.
In 2011, Kuya was a part of Cover Me Canada, a Canadian reality television show which aired on CBC Television. Kuya came on as producers to work with the Cover Me Canada contestants.
2012-Present
In January 2012, Vancouver-native Terence (Tee) Lam joined Kuya as a producer and sound engineer.
Kuya's 2013 work included the release of JRDN's second studio album, as well as single releases for pop artist Karina Es. In 2015, Kuya wrote and produced for Canadian R&B singer Alessia Cara's debut album, Know-It-All, including her hit single "Here", which went #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Rhythmic, Mainstream Top 40 and peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Other songs they wrote for her debut album "Seventeen", "Overdose", "Stars" and "Outlaws". Cara's first time recording in a studio was with Kuya Productions and Sebastian Kole.
In 2016, Kuya produced on the song "F.U." on the #1 selling album Glory Days for girl group Little Mix. The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart; it later became their first album to yield more than two top ten singles when the fourth single, "Power", reached number six on the UK Singles Chart. In January 2018 the album was certified triple platinum in the UK for shipments of 900,000 units.
AS their career moved forward, Kuya has worked with an international artists including Christina Aguilera, Kelly Clarkson, Delta Goodrem, Marco McKinnis, Katie Kim and CNCO.
In 2019, singles Kuya produced for Meghan Trainor and Kaskade hit the US top 40, while the EP Que Quienes Somos, produced for CNCO, debuted at #1 on the Latin Pop Albums charts. Que Quienes Somos included the Kuya penned song "De Mi". Duncan Laurence, who performed the Eurovision Song Contest 2019-winning song earlier in the year, released his single "Love Don't Hate It", co-written by Kuya.
2020-Present
2020 Kuya produces, with Lido, "U Should" for Chika. Kuya produces and writes "Ghosted" for Benicio Bryant. Kuya writes "Happy" for Taeyeon.
Discography
Year
Single
Artist
Label
Work
2002
"Get Ready"
Shawn Desman
SONY/BMG
Producer
2002
"Shook"
Shawn Desman
SONY/BMG
Producer
2004
"Wastin' My Time"
Mase
Fo Reel Ent/Universal Records
Producer
2004
"Together"
Keshia Chanté
SONY/BMG
Producer
2004
"In My Life"
Nelly feat Mase
Fo Reel Ent/Universal Records
Producer
2005
"Far Away"
Ginuwine
Sony Urban Music
Producer
2007
"Lovers Holiday"
Cory Lee
Universal Records
Producer
2007
"Ovaload"
Cory Lee
Universal Records
Producer
2008
"I Apologize"
Slim
Virgin Records
Producer
2008
"There"
Kreesha Turner
Virgin Records
Producer
2008
"Blow"
Nicole Scherzinger
Interscope Records
Producer
2008
"Rock You"
Jesse McCartney
Hollywood Records
Producer
2009
"Find Love"
Akon
UpFront Records/Konvict
Producer
2009
"Why"
Sean Garrett
Interscope Records
Producer
2009
"I Just Know"
Kandi Burruss
Kandi Koated Ent/Asylum
Producer
2010
"Count on You"
Big Time Rush
Sony Music
Writer
2010
"U can Have it All"
JRDN
Kuya/Fontana North
Writer/Producer
2011
"Bye Bye my Friend"
Meisa Kuroki
Sony Music
Writer/Producer
2011
"Life of the Party"
Aleesia
A-Lista Music Inc/EMI
Producer
2011
"100"
Howie Dorough
Howie Do It Music Inc/Fontana North
Writer/Producer
2011
"Like Magic"
JRDN
Kuya/Fontana North
Producer
2012
"Top It All"
JRDN
Kuya/Fontana North
Producer
2013
"Can't Choose"
JRDN feat Kardinal Offishall
Kuya/Fontana North
Producer
2013
"Under"
Ahsan
EP/Interscope
Producer
2014
"So Bad"
Camron Nicki Minaj
Killa Ent
Producer
2015
"Overdose"
Alessia Cara
EP/Def Jam
Songwriter
2015
"Stars"
Alessia Cara
EP/Def Jam
Songwriter/Producer
2015
"Outlaws"
Alessia Cara
EP/Def Jam
Songwriter
2015
"Seventeen"
Alessia Cara
EP/Def Jam
Songwriter/Producer
2015
"Here"
Alessia Cara
EP/Def Jam
Songwriter
2016
"F.U."
Little Mix
Syco/Columbia
Songwriter/Producer
2017
"Stay"
EXO
S.M. Entertainment
Songwriter/Arranger
2018
"Dinner"
Suho
S.M. Entertainment
Songwriter
2018
"Saviour"
Daisy Gray
Velvet Tree/Faction/Kobalt Music Group
Songwriter/Producer
2019
"Monologue"
Taemin
S.M. Entertainment
Songwriter/Arranger
2019
"Future Love"
Katie
Axis
Songwriter/Producer
2019
"Better Off"
Katie
Axis
Songwriter/Producer
2019
"Love Kills"
Katie
Axis
Songwriter/Producer
2019
"Thinkin Bout You"
Katie
Axis
Songwriter/Producer
2019
"Learn"
Marco Mckinnis
Republic
Songwriter/Producer
2019
"That's Okay"
D.O.
SM Entertainment
Songwriter/Arranger
2019
"With You"
Meghan Trainor Kaskade
EPIC
Songwriter
2019
"Wonderland"
Christina Aguilera
RCA
Songwriter/Producer
2019
"De Mi"
CNCO
Sony Music
Songwriter/Producer
2019
"Love Don't Hate It"
Duncan Laurence
Universal Music
Songwriter
2020
"Happy"
Taeyeon
SM Entertainment
Songwriter
2020
"U Should"
Chika
Warner Brothers
Songwriter/Producer
2020
"Ghosted"
Benicio Bryant
Arista
Songwriter/Producer
2020
"Sad Songs"
Eric Ethridge
Anthem
Songwriter/Producer
2021
"Tangerine"
Benicio Bryant
Arista
Songwriter/Producer
2021
"Forever"
Sevyn Streeter
Entertainment One Music
Songwriter/Producer
2023
"Love"
Shawn Stockman
Shawn Stockman
Songwriter/Producer
References
^ "Samuel T. Gerongco – Broadway Cast & Staff | IBDB".
^ "CBC Music". music.cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-03-01.
^ http://www.socan.ca/news/23rd-annual-socan-awards-toronto
^ "CBC Live - People - Cover Me Canada: Meet the Producers". Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
^ "MUCH".
External links
Official website
Kuya Productions at AllMusic
Kuya Productions discography at Discogs
Kuya Productions on X
Kuya Productions on Facebook
Robert T. Gerongco at IMDb
Samuel T. Gerongco at IMDb | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canadian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadians"},{"link_name":"hip hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B"},{"link_name":"pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_music"},{"link_name":"production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriting"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"}],"text":"Kuya is a multi-platinum award-winning Canadian hip hop, R&B and pop production duo from Toronto, Ontario, consisting of Samuel T. Gerongco and Robert T. Gerongco (both sometimes credited without the \"T.\").","title":"Kuya Productions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"musical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musical_theatre"},{"link_name":"Miss Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss_Saigon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Princess of Wales Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_of_Wales_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Broadway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadway_theatre"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"music production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_production"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Wyclef Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyclef_Jean"},{"link_name":"Pharrell Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharrell_Williams"},{"link_name":"Timbaland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timbaland"},{"link_name":"songwriters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Songwriters"},{"link_name":"producers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"}],"text":"Samuel T. Gerongco (Sammy) and Robert T. Gerongco (Bobby) were born in Toronto, Ontario. They are the sons of Felipe and Godofreda Gerongco, and brothers of America Patman.Sammy's first big break as an actor/singer and dancer was in the original Canadian production of the Broadway musical Miss Saigon[1] at the Princess of Wales Theatre in Toronto, which then lead to a five-year run on Broadway in New York City. It was there that Sammy met Johann Camat (originally from Montreal) after both being cast in the production. Shortly after that, the group Kuya was formed as soon as Sammy's younger brother Bobby joined after completing his program in music production. After beginning to develop their unique style and recording with producers in Los Angeles, New York City and Toronto, Kuya quickly caught the attention of internationally recognized producers (Wyclef Jean, Pharrell Williams, Timbaland), and record label executives within the North American Music IndustryIt was in New York that the brothers put their work as a group on hold to begin developing their craft as songwriters and producers.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Suit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suit_(album)"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"Mase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mase"},{"link_name":"Welcome Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welcome_Back_(Mase_album)"},{"link_name":"Jon Platt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Platt"},{"link_name":"EMI Music Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing"},{"link_name":"Jesse McCartney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_McCartney"},{"link_name":"Kandi Burruss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kandi_Burruss"},{"link_name":"Big Time Rush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Time_Rush"},{"link_name":"Jordin Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordin_Sparks"},{"link_name":"Girlicious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girlicious"},{"link_name":"Slim (singer)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slim_(singer)"},{"link_name":"JRDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JRDN"},{"link_name":"Juno Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"SOCAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCAN"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Cover Me Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cover_Me_Canada"},{"link_name":"CBC Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBC_Television"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 2004, Kuya produced on two U.S. Top 10 albums including the No.1 Grammy nominated album Suit for hip hop artist Nelly, as well as Mase's Welcome Back album. Both would do extremely well, with Nelly reaching 3 million in sales worldwide (3× platinum) and Mase hitting gold (500,000 units). Jon Platt from EMI Music Publishing signed Kuya on in 2005.Kuya Production's official releases include songs by Jesse McCartney, Kandi Burruss, Big Time Rush, Jordin Sparks, Girlicious, and Slim (singer). The year 2009 was devoted to the development and recording of their new R&B artist, JRDN. The next year was known as a breakout year for JRDN, including a top ten single, a number one hit on the Much Music charts, along with two Juno Award nominations.[2] JRDN's second single \"Like Magic\", produced by Kuya, achieved a SOCAN award for the most played song on Urban Radio across the nation.[3]In 2011, Kuya was a part of Cover Me Canada, a Canadian reality television show which aired on CBC Television. Kuya came on as producers to work with the Cover Me Canada contestants.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"sound engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_engineer"},{"link_name":"JRDN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JRDN"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Alessia Cara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alessia_Cara"},{"link_name":"Know-It-All","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Know-It-All"},{"link_name":"Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Here_(Alessia_Cara_Song)"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"Rhythmic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Charts"},{"link_name":"Mainstream Top 40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Charts"},{"link_name":"Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Sebastian Kole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebastian_Kole"},{"link_name":"F.U.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F.U._(Little_Mix_song)"},{"link_name":"Glory Days","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glory_Days_(Little_Mix_album)"},{"link_name":"Little Mix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Mix"},{"link_name":"Christina Aguilera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christina_Aguilera"},{"link_name":"Kelly Clarkson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Clarkson"},{"link_name":"Delta Goodrem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delta_Goodrem"},{"link_name":"Katie Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katie_Kim_(South_Korean_singer)"},{"link_name":"CNCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNCO"},{"link_name":"Meghan Trainor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meghan_Trainor"},{"link_name":"Kaskade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaskade"},{"link_name":"CNCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNCO"},{"link_name":"Latin Pop Albums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_Pop_Albums"},{"link_name":"Duncan Laurence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duncan_Laurence"},{"link_name":"Eurovision Song Contest 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_2019"}],"text":"In January 2012, Vancouver-native Terence (Tee) Lam joined Kuya as a producer and sound engineer.Kuya's 2013 work included the release of JRDN's second studio album, as well as single releases for pop artist Karina Es.[5] In 2015, Kuya wrote and produced for Canadian R&B singer Alessia Cara's debut album, Know-It-All, including her hit single \"Here\", which went #1 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs, Rhythmic, Mainstream Top 40 and peaked at #5 on the Billboard Hot 100. Other songs they wrote for her debut album \"Seventeen\", \"Overdose\", \"Stars\" and \"Outlaws\". Cara's first time recording in a studio was with Kuya Productions and Sebastian Kole.In 2016, Kuya produced on the song \"F.U.\" on the #1 selling album Glory Days for girl group Little Mix. The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart; it later became their first album to yield more than two top ten singles when the fourth single, \"Power\", reached number six on the UK Singles Chart. In January 2018 the album was certified triple platinum in the UK for shipments of 900,000 units.[2]AS their career moved forward, Kuya has worked with an international artists including Christina Aguilera, Kelly Clarkson, Delta Goodrem, Marco McKinnis, Katie Kim and CNCO.In 2019, singles Kuya produced for Meghan Trainor and Kaskade hit the US top 40, while the EP Que Quienes Somos, produced for CNCO, debuted at #1 on the Latin Pop Albums charts. Que Quienes Somos included the Kuya penned song \"De Mi\". Duncan Laurence, who performed the Eurovision Song Contest 2019-winning song earlier in the year, released his single \"Love Don't Hate It\", co-written by Kuya.","title":"2012-Present"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lido","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lido_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Chika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chika_(rapper)"},{"link_name":"Taeyeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeyeon"}],"text":"2020 Kuya produces, with Lido, \"U Should\" for Chika. Kuya produces and writes \"Ghosted\" for Benicio Bryant. Kuya writes \"Happy\" for Taeyeon.","title":"2020-Present"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Samuel T. Gerongco – Broadway Cast & Staff | IBDB\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ibdb.com/person.php?id=97135","url_text":"\"Samuel T. Gerongco – Broadway Cast & Staff | IBDB\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBC Music\". music.cbc.ca. Archived from the original on 2016-03-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160301002442/http://music.cbc.ca/","url_text":"\"CBC Music\""},{"url":"http://music.cbc.ca/#/blogs/2012/3/The-2012-Juno-nominees-JRDN","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CBC Live - People - Cover Me Canada: Meet the Producers\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_preserved_Southern_Pacific_Railroad_rolling_stock | List of preserved Southern Pacific Railroad rolling stock | ["1 Preserved steam locomotives","2 Preserved diesel locomotives","3 Preserved passenger cars","4 Preserved freight cars","5 Preserved cabooses","6 Preserved maintenance of way equipment","7 Formerly preserved, scrapped","7.1 Steam locomotives","7.2 Diesel locomotives","8 Notes","9 References"] | A large quantity of rolling stock formerly owned and operated by Southern Pacific Railroad have been preserved in museums, on tourist railroads, and various other locations all across North America.
Preserved steam locomotives
Photograph
Number/name
Class
Wheel arrangement(Whyte notation)
Disposition and Location
Refs.
CP 1Gov. Stanford
4-4-0
Static display, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California
ST&E 1
4-4-0
Static display, Travel Town Museum, Los Angeles, California
UP 737/SP 216
4-4-0
On static display as Southern Pacific #216
SA&AP 60Texas II
4-4-0
Stored, Gulf and Ohio Railways, Knoxville, Tennessee
EP&SW 1
4-4-0
Static display, El Paso, Texas
T&NO 146
S-13
0-6-0
Ogden, Utah
1C. P. Huntington
4-2-4T
Static display, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California
8
4-6-0
Narrow gauge locomotive; Sparks, Nevada
9
4-6-0
Narrow gauge locomotive; Laws, California
18
4-6-0
Narrow gauge locomotive; operational; Independence, California
CP 60Jupiter (replica)
4-4-0
Original scrapped, replica is operational, Golden Spike National Historic Site, Promontory, Utah
CP 63"Leviathan" (replica)
4-4-0
Original scrapped, replica is operational, later relettered as Pennsylvania Railroad No. 331, owned by Stone Gable Estates, Elizabethtown, Pennsylvania
219
0-4-0T
Static display Travel Town Museum, Los Angeles, California
CP 233
2-6-2T
Stored, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California
745
Mk-5
2-8-2
Operational, Louisiana Steam Train Association, Jefferson, Louisiana
771
Mk-5
2-8-2
Static display, Grapevine Vintage Railroad, Grapevine, Texas
786
Mk-5
2-8-2
Undergoing restoration, Austin Steam Train Association, Austin, Texas
794
Mk-5
2-8-2
Static display, Sunset Station, San Antonio, Texas
975
F-1
2-10-2
Static display, Illinois Railway Museum, Union, Illinois
982
F-1
2-10-2
Static display; Minute Maid Park, Houston, Texas. Not to be confused with the Minute Maid Park ornamental train.
1215
S-10
0-6-0
Static display, History Park at Kelley Park, San Jose, CA, owned by the California Trolley and Railroad Corporation.
1221
S-10
0-6-0
Deming, New Mexico
1227
S-11
0-6-0
Sierra Northern Railway, Oakdale, California
1229
S-11
0-6-0
Roseburg, Oregon
1233
S-10
0-6-0
Woodland, California
1237
S-10
0-6-0
Static display, Salinas, California
1238
S-10
0-6-0
Fresno, California
1251
S-12
0-6-0
Stored, dismantled, awaiting funds for restoration, Virginia City, Nevada
1258
S-12
0-6-0
Martinez, California
1269
S-12
0-6-0
Stored, unserviceable, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California
1273
S-12
0-6-0
Static display, Travel Town Museum, Los Angeles, California
1285
S-14
0-6-0
Monterey, California
1293
S-14
0-6-0
Tracy, California
1298
S-10
0-6-0
Santa Cruz, California
1629
M-4
2-6-0
Saugus, California
1673
M-4
2-6-0
Static display, Southern Arizona Transportation Museum (Southern Pacific Depot), Tucson, Arizona
1727
M-6
2-6-0
Static display, in Dunsmuir, California at the Dunsmuir City Park and Botanical Gardens
1744
M-6
2-6-0
The Pacific Locomotive Association purchased and began the restoration to bring No. 1744 back into operation on the Niles Canyon Railway.
1765
M-6
2-6-0
Lomita Railroad Museum, Lomita, California
1771
M-8
2-6-0
Undergoing restoration, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California
1774
M-8
2-6-0
Static display, Veterans Memorial Park, Globe, Arizona
1785
M-6
2-6-0
Woodburn, Oregon
2018
T-16
4-6-0
Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico
2248
T-1
4-6-0
Grapevine Vintage Railroad, Grapevine, Texas
2252
T-1
4-6-0
Static display, downtown Roseville, California
2353
T-31
4-6-0
Static display, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum, Campo, California
2355
T-31
4-6-0
Static display, Pioneer Park, Mesa, Arizona
2467
P-8
4-6-2
Operational, but on static display, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento California
2472
P-8
4-6-2
Undergoing boiler inspection, operated at the Niles Canyon Railway from 2008-2015, originally at Sunol, California, now at Schellville, California
2479
P-10
4-6-2
Undergoing restoration by the California Trolley and Railroad Corporation, Santa Clara County Fairgrounds, San Jose, California
2521
C-9
2-8-0
Static display, Yuma Crossing Historic State Park, Yuma, Arizona
2562
C-9
2-8-0
Static display, Arizona Railway Museum, Chandler, Arizona
2579
C-9
2-8-0
Klamath Falls, Oregon Veterans Memorial Park
2706
C-8
2-8-0
Privately owned, Oakdale, California
2718
C-8
2-8-0
Alturas, California
2720
C-8
2-8-0
Static display, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum, Campo, California
2825
C-9
2-8-0
San Bernardino County Museum, Loma Linda, California
2852
C-10
2-8-0
Orland, California
2914
TW-8
4-8-0
Bakersfield, California
3025
A-3
4-4-2
Static display, Travel Town Museum, Los Angeles, California
3420
C-19
2-8-0
Stored at Phelps Dodge copper refinery, El Paso, Texas. Last run 1986. Needs boiler work to be FRA legal for running. Owned by El Paso Historic Board.
4294
AC-12
4-8-8-2
Static display, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California.
Awaiting a possible restoration that was discussed by the CSRM themselves.
4449
GS-4
4-8-4
Operational, Oregon Rail Heritage Center, Portland, Oregon
4460
GS-6
4-8-4
Static display, National Museum of Transportation, St. Louis, Missouri
5021
SP-2
4-10-2
Los Angeles County Fairgrounds, Pomona, California
Preserved diesel locomotives
Photograph
Number
Builder
Model
Disposition and Location
Notes
Refs.
1000
EMD
SW1
Stored, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California.
1006
EMD
SW1
Operational, Southern California Railway Museum, Perris, California
1059
ALCO
S-6
Operational, Virginia and Truckee Railroad, Nevada
1100
EMD
TR6A (SW8)
Operational, Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, California
1218
ALCO
S-6
Undergoing restoration, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California
1423
EMD
NW2
Operational, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California
1474
ALCO
S-4
Operational, Southern California Railway Museum, Perris, California
1487
FM
H-12-44
Operational, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California.
Ex-US Army #1874
1518
EMD
SD7/SD7R
Operational, Illinois Railway Museum, Union, Illinois
EMD #990
1530
EMD
SD7/SD7R
Awaiting arrival at Dieselmotive Company, Inc.
Portland and Western #1501
1550
Baldwin
S-12
Stored, Southern California Railway Museum, Perris, California
2873
EMD
GP9/GP9R
Operational, Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, California
2954
ALCO
RSD-12
Stored, Southern California Railway Museum, Perris, California
2958
ALCO
RSD-12
Operational, Southern California Railway Museum, Perris, California
3100
GE
U25B/U25BE
Operational, Southern California Railway Museum, Perris, California
3194
EMD
GP9
Stored, operational, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California
3709
EMD
GP9
Undergoing operational restoration, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association, Campo, California
3769
EMD
GP9
Static display, Utah State Railroad Museum, Ogden, Utah
3873
EMD
GP9
Operational, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association, Campo, California
4404
EMD
SD9/SD9E
Owned by Western Rail Inc, Airway Heights, Washington (from Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, California)
4426
EMD
SD9/SD9E
Operational, Nevada Northern Railway, Ely, Nevada
Nevada Northern #204
4451
EMD
SD9/SD9E
Stored, Schellville, California
EMD SD9E nicknamed "Puff"
5100
GE
70-ton
Stored, serviceable, Oregon Pacific Railroad, Milwaukie, Oregon
5119
GE
70-ton
Operational, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association, Campo, California
5208
Baldwin
DRS-6-6-1500
Stored, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California
5253
Baldwin
AS-616
Static display, Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, California
5274
Baldwin
AS-616
Static display, Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, California
5399
EMD
SD9/SD9E
Operational, Albany and Eastern Railroad, Lebanon, Oregon
5472
EMD
SD9/SD9E
Operational, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California
Ex-SP #4423
5623
EMD
GP9
Operational, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California
6051
EMD
E9
Operational, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California
6378
EMD
F7A
Stored, serviceable, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California
6380
EMD
F7A
Stored serviceable, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, California
6402
EMD
F7A
Stored, operational, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California
6819
EMD
SD45T-2
Stored, operational, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, California
7207
EMD
GP20
Operational, Blue Ridge Scenic Railway, Blue Ridge, Georgia
7304
ALCO
RS-32
Static display, Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association, Campo, California
7457
EMD
SD45/SD45R
Static display, Utah State Railroad Museum, Ogden, Utah
Ex-SP 8800
7863
GE
B30-7
Stored, Creede, Colorado
9010
Krauss-Maffei
ML-4000
Operational, based at the Niles Canyon Railway in Sunol, California
Preserved passenger cars
Photograph
Number/Name
Builder
Type
Disposition
References
109
Pullman
business car
Stored, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, Ca.
121
Pullman
business car/observation car
Undergoing restoration; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
122 Sacramento
Barney & Smith
business car/observation car
Stored, Southern California Railway Museum, Perris, CA
127
Pullman
business car/observation car
Undergoing restoration; Elmendorf Heritage and Railroad Museum, Elmendorf, Texas.
141
Pullman
business car/observation car
In service; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
219
Pullman-Standard
instruction car
Stored, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, Ca.
290
Budd
diner
Stored, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, Ca.
291
Budd
lounge
Stored, California State Railroad Museum, Sacramento, Ca.
293
Pullman
business car/coach
In service; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
401
Carter Brothers
baggage-coach
Static display; Laws Railroad Museum, Laws, California
1949
Pullman
"Harriman" coach
In service; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
1975
Pullman
all day lunch car
In service; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
2085–2159
Pullman
suburban coach
Of the 75 built for service on the Peninsula Commute, 27 were operable in 1980 and 10 were considered suitable for parts only. After leaving commute service in 1985, most are now in service or in storage at various railroad museums/tourist lines, including:
Thirteen cars, restored and converted to electric heating; currently in service with the Grand Canyon Railway.
2097, 2143, 2156 at Golden Gate Railroad Museum
2101, 2114 at Niles Canyon Railway
2139, 2140 at Railtown 1897
2093, 2113 at Western Railway Museum
2091, 2095, 2106, 2148 at Timber Heritage Association
2144 at Southern California Railway Museum
2127
Pullman
suburban coach
Undergoing restoration; Oregon Coast Scenic Railroad, Tillamook, Oregon
2360
Pullman
coach
Stored, Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
2373
Pullman
coach
Available for lease as GOLDEN SHORE from American Rail Excursions
2377 GOLDEN ORE
Budd
coach
In use as 2095 ANASAZI at Grand Canyon Railway
2378 GOLDEN SAND
Budd
coach
Available for lease as GOLDEN SAND from Mid America Railcar Leasing
2397 Shasta Springs
Pullman
coach
Owned by PRS, stored at the Southern California Railway Museum
2445-2446
Pullman
articulated coach
Owned by PRS, stored at the Southern California Railway Museum
2473-2474
Pullman
articulated coach
Undergoing restoration; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
2979
Pullman
lounge car
Undergoing restoration; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca
2981 Overland Trail
Pullman-Standard
Club/Lounge w/barbershop
In service; owned by Bill Hatrick; located at the Western Maryland Scenic as of October 2022
3300
Pullman-Standard
Chair/Baggage Combine
Stored, private owner; Beaverton, Oregon
3700, 3701, 3702, 3703, 3707, 3708
Pullman-Standard
Gallery
Sold to Transcisco Tours in 1985 and operated on that line; later sold to BNSF and in service as business cars #40 Fox River (ex-SP 3703), #41 Flathead River (ex-SP 3701), #44 Colorado River (ex-SP 3708), and #45 Powder River (ex-SP 3707). Two were rebuilt from business cars to track geometry cars: #80 (renumbered from #43) Rio Grande River (ex-SP 3700) and #87 (renumbered from #42) Skagit River (ex-SP 3702).
3734, 3740, 3744, 3745
Pullman-Standard
Gallery
Converted to "Ultra Dome" cars and in service with Princess Tours.
4300
St. Louis Car Company
postal storage
Former SP horse car 7241 located at Arizona Railway Museum
5045
Pullman
baggage/RPO car
Undergoing restoration; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
5131
Standard Steel Car
baggage/RPO car
Undergoing restoration; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
6235
Pullman
baggage car
Undergoing restoration; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
10040
Pullman
dining car
Undergoing restoration; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
10277-10278-10279
Pullman
triple articulated diner car
Located in Grapevine, TX; owned by the Grapevine Vintage Railroad, stored near Grapevine depot
10280-10281-10282
Pullman
triple articulated diner car
Undergoing restoration; Niles Canyon Railway, Sunol, Ca.
10402 GOLDEN TRENCHER
Pullman Standard
hamburger grill
Located at Union Depot Railway Museum
Preserved freight cars
Photograph
Number
Builder
Type
Disposition
132
Narrow gauge boxcar
Static display; Laws Railroad Museum, Laws, California
188
Narrow gauge stock car
Static display; Laws Railroad Museum, Laws, California
5335
boxcar
Storage; Pacific Northwest Chapter NRHS, unknown location within Oregon
SSW 23908
boxcar
Display; Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, CA
Preserved cabooses
Photograph
Number
Builder
Type
Disposition
References
1337
Bay window caboose
Display; C30-6 type; Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, CA
1889
Bay window caboose
Restoration completed 9/16/16, static display at SLORRM, San Luis Obispo, CA
4706
Bay window caboose
Operational; C50-9 type; Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, CA
4727, 4736
Caboose
Renumbered to JPBX 598, 599 and in annual Holiday Train service for Caltrain
Preserved maintenance of way equipment
Photograph
Number
Builder
Type
Disposition
SPMW 208 and SPMW 8221
Rotary snowplow and power snail
Operational; Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, CA
SPMW 328
Snow Flanger
Static display; Pacific Northwest Chapter NRHS, Antique Powerland, Brooks, Oregon
Formerly preserved, scrapped
Steam locomotives
Photograph
Number
Builder
Build date
Whyte
Locomotive class
Last Location
Scrapped
Cause of scrapping
Notes
Refs
743
SP's Algiers Shops
1921
2-8-2
MK-5
Girard Park in Lafayette, Louisiana
1970
Environmental deterioration
1294
Lima Locomotive Works (LLW)
April 1924
0-6-0
S-14
San Francisco Zoo
1987
Environmental deterioration
Diesel locomotives
Photograph
Number
Builder
Build date
Model
Last Location
Scrapped
Cause of scrapping
Notes
Refs
1303
Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
June 1949
EMD NW2/EMD NW2R
Galveston Railroad Museum, Galveston, Texas
2012
Severely water damaged by Hurricane Ike in 2008
4450
Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
April 1954
EMD SD9/EMD SD9E
Western Pacific Railroad Museum, Portola, California
August 2013
Poor condition and lack of alignment control couplers.
Nicknamed "Huff"
5239
Baldwin Locomotive Works (BLW)
September 1950
Baldwin AS-616
Tigard, Oregon
November 2009
Poor condition
O&NW #2
6309
Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
October 1950
EMD F7A
Galveston Railroad Museum, Galveston, Texas
2011
Severely water damaged by Hurricane Ike in 2008
Texas Limited #200
6379
Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
July 1952
EMD F7A
Galveston Railroad Museum, Galveston, Texas
2011
Severely water damaged by Hurricane Ike in 2008
Texas Limited #100
7498
Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
June 1967
EMD SD45/EMD SD45R
Buffalo and Pittsburgh Railroad
September 2012
Buffalo and Pittsburgh #463
7525
Electro-Motive Division (EMD)
March 1969
EMD SD45/EMD SD45R
Reading Blue Mountain and Northern Railroad
November 2011
Poor mechanical shape
Reading Blue Mountain and Northern #3200
Notes
^ Boyd (2018), p. 1862.
^ "Exhibits - Central Pacific Railroad No. 1 Gov. Stanford". California State Railroad Museum. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
^ "The Transcontinental Railroad: Transforming California and the Nation" (PDF). National Endowment for the Humanities, Division of Education Programs. p. 7. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
^ "Locomotive Collection". California Department of Parks and Recreation. State of California. Retrieved August 29, 2020.
^ Hilton, George W.; Due, John F. (2000) . The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 413. ISBN 0-8047-4014-3.
^ "Southern Pacific #2467". Niles Canyon Railway. Retrieved 2022-07-26.
^ "Southern Pacific 4-6-2 2472 to Lead Excursions For First Time Since 2015". Railfan & Railroad Magazine. August 8, 2022.
^ "Southern Pacific 2472 Excursion Canceled". Railfan & Railroad Magazine. August 24, 2022.
^ "SP 4-6-2, Roundhouse to Move to Niles Canyon". 5 July 2021.
^ "California Trolley and Railroad Corporation".
^ Haas, Ben (2022-05-19). "SP #4294, The Last Cab Forward | Steam Giants". Retrieved 2023-10-17.
^ Scott, Robert W. (January 9, 2023). "Portland day-trip rail experience". Trains. Retrieved 2023-01-17.
^ "Southern Pacific Railroad #4460". National Museum of Transportation. Retrieved 2023-10-17.
^ Lustig, David (February 16, 2022). "News photos: Nevada museum picks up former Fillmore & Western equipment". Trains. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
^ "IRM Roster - Southern Pacific 1518". Illinois Railway Museum. Retrieved 2008-06-27.
^ Alberston, Bob. (1996). "EMD SD7-SP 1518, A precursor to all engines on rails today". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 15. p. 50.
^ "Former SP "Snowflake"". Railfan & Railroad. 7. Carstens Publications: 30. 1988 – via Google Books.
^ "Collections: Southern Pacific". Orange Empire Railway Museum. 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2017.
^ Solomon, Biran (2014). GE and EMD Locomotives: The Illustrated History. Minneapolis, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7603-4612-9 – via Google Books.
^ "Southern Pacific's Final Peninsula Commute Fleet Roster". Southern Pacific. 1980. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "Train Equipment". Xanterra/Grand Canyon Railway. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "Southern Pacific Coaches Nos. 2097, 2143 & 2156". Golden Gate Railroad Museum. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "Collection". Niles Canyon Railway. 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "Historic Rolling Stock". Railtown 1897 State Historic Park. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "Mainline Railroad Cars". Western Railway Museum. 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "Our Collection: Logging & Other Railroad Rolling Stock". Timber Heritage Association. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "Southern Pacific". Orange Empire Railway Museum. Retrieved 17 January 2018.
^ "American Rail Excursions GOLDEN SHORE". American Rail Excursions. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
^ "Grand Canyon Railway Train Equipment". Grand Canyon Railway. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ "Mid America Railcar Leasing Coaches". Mid America Railcar Leasing. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ Combs, John (21 May 2016). "Princess Rail Cars". Alaska Rails. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ Moore, Jody (2005). "Princess Tours 2005 car refitting, part 1". TrainWeb. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^ "Arizona Railway Museum Equipment Roster". Arizona Railway Museum. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ "Union Depot Railway Museum". Mendota Museum and Historical Society. Retrieved 10 April 2018.
^ "Southern Pacific Rolling Stock Photographic Roster, 4700–4799". RR Picture Archives. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
^ Vicknair, Eugene (2013-06-02). "FRRS BoD Mtg Report 02-09-13 Surplus Property Locomotives" (PDF). Feather River Rail Society. Retrieved 2023-10-30.
^ Moore & Monger (2013), p. 116
References
Moore, Jeff; Monger, Wayne I. (2013). Oregon & Northwestern Railroad. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 9781439644249.
Diebert, Timothy S. & Strapac, Joseph A. (1987). Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Conpendium. Shade Tree Books. ISBN 0-930742-12-5.
Schreyer, George (1999). "The Southern Pacific Narrow gauge". Retrieved April 3, 2006.
Boyd, Ken (2018). Historic North American Locomotives: An Illustrated Journey (E-book). Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Books. ISBN 9781627005098 – via Google Books.
vteLocomotives of the Southern Pacific in preservationPreserved steam engines
CP 1 Gov. Stanford
ST&E 1
UP 737
SA&AP 60 Texas II
EP&SW 1
T&NO 146
1 CP Huntington
8
9
18
CP 60 Jupiter (replica)
CP 63 "Leviathan" (replica)
MW219
CP 233
745
771
786
794
975
982
1215
1221
1227
1229
1233
1237
1238
1251
1258
1269
1273
1285
1293
1298
1629
1673
1727
1744
1765
1771
1774
1785
2018
2248
2252
2353
2355
2467
2472
2479
2521
2562
2579
2706
2718
2720
2825
2852
2914
2914
3025
3420
4449
4294
4460
5021
Preserved diesel engines
1000
1006
1100
1218
1423
1474
1487
1518
1530
1550
2873
2954
2958
3100
3194
3709
3769
3873
4404
4426
4451
5100
5119
5208
5253
5274
5399
5472
5623
6051
6378
6380
6402
6819
7207
7457
7304
7863
9010
Formerly preserved, scrapped
743
1294
1303
4450
5239
6309
6379
7498
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Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_River_Rail_Society"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-:03_37-0"},{"link_name":"Moore & Monger (2013)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMooreMonger2013"}],"text":"^ Boyd (2018), p. 1862.\n\n^ \"Exhibits - Central Pacific Railroad No. 1 Gov. Stanford\". California State Railroad Museum. Retrieved August 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"The Transcontinental Railroad: Transforming California and the Nation\" (PDF). National Endowment for the Humanities, Division of Education Programs. p. 7. Retrieved August 29, 2020.\n\n^ \"Locomotive Collection\". California Department of Parks and Recreation. State of California. Retrieved August 29, 2020.\n\n^ Hilton, George W.; Due, John F. (2000) [1960]. The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 413. ISBN 0-8047-4014-3.\n\n^ \"Southern Pacific #2467\". Niles Canyon Railway. Retrieved 2022-07-26.\n\n^ \"Southern Pacific 4-6-2 2472 to Lead Excursions For First Time Since 2015\". Railfan & Railroad Magazine. August 8, 2022.\n\n^ \"Southern Pacific 2472 Excursion Canceled\". Railfan & Railroad Magazine. August 24, 2022.\n\n^ \"SP 4-6-2, Roundhouse to Move to Niles Canyon\". 5 July 2021.\n\n^ \"California Trolley and Railroad Corporation\".\n\n^ Haas, Ben (2022-05-19). \"SP #4294, The Last Cab Forward | Steam Giants\". Retrieved 2023-10-17.\n\n^ Scott, Robert W. (January 9, 2023). \"Portland day-trip rail experience\". Trains. Retrieved 2023-01-17.\n\n^ \"Southern Pacific Railroad #4460\". National Museum of Transportation. Retrieved 2023-10-17.\n\n^ Lustig, David (February 16, 2022). \"News photos: Nevada museum picks up former Fillmore & Western equipment\". Trains. Retrieved 16 February 2022.\n\n^ \"IRM Roster - Southern Pacific 1518\". Illinois Railway Museum. Retrieved 2008-06-27.\n\n^ Alberston, Bob. (1996). \"EMD SD7-SP 1518, A precursor to all engines on rails today\". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 15. p. 50.\n\n^ \"Former SP \"Snowflake\"\". Railfan & Railroad. 7. Carstens Publications: 30. 1988 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"Collections: Southern Pacific\". Orange Empire Railway Museum. 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2017.\n\n^ Solomon, Biran (2014). GE and EMD Locomotives: The Illustrated History. Minneapolis, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7603-4612-9 – via Google Books.\n\n^ \"Southern Pacific's Final Peninsula Commute Fleet Roster\". Southern Pacific. 1980. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Train Equipment\". Xanterra/Grand Canyon Railway. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Southern Pacific Coaches Nos. 2097, 2143 & 2156\". Golden Gate Railroad Museum. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Collection\". Niles Canyon Railway. 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Historic Rolling Stock\". Railtown 1897 State Historic Park. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Mainline Railroad Cars\". Western Railway Museum. 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Our Collection: Logging & Other Railroad Rolling Stock\". Timber Heritage Association. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Southern Pacific\". Orange Empire Railway Museum. Retrieved 17 January 2018.\n\n^ \"American Rail Excursions GOLDEN SHORE\". American Rail Excursions. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Grand Canyon Railway Train Equipment\". Grand Canyon Railway. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Mid America Railcar Leasing Coaches\". Mid America Railcar Leasing. Retrieved 10 April 2018.\n\n^ Combs, John (21 May 2016). \"Princess Rail Cars\". Alaska Rails. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ Moore, Jody (2005). \"Princess Tours 2005 car refitting, part 1\". TrainWeb. Retrieved 25 April 2017.\n\n^ \"Arizona Railway Museum Equipment Roster\". Arizona Railway Museum. Retrieved 10 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Union Depot Railway Museum\". Mendota Museum and Historical Society. Retrieved 10 April 2018.\n\n^ \"Southern Pacific Rolling Stock Photographic Roster, 4700–4799\". RR Picture Archives. Retrieved 2 July 2018.\n\n^ Vicknair, Eugene (2013-06-02). \"FRRS BoD Mtg Report 02-09-13 Surplus Property Locomotives\" (PDF). Feather River Rail Society. Retrieved 2023-10-30.\n\n^ Moore & Monger (2013), p. 116","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Exhibits - Central Pacific Railroad No. 1 Gov. Stanford\". California State Railroad Museum. Retrieved August 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.californiarailroad.museum/visit/exhibits","url_text":"\"Exhibits - Central Pacific Railroad No. 1 Gov. Stanford\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Transcontinental Railroad: Transforming California and the Nation\" (PDF). National Endowment for the Humanities, Division of Education Programs. p. 7. Retrieved August 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/inline-files/university_of_california-davis_the_transcontinental_railroad.pdf","url_text":"\"The Transcontinental Railroad: Transforming California and the Nation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Locomotive Collection\". California Department of Parks and Recreation. State of California. Retrieved August 29, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21607","url_text":"\"Locomotive Collection\""}]},{"reference":"Hilton, George W.; Due, John F. (2000) [1960]. The Electric Interurban Railways in America. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. p. 413. 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August 8, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://railfan.com/southern-pacific-4-6-2-2472-to-lead-excursions-for-first-time-since-2015/","url_text":"\"Southern Pacific 4-6-2 2472 to Lead Excursions For First Time Since 2015\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Pacific 2472 Excursion Canceled\". Railfan & Railroad Magazine. August 24, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://railfan.com/southern-pacific-2472-excursion-canceled/","url_text":"\"Southern Pacific 2472 Excursion Canceled\""}]},{"reference":"\"SP 4-6-2, Roundhouse to Move to Niles Canyon\". 5 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://railfan.com/southern-pacific-4-6-2-roundhouse-to-move-to-niles-canyon/","url_text":"\"SP 4-6-2, Roundhouse to Move to Niles Canyon\""}]},{"reference":"\"California Trolley and Railroad Corporation\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ctrc.org/","url_text":"\"California Trolley and Railroad Corporation\""}]},{"reference":"Haas, Ben (2022-05-19). \"SP #4294, The Last Cab Forward | Steam Giants\". Retrieved 2023-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://steamgiants.com/biggest-best-odd/sp-4294-the-last-cab-forward/","url_text":"\"SP #4294, The Last Cab Forward | Steam Giants\""}]},{"reference":"Scott, Robert W. (January 9, 2023). \"Portland day-trip rail experience\". Trains. Retrieved 2023-01-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/railroads/hotspots/portland-day-trip-rail-experience/","url_text":"\"Portland day-trip rail experience\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trains_(magazine)","url_text":"Trains"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Pacific Railroad #4460\". National Museum of Transportation. Retrieved 2023-10-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://tnmot.org/collection/southern-pacific-railroad-4460/","url_text":"\"Southern Pacific Railroad #4460\""}]},{"reference":"Lustig, David (February 16, 2022). \"News photos: Nevada museum picks up former Fillmore & Western equipment\". Trains. Retrieved 16 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/news-photos-nevada-museum-picks-up-former-fillmore-western-equipment/","url_text":"\"News photos: Nevada museum picks up former Fillmore & Western equipment\""}]},{"reference":"\"IRM Roster - Southern Pacific 1518\". Illinois Railway Museum. Retrieved 2008-06-27.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.irm.org/cgi-bin/rsearch.cgi?diesel=Southern+Pacific=1518","url_text":"\"IRM Roster - Southern Pacific 1518\""}]},{"reference":"Alberston, Bob. (1996). \"EMD SD7-SP 1518, A precursor to all engines on rails today\". Railfan & Railroad. Vol. 15. p. 50.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7-1VAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"EMD SD7-SP 1518, A precursor to all engines on rails today\""}]},{"reference":"\"Former SP \"Snowflake\"\". Railfan & Railroad. 7. Carstens Publications: 30. 1988 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5flVAAAAMAAJ&q=Southern+Pacific+3100+bicentennial","url_text":"\"Former SP \"Snowflake\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Collections: Southern Pacific\". Orange Empire Railway Museum. 2016. Retrieved July 4, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oerm.org/southern-pacific/","url_text":"\"Collections: Southern Pacific\""}]},{"reference":"Solomon, Biran (2014). GE and EMD Locomotives: The Illustrated History. Minneapolis, MN: Voyageur Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-7603-4612-9 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JubUBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Southern+Pacific%22+3100&pg=PA72","url_text":"GE and EMD Locomotives: The Illustrated History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4612-9","url_text":"978-0-7603-4612-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Pacific's Final Peninsula Commute Fleet Roster\". Southern Pacific. 1980. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://wx4.org/to/foam/sp/locos/commute1980equipt/1980roster.html","url_text":"\"Southern Pacific's Final Peninsula Commute Fleet Roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Train Equipment\". Xanterra/Grand Canyon Railway. 2017. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108132253/https://www.thetrain.com/the-train/train-equipment/","url_text":"\"Train Equipment\""},{"url":"https://www.thetrain.com/the-train/train-equipment/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Pacific Coaches Nos. 2097, 2143 & 2156\". Golden Gate Railroad Museum. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003224/http://www.ggrm.org/Collection_view.aspx?id=11","url_text":"\"Southern Pacific Coaches Nos. 2097, 2143 & 2156\""},{"url":"http://www.ggrm.org/Collection_view.aspx?id=11","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Collection\". Niles Canyon Railway. 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncry.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=541047&module_id=137689","url_text":"\"Collection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Rolling Stock\". Railtown 1897 State Historic Park. 2017. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003010/http://railtown1897.org/index.php/collections/historic-rolling-stock","url_text":"\"Historic Rolling Stock\""},{"url":"http://railtown1897.org/index.php/collections/historic-rolling-stock","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mainline Railroad Cars\". Western Railway Museum. 2017. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.wrm.org/visit/car-roster/passenger-cars/mainline-railroad","url_text":"\"Mainline Railroad Cars\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Collection: Logging & Other Railroad Rolling Stock\". Timber Heritage Association. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://timberheritage.org/our-collection/logging-other-railroad-rolling-stock/","url_text":"\"Our Collection: Logging & Other Railroad Rolling Stock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Pacific\". Orange Empire Railway Museum. Retrieved 17 January 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oerm.org/southern-pacific/","url_text":"\"Southern Pacific\""}]},{"reference":"\"American Rail Excursions GOLDEN SHORE\". American Rail Excursions. Archived from the original on 10 April 2018. Retrieved 9 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410203641/http://americantraintrips.com/golden-shore/","url_text":"\"American Rail Excursions GOLDEN SHORE\""},{"url":"http://americantraintrips.com/golden-shore/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Grand Canyon Railway Train Equipment\". Grand Canyon Railway. Archived from the original on 8 November 2017. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108132253/https://www.thetrain.com/the-train/train-equipment/","url_text":"\"Grand Canyon Railway Train Equipment\""},{"url":"https://www.thetrain.com/the-train/train-equipment/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mid America Railcar Leasing Coaches\". Mid America Railcar Leasing. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.midamericarailcar.com/pages/fleet/fleetCoach_static.html","url_text":"\"Mid America Railcar Leasing Coaches\""}]},{"reference":"Combs, John (21 May 2016). \"Princess Rail Cars\". Alaska Rails. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alaskarails.org/fp/Princess.html","url_text":"\"Princess Rail Cars\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Jody (2005). \"Princess Tours 2005 car refitting, part 1\". TrainWeb. Retrieved 25 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.trainweb.org/ultradomes/princess/refurb1.html","url_text":"\"Princess Tours 2005 car refitting, part 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"Arizona Railway Museum Equipment Roster\". Arizona Railway Museum. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azrymuseum.org/roster/roster.html#Passenger%20Cars","url_text":"\"Arizona Railway Museum Equipment Roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Union Depot Railway Museum\". Mendota Museum and Historical Society. Retrieved 10 April 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mendotamuseums.org/UDRR.htm","url_text":"\"Union Depot Railway Museum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Southern Pacific Rolling Stock Photographic Roster, 4700–4799\". RR Picture Archives. Retrieved 2 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.colours.rrpicturearchives.net/rsList.aspx?id=SP&rid=4700","url_text":"\"Southern Pacific Rolling Stock Photographic Roster, 4700–4799\""}]},{"reference":"Vicknair, Eugene (2013-06-02). \"FRRS BoD Mtg Report 02-09-13 Surplus Property Locomotives\" (PDF). Feather River Rail Society. Retrieved 2023-10-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://wplives.org/frrs_board_of_directors_minutes_reports/reports/2013/02-09-13_Surplus_Property_Locomotives.pdf","url_text":"\"FRRS BoD Mtg Report 02-09-13 Surplus Property Locomotives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feather_River_Rail_Society","url_text":"Feather River Rail Society"}]},{"reference":"Moore, Jeff; Monger, Wayne I. (2013). Oregon & Northwestern Railroad. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. ISBN 9781439644249.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DKZpBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Southern+Pacific+5239%22+-wikipedia","url_text":"Oregon & Northwestern Railroad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arcadia_Publishing_Incorporated&action=edit&redlink=1","url_text":"Arcadia Publishing Incorporated"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781439644249","url_text":"9781439644249"}]},{"reference":"Diebert, Timothy S. & Strapac, Joseph A. (1987). Southern Pacific Company Steam Locomotive Conpendium. Shade Tree Books. ISBN 0-930742-12-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930742-12-5","url_text":"0-930742-12-5"}]},{"reference":"Schreyer, George (1999). \"The Southern Pacific Narrow gauge\". Retrieved April 3, 2006.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.girr.org/girr/relics/spng/spng.html","url_text":"\"The Southern Pacific Narrow gauge\""}]},{"reference":"Boyd, Ken (2018). Historic North American Locomotives: An Illustrated Journey (E-book). Waukesha, WI: Kalmbach Books. ISBN 9781627005098 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JEttDwAAQBAJ&dq=Gov.+Stanford+locomotive&pg=PA1862","url_text":"Historic North American Locomotives: An Illustrated Journey"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781627005098","url_text":"9781627005098"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.psrm.org/","external_links_name":"Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association"},{"Link":"https://www.psrm.org/","external_links_name":"Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association"},{"Link":"https://www.psrm.org/","external_links_name":"Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association"},{"Link":"https://www.psrm.org/","external_links_name":"Pacific Southwest Railway Museum Association"},{"Link":"https://www.californiarailroad.museum/visit/exhibits","external_links_name":"\"Exhibits - Central Pacific Railroad No. 1 Gov. Stanford\""},{"Link":"https://www.neh.gov/sites/default/files/inline-files/university_of_california-davis_the_transcontinental_railroad.pdf","external_links_name":"\"The Transcontinental Railroad: Transforming California and the Nation\""},{"Link":"https://www.parks.ca.gov/?page_id=21607","external_links_name":"\"Locomotive Collection\""},{"Link":"https://www.ncry.org/about/collection/steam/southern-pacific-2467/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Pacific #2467\""},{"Link":"https://railfan.com/southern-pacific-4-6-2-2472-to-lead-excursions-for-first-time-since-2015/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Pacific 4-6-2 2472 to Lead Excursions For First Time Since 2015\""},{"Link":"https://railfan.com/southern-pacific-2472-excursion-canceled/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Pacific 2472 Excursion Canceled\""},{"Link":"https://railfan.com/southern-pacific-4-6-2-roundhouse-to-move-to-niles-canyon/","external_links_name":"\"SP 4-6-2, Roundhouse to Move to Niles Canyon\""},{"Link":"http://www.ctrc.org/","external_links_name":"\"California Trolley and Railroad Corporation\""},{"Link":"https://steamgiants.com/biggest-best-odd/sp-4294-the-last-cab-forward/","external_links_name":"\"SP #4294, The Last Cab Forward | Steam Giants\""},{"Link":"https://www.trains.com/trn/railroads/hotspots/portland-day-trip-rail-experience/","external_links_name":"\"Portland day-trip rail experience\""},{"Link":"https://tnmot.org/collection/southern-pacific-railroad-4460/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Pacific Railroad #4460\""},{"Link":"https://www.trains.com/trn/news-reviews/news-wire/news-photos-nevada-museum-picks-up-former-fillmore-western-equipment/","external_links_name":"\"News photos: Nevada museum picks up former Fillmore & Western equipment\""},{"Link":"http://www.irm.org/cgi-bin/rsearch.cgi?diesel=Southern+Pacific=1518","external_links_name":"\"IRM Roster - Southern Pacific 1518\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=7-1VAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"\"EMD SD7-SP 1518, A precursor to all engines on rails today\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=5flVAAAAMAAJ&q=Southern+Pacific+3100+bicentennial","external_links_name":"\"Former SP \"Snowflake\"\""},{"Link":"http://www.oerm.org/southern-pacific/","external_links_name":"\"Collections: Southern Pacific\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JubUBAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Southern+Pacific%22+3100&pg=PA72","external_links_name":"GE and EMD Locomotives: The Illustrated History"},{"Link":"http://wx4.org/to/foam/sp/locos/commute1980equipt/1980roster.html","external_links_name":"\"Southern Pacific's Final Peninsula Commute Fleet Roster\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108132253/https://www.thetrain.com/the-train/train-equipment/","external_links_name":"\"Train Equipment\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetrain.com/the-train/train-equipment/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003224/http://www.ggrm.org/Collection_view.aspx?id=11","external_links_name":"\"Southern Pacific Coaches Nos. 2097, 2143 & 2156\""},{"Link":"http://www.ggrm.org/Collection_view.aspx?id=11","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ncry.org/content.aspx?page_id=22&club_id=541047&module_id=137689","external_links_name":"\"Collection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170427003010/http://railtown1897.org/index.php/collections/historic-rolling-stock","external_links_name":"\"Historic Rolling Stock\""},{"Link":"http://railtown1897.org/index.php/collections/historic-rolling-stock","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.wrm.org/visit/car-roster/passenger-cars/mainline-railroad","external_links_name":"\"Mainline Railroad Cars\""},{"Link":"http://timberheritage.org/our-collection/logging-other-railroad-rolling-stock/","external_links_name":"\"Our Collection: Logging & Other Railroad Rolling Stock\""},{"Link":"http://www.oerm.org/southern-pacific/","external_links_name":"\"Southern Pacific\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180410203641/http://americantraintrips.com/golden-shore/","external_links_name":"\"American Rail Excursions GOLDEN SHORE\""},{"Link":"http://americantraintrips.com/golden-shore/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171108132253/https://www.thetrain.com/the-train/train-equipment/","external_links_name":"\"Grand Canyon Railway Train Equipment\""},{"Link":"https://www.thetrain.com/the-train/train-equipment/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.midamericarailcar.com/pages/fleet/fleetCoach_static.html","external_links_name":"\"Mid America Railcar Leasing Coaches\""},{"Link":"http://www.alaskarails.org/fp/Princess.html","external_links_name":"\"Princess Rail Cars\""},{"Link":"http://www.trainweb.org/ultradomes/princess/refurb1.html","external_links_name":"\"Princess Tours 2005 car refitting, part 1\""},{"Link":"http://www.azrymuseum.org/roster/roster.html#Passenger%20Cars","external_links_name":"\"Arizona Railway Museum Equipment Roster\""},{"Link":"http://www.mendotamuseums.org/UDRR.htm","external_links_name":"\"Union Depot Railway Museum\""},{"Link":"http://www.colours.rrpicturearchives.net/rsList.aspx?id=SP&rid=4700","external_links_name":"\"Southern Pacific Rolling Stock Photographic Roster, 4700–4799\""},{"Link":"https://wplives.org/frrs_board_of_directors_minutes_reports/reports/2013/02-09-13_Surplus_Property_Locomotives.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FRRS BoD Mtg Report 02-09-13 Surplus Property Locomotives\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DKZpBgAAQBAJ&q=%22Southern+Pacific+5239%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"Oregon & Northwestern Railroad"},{"Link":"http://www.girr.org/girr/relics/spng/spng.html","external_links_name":"\"The Southern Pacific Narrow gauge\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=JEttDwAAQBAJ&dq=Gov.+Stanford+locomotive&pg=PA1862","external_links_name":"Historic North American Locomotives: An Illustrated Journey"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Estrella_de_Panam%C3%A1 | La Estrella de Panamá | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Newspaper in Panamá
La Estrella de PanamáTypeDaily newspaperFounded1849; 175 years ago (1849)LanguageSpanishCountryPanamaWebsitelaestrella.com.paMedia of PanamaList of newspapers
La Estrella de Panamá is the oldest daily newspaper in Panamá.
The newspaper originally began in 1849 as a Spanish-language translation insert of an English daily, The Panama Star, which had been formed in 1849. It has a circulation of approximately 8,000 print copies.
See also
Journalism portalPanama portal
List of newspapers in Panama
References
^ "Tera Digital Publishing". Teradp.com. 2008-04-01. Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "La Estrella". La Estrella. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
^ "Actualícese con La Prensa Web". Mensual.prensa.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2010-03-16.
External links
Media related to La Estrella de Panamá at Wikimedia Commons
Official website
This Central American newspaper-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This Panama-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Panamá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panam%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Tera_Publishing-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish-language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_language"},{"link_name":"The Panama Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Panama_Star&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-La_Estrella_de_Panam%C3%A1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"La Estrella de Panamá is the oldest daily newspaper in Panamá.[1]The newspaper originally began in 1849 as a Spanish-language translation insert of an English daily, The Panama Star, which had been formed in 1849.[2] It has a circulation of approximately 8,000 print copies.[3]","title":"La Estrella de Panamá"}] | [] | [{"title":"Journalism portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Journalism"},{"title":"Panama portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Panama"},{"title":"List of newspapers in Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Panama"}] | [{"reference":"\"Tera Digital Publishing\". Teradp.com. 2008-04-01. Archived from the original on 2009-01-21. Retrieved 2010-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090121012204/http://teradp.com/press/pressdetail.asp?id=1624","url_text":"\"Tera Digital Publishing\""},{"url":"http://www.teradp.com/press/pressdetail.asp?id=1624","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"La Estrella\". La Estrella. Archived from the original on 2011-07-25. Retrieved 2010-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725072811/http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2009/11/28/quienes_somos_historia.asp","url_text":"\"La Estrella\""},{"url":"http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2009/11/28/quienes_somos_historia.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Actualícese con La Prensa Web\". Mensual.prensa.com. Archived from the original on 2012-08-23. Retrieved 2010-03-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120823133143/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2003/05/09/hoy/portada/1006887.html","url_text":"\"Actualícese con La Prensa Web\""},{"url":"http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2003/05/09/hoy/portada/1006887.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.laestrella.com.pa/","external_links_name":"laestrella.com.pa"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090121012204/http://teradp.com/press/pressdetail.asp?id=1624","external_links_name":"\"Tera Digital Publishing\""},{"Link":"http://www.teradp.com/press/pressdetail.asp?id=1624","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110725072811/http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2009/11/28/quienes_somos_historia.asp","external_links_name":"\"La Estrella\""},{"Link":"http://www.laestrella.com.pa/mensual/2009/11/28/quienes_somos_historia.asp","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120823133143/http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2003/05/09/hoy/portada/1006887.html","external_links_name":"\"Actualícese con La Prensa Web\""},{"Link":"http://mensual.prensa.com/mensual/contenido/2003/05/09/hoy/portada/1006887.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://laestrella.com.pa/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Estrella_de_Panam%C3%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Estrella_de_Panam%C3%A1&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution_(Paul_van_Dyk_album) | Evolution (Paul van Dyk album) | ["1 Track listing","2 References","3 External links"] | 2012 studio album by Paul van DykEvolutionStudio album by Paul van DykReleasedApril 3, 2012Recorded2010–2012GenreTrance music, house music, progressive house, tech trance, uplifting trance, drum and bass, pop musicLength77:31LabelVanditProducerPaul van DykAustin LeedsArtyUmmet OzcanTyler MichaudGiuseppe OttavianiPaul van Dyk chronology
Hands on In Between(2008)
Evolution(2012)
(R)Evolution: The Remixes(2013)
Singles from Evolution
"Verano"Released: 20 February 2012
"Eternity"Released: 8 March 2012
"The Ocean"Released: 23 March 2012
"I Don't Deserve You"Released: 25 September 2012
Professional ratingsAggregate scoresSourceRatingMetacritic56/100Review scoresSourceRatingAbout.comAllMusicBlogcritics(favourable)The Daily Texan(favourable)Beatsmedia(favourable)Dancing Astronaut(favourable)EDMUpdateLive for the DropA−thekeytothehouseTrance Hub8/10WNCT-TV(favourable)Partyflock88/100
Evolution is the sixth studio album by Paul van Dyk released in April 2012. The album features a wide range of collaborations including Arty, Giuseppe Ottaviani, Adam Young, Austin Leeds, Plumb, Johnny McDaid's Fieldwork project, and Sue McLaren.
The album was preceded by a series of singles, each of them accompanied by a music video containing state-of-the-art visual effects. All the other tracks on the album are accompanied by a music video as well. "Verano" featuring producer Austin Leeds is the album's first single, released on the 20 February 2012, followed by the second single "Eternity" on 16 March 2012 which features vocals from Adam Young. "I Don't Deserve You" featuring vocals from Plumb was released several months after the release of the album.
Track listing
No.TitleLength1."Symmetries" (feat. Austin Leeds)5:402."The Ocean" (feat. Arty)5:593."Eternity" (feat. Adam Young)3:224."Verano" (feat. Austin Leeds)4:315."I Don't Deserve You" (feat. Plumb)6:456."The Sun After Heartbreak" (feat. Sue McLaren & Arty)4:517."Rock This"4:388."Dae Yor" (feat. Ummet Ozcan)3:309."All the Way" (feat. Tyler Michaud & Fisher)6:0310."If You Want My Love" (feat. Caligola)3:0411."Lost in Berlin" (feat. Michelle Leonard)6:3612."Everywhere" (feat. Fieldwork)6:3413."A Wonderful Day" (feat. Giuseppe Ottaviani)5:1814."We Come Together" (feat. Sue McLaren)5:4515."Heart Stops Beating" (feat. Sarah Howells)4:56
iTunes Store deluxe editionNo.TitleLength16."Love Ammunition" (feat. Michelle Leonard)6:5017."Senses"5:4718."Open My Eyes" (feat. Kyau & Albert)5:56
References
^ "Evolution by Paul van Dyk Reviews and Tracks". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved July 8, 2020.
^ "Paul van Dyk - Evolution CD Review". Archived from the original on 2015-04-03. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
^ "Evolution - Paul van Dyk | Songs, Reviews, Credits | AllMusic". AllMusic.
^ "Music Review: Paul van Dyk - Evolution - Blogcritics Music". Archived from the original on 2012-04-06. Retrieved 2012-04-05.
^ http://www.dailytexanonline.com/life-and-arts/2012/04/03/paul-van-dyk’s-evolution-offers-substance-atmosphere-dubstep-dominated
^ "REVIEWED: Paul van Dyk – Evolution | Beatsmedia". Archived from the original on 2012-07-23. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
^ "Paul van Dyk - Evolution (Album review + giveaway)". 3 April 2012.
^ "Review: Paul van Dyk - Evolution". 2 May 2012.
^ "ALBUM REVIEW: Paul van Dyk – Evolution | Live for the Drop". Archived from the original on 27 January 2013.
^ "The Evolution of Paul van Dyk – Album review and interview". 9 April 2012.
^ "Paul van Dyk - Evolution - Trance Hub - Trance Hub". Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2012-08-24.
^ ""Evolution" is an evolution for Paul van Dyk and for electronica - WNCT". Archived from the original on 2014-04-16. Retrieved 2013-07-12.
^ "Paul van Dyk – Evolution". 6 May 2012.
^ Mason, Kerri (30 March 2012). "Paul van Dyk's 'Evolution': Exclusive First Listen". Billboard. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
External links
Evolution at Discogs
vtePaul van Dyk
Discography
Awards and nominations
Studio albums
45 RPM
Seven Ways
Out There and Back
Reflections
In Between
Evolution
The Politics of Dancing 3
From Then On
Music Rescues Me
Compilation albums
The Politics of Dancing
Global
Remix albums
Hands on in Between
(R)Evolution: The Remixes
Singles
"For an Angel"
"Tell Me Why (The Riddle)"
"Nothing but You"
"Time of Our Lives" / "Connected"
"Crush"
"Wir Sind Wir"
"The Other Side"
"White Lies"
"For an Angel 2009"
"Eternity"
Related articles
Vandit
Authority control databases
MusicBrainz release group | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"studio album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_album"},{"link_name":"Paul van Dyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_van_Dyk"},{"link_name":"Arty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arty_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Ottaviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ottaviani"},{"link_name":"Adam Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Owl_City"},{"link_name":"Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Johnny McDaid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_McDaid"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-billboard-14"},{"link_name":"singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_(music)"},{"link_name":"music video","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_video"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"}],"text":"Evolution is the sixth studio album by Paul van Dyk released in April 2012. 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All the other tracks on the album are accompanied by a music video as well. \"Verano\" featuring producer Austin Leeds is the album's first single, released on the 20 February 2012, followed by the second single \"Eternity\" on 16 March 2012 which features vocals from Adam Young. \"I Don't Deserve You\" featuring vocals from Plumb was released several months after the release of the album.","title":"Evolution (Paul van Dyk album)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arty_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Plumb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plumb_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Ummet Ozcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ummet_Ozcan"},{"link_name":"Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fisher_(band)"},{"link_name":"Michelle Leonard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle_Leonard"},{"link_name":"Fieldwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johnny_McDaid"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Ottaviani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Ottaviani"},{"link_name":"Sarah Howells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarah_Howells"},{"link_name":"iTunes Store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITunes_Store"},{"link_name":"Kyau & Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyau_%26_Albert"}],"text":"No.TitleLength1.\"Symmetries\" (feat. Austin Leeds)5:402.\"The Ocean\" (feat. Arty)5:593.\"Eternity\" (feat. Adam Young)3:224.\"Verano\" (feat. Austin Leeds)4:315.\"I Don't Deserve You\" (feat. Plumb)6:456.\"The Sun After Heartbreak\" (feat. Sue McLaren & Arty)4:517.\"Rock This\"4:388.\"Dae Yor\" (feat. Ummet Ozcan)3:309.\"All the Way\" (feat. Tyler Michaud & Fisher)6:0310.\"If You Want My Love\" (feat. Caligola)3:0411.\"Lost in Berlin\" (feat. Michelle Leonard)6:3612.\"Everywhere\" (feat. Fieldwork)6:3413.\"A Wonderful Day\" (feat. Giuseppe Ottaviani)5:1814.\"We Come Together\" (feat. Sue McLaren)5:4515.\"Heart Stops Beating\" (feat. Sarah Howells)4:56iTunes Store deluxe editionNo.TitleLength16.\"Love Ammunition\" (feat. Michelle Leonard)6:5017.\"Senses\"5:4718.\"Open My Eyes\" (feat. Kyau & Albert)5:56","title":"Track listing"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Evolution by Paul van Dyk Reviews and Tracks\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_caffeine_coffee | Low caffeine coffee | ["1 Decaffeination","2 Risks of caffeine","3 Naturally low-caffeine coffees","4 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Low caffeine coffee" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
A cup of low caffeine Arabica coffee in Hanoi, Vietnam.
Low caffeine coffee is a term that is used by coffee producers to describe coffee that has not been subjected to a process of decaffeination, but is substantially lower in caffeine than average coffee. Samples of coffee vary widely in caffeine levels due to many factors, some well documented (such as genetics) and some not fully understood, such as the action of soil, water levels and sunlight. Low caffeine coffees are typically created by assaying caffeine levels of different bean lots and selecting the best flavor profile from the lots that are naturally lowest in caffeine.
Decaffeination
Main article: Decaffeination
In the case of decaffeinated coffee, eliminating caffeine can cause a sharp decline in the natural taste of the coffee bean. During the process of decaffeination, the largest coffee producers in the world use a variety of ways to remove caffeine from coffee, often by means of chemical manipulation and the use of potentially harmful chemical components, such as methylene chloride or ethyl acetate. One process that does not use solvents is the patented Swiss Water Process, which relies on soaking beans in a bath which is essentially brewed coffee from unroasted green beans. The caffeine permeates into the bath at a much higher rate than most of the flavor elements. While the process is certified organic, the water solubility of coffee flavor compounds assures that some of the coffee flavor is lost or changed by the bath. The process is more costly than solvent methods, and is performed commercially by only one plant in British Columbia, Canada. Therefore, only a small percentage of decaffeinated coffee available on the market uses this method.
Risks of caffeine
Main article: Caffeine
In large amounts, and especially over extended periods of time, caffeine can lead to a condition known as caffeinism. Caffeinism usually combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant physical and mental conditions including nervousness, irritability, anxiety, tremulousness, muscle twitching (hyperreflexia), insomnia, headaches, respiratory alkalosis, and heart palpitations. Furthermore, because caffeine increases the production of stomach acid, high consumption over time may lead to peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.
There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric disorders recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: caffeine intoxication, caffeine-induced anxiety disorder, caffeine-induced sleep disorder, and caffeine-related disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).
There are also risks associated with consuming caffeine during pregnancy, with studies having shown more than 200 mg of caffeine per day can result in miscarriage.
Naturally low-caffeine coffees
Coffea arabica (common name "Arabica Coffee") is one of the most common varieties of coffee seen on today's market and is widely accessible. However, only a small percentage of coffee consumers know that this coffee type has a naturally lower caffeine count than most other popular coffees. Because Arabica has an approximately 40-50% lower caffeine count than other coffees, the average person can safely consume two cups of non-decaf coffee with the same effect as consuming one cup of a different variety. For more precise measurements of caffeine in common foods and beverages, please reference the table below adapted from USFDA estimates:
Item
Caffeine Content
Robusta coffee (drip brewed)
140–200 mg caffeine per 6 ounce average cup
Arabica coffee (drip brewed)
75–130 mg average 6 ounce cup
Arabica/Excelsa blend coffee (drip brewed)
40–60 mg average 6 ounce cup
Espresso (typical serving)
30–50 mg average 1 ounce cup
Instant coffee
40–100 mg average 6 ounce cup
97% decaf coffee
3–6 mg caffeine per 6-7 ounces average cup
99.92% Euro decaf standard coffee
8–16 mg caffeine per 6-7 ounces average cup
Hot Cocoa
10–15 mg caffeine per 6-7 ounce cup
Dark chocolate candy bar
50–100 mg caffeine per 6 ounce bar
Milk chocolate candy bar
30–50 mg caffeine per 6 ounce bar
Coke, Pepsi, Mountain Dew Soda
20–26 mg caffeine per 6-7 ounce drink
Green tea (brewed)
12–30 mg per 6-7 ounce average cup
Black tea (brewed)
40–60 mg per 6-7 ounce average cup
Along with Arabica, several coffee producers are now offering options of low-caffeine coffee, which can provide a solution for those who do not want to make the switch to decaf. In nature, coffee grows with varying levels of caffeine. Given various environmental factors, certain beans will grow with more caffeine than others, thereby creating an opportunity to produce naturally low caffeine coffee. Western producers have not yet shown a desire to sort purchased bean lots by caffeine content as a priority. Typically, Asian producers grade individual lots by caffeine level and follow through to roasting in order to standardize caffeine content as one of the criteria for blending.
There are a few coffea species in which are naturally low to very minimal caffeine. Many of these species are not in production and have only been identified in the wild as low caffeine levels. Racemosa Coffee, coming from the distinct species Coffea racemosa has been identified as having a naturally very low level of caffeine.
References
^ "Best Decaffeinated Coffee — The Process — Swiss Water". Swiss Water. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
^ Mackay, DC; Rollins, JW (1989). "Caffeine and caffeinism". Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service. 75 (2): 65–7. PMID 2607498.
^ James, JE; Stirling, KP (1983). "Caffeine: A summary of some of the known and suspected deleterious effects of habitual use". British Journal of Addiction. 78 (3): 251–8. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1983.tb02509.x. PMID 6354232.
^ Leson CL, McGuigan MA, Bryson SM (1988). "Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male". J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 26 (5–6): 407–15. doi:10.1080/15563658809167105. PMID 3193494.
^ "Caffeine-related disorders". Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
^ "Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)". Cedars-Sinai. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-03.
^ whattoexpect.com
^ Len Brault. "Caffeine Sensitivity in Coffee". I Need Coffee. Retrieved 4 February 2016.
^ Rare coffee plant could help communities – CNN Video | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coffee_cup_in_Hanoi,_Vietnam.jpg"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"decaffeination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decaffeination"},{"link_name":"genetics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics"},{"link_name":"soil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soil"},{"link_name":"sunlight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunlight"},{"link_name":"bean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee_bean"},{"link_name":"flavor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flavor_(taste)"},{"link_name":"caffeine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine"}],"text":"A cup of low caffeine Arabica coffee in Hanoi, Vietnam.Low caffeine coffee is a term that is used by coffee producers to describe coffee that has not been subjected to a process of decaffeination, but is substantially lower in caffeine than average coffee. Samples of coffee vary widely in caffeine levels due to many factors, some well documented (such as genetics) and some not fully understood, such as the action of soil, water levels and sunlight. 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During the process of decaffeination, the largest coffee producers in the world use a variety of ways to remove caffeine from coffee, often by means of chemical manipulation and the use of potentially harmful chemical components, such as methylene chloride or ethyl acetate. One process that does not use solvents is the patented Swiss Water Process,[1][better source needed] which relies on soaking beans in a bath which is essentially brewed coffee from unroasted green beans. The caffeine permeates into the bath at a much higher rate than most of the flavor elements. While the process is certified organic, the water solubility of coffee flavor compounds assures that some of the coffee flavor is lost or changed by the bath. The process is more costly than solvent methods, and is performed commercially by only one plant in British Columbia, Canada. Therefore, only a small percentage of decaffeinated coffee available on the market uses this method.","title":"Decaffeination"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"caffeinism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeinism"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BJoA-3"},{"link_name":"dependency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substance_dependence"},{"link_name":"nervousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"irritability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irritability"},{"link_name":"anxiety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anxiety"},{"link_name":"tremulousness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremor"},{"link_name":"muscle twitching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscle_twitching"},{"link_name":"hyperreflexia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyperreflexia"},{"link_name":"insomnia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insomnia"},{"link_name":"headaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Headaches"},{"link_name":"respiratory alkalosis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Respiratory_alkalosis"},{"link_name":"heart palpitations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heart_palpitation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-COAM-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EofMD-5"},{"link_name":"peptic ulcers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peptic_ulcer"},{"link_name":"esophagitis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esophagitis"},{"link_name":"gastroesophageal reflux disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastroesophageal_reflux_disease"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders"},{"link_name":"caffeine-induced sleep disorder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffeine-induced_sleep_disorder"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In large amounts, and especially over extended periods of time, caffeine can lead to a condition known as caffeinism.[2][3] Caffeinism usually combines caffeine dependency with a wide range of unpleasant physical and mental conditions including nervousness, irritability, anxiety, tremulousness, muscle twitching (hyperreflexia), insomnia, headaches, respiratory alkalosis, and heart palpitations.[4][5] Furthermore, because caffeine increases the production of stomach acid, high consumption over time may lead to peptic ulcers, erosive esophagitis, and gastroesophageal reflux disease.[6]There are four caffeine-induced psychiatric disorders recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition: caffeine intoxication, caffeine-induced anxiety disorder, caffeine-induced sleep disorder, and caffeine-related disorder not otherwise specified (NOS).There are also risks associated with consuming caffeine during pregnancy, with studies having shown more than 200 mg of caffeine per day can result in miscarriage.[7]","title":"Risks of caffeine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Coffea arabica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea_arabica"},{"link_name":"USFDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"coffea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea"},{"link_name":"Coffea racemosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffea_racemosa"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Coffea arabica (common name \"Arabica Coffee\") is one of the most common varieties of coffee seen on today's market and is widely accessible. However, only a small percentage of coffee consumers know that this coffee type has a naturally lower caffeine count than most other popular coffees. Because Arabica has an approximately 40-50% lower caffeine count than other coffees, the average person can safely consume two cups of non-decaf coffee with the same effect as consuming one cup of a different variety. For more precise measurements of caffeine in common foods and beverages, please reference the table below adapted from USFDA estimates:[8]Along with Arabica, several coffee producers are now offering options of low-caffeine coffee, which can provide a solution for those who do not want to make the switch to decaf. In nature, coffee grows with varying levels of caffeine. Given various environmental factors, certain beans will grow with more caffeine than others, thereby creating an opportunity to produce naturally low caffeine coffee. Western producers have not yet shown a desire to sort purchased bean lots by caffeine content as a priority. Typically, Asian producers grade individual lots by caffeine level and follow through to roasting in order to standardize caffeine content as one of the criteria for blending.There are a few coffea species in which are naturally low to very minimal caffeine. Many of these species are not in production and have only been identified in the wild as low caffeine levels. Racemosa Coffee, coming from the distinct species Coffea racemosa has been identified as having a naturally very low level of caffeine. [9]","title":"Naturally low-caffeine coffees"}] | [{"image_text":"A cup of low caffeine Arabica coffee in Hanoi, Vietnam.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Coffee_cup_in_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg/300px-Coffee_cup_in_Hanoi%2C_Vietnam.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Best Decaffeinated Coffee — The Process — Swiss Water\". Swiss Water. Retrieved 4 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.swisswater.com/process","url_text":"\"Best Decaffeinated Coffee — The Process — Swiss Water\""}]},{"reference":"Mackay, DC; Rollins, JW (1989). \"Caffeine and caffeinism\". Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service. 75 (2): 65–7. PMID 2607498.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2607498","url_text":"2607498"}]},{"reference":"James, JE; Stirling, KP (1983). \"Caffeine: A summary of some of the known and suspected deleterious effects of habitual use\". British Journal of Addiction. 78 (3): 251–8. doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.1983.tb02509.x. PMID 6354232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.1983.tb02509.x","url_text":"10.1111/j.1360-0443.1983.tb02509.x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6354232","url_text":"6354232"}]},{"reference":"Leson CL, McGuigan MA, Bryson SM (1988). \"Caffeine overdose in an adolescent male\". J. Toxicol. Clin. Toxicol. 26 (5–6): 407–15. doi:10.1080/15563658809167105. PMID 3193494.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563658809167105","url_text":"10.1080/15563658809167105"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3193494","url_text":"3193494"}]},{"reference":"\"Caffeine-related disorders\". Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders. Retrieved 2009-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Caffeine-related-disorders.html","url_text":"\"Caffeine-related disorders\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)\". Cedars-Sinai. Archived from the original on January 14, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114064852/http://www.csmc.edu/pf_5543.html","url_text":"\"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)\""},{"url":"http://www.csmc.edu/pf_5543.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Len Brault. \"Caffeine Sensitivity in Coffee\". I Need Coffee. Retrieved 4 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ineedcoffee.com/07/caffeine/","url_text":"\"Caffeine Sensitivity in Coffee\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Low+caffeine+coffee%22","external_links_name":"\"Low caffeine coffee\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Low+caffeine+coffee%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Low+caffeine+coffee%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Low+caffeine+coffee%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Low+caffeine+coffee%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Low+caffeine+coffee%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://www.swisswater.com/process","external_links_name":"\"Best Decaffeinated Coffee — The Process — Swiss Water\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2607498","external_links_name":"2607498"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1360-0443.1983.tb02509.x","external_links_name":"10.1111/j.1360-0443.1983.tb02509.x"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6354232","external_links_name":"6354232"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15563658809167105","external_links_name":"10.1080/15563658809167105"},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3193494","external_links_name":"3193494"},{"Link":"http://www.minddisorders.com/Br-Del/Caffeine-related-disorders.html","external_links_name":"\"Caffeine-related disorders\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090114064852/http://www.csmc.edu/pf_5543.html","external_links_name":"\"Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)\""},{"Link":"http://www.csmc.edu/pf_5543.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.ineedcoffee.com/07/caffeine/","external_links_name":"\"Caffeine Sensitivity in Coffee\""},{"Link":"https://edition.cnn.com/videos/tv/2015/01/05/spc-inside-africa-mozambique-conservation-c.cnn","external_links_name":"Rare coffee plant could help communities – CNN Video"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River_bicycle_path | Los Angeles River bicycle path | ["1 Path description","1.1 Long Beach—Vernon section","1.2 Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley section","1.3 Other sections","2 Tributaries","3 Future development","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 33°47′24″N 118°12′14″W / 33.79011°N 118.20395°W / 33.79011; -118.20395Cycling route in California, USA
Los Angeles River Bike PathPath at Glendale NarrowsUseActive transportation, road biking, walking, dogs on leashSurfaceAsphalt
The Los Angeles River bicycle path is a Class I bicycle and pedestrian path in the Greater Los Angeles area running from north to east along the Los Angeles River through Griffith Park in an area known as the Glendale Narrows. The 7.4 mile section of bikeway through the Glendale Narrows is known as the Elysian Valley Bicycle & Pedestrian Path. The bike path also runs from the city of Vernon to Long Beach, California. This section is referred to as LARIO, or more formally, the Los Angeles River Bikeway.
Following the Los Angeles Flood of 1938, concrete banks were created as a flood control measure for nearly all the length of the river, making it essentially navigable by bicycle to its end, where it empties into the San Pedro Bay in Long Beach. In recent years, the Friends of the Los Angeles River, a local civic and environmental group, have attempted to restore portions of the river as parkland in a manner that includes and encourages bicycle and pedestrian traffic, efforts realized in part as local U.S. Representative Brad Sherman secured $460,000 in federal funds to extend the path north in the Sherman Oaks area.
Path description
Los Angeles River Bikeway access at the PCH in Long Beach.
The LA River Bicycle Path consists of two main parts and other shorter sections that currently do not connect with each other along the river yet.
The Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation (LARRC, LA River Corp) is campaigning for Greenway 2020, the completion of bike and walk paths for the entire 51-mile river by the year 2020.
Long Beach—Vernon section
Further information: Los Angeles River Bikeway
The Los Angeles River Bikeway, also known as LARIO, is the longest completed section of the bicycle/pedestrian path. It runs from the Shoreline Pedestrian Bikepath at the river's mouth in Long Beach, upstream to the industrial area southeast of Downtown Los Angeles, at Atlantic Boulevard in Vernon.
In Long Beach, the bike path runs on the east side of the river channel. When the path intersects with Imperial Highway, it crosses the LA River on the road bridge and continues north on along the west side of the LA River to Vernon. The path on the east side continues under the bridge to the confluence with the Rio Hondo, becoming the Rio Hondo Bicycle Path heading northeast to the Whittier Narrows Recreation Area.
Mileage markers are painted on the pavement and signs are posted at regular intervals detailing upcoming city streets. Parking can be found at Hollydale Park in South Gate, Ralph C. Dills Park in Paramount, and DeForest Park in Long Beach. Other access in Long Beach includes several street crossings of the river, including those of Pacific Coast Highway, Willow Street, Wardlow Road, and Del Amo Boulevard.
Los Angeles River at Riverside Drive, view east with Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bicycle Path (right edge).
Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley section
Further information: Glendale Narrows § Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bike Path
The second section, the Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bicycle Path and pedestrian walkway, runs alongside the L.A. River for 7.4 miles (11.9 km) from the border of Burbank, California & Glendale, California at Victory Blvd and Riverside Drive downstream through the Glendale Narrows to Egret Park in Elysian Valley. It runs through Glendale, Griffith Park, Los Feliz, Atwater Village and Elysian Valley.
The Baum Bicycle Bridge over the river in Los Feliz was built in 2002.
Baum Bicycle Bridge at Los Feliz Boulevard
There are numerous entry points and parks along it, including Rio de Los Angeles State Park, Griffith Park, Egret Park, Oso Park, Steelhead Park, Riverdale Mini-Park, Elysian Valley Gateway Park, Marsh Park, Rattlesnake Park, Crystal Park, and Sunnynook River Park. The Glendale Narrows Riverwalk, a separate multi-use (walk/bike) path, is across the river along the northern bank in the city of Glendale. The non-vehicular Garden Bridge project over the Glendale Narrows will connect the Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bicycle Path, Griffith Park, and Los Angeles − with the Glendale Narrows Riverwalk and city of Glendale.
Other sections
San Fernando Valley
In the San Fernando Valley there are several other non-connected sections.
Los Angeles River Greenway, Studio City
From the headwaters in Canoga Park into Winnetka, A new section is under construction in Reseda to continue it eastward.
A 1.5 mile stretch in Canoga Park from Mason to Owensmouth opened in April 2022, and “the next section of the bike path being planned will go from Vanalden Avenue to Balboa Boulevard in the Sepulveda Basin.”
A half-mile section in “Studio City between Whitsett Avenue and Coldwater Canyon Avenue” opened in 2019.
Further east the North Valleyheart Riverwalk is located in Studio City.
Tributaries
Arroyo Seco
The Arroyo Seco Bicycle Path and Kenneth Newell Bikeway are in the Arroyo Seco river channel, upstream from its confluence with the Los Angeles River. It runs from Montecito Heights northeast to Pasadena.
Browns Creek
The Browns Creek Bike Trail runs along Browns Canyon Wash in Chatsworth, at the foot of the Santa Susana Mountains in the northwestern San Fernando Valley.
Compton Creek
The Compton Creek Bike Path is in Compton, along the east bank of two sections of Compton Creek, a tributary of the lower Los Angeles River. The northern section of the path is a paved trail extending from El Segundo Boulevard south through residential neighborhoods to Greenleaf Boulevard. An equestrian trail runs along the west bank of the creek.
A shorter section of paved trail exists farther south along the creek, but it is separated by the LA Metro A Line tracks, the Gardena Freeway, and the east fork of Compton Creek. Access to this southern segment is only at a few large streets, and it ends at Del Amo Boulevard north of the confluence of Compton Creek and the Los Angeles River.
Dominguez Channel
Dominguez Creek Bike Route sign
The Dominguez Channel Bicycle Path/Laguna Dominguez Bicycle Trail is along a 2.8 miles (4.5 km) section of the Upper Dominguez Channel, a 15.7 miles (25.3 km) long channelized stream west of the lower Los Angeles River in southern Los Angeles County. It runs between the community of Alondra Park near El Camino College and Hawthorne near the Hawthorne Airport. It is a project of the city of Hawthorne's Dominguez Enhancement and Engagement Project (D.E.E.P) It has numerous mid-block crossings with cross walk navigation, and offers good pedestrian access. Periodic mile markers painted on the pavement indicating distances upstream from its mouth at the Port of Los Angeles.
Future development
On July 23, 2013, the nonprofit group River LA, formerly known as Los Angeles River Revitalization Corp, announced a goal of completing a continuous 51-mile greenway and bike path along the river by the end of the decade. The path is envisioned to be the central focus of a linear recreational park as well as providing an alternative transportation path through Los Angeles. The announcement by the nonprofit group precedes the expected August 30 release of a feasibility study being prepared by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps have the ultimate decision-making power over the river and its future revitalization.
See also
List of Los Angeles bike paths
CicLAvia
References
^ "Glendale Narrow and Elysian Valley Path". 24 March 2011.
^ a b c d TrailLink.com: Los Angeles River Trail
^ The City of Los Angeles.gov: Visit the LA River—Los Angeles River Archived 2015-07-27 at the Wayback Machine, with map of all current LA River greenway paths and trails . accessed 3.13.2016.
^ Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation (LA River Corp): Greenway 2020 website Archived 2016-03-14 at the Wayback Machine
^ KCET.org: "L.A. River Excursion: Bicycle Journey to Long Beach", 22 June 2012.
^ Hollydale Park, 5400 Monroe Avenue, South Gate, California.
^ Ralph C. Dills Park, 6500 San Juan Street, Paramount, California.
^ DeForest Park, 6255 DeForest Avenue, Long Beach, California.
^ "Visit the LA River : Los Angeles River : The City of Los Angeles". Archived from the original on 2015-07-27. Retrieved 2015-07-29.
^ National Recreation Trail Database: Trail details of the Los Angeles River Trail (Glendale Narrows greenway/bike path) . accessed 3.13.2016.
^ "DPW list of watershed projects" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-07-21.
^ NortheastTrees.org: The Glendale Narrows Riverwalk, with adjacent LA River images
^ City of Glendale: The Glendale Narrows Riverwalk
^ Los Angeles Times.com: "Bridge between Glendale Narrows, Griffith Park moves forward", by Arin Mikailian, 10 March 2015.
^ KCET,org: "New Greenway Opens at L.A. River's Headwaters in Canoga Park", 15 July 2014.
^ Streetsblog Los Angeles, Eyes on the Street: "Ribbon-Cutting for New West SFV L.A. River Bike Path", 28 August 2014.
^ "Newest section of LA River bike path opens in Canoga Park". spectrumnews1.com. Retrieved 2022-07-22.
^ "A new section of protected bike path along the LA River opens in Studio City". Daily News. 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2022-07-29.
^ KCET.org: "North Valleyheart Riverwalk Greens the Way in Studio City", 17 June 2014.
^ a b c Friends / Amigos of Dominguez Watershed: The Dominguez Channel bike path, current and proposed sections.
^ Weekend Sherpa blog: The Laguna Dominguez Bike Trail
^ L.A. Creek Freak blog: History of Dominguez Channel
^ Christopher Hawthorne (2013-07-23). "Ambitious goal for L.A. River: Continuous 51-mile path by 2020". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
^ "Frank Gehry's controversial L.A. River plan gets cautious, low-key rollout". Los Angeles Times. 2016-06-18. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-08-01.
^ Christopher Hawthorne (2013-07-24). "L.A. River advocates wait for watershed Army Corps study". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-07-25.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Los Angeles River bicycle path.
Los Angeles River - L.A. Bike Paths
vteLos Angeles Bike Paths
Arroyo Seco
Backbone
Ballona Creek
Bolsa Chica
Browns Creek
California Aqueduct
Chandler Blvd.
Coyote Creek
Culver Median
Duarte
Expo
G Line
Kenneth Newell
L.A. River
Long Beach
Marvin Braude Bike Trail
Park to Playa
Rio Hondo
San Diego Creek
San Gabriel River
Santa Ana River
Santa Clara River
Santa Monica
Sepulveda Dam
The Strand
Tujunga Wash
33°47′24″N 118°12′14″W / 33.79011°N 118.20395°W / 33.79011; -118.20395 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Class I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_bike_paths"},{"link_name":"Greater Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River"},{"link_name":"Griffith Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Park"},{"link_name":"Glendale Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Narrows"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River Bikeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River_Bikeway"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Flood of 1938","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Flood_of_1938"},{"link_name":"San Pedro Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Pedro_Bay_(California)"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Brad Sherman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Sherman"},{"link_name":"Sherman Oaks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sherman_Oaks,_Los_Angeles"}],"text":"Cycling route in California, USAThe Los Angeles River bicycle path is a Class I bicycle and pedestrian path in the Greater Los Angeles area running from north to east along the Los Angeles River through Griffith Park in an area known as the Glendale Narrows. 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In recent years, the Friends of the Los Angeles River, a local civic and environmental group, have attempted to restore portions of the river as parkland in a manner that includes and encourages bicycle and pedestrian traffic, efforts realized in part as local U.S. Representative Brad Sherman secured $460,000 in federal funds to extend the path north in the Sherman Oaks area.","title":"Los Angeles River bicycle path"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LA-River-Bike-Trail-Long-Beach-PCH.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River Bikeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River_Bikeway"},{"link_name":"PCH","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Highway_(California)"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-traillink-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Los Angeles River Bikeway access at the PCH in Long Beach.The LA River Bicycle Path consists of two main parts and other shorter sections that currently do not connect with each other along the river yet.[2][3]The Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation (LARRC, LA River Corp) is campaigning for Greenway 2020, the completion of bike and walk paths for the entire 51-mile river by the year 2020.[4]","title":"Path description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Los Angeles River Bikeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River_Bikeway"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River Bikeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River_Bikeway"},{"link_name":"Shoreline Pedestrian Bikepath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoreline_Pedestrian_Bikepath"},{"link_name":"Long Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Beach,_California"},{"link_name":"Downtown Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downtown_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Boulevard_(Los_Angeles)"},{"link_name":"Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon,_California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Imperial Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_Highway"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-traillink-2"},{"link_name":"Rio Hondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Hondo_(California)"},{"link_name":"Rio Hondo Bicycle Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Hondo_bicycle_path"},{"link_name":"Whittier Narrows Recreation Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whittier_Narrows_Recreation_Area"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-traillink-2"},{"link_name":"South Gate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Gate,_California"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Paramount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paramount,_California"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-traillink-2"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Pacific Coast Highway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Highway_(California)"},{"link_name":"Del Amo Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Amo_Boulevard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LA_river_riverside_bike_path.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_River"},{"link_name":"Riverside Drive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riverside_Drive_(Los_Angeles)"}],"sub_title":"Long Beach—Vernon section","text":"Further information: Los Angeles River BikewayThe Los Angeles River Bikeway, also known as LARIO, is the longest completed section of the bicycle/pedestrian path. It runs from the Shoreline Pedestrian Bikepath at the river's mouth in Long Beach, upstream to the industrial area southeast of Downtown Los Angeles, at Atlantic Boulevard in Vernon.[5]In Long Beach, the bike path runs on the east side of the river channel. When the path intersects with Imperial Highway, it crosses the LA River on the road bridge and continues north on along the west side of the LA River to Vernon.[2] The path on the east side continues under the bridge to the confluence with the Rio Hondo, becoming the Rio Hondo Bicycle Path heading northeast to the Whittier Narrows Recreation Area.[2]Mileage markers are painted on the pavement and signs are posted at regular intervals detailing upcoming city streets. Parking can be found at Hollydale Park in South Gate,[6] Ralph C. Dills Park in Paramount,[7] and DeForest Park in Long Beach.[2][8] Other access in Long Beach includes several street crossings of the river, including those of Pacific Coast Highway, Willow Street, Wardlow Road, and Del Amo Boulevard.Los Angeles River at Riverside Drive, view east with Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bicycle Path (right edge).","title":"Path description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glendale Narrows § Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bike Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Narrows#Glendale_Narrows_Elysian_Valley_Bike_Path"},{"link_name":"Burbank, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burbank,_California"},{"link_name":"Glendale, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"Glendale Narrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale_Narrows"},{"link_name":"Elysian Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elysian_Valley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alex_Baum_Bicycle_Bridge_looking_south_at_night_2015-09-27.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Feliz Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Feliz_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Rio de Los Angeles State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Los_Angeles_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Griffith Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffith_Park"},{"link_name":"Glendale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glendale,_California"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley section","text":"Further information: Glendale Narrows § Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bike PathThe second section, the Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bicycle Path and pedestrian walkway, runs alongside the L.A. River for 7.4 miles (11.9 km) from the border of Burbank, California & Glendale, California at Victory Blvd and Riverside Drive downstream through the Glendale Narrows to Egret Park in Elysian Valley.[9][10] It runs through Glendale, Griffith Park, Los Feliz, Atwater Village and Elysian Valley.The Baum Bicycle Bridge over the river in Los Feliz was built in 2002.[11]Baum Bicycle Bridge at Los Feliz BoulevardThere are numerous entry points and parks along it, including Rio de Los Angeles State Park, Griffith Park, Egret Park, Oso Park, Steelhead Park, Riverdale Mini-Park, Elysian Valley Gateway Park, Marsh Park, Rattlesnake Park, Crystal Park, and Sunnynook River Park. The Glendale Narrows Riverwalk, a separate multi-use (walk/bike) path, is across the river along the northern bank in the city of Glendale.[12][13] The non-vehicular Garden Bridge project over the Glendale Narrows will connect the Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bicycle Path, Griffith Park, and Los Angeles − with the Glendale Narrows Riverwalk and city of Glendale.[14]","title":"Path description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Fernando Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Studio_City_2024_Feb_03.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles River Greenway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Los_Angeles_River_Greenway&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Canoga Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoga_Park,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Winnetka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnetka,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-streetsblog-16"},{"link_name":"Reseda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reseda,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"North Valleyheart Riverwalk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Valleyheart_Riverwalk"},{"link_name":"Studio City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Studio_City,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Other sections","text":"San Fernando ValleyIn the San Fernando Valley there are several other non-connected sections.Los Angeles River Greenway, Studio CityFrom the headwaters in Canoga Park into Winnetka,[15][16] A new section is under construction in Reseda to continue it eastward.A 1.5 mile stretch in Canoga Park from Mason to Owensmouth opened in April 2022, and “the next section of the bike path being planned will go from Vanalden Avenue to Balboa Boulevard in the Sepulveda Basin.” [17]A half-mile section in “Studio City between Whitsett Avenue and Coldwater Canyon Avenue” opened in 2019.[18]Further east the North Valleyheart Riverwalk is located in Studio City.[19]","title":"Path description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arroyo Seco Bicycle Path","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_bicycle_path"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Newell Bikeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Newell_Bikeway"},{"link_name":"Arroyo Seco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arroyo_Seco_(Los_Angeles_County)"},{"link_name":"Montecito Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montecito_Heights,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Pasadena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Browns Creek Bike Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browns_Creek_Bike_Trail"},{"link_name":"Browns Canyon Wash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Browns_Canyon_Wash"},{"link_name":"Chatsworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatsworth,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Santa Susana Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Susana_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Compton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"Compton Creek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton_Creek"},{"link_name":"El Segundo Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Segundo_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"LA Metro A Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Line_(Los_Angeles_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Gardena Freeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardena_Freeway"},{"link_name":"Del Amo Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Del_Amo_Boulevard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dominguez_Creek_Bike_Route_sign.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dominguez Channel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominguez_Channel"},{"link_name":"Alondra Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alondra_Park,_California"},{"link_name":"El Camino College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Camino_College"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne,_California"},{"link_name":"Hawthorne Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawthorne_Municipal_Airport_(California)"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amigos-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amigos-20"},{"link_name":"Port of Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-amigos-20"}],"text":"Arroyo SecoThe Arroyo Seco Bicycle Path and Kenneth Newell Bikeway are in the Arroyo Seco river channel, upstream from its confluence with the Los Angeles River. It runs from Montecito Heights northeast to Pasadena.Browns CreekThe Browns Creek Bike Trail runs along Browns Canyon Wash in Chatsworth, at the foot of the Santa Susana Mountains in the northwestern San Fernando Valley.Compton CreekThe Compton Creek Bike Path is in Compton, along the east bank of two sections of Compton Creek, a tributary of the lower Los Angeles River. The northern section of the path is a paved trail extending from El Segundo Boulevard south through residential neighborhoods to Greenleaf Boulevard. An equestrian trail runs along the west bank of the creek.A shorter section of paved trail exists farther south along the creek, but it is separated by the LA Metro A Line tracks, the Gardena Freeway, and the east fork of Compton Creek. Access to this southern segment is only at a few large streets, and it ends at Del Amo Boulevard north of the confluence of Compton Creek and the Los Angeles River.Dominguez ChannelDominguez Creek Bike Route signThe Dominguez Channel Bicycle Path/Laguna Dominguez Bicycle Trail is along a 2.8 miles (4.5 km) section of the Upper Dominguez Channel, a 15.7 miles (25.3 km) long channelized stream west of the lower Los Angeles River in southern Los Angeles County. It runs between the community of Alondra Park near El Camino College and Hawthorne near the Hawthorne Airport.[20] It is a project of the city of Hawthorne's Dominguez Enhancement and Engagement Project (D.E.E.P)[21][22] It has numerous mid-block crossings with cross walk navigation, and offers good pedestrian access.[20] Periodic mile markers painted on the pavement indicating distances upstream from its mouth at the Port of Los Angeles.[20]","title":"Tributaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"River LA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_LA"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawthorne-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hawthorne2-25"}],"text":"On July 23, 2013, the nonprofit group River LA, formerly known as Los Angeles River Revitalization Corp, announced a goal of completing a continuous 51-mile greenway and bike path along the river by the end of the decade.[23][24] The path is envisioned to be the central focus of a linear recreational park as well as providing an alternative transportation path through Los Angeles. The announcement by the nonprofit group precedes the expected August 30 release of a feasibility study being prepared by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The Corps have the ultimate decision-making power over the river and its future revitalization.[25]","title":"Future development"}] | [{"image_text":"Los Angeles River Bikeway access at the PCH in Long Beach.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/LA-River-Bike-Trail-Long-Beach-PCH.jpg/300px-LA-River-Bike-Trail-Long-Beach-PCH.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Angeles River at Riverside Drive, view east with Glendale Narrows Elysian Valley Bicycle Path (right edge).","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/LA_river_riverside_bike_path.jpg/300px-LA_river_riverside_bike_path.jpg"},{"image_text":"Baum Bicycle Bridge at Los Feliz Boulevard","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Alex_Baum_Bicycle_Bridge_looking_south_at_night_2015-09-27.jpg/220px-Alex_Baum_Bicycle_Bridge_looking_south_at_night_2015-09-27.jpg"},{"image_text":"Los Angeles River Greenway, Studio City","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Studio_City_2024_Feb_03.jpg/220px-Studio_City_2024_Feb_03.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dominguez Creek Bike Route sign","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Dominguez_Creek_Bike_Route_sign.jpg/220px-Dominguez_Creek_Bike_Route_sign.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of Los Angeles bike paths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Los_Angeles_bike_paths"},{"title":"CicLAvia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CicLAvia"}] | [{"reference":"\"Glendale Narrow and Elysian Valley Path\". 24 March 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/fieldguides/lariver/biking/bicycling---glendale-narrows-elysian-valley-bike-path.html","url_text":"\"Glendale Narrow and Elysian Valley Path\""}]},{"reference":"\"Visit the LA River : Los Angeles River : The City of Los Angeles\". Archived from the original on 2015-07-27. Retrieved 2015-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150727051511/http://www.lariver.org/Partners/VisittheLARiver/index.htm","url_text":"\"Visit the LA River : Los Angeles River : The City of Los Angeles\""},{"url":"http://www.lariver.org/Partners/VisittheLARiver/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"DPW list of watershed projects\" (PDF). Retrieved 2022-07-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://dpw.lacounty.gov/wmd/watershed/LA/ListofProjects.pdf","url_text":"\"DPW list of watershed projects\""}]},{"reference":"\"Newest section of LA River bike path opens in Canoga Park\". spectrumnews1.com. Retrieved 2022-07-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/environment/2022/04/21/newest-section-of-la-river-bike-path-opens-in-canoga-park","url_text":"\"Newest section of LA River bike path opens in Canoga Park\""}]},{"reference":"\"A new section of protected bike path along the LA River opens in Studio City\". Daily News. 2019-09-06. Retrieved 2022-07-29.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailynews.com/a-new-section-of-protected-bike-path-along-the-la-river-opens-in-studio-city","url_text":"\"A new section of protected bike path along the LA River opens in Studio City\""}]},{"reference":"Christopher Hawthorne (2013-07-23). \"Ambitious goal for L.A. River: Continuous 51-mile path by 2020\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-los-angeles-river-revitalization-greenway-20130723,0,7295363.story","url_text":"\"Ambitious goal for L.A. River: Continuous 51-mile path by 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"Frank Gehry's controversial L.A. River plan gets cautious, low-key rollout\". Los Angeles Times. 2016-06-18. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-08-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-la-river-gehry-20160613-snap-story.html","url_text":"\"Frank Gehry's controversial L.A. River plan gets cautious, low-key rollout\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","url_text":"0458-3035"}]},{"reference":"Christopher Hawthorne (2013-07-24). \"L.A. River advocates wait for watershed Army Corps study\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2013-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-la-river-notebook-20130724,0,6530579.story","url_text":"\"L.A. River advocates wait for watershed Army Corps study\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Los_Angeles_River_bicycle_path¶ms=33.79011_N_118.20395_W_type:landmark_source:enwiki","external_links_name":"33°47′24″N 118°12′14″W / 33.79011°N 118.20395°W / 33.79011; -118.20395"},{"Link":"http://www.kcet.org/socal/departures/fieldguides/lariver/biking/bicycling---glendale-narrows-elysian-valley-bike-path.html","external_links_name":"\"Glendale Narrow and Elysian Valley Path\""},{"Link":"http://www.traillink.com/trail/los-angeles-river-trail.aspx","external_links_name":"TrailLink.com: Los Angeles River Trail"},{"Link":"http://www.lariver.org/Partners/VisittheLARiver/index.htm","external_links_name":"The City of Los Angeles.gov: Visit the LA River—Los Angeles River"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150727051511/http://www.lariver.org/Partners/VisittheLARiver/index.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.larivercorp.com/greenway2020","external_links_name":"Los Angeles River Revitalization Corporation (LA River Corp): Greenway 2020 website"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160314213647/http://www.larivercorp.com/greenway2020","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.kcet.org/confluence/la-river-excursion-bicycle-journey-to-long-beach","external_links_name":"KCET.org: \"L.A. 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River's Headwaters in Canoga Park\""},{"Link":"http://la.streetsblog.org/2014/08/28/eyes-on-the-street-ribbon-cutting-for-new-west-sfv-l-a-river-bike-path/","external_links_name":"Streetsblog Los Angeles, Eyes on the Street: \"Ribbon-Cutting for New West SFV L.A. River Bike Path\""},{"Link":"https://spectrumnews1.com/ca/la-west/environment/2022/04/21/newest-section-of-la-river-bike-path-opens-in-canoga-park","external_links_name":"\"Newest section of LA River bike path opens in Canoga Park\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailynews.com/a-new-section-of-protected-bike-path-along-the-la-river-opens-in-studio-city","external_links_name":"\"A new section of protected bike path along the LA River opens in Studio City\""},{"Link":"https://www.kcet.org/confluence/north-valleyheart-riverwalk-greens-the-way-in-studio-city","external_links_name":"KCET.org: \"North Valleyheart Riverwalk Greens the Way in Studio City\""},{"Link":"https://dominguezchannelws.wordpress.com/tag/bike-path/","external_links_name":"Friends / Amigos of Dominguez Watershed: The Dominguez Channel bike path"},{"Link":"http://weekendsherpa.com/stories/laguna-dominguez-bike-trail/","external_links_name":"Weekend Sherpa blog: The Laguna Dominguez Bike Trail"},{"Link":"https://lacreekfreak.wordpress.com/2008/12/20/searching-for-tom-or-joshua-down-in-dominguez/","external_links_name":"L.A. Creek Freak blog: History of Dominguez Channel"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-los-angeles-river-revitalization-greenway-20130723,0,7295363.story","external_links_name":"\"Ambitious goal for L.A. River: Continuous 51-mile path by 2020\""},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/la-et-cm-la-river-gehry-20160613-snap-story.html","external_links_name":"\"Frank Gehry's controversial L.A. River plan gets cautious, low-key rollout\""},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0458-3035","external_links_name":"0458-3035"},{"Link":"http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/arts/culture/la-et-cm-la-river-notebook-20130724,0,6530579.story","external_links_name":"\"L.A. River advocates wait for watershed Army Corps study\""},{"Link":"http://labikepaths.com/bike-paths/los-angeles-river/","external_links_name":"Los Angeles River - L.A. Bike Paths"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Los_Angeles_River_bicycle_path¶ms=33.79011_N_118.20395_W_type:landmark_source:enwiki","external_links_name":"33°47′24″N 118°12′14″W / 33.79011°N 118.20395°W / 33.79011; -118.20395"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizianagaram_Fort | Vizianagaram Fort | ["1 Location","2 History","3 Features","3.1 Gates","3.2 Moti Mahal","4 Other Structures in Vizianagaram","4.1 Oudh Khana","4.2 Alakananda Palace","4.3 Korukonda Palace","4.4 Ganta Stambham","4.5 Other structures","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 18°06′39″N 83°24′38″E / 18.11083°N 83.41056°E / 18.11083; 83.4105618th-century fort in Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, South India.
Vizianagaram fortVizianagaram fort wallsShown within IndiaAlternative namePusapati fortLocationVizianagaram, Vizianagram district, Andhra Pradesh, IndiaCoordinates18°06′39″N 83°24′38″E / 18.11083°N 83.41056°E / 18.11083; 83.41056TypeFortificationLength240 feet (73 m)Width240 feet (73 m)Height20 feet (6.1 m)HistoryFounded1713AbandonedOccupiedSite notesOwnershipRajas of Vizianagaram
Vizianagaram fort is an early 18th-century fort in the city of Vizianagaram in northeastern Andhra Pradesh, South India. It was built by Vijaya Rama Raju, the Maharaja of Vizianagaram in 1713. The formal ceremony, while laying the foundation for the fort, was very auspicious as it represented five signs of victory. The square-shaped fort has two main gates, of which the main entry gate (the "Nagar khana") has elaborate architectural features. There are many temples and palaces within the fort and a victory tower. This alternative name is Pusapati.
Location
The fort is situated in Vizianagaram (Telugu language meaning: "the city of victory") about 18 kilometres (11 mi) away from the Bay of Bengal. It is 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the northwest of Visakhapatnam.
History
The Vizianagaram Fort was built in 1713 at a location where five vijayas (Telugu language meaning: "signs of victory") were supposed to be present. It is named after its founder Maharaja Vijay Ram Raju, also known as Ananda Raju I (1671–1717), the Maharaja of Vizianagaram. The site for the fort was suggested to the Maharajas by a Muslim saint, Mahabub Valli, who was doing penance in that forest. The auspicious date chosen for the foundation laying ceremony corresponded, according to the Hindu calendar, to the year known as Vijaya on the tenth day of the Vijaya Dasami when the Dassara Festival is generally held in the country. It was also a Tuesday, which means Jayavaram ("victory day") in Telugu.
Features
The fort, built of stone, is in the shape of a square of side 240 metres (790 ft), and rises to a height of 10 metres (33 ft). The width of the wall at the top varies from 8 to 16 metres (26 to 52 ft). The four corners of the fort have fortifications in the form of bastions made of stones with a slope on its inner face covered with earth fill and strengthened with stone slabs. There are two gates of entry into the fort. The fort entry from the east is the main gate called the "Nagar khana", which has elegant architectural designs. Prior to the construction of the Nagar khana, a victory arch stood at the entrance. The west-facing gate is smaller but with similar architectural features as the main gate. A moat surrounded the fort.
Apart from the two main gates, there are several temples and monuments located within the fort. Two important temples are the Hanuman temple, and the Lakshmi temple known as the "Kota Shakto", which is the guardian deity of the fort. Rajas offered prayers at Lakshmi temple before proceeding on any war campaign. Important monuments are palaces such as the Moti Mahal, Oudh Khana, Alakananda Palace, Korukonda Palace, and, just outside, the victory tower called the "Ghanta Stambham" (Clock Tower). Two other important historical monuments outside the fort, but within the city limits, are the Moddukovillu temple and the Perla Home.
Gates
The Western gate of the fort
The two main gates of the fort are architecturally elegant, built in Rajasthani style of architecture. The east main gate is called the "Nagar khana" as it has a drum tower at the top which was used to beat drums to inform the people of royal orders and arrival of royal guests.
The west gate is the rear entrance to the Vizianagaram fort. This gateway is also built in Rajasthani style with a pavilion on top. The gate provides access to the royal tombs, and is a traditional gateway to take out dead bodies for cremation. In place of a moat, which existed in the past, there is now a well-turned park extending to the west gate.
Moti Mahal
Front view of the Vizianagaram palace in the fort
The Moti Mahal is the royal court or the Durbar hall which was built by Vijayarama Raju-III in 1869. At the entry to this hall, there are two marble statues. This is a monument that represents the past glory, donated to the Maharajah Alak Narayan Society of Arts and Science (MANSAS Trust) by its founder Dr. P.V.G. Raju, the Raja Saheb of Vizianagaram, is now functioning as a college for women on its first floor. It also houses a museum which has artifacts of the past kings who ruled from the fort.
Other Structures in Vizianagaram
Oudh Khana
The stairway in the palace bathroom leading to the top
The Oudh Khana is a tower constructed in 1876-77 by Maharaja Vijaya Rama Raju III. It is present in present-day Phool Bagh, Vizianagaram. A unique part of this palace is an exclusive bathroom of the Rajas, which is an octagonal stone structure that adjoins the Phool Bagh Palace. The structure is 50 feet (15 m) in height built with stones and has a spiral stairway which leads to the water tank at the top that is fed by pumping water from a nearby well.
Alakananda Palace
The Alaknanda Palace was built as a royal guest house. It was constructed in a plush style for the royal guests. It is set within a well laid out garden with walkways. Within the grounds of this palace, an airstrip has been built in recent years for use of the royalty. This palace, however, now houses the 5th Battalion of the Andhra Pradesh Armed Reserve Police.
Korukonda Palace
Nearer to the Alakananda Palace is the Korukonda Palace. The land around this palace, about 1,000 acres (400 ha) large, is used as a playground and also has well-tended gardens. Educational institutions have been established in this land and there a school to train youth who wish to join the defense forces.
Ganta Stambham
Ganta Stambham or the Clock Tower
Ganta Stambham is the Clock Tower patterned on the lines of the Big Ben in London. The rajas of Vizianagaram, who used to frequent London during the British Raj, built it. It is located just outside the limits of the fort within the heart of the city. The octagonal tower, built of sandstone in 1885, reaches a height of 68 feet (21 m). It was painted white at the top in the past but is now painted cream and red.
Other structures
Outside the limits of the fort, there is an ancient temple dedicated to goddess Pydithalli Ammavaru which is held in great reverence by the people of the town. It is believed that this deity is the reincarnated form of a daughter of the royal family. The image of the Goddess worshipped in this temple was found on Vijayadashami day in 1752. This day is marked by an annual celebration on 21 and 22 October as a "jatra" or "religious fair". The temple has a Shiva linga in two colours, which is said to exemplify the union of Shiva and Parvati.
Perla Home, also known as the "Perla Vari", constructed in 1895, is said to be one of the most well-maintained monuments in the city. The first building to get electricity connection in the region, it had a bedroom fitted with bedsteads made of silver. A library, which was part of this building, is still functional. The elegant European furniture and the chandeliers of past glory are on display with other artifacts.
References
^ a b c "Visiting Places: Vizianagaram". Kendriya Vidyalaya Voziangaram, Government of India. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
^ a b Andhra Pradesh (India) (2000). Andhra Pradesh District Gazetteers: Vizianagram. Director of Print. and Stationery at the Government Secretariat Press; [copies can be from: Government Publication Bureau, Andhra Pradesh. p. 441.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n "Vizianagaram Fort". National Informatics Centre, Vijayanagaram. Retrieved 12 March 2016.
^ General, India Office of the Registrar (1961). Census of India, 1961: Andhra Pradesh. Manager of Publications. p. 159.
^ "About Maharajah's Alak Narayana Society of Arts and Society (MANSAS) Trust". Maharaja's College of Pharmacy. Retrieved 20 June 2016.
^ "Oudh Khana location on Google maps".
External links
Media related to Vizianagaram Fort at Wikimedia Commons
vteForts in Andhra Pradesh
Bobbili
Chandragiri
Chennampalli
Gandikota
Gooty
Gurramkonda
Kondapalli
Kondaveedu
Konda Reddy Buruju
Madakasira
Ratnagiri
Udayagiri
Vizianagaram | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"Vizianagaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vizianagaram"},{"link_name":"Andhra Pradesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh"},{"link_name":"South India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_India"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"18th-century fort in Vizianagaram, Andhra Pradesh, South India.Vizianagaram fort is an early 18th-century fort in the city of Vizianagaram in northeastern Andhra Pradesh, South India. It was built by Vijaya Rama Raju, the Maharaja of Vizianagaram in 1713. The formal ceremony, while laying the foundation for the fort, was very auspicious as it represented five signs of victory. The square-shaped fort has two main gates, of which the main entry gate (the \"Nagar khana\") has elaborate architectural features. 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It is named after its founder Maharaja Vijay Ram Raju, also known as Ananda Raju I (1671–1717), the Maharaja of Vizianagaram.[1][2][3] The site for the fort was suggested to the Maharajas by a Muslim saint, Mahabub Valli, who was doing penance in that forest.[4] The auspicious date chosen for the foundation laying ceremony corresponded, according to the Hindu calendar, to the year known as Vijaya on the tenth day of the Vijaya Dasami when the Dassara Festival is generally held in the country. It was also a Tuesday, which means Jayavaram (\"victory day\") in Telugu.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bastions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastions"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fort-3"},{"link_name":"Hanuman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanuman"},{"link_name":"Lakshmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fort-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fort-3"}],"text":"The fort, built of stone, is in the shape of a square of side 240 metres (790 ft), and rises to a height of 10 metres (33 ft). The width of the wall at the top varies from 8 to 16 metres (26 to 52 ft). The four corners of the fort have fortifications in the form of bastions made of stones with a slope on its inner face covered with earth fill and strengthened with stone slabs. There are two gates of entry into the fort. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Christensen | Niels Christensen | ["1 Early years","2 Work","3 Selected listing of inventions","4 References","5 Related reading","6 External links"] | For the Danish sport shooter, see Niels Christian Christensen.
For other people named Nils Christensen, see Nils Christensen (disambiguation).
Niels Anton ChristensenPersonal detailsBorn(1865-08-16)16 August 1865DenmarkDied5 October 1952(1952-10-05) (aged 87)ProfessionEngineer and Inventor
Niels Anton Christensen (16 August 1865 – 5 October 1952) was a Danish-American inventor whose principal invention was the O-ring, the ubiquitous hydraulic seal.
Early years
Niels Anton Christensen was born on a farm in Tørring-Uldum Municipality, Denmark. He showed an early aptitude for mechanics and apprenticed to a machinist in Vejle, Denmark. After completing his apprenticeship, he entered the Technical Institute of Copenhagen, now the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science. In 1891, Christensen immigrated to the United States when he was 26 years old.
Work
Christensen became a leading draftsman at Fraser and Chalmers in Chicago, a manufacturer of machinery for industry, mining, and transportation. While working in Chicago, he witnessed an accident of a new electric railway, which resulted in two deaths and a number of injuries because the conductor was unable to stop the rail cars in time using the mechanical brake. Christensen decided to design and build a power brake. The Christensen air brake was successfully tested on Detroit's streetcar system, but a downturn of the economy prevented Christensen from manufacturing and marketing the system.
He worked briefly on electrical systems for Chicago's Columbian Exposition and then was hired by the E. P. Allis Company of Milwaukee. While at E. P. Allis, he continued to develop his air brake for electric rail cars and streetcars. In 1896 he obtained financial backing that allowed him to make an experimental test apparatus. He also secured patents on the new valve mechanism. In early 1897, he founded Christensen Engineering Company, which initially operated in the Menomonee Valley at 718 Hanover. His operations were co-located with the Seamless Structural Company at the corner of Hanover and Burnham Streets.
George Westinghouse had developed an air braking system for steam locomotives and felt that Christensen's invention constituted patent infringement, suing him in December 1906. Westinghouse Air Brake Company acquired National Electric, renaming the company the National Brake & Electric Company, which refused to pay royalties to Niels Christensen. Christensen promptly countersued, starting a 24-year legal battle that went before the US Supreme Court on three separate occasions over the rights to manufacture compressed air brake systems for streetcars.
In 1933, working in his basement, Christensen discovered by trial and error that a ring-shaped piece of rubber in a groove one and a half times long as the minor radius of the ring made a reliable, tight seal of a piston sliding in a cylinder. He applied for a U.S. patent in 1937 and it was granted two years later.
After Pearl Harbor, the United States government bought the rights to many war-related patents, and made them available to manufacturers royalty-free. Christensen was paid $75,000. When the war ended (formally in 1952) and the patent rights were transferred back to him, the patent had only four years left. Litigation resulted in a $100,000 payment to his heirs in 1971, 19 years after his death.
Selected listing of inventions
Propeller (1369399) – filed October 6, 1916; issued February 22, 1921
Power controller for vehicle brakes (2150022) – filed November 3, 1932; issued March 7, 1939
Air compressor (2074980) – filed October 17, 1932; issued March 23, 1937
Brake mechanism (2197068) – filed March 10, 1938; issued April 16, 1940
Automobile wheel and brake mechanism (2172788) – filed July 16, 1935; issued September 12, 1939
References
^ No. 555:O-Ring (John H. Lienhard, University of Houston)
^ O-Rings: A Public Radio Commentary by Bill Hammack (William S. Hammack Enterprises)
^ O-Ring History (Ge Mao Rubber Industrial Co., Ltd.)
^ Ring Master (George Wise, "Invention and Technology Magazine" Spring/Summer 1991, Volume 7, Issue. American Heritage Publishing "AmericanHeritage.com / RING MASTER". Archived from the original on 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2006-09-07.
^ 339 F2d 665 Jo. C. Calhoun, Jr., and Esther C. Young, Executors of the Estate of Niels A. Christensen (Deceased) v. United States (OpenJurist.org)
Related reading
Weber, Robert John and David N. Perkins Inventive minds: creativity in technology (Volume 49. Oxford University Press. 1992)
Christensen, Niels A. U. S. Patent 2,180,795 (Packing. November 21, 1939)
External links
Portrait of Niels A. Christensen | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Niels Christian Christensen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niels_Christian_Christensen"},{"link_name":"Nils Christensen (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nils_Christensen_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"O-ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O-ring"},{"link_name":"hydraulic seal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_seal"}],"text":"For the Danish sport shooter, see Niels Christian Christensen.For other people named Nils Christensen, see Nils Christensen (disambiguation).Niels Anton Christensen (16 August 1865 – 5 October 1952) was a Danish-American inventor whose principal invention was the O-ring, the ubiquitous hydraulic seal.","title":"Niels Christensen"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tørring-Uldum Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B8rring-Uldum_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark"},{"link_name":"mechanics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mechanics"},{"link_name":"Vejle, Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vejle,_Denmark"},{"link_name":"University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Copenhagen_Faculty_of_Science"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Niels Anton Christensen was born on a farm in Tørring-Uldum Municipality, Denmark. He showed an early aptitude for mechanics and apprenticed to a machinist in Vejle, Denmark. After completing his apprenticeship, he entered the Technical Institute of Copenhagen, now the University of Copenhagen Faculty of Science. In 1891, Christensen immigrated to the United States when he was 26 years old.[1]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fraser and Chalmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allis-Chalmers"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"colloquialism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#WPCOLLOQUIAL"},{"link_name":"Columbian Exposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"E. P. Allis Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allis-Chalmers"},{"link_name":"Milwaukee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milwaukee"},{"link_name":"George Westinghouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse"},{"link_name":"patent infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent_infringement"},{"link_name":"Westinghouse Air Brake Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westinghouse_Air_Brake_Company"},{"link_name":"rubber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubber"},{"link_name":"piston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston"},{"link_name":"cylinder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cylinder_(engine)"},{"link_name":"U.S. patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Patent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pearl Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearl_Harbor"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Christensen became a leading draftsman at Fraser and Chalmers in Chicago, a manufacturer of machinery for industry, mining, and transportation. While working in Chicago, he witnessed an accident of a new electric railway, which resulted in two deaths and a number of injuries because the conductor was unable to stop the rail cars in time using the mechanical brake. Christensen decided to design and build a power brake. The Christensen air brake was successfully tested on Detroit's streetcar system, but a downturn[colloquialism] of the economy prevented Christensen from manufacturing and marketing the system.He worked briefly on electrical systems for Chicago's Columbian Exposition and then was hired by the E. P. Allis Company of Milwaukee. While at E. P. Allis, he continued to develop his air brake for electric rail cars and streetcars. In 1896 he obtained financial backing that allowed him to make an experimental test apparatus. He also secured patents on the new valve mechanism. In early 1897, he founded Christensen Engineering Company, which initially operated in the Menomonee Valley at 718 Hanover. His operations were co-located with the Seamless Structural Company at the corner of Hanover and Burnham Streets.George Westinghouse had developed an air braking system for steam locomotives and felt that Christensen's invention constituted patent infringement, suing him in December 1906. Westinghouse Air Brake Company acquired National Electric, renaming the company the National Brake & Electric Company, which refused to pay royalties to Niels Christensen. Christensen promptly countersued, starting a 24-year legal battle that went before the US Supreme Court on three separate occasions over the rights to manufacture compressed air brake systems for streetcars.In 1933, working in his basement, Christensen discovered by trial and error that a ring-shaped piece of rubber in a groove one and a half times long as the minor radius of the ring made a reliable, tight seal of a piston sliding in a cylinder. He applied for a U.S. patent in 1937 and it was granted two years later.[2]After Pearl Harbor, the United States government bought the rights to many war-related patents, and made them available to manufacturers royalty-free. Christensen was paid $75,000. When the war ended (formally in 1952) and the patent rights were transferred back to him, the patent had only four years left. Litigation resulted in a $100,000 payment to his heirs in 1971, 19 years after his death.[3][4][5]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Propeller (1369399) – filed October 6, 1916; issued February 22, 1921\nPower controller for vehicle brakes (2150022) – filed November 3, 1932; issued March 7, 1939\nAir compressor (2074980) – filed October 17, 1932; issued March 23, 1937\nBrake mechanism (2197068) – filed March 10, 1938; issued April 16, 1940\nAutomobile wheel and brake mechanism (2172788) – filed July 16, 1935; issued September 12, 1939","title":"Selected listing of inventions"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Weber, Robert John and David N. Perkins Inventive minds: creativity in technology (Volume 49. Oxford University Press. 1992)\nChristensen, Niels A. U. S. Patent 2,180,795 (Packing. November 21, 1939)","title":"Related reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"AmericanHeritage.com / RING MASTER\". Archived from the original on 2007-02-23. Retrieved 2006-09-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070223213039/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1991/1/1991_1_58.shtml","url_text":"\"AmericanHeritage.com / RING MASTER\""},{"url":"http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1991/1/1991_1_58.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.uh.edu/engines/epi555.htm","external_links_name":"No. 555:O-Ring (John H. Lienhard, University of Houston)"},{"Link":"http://www.engineerguy.com/comm/2994.htm","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"http://www.oilseal.asia/o-ring.htm","external_links_name":"O-Ring History (Ge Mao Rubber Industrial Co., Ltd.)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070223213039/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1991/1/1991_1_58.shtml","external_links_name":"\"AmericanHeritage.com / RING MASTER\""},{"Link":"http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1991/1/1991_1_58.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://openjurist.org/339/f2d/665/calhoun-v-united-states","external_links_name":"[2]"},{"Link":"http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/whi/fullimage.asp?id=61097","external_links_name":"Portrait of Niels A. Christensen"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_Minnesota_Golden_Gophers_football_team | 1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team | ["1 Schedule","2 Game summaries","2.1 Purdue","2.2 Wisconsin","3 Roster","4 References"] | American college football season
1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers footballConferenceBig Ten ConferenceRecord4–7 (3–5 Big Ten)Head coachJim Wacker (2nd season)Offensive coordinatorBob DeBesse (2nd season)Defensive coordinatorMarc Dove (2nd season)CaptainDennis Cappella, Antonio Carter, Russ Heath, Robert RogersHome stadiumHubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeSeasons← 19921994 →
1993 Big Ten Conference football standings
vte
Conf
Overall
Team
W
L
T
W
L
T
No. 6 Wisconsin +
6
–
1
–
1
10
–
1
–
1
No. 11 Ohio State +
6
–
1
–
1
10
–
1
–
1
No. 8 Penn State
6
–
2
–
0
10
–
2
–
0
Indiana
5
–
3
–
0
8
–
4
–
0
No. 21 Michigan
5
–
3
–
0
8
–
4
–
0
Illinois
5
–
3
–
0
5
–
6
–
0
Michigan State
4
–
4
–
0
6
–
6
–
0
Iowa
3
–
5
–
0
6
–
6
–
0
Minnesota
3
–
5
–
0
4
–
7
–
0
Northwestern
0
–
8
–
0
2
–
9
–
0
Purdue
0
–
8
–
0
1
–
10
–
0
+ – Conference co-championsRankings from AP Poll
The 1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second year under head coach Jim Wacker, the Golden Gophers compiled a 4–7 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 354 to 253.
Offensive guard Rob Rogers and wide receiver Omar Douglas were named All-Big Ten second team. Defensive back Justin Conzemius, wide receiver Omar Douglas and linebacker Jeff Rosga were all named second team Academic All-Americans. Kicker Mike Chalberg, defensive back Justin Conzemius, wide receiver Omar Douglas, offensive lineman Chris Fowlkes, linebacker Peter Hiestand, offensive lineman Todd Jesewitz, linebacker Ben Langford, defensive back Jeff Rosga, linebacker Craig Sauer, tight end Mark Tangen and linebacker Lance Wolkow were named Academic All-Big Ten.
Omar Douglas was awarded the Bronko Nagurski Award, Bruce Smith Award and Butch Nash Award. Linebacker Andrew Veit was awarded the Carl Eller Award. Long snapper Scott Williams was awarded the Bobby Bell Award. Running back Antonio Carter was awarded the Paul Giel Award.
The total home attendance for the season was 239,973, which averaged to 39,995 per game. The season attendance high was against Wisconsin, with 64,798 in attendance.
Schedule
DateTimeOpponentSiteTVResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 412:00 pmat No. 17 Penn StateBeaver StadiumUniversity Park, PennsylvaniaMSCL 20–3895,387
September 116:00 pmIndiana State*Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolisW 27–1030,719
September 187:00 pmKansas State*Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolisL 25–3036,245
September 258:00 pmat San Diego State*Jack Murphy StadiumSan DiegoKMSPL 17–4841,487
October 27:00 pmIndianaHubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolisL 19–2333,315
October 96:00 pmPurdueHubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolisW 59–5631,293
October 161:00 pmat NorthwesternDyche StadiumEvanston, IllinoisW 28–2627,814
October 236:00 pmNo. 15 WisconsinHubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolis (Paul Bunyan's Axe)W 28–2164,798
November 611:30 amat IllinoisMemorial StadiumChampaign, IllinoisESPNL 20–2350,192
November 1311:30 amMichiganHubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeMinneapolis (Little Brown Jug)ESPNL 7–5843,603
November 201:05 pmat IowaKinnick StadiumIowa City, Iowa (Floyd of Rosedale)L 3–2166,840
*Non-conference gameHomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the gameAll times are in Central time
Game summaries
Purdue
1
234Total
Purdue
14
141414
56
• Minnesota
7
142810
59
Date: October 9Location: Hubert H. Humphrey MetrodomeGame attendance: 31,293Game weather: Indoors (dome)
Scoring summaryQ1PURAlstott 15 yard run (Bobich kick)PUR 7–0
Q1PURRogers 1 yard run (Bobich kick)PUR 14–0
Q1MINNDouglas 11 yard pass from Eckers (Chalberg kick)PUR 14–7
Q2PURAlstott 26 yard run (Bobich kick)PUR 21–7
Q2MINNDarkins 1 yard run (Chalberg kick)PUR 21–14
Q2PURRogers 1 yard run (Bobich kick)PUR 28–14
Q2MINNDouglas 21 yard pass from Eckers (Chalberg kick)PUR 28–21
Q3PURAlstott 9 yard pass from Pike (Bobich kick)PUR 35–21
Q3MINNDouglas 31 yard pass from Eckers (Chalberg kick)PUR 35–28
Q3PURAlstott 11 yard run (Bobich kick)PUR 42–28
Q3MINNDouglas 33 yard pass from Eckers (Chalberg kick)PUR 42–35
Q3MINNDouglas 1 yard pass from Eckers (Chalberg kick)Tie 42–42
Q3MINNConzemius 55 yard interception return (Chalberg kick)MINN 49–42
Q4PURRogers 2 yard run (Bobich kick)Tie 49–49
Q4MINNGarrison 26 yard pass from Eckers (Chalberg kick)MINN 56–49
Q4PURAlstott 21 yard run (Bobich kick)Tie 56–56
Q4:08MINNChalberg 18 yard field goalMINN 59–56
Scott Eckers 24/36, 402 Yds, 6 TD (school record)
Chris Darkins 30 Rush, 149 Yds, TD
Omar Douglas 8 Rec, 149 Yds, 5 TD (Big Ten record)
Wisconsin
1
234Total
Wisconsin
0
0147
21
• Minnesota
7
1407
28
Date: October 23Location: Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, MinneapolisGame attendance: 64,798Game weather: Indoors (dome)
Scoring summary1MINNDarkins 39 yard pass from Eckers (Chalberg kick)MINN 7-0
2MINNRios 27 yard pass from Eckers (Chalberg kick)MINN 14-0
2MINNRosga 55 yard interception return (Chalberg kick)MINN 21-0
3WISMoss 3 yard run (Hall kick)MINN 21-7
3WISMoss 15 yard run (Hall kick)MINN 21-14
4MINNDarkins 2 yard run (Chalberg kick)MINN 28-14
4WISDawkins 16 yard pass from Bevell (Hall kick)MINN 28-21
Roster
1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team roster
Players
Coaches
Offense
Pos.
#
Name
Class
RB
44
Chris Darkins
So
WR
80
Omar Douglas
Sr
Defense
Pos.
#
Name
Class
LB
16
Craig Sauer
So
DT
90
Ed Hawthorne
Jr
Special teams
Pos.
#
Name
Class
Head coach
Jim Wacker
Coordinators/assistant coaches
Legend
(C) Team captain
(S) Suspended
(I) Ineligible
Injured
Redshirt
Roster
References
^ "1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers Schedule and Results". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved November 1, 2017.
^ Keiser, Jeff (2007), 2007 Media Guide (PDF), p. 180
^ a b Keiser, Jeff (2007), 2007 Media Guide (PDF), p. 182
^ a b c d Keiser, Jeff (2007), 2007 Media Guide (PDF), p. 181
^ a b Keiser, Jeff (2007), 2007 Media Guide (PDF), p. 160
^ Jon Roe (November 14, 1993). "The final: 58-7 -- and it wasn't that close". Star Tribune. pp. 1C, 15C – via Newspapers.com.
^ Gainesville Sun. 1993 Oct 10.
^ NY Times. Retrieved 2015-Sep-06.
^ Gainesville Sun. 1993 Oct 24.
vteMinnesota Golden Gophers footballVenues
Athletic Park (1892–1898)
University of Minnesota Armory (1892–1898)
Northrop Field (1899–1923)
Memorial Stadium (1924–1981)
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome (1982–2008)
Huntington Bank Stadium (2009–present)
Bowls & rivalries
Bowl games
Iowa
Michigan: Little Brown Jug
Nebraska
Wisconsin
Culture & lore
Goldy Gopher
Marching band
Spirit squad
"Minnesota Rouser"
"Minnesota March"
"Go Gopher Victory"
"Minnesota Fight"
"Our Minnesota"
"Hail! Minnesota"
"Battle Hymn of the Republic"
Minnesota shift
T formation
Smith of Minnesota
People
Head coaches
Statistical leaders
NFL draftees
Annual awards
Seasons
1882
1883
1884–1885
1886
1887
1888
1889
1890
1891
1892
1893
1894
1895
1896
1897
1898
1899
1900
1901
1902
1903
1904
1905
1906
1907
1908
1909
1910
1911
1912
1913
1914
1915
1916
1917
1918
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
1939
1940
1941
1942
1943
1944
1945
1946
1947
1948
1949
1950
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1952
1953
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1956
1957
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1989
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1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
2022
2023
2024
National championship seasons in bold | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"1993 NCAA Division I-A football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1993_NCAA_Division_I-A_football_season"},{"link_name":"Jim Wacker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Wacker"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Omar Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omar_Douglas"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg180-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg182-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg182-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg181-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg181-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg181-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg181-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg160-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pg160-5"}],"text":"The 1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team represented the University of Minnesota in the 1993 NCAA Division I-A football season. In their second year under head coach Jim Wacker, the Golden Gophers compiled a 4–7 record and were outscored by their opponents by a combined total of 354 to 253.[1]Offensive guard Rob Rogers and wide receiver Omar Douglas were named All-Big Ten second team.[2] Defensive back Justin Conzemius, wide receiver Omar Douglas and linebacker Jeff Rosga were all named second team Academic All-Americans.[3] Kicker Mike Chalberg, defensive back Justin Conzemius, wide receiver Omar Douglas, offensive lineman Chris Fowlkes, linebacker Peter Hiestand, offensive lineman Todd Jesewitz, linebacker Ben Langford, defensive back Jeff Rosga, linebacker Craig Sauer, tight end Mark Tangen and linebacker Lance Wolkow were named Academic All-Big Ten.[3]Omar Douglas was awarded the Bronko Nagurski Award, Bruce Smith Award and Butch Nash Award.[4] Linebacker Andrew Veit was awarded the Carl Eller Award.[4] Long snapper Scott Williams was awarded the Bobby Bell Award.[4] Running back Antonio Carter was awarded the Paul Giel Award.[4]The total home attendance for the season was 239,973, which averaged to 39,995 per game.[5] The season attendance high was against Wisconsin, with 64,798 in attendance.[5]","title":"1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers football team"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chris Darkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Darkins"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Purdue","text":"Scott Eckers 24/36, 402 Yds, 6 TD (school record)\nChris Darkins 30 Rush, 149 Yds, TD\nOmar Douglas 8 Rec, 149 Yds, 5 TD (Big Ten record)[7][8]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Wisconsin","text":"[9]","title":"Game summaries"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Roster"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers Schedule and Results\". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved November 1, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/minnesota/1993-schedule.html","url_text":"\"1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers Schedule and Results\""}]},{"reference":"Keiser, Jeff (2007), 2007 Media Guide (PDF), p. 180","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gophersports.com//pdf6/80499.pdf?SPSID=39281&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400","url_text":"2007 Media Guide"}]},{"reference":"Keiser, Jeff (2007), 2007 Media Guide (PDF), p. 182","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gophersports.com//pdf6/80499.pdf?SPSID=39281&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400","url_text":"2007 Media Guide"}]},{"reference":"Keiser, Jeff (2007), 2007 Media Guide (PDF), p. 181","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gophersports.com//pdf6/80499.pdf?SPSID=39281&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400","url_text":"2007 Media Guide"}]},{"reference":"Keiser, Jeff (2007), 2007 Media Guide (PDF), p. 160","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gophersports.com//pdf3/80498.pdf?SPSID=39281&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400","url_text":"2007 Media Guide"}]},{"reference":"Jon Roe (November 14, 1993). \"The final: 58-7 -- and it wasn't that close\". Star Tribune. pp. 1C, 15C – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38885460/the_final_587_and_it_wasnt/","url_text":"\"The final: 58-7 -- and it wasn't that close\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://gophersports.com/roster.aspx?roster=80","external_links_name":"Roster"},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/minnesota/1993-schedule.html","external_links_name":"\"1993 Minnesota Golden Gophers Schedule and Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.gophersports.com//pdf6/80499.pdf?SPSID=39281&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400","external_links_name":"2007 Media Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.gophersports.com//pdf6/80499.pdf?SPSID=39281&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400","external_links_name":"2007 Media Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.gophersports.com//pdf6/80499.pdf?SPSID=39281&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400","external_links_name":"2007 Media Guide"},{"Link":"http://www.gophersports.com//pdf3/80498.pdf?SPSID=39281&SPID=3280&DB_OEM_ID=8400","external_links_name":"2007 Media Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/38885460/the_final_587_and_it_wasnt/","external_links_name":"\"The final: 58-7 -- and it wasn't that close\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1993/10/10/sports/college-football-purdue-scores-56-and-loses.html","external_links_name":"NY Times"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R731_road | R731 road (Ireland) | ["1 See also","2 References"] | Road in Ireland
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "R731 road" Ireland – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
R731 roadBóthar R731The R731 at its junction with the R730Route informationLength17 km (11 mi)LocationCountryIrelandPrimarydestinations
County Wexford
Leave the R730
Killann
Rathnure
Ballywilliam
Terminates at the R729 north of New Ross.
Highway system
Roads in Ireland
Motorways
Primary
Secondary
Regional
The R731 road is a regional road in County Wexford, Ireland. From its junction with the R730 it takes a route along the southeasterly flank of the Blackstairs Mountains to its junction with the R729 north of New Ross, where it terminates.
En route it passes through the villages of Killann, Rathnure and Ballywilliam. The road is 17 km (11 mi) long.
See also
Roads in Ireland
National primary road
National secondary road
References
Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006 – Department of Transport
vteRoads in IrelandMotorways
M1
M2
M3
M4
M6
M7
M8
M9
M11
M17
M18
M20
M50
Primary roads
N1
N2
N3
N4
N5
N6
N7
N8
N9
N10
N11
N12
N13
N14
N15
N16
N17
N18
N19
N20
N21
N22
N23
N24
N25
N26
N27
N28
N29
N30
N31
N32
N33
N40
N50
Secondary roads
N51
N52
N53
N54
N55
N56
N58
N59
N60
N61
N62
N63
N65
N66
N67
N68
N69
N70
N71
N72
N73
N74
N75
N76
N77
N78
N80
N81
N82
N83
N84
N85
N86
N87
Regional roads
R101
R102
R103
R104
R105
R106
R107
R108
R109
R110
R111
R112
R113
R114
R115
R116
R117
R118
R119
R120
R121
R122
R123
R124
R125
R126
R127
R128
R129
R130
R131
R132
R133
R134
R135
R136
R137
R138
R139
R147
R148
R149
R150
R151
R152
R153
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See also
National Development Plan
Local roads
Toll roads
Transport Infrastructure Ireland
Trunk roads | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"regional road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"County Wexford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Wexford"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"R730","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R730_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Blackstairs Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstairs_Mountains"},{"link_name":"R729","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R729_road_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"New Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Ross"},{"link_name":"Killann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Killann&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rathnure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathnure"},{"link_name":"Ballywilliam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballywilliam"}],"text":"The R731 road is a regional road in County Wexford, Ireland. From its junction with the R730 it takes a route along the southeasterly flank of the Blackstairs Mountains to its junction with the R729 north of New Ross, where it terminates.En route it passes through the villages of Killann, Rathnure and Ballywilliam. The road is 17 km (11 mi) long.","title":"R731 road (Ireland)"}] | [] | [{"title":"Roads in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roads_in_Ireland"},{"title":"National primary road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_primary_road"},{"title":"National secondary road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_secondary_road"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22R731+road%22+Ireland","external_links_name":"\"R731 road\" Ireland"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22R731+road%22+Ireland+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22R731+road%22+Ireland&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22R731+road%22+Ireland+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22R731+road%22+Ireland","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22R731+road%22+Ireland&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005411/http://www.transport.ie/upload/general/7617-0.pdf","external_links_name":"Roads Act 1993 (Classification of Regional Roads) Order 2006"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_Knights_%E2%80%93_Gilded_City | Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City | ["1 Premise","2 Publication","2.1 Issues","3 See also","4 References"] | Limited comic book series published by DC Comics
Not to be confused with Batman: Gotham Knights or Batman: Gotham Knight.
Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded CityCover page of Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City #1 (October 2022).Publication informationPublisherDC ComicsScheduleMonthlyFormatLimited seriesGenreSuperheroPublication dateOctober 25, 2022No. of issues6Main character(s)BatgirlBatmanNightwingRed HoodRobinCreative teamWritten byEvan NarcisseArtist(s)ABEL
Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City is an American comic book published by DC Comics. The six-issue limited series—written by Evan Narcisse and illustrated by ABEL—is a tie-in prequel to the video game Gotham Knights (2022), the premise revolving around Batman's final case before his death. It began publishing on October 25, 2022.
Premise
A mysterious virus has infected Gotham City, turning its citizens into rabid, yellow-irised maniacs driven to looting, theft, and bursts of anger. As Batman and his Gotham Knights—consisting of his protégés Nightwing, Batgirl, Robin, and Red Hood—try to contain and stop the outbreak, their search for more information about the virus leads them to uncover the story of the Runaway, an early Gotham vigilante who dealt with a similar outbreak in the 1800s.
Publication
The six-issue comic book limited series Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City was written by Evan Narcisse and illustrated by ABEL. The comic was officially announced at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022. It is a tie-in prequel to the video game Gotham Knights (2022). Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City began publishing by DC Comics on October 25 the same year, four days after the game was released. In addition to the United States, Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City was published simultaneously in the following territories: Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico and Spain. The comic book series was distributed as both individual issues and a hardcover collected edition, the latter which was released in all aforementioned territories on July 25, 2023, while a collected edition was available in Poland at the same time. Each issue of the limited series came with a code for a Gotham Knights in-game item, as well as a seventh item given to those who purchase all six issues of the comic book.
Issues
Issue
Publication date
Ref.
No. 1
October 25, 2022
See also
List of prequels
References
^ Scott, Ryan (July 27, 2022). "Superhero Bits: The Latest Spawn Reboot Update, DC Celebrates The Death Of Superman & More". /Film. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
^ Puc, Samantha (July 22, 2022). "Gotham Knights prequel follows Batman's last case before his death". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
^ "New Series and Stories from Gotham City at SDCC!". DC Comics.com. DC Comics. July 22, 2022. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
^ a b Loving, Casey (July 22, 2022). "'Gotham Knights' Prequel Exposes Batman's Apocalyptic Final Case". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
^ "Everything You Need to Know About GOTHAM KNIGHTS". DC Comics.com. DC Comics. July 22, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
^ "DC Reveals the Official Comic Prequel to the Gotham Knights Game!". DC Comics.com. DC Comics. July 22, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.
^ Johnston, Rich (July 22, 2022). "DC Comics October 2022 Solicits & Solicitations – Not Just Batman". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.
vteBatman publications and story linesCurrent series
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Section 8
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Trinity
The Untold Legend of the Batman
Batman Eternal
Batman Eternal
Gotham by Midnight
Batman and Robin Eternal
Dark Moon Rising
Batman and the Monster Men
Batman and the Mad Monk
The Man Who Laughs
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Batman: The Long Halloween
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Arkham Asylum: A Serious House on Serious Earth
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In Darkest Knight
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KnightGallery
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Elseworld's Finest: Supergirl & Batgirl
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Story lines
"The Man Behind the Red Hood!"
"The Joker's Millions"
"The Joker's Double Jeopardy"
"Batman: Year One"
"Year Two"
"Batman: A Death in the Family"
"Year Three"
"The Man Who Falls"
"Anarky in Gotham City"
"Gothic"
"The Return of the Joker"
"Prey"
"The Last Arkham"
"Knightfall"
"Contagion"
"Legacy"
"Cataclysm"
"No Man's Land"
"Joker: Last Laugh"
"Bruce Wayne: Fugitive"
"Hush"
"Broken City"
"War Games"
"City of Crime"
"Under the Hood"
"War Crimes"
"Face the Face"
"Batman and Son"
"The Resurrection of Ra's al Ghul"
"Batman R.I.P."
"Whatever Happened to the Caped Crusader?"
"Batwoman: Elegy"
"Bruce Wayne: The Road Home"
"The Black Mirror"
"Night of the Owls"
"Death of the Family"
"Zero Year"
"Endgame"
"Robin War"
"The Button"
"Dark Nights: Metal"
"Joker War"
"Dark Nights: Death Metal"
"Fear State"
"Shadows of the Bat"
"Shadow War"
"Gotham War"
Intercompanycrossovers
Batman/Aliens
Batman/Daredevil: King of New York
Batman/Hellboy/Starman
Batman/Judge Dredd: Judgment on Gotham
Batman/Spawn: War Devil
Batman & Spider-Man: New Age Dawning
Batman/Tarzan: Claws of the Cat-woman
Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures
Batman/The Spirit
Batman Versus Predator
Batman vs. Bigby! A Wolf in Gotham
Daredevil/Batman: Eye for an Eye
Ghost/Batgirl: The Resurrection Machine
Harley & Ivy Meet Betty & Veronica
Spawn/Batman
Superman and Batman versus Aliens and Predator
Incomplete
All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder
Batman: The Widening Gyre
Related topics
Batman: Child of Dreams
Batman: Haunted Knight
Batman Legends
DC Comics – The Legend of Batman
Elseworlds
The Further Adventures of The Joker
Publications are listed alphabetically by published titles. Storylines are listed in publication order. Compiled without respect for canon or "current" continuity. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Batman: Gotham Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_Knights"},{"link_name":"Batman: Gotham Knight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman:_Gotham_Knight"},{"link_name":"American comic book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_comic_book"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Evan Narcisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Narcisse"},{"link_name":"Gotham Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Knights_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"}],"text":"Limited comic book series published by DC ComicsNot to be confused with Batman: Gotham Knights or Batman: Gotham Knight.Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City is an American comic book published by DC Comics. The six-issue limited series—written by Evan Narcisse and illustrated by ABEL—is a tie-in prequel to the video game Gotham Knights (2022), the premise revolving around Batman's final case before his death. It began publishing on October 25, 2022.","title":"Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gotham City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_City"},{"link_name":"Batman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batman"},{"link_name":"Nightwing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Grayson"},{"link_name":"Batgirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Robin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Drake"},{"link_name":"Red Hood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason_Todd"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-/Film-1"}],"text":"A mysterious virus has infected Gotham City, turning its citizens into rabid, yellow-irised maniacs driven to looting, theft, and bursts of anger. As Batman and his Gotham Knights—consisting of his protégés Nightwing, Batgirl, Robin, and Red Hood—try to contain and stop the outbreak, their search for more information about the virus leads them to uncover the story of the Runaway, an early Gotham vigilante who dealt with a similar outbreak in the 1800s.[1]","title":"Premise"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limited series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)"},{"link_name":"Evan Narcisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evan_Narcisse"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GamesRadar+LastCase-2"},{"link_name":"San Diego Comic-Con","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Diego_Comic-Con"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-San_Diego_Comic-Con-3"},{"link_name":"Gotham Knights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gotham_Knights_(video_game)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ApocalypticPrequel-4"},{"link_name":"DC Comics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReleaseDate-5"},{"link_name":"collected edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collected_edition"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Worldwide-6"},{"link_name":"in-game item","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-game_item"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ApocalypticPrequel-4"}],"text":"The six-issue comic book limited series Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City was written by Evan Narcisse and illustrated by ABEL.[2] The comic was officially announced at San Diego Comic-Con in July 2022.[3] It is a tie-in prequel to the video game Gotham Knights (2022).[4] Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City began publishing by DC Comics on October 25 the same year, four days after the game was released.[5] In addition to the United States, Batman: Gotham Knights – Gilded City was published simultaneously in the following territories: Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Mexico and Spain. The comic book series was distributed as both individual issues and a hardcover collected edition, the latter which was released in all aforementioned territories on July 25, 2023, while a collected edition was available in Poland at the same time.[6] Each issue of the limited series came with a code for a Gotham Knights in-game item, as well as a seventh item given to those who purchase all six issues of the comic book.[4]","title":"Publication"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Issues","title":"Publication"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of prequels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_prequels"}] | [{"reference":"Scott, Ryan (July 27, 2022). \"Superhero Bits: The Latest Spawn Reboot Update, DC Celebrates The Death Of Superman & More\". /Film. Archived from the original on July 28, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.slashfilm.com/943458/superhero-bits-the-latest-spawn-reboot-update-dc-celebrates-the-death-of-superman-more/","url_text":"\"Superhero Bits: The Latest Spawn Reboot Update, DC Celebrates The Death Of Superman & More\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki//Film","url_text":"/Film"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220728002030/https://www.slashfilm.com/943458/superhero-bits-the-latest-spawn-reboot-update-dc-celebrates-the-death-of-superman-more/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Puc, Samantha (July 22, 2022). \"Gotham Knights prequel follows Batman's last case before his death\". GamesRadar+. Archived from the original on August 2, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamesradar.com/gotham-knights-prequel-follows-batmans-last-case-before-his-death/","url_text":"\"Gotham Knights prequel follows Batman's last case before his death\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GamesRadar%2B","url_text":"GamesRadar+"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220802154818/https://www.gamesradar.com/gotham-knights-prequel-follows-batmans-last-case-before-his-death/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"New Series and Stories from Gotham City at SDCC!\". DC Comics.com. DC Comics. July 22, 2022. Archived from the original on August 9, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dc.com/blog/2022/07/22/new-series-and-stories-from-gotham-city-at-sdcc","url_text":"\"New Series and Stories from Gotham City at SDCC!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics.com","url_text":"DC Comics.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics","url_text":"DC Comics"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220809142459/https://www.dc.com/blog/2022/07/22/new-series-and-stories-from-gotham-city-at-sdcc","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Loving, Casey (July 22, 2022). \"'Gotham Knights' Prequel Exposes Batman's Apocalyptic Final Case\". Screen Rant. Archived from the original on July 24, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenrant.com/gotham-knights-game-prequel-comic-batman-gilded-city/","url_text":"\"'Gotham Knights' Prequel Exposes Batman's Apocalyptic Final Case\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Rant","url_text":"Screen Rant"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220724004355/https://screenrant.com/gotham-knights-game-prequel-comic-batman-gilded-city/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Everything You Need to Know About GOTHAM KNIGHTS\". DC Comics.com. DC Comics. July 22, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dc.com/GothamKnightsFAQ","url_text":"\"Everything You Need to Know About GOTHAM KNIGHTS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics.com","url_text":"DC Comics.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics","url_text":"DC Comics"}]},{"reference":"\"DC Reveals the Official Comic Prequel to the Gotham Knights Game!\". DC Comics.com. DC Comics. July 22, 2022. Retrieved August 11, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dc.com/blog/2022/07/22/dc-reveals-the-official-comic-prequel-to-the-gotham-knights-game","url_text":"\"DC Reveals the Official Comic Prequel to the Gotham Knights Game!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics.com","url_text":"DC Comics.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DC_Comics","url_text":"DC Comics"}]},{"reference":"Johnston, Rich (July 22, 2022). \"DC Comics October 2022 Solicits & Solicitations – Not Just Batman\". Bleeding Cool. Archived from the original on August 1, 2022. Retrieved August 10, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://bleedingcool.com/comics/dc-comics-october-2022-solicits-solicitations-not-just-batman/","url_text":"\"DC Comics October 2022 Solicits & Solicitations – Not Just Batman\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bleeding_Cool","url_text":"Bleeding Cool"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220801234406/https://bleedingcool.com/comics/dc-comics-october-2022-solicits-solicitations-not-just-batman/","url_text":"Archived"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.slashfilm.com/943458/superhero-bits-the-latest-spawn-reboot-update-dc-celebrates-the-death-of-superman-more/","external_links_name":"\"Superhero Bits: The Latest Spawn Reboot Update, DC Celebrates The Death Of Superman & More\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220728002030/https://www.slashfilm.com/943458/superhero-bits-the-latest-spawn-reboot-update-dc-celebrates-the-death-of-superman-more/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.gamesradar.com/gotham-knights-prequel-follows-batmans-last-case-before-his-death/","external_links_name":"\"Gotham Knights prequel follows Batman's last case before his death\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220802154818/https://www.gamesradar.com/gotham-knights-prequel-follows-batmans-last-case-before-his-death/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dc.com/blog/2022/07/22/new-series-and-stories-from-gotham-city-at-sdcc","external_links_name":"\"New Series and Stories from Gotham City at SDCC!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220809142459/https://www.dc.com/blog/2022/07/22/new-series-and-stories-from-gotham-city-at-sdcc","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://screenrant.com/gotham-knights-game-prequel-comic-batman-gilded-city/","external_links_name":"\"'Gotham Knights' Prequel Exposes Batman's Apocalyptic Final Case\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220724004355/https://screenrant.com/gotham-knights-game-prequel-comic-batman-gilded-city/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.dc.com/GothamKnightsFAQ","external_links_name":"\"Everything You Need to Know About GOTHAM KNIGHTS\""},{"Link":"https://www.dc.com/blog/2022/07/22/dc-reveals-the-official-comic-prequel-to-the-gotham-knights-game","external_links_name":"\"DC Reveals the Official Comic Prequel to the Gotham Knights Game!\""},{"Link":"https://bleedingcool.com/comics/dc-comics-october-2022-solicits-solicitations-not-just-batman/","external_links_name":"\"DC Comics October 2022 Solicits & Solicitations – Not Just Batman\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220801234406/https://bleedingcool.com/comics/dc-comics-october-2022-solicits-solicitations-not-just-batman/","external_links_name":"Archived"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waffen_Grenadier_Regiment_of_the_SS_(1st_Romanian) | Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Romanian) | ["1 Construction battalion","2 Commanders","3 Order of battle","4 See also","5 References"] | Waffen-SS infantry division
Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Romanian)German: Waffen-Grenadier Regiment der SS (Rumänisches Nr. 1)Active1944-1945CountryNazi GermanyBranchWaffen-SSTypeInfantryRoleConstructionSizeDivisionNickname(s)Rumänisches Nr. 1CommandersNotablecommandersGustav WagnerMilitary unit
During World War II, the Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Romanian) (German: Waffen-Grenadier Regiment der SS (Rumänisches Nr. 1)) was formed out of members of the Romanian 4th Infantry Division which had been refitting in German territory when Romania signed a ceasefire with the Soviet Union.
The regiment also included members of the Fascist Iron Guard, which always had a close relationship with the SS. It was attached to the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps and fought on the River Oder front until the beginning of March 1945. It was then transferred to the eastern approaches to Berlin where it was destroyed during the Soviet Berlin offensive which was launched on 16 April 1945. Most of the unit survived and escaped westward into captivity.
Construction battalion
It was hoped by the Germans that this unit would form the basis of a Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Romanian) and to that end a second regiment was formed. The Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (2nd Romanian) began forming at Döllersheim in Austria. However, by this stage in the war there was no fuel for vehicles, little food, and no weapons or ammunition for the new regiment. In April 1945, the two battalions which had been formed were used as construction battalions.
Commanders
No. 1: SS-Sturmbannführer Gustav Wagner
No. 2: SS-Standartenführer Albert Ludwig
Order of battle
1st Battalion
2nd Battalion
See also
List of German divisions in World War II
List of SS personnel
List of Waffen-SS divisions
References
^ Romanian Volunteers of the Waffen-SS, 1944-1945. Siegrungen. 1991. ISBN 9780918184085.
^ Bishop, Chris (16 July 2012). SS Hitler's Foreign Divisions: Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS 1940–45. Amber Books. ISBN 9781908273994.
^ Bishop, Chris (16 July 2012). SS Hitler's Foreign Divisions: Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS 1940–45. Amber Books. ISBN 9781908273994.
This World War II article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schutzstaffel"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Soviet Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascism"},{"link_name":"Iron Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard"},{"link_name":"III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/III_(Germanic)_SS_Panzer_Corps"},{"link_name":"River Oder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oder"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Military unitDuring World War II, the Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Romanian) (German: Waffen-Grenadier Regiment der SS (Rumänisches Nr. 1)) was formed out of members of the Romanian 4th Infantry Division which had been refitting in German territory when Romania signed a ceasefire with the Soviet Union.[1]The regiment also included members of the Fascist Iron Guard, which always had a close relationship with the SS. It was attached to the III (Germanic) SS Panzer Corps and fought on the River Oder front until the beginning of March 1945. It was then transferred to the eastern approaches to Berlin where it was destroyed during the Soviet Berlin offensive which was launched on 16 April 1945. Most of the unit survived and escaped westward into captivity.[2]","title":"Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (1st Romanian)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Döllersheim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6llersheim"},{"link_name":"Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"It was hoped by the Germans that this unit would form the basis of a Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Romanian) and to that end a second regiment was formed. The Waffen Grenadier Regiment of the SS (2nd Romanian) began forming at Döllersheim in Austria. However, by this stage in the war there was no fuel for vehicles, little food, and no weapons or ammunition for the new regiment. In April 1945, the two battalions which had been formed were used as construction battalions.[3]","title":"Construction battalion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sturmbannführer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sturmbannf%C3%BChrer"}],"text":"No. 1: SS-Sturmbannführer Gustav Wagner\nNo. 2: SS-Standartenführer Albert Ludwig","title":"Commanders"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"1st Battalion\n2nd Battalion","title":"Order of battle"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of German divisions in World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_German_divisions_in_World_War_II"},{"title":"List of SS personnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_SS_personnel"},{"title":"List of Waffen-SS divisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Waffen-SS_divisions"}] | [{"reference":"Romanian Volunteers of the Waffen-SS, 1944-1945. Siegrungen. 1991. ISBN 9780918184085.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=17G9AAAACAAJ","url_text":"Romanian Volunteers of the Waffen-SS, 1944-1945"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780918184085","url_text":"9780918184085"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Chris (16 July 2012). SS Hitler's Foreign Divisions: Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS 1940–45. Amber Books. ISBN 9781908273994.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j43fBQAAQBAJ&dq=romanian+ss+division&pg=PT110","url_text":"SS Hitler's Foreign Divisions: Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS 1940–45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908273994","url_text":"9781908273994"}]},{"reference":"Bishop, Chris (16 July 2012). SS Hitler's Foreign Divisions: Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS 1940–45. Amber Books. ISBN 9781908273994.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j43fBQAAQBAJ&dq=Rum%C3%A4nisches+Nr.+1+ss&pg=PT287","url_text":"SS Hitler's Foreign Divisions: Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS 1940–45"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908273994","url_text":"9781908273994"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=17G9AAAACAAJ","external_links_name":"Romanian Volunteers of the Waffen-SS, 1944-1945"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j43fBQAAQBAJ&dq=romanian+ss+division&pg=PT110","external_links_name":"SS Hitler's Foreign Divisions: Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS 1940–45"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j43fBQAAQBAJ&dq=Rum%C3%A4nisches+Nr.+1+ss&pg=PT287","external_links_name":"SS Hitler's Foreign Divisions: Foreign Volunteers in the Waffen-SS 1940–45"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Waffen_Grenadier_Regiment_of_the_SS_(1st_Romanian)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkaria_IV_Geothermal_Power_Station | Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station | ["1 Location","2 Overview","3 Ownership","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Coordinates: 0°55′05″S 36°20′04″E / 0.91806°S 36.33444°E / -0.91806; 36.33444
Olkaria IV Geothermal Power StationCountryKenyaLocationOlkaria, Nakuru County, KenyaCoordinates0°55′05″S 36°20′04″E / 0.91806°S 36.33444°E / -0.91806; 36.33444StatusOperationalCommission date2014Owner(s)KenGenPower generationNameplate capacity140 MW (190,000 hp)
The Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station is an operational geothermal power plant in Kenya, with installed capacity of 140 megawatts (190,000 hp).
Location
The power station is located in the Olkaria area, in Nakuru County, adjacent to Hell's Gate National Park, approximately 114 kilometres (71 mi), southeast of Nakuru, where the county headquarters are located. This is approximately 122 kilometres (76 mi), by road, northwest of Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya. The geographical coordinates of Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station are 0°55'05.0"S, 36°20'04.0"E (Latitude:-0.918056; Longitude:36.334444).
Overview
The power station is one of six geothermal power plants currently either operational, under constriction or planned in the Olkaria area in Nakuru County, Kenya. Olkaria I, Olkaria II, Olkaria III and Olkaria IV are operational. Olkaria V is under construction and Olkaria VI is planned for 2021.
Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station was commissioned by Uhuru Kenyatta, the president of Kenya, on 22 October 2014. The 140 megawatts (187,743 hp) power station cost KSh11.5 billion (US$126.5 million) to build, co-financed by the World Bank, the Kenya government and the European Investment Bank. The electromechanical parts were supplied by Hyundai Engineering of South Korea, Toyota Tsusho of Japan, and KEC International of India.
A thousand Maasai people were relocated for the project in August 2014.
Ownership
Olkaria IV Power Station is owned by Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), whose stock is traded on the Nairobi Stock Exchange, and is 70 per cent owned by the government of Kenya with the remaining 30 percent owned by private institutions and individuals.
See also
Kenya portalGeology portalRenewable energy portal
List of power stations in Kenya
Geothermal power in Kenya
Olkaria III Geothermal Power Station
Olkaria V Geothermal Power Station
References
^ Adaramola, Kehinde (8 January 2014). "Kenya To Reduce Power Cost With 280MW Olkaria Plants Launch". Venturesafrica.com. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ a b Iruobe, Emmanuel (22 October 2014). "Kenya Launches World's Largest Geothermal Plant". Ventures Africa Magazine. Lagos. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ GFC (27 September 2017). "Distance between Nakuru, Nakuru County, Kenya and Olkaria, Nakuru County, Kenya". Globefeed.com (GFC). Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ GFC (27 September 2017). "Distance between Nairobi Central, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya and Olkaria, Nakuru County, Kenya". Globefeed.com (GFC). Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Google (27 September 2017). "Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ a b Irungu, Geoffrey (13 March 2016). "KenGen woos financiers to its mega power investments". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ a b Reuters Staff (27 September 2012). "KenGen invites bids for 560MW geothermal plants". Reuters. Retrieved 27 September 2017. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Herbling, David (27 December 2011). "KenGen starts new round of steam wells' drilling". Business Daily Africa. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Special Correspondent (13 December 2014). "Geothermal plant adds 280MW to Kenya grid". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
^ REW Editors (10 January 2017). "KenGen Plans Olkaria V Geothermal Project". Renewable Energy World (REW). Retrieved 27 September 2017. {{cite web}}: |author= has generic name (help)
^ Mitchell, Beverley (23 October 2014). "Kenya Opens World's Largest Single Turbine Geothermal Plant". Nairobi: Inhabitat Kenya. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
^ Tarazona, David (23 June 2017). "The forgotten struggle of Kenyan indigenous people". www.eibinafrica.eu. Retrieved 18 December 2017.
^ Juma, Victor (23 February 2017). "KenGen sells five per cent stake to South Africans for Sh2.3 billion". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 27 September 2017.
External links
Website of Kenya Electricity Generating Company | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ven-2"}],"text":"The Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station is an operational geothermal power plant in Kenya, with installed capacity of 140 megawatts (190,000 hp).[1][2]","title":"Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olkaria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkaria"},{"link_name":"Nakuru County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakuru_County"},{"link_name":"Hell's Gate National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hell%27s_Gate_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Nakuru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakuru"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Nairobi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The power station is located in the Olkaria area, in Nakuru County, adjacent to Hell's Gate National Park, approximately 114 kilometres (71 mi), southeast of Nakuru, where the county headquarters are located.[3] This is approximately 122 kilometres (76 mi), by road, northwest of Nairobi, the capital and largest city of Kenya.[4] The geographical coordinates of Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station are 0°55'05.0\"S, 36°20'04.0\"E (Latitude:-0.918056; Longitude:36.334444).[5]","title":"Location"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plan-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Olkaria V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkaria_V_Geothermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"Olkaria VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkaria_VI_Geothermal_Power_Station"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Uhuru Kenyatta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uhuru_Kenyatta"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"World Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Bank"},{"link_name":"European Investment Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Investment_Bank"},{"link_name":"Hyundai Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyundai_Engineering"},{"link_name":"Toyota Tsusho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota_Tsusho"},{"link_name":"KEC International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KEC_International"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ven-2"},{"link_name":"Maasai people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maasai_people"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"The power station is one of six geothermal power plants currently either operational, under constriction or planned in the Olkaria area in Nakuru County, Kenya.[6][7] Olkaria I, Olkaria II, Olkaria III and Olkaria IV are operational.[8][9] Olkaria V is under construction and Olkaria VI is planned for 2021.[10]Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station was commissioned by Uhuru Kenyatta, the president of Kenya, on 22 October 2014.[11] The 140 megawatts (187,743 hp) power station cost KSh11.5 billion (US$126.5 million) to build, co-financed by the World Bank, the Kenya government and the European Investment Bank. The electromechanical parts were supplied by Hyundai Engineering of South Korea, Toyota Tsusho of Japan, and KEC International of India.[2]A thousand Maasai people were relocated for the project in August 2014.[12]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kenya Electricity Generating Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenya_Electricity_Generating_Company"},{"link_name":"stock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock"},{"link_name":"Nairobi Stock Exchange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nairobi_Stock_Exchange"},{"link_name":"government of Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Kenya"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-In-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Plan-7"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Olkaria IV Power Station is owned by Kenya Electricity Generating Company (KenGen), whose stock is traded on the Nairobi Stock Exchange, and is 70 per cent owned by the government of Kenya with the remaining 30 percent owned by private institutions and individuals.[6][7][13]","title":"Ownership"}] | [] | [{"title":"Kenya portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Kenya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WikiProject_Geology.svg"},{"title":"Geology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wind-turbine-icon.svg"},{"title":"Renewable energy portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Renewable_energy"},{"title":"List of power stations in Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Kenya"},{"title":"Geothermal power in Kenya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geothermal_power_in_Kenya"},{"title":"Olkaria III Geothermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkaria_III_Geothermal_Power_Station"},{"title":"Olkaria V Geothermal Power Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olkaria_V_Geothermal_Power_Station"}] | [{"reference":"Adaramola, Kehinde (8 January 2014). \"Kenya To Reduce Power Cost With 280MW Olkaria Plants Launch\". Venturesafrica.com. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://venturesafrica.com/kenya-to-reduce-power-cost-with-280mw-olkaria-plants-launch/","url_text":"\"Kenya To Reduce Power Cost With 280MW Olkaria Plants Launch\""}]},{"reference":"Iruobe, Emmanuel (22 October 2014). \"Kenya Launches World's Largest Geothermal Plant\". Ventures Africa Magazine. Lagos. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://venturesafrica.com/kenya-launches-worlds-largest-geothermal-plant/","url_text":"\"Kenya Launches World's Largest Geothermal Plant\""}]},{"reference":"GFC (27 September 2017). \"Distance between Nakuru, Nakuru County, Kenya and Olkaria, Nakuru County, Kenya\". Globefeed.com (GFC). Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nakuru%2C%20Nakuru%20County%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Olkaria%2C%20Nakuru%20County%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJ7wthz5CNKRgRGsJ8vDMY8vI&dt2=ChIJcSEVZCw2KRgRNZK-WapBbOo","url_text":"\"Distance between Nakuru, Nakuru County, Kenya and Olkaria, Nakuru County, Kenya\""}]},{"reference":"GFC (27 September 2017). \"Distance between Nairobi Central, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya and Olkaria, Nakuru County, Kenya\". Globefeed.com (GFC). Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%20Central%2C%20Nairobi%2C%20Nairobi%20County%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Olkaria%2C%20Nakuru%20County%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJNe4z_9QQLxgRVVtoNpaFdCw&dt2=ChIJcSEVZCw2KRgRNZK-WapBbOo","url_text":"\"Distance between Nairobi Central, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya and Olkaria, Nakuru County, Kenya\""}]},{"reference":"Google (27 September 2017). \"Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station\" (Map). Google Maps. Google. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google","url_text":"Google"},{"url":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B055'05.0%22S+36%C2%B020'04.0%22E/@-0.9180556,36.3322611,451m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-0.9180556!4d36.3344444","url_text":"\"Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Irungu, Geoffrey (13 March 2016). \"KenGen woos financiers to its mega power investments\". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/KenGen-woos-financiers-to-its-mega-power-investments/-/539552/3115454/-/aa5tf0z/-/index.html","url_text":"\"KenGen woos financiers to its mega power investments\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Daily_Africa","url_text":"Business Daily Africa"}]},{"reference":"Reuters Staff (27 September 2012). \"KenGen invites bids for 560MW geothermal plants\". Reuters. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-kenya-kengen-20120927-idAFJOE88Q00L20120927","url_text":"\"KenGen invites bids for 560MW geothermal plants\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters","url_text":"Reuters"}]},{"reference":"Herbling, David (27 December 2011). \"KenGen starts new round of steam wells' drilling\". Business Daily Africa. Archived from the original on 29 September 2018. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233308/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/KenGen-starts-new-round-of-steam-wells-drilling/539550-1295260-ak00hqz/index.html","url_text":"\"KenGen starts new round of steam wells' drilling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Daily_Africa","url_text":"Business Daily Africa"},{"url":"http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/KenGen-starts-new-round-of-steam-wells-drilling/539550-1295260-ak00hqz/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Special Correspondent (13 December 2014). \"Geothermal plant adds 280MW to Kenya grid\". The EastAfrican. Nairobi. Retrieved 26 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Geothermal-plant-adds-280MW-to-Kenya-grid/-/2560/2554960/-/15l6rvf/-/index.html","url_text":"\"Geothermal plant adds 280MW to Kenya grid\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_EastAfrican","url_text":"The EastAfrican"}]},{"reference":"REW Editors (10 January 2017). \"KenGen Plans Olkaria V Geothermal Project\". Renewable Energy World (REW). Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2017/01/kengen-plans-olkaria-v-geothermal-project.html","url_text":"\"KenGen Plans Olkaria V Geothermal Project\""}]},{"reference":"Mitchell, Beverley (23 October 2014). \"Kenya Opens World's Largest Single Turbine Geothermal Plant\". Nairobi: Inhabitat Kenya. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://inhabitat.com/kenya-opens-worlds-largest-single-turbine-geothermal-plant/","url_text":"\"Kenya Opens World's Largest Single Turbine Geothermal Plant\""}]},{"reference":"Tarazona, David (23 June 2017). \"The forgotten struggle of Kenyan indigenous people\". www.eibinafrica.eu. Retrieved 18 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.eibinafrica.eu/the-forgotten-struggle-of-kenyan-indigenous-people/","url_text":"\"The forgotten struggle of Kenyan indigenous people\""}]},{"reference":"Juma, Victor (23 February 2017). \"KenGen sells five per cent stake to South Africans for Sh2.3 billion\". Business Daily Africa. Nairobi. Retrieved 27 September 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/KenGen-sells-stake-South-Africans/539550-3825702-11qvgcw/index.html","url_text":"\"KenGen sells five per cent stake to South Africans for Sh2.3 billion\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_Daily_Africa","url_text":"Business Daily Africa"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Olkaria_IV_Geothermal_Power_Station¶ms=0_55_05_S_36_20_04_E_type:landmark_region:KE","external_links_name":"0°55′05″S 36°20′04″E / 0.91806°S 36.33444°E / -0.91806; 36.33444"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Olkaria_IV_Geothermal_Power_Station¶ms=0_55_05_S_36_20_04_E_type:landmark_region:KE","external_links_name":"0°55′05″S 36°20′04″E / 0.91806°S 36.33444°E / -0.91806; 36.33444"},{"Link":"http://venturesafrica.com/kenya-to-reduce-power-cost-with-280mw-olkaria-plants-launch/","external_links_name":"\"Kenya To Reduce Power Cost With 280MW Olkaria Plants Launch\""},{"Link":"http://venturesafrica.com/kenya-launches-worlds-largest-geothermal-plant/","external_links_name":"\"Kenya Launches World's Largest Geothermal Plant\""},{"Link":"https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nakuru%2C%20Nakuru%20County%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Olkaria%2C%20Nakuru%20County%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJ7wthz5CNKRgRGsJ8vDMY8vI&dt2=ChIJcSEVZCw2KRgRNZK-WapBbOo","external_links_name":"\"Distance between Nakuru, Nakuru County, Kenya and Olkaria, Nakuru County, Kenya\""},{"Link":"https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Kenya_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Nairobi%20Central%2C%20Nairobi%2C%20Nairobi%20County%2C%20Kenya&toplace=Olkaria%2C%20Nakuru%20County%2C%20Kenya%2C&dt1=ChIJNe4z_9QQLxgRVVtoNpaFdCw&dt2=ChIJcSEVZCw2KRgRNZK-WapBbOo","external_links_name":"\"Distance between Nairobi Central, Nairobi, Nairobi County, Kenya and Olkaria, Nakuru County, Kenya\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/maps/place/0%C2%B055'05.0%22S+36%C2%B020'04.0%22E/@-0.9180556,36.3322611,451m/data=!3m2!1e3!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x0:0x0!8m2!3d-0.9180556!4d36.3344444","external_links_name":"\"Olkaria IV Geothermal Power Station\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/KenGen-woos-financiers-to-its-mega-power-investments/-/539552/3115454/-/aa5tf0z/-/index.html","external_links_name":"\"KenGen woos financiers to its mega power investments\""},{"Link":"https://www.reuters.com/article/ozabs-kenya-kengen-20120927-idAFJOE88Q00L20120927","external_links_name":"\"KenGen invites bids for 560MW geothermal plants\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180929233308/https://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/KenGen-starts-new-round-of-steam-wells-drilling/539550-1295260-ak00hqz/index.html","external_links_name":"\"KenGen starts new round of steam wells' drilling\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/KenGen-starts-new-round-of-steam-wells-drilling/539550-1295260-ak00hqz/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/business/Geothermal-plant-adds-280MW-to-Kenya-grid/-/2560/2554960/-/15l6rvf/-/index.html","external_links_name":"\"Geothermal plant adds 280MW to Kenya grid\""},{"Link":"http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2017/01/kengen-plans-olkaria-v-geothermal-project.html","external_links_name":"\"KenGen Plans Olkaria V Geothermal Project\""},{"Link":"http://inhabitat.com/kenya-opens-worlds-largest-single-turbine-geothermal-plant/","external_links_name":"\"Kenya Opens World's Largest Single Turbine Geothermal Plant\""},{"Link":"https://www.eibinafrica.eu/the-forgotten-struggle-of-kenyan-indigenous-people/","external_links_name":"\"The forgotten struggle of Kenyan indigenous people\""},{"Link":"http://www.businessdailyafrica.com/corporate/KenGen-sells-stake-South-Africans/539550-3825702-11qvgcw/index.html","external_links_name":"\"KenGen sells five per cent stake to South Africans for Sh2.3 billion\""},{"Link":"http://www.kengen.co.ke/","external_links_name":"Website of Kenya Electricity Generating Company"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chirac | Claude Chirac | ["1 Biography","2 Honours","3 External links","4 References"] | You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (July 2019) Click for important translation instructions.
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Claude ChiracBorn (1962-12-06) 6 December 1962 (age 61)Paris, FranceEducationLycée de la TourAlma materPanthéon-Assas UniversitySpouse
Frédéric Salat-Baroux
(m. 2011)Children1Parent(s)Jacques ChiracBernadette Chirac
Claude Chirac, ComM (born 6 December 1962) is the youngest daughter of French president Jacques Chirac and was her father's personal advisor from 1994 until his death in 2019.
Biography
Chirac is the director of communication at PRTP.PA which is part of Kering SA, a luxury group based in Paris, France. The group owns many luxury brands such as Italian labels Gucci and Bottega Veneta, French label Yves Saint Laurent as well as English label Alexander McQueen.
She had a relationship with Thierry Rey, the 1980 Summer Olympics and World gold medal champion in Judo. Rey is the father of her son, Martin Rey-Chirac.
Since 11 February 2011, Chirac has been married to former general secretary of the Elysée, Frédéric Salat-Baroux.
Honours
3rd Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana, Estonia
Commander of the National Order of Benin (8 February 1996)
Knight of the Legion of Honour, France (14 April 2017)
Officer of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic, Italy (21 October 1999)
Commander of the Order of Merit, Portugal (8 July 1999)
External links
Claude! Papa! - Article about Claude and her role as personal advisor from the election 2002
Letter from Paris – John Laurenson on Claude Chirac's crucial but understated electoral role
References
^ France, Vème République, présidence, Claude Chirac
^ Official website of the President of Estonia (Estonian), Estonian State Decorations, Claude Chirac
^ "Décret N° 1996-41 du 08 février 1996". Secrétariat général du Gouvernement du Bénin (in French). Retrieved 5 March 2024.
^ "Décret du 14 avril 2017 portant promotion et nomination". 14 April 2017.
^ Italian Presidency Website, Sig.ra Claude Chirac – Ufficiale Ordine al Merito della Repubblica Italiana
^ "Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas". Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas. Retrieved 29 January 2017.
Authority control databases International
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This article about a French politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ComM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Portugal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Jacques Chirac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac"}],"text":"Claude Chirac, ComM (born 6 December 1962)[1] is the youngest daughter of French president Jacques Chirac and was her father's personal advisor from 1994 until his death in 2019.","title":"Claude Chirac"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kering SA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kering_SA"},{"link_name":"Gucci","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gucci"},{"link_name":"Bottega Veneta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottega_Veneta"},{"link_name":"Yves Saint Laurent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Saint_Laurent_(brand)"},{"link_name":"Alexander McQueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_McQueen"},{"link_name":"Thierry Rey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thierry_Rey"},{"link_name":"1980 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1980_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Judo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judo"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Salat-Baroux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Salat-Baroux"}],"text":"Chirac is the director of communication at PRTP.PA which is part of Kering SA, a luxury group based in Paris, France. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Homeowner_Preservation | American Homeowner Preservation | ["1 Inception","2 Transition To For-Profit","3 Funding","4 AHP Formulas for Borrower Solutions","5 See also","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | American Homeowner PreservationTrade nameAmerican Homeowner Preservation 2015+ LLCCompany typeLimited liability companyIndustryFinance, Financial Services, FinTech, Service Industry, Residential Real EstateFoundedMay 2008 (as a 501(c)) non-profit FounderJorge NewberyHeadquartersGreater Chicago Area, Great Lakes, USAServicesFinancial ServicesWebsitehttps://www.ahpfund.comFootnotes / referenceshttps://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1667307/000121465916011706/partiiandpartiii.htm
https://yieldtalk.com/ahpservicing-review/
American Homeowner Preservation (also known as AHP) is an online real estate crowdfunding platform which purchases pools of nonperforming loans from banks and other lenders and then offers borrowers who want to stay in their homes debt restructuring options with reduced payments and discounted principal balances. If homes are vacant or families want to move, AHP offers deficiency waivers and incentive payments to cooperate with short sales in order to put the homes back into service.
Founded in 2008 as a 501c nonprofit in Cincinnati, Ohio, AHP pioneered the short sale leaseback as a foreclosure prevention operation to assist struggling homeowners. Faced with resistance from many banks which insisted that families vacate their homes in order to have their short sales approved, AHP changed their strategy in early 2011 and now operates as a for-profit headquartered in Chicago.
In October 2013, AHP became an online real estate crowdfunding platform offering investment opportunities to accredited investors, and in June 2016 opened to non-accredited investors as well under Title IV of the JOBS Act (called Regulation A+).
Inception
American Homeowner Preservation, Inc. (AHP) was established in October 2007 as a non-profit organization focused on helping homeowners at risk of foreclosure stay in their homes. In May 2008, an office was opened in Cincinnati. In August 2008, AHP received their 501(c)(3) designation as a nonprofit from the Internal Revenue Service. Envisioning that AHP would be financed with tax exempt bonds, AHP sought the assistance of the Summit County Port Authority. In September 2008, SCPA voted unanimously to induce up to 12.5 million in bonds to fund AHP. AHP proceeded to market their program in the greater Akron region and—by year-end—close to 300 families had signed purchase contracts to sell their homes to AHP. However, citing concerns about the Board and backers of AHP along with a challenged bond market the bond resolution was rescinded in February 2009. AHP transitioned into a for-profit American Homeowner Preservation, LLC in July 2009, seeking to match investors with homeowners at risk of losing their homes.
Transition To For-Profit
After the bond resolution was rejected by the Summit County Port Authority, American Homeowner Preservation sought new ways to fund its endeavors. Jorge Newbery transitioned from a Consultant to American Homeowner Preservation Inc. to Director of American Homeowner Preservation LLC, a for-profit which took over the nonprofit AHP's mission. Instead of using bond funding to purchase homeowners homes, the program started matching private investors to purchase the homes on short sale. In October 2013 Newbery added online crowdfunding to AHP's investment model to simplify the investment process and reach more investors.
Funding
Originally modeled to be financed with tax-exempt municipal bonds, American Homeowner Preservation's efforts are now primarily supported by both accredited investors (including high-net-worth individuals and institutional investors), as well as non-accredited investors through a Regulation A+ offering. In October 2013 AHP transitioned to an equity crowdfunding model after Title II of the JOBS Act lifted a ban preventing private startups and small businesses from publicly soliciting funding.
Revenue is then generated in the forms of rents and mortgage payments from the people whose homes AHP services.
AHP Formulas for Borrower Solutions
AHP uses the current value of the home as the basis for determining the modified payments, principal discounts and incentive payments offered to borrowers. As a result of this formulaic approach, borrowers are not required to furnish significant documents in order to obtain mortgage modifications. This is uncommon in the mortgage industry, in which many lenders require extensive documentation.
See also
311 Foreclosure Prevention Programs
Deed in lieu of foreclosure
Equity stripping
Forbearance
Global financial crisis of 2008–2009
Hope Now Alliance
HUD auction
Loss mitigation
Repossession
Real estate trends
Short sale (real estate)
Tax taking - Tax Sales, Tax Auctions, Tax Foreclosures
Vacant property
References
^ "American Homeowner Preservation 2015A+ Temporarily Suspends Sales in 2015A + Fund". PR News Wire. 15 Aug 2017.
^ "Port Authority Decides against Funding American Homeowner Preservation." The Suburbanite. The Suburbanite, 10 Feb. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
^ "Port Authority Decides against Funding American Homeowner Preservation." The Suburbanite. The Suburbanite, 10 Feb. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
^ Nelson, George. "Airport Board Asked to Sell Bonds For Firm to Buy Foreclosed Homes." The Business Journal. N.p., 19 Jan. 2009. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
^ Hurst, Samantha. "American Homeowner Preservation Launches Self-Running Regulation A+ Initiative." Crowdfund Insider. N.p., 16 June 2016. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
^ Abello, Oscar Perry. "What a $100 Investment Can Do for Struggling Homeowners." – Next City. NextCity.org, 6 June 2016. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
^ Sandstrom, Erik. "What Documentation Is Needed For A Mortgage Refinance?" LoanSafeorg. LoanSafe.org, n.d. Web. 13 Jan. 2017.
Further reading
Rhodes, Trevor. American Foreclosure: Everything U Need to Know... about Preventing & Buying. 348 pages. McGraw-Hill, April, 2008. ISBN 0-07-159058-7
Newbery, Jorge P. Burn Zones. Chicago: Community, 2015. Print.
External links
Official website | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"nonperforming loans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-performing_loan"},{"link_name":"debt restructuring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt_restructuring"},{"link_name":"short sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_sales"},{"link_name":"501c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501c"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"leaseback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leaseback"},{"link_name":"foreclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreclosure"},{"link_name":"homeowners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeowners"},{"link_name":"banks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"JOBS Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOBS_Act"},{"link_name":"Regulation A+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regulation_A"}],"text":"American Homeowner Preservation (also known as AHP) is an online real estate crowdfunding platform which purchases pools of nonperforming loans from banks and other lenders and then offers borrowers who want to stay in their homes debt restructuring options with reduced payments and discounted principal balances. If homes are vacant or families want to move, AHP offers deficiency waivers and incentive payments to cooperate with short sales in order to put the homes back into service.Founded in 2008 as a 501c nonprofit in Cincinnati, Ohio, AHP pioneered the short sale leaseback as a foreclosure prevention operation to assist struggling homeowners. Faced with resistance from many banks which insisted that families vacate their homes in order to have their short sales approved, AHP changed their strategy in early 2011 and now operates as a for-profit headquartered in Chicago.In October 2013, AHP became an online real estate crowdfunding platform offering investment opportunities to accredited investors, and in June 2016 opened to non-accredited investors as well under Title IV of the JOBS Act (called Regulation A+).","title":"American Homeowner Preservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"non-profit organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non_profit"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati"},{"link_name":"501(c)(3)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/501_(c)(3)#501.28c.29.283.29"},{"link_name":"Internal Revenue Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_Revenue_Service"},{"link_name":"voted unanimously","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130201054818/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS205476+19-Sep-2008+PRN20080919"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"American Homeowner Preservation, Inc. (AHP) was established in October 2007 as a non-profit organization focused on helping homeowners at risk of foreclosure stay in their homes. In May 2008, an office was opened in Cincinnati. In August 2008, AHP received their 501(c)(3) designation as a nonprofit from the Internal Revenue Service. Envisioning that AHP would be financed with tax exempt bonds, AHP sought the assistance of the Summit County Port Authority. In September 2008, SCPA voted unanimously to induce up to 12.5 million in bonds to fund AHP. AHP proceeded to market their program in the greater Akron region and—by year-end—close to 300 families had signed purchase contracts to sell their homes to AHP.[2] However, citing concerns about the Board and backers of AHP along with a challenged bond market the bond resolution was rescinded in February 2009.[3] AHP transitioned into a for-profit American Homeowner Preservation, LLC in July 2009, seeking to match investors with homeowners at risk of losing their homes.","title":"Inception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bond resolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bond_(finance)"},{"link_name":"homeowners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeowner"}],"text":"After the bond resolution was rejected by the Summit County Port Authority, American Homeowner Preservation sought new ways to fund its endeavors. Jorge Newbery transitioned from a Consultant to American Homeowner Preservation Inc. to Director of American Homeowner Preservation LLC, a for-profit which took over the nonprofit AHP's mission. Instead of using bond funding to purchase homeowners homes, the program started matching private investors to purchase the homes on short sale. In October 2013 Newbery added online crowdfunding to AHP's investment model to simplify the investment process and reach more investors.","title":"Transition To For-Profit"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipal bonds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_bonds"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"accredited investors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accredited_investors"},{"link_name":"high-net-worth individuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-net-worth_individual"},{"link_name":"institutional investors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_investors"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"crowdfunding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowdfunding"},{"link_name":"JOBS Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JOBS_Act"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Originally modeled to be financed with tax-exempt municipal bonds,[4] American Homeowner Preservation's efforts are now primarily supported by both accredited investors (including high-net-worth individuals and institutional investors), as well as non-accredited investors through a Regulation A+ offering.[5] In October 2013 AHP transitioned to an equity crowdfunding model after Title II of the JOBS Act lifted a ban preventing private startups and small businesses from publicly soliciting funding.Revenue is then generated in the forms of rents and mortgage payments from the people whose homes AHP services.[6]","title":"Funding"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value_(economics)"},{"link_name":"payments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payments"},{"link_name":"principal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debt"},{"link_name":"incentive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incentive"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"AHP uses the current value of the home as the basis for determining the modified payments, principal discounts and incentive payments offered to borrowers. As a result of this formulaic approach, borrowers are not required to furnish significant documents in order to obtain mortgage modifications. This is uncommon in the mortgage industry, in which many lenders require extensive documentation.[7]","title":"AHP Formulas for Borrower Solutions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-07-159058-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-159058-7"}],"text":"Rhodes, Trevor. American Foreclosure: Everything U Need to Know... about Preventing & Buying. 348 pages. McGraw-Hill, April, 2008. ISBN 0-07-159058-7\nNewbery, Jorge P. Burn Zones. Chicago: Community, 2015. Print.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"311 Foreclosure Prevention Programs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/311_Foreclosure_Prevention_Programs"},{"title":"Deed in lieu of foreclosure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deed_in_lieu_of_foreclosure"},{"title":"Equity stripping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equity_stripping"},{"title":"Forbearance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbearance"},{"title":"Global financial crisis of 2008–2009","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_financial_crisis_of_2008%E2%80%932009"},{"title":"Hope Now Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hope_Now_Alliance"},{"title":"HUD auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HUD_auction"},{"title":"Loss mitigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loss_mitigation"},{"title":"Repossession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repossession"},{"title":"Real estate trends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_trends"},{"title":"Short sale (real estate)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Short_sale_(real_estate)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"title":"Tax taking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tax_taking"},{"title":"Vacant property","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vacant_property"}] | [{"reference":"\"American Homeowner Preservation 2015A+ Temporarily Suspends Sales in 2015A + Fund\". PR News Wire. 15 Aug 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-homeowner-preservation-2015a-temporarily-suspends-sales-in-2015a-fund-300504748.html","url_text":"\"American Homeowner Preservation 2015A+ Temporarily Suspends Sales in 2015A + Fund\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.ahpfund.com/","external_links_name":"https://www.ahpfund.com"},{"Link":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1667307/000121465916011706/partiiandpartiii.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1667307/000121465916011706/partiiandpartiii.htm"},{"Link":"https://yieldtalk.com/ahpservicing-review/","external_links_name":"https://yieldtalk.com/ahpservicing-review/"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130201054818/http://www.reuters.com/article/pressRelease/idUS205476+19-Sep-2008+PRN20080919","external_links_name":"voted unanimously"},{"Link":"https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/american-homeowner-preservation-2015a-temporarily-suspends-sales-in-2015a-fund-300504748.html","external_links_name":"\"American Homeowner Preservation 2015A+ Temporarily Suspends Sales in 2015A + Fund\""},{"Link":"https://ahpfund.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals_(NA) | Washington Nationals (National Association) | ["1 Pre-NA","2 1872","3 1873","4 1875","5 Notes","6 References","7 Further reading","8 External links"] | American baseball team of the 1870s
This article is about the 1870s team. For like-named teams, see Washington Nationals.
The Washington Nationals of the 1870s were the first important baseball club in the capital city of the United States. They competed briefly in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (commonly referred to as the National Association), the first fully-professional sports league in baseball. The Nationals are considered a major-league team by those who count the National Association as a major league. Several other baseball clubs based in Washington, D.C., have also used the historic name Nationals.
The team played their home games at the Nationals Grounds and the Olympics Grounds. They joined the National Association in 1872, playing 11 games that year, and 39 more games in 1873, although some sources recognize the 1873 team as a different franchise named the Washington Blue Legs. Following poor on-field results over that period, that team disbanded after the 1873 season. Another Nationals team was fielded with some of the same players for the 1875 season, but folded before the end of the season.
Pre-NA
The first team in Washington, the Potomac Club, was formed in the summer of 1859, and the Nationals were formed in November of the same year; both teams consisted mostly of government clerks. The two teams practiced in the backyard of the White House and played each other in the spring of 1860; the Nationals consistently lost to the superior Potomacs, but the latter disbanded on the outbreak of the Civil War while the Nationals kept playing, and by the end of the war were "solidly in the esteem of Washington fans, with the club's shortstop, slight, 23-year-old Arthur Pue Gorman, the darling of the spectators. Young Gorman quickly rose to stardom on the not-too-brilliant Nationals." (Gorman later became a U.S. Senator from Maryland and a power in the Democratic Party in the late 19th century).
In the summer of 1865 the Nationals invited the Philadelphia Athletics and Brooklyn Atlantics, two of the major teams of the era, to Washington, losing to the former 87–12 and to the latter 34–19, before 6,000 spectators, including President Johnson. They "jealously guarded their amateur status by refusing all payments, including travel expenses."
By 1867, the Nationals were much improved, and the new national network of railroads prompted them "to do the previously unthinkable by becoming the first Eastern team to venture west of the Alleghenies." They defeated the best the locals had to offer, crushing Columbus 90–10, the Cincinnati Red Stockings 53–10, and the Cincinnati Buckeyes 88–12, beating Louisville, Indianapolis, and St. Louis as well before falling to the Rockford Forest Citys (with future Hall of Famer Albert Spalding) 29–23. The Nats ended the road trip the next day by beating the Chicago Excelsiors 49–4. The "considerable expenses" of the tour were made possible by generous
sponsors and "by the indulgence of the Treasury Department."
Washington was one of the early homes of commercialism:
One writer, Thomas Henry, said the U. S. Treasury Department was "the real birthplace of professional base ball in Washington." As a source of patronage for good players, this department was widely exploited after the Civil War. In addition, Washington players benefited from the collection plates passed at games. By this kind of enterprise Washington clubs were able to keep a cadre of good players and to offer excellent accommodations. In 1867 the Nationals' park was located on a field four hundred feet square, surrounded by a ten foot fence, and shaded on the north side by roofed stands. To discourage gamblers, a sign which read "Betting Positively Prohibited" was posted.
1872
Further information: 1872 Washington Nationals season
The 1872 Nationals home games were played at Olympics Grounds in Washington, D.C. They lost all 11 games before going out of business. The manager for this season is listed as either Warren White or Joe Miller. The team's leading players include: 1B Paul Hines, 2B Holly Hollingshead, and SS Jacob Doyle.
1873
Further information: 1873 Washington Blue Legs season
They won 8 games and lost 31. The Blue Legs were managed by Nick Young. Their top hitter was left fielder Paul Hines, who went 60-for-181, a batting average of .331.
1875
Further information: 1875 Washington Nationals season
Although there isn't a firm consensus on whether the 1875 Washington team was the same franchise as the 1872 one, the team fielded for this season fared better, as they won 5 games and lost 23. Hollingshead was again their top hitting regular, though with a much lower batting average of .247. He was also one of the club's managers, along with Bill Parks.
The Washingtons went out of business in St. Louis, Missouri, after playing the local Red Stockings on July 3 and July 4. Next day the players announced by telegraph that a club official had absconded with the funds but (Ryczek 1992: 194) concludes that "the tale had been planted by the players in an effort to find enough good samaritans to foot the bill for the trip home". The club probably failed by "unappealing play" and consequent receipts too small to support travel. On the final trip, they lost two in Philadelphia and five of six in St. Louis. The final game was a 12–5 victory but the two local teams outscored Washington 42–5 in the first five games, which must have been repelling.
Notes
^ The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (1871–1875) was distinct from the later National Base Ball Association (1879–1880), also referred to as the "National Association", which also included a team known as the Washington Nationals.
References
^ a b "Washington Nationals (1872-1873)". retrosheet.org. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
^ a b "Washington Blue Legs History & Encyclopedia". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved March 19, 2009.
^ Shirley Povich, The Washington Senators (G.P. Putnam's Sons, 1954), pp. 3–4.
^ David Quentin Voigt, American Baseball. Vol. 1: From Gentleman's Sport to the Commissioner System (Pennsylvania State University Press, 1979: ISBN 0-271-00334-0), p. 10.
^ Peter Morris, But Didn't We Have Fun?: An Informal History of Baseball's Pioneer Era, 1843-1870 (Ivan R. Dee, 2008: ISBN 1-56663-748-1), p. 138.
^ Morris, But Didn't We Have Fun?, p. 139.
^ Voigt, American Baseball. Vol. 1, pp. 17-19.
^ "1872 Washington Nationals". retrosheet.org. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
^ "The 1872 Washington Nationals Regular Season Roster". retrosheet.org. Retrieved March 20, 2009.
^ Independence Day or July 4 was a vital date for all ballclubs that played for paying customers. In 1875, it fell on Sunday, when many people resisted commercial baseball and most locales outlawed it. The Red Stockings – Washington game was the only NA game played that day. The Brown Stockings and White Stockings played on Saturday in Chicago and on Monday in St. Louis.
Further reading
Baseball-Reference. "Washington Nationals Team Index" (1872). Retrieved 06-09-12.
Baseball-Reference. "Washington Nationals Team Index" (1875). Retrieved 2006-09-12.
Retrosheet. "The 1875 Season". Retrieved 2006-09-12. (portal to detail data on each competing team)
Ryczek, William (1992). Blackguards and Red Stockings: A History of Baseball's National Association 1871-1875. 2nd printing 1999, Wallingford CT: Colebrook Press. ISBN 0-9673718-0-5.
Wright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857-1870. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0779-4
External links
Baseball Reference team index
vteNational Association of Professional Base Ball PlayersTransferred toNational LeagueStill active
Boston Red Stockings (1871–1875)
Chicago White Stockings (1871–1875)
Now defunct
Hartford Dark Blues (1874–1875)
New York Mutuals (1871–1875)
Philadelphia Athletic (1871–1875)
St. Louis Brown Stockings (1875)
Defunct
Baltimore Canaries (1872–1874)
Baltimore Marylands (1873)
Brooklyn Atlantics (1872–1875)
Eckford of Brooklyn (1872)
Cleveland Forest Citys (1871–1872)
Elizabeth Resolutes (1873)
Fort Wayne Kekiongas (1871)
Keokuk Westerns (1875)
Middletown Mansfields (1872)
New Haven Elm Citys (1875)
Philadelphia Centennials (1875)
Philadelphia White Stockings (1873–1875)
Rockford Forest Citys (1871)
St. Louis Red Stockings (1875)
Troy Haymakers (1871–1872)
Washington Nationals (1872)
Washington Blue Legs (1873)
Washington Nationals (1875)
Washington Olympics (1871–1872)
Years in parentheses are years in the National Association | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Nationals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Nationals_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"National Association of Professional Base Ball Players","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Professional_Base_Ball_Players"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"National Association as a major league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_as_a_major_league"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Olympics Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_Grounds"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationals7273-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluelegsreference-3"}],"text":"This article is about the 1870s team. For like-named teams, see Washington Nationals.The Washington Nationals of the 1870s were the first important baseball club in the capital city of the United States. They competed briefly in the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (commonly referred to as the National Association),[a] the first fully-professional sports league in baseball. The Nationals are considered a major-league team by those who count the National Association as a major league. Several other baseball clubs based in Washington, D.C., have also used the historic name Nationals.The team played their home games at the Nationals Grounds and the Olympics Grounds. They joined the National Association in 1872, playing 11 games that year, and 39 more games in 1873,[1] although some sources recognize the 1873 team as a different franchise named the Washington Blue Legs.[2] Following poor on-field results over that period, that team disbanded after the 1873 season. Another Nationals team was fielded with some of the same players for the 1875 season, but folded before the end of the season.","title":"Washington Nationals (National Association)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arthur Pue Gorman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Pue_Gorman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia_Athletics_(1860%E2%80%931876)"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn Atlantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn_Atlantics"},{"link_name":"Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Red_Stockings"},{"link_name":"Cincinnati Buckeyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cincinnati_Buckeyes_(19th_century_team)"},{"link_name":"Rockford Forest Citys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rockford_Forest_Citys"},{"link_name":"Albert Spalding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Spalding"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"The first team in Washington, the Potomac Club, was formed in the summer of 1859, and the Nationals were formed in November of the same year; both teams consisted mostly of government clerks. The two teams practiced in the backyard of the White House and played each other in the spring of 1860; the Nationals consistently lost to the superior Potomacs, but the latter disbanded on the outbreak of the Civil War while the Nationals kept playing, and by the end of the war were \"solidly in the esteem of Washington fans, with the club's shortstop, slight, 23-year-old Arthur Pue Gorman, the darling of the spectators. Young Gorman quickly rose to stardom on the not-too-brilliant Nationals.\"[3] (Gorman later became a U.S. Senator from Maryland and a power in the Democratic Party in the late 19th century).In the summer of 1865 the Nationals invited the Philadelphia Athletics and Brooklyn Atlantics, two of the major teams of the era, to Washington, losing to the former 87–12 and to the latter 34–19, before 6,000 spectators, including President Johnson. They \"jealously guarded their amateur status by refusing all payments, including travel expenses.\"[4]By 1867, the Nationals were much improved, and the new national network of railroads prompted them \"to do the previously unthinkable by becoming the first Eastern team to venture west of the Alleghenies.\"[5] They defeated the best the locals had to offer, crushing Columbus 90–10, the Cincinnati Red Stockings 53–10, and the Cincinnati Buckeyes 88–12, beating Louisville, Indianapolis, and St. Louis as well before falling to the Rockford Forest Citys (with future Hall of Famer Albert Spalding) 29–23. The Nats ended the road trip the next day by beating the Chicago Excelsiors 49–4. The \"considerable expenses\" of the tour were made possible by generous\nsponsors and \"by the indulgence of the Treasury Department.\"[6]Washington was one of the early homes of commercialism:One writer, Thomas Henry, said the U. S. Treasury Department was \"the real birthplace of professional base ball in Washington.\" As a source of patronage for good players, this department was widely exploited after the Civil War. In addition, Washington players benefited from the collection plates passed at games. By this kind of enterprise Washington clubs were able to keep a cadre of good players and to offer excellent accommodations. In 1867 the Nationals' park was located on a field four hundred feet square, surrounded by a ten foot fence, and shaded on the north side by roofed stands. To discourage gamblers, a sign which read \"Betting Positively Prohibited\" was posted.[7]","title":"Pre-NA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1872 Washington Nationals season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1872_Washington_Nationals_season"},{"link_name":"Olympics Grounds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympics_Grounds"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationals7273-2"},{"link_name":"manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Warren White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_White_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1872nationals-9"},{"link_name":"Joe Miller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joe_Miller_(second_baseman)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bluelegsreference-3"},{"link_name":"1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_baseman"},{"link_name":"Paul Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hines"},{"link_name":"2B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_baseman"},{"link_name":"Holly Hollingshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hollingshead"},{"link_name":"SS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shortstop"},{"link_name":"Jacob Doyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Doyle"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1872nationalsroster-10"}],"text":"Further information: 1872 Washington Nationals seasonThe 1872 Nationals home games were played at Olympics Grounds in Washington, D.C. They lost all 11 games before going out of business.[1] The manager for this season is listed as either Warren White[8] or Joe Miller.[2] The team's leading players include: 1B Paul Hines, 2B Holly Hollingshead, and SS Jacob Doyle.[9]","title":"1872"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1873 Washington Blue Legs season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1873_Washington_Blue_Legs_season"},{"link_name":"Nick Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Young_(executive)"},{"link_name":"left fielder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_fielder"},{"link_name":"Paul Hines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hines"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"}],"text":"Further information: 1873 Washington Blue Legs seasonThey won 8 games and lost 31. The Blue Legs were managed by Nick Young. Their top hitter was left fielder Paul Hines, who went 60-for-181, a batting average of .331.","title":"1873"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1875 Washington Nationals season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1875_Washington_Nationals_season"},{"link_name":"Hollingshead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holly_Hollingshead"},{"link_name":"batting average","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batting_average_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"managers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manager_(baseball)"},{"link_name":"Bill Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Parks"},{"link_name":"St. Louis, Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri"},{"link_name":"Red Stockings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_(NA)"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"St. Louis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Further information: 1875 Washington Nationals seasonAlthough there isn't a firm consensus on whether the 1875 Washington team was the same franchise as the 1872 one, the team fielded for this season fared better, as they won 5 games and lost 23. Hollingshead was again their top hitting regular, though with a much lower batting average of .247. He was also one of the club's managers, along with Bill Parks.The Washingtons went out of business in St. Louis, Missouri, after playing the local Red Stockings on July 3 and July 4. Next day the players announced by telegraph that a club official had absconded with the funds but (Ryczek 1992: 194) concludes that \"the tale had been planted by the players in an effort to find enough good samaritans to foot the bill for the trip home\". The club probably failed by \"unappealing play\" and consequent receipts too small to support travel. On the final trip, they lost two in Philadelphia and five of six in St. Louis. The final game was a 12–5 victory but the two local teams outscored Washington 42–5 in the first five games, which must have been repelling.[10]","title":"1875"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"National Base Ball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_(1879%E2%80%931880)"}],"text":"^ The National Association of Professional Base Ball Players (1871–1875) was distinct from the later National Base Ball Association (1879–1880), also referred to as the \"National Association\", which also included a team known as the Washington Nationals.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Washington Nationals Team Index\" (1872)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//baseball-reference.com/teams/NAT/"},{"link_name":"\"Washington Nationals Team Index\" (1875)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//baseball-reference.com/teams/WNT/"},{"link_name":"\"The 1875 Season\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//retrosheet.org/boxesetc/Y_1875.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9673718-0-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9673718-0-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-7864-0779-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-0779-4"}],"text":"Baseball-Reference. \"Washington Nationals Team Index\" (1872). Retrieved 06-09-12.\nBaseball-Reference. \"Washington Nationals Team Index\" (1875). Retrieved 2006-09-12.\nRetrosheet. \"The 1875 Season\". Retrieved 2006-09-12. (portal to detail data on each competing team)\nRyczek, William (1992). Blackguards and Red Stockings: A History of Baseball's National Association 1871-1875. 2nd printing 1999, Wallingford CT: Colebrook Press. ISBN 0-9673718-0-5.\nWright, Marshall (2000). The National Association of Base Ball Players, 1857-1870. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co. ISBN 0-7864-0779-4","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Washington Nationals (1872-1873)\". retrosheet.org. Retrieved March 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/W/FR_WS5.htm","url_text":"\"Washington Nationals (1872-1873)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Washington Blue Legs History & Encyclopedia\". baseball-reference.com. Retrieved March 19, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WBL/","url_text":"\"Washington Blue Legs History & Encyclopedia\""}]},{"reference":"\"1872 Washington Nationals\". retrosheet.org. Retrieved March 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1872/TWS401872.htm","url_text":"\"1872 Washington Nationals\""}]},{"reference":"\"The 1872 Washington Nationals Regular Season Roster\". retrosheet.org. Retrieved March 20, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1872/UPWS401872.htm","url_text":"\"The 1872 Washington Nationals Regular Season Roster\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/W/FR_WS5.htm","external_links_name":"\"Washington Nationals (1872-1873)\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WBL/","external_links_name":"\"Washington Blue Legs History & Encyclopedia\""},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1872/TWS401872.htm","external_links_name":"\"1872 Washington Nationals\""},{"Link":"http://www.retrosheet.org/boxesetc/1872/UPWS401872.htm","external_links_name":"\"The 1872 Washington Nationals Regular Season Roster\""},{"Link":"http://baseball-reference.com/teams/NAT/","external_links_name":"\"Washington Nationals Team Index\" (1872)"},{"Link":"http://baseball-reference.com/teams/WNT/","external_links_name":"\"Washington Nationals Team Index\" (1875)"},{"Link":"http://retrosheet.org/boxesetc/Y_1875.htm","external_links_name":"\"The 1875 Season\""},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/teams/WBL/","external_links_name":"Baseball Reference team index"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Magdala_(1870) | HMS Magdala (1870) | ["1 Design and description","1.1 Propulsion","1.2 Armament","1.3 Armour","2 Service","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"] | Magdala with awnings rigged
History
United Kingdom
NameMagdala
NamesakeBattle of Magdala
BuilderThames Ironworks & Shipbuilding Company
Laid down6 October 1868
Launched2 March 1870
CompletedNovember 1870
FateBroken up, 1904
General characteristics
Class and typeCerberus-class breastwork monitor
Displacement3,340 long tons (3,390 t)
Length225 ft (68.6 m) (p/p)
Beam45 ft (13.7 m)
Draught15 ft 3 in (4.6 m)
Installed power1,436 ihp (1,071 kW)
Propulsion2 shafts, 2 steam engines
Speed10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Range450 nmi (830 km; 520 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph)
Complement155
Armament2 × twin 10-inch rifled muzzle loaders
Armour
Belt: 6–8 in (152–203 mm)
Deck: 1–1.5 in (25–38 mm)
Superstructures: 8–9 in (203–229 mm)
Gun turret: 9–10 in (229–254 mm)
HMS Magdala was a Cerberus-class breastwork monitor of the Royal Navy, built specifically to serve as a coastal defence ship for the harbour of Bombay (now Mumbai) in the late 1860s. She was ordered by the India Office for the Bombay Marine. The original specifications were thought to be too expensive and a cheaper design was ordered. While limited to harbour defence duties, the breastwork monitors were described by Admiral George Alexander Ballard as being like "full-armoured knights riding on donkeys, easy to avoid but bad to close with." Aside from gunnery practice Magdala remained in Bombay Harbour for her entire career. The ship was sold for scrap in 1903.
Design and description
In July 1866 the India Office asked for two floating batteries to defend Bombay and the Controller of the Navy, Vice Admiral Spencer Robinson recommended that monitors be used. He recommended a design with 12-inch (305 mm) armour belt and 15 inches (381 mm) protecting the gun turret, armed with the largest possible guns, which would cost £220,000. The India Office thought that this was too expensive and ordered a repeat of HMVS Cerberus instead for only £132,400.
The ships had a length between perpendiculars of 225 feet (68.6 m), a beam of 45 feet (13.7 m), and a draught of 15 feet 3 inches (4.65 m) at deep load. They displaced 3,340 long tons (3,390 t). Their crew consisted of 155 officers and men.
Propulsion
Magdala had two horizontal direct-acting steam engines, made by Ravenhill, each driving a single propeller. The ship's boilers had a working pressure of 30 psi (207 kPa; 2 kgf/cm2). The engines produced a total of 1,369 indicated horsepower (1,021 kW) on 21 October 1870 during the ship's sea trials which gave her a maximum speed of 10.67 knots (19.76 km/h; 12.28 mph). Magdala carried 220 long tons (220 t) of coal, enough to steam 450 nmi (830 km; 520 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph).
Armament
The Cerberus-class ships mounted a pair of 10-inch rifled muzzle-loading guns in each hand-worked turret. The shell of the 10-inch (254 mm) gun weighed 407 pounds (184.6 kg) while the gun itself weighed 18 long tons (18 t). The gun had a muzzle velocity of 1,365 ft/s (416 m/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12.9 inches (330 mm) of wrought iron armour at 100 yards (91 m). The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells. Magdala was rearmed in 1892 with four breech-loading BL 8-inch guns.
Armour
The Cerberus-class ships had a complete wrought iron waterline belt that was 8 inches (203 mm) thick amidships and thinned to 6 inches (152 mm) at the ends. The superstructure and conning tower were fully armoured, the reason it was called a breastwork, with 8–9 inches (203–229 mm) of wrought iron. The gun turrets had 10 inches (250 mm) on their faces and 9 inches (230 mm) on the sides and rear. All of the vertical armour was backed by 9–11 inches (229–279 mm) of teak. The decks were 1.5 inches (38.1 mm) thick, backed by 10 inches (250 mm) of teak.
Service
HMS Magdala was laid down on 6 October 1868 by the Thames Ironworks in Leamouth, London. She was launched on 2 March 1870 and completed in November 1870. For her delivery voyage to India, Magdala was fitted with three temporary masts and made the trip under sail in the middle of winter without escort, as both her builders and the Royal Navy, considered her sufficiently seaworthy as to make the trip safely. Her life thereafter was wholly spent in Bombay Harbour, with occasional short trips to sea for firing practice. She was sold for scrap in January 1903.
Notes
^ Ballard, p. 219
^ Brown, p. 57
^ Parkes, p. 167
^ a b Roberts, p. 21
^ a b Silverstone, p. 165
^ Ballard, pp. 248–49
^ Roberts, p. 6
^ Parkes, pp. 167–68
^ Parkes, p. 169
^ Silverstone, p. 249
References
Ballard, G. A., Admiral (1980). The Black Battlefleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-924-3.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
Brown, David K. (2003). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905 (reprint of the 1997 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-529-2.
Friedman, Norman (2018). British Battleships of the Victorian Era. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-68247-329-0.
Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.
Roberts, John (1979). "Great Britain (including Empire Forces)". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 1–113. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.
Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.
External links
Magdala & Abyssinia Slideshow
Cerberus-class monitor Victorian Naval Forces
Cerberus
Royal Australian Navy
Cerberus
Royal Navy
Magdala
Preceded by: None
Followed by: Abyssinia
List of ships of the Victorian Naval Forces
List of ironclads of the Royal Navy | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cerberus-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerberus-class_monitor"},{"link_name":"breastwork monitor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastwork_monitor"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"coastal defence ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coastal_defence_ship"},{"link_name":"Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bombay"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"India Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India_Office"},{"link_name":"Bombay Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Navy#Colonial_Indian_Navy"},{"link_name":"George Alexander Ballard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Ballard"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"scrap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaking"}],"text":"HMS Magdala was a Cerberus-class breastwork monitor of the Royal Navy, built specifically to serve as a coastal defence ship for the harbour of Bombay (now Mumbai) in the late 1860s. She was ordered by the India Office for the Bombay Marine. The original specifications were thought to be too expensive and a cheaper design was ordered. While limited to harbour defence duties, the breastwork monitors were described by Admiral George Alexander Ballard as being like \"full-armoured knights riding on donkeys, easy to avoid but bad to close with.\"[1] Aside from gunnery practice Magdala remained in Bombay Harbour for her entire career. The ship was sold for scrap in 1903.","title":"HMS Magdala (1870)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Controller of the Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controller_of_the_Navy"},{"link_name":"Vice Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_Admiral"},{"link_name":"Spencer Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Spencer_Robinson"},{"link_name":"monitors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monitor_(warship)"},{"link_name":"belt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belt_armor"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"HMVS Cerberus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMVS_Cerberus"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-p8-3"},{"link_name":"length between perpendiculars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_between_perpendiculars"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(ship)"},{"link_name":"deep load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_load"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g1-4"}],"text":"In July 1866 the India Office asked for two floating batteries to defend Bombay and the Controller of the Navy, Vice Admiral Spencer Robinson recommended that monitors be used. He recommended a design with 12-inch (305 mm) armour belt and 15 inches (381 mm) protecting the gun turret, armed with the largest possible guns, which would cost £220,000.[2] The India Office thought that this was too expensive and ordered a repeat of HMVS Cerberus instead for only £132,400.[3]The ships had a length between perpendiculars of 225 feet (68.6 m), a beam of 45 feet (13.7 m), and a draught of 15 feet 3 inches (4.65 m) at deep load. They displaced 3,340 long tons (3,390 t). Their crew consisted of 155 officers and men.[4]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"direct-acting steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_steam_engine#Direct_acting"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s5-5"},{"link_name":"boilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(steam_generator)"},{"link_name":"psi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pound_per_square_inch"},{"link_name":"kPa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pascal_(unit)"},{"link_name":"kgf/cm2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilogram-force"},{"link_name":"indicated horsepower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsepower#Indicated_horsepower"},{"link_name":"sea trials","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_trial"},{"link_name":"knots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"nmi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-s5-5"}],"sub_title":"Propulsion","text":"Magdala had two horizontal direct-acting steam engines, made by Ravenhill, each driving a single propeller.[5] The ship's boilers had a working pressure of 30 psi (207 kPa; 2 kgf/cm2). The engines produced a total of 1,369 indicated horsepower (1,021 kW) on 21 October 1870 during the ship's sea trials which gave her a maximum speed of 10.67 knots (19.76 km/h; 12.28 mph). Magdala carried 220 long tons (220 t) of coal,[6] enough to steam 450 nmi (830 km; 520 mi) at 10 kn (19 km/h; 12 mph).[5]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"10-inch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RML_10_inch_18_ton_gun"},{"link_name":"rifled muzzle-loading guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifled_muzzle_loader"},{"link_name":"muzzle velocity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzzle_velocity"},{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"solid shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_shot"},{"link_name":"explosive shells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shell_(projectile)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"breech-loading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breech-loading"},{"link_name":"BL 8-inch guns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BL_8_inch_Mk_I_%E2%80%93_VII_naval_gun"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-g1-4"}],"sub_title":"Armament","text":"The Cerberus-class ships mounted a pair of 10-inch rifled muzzle-loading guns in each hand-worked turret. The shell of the 10-inch (254 mm) gun weighed 407 pounds (184.6 kg) while the gun itself weighed 18 long tons (18 t). The gun had a muzzle velocity of 1,365 ft/s (416 m/s) and was credited with the ability to penetrate a nominal 12.9 inches (330 mm) of wrought iron armour at 100 yards (91 m). The guns could fire both solid shot and explosive shells.[7] Magdala was rearmed in 1892 with four breech-loading BL 8-inch guns.[4]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wrought iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrought_iron"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"breastwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breastwork_(fortification)"},{"link_name":"gun turrets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_turret"},{"link_name":"teak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teak"},{"link_name":"decks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Armour","text":"The Cerberus-class ships had a complete wrought iron waterline belt that was 8 inches (203 mm) thick amidships and thinned to 6 inches (152 mm) at the ends. The superstructure and conning tower were fully armoured, the reason it was called a breastwork, with 8–9 inches (203–229 mm) of wrought iron. The gun turrets had 10 inches (250 mm) on their faces and 9 inches (230 mm) on the sides and rear. All of the vertical armour was backed by 9–11 inches (229–279 mm) of teak. The decks were 1.5 inches (38.1 mm) thick, backed by 10 inches (250 mm) of teak.[8]","title":"Design and description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thames Ironworks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thames_Ironworks_and_Shipbuilding_Company"},{"link_name":"Leamouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leamouth"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"HMS Magdala was laid down on 6 October 1868 by the Thames Ironworks in Leamouth, London. She was launched on 2 March 1870 and completed in November 1870. For her delivery voyage to India, Magdala was fitted with three temporary masts and made the trip under sail in the middle of winter without escort, as both her builders and the Royal Navy, considered her sufficiently seaworthy as to make the trip safely. Her life thereafter was wholly spent in Bombay Harbour, with occasional short trips to sea for firing practice.[9] She was sold for scrap in January 1903.[10]","title":"Service"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-p8_3-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-g1_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-g1_4-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s5_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-s5_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"}],"text":"^ Ballard, p. 219\n\n^ Brown, p. 57\n\n^ Parkes, p. 167\n\n^ a b Roberts, p. 21\n\n^ a b Silverstone, p. 165\n\n^ Ballard, pp. 248–49\n\n^ Roberts, p. 6\n\n^ Parkes, pp. 167–68\n\n^ Parkes, p. 169\n\n^ Silverstone, p. 249","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Ballard, G. A., Admiral (1980). The Black Battlefleet. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-924-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Alexander_Ballard","url_text":"Ballard, G. A., Admiral"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-924-3","url_text":"0-87021-924-3"}]},{"reference":"Brown, David K. (2003). Warrior to Dreadnought: Warship Development 1860–1905 (reprint of the 1997 ed.). London: Caxton Editions. ISBN 1-84067-529-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84067-529-2","url_text":"1-84067-529-2"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (2018). British Battleships of the Victorian Era. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 978-1-68247-329-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Friedman","url_text":"Friedman, Norman"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68247-329-0","url_text":"978-1-68247-329-0"}]},{"reference":"Parkes, Oscar (1990). British Battleships (reprint of the 1957 ed.). Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-075-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-075-4","url_text":"1-55750-075-4"}]},{"reference":"Roberts, John (1979). \"Great Britain (including Empire Forces)\". In Chesneau, Roger & Kolesnik, Eugene M. (eds.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905. New York: Mayflower Books. pp. 1–113. ISBN 0-8317-0302-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","url_text":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8317-0302-4","url_text":"0-8317-0302-4"}]},{"reference":"Silverstone, Paul H. (1984). Directory of the World's Capital Ships. New York: Hippocrene Books. ISBN 0-88254-979-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88254-979-0","url_text":"0-88254-979-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2","external_links_name":"Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905"},{"Link":"http://www.cerberus.com.au/mag_aby_slideshow.html","external_links_name":"Magdala & Abyssinia Slideshow"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Creek_(Scioto_River_tributary) | Paint Creek (Scioto River tributary) | ["1 Tributaries","2 Variant names","3 See also","4 References"] | Coordinates: 39°17′43″N 82°56′00″W / 39.2953°N 82.9332°W / 39.2953; -82.9332RiverPaint CreekPaint Creek at GreenfieldPhysical characteristicsSource • location5 mi (8.0 km) southwest of London • elevation1,100 ft (340 m)
Mouth • locationScioto River near Chillicothe • elevation~ 590 ft (180 m)Length94.7 mi (152.4 km)Basin size1,143 sq mi (2,960 km2)Discharge • locationChillicothe • average1,368 cu ft/s (38.7 m3/s), USGS water years 1986-2019
Map of Paint Creek highlighted within the Scioto River watershed.
Paint Creek is a tributary of the Scioto River, 94.7 miles (152.4 km) long, in south-central Ohio in the United States. Via the Scioto and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. It drains an area of 1,143 square miles (2,960 km2).
Paint Creek rises in southwestern Madison County and flows initially south-southeastwardly through Fayette County and along the boundaries of Highland and Ross Counties, past the towns of Washington Court House and Greenfield. Downstream of Greenfield, a dam causes the stream to form Paint Creek Lake, part of Paint Creek State Park. Below the dam, Paint Creek flows eastwardly through Ross County, past Bainbridge and just to the south of Chillicothe to its confluence with the Scioto River.
Tributaries
Principal tributaries include of Paint Creek include:
Rattlesnake Creek flows to Paint Creek Lake.
North Fork Paint Creek, 46.6 miles (75.0 km) long, rises in southeastern Madison County and flows generally southeastwardly through Fayette and Ross Counties, past Frankfort, to its confluence with Paint Creek near Chillicothe. The North Fork drains an area of 236 square miles (610 km2).
Variant names
According to the Geographic Names Information System, Paint Creek has also been known historically as:
Alamoneetheepeece
Chillicotha Creek
Necunsia Skeintat (Found on Lewis Evans’ A General Map of the Middle British Colonies in America, published in 1755.)
Olomon Sepung
Olomoni Siipunk
Pain Creek
Paint River
Pait Creek
See also
List of rivers of Ohio
References
^ U.S. Geological Survey. Florence quadrangle, Ohio. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington D.C.: USGS, 1991.
^ U.S. Geological Survey. Chillicothe East quadrangle, Ohio. 1:24,000. 7.5 Minute Series. Washington D.C.: USGS, 1992.
^ "USGS Water-Year Summary for Site 03234300". waterdata.usgs.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-15.
^ a b c d Ohio Department of Natural Resources. A Guide to Ohio Streams. Chapter 10: Major Ohio Watersheds (pdf)
^ a b Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry
^ a b *DeLorme (1991). Ohio Atlas & Gazetteer. Yarmouth, Maine: DeLorme. ISBN 0-89933-233-1
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: North Fork Paint Creek
^ U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Paint Creek
^ Evans, Lewis. "A General map of the Middle British Colonies in America". Library of Congress: Lewis Evans.
39°17′43″N 82°56′00″W / 39.2953°N 82.9332°W / 39.2953; -82.9332 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ohiopaintrivermap.svg"},{"link_name":"tributary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tributary"},{"link_name":"Scioto River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scioto_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-4"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Columbia-5"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio_River"},{"link_name":"watershed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drainage_basin"},{"link_name":"Mississippi River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississippi_River"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNR-4"},{"link_name":"Madison County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madison_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Fayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayette_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Highland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highland_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Washington Court House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Court_House,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Greenfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenfield,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"Paint Creek State Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paint_Creek_State_Park"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge,_Ross_County,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"Chillicothe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chillicothe,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DeLorme_OH-6"}],"text":"RiverMap of Paint Creek highlighted within the Scioto River watershed.Paint Creek is a tributary of the Scioto River, 94.7 miles (152.4 km) long,[4] in south-central Ohio in the United States.[5] Via the Scioto and Ohio Rivers, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River. It drains an area of 1,143 square miles (2,960 km2).[4]Paint Creek rises in southwestern Madison County and flows initially south-southeastwardly through Fayette County and along the boundaries of Highland and Ross Counties, past the towns of Washington Court House and Greenfield. Downstream of Greenfield, a dam causes the stream to form Paint Creek Lake, part of Paint Creek State Park. 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Library of Congress: Lewis Evans.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.loc.gov/search/?q=middle+british+colonies&fa=digitized%3Atrue%7CContributor%3Aevans%2C+lewis%2C","url_text":"\"A General map of the Middle British Colonies in America\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paint_Creek_(Scioto_River_tributary)¶ms=39.2953_N_82.9332_W_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:US","external_links_name":"39°17′43″N 82°56′00″W / 39.2953°N 82.9332°W / 39.2953; -82.9332"},{"Link":"https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/wys_rpt?dv_ts_ids=109154&wys_water_yr=2019&site_no=03234300","external_links_name":"\"USGS Water-Year Summary for Site 03234300\""},{"Link":"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/streams/","external_links_name":"A Guide to Ohio Streams."},{"Link":"http://www.dnr.state.oh.us/streams/chapter10.pdf","external_links_name":"Chapter 10: Major Ohio Watersheds (pdf)"},{"Link":"http://www.bartleby.com/69/7/P00307.html","external_links_name":"Columbia Gazetteer of North America entry"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1066866","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: North Fork Paint Creek"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/1066883","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Paint Creek"},{"Link":"https://www.loc.gov/search/?q=middle+british+colonies&fa=digitized%3Atrue%7CContributor%3Aevans%2C+lewis%2C","external_links_name":"\"A General map of the Middle British Colonies in America\""},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Paint_Creek_(Scioto_River_tributary)¶ms=39.2953_N_82.9332_W_source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:US","external_links_name":"39°17′43″N 82°56′00″W / 39.2953°N 82.9332°W / 39.2953; -82.9332"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_bang_(disambiguation) | Gang bang (disambiguation) | ["1 Crime","2 Music","2.1 Songs","3 See also"] | Look up gang bang, gangbang, gangbanger, or reverse gangbang in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
A gang bang is a situation where one person has sexual intercourse with more than two partners.
Gang bang may also refer to:
Crime
Gang banging, the act of engaging in violence and other criminal activities as a member of a street gang.
Music
Gang Bang, 1999 album by René Berg
Songs
"Gang Bang" (song), a 2012 song by Madonna
"Gang Bang", a 1972 song by Oscar Brown Jr. from Movin' On
"Gang Bang", a 1974 song by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band from Next
"Gang Bang", a 1994 song by Brand Nubian on Everything is Everything
"Gang Bang", a 1996 song by Dr. Dre and World Class Wreckin' Cru
"Gang Bang", a 2005 song by French band Indochine on Alice & June
"(Having a) Gangbang", a song by Black Lace featured in the 1987 film Rita, Sue and Bob Too
"Gang Bang", a 2012 song by Wiz Khalifa
"Gang Bang", a 2013 song by Bob Seger
See also
Bang Gang, an Icelandic band
Gang banger (disambiguation)
Topics referred to by the same term
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Gang bang.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gang bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gang_bang"},{"link_name":"gangbang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gangbang"},{"link_name":"gangbanger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gangbanger"},{"link_name":"reverse gangbang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reverse_gangbang"},{"link_name":"gang bang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_bang"}],"text":"Look up gang bang, gangbang, gangbanger, or reverse gangbang in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A gang bang is a situation where one person has sexual intercourse with more than two partners.Gang bang may also refer to:","title":"Gang bang (disambiguation)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gang banging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_gang"}],"text":"Gang banging, the act of engaging in violence and other criminal activities as a member of a street gang.","title":"Crime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"René Berg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Berg"}],"text":"Gang Bang, 1999 album by René Berg","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Gang Bang\" (song)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_Bang_(song)"},{"link_name":"Oscar Brown Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Brown_Jr."},{"link_name":"Next","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_(The_Sensational_Alex_Harvey_Band_album)"},{"link_name":"Everything is Everything","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything_Is_Everything_(Brand_Nubian_album)"},{"link_name":"Dr. Dre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Dre"},{"link_name":"Alice & June","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_%26_June"},{"link_name":"Rita, Sue and Bob Too","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rita,_Sue_and_Bob_Too"},{"link_name":"Wiz Khalifa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiz_Khalifa"},{"link_name":"Bob Seger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Seger"}],"sub_title":"Songs","text":"\"Gang Bang\" (song), a 2012 song by Madonna\n\"Gang Bang\", a 1972 song by Oscar Brown Jr. from Movin' On\n\"Gang Bang\", a 1974 song by The Sensational Alex Harvey Band from Next\n\"Gang Bang\", a 1994 song by Brand Nubian on Everything is Everything\n\"Gang Bang\", a 1996 song by Dr. Dre and World Class Wreckin' Cru\n\"Gang Bang\", a 2005 song by French band Indochine on Alice & June\n\"(Having a) Gangbang\", a song by Black Lace featured in the 1987 film Rita, Sue and Bob Too\n\"Gang Bang\", a 2012 song by Wiz Khalifa\n\"Gang Bang\", a 2013 song by Bob Seger","title":"Music"}] | [] | [{"title":"Bang Gang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Gang"},{"title":"Gang banger (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gang_banger_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Disambig_gray.svg"},{"title":"disambiguation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Disambiguation"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Gang_bang_(disambiguation)&namespace=0"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Gang_bang_(disambiguation)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Women%27s_Society | New Women's Association | ["1 Purpose","2 History","3 The amendment of Article 5 of the Public Police Law","4 Newspaper reports on the NWA","5 Public recognition","6 Notable members","7 See also","8 References"] | Japanese women's rights organization (1919–1922)
The New Women's Association (NWA, also known as New Women's Society 新婦人協会, Shin-fujin kyо̄kai) was a Japanese women's rights organization founded in 1919. The organization strove to enhance women's rights in the areas of education, employment, and suffrage. It also aimed to protect women from venereal disease by attempting to prevent men with these diseases from marrying, as well as by allowing women whose husbands had these diseases to get a divorce. The organization played an important role in changing Article 5 of the Public Peace Police Law, which had prohibited women from participating in public meetings. NWA also enlisted the help of men as advocates for women in politics.
The organization is widely credited for raising the issue of women's rights in Japan and influencing the Diet's decision to expand them. The Diet passed changes to Article 5 of the Public Peace Police Law in 1922. The organization disbanded in the same year under the authority of leader Hiratsuka Raichō.
Purpose
The New Women's Association was formed in an effort to allow women both freedom and the right to vote. The establishment of NWA was affected by the domestic and global trend of innovation. Due to the Russian Revolution and WWI, Japan was in a middle of Taishō Democracy at that time, and labor movement and universal suffrage movement became active. In addition, women's suffrage was admitted in some western nations. These trends made Hiratsuka, who is the founder of the NWA, to think about social remodeling.
The group's aims included raising the "social and political position of women in Japan." Furthermore, the organization strove to obtain gender equality in education and employment. The leaders, Hiratsuka Raichō, Ichikawa Fusae, and Oku Mumeo, also focused on repealing or modifying Article 5 of the Public Police Law. This law prohibited women from participating in political activity publicly. The organization drafted two petitions advocating women's political rights. The law was an obstacle for women's political movement. Ichikawa thought of the amendment as a first step to women's suffrage. Hiratsuka was not interested in political rights before, but she came to understand the importance of them because she recognized more of her identity as a woman. After experiencing childbirth and childcare, she began to think about advocating rights to live as a woman.
In addition to this, the organization aimed to stop men with venereal disease (Karyū-byō) getting married. Karyū-byō was the venereal disease which infects people in Karyū-kai(Geisha and prostitute society). The purpose for preventing men with the disease from marrying was not a legislation or petition campaign but also aimed to encourage women to aware of themselves as individual women by raising the issue of patriarchy which women cannot reject a partner decided by the patriarch and the double standard of sexual morality. At the time, women were expected to be sexually pure, and prohibited from having sexual relations with men without their husbands by law. However, men were accepted to have sexual relations with women. Hiratsuka pointed out that there was the double standard that men forced women to be sexually pure while men themselves had sexual freedom. The group both lobbied for and drafted a petition in favor of this with the goal of protecting the women whose husbands had or would later contract a sexually transmitted disease. The petition that was drafted for this purpose would have also given a woman the right to divorce her husband if he had venereal disease or contracted one during their marriage. This petition gained more traction than the organization's attempts to obtain women's suffrage and rights, and even gained the support of the Japan Women's Christian Temperance Union.
History
The New Women's Association was formed in post-World War I Japan. This new organization formed under the leadership of figures such as Hiratsuka Raichō, who was one of the founders of Bluestocking. Hiratsuka Raichō asked Ichikawa Fusae to form a women's rights organization with Oku Mumeo starting in 1919. Oku had recently had a son, and she would carry him on her back to NWA meetings and use the pram to carry copies of the group's journal, Women's League (Josei dōmei).
The organization petitioned the Diet in order to bring about changes that would allow women to be politically involved, among other issues. On January 6, 1920, Hiratsuka, Ichikawa, and Oku gathered at Hiratsuka's residence. At this gathering, the three women and other activists drafted two petitions. One of the petitions was created to grant women citizenship and the ability to be politically active, while the other petition was created to protect women and require men to get tested for syphilis before getting married. The second petition also would have granted wives the ability to divorce their husbands and receive compensation in these cases.
NWA's first meeting was held on February 21, 1920, in Tokyo at the YMCA hall in Kanda. This first meeting had around 500 in attendance and 70% of the audience were male. The official charter of the group and membership rules were later announced on March 28, 1920. As of 1921, there were 412 members of the organization.
In 1920, Ichikawa Fusae left the New Women's Association. She was in the United States for two-and-a-half years, though her departure from the New Women's Association came largely as a result of Ichikawa and Hiratsuka's differing opinions. Ichikawa was a doer rather than a thinker. She aimed to first announce the purpose and plans of the movement and launch a campaign while Hiratsuka thought about publishing a magazine and recruiting supporters. The reasons for Ichikawa's leaving the New Women's Association was that the work of the association was a strain for her. While Hiratsuka and Oku were busy with childcare and household, Ichikawa had to do a lot of workload, and it made her grumpy. She resigned as the leader of the association in June 1921 and left for the US in July in the same year.
Changes to Article 5 were passed in 1922, approved by both houses of the Diet. After that, the organization disbanded in the same year. There are several reasons for disbandment. One of the causes is Hiratsuka's sickness. The office of the New Women's Association was placed in her house, and she couldn't separate her daily life and work. She suffered from headache, vomiting, and diarrhea because of overwork and stress. She left Tokyo with her family, but her position was retained. The other reason is the difference in purpose between Hiratsuka and other members. She regarded the association as a step to change the double standard of sexual morality, but others focused on the changes of the Article 5 of the Public Peace Police Law. The loss of Ichikawa and Hiratsuka damaged the association. After she left from Tokyo, Oku continued her position but resigned in 1922 as a result of conflict between her and Makoto Sakamoto, the one who contributed to the change of the Article 5 with Oku. Hiratsuka declared the disbandment of the New Women's Association in the statement in December, 1922.
The amendment of Article 5 of the Public Police Law
A speech organized by the New Women's Association calling for a revision of Article 5 of the Public Police Law, July 18, 1920
The organization petitioned the Diet about changes of Article 5 of the Public Police Law and regulated men with venereal diseases getting married. Lobbying for the amendment of Article 5 has happened before, but it didn't succeed. Hiratsuka thought that suffrage was necessary for women to amend the law which is disadvantageous for them.
According to paragraph1 and 2 in Article 5, it is written that "women" are prohibited to join any political organizations and participate in political meetings. The petition about Article 5 proposed the words" women" in paragraph 1 and 2 be deleted. The 2 petitions were submitted to the House of Representatives and Japanese House of Peers.
On February 23, the petitions were discussed in the Diet, but it was not adopted as premature to change the law. Although the organization tried to submit the draft amendment of the law after the discussion, they couldn't because the Imperial Diet was suddenly dissolved on February 26. In June, 1920, the second petitions were submitted to the 43rd special Diet. The petition which is about Article 5 was adopted in the House of Representatives, but the deliberation did not finish until the end of the session.
On October 28, 1920, the petitions included Article 5, marriage regulation, and voting rights for women were submitted. Whereas the latter two were not adopted, the petition about paragraph 2 in Article 5 which regulates participating for women to political meetings was adopted through the Association of Friends of Constitutional Government (Seiyū-Kai) which is the ruling party at the time and passed in the House of Representatives. However, it was rejected because of baron Fujimura's opposition. He described that women's participation in political campaigns is against the family system which is based on the society at this time. His claim expressed the opinions which men at that time had about women.
Afterwards, because Ichikawa left the NewWomen's Association and Hiratsuka also left Tokyo, Oku who is one of the leaders of the association and Makoto Sakamoto led the association and continued to petition.
In 1921, 3 petitions were submitted again and the petition about paragraph 2 in Article 5 was adopted in both the House of Representatives and Japanese House of Peers. The legal amendment was enforced on May 5, 1922.
Newspaper reports on the NWA
The NWA received public attention and criticism. There were fewer smears in the newspapers than in Seitō, and they instead covered their activities positively. The NWA told their plan and used them as a way of advertising and holding lectures. The first women's convention which the NWA declared establishment was hosted by the Osaka Asahi Shimbun company. The Kokumin Shinbun also held the lecture of Hiratsuka and Waka Yamada, and Hiratsuka talked about the NWA movement. Newspapers also covered the petition movement. They reported the entire process from the discussion of the petitions to the final amendment. Mainly the Yomiuri Shimbun, the Touchō Shinbun (Tokyō Asahi Shinbun), and the Kokumin Shinbun mentioned about the discussion of the petition. Newspapers also covered their passion for the activities and the comment by members being happy with the passage of amendment. Newspapers were the main mass-media at that time, and they led the public by following the trend of Democracy.
The NWA on the other hand distributed to newspaper companies the progress report about the first discussion in the Diet. This is considered that the NWA effectively used newspapers as the place of report. Newspapers mainly focused on two petitions at first, but they became concentrated on the amendment of Article 5 and barely reported marriage regulation for men with venereal diseases at the end of the movement. It is thought that because the NWA focused more on Article 5 at that time.
Public recognition
NWA attracted the attention of prominent people, both men and women. While some praised the association, others questioned the purpose of NWA and criticized its limited class. Firstly, Yosano Akiko wrote two commentaries on NWA. According to Fujin Kōron, she described the establishment of the NWA as a "recent significant phenomena among women", and she showed her favoritism toward it. In contrast, the second commentary questioned focusing on the amendment of Article 5 nevertheless the general election movement became active. Furthermore, she said that she "couldn't help but have a sense of the strangeness" of the marriage regulation for men with Karyū-byō. She pointed out the unfairness of only targeting men with venereal disease and restrictions in love marriages. Despite some differences of opinions, she appreciated the association.Morito Tatsuo also valued the NWA. He characterized the activities of the NWA as liberating women from their subordinate position in the male culture and changing the male-dominated culture and creating a humanistic culture. He understood Hiratsuka's purpose of radically changing the status of women, and he gave some advice for their activities.
On the other hand, sociologist feminist and women workers distasted for the NWA. Yamakawa Kikue and Itō Noe, were members of the Red Wave Society, criticized the NWA severely. Yamakawa criticized the NWA as the position of socialist. She accused Hiratsuka of changing the NWA into the association of bourgeois women and excluded working class women. She described the NWA as " Hiratuska's the outdated aristocratic, self-righteous hedonism" and expressed their activities as "Bourgeois Games". She also sneered at the petition movement. Ito also criticized the NWA from the perspective of an anarchist. She said in Kaizō that "I am not afraid to assert that the New Women's Association movement is a completely selfish movement of middle-class women."
As a matter of fact, the NWA has various members including working class women, men, and women who joined other women's organizations such as Seitō and Japan Christian Women's Organization, but the number of members in the working class is a few. In addition, the activities for marriage regulation for men with venereal diseases have been from a middle-class perspective. Hiratsuka tried to protect middle and upper-middle class women from Karyū-byō, so she did not take into account women such as prostitutes and tended to focus only to the class of women which she belonged to. Even so, these criticisms included those against Hiratsuka personally and there were many critics who didn't understand the actual purpose of the NWA.
Notable members
Hiratsuka Raichō
Ichikawa Fusae
Oku Mumeo
See also
Feminism in Japan
Bluestocking
References
^ Hunter, Janet (1984). Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History. University of California Press. p. 243. ISBN 0520045572.
^ a b North, Scott (March 2006). "Work in Progress". humanities and Social Sciences Online. Retrieved 26 July 2016.
^ a b c Komori, Naoko (August 2007). "The "hidden" history of accounting in Japan: a historical examination of the relationship between Japanese women and accounting". Accounting History. 12 (3): 342–344. doi:10.1177/1032373207079037. S2CID 154321027.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Garon, Sheldon M (1997). Molding Japanese minds : the state in everyday life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. pp. 104-131. ISBN 0691044880.
^ a b c d e f Mackie, Vera (2003). Feminism in Modern Japan: Citizenship, Embodiment and Sexuality. Cambridge University Press. pp. 58–60. ISBN 0521820189.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s 折井, 美耶子 (2006). 新婦人協会の研究. Domesu Shuppan. ISBN 4-8107-0664-8. OCLC 676550065.
^ a b c d e f g h translator., 富田裕子, editor. 横山千晶 (December 2020). 国際的視野からみる近代日本の女性史 : 政治経済・労働・セクシュアリティ = Japanese women emerging from subservience, 1868-1945. ISBN 978-4-7664-2702-8. OCLC 1227471845. {{cite book}}: |last= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Hunter, Janet (1984). Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History. University of California Press. pp. 64–65. ISBN 0520043901.
^ Mackie, Vera (1996). "Feminist Critiques of Modern Japanese Politics". In Threlfall, Monica (ed.). Mapping the Women's Movement: Feminist Politics and Social Transformation in the North. Verso. p. 263. ISBN 1859849849.
^ a b Lublin, Elizabeth Dorn (2013). "Ichikawa Fusae (1893-1981)". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9781598847420.
^ Gordon, Beate Sirota; Pharr, Susan J.; Molony, Barbara; Hastings, Sally (1998). "Celebrating Women's Rights in the Japanese Constitution". U.S.-Japan Women's Journal. English Supplement. 14: 80 – via JSTOR.
^ Loftus, Ronald P. (2004). Telling Lives: Women's Self-Writing in Modern Japan. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 44. ISBN 0824828348.
^ Molony, Barbara (2000). "Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffragism in Japan, 1870-1925". Pacific Historical Review. 69 (4): 653–654. doi:10.2307/3641228. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 3641228.
^ 差波 亜紀子 (February 2019). 平塚らいてう : 信じる道を歩み続けた婦人運動家. Yamakawashuppansha. ISBN 978-4-634-54893-0. OCLC 1090049344.
^ a b Orii, Miyako; 折井美耶子 (2009). Shinfujin Kyōkai no hitobito. 折井美耶子, Josei no Rekishi Kenkyūkai, 女性の歴史研究会. Tōkyō: Domesu Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-8107-0732-8. OCLC 488493354. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"women's rights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_rights"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-2"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Diet"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"Hiratsuka Raichō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"The New Women's Association (NWA, also known as New Women's Society[1] 新婦人協会, Shin-fujin kyо̄kai) was a Japanese women's rights organization founded in 1919.[2] The organization strove to enhance women's rights in the areas of education, employment, and suffrage.[3] It also aimed to protect women from venereal disease by attempting to prevent men with these diseases from marrying, as well as by allowing women whose husbands had these diseases to get a divorce.[4] The organization played an important role in changing Article 5 of the Public Peace Police Law, which had prohibited women from participating in public meetings. NWA also enlisted the help of men as advocates for women in politics.[2]The organization is widely credited for raising the issue of women's rights in Japan and influencing the Diet's decision to expand them.[4] The Diet passed changes to Article 5 of the Public Peace Police Law in 1922.[5] The organization disbanded in the same year under the authority of leader Hiratsuka Raichō.[4]","title":"New Women's Association"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Russian Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Taishō Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"Hiratsuka Raichō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ichikawa Fusae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichikawa_Fusae"},{"link_name":"Oku Mumeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oku_Mumeo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"Geisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geisha"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"Japan Women's Christian Temperance Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_Women%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"}],"text":"The New Women's Association was formed in an effort to allow women both freedom and the right to vote.[4] The establishment of NWA was affected by the domestic and global trend of innovation. Due to the Russian Revolution and WWI, Japan was in a middle of Taishō Democracy at that time, and labor movement and universal suffrage movement became active. In addition, women's suffrage was admitted in some western nations. These trends made Hiratsuka, who is the founder of the NWA, to think about social remodeling.[6][7]The group's aims included raising the \"social and political position of women in Japan.\"[8] Furthermore, the organization strove to obtain gender equality in education and employment.[3] The leaders, Hiratsuka Raichō, Ichikawa Fusae, and Oku Mumeo, also focused on repealing or modifying Article 5 of the Public Police Law.[5] This law prohibited women from participating in political activity publicly.[9] The organization drafted two petitions advocating women's political rights.[4] The law was an obstacle for women's political movement. Ichikawa thought of the amendment as a first step to women's suffrage.[6] Hiratsuka was not interested in political rights before, but she came to understand the importance of them because she recognized more of her identity as a woman. After experiencing childbirth and childcare, she began to think about advocating rights to live as a woman.[6][7]In addition to this, the organization aimed to stop men with venereal disease (Karyū-byō) getting married.[10] Karyū-byō was the venereal disease which infects people in Karyū-kai(Geisha and prostitute society). The purpose for preventing men with the disease from marrying was not a legislation or petition campaign but also aimed to encourage women to aware of themselves as individual women by raising the issue of patriarchy which women cannot reject a partner decided by the patriarch and the double standard of sexual morality. At the time, women were expected to be sexually pure, and prohibited from having sexual relations with men without their husbands by law. However, men were accepted to have sexual relations with women. Hiratsuka pointed out that there was the double standard that men forced women to be sexually pure while men themselves had sexual freedom.[6] The group both lobbied for and drafted a petition in favor of this with the goal of protecting the women whose husbands had or would later contract a sexually transmitted disease.[4] The petition that was drafted for this purpose would have also given a woman the right to divorce her husband if he had venereal disease or contracted one during their marriage. This petition gained more traction than the organization's attempts to obtain women's suffrage and rights, and even gained the support of the Japan Women's Christian Temperance Union.[4]","title":"Purpose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-11"},{"link_name":"Bluestocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestocking_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-3"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-10"},{"link_name":"pram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baby_transport"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-13"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"YMCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YMCA"},{"link_name":"Kanda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanda,_Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"}],"text":"The New Women's Association was formed in post-World War I Japan.[11] This new organization formed under the leadership of figures such as Hiratsuka Raichō, who was one of the founders of Bluestocking.[3] Hiratsuka Raichō asked Ichikawa Fusae to form a women's rights organization with Oku Mumeo starting in 1919.[10] Oku had recently had a son, and she would carry him on her back to NWA meetings and use the pram to carry copies of the group's journal, Women's League (Josei dōmei).[12]The organization petitioned the Diet in order to bring about changes that would allow women to be politically involved, among other issues.[4] On January 6, 1920, Hiratsuka, Ichikawa, and Oku gathered at Hiratsuka's residence. At this gathering, the three women and other activists drafted two petitions. One of the petitions was created to grant women citizenship and the ability to be politically active, while the other petition was created to protect women and require men to get tested for syphilis before getting married. The second petition also would have granted wives the ability to divorce their husbands and receive compensation in these cases.[13]NWA's first meeting was held on February 21, 1920, in Tokyo at the YMCA hall in Kanda.[5] This first meeting had around 500 in attendance and 70% of the audience were male.[5] The official charter of the group and membership rules were later announced on March 28, 1920.[5] As of 1921, there were 412 members of the organization.[4]In 1920, Ichikawa Fusae left the New Women's Association. She was in the United States for two-and-a-half years, though her departure from the New Women's Association came largely as a result of Ichikawa and Hiratsuka's differing opinions.[4] Ichikawa was a doer rather than a thinker. She aimed to first announce the purpose and plans of the movement and launch a campaign while Hiratsuka thought about publishing a magazine and recruiting supporters. The reasons for Ichikawa's leaving the New Women's Association was that the work of the association was a strain for her. While Hiratsuka and Oku were busy with childcare and household, Ichikawa had to do a lot of workload, and it made her grumpy. She resigned as the leader of the association in June 1921 and left for the US in July in the same year.[6]Changes to Article 5 were passed in 1922, approved by both houses of the Diet.[5] After that, the organization disbanded in the same year. There are several reasons for disbandment. One of the causes is Hiratsuka's sickness. The office of the New Women's Association was placed in her house, and she couldn't separate her daily life and work. She suffered from headache, vomiting, and diarrhea because of overwork and stress. She left Tokyo with her family, but her position was retained.[14] The other reason is the difference in purpose between Hiratsuka and other members. She regarded the association as a step to change the double standard of sexual morality, but others focused on the changes of the Article 5 of the Public Peace Police Law. The loss of Ichikawa and Hiratsuka damaged the association.[7] After she left from Tokyo, Oku continued her position but resigned in 1922 as a result of conflict between her and Makoto Sakamoto, the one who contributed to the change of the Article 5 with Oku. Hiratsuka declared the disbandment of the New Women's Association in the statement in December, 1922.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"Seiyū-Kai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"}],"text":"A speech organized by the New Women's Association calling for a revision of Article 5 of the Public Police Law, July 18, 1920The organization petitioned the Diet about changes of Article 5 of the Public Police Law and regulated men with venereal diseases getting married. Lobbying for the amendment of Article 5 has happened before, but it didn't succeed. Hiratsuka thought that suffrage was necessary for women to amend the law which is disadvantageous for them.[6]According to paragraph1 and 2 in Article 5, it is written that \"women\" are prohibited to join any political organizations and participate in political meetings. The petition about Article 5 proposed the words\" women\" in paragraph 1 and 2 be deleted.[6] The 2 petitions were submitted to the House of Representatives and Japanese House of Peers.[7]On February 23, the petitions were discussed in the Diet, but it was not adopted as premature to change the law. Although the organization tried to submit the draft amendment of the law after the discussion, they couldn't because the Imperial Diet was suddenly dissolved on February 26. In June, 1920, the second petitions were submitted to the 43rd special Diet. The petition which is about Article 5 was adopted in the House of Representatives, but the deliberation did not finish until the end of the session.[6]On October 28, 1920, the petitions included Article 5, marriage regulation, and voting rights for women were submitted. Whereas the latter two were not adopted, the petition about paragraph 2 in Article 5 which regulates participating for women to political meetings was adopted through the Association of Friends of Constitutional Government (Seiyū-Kai) which is the ruling party at the time and passed in the House of Representatives. However, it was rejected because of baron Fujimura's opposition. He described that women's participation in political campaigns is against the family system which is based on the society at this time. His claim expressed the opinions which men at that time had about women.[7]Afterwards, because Ichikawa left the NewWomen's Association and Hiratsuka also left Tokyo, Oku who is one of the leaders of the association and Makoto Sakamoto led the association and continued to petition.[6]In 1921, 3 petitions were submitted again and the petition about paragraph 2 in Article 5 was adopted in both the House of Representatives and Japanese House of Peers. The legal amendment was enforced on May 5, 1922.[7]","title":"The amendment of Article 5 of the Public Police Law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestocking_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"Yomiuri Shimbun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomiuri_Shimbun"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"}],"text":"The NWA received public attention and criticism. There were fewer smears in the newspapers than in Seitō, and they instead covered their activities positively. The NWA told their plan and used them as a way of advertising and holding lectures.[6] The first women's convention which the NWA declared establishment was hosted by the Osaka Asahi Shimbun company. The Kokumin Shinbun also held the lecture of Hiratsuka and Waka Yamada, and Hiratsuka talked about the NWA movement.[6] Newspapers also covered the petition movement. They reported the entire process from the discussion of the petitions to the final amendment. Mainly the Yomiuri Shimbun, the Touchō Shinbun (Tokyō Asahi Shinbun), and the Kokumin Shinbun mentioned about the discussion of the petition. Newspapers also covered their passion for the activities and the comment by members being happy with the passage of amendment. Newspapers were the main mass-media at that time, and they led the public by following the trend of Democracy.[6]The NWA on the other hand distributed to newspaper companies the progress report about the first discussion in the Diet. This is considered that the NWA effectively used newspapers as the place of report.[6] Newspapers mainly focused on two petitions at first, but they became concentrated on the amendment of Article 5 and barely reported marriage regulation for men with venereal diseases at the end of the movement. It is thought that because the NWA focused more on Article 5 at that time.[6]","title":"Newspaper reports on the NWA"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Yosano Akiko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yosano_Akiko"},{"link_name":"Fujin Kōron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujin_K%C5%8Dron"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-15"},{"link_name":"Morito Tatsuo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morito_Tatsuo"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-15"},{"link_name":"Yamakawa Kikue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamakawa_Kikue"},{"link_name":"Itō Noe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C5%8D_Noe"},{"link_name":"Red Wave Society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekirankai"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"Kaizō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"},{"link_name":"Seitō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestocking_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Japan Christian Women's Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Japan_Christian_Women%27s_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-6"}],"text":"NWA attracted the attention of prominent people, both men and women. While some praised the association, others questioned the purpose of NWA and criticized its limited class. Firstly, Yosano Akiko wrote two commentaries on NWA. According to Fujin Kōron, she described the establishment of the NWA as a \"recent significant phenomena among women\", and she showed her favoritism toward it. In contrast, the second commentary questioned focusing on the amendment of Article 5 nevertheless the general election movement became active. Furthermore, she said that she \"couldn't help but have a sense of the strangeness\" of the marriage regulation for men with Karyū-byō.[6] She pointed out the unfairness of only targeting men with venereal disease and restrictions in love marriages. Despite some differences of opinions, she appreciated the association.[15]Morito Tatsuo also valued the NWA. He characterized the activities of the NWA as liberating women from their subordinate position in the male culture and changing the male-dominated culture and creating a humanistic culture. He understood Hiratsuka's purpose of radically changing the status of women, and he gave some advice for their activities.[15]On the other hand, sociologist feminist and women workers distasted for the NWA. Yamakawa Kikue and Itō Noe, were members of the Red Wave Society, criticized the NWA severely. Yamakawa criticized the NWA as the position of socialist.[6] She accused Hiratsuka of changing the NWA into the association of bourgeois women and excluded working class women. She described the NWA as \" Hiratuska's the outdated aristocratic, self-righteous hedonism\" and expressed their activities as \"Bourgeois Games\".[7] She also sneered at the petition movement. Ito also criticized the NWA from the perspective of an anarchist. She said in Kaizō that \"I am not afraid to assert that the New Women's Association movement is a completely selfish movement of middle-class women.\"[6]As a matter of fact, the NWA has various members including working class women, men, and women who joined other women's organizations such as Seitō and Japan Christian Women's Organization, but the number of members in the working class is a few. In addition, the activities for marriage regulation for men with venereal diseases have been from a middle-class perspective. Hiratsuka tried to protect middle and upper-middle class women from Karyū-byō, so she did not take into account women such as prostitutes and tended to focus only to the class of women which she belonged to.[7] Even so, these criticisms included those against Hiratsuka personally and there were many critics who didn't understand the actual purpose of the NWA.[6]","title":"Public recognition"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiratsuka Raichō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiratsuka_Raich%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"Ichikawa Fusae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichikawa_Fusae"},{"link_name":"Oku Mumeo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oku_Mumeo"}],"text":"Hiratsuka Raichō\nIchikawa Fusae\nOku Mumeo","title":"Notable members"}] | [{"image_text":"A speech organized by the New Women's Association calling for a revision of Article 5 of the Public Police Law, July 18, 1920","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg/280px-Woman%27s_Rights_Meeting_Tokyo.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Feminism in Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan"},{"title":"Bluestocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluestocking"}] | [{"reference":"Hunter, Janet (1984). Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History. University of California Press. p. 243. ISBN 0520045572.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1MyP6i06z-4C&q=new+women%27s+association&pg=PA243","url_text":"Concise Dictionary of Modern Japanese History"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0520045572","url_text":"0520045572"}]},{"reference":"North, Scott (March 2006). \"Work in Progress\". humanities and Social Sciences Online. Retrieved 26 July 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=11523","url_text":"\"Work in Progress\""}]},{"reference":"Komori, Naoko (August 2007). \"The \"hidden\" history of accounting in Japan: a historical examination of the relationship between Japanese women and accounting\". Accounting History. 12 (3): 342–344. doi:10.1177/1032373207079037. S2CID 154321027.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1032373207079037","url_text":"10.1177/1032373207079037"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154321027","url_text":"154321027"}]},{"reference":"Garon, Sheldon M (1997). Molding Japanese minds : the state in everyday life. Princeton, NJ: Princeton, N.J. : Princeton University Press. pp. 104-131. ISBN 0691044880.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/moldingjapanesem00garo/page/104","url_text":"Molding Japanese minds : the state in everyday life"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/moldingjapanesem00garo/page/104","url_text":"104-131"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691044880","url_text":"0691044880"}]},{"reference":"Mackie, Vera (2003). 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ISBN 1859849849.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DAak_JlfjkQC&q=japan+%22public+peace+police+law%22+article+5&pg=PA263","url_text":"\"Feminist Critiques of Modern Japanese Politics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1859849849","url_text":"1859849849"}]},{"reference":"Lublin, Elizabeth Dorn (2013). \"Ichikawa Fusae (1893-1981)\". In Perez, Louis G. (ed.). Japan at War: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 133–134. ISBN 9781598847420.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=RHXG0JV9zEkC&q=%22New+Japan+Women%27s+League%22&pg=PA134","url_text":"\"Ichikawa Fusae (1893-1981)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781598847420","url_text":"9781598847420"}]},{"reference":"Gordon, Beate Sirota; Pharr, Susan J.; Molony, Barbara; Hastings, Sally (1998). \"Celebrating Women's Rights in the Japanese Constitution\". U.S.-Japan Women's Journal. English Supplement. 14: 80 – via JSTOR.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Loftus, Ronald P. (2004). Telling Lives: Women's Self-Writing in Modern Japan. University of Hawai'i Press. p. 44. ISBN 0824828348.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hPuANNGyXBQC&q=%22new+women%27s+association%22&pg=PA44","url_text":"Telling Lives: Women's Self-Writing in Modern Japan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0824828348","url_text":"0824828348"}]},{"reference":"Molony, Barbara (2000). \"Women's Rights, Feminism, and Suffragism in Japan, 1870-1925\". Pacific Historical Review. 69 (4): 653–654. doi:10.2307/3641228. ISSN 0030-8684. JSTOR 3641228.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3641228","url_text":"10.2307/3641228"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0030-8684","url_text":"0030-8684"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/3641228","url_text":"3641228"}]},{"reference":"差波 亜紀子 (February 2019). 平塚らいてう : 信じる道を歩み続けた婦人運動家. Yamakawashuppansha. ISBN 978-4-634-54893-0. OCLC 1090049344.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/1090049344","url_text":"平塚らいてう : 信じる道を歩み続けた婦人運動家"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4-634-54893-0","url_text":"978-4-634-54893-0"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1090049344","url_text":"1090049344"}]},{"reference":"Orii, Miyako; 折井美耶子 (2009). Shinfujin Kyōkai no hitobito. 折井美耶子, Josei no Rekishi Kenkyūkai, 女性の歴史研究会. Tōkyō: Domesu Shuppan. ISBN 978-4-8107-0732-8. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Saunders | Victor Saunders | ["1 Notable climbs","2 Publications","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | British mountaineer and author
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Victor Saunders is a British climber and author. He trained as an architect at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. His first book, Elusive Summits, won the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature in 1991. He became as a UIAGM/IFMGA ski and mountain guide in 1996 and joined the SNGM (National Syndicate of French Mountain Guides) in 2003. Saunders first reached the summit of Mount Everest in May 2004, and went on to climb it several more times. In 2020 he became president of the Alpine Club.
He lives in Les Houches, near Chamonix, France.
Notable climbs
The climbs are listed in date order.
2017 - Mount Tyree
2016 - Sersank Peak
2016 - Carstensz Pyramid-Puncak Java
2014 - Mount McKinley-Denali
2013 - Aconcagua
2013 - Chamsen
2012 - Mount Elbrus
2012 - Dykh-Tau
2010 - Everest
2007 - Ama Dablam
2007 - Everest
2006 - Everest
2005 - Everest
2004 - Ama Dablam
2004 - Everest
1997 - Cho Oyu
1996 - Mustagh Ata
1995 - Bhutan
1995 - Ecuador Volcanoes, Chimborazo and Cotopaxi
1994 - Panch Chuli Trek
1994 - Hatezan Zom
1993 - Bhutan Basingtang
1993 - Gondoro La
1993 - K2 - Saunders returned from 8000m during rescue operations.
1992 - Panch Chuli V - first ascent, with Dick Renshaw, Stephen Sustad & Stephen Venables
1992 - Rajramba - New route up SE Ridge with Dick Renshaw, Stephen Sustad & Stephen Venables
1991 - Elbrus
1991 - Karakoram
1991 - Ultar
1989 - Kangchuntse, a subsidiary summit of Makalu - First ascent of West Face with Stephen Sustad
1988 - Jitchu Drake - First ascent
1987 - Golden Pillar of Spantik, Pakistan - First ascent with Mick Fowler
1986 - Ushba - West Face Direct
1986 - The Icicle Factory and White Wedding Cuillin, Isle of Skye - First ascents, with Mick Fowler
1985 - Rimo I - attempt with Stephen Venables
1984 - Bojohagur Duanisir - attempt with Phil Butler
1978 - Eiger - North Face in winter, with Stevie Haston
1978 - Shield Direct, Ben Nevis - the first route on Ben Nevis to be graded VI
Publications
Elusive Summits: Four Expeditions in the Karakoram, 1990
Trekking and Climbing in the Andes (Trekking and Climbing Guides), 2002, by Kate Harper, Val Pitkethly and Victor Saunders
Alpes Occidentales: Trekking y Alpinismo, 2002, by Victor Saunders and Hilary Sharp
Himalaya: The Tribulations of Mick & Vic co-written with Mick Fowler, which won the Grand Prize at the Passy International Mountain Book Festival, 2015
No Place to Fall: Superalpinism in the High Himalaya, 2017
Structured Chaos: The Unusual Life of a Climber, Vertebrate Publishing, 2021
See also
List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit
Saunders occasionally leads commercial trekking and climbing expeditions, such as to K2 in 2023.
References
^ Beaumont, Peter; Douglas, Ed (21 May 2006). "Has mighty Everest been reduced to a playground?" – via www.theguardian.com.
^ "Bonington's last big challenge: the secret summit of Tibet". The Independent. 26 January 1998. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022.
^ a b "Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley".
^ "Join Cooperative Activities".
^ Travers, Emma (28 January 2020). "International winter climbing meet attracts top ice climbers". www.thebmc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
^ Pfanner, Eric (13 July 2012). "A Blinding Rush of Snow Leaves Tragedy in the Alps". New York Times.
^ a b "Victor Saunders | Guide". Adventure Consultants.
^ "ALE Summits Mount Tyree". 25 February 2017.
^ Franz, Derek. "Mick Fowler and Victor Saunders make first ascent of Sersank Peak's north face". www.alpinist.com. Retrieved 29 June 2020.
^ "Maltese climbers conquer Everest". Times of Malta.
^ "Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley".
^ "Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley".
^ "Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley".
^ "168 Summits of Everest from Nepal in 2004: South Side Summits". www.everestnews2004.com.
^ Saunders, Victor (2021). Structured Chaos: The Unusual Life of a Climber. Sheffield, United Kingdom: Vertebrate Publishing.
External links
Company website
Personal website
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Belgium
United States
Czech Republic
Netherlands
Poland
This biographical article relating to climbing or mountaineering is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"climber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountaineering"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"author","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Architectural Association School of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_Association_School_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boardman_Tasker_Prize_for_Mountain_Literature"},{"link_name":"UIAGM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UIAGM"},{"link_name":"mountain guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_guide"},{"link_name":"Mount Everest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Everest"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alpine Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_Club_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Les Houches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_Houches"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Chamonix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamonix"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victor_Saunders_|_Guide-7"}],"text":"Victor Saunders is a British climber[1] and author. He trained as an architect[2] at the Architectural Association School of Architecture in London. His first book, Elusive Summits, won the Boardman Tasker Prize for Mountain Literature in 1991. He became as a UIAGM/IFMGA ski and mountain guide in 1996 and joined the SNGM (National Syndicate of French Mountain Guides) in 2003. Saunders first reached the summit of Mount Everest in May 2004, and went on to climb it several more times.[3][4] In 2020 he became president of the Alpine Club.[5]He lives in Les Houches,[6] near Chamonix, France.[7]","title":"Victor Saunders"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mount Tyree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tyree"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Carstensz Pyramid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carstensz_Pyramid"},{"link_name":"Mount McKinley-Denali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denali"},{"link_name":"Aconcagua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aconcagua"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Victor_Saunders_|_Guide-7"},{"link_name":"Mount Elbrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Elbrus"},{"link_name":"Dykh-Tau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dykh-Tau"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Ama Dablam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Dablam"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Ama Dablam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama_Dablam"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-3"},{"link_name":"Cho Oyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cho_Oyu"},{"link_name":"Mustagh Ata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustagh_Ata"},{"link_name":"Chimborazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimborazo"},{"link_name":"Cotopaxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotopaxi"},{"link_name":"Panch Chuli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panch_Chuli"},{"link_name":"K2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K2"},{"link_name":"Panch Chuli V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panchchuli"},{"link_name":"Stephen Venables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Venables"},{"link_name":"Rajramba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajrambha"},{"link_name":"Elbrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elbrus"},{"link_name":"Karakoram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karakoram"},{"link_name":"Ultar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultar"},{"link_name":"Makalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalu"},{"link_name":"Jitchu Drake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Jitchu_Drake"},{"link_name":"Golden Pillar of Spantik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spantik"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Mick Fowler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mick_Fowler"},{"link_name":"Ushba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushba"},{"link_name":"Cuillin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuillin"},{"link_name":"Isle of Skye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Skye"},{"link_name":"Rimo I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimo_I"},{"link_name":"Eiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiger"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Ben Nevis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Nevis"}],"text":"The climbs are listed in date order.2017 - Mount Tyree[8]\n2016 - Sersank Peak[9]\n2016 - Carstensz Pyramid-Puncak Java\n2014 - Mount McKinley-Denali\n2013 - Aconcagua[7]\n2013 - Chamsen\n2012 - Mount Elbrus\n2012 - Dykh-Tau\n2010 - Everest [10]\n2007 - Ama Dablam[11]\n2007 - Everest\n2006 - Everest[12]\n2005 - Everest\n2004 - Ama Dablam[13]\n2004 - Everest [14][3]\n1997 - Cho Oyu\n1996 - Mustagh Ata\n1995 - Bhutan\n1995 - Ecuador Volcanoes, Chimborazo and Cotopaxi\n1994 - Panch Chuli Trek\n1994 - Hatezan Zom\n1993 - Bhutan Basingtang\n1993 - Gondoro La\n1993 - K2 - Saunders returned from 8000m during rescue operations.\n1992 - Panch Chuli V - first ascent, with Dick Renshaw, Stephen Sustad & Stephen Venables\n1992 - Rajramba - New route up SE Ridge with Dick Renshaw, Stephen Sustad & Stephen Venables\n1991 - Elbrus\n1991 - Karakoram\n1991 - Ultar\n1989 - Kangchuntse, a subsidiary summit of Makalu - First ascent of West Face with Stephen Sustad\n1988 - Jitchu Drake - First ascent\n1987 - Golden Pillar of Spantik, Pakistan - First ascent with Mick Fowler\n1986 - Ushba - West Face Direct\n1986 - The Icicle Factory and White Wedding Cuillin, Isle of Skye - First ascents, with Mick Fowler\n1985 - Rimo I - attempt with Stephen Venables\n1984 - Bojohagur Duanisir - attempt with Phil Butler\n1978 - Eiger - North Face in winter, with Stevie Haston[15]\n1978 - Shield Direct, Ben Nevis - the first route on Ben Nevis to be graded VI","title":"Notable climbs"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Elusive Summits: Four Expeditions in the Karakoram, 1990\nTrekking and Climbing in the Andes (Trekking and Climbing Guides), 2002, by Kate Harper, Val Pitkethly and Victor Saunders\nAlpes Occidentales: Trekking y Alpinismo, 2002, by Victor Saunders and Hilary Sharp\nHimalaya: The Tribulations of Mick & Vic co-written with Mick Fowler, which won the Grand Prize at the Passy International Mountain Book Festival, 2015\nNo Place to Fall: Superalpinism in the High Himalaya, 2017\nStructured Chaos: The Unusual Life of a Climber, Vertebrate Publishing, 2021","title":"Publications"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Mount Everest summiters by number of times to the summit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Mount_Everest_summiters_by_number_of_times_to_the_summit"},{"title":"K2 in 2023","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//worldexpeditions.com/Pakistan/Trekking-Walking/Ultimate-K2-Trek-Basecamp-Concordia-Gondogoro-La-with-Victor-Saunders"}] | [{"reference":"Beaumont, Peter; Douglas, Ed (21 May 2006). \"Has mighty Everest been reduced to a playground?\" – via www.theguardian.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/21/everest.everest","url_text":"\"Has mighty Everest been reduced to a playground?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bonington's last big challenge: the secret summit of Tibet\". The Independent. 26 January 1998. Archived from the original on 17 August 2022.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/boningtons-last-big-challenge-the-secret-summit-of-tibet-1141092.html","url_text":"\"Bonington's last big challenge: the secret summit of Tibet\""},{"url":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/boningtons-last-big-challenge-the-secret-summit-of-tibet-1141092.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2004%20Season%20Lists/2004%20Spring%20A9.html","url_text":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Join Cooperative Activities\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.challenge8000.net/?option=com_content&view=article&id=131:victor-saunders&catid=49:the-team","url_text":"\"Join Cooperative Activities\""}]},{"reference":"Travers, Emma (28 January 2020). \"International winter climbing meet attracts top ice climbers\". www.thebmc.co.uk. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thebmc.co.uk/international-winter-climbing-meet-attracts-top-ice-climbers","url_text":"\"International winter climbing meet attracts top ice climbers\""}]},{"reference":"Pfanner, Eric (13 July 2012). \"A Blinding Rush of Snow Leaves Tragedy in the Alps\". New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/14/world/europe/unanswered-questions-abound-in-aftermath-of-deadly-avalanche-in-france.html","url_text":"\"A Blinding Rush of Snow Leaves Tragedy in the Alps\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Times","url_text":"New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Victor Saunders | Guide\". Adventure Consultants.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adventureconsultants.com/about-us/guides/victor-saunders/","url_text":"\"Victor Saunders | Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"ALE Summits Mount Tyree\". 25 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://antarctic-logistics.com/2017/02/24/ale-summits-mount-tyree/","url_text":"\"ALE Summits Mount Tyree\""}]},{"reference":"Franz, Derek. \"Mick Fowler and Victor Saunders make first ascent of Sersank Peak's north face\". www.alpinist.com. Retrieved 29 June 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.alpinist.com/doc/web16f/newswire-mick-fowler-and-victor-saunders-make-first-ascent","url_text":"\"Mick Fowler and Victor Saunders make first ascent of Sersank Peak's north face\""}]},{"reference":"\"Maltese climbers conquer Everest\". Times of Malta.","urls":[{"url":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-climbers-conquer-everest.307634","url_text":"\"Maltese climbers conquer Everest\""}]},{"reference":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2007%20Season%20Lists/2007%20Autumn%20A1.html","url_text":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2006%20Season%20Lists/2006%20Spring%20A11.html","url_text":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2004%20Season%20Lists/2004%20Autumn%20A4.html","url_text":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\""}]},{"reference":"\"168 Summits of Everest from Nepal in 2004: South Side Summits\". www.everestnews2004.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.everestnews2004.com/everestnews4/summitsbyteamsoutheverest2004.htm","url_text":"\"168 Summits of Everest from Nepal in 2004: South Side Summits\""}]},{"reference":"Saunders, Victor (2021). Structured Chaos: The Unusual Life of a Climber. Sheffield, United Kingdom: Vertebrate Publishing.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Victor+Saunders%22","external_links_name":"\"Victor Saunders\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Victor+Saunders%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Victor+Saunders%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Victor+Saunders%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Victor+Saunders%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Victor+Saunders%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://worldexpeditions.com/Pakistan/Trekking-Walking/Ultimate-K2-Trek-Basecamp-Concordia-Gondogoro-La-with-Victor-Saunders","external_links_name":"K2 in 2023"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/may/21/everest.everest","external_links_name":"\"Has mighty Everest been reduced to a playground?\""},{"Link":"http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/boningtons-last-big-challenge-the-secret-summit-of-tibet-1141092.html","external_links_name":"\"Bonington's last big challenge: the secret summit of Tibet\""},{"Link":"https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220817/http://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/boningtons-last-big-challenge-the-secret-summit-of-tibet-1141092.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2004%20Season%20Lists/2004%20Spring%20A9.html","external_links_name":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\""},{"Link":"http://www.challenge8000.net/?option=com_content&view=article&id=131:victor-saunders&catid=49:the-team","external_links_name":"\"Join Cooperative Activities\""},{"Link":"https://www.thebmc.co.uk/international-winter-climbing-meet-attracts-top-ice-climbers","external_links_name":"\"International winter climbing meet attracts top ice climbers\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2012/07/14/world/europe/unanswered-questions-abound-in-aftermath-of-deadly-avalanche-in-france.html","external_links_name":"\"A Blinding Rush of Snow Leaves Tragedy in the Alps\""},{"Link":"https://www.adventureconsultants.com/about-us/guides/victor-saunders/","external_links_name":"\"Victor Saunders | Guide\""},{"Link":"https://antarctic-logistics.com/2017/02/24/ale-summits-mount-tyree/","external_links_name":"\"ALE Summits Mount Tyree\""},{"Link":"http://www.alpinist.com/doc/web16f/newswire-mick-fowler-and-victor-saunders-make-first-ascent","external_links_name":"\"Mick Fowler and Victor Saunders make first ascent of Sersank Peak's north face\""},{"Link":"https://timesofmalta.com/articles/view/maltese-climbers-conquer-everest.307634","external_links_name":"\"Maltese climbers conquer Everest\""},{"Link":"http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2007%20Season%20Lists/2007%20Autumn%20A1.html","external_links_name":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\""},{"Link":"http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2006%20Season%20Lists/2006%20Spring%20A11.html","external_links_name":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\""},{"Link":"http://www.himalayandatabase.com/2004%20Season%20Lists/2004%20Autumn%20A4.html","external_links_name":"\"Himalayan Database Expedition Archives of Elizabeth Hawley\""},{"Link":"http://www.everestnews2004.com/everestnews4/summitsbyteamsoutheverest2004.htm","external_links_name":"\"168 Summits of Everest from Nepal in 2004: South Side Summits\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080212133127/http://www.basecamp.co.uk/","external_links_name":"Company website"},{"Link":"http://www.victorsaunders.com/","external_links_name":"Personal website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000041537665","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/56193151","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwxM4KqKbCK8kt669gFrq","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/21337640","external_links_name":"Belgium"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no95013213","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2005286644&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070811830","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810550397105606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Victor_Saunders&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_sea | Glossary of nautical terms (A–L) | [] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Glossary of nautical terms" A–L – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This glossary of nautical terms is an alphabetical listing of terms and expressions connected with ships, shipping, seamanship and navigation on water (mostly though not necessarily on the sea). Some remain current, while many date from the 17th to 19th centuries. The word nautical derives from the Latin nauticus, from Greek nautikos, from nautēs: "sailor", from naus: "ship".
Further information on nautical terminology may also be found at Nautical metaphors in English, and additional military terms are listed in the Multiservice tactical brevity code article. Terms used in other fields associated with bodies of water can be found at Glossary of fishery terms, Glossary of underwater diving terminology, Glossary of rowing terms, and Glossary of meteorology.
This glossary is split into two articles:
terms starting with the letters A to L are at Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)
terms starting with the letters M to Z are at Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z).
Contents: Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References
A
AAW
An acronym for anti-aircraft warfare.
aback
(of a sail) Filled by the wind on the opposite side to the one normally used to move the vessel forward. On a square-rigged ship, any of the square sails can be braced round to be aback, the purpose of which may be to reduce speed (such as when a ship-of-the-line is keeping station with others), to heave to, or to assist moving the ship's head through the eye of the wind when tacking. A sudden shift in the wind can also cause a square-rigged vessel to be unintentionally "caught aback" with all sails aback. This is a dangerous situation that risks serious damage. In a fore-and-aft-rigged vessel, a headsail is backed either by hauling it across with the weather sheet or by tacking without releasing the sheet. It is used to heave to or to assist with tacking. See also back and fill.
abaft
Toward the stern, relative to some object (e.g. "abaft the cockpit").
abaft the beam
Farther aft than the beam; a relative bearing of greater than 90 degrees from the bow; e.g. "two points abaft the beam, starboard side" would describe "an object lying 22.5 degrees toward the rear of the ship, as measured clockwise from a perpendicular line from the right side, center, of the ship, toward the horizon".
abandon ship
An imperative to leave the vessel immediately, usually in the face of some imminent overwhelming danger. It is an order issued by the master or a delegated person in command, and must be a verbal order. It is usually the last resort after all other mitigating actions have failed or become impossible, when destruction or loss of the ship is imminent, and is customarily followed by a command to "man the lifeboats" or life rafts.
abeam
On the beam; a relative bearing at right angles to the ship's keel; e.g. describing an object located at a bearing of 90 degrees (starboard) or 270 degrees (port) as measured clockwise from the ship's bow.
able seaman (AB)
Also able-bodied seaman.
A merchant seaman qualified to perform all routine duties on a vessel, or a junior rank in some navies.
aboard
On or in a vessel. Synonymous with "on board". See also close aboard.
about
To change the course of a ship by tacking. "Ready about" is the order to prepare for tacking.
above board
On or above the deck; in plain view; not hiding anything. Pirates would often hide their crews below decks, thereby creating the false impression that an encounter with another ship was a casual matter of chance rather than a planned assault.
above-water hull
The section of a vessel's hull above the waterline; the visible part of a ship. See also topsides.
absentee pennant
A special pennant flown to indicate the absence of a ship's commanding officer, admiral, chief-of-staff, or an officer whose flag is nonetheless flying (a division, squadron, or flotilla commander).
absolute bearing
The bearing of an object in relation to north: either true bearing, using the geographical or true north, or magnetic bearing, using magnetic north. See also bearing and relative bearing.
accommodation ladder
A portable flight of steps down a ship's side.
accommodation ship
Also accommodation hull.
A ship or hull used as housing, generally when there is a lack of quarters available ashore. An operational ship can be used, but more commonly a hull modified for accommodation is used.
Act of Grace
Act of Pardon
A letter from a state or power authorising action by a privateer. See also letter of marque.
action stations
See battle stations.
admiral
A senior naval officer of flag rank. In ascending order of seniority in the Royal Navy: rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, (until about 2001, when all British five-star ranks were discontinued) admiral of the fleet, and the Lord High Admiral. In the US Navy: rear admiral (lower half), rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral, and (unused since the Second World War) fleet admiral.
admiralty
1. A high naval authority in charge of a state's navy or a major territorial component. In the Royal Navy (UK), the Board of Admiralty, executing the office of the Lord High Admiral, promulgates naval law in the form of King's Regulations and admiralty instructions.
2. Another name for admiralty law.
admiralty law
The body of law that deals with maritime cases. In the UK, it is administered by the Admiralty Court, a special court within the King's Bench Division of the High Court of Justice. The Admiralty Court is now in the Rolls Building.
adrift
1. Afloat and unattached in any way to the shore or seabed, but not underway. When referring to a vessel, it implies that the vessel is not being or able to be controlled and therefore goes where the wind and current take her; a vessel in this condition may also be described as "loose from her moorings" or "out of place".
2. Any gear not fastened down or stored properly.
3. Any person or thing that is misplaced or missing. When applied to a member of the Navy or Marine Corps, such a person is said to be "absent without leave" (AWOL) or, in US Navy and US Marine Corps terminology, is guilty of an "unauthorized absence" (UA).
advance note
A note for one month's wages issued to a sailor on his signing a ship's articles.
adviso
See aviso.
afloat
1. (of a vessel) Floating freely (not aground or sunk). The term may also be used more generally of any floating object or person.
2. In service, even if not currently underway, but not stranded, crewless, in repair, or under construction (e.g. "the company has 10 ships afloat").
afore
1. In, on, or toward the fore or front of a vessel.
2. In front of a vessel.
aft
1. Toward the stern or rear of a vessel. Contrast fore.
2. The portion of a vessel behind the middle area of the vessel.
afterbrow
On larger ships, a secondary gangway rigged in the area aft of midship. On some military vessels, such as US naval vessels, enlisted personnel below E-7 board the ship at the afterbrow; officers and CPO/SCPO/MCPO board the ship at the brow.
aftercastle
Also sterncastle.
A stern structure behind the mizzenmast and above the transom on large sailing ships, much larger but less common than a forecastle. The aftercastle houses the captain's cabin and sometimes other cabins and is topped by the poop deck.
afterdeck
The portion of the deck that is aft of amidships.
afternoon watch
The 1200–1600 watch.
aground
Resting on or touching the ground or land, or the bottom of a body of water (either unintentionally or deliberately, such as in a drying harbour), as opposed to afloat.
ahead
Forward of the bow.
ahoo
An adjective indicating an un-seamanlike state of disarray. Used to describe something awry, askew, or even round but out of true. E.g. "What a sad lubberly display is that craft underway! They're still dragging their fenders in the surf, and their sails are all ahoo!".
ahoy
A cry to draw attention. Used to hail a boat or a ship, e.g. "boat ahoy".
ahull
1. Lying broadside to the sea.
2. To ride out a storm with no sails and helm held to leeward.
aid to navigation (ATON)
Also navigational aid.
1. Any device external to a vessel or aircraft specifically intended to assist navigators in determining their position or safe course, or to warn them of dangers or obstructions to navigation.
2. Any sort of marker that aids a traveler in navigation, especially with regard to nautical or aviation travel. Such aids commonly include lighthouses, buoys, fog signals, and day beacons.
aircraft carrier
Also simply carrier.
A warship designed with a primary mission of deploying and recovering aircraft while at sea, thereby acting as a seagoing airbase. Since 1918, the term generally has been limited to a warship with an extensive flight deck designed to operate conventional fixed-wing aircraft. In US Navy slang, also called a "flat top" or a "bird farm".
air draft
air draught
maximum vertical extent of any part of the vessel above the water surface. Clearance required for passing under a bridge.
aka
Structural section of a vessel that joins the hulls of a multihulled vessel together.
alee
1. On the lee side of a ship.
2. To leeward.
all hands
A ship's entire company, including both officers and enlisted personnel.
all night in
Having no night watches.
all standing
Bringing a person or thing up short; i.e. an unforeseen and sudden stop.
allision
The impact of a moving vessel with a stationary object (not submerged), such as a bridge abutment or dolphin, pier or wharf, or another vessel made fast to a pier or wharf. More than incidental contact is required. The vessel is said to "allide" with the fixed object and is considered at fault. Contrast collision.
aloft
1. In the rigging of a sailing ship.
2. Above the ship's uppermost solid structure.
3. Overhead or high above.
alongside
By the side of a ship or pier.
ama
A secondary hull or float attached to the primary hull of a vessel for stability, or the hulls of a modern catamaran.
amidships
1. A position half way along the length of a ship or boat.
2. A position half way between the port and starboard sides of a ship or boat, as in "helm amidships", when the rudder is in line with the keel.
ammunition ship
A naval auxiliary ship specifically configured to carry ammunition, usually for combatant ships and aircraft.
amphibious warfare ship
A wide variety of warships designed to land and support marines and ground forces in an amphibious assault. Amphibious warfare ships range in size and capability from large oceangoing ships, some with full-length flight decks, to small vessels designed to land personnel and equipment directly onto a beach.
anchor
1. Any object designed to prevent or slow the drift of a ship, attached to the ship by a line or chain; usually a metal, hook, or plough-like object designed to grip the solid seabed under the body of water. See also sea anchor.
2. To deploy an anchor (e.g. "she anchored offshore").
anchor ball
A round, black shape hoisted in the forepart of a vessel to show that it is anchored.
anchor buoy
A small buoy secured to a line attached to the crown of an anchor. The line allows the anchor to be unhooked from an obstruction, such as a rock or another vessel's anchor cable, so preventing raising the anchor in the normal way.
anchor chain
Also anchor cable.
A chain connecting a ship to an anchor.
anchor detail
A group of men who handle ground tackle when the ship is anchoring or getting under way.
anchor home
When the anchor is secured aboard the ship for sea; i.e. when it is not deployed. Typically rests just outside the hawsepipe on the outer side of the hull, at the bow of a vessel.
anchor light
A white light displayed by a ship to indicate that it is at anchor. Two such lights are displayed by a ship over 150 feet (46 m) in length.
anchor rode
Also simply rode.
The anchor line, rope, or cable connecting the anchor chain to the vessel.
anchor sentinel
Also kellet.
A separate weight on a separate line that is loosely attached to the anchor rode so that it can slide down it easily. It is made fast at a distance slightly longer than the draft of the boat. It is used to prevent the anchor rode from becoming fouled on the keel or other underwater structures when the boat is resting at anchor and moving randomly during slack tide.
anchor watch
The crewmen assigned to take care of a ship while it is anchored or moored, and charged with such duties as making sure that the anchor is holding and the vessel is not drifting. Most marine GPS units have an anchor watch alarm capability.
anchor winch
A horizontal capstan in the bow used for weighing anchor.
anchorage
Any place suitable for a ship to anchor, often an area of a port or harbor.
anchor's aweigh
Said of an anchor to indicate that it is just clear of the bottom and that the ship is therefore no longer anchored.
Andrew
Traditional lower-deck slang term for the Royal Navy.
anemometer
An instrument used to measure wind speed.
aneroid barometer
An instrument used to measure air pressure, often with the aim of predicting changes in weather.
angle of attack
The angle between the apparent wind and the chord line of the sail.
angle on the bow
A naval submariner's term for the angle between a target's course and the line of sight to the submarine. It is expressed as port or starboard, so never exceeds 180 degrees. This is one of the figures entered into the Torpedo Data Computer that makes all the calculations necessary for a torpedo attack on the target. Not to be confused with doubling the angle on the bow.
answer
The expected response of a vessel to control mechanisms, such as a turn "answering" to the wheel and rudder. "She won't answer" might be the report from a helmsman when turning the wheel under a pilot's order fails to produce the expected change of direction.
anti-rolling tanks
A pair of fluid-filled tanks mounted on opposite sides of a ship below the waterline. The tanks are cross-linked by piping or ducts to allow water to flow between them and at the top by vents or air pipes. The piping is sized so that as the fluid flows from side to side it damps the amount of roll.
anti-submarine net
Also anti-submarine boom.
A heavy underwater net attached to a boom and placed so as to protect a harbor, anchorage, or strait from penetration by submerged submarines.
apeak
More or less vertical. Having the anchor rode or chain as nearly vertical as possible without freeing the anchor.
aport
Toward the port side of a vessel.
apron
A piece of wood fitted to the after side of the stem post and the fore side of the sternpost of a clinker-built boat, where the planking is secured.
apparent wind
The combination of the true wind and the headwind caused by the boat's forward motion. For example, it causes a light side wind to appear to come from well ahead of the beam.
arc of visibility
The portion of the horizon over which a lighted aid to navigation is visible from seaward.
archboard
A plank along the stern where the name of a ship is commonly painted.
armament
A ship's complement of weapons.
armor belt
See belt armor.
armory
Area on a warship for storage of small arms and ammunition.
Articles of War
Regulations governing the military and naval forces of the UK and US; read to every ship's company on commissioning and at specified intervals during the commission.
as the crow flies
As measured by a straight line between two points (which might cross land), in the way that a crow or other bird would be capable of traveling rather than a ship, which must go around land. See also great circle.
ASDIC
Purportedly an acronym for Allied Submarine Devices Investigation Committee, and a type of SONAR used by the Allies for detecting submarines during the First and Second World Wars. The term has been generically applied to equipment for "under-water supersonic echo-ranging equipment" of submarines and other vessels.
ashore
1. On the beach, shore, or land (as opposed to aboard or on board a vessel).
2. Towards the shore.
3. "To run ashore": to collide with the shore (as opposed to "to run aground", which is to strike a submerged feature such as a reef or sandbar).
assembly station
See muster station.
astarboard
Toward the starboard side of a vessel.
astern
1. Toward the stern or rear of a vessel.
2. Behind a vessel.
astern gear
The gear or gears that, when engaged with an engine or motor, result in backwards movement or force. Equivalent to reverse in a manual-transmission automobile.
asylum harbour
A harbour used to provide shelter from a storm. See harbor of refuge.
ASW
An acronym for anti-submarine warfare.
Atlantic bow
A raised bow with noticeable sheer and flare introduced in German warships in the late 1930s to improve seakeeping by keeping the forecastle drier and to allow easier operation of weapons.
athwart
athwartships
At right angles to the fore and aft or centerline of a ship.
auxiliary
1. An engine installed on a sailing vessel to provide mechanical power when entering harbour or in light or contrary winds.
2. A vessel in naval service but manned entirely or mostly by a civilian crew (as in Royal Fleet Auxiliary Service and Royal Naval Auxiliary Service)
auxiliary ship
Main article: auxiliary ship
A naval ship designed to operate in any number of roles supporting combatant ships and other naval operations, including a wide range of activities related to replenishment, transport, repair, harbor services and research.
avast
Stop, cease or desist from whatever is being done. From the Dutch hou' vast ("hold on"), the imperative form of vasthouden ("to hold on to") or the Italian word basta. Compare Ya basta.
aviso
Formerly also adviso.
A kind of dispatch boat or advice boat, surviving particularly in the French Navy. They are considered equivalent to modern sloops.
awash
So low in the water that the water is constantly washing across the surface.
aweigh
The position of an anchor that is just clear of making contact with the bottom.
axial fire
Fire oriented towards the ends of the ship; the opposite of broadside fire. In the Age of Sail, this was known as "raking fire".
aye, aye
(/ˌaɪ ˈaɪ/) A reply to an order or command to indicate that it, firstly, is heard; and, secondly, is understood and will be carried out (e.g. "Aye, aye, sir" to officers). Also the proper reply from a hailed boat, to indicate that an officer is on board.
azimuth circle
An instrument used to take the bearings of celestial objects.
azimuth compass
An instrument employed for ascertaining the position of the Sun with respect to magnetic north. The azimuth of an object is its bearing from the observer measured as an angle clockwise from true north.
azimuth thruster
A steerable drive leg fitted through the bottom of a hull, carrying a propeller. Compare stern drive and sail drive.
Contents: Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References
B
B & R rig
A style of standing rigging used on sailboats that lacks a backstay. The mast is said to be supported like a "tripod", with swept-back spreaders and a forestay. Used widely on Hunter brand sailboats, among others. Designed and named by Lars Bergstrom and Sven Ridder.
back
1. To make a sail fill with wind on the opposite side normally used for sailing forward. A fore and aft headsail is backed by either not moving the sail across when tacking, or by hauling it to windward with the weather sheet. A square sail is backed by hauling the yards round with the braces. The sail is then aback.
2. (With oars) to push against the water with the oar in the opposite direction than normally used for moving the boat forward. This is used to slow the speed of the boat, or to move astern when manoeuvring.
back and fill
A method of keeping a square-rigged vessel under control while drifting with the tide along a narrow channel. The ship lies broadside to the current, with the main topsail backed and the fore and mizzen topsail full: essentially a hove-to position. Selective backing and filling of these sails moves the ship ahead or astern, so allowing it to be kept in the best part of the channel. A jib and the spanker are used to help balance the sail plan. This method cannot be used if the wind is going in the same direction and at the same speed as the tide.
backstay
A stay or cable, reaching from the mast heads, of the topmast, the topgallant-mast the royal-mast, the skysail-mast to the ship's side abaft the lower rigging; used to support the mast.
back wash
Water forced astern by the action of the propeller. Also, the receding of waves.
baggywrinkle
A soft covering for standing rigging (such as shrouds and stays) that reduces sail chafing.
bailer
Any device for removing water that has entered a vessel.
bail out
Tacking away from other boats to obtain clear air. Often used for starting situations.
baldie
A type of Scottish sailboat introduced in 1860, used for fishing. A baldie is carvel-built, with her mast far forward and rigged with a lug sail and sometimes a jib. Some historians believe "Baldie" is a contraction of "Garibaldi", a reference to the Italian general and nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi, whose name was a household word at the time the baldie was introduced.
balance rudder
Not usually a single rudder, but a set of three or four rudders operating together to maneuver a sternwheel steamboat. Placed just forward of the paddlewheels, the effectiveness of the balance rudder is increased by the flow of water generated by the paddles, giving such steamboats a high degree of maneuverability.
balanced rudder
A rudder with a significant amount of area ahead of the rorational axis, which moves the hydrodynamic centre of the rudder nearer to the rotation axis and reduces the torque required to steer.
ballast
Heavy material that is placed in a position low in the hull to provide stability. It can be moveable material, such as gravel or stones, permanently or semi-permanently installed, or integral to the hull, such as the (typically) lead or cast-iron ballast keel of a sailing yacht. See also in ballast.
ballast tank
A compartment which can be filled or partly filled with water, used on ships, submarines and other submersibles to control buoyancy and stability.
Baltimore Clipper
A fast sailing ship – an early form of clipper – built on the Mid-Atlantic seaboard of the United States, especially at Baltimore, Maryland. Popular as merchant ships in both the United States and the United Kingdom by the late 18th century, Baltimore Clippers usually were two-masted schooners or brigantines.
balls to four watch
US Navy slang for the 0000–0400 watch.
bank
A large area of elevated sea floor, deep enough to allow navigation.
banyan
A traditional Royal Navy term for a day or less of rest and relaxation.
bar
Mass of sand or earth raised above the general seabed depth by the motion of water. Bars are often found at the mouth of rivers or entrances to harbours and can make navigation over them extremely dangerous at some states of tide and current flow, but can also confer tranquility in the inshore waters by acting as a barrier to large waves. See also touch and go and grounding.
bar pilot
A navigator who guides a ship over dangerous sandbars at the mouths of rivers and bays.
barber hauler
A technique of temporarily rigging a sailboat lazy sheet so as to allow the boat to sail closer to the wind; i.e. using the lazy jib sheet to pull the jib closer to the mid line, allowing a point of sail that would otherwise not be achievable.
barbette
1. A fixed armored enclosure protecting a ship's guns aboard warships without gun turrets, generally taking the form of a ring of armor over which guns mounted on an open-topped rotating turntable could fire, particularly on ships built during the second half of the 19th century.
2. The inside fixed trunk of a warship's turreted gun-mounting, on which the turret revolves, containing the hoists for shells and cordite from the shell-room and magazine, particularly on ships built after the late 19th century.
barca-longa
A two- or three-masted lugger used for fishing on the coasts of Spain and Portugal and more widely in the Mediterranean Sea in the late 17th and 18th centuries. The British Royal Navy also used them for shore raids and as dispatch boats in the Mediterranean.
bareboat charter
An arrangement for the chartering or hiring of a vessel, whereby the vessel's owner provides no crew or provisions as part of the agreement; instead, the people who rent the vessel are responsible for crewing and provisioning her.
bare poles
Sailing without any canvas raised, usually in a strong wind.
barge
1. A towed or self-propelled flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river, canal or coastal transport of heavy goods.
2. Admiral's barge: A boat at the disposal of an admiral for his or her use as transportation between a larger vessel and the shore, or within a harbor.
barge slip
A specialized docking facility designed to receive a barge or car float that is used to carry wheeled vehicles across a body of water.
bark
An alternate spelling of barque.
barkentine
An alternate spelling of barquentine.
barque
Also spelled bark.
A sailing vessel of three or more masts, with all masts square-rigged except the sternmost, which is fore-and-aft-rigged.
barquentine
Also spelled barkentine.
A sailing vessel with three or more masts, with all masts fore-and-aft-rigged except the foremast, which is square-rigged.
barrack ship
A ship or craft designed to function as a floating barracks for housing military personnel.
barratry
In admiralty law, an act of gross misconduct against a shipowner or a ship's demise charterer by a ship's master or crew that damages the ship or its cargo. Acts of barratry can include desertion, illegal scuttling, theft of the ship or cargo and committing any actions that may not be in the shipowner's or demise charterer's best interests.
barometer
An instrument for measuring air pressure. Used in weather forecasting.
barrelman
A sailor stationed in the crow's nest.
batten
1. A stiff strip used to support the roach of a sail, increasing the sail area.
2. Any thin strip of material (wood, plastic, etc.).
batten down the hatches
To prepare for inclement weather by securing the closed cargo hatch covers with wooden battens so as to prevent water from entering from any angle.
battle stations
Also general quarters or action stations.
1. An announcement made aboard a naval warship to signal the crew to prepare for battle, imminent damage, or any other emergency (such as a fire).
2. Specific positions in a naval warship to which one or more crew members are assigned when battle stations is called.
battlecruiser
A type of large capital ship of the first half of the 20th century, similar in size, appearance, and cost to a battleship and typically armed with the same kind of heavy guns, but much more lightly armored (on the scale of a cruiser) and therefore faster than a battleship but more vulnerable to damage.
battleship
A type of large, heavily armored warship of the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, armed with heavy-caliber guns and designed to fight other battleships in a line of battle. It was the successor to the ship-of-the-line used during the Age of Sail.
beach
Or the beach
A term used broadly to refer to land or the shore, and not necessarily literally to a beach. For example, a ship which turns toward the shore can be said to have turned toward the beach, and a person or object on land can be said to be on the beach. See also on the beach.
beaching
Deliberately running a vessel aground so as to load or unload it (as with landing craft), or sometimes to prevent a damaged vessel from sinking or to facilitate repairs below the waterline.
beacon
A lighted or unlighted fixed aid to navigation attached directly to the Earth's surface. Examples include lighthouses and daybeacons.
beakhead
1. The ram on the prow of a fighting galley of ancient and medieval times.
2. The protruding part of the foremost section of a sailing ship of the 16th to the 18th centuries, usually ornate, which was used as a working platform by sailors handling the sails of the bowsprit. It also housed the crew's heads (toilets).
beam
The width of a vessel at its widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the midpoint of its length.
beam ends
The sides of a ship. To describe a ship as "on her beam ends" may mean the vessel is literally on her side and possibly about to capsize; more often, the phrase means the vessel is listing 45 degrees or more.
beam reach
Sailing with the wind coming across the vessel's beam. This is normally the fastest point of sail for a fore-and-aft-rigged vessel.
beam sea
A sea in which waves are moving perpendicular to a vessel's course.
beam wind
A wind blowing perpendicular to a vessel's course.
bear
A large, squared-off stone used with sand for scraping wooden decks clean.
bear down
Also bear away, bear off. See also fall off.
To turn or steer a vessel away from the wind, often with reference to a transit.
bear up
To turn or steer a vessel into the wind.
bearing
The horizontal direction of a line of sight between two objects on the surface of the Earth. See also absolute bearing and relative bearing.
beat to quarters
Prepare for battle (in reference to beating a drum to signal the need for battle preparation).
beat to
beting
Sailing as close as possible towards the wind (perhaps only about 60°) in a zig-zag course so as to attain an upwind direction into which it is otherwise impossible to sail directly. See also tacking.
Beaufort scale
A scale describing wind speed, devised by Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort in 1808, in which winds are graded by the effects of their force on the surface of the sea or on a vessel (originally, the amount of sail that a fully rigged frigate could carry).
becalm
To cut off the wind from a sailing vessel, either by the proximity of land or by another vessel.
becalmed
Unable to move due to a lack of wind, said of a sailing vessel; resigned merely to drift with the current rather to move by controlled management of sails.
becket
A short piece of line usually spliced into a circle or with an eye on either end.
before the mast
Literally, the area of a ship before the foremast (the forecastle). Most often used to refer to men whose living quarters are located here: officers were typically quartered in the sternmost areas of the ship (near the quarterdeck), while officer-trainees lived between the two ends of the ship and become known as "midshipmen". Crew members who started out as seamen and then became midshipmen, and later, officers, were said to have gone from "one end of the ship to the other". See also hawsepiper.
belay
1. To make fast a line around a fitting, usually a cleat or belaying pin.
2. To secure a climbing person in a similar manner.
3. An order to halt a current activity or countermand an order prior to execution.
belaying pin
A short movable bar of iron or hard wood to which running rigging may be secured, or "belayed". Belaying pins are inserted in holes in a pin-rail.
bell
{{defn|See ship's bell.
bell rope
A short length of line made fast to the clapper of the ship's bell.
bell buoy
A type of buoy with a large bell and hanging hammers that sound by wave action.
below
On or into a lower deck.
below decks
In or into any of the spaces below the main deck of a vessel.
belt armor
Also armor belt.
A layer of heavy metal armor plated onto or within the outer hull of a warship, typically on battleships, battlecruisers, cruisers and aircraft carriers, usually covering the warship from her main deck down to some distance below the waterline. If built within the hull, rather than forming the outer hull, the belt would be installed at an inclined angle to improve the warship's protection from shells striking the hull.
bend
1. A knot used to join two ropes or lines. See also hitch.
2. To attach a rope to an object.
3. Fastening a sail to a yard.
Bermuda rig
Bermudan rig
A triangular mainsail, without any upper spar, which is hoisted up the mast by a single halyard attached to the head of the sail. This configuration, introduced to Europe about 1920, allows the use of a tall mast, enabling sails to be set higher where wind speed is greater.
Bermuda sloop
A fore-and-aft-rigged sailing vessel with a single mast setting a Bermuda rig mainsail and a single headsail. The Bermuda sloop is a very common type of modern sailing yacht.
berth
1. A location in a port or harbor used specifically for mooring vessels while not at sea.
2. A safe margin of distance to be kept by a vessel from another vessel or from an obstruction, hence the phrase "to give a wide berth".
3. A bed or sleeping accommodation on a boat or ship.
4. A job or position of employment on a boat or ship.
best bower
The larger of two anchors carried in the bow; so named as it was the last, "best" hope for anchoring a vessel.
between the devil and the deep blue sea
See devil seam.
between wind and water
The part of a ship's hull that is sometimes submerged and sometimes brought above water by the rolling of the vessel.
bight
1. A loop in a rope or line – a hitch or knot tied "on the bight" is one tied in the middle of a rope, without access to the ends.
2. An indentation in a coastline.
bilander
Also billander or be'landre.
A small European merchant sailing ship with two masts, the mainmast lateen-rigged with a trapezoidal mainsail, and the foremast carrying the conventional square course and square topsail. Used in the Netherlands for coast and canal traffic and occasionally in the North Sea, but more frequently used in the Mediterranean Sea.
bilge
1. The part of the hull that the ship rests on if it takes the ground; the outer end of the floors. The "turn of the bilge" is the part of the hull that changes from the (approximately) vertical sides of the hull to the more horizontal bottom of the ship.
2. (Usually in the plural: "bilges") The compartment at the bottom of the hull of a ship or boat where water collects and must be pumped out of the vessel; the space between the bottom hull planking and the ceiling of the hold.
3. To damage the hull in the area of the bilge, usually by grounding or hitting an obstruction.
4. To fail an academic course ("bilge") or curriculum ("bilge out").
bilge keel
One of a pair of keels on either side of the hull, usually slanted outwards. In yachts, they allow the use of a drying mooring, the boat standing upright on the keels (and often a skeg) when the tide is out.
bilged on her anchor
A ship that has run upon her own anchor such that the anchor cable runs under the hull.
bill
The extremity of the arm of an anchor; the point of or beyond the fluke.
billethead
1. On smaller vessels, a smaller, non-figural carving, most often a curl of foliage, might be substituted for a figurehead.
2. A round piece of timber at the bow or stern of a whaleboat, around which the harpoon line is run out when the whale darts off.
Bimini top
An open-front canvas top for the cockpit of a boat, usually supported by a metal frame.
bimmy
A punitive instrument.
binnacle
The stand on which the ship's compass is mounted, usually near the helm, permitting ready reference by the helmsman.
binnacle list
A ship's sick list. The list of men unable to report for duty was given to the officer or mate of the watch by the ship's surgeon. The list was kept at the binnacle.
bird farm
United States Navy slang for an aircraft carrier.
bite
Verb used in reference to a rudder, as in "the rudder begins to bite". When a vessel has steerageway the rudder will act to steer the vessel, i.e. it has enough water flow past it to steer with. Physically this is noticeable with tiller or unassisted wheel steering by the rudder exhibiting resistance to being turned from the straight ahead – this resistance is the rudder "biting" and is how a helmsman first senses that a vessel has acquired steerageway.
bitt
1. A post or pair of posts mounted on the ship's bow for fastening ropes or cables.
2. A strong vertical timber or iron fastened through the deck beams that is used for securing ropes or hawsers.
bitt heads
The tops of two massive timbers that support the windlass on a sailing barge.
bitter end
The last part or loose end of a rope or cable. The anchor cable is tied to the bitts; when the cable is fully paid out, the bitter end has been reached.
black gang
The engineering crew of the vessel, i.e. crew members who work in the vessel's engine room, fire room and/or boiler room, so called because they would typically be covered in coal dust during the days of coal-fired steamships.
blinker
A search light, used for signaling by code. Usually fitted with a spring controlled shutter.
block
A pulley with one or more sheaves or grooves over which a line is roved. It can be used to change the direction of the line, or in pairs used to form a tackle.
block, fiddle
A block with two sheaves in the same plane, one being smaller than the other, giving the block a somewhat violin appearance.
block, snatch
A single sheave block with one end of the frame hinged and able to be opened, so as to admit a line other than by forcing an end through the opening.
blockship
A vessel sunk deliberately to block a waterway to prevent the waterway's use by an enemy.
Blue Ensign
A flag flown as an ensign by certain British ships. Prior to 1864, ships of the Royal Navy's Blue Squadron flew it; since the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864 eliminated its naval use, it has been flown instead by British merchant vessels whose officers and crew include a certain prescribed number (which has varied over the years) of retired Royal Navy or Royal Naval Reserve personnel or are commanded by an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve in possession of a government warrant; Royal Research Ships by warrant, regardless of their manning by naval, naval reserve and Merchant Navy personnel; or British-registered yachts belonging to members of certain yacht clubs, although yachts were prohibited from flying the Blue Ensign during World War I and World War II.
Blue Peter
A blue and white flag (the flag for the letter P) hoisted at the foretrucks of ships about to sail. Formerly a white ship on a blue ground, but later a white square on a blue ground.
blue water
1. That part of the ocean lying more than a few hundred nautical miles from shore, and thus beyond the outer boundary of green water.
2. More generally, the open ocean or deep sea.
blue-water navy
1. A navy capable of sustained operations in the open ocean, beyond a few hundred nautical miles from shore.
2. That portion of a navy capable of sustained operations in the open ocean, beyond a few hundred nautical miles from shore.
bluejacket
also blue-jacket
1. A sailor or enlisted person of the Royal Navy, Commonwealth navies, the United States Navy, or the United States Coast Guard. Bluejacket derives from a blue jacket naval enlisted personnel once wore while ashore. In the Royal Navy and Commonwealth navies, the term generally is synonymous with rating and often includes petty officers and chief petty officers. In the US Navy and US Coast Guard, the term excludes chief petty officers.
2. More loosely, a sailor or enlisted person of any navy.
Bluejacket's Manual
A basic handbook for US Navy personnel.
board
1. To step onto, climb onto or otherwise enter a vessel.
2. The side of a vessel.
3. The distance a sailing vessel runs between tacks when working to windward.
boat
1. Any small craft or vessel designed to float on and provide transport over or under water.
2. Naval slang for a submarine of any size.
3. A term used in Canada and the United States for a ship of any size used on the Great Lakes.
boat hook
A pole with a blunt tip and a hook on the end, sometimes with a ring on its opposite end to which a line may be attached. Typically used to assist in docking and undocking a boat, with its hook used to pull a boat towards a dock and the blunt end to push it away from a dock, as well as to reach into the water to help people catch buoys or other floating objects or to reach people in the water.
boat keeper
A boatkeeper was a sailor that knew the harbor thoroughly and was able to act as a pilot. He was in command after the last pilot had left to board a ship and brought the pilot boat back to harbor. He was required to know how to use a sextant as he could be 300 miles from port.
boathouse
A building especially designed for the storage of boats, typically located on open water such as a lake or river. Boathouses are normally used to store smaller sports or leisure craft, often rowing boats but sometimes craft such as punts or small motor boats.
boatsteerer
A member of the crew of a 19th-century whaling ship responsible for pulling the forward oar of a whaleboat and for harpooning whales.
boatswain
Also bosun.
A non-commissioned officer responsible for the sails, ropes, rigging and boats on a ship who issues "piped" commands to seamen.
boatswain's call
Also bosun's call, boatswain's pipe, bosun's pipe, boatswain's whistle or bosun's whistle.
A high-pitched pipe or a non-diaphragm-type whistle used on naval ships by a boatswain, historically to pass commands to the crew but in modern times limited to ceremonial use.
boatswain's chair
Also bosun's chair
1. A short board or swatch of heavy canvas, secured in a bridle of ropes, used to hoist a man aloft or over the ship's side for painting and similar work. Modern boatswain's chairs incorporate safety harnesses to prevent the occupant from falling.
2. A metal chair used for ship-to-ship personnel transfers at sea while underway.
boatswain's pipe
boatswain's whistle
See boatswain's call.
boatwright
A maker of boats, especially of traditional wooden construction.
bob
bobfly
A pennant or flag bearing the owner's colors and mounted on the topsail trunk.
bobstay
A stay that holds the bowsprit downwards, counteracting the effect of the forestay and the lift of sails. Usually made of wire or chain to eliminate stretching.
body plan
In shipbuilding, an end elevation showing the contour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length.
boiler
A power generation system component that produces steam.
boilerman
See fireman.
boiler room
See fire room.
boiler uptake
The exhaust of a boiler, excluding the funnel.
bolt rope
A rope, sewn on to reinforce the edges of a sail.
bollard
From "bol" or "bole", the round trunk of a tree. A substantial vertical pillar to which lines may be made fast. Generally on the quayside rather than the ship.
bomb vessel
Also bomb, bombard, bombarde, bomb ketch or bomb ship.
A type of specialized naval wooden sailing vessel of the late 17th through mid-19th centuries designed for bombarding fixed positions on land, armed for this purpose with mortars mounted forward near the bow.
bombard
Also spelled bombarde.
1. A small, two-masted vessel common in the Mediterranean in the 18th and 19th centuries, similar in design to an English ketch.
2. An alternative name used in the 18th and 19th centuries for a bomb vessel.
Bombay runner
A large cockroach.
bonded jacky
A type of tobacco or sweet cake.
bone in her teeth
A phrase describing the appearance of a vessel throwing up a prominent bow wave while travelling at high speed. From a vantage point in front of the vessel, the wave rising in either side of the bow evokes the image of a dog carrying a bone in its mouth, and the vessel is said to have a bone in her teeth.
bonnet
An additional strip of canvas laced to the foot of a sail to increase its area in light winds.
booby
A type of bird that has little fear and therefore is particularly easy to catch.
booby hatch
A raised framework or hood like covering over a small hatchway on a ship.
boom
1. A floating barrier to control navigation into and out of rivers and harbors.
2. A spar attached to the foot of a fore-and-aft sail.
3. A spar to extend the foot of gaffsail, trysail or jib.
3. A spar to extend the yards of square-rigged masts to allow the carrying of studding sails.
boom defence vessel
An alternative term for a net laying ship.
boomer
Slang term in the US Navy for a ballistic missile submarine.
boom crutch
A frame in which the boom rests when the sail is not hoisted.
boom gallows
A raised crossmember that supports a boom when the sail is lowered (and which obviates the need for a topping lift).
boomie
Also booms'l rig.
A ketch-rigged barge with gaff (instead of spritsail) and boom on main and mizzen. Booms'l rig could also refer to cutter-rigged early barges.
boom vang
Also vang.
A sail control that lets one apply downward tension on a boom, countering the upward tension provided by the sail. The boom vang adds an element of control to sail shape when the sheet is let out enough that it no longer pulls the boom down. Boom vang tension helps control leech twist, a primary component of sail power.
boomkin
See bumpkin.
booms
Masts or yards, lying on board in reserve.
boot-top
The area on the ship's hull along the waterline, usually painted a contrasting color.
bore
(As in, bore up or bore away) To assume a position to engage, or disengage, the enemy ships.
bosun
See boatswain.
bosun's call
See boatswain's call.
bosun's chair
See boatswain's chair.
bosun's pipe
bosun's whistle
See boatswain's call.
bottlescrew
A device for adjusting tension in stays, shrouds and similar lines.
bottom
1. The underside of a vessel; the portion of a vessel that is always underwater.
2. A ship, most often a cargo ship.
3. A cargo hold.
bottomry
Pledging a ship as security in a financial transaction.
bow
1. The front of a vessel.
2. Either side of the front (or bow) of the vessel, i.e. the port bow and starboard bow. Something ahead and to the left of the vessel is "off the port bow", while something ahead and to the right of the vessel is "off the starboard bow". When "bow" is used in this way, the front of the vessel sometimes is called her bows (plural), a collective reference to her port and starboard bows synonymous with bow (singular).
bow chaser
See chase gun.
bowline
1. A type of knot producing a strong loop of a fixed size, topologically similar to a sheet bend.
2. A rope attached to the side of a sail to pull it towards the bow (for keeping the windward edge of the sail steady).
3. A rope attached to the foresail to hold it aback when tacking.
4. "Sailing on a bowline" means sailing to weather close-hauled.
bowman
The person, in a team or among oarsmen, positioned nearest the bow.
bowpicker
A gillnetter that fishes by deploying a gillnet from her bow.
bowse
To pull or hoist.
bow sea
Seas approaching a vessel from between 15° and 75° to port or starboard.
bows on
Said of a vessel directly approaching an observer, e.g., "The ship approached us bows on."
bowsprit
A spar projecting from the bow that is used as an anchor for the forestay and other rigging. On a barge it may be pivoted so it may be steeved up in harbor.
bows under
Said of a vessel shipping water over her bow, e.g., "The ship was bows under during the storm."
bow thruster
A small propeller or water-jet at the bow, used for manoeuvring larger vessels at slow speed. May be mounted externally, or in a tunnel running through the bow from side to side.
bow visor
A feature of some ships, particularly ferries and roll-on/roll-off ships, that allows a vessel's bow to articulate up and down to provide access to her cargo ramp and storage deck near the waterline.
bow wave
The wave created on either side of a vessel's bow as she moves through the water.
boxing the compass
To state all 32 points of the compass, starting at north and proceeding clockwise. Sometimes applied to a wind that is constantly shifting.
boy seaman
A young sailor, still in training.
brace
On square rigged ships, a line attached to the end of ayard to rotate it around a vertical axis, for trimming the sail. Braces are fitted in pairs to each yard, one at each end.
brace abox
To bring the foreyards flat aback to stop the ship.
brail
1. To furl a sail by pulling it in towards the mast and/or to the yard or gaff on which it is set . Where the brailing action is mostly moving towards the mast, it is termed "brailing in". If the sail is generally moving up to a spar, that is called "brailing up".
2. A line used to haul the edges or corners of a sail up or in, either preparatory to furling or as the act of furling the sail. Some brails do not have a more specific name, especially on a fore and aft sail. In other cases, clewlines, buntlines and leechlines may be considered types of brails.
brail net
A type of net incorporating brail lines on a small fishing net on a boat.
brailer
A device consisting of a net of small-mesh webbing attached to a frame, used aboard fishing vessels for unloading large quantities of fish.
brake
The handle of the pump, by which it is worked.
brass monkey, brass monkey weather
Used in the expression "it is cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey".
Apocryphally, it is often claimed that a brass monkey was a frame used to hold cannon balls, and low temperature would cause the frame to contract to a greater degree than the iron balls and thus allow them to roll off. See brass monkey for the probable actual etymology.
brass pounder
Early 20th-century slang term for a vessel's radio operator, so-called because he repeatedly struck a brass key on his transmitter to broadcast in Morse code.
breachway
1. The shore along a channel.
2. The whole area around the place where a channel meets the ocean.
break bulk cargo
Also breakbulk cargo.
Goods that must be loaded aboard a ship individually and not in intermodal containers or in bulk, carried by a general cargo ship.
breaker
1. A shallow portion of a reef over which waves break.
2. A breaking wave that breaks into foam against the shore, a shoal, a rock or a reef. Sailors use breakers to warn themselves of their vessel's proximity to an underwater hazard to navigation or, at night or during periods of poor visibility, of their vessel's proximity to shore.
3. A ship breaker, often used in the plural, e.g. "The old ship went to the breakers".
4. A small cask of liquid kept permanently in a ship's boat in case of becoming separated from the ship or if used as a lifeboat.
breakwater
1. A structure constructed on a coast as part of a coastal defense system or to protect an anchorage from the effects of weather and longshore drift.
2. A structure built on the forecastle of a ship intended to divert water away from the forward superstructure or gun mounts.
breeches buoy
A ring lifebuoy fitted with canvas breeches, functionally similar to a zip line, used to transfer people from one ship to another or to rescue people from a wrecked or sinking ship by moving them to another ship or to the shore.
breastrope
A mooring rope fastened anywhere on a ship's side that goes directly to the quay, so that it is roughly at right angles to both.
bridge
A structure above the weather deck, extending the full width of the vessel, which houses a command center, itself called by association the bridge.
bridge wing
A narrow walkway extending outward from both sides of a pilothouse to the full width of a ship or slightly beyond, to allow bridge personnel a full view to aid in the maneuvering of the ship, such as when docking.
brig
1. A vessel with two square-rigged masts.
2. An American term foe an interior area of a ship that is used to detain prisoners (possibly prisoners-of-war, in wartime) or stowaways, and to punish delinquent crew members. Usually resembles a prison cell with bars and a locked, hinged door.
brig sloop
A type of sloop-of-war introduced in the 1770s that had two square-rigged masts like a brig (in contrast to ship sloops of the time, which had three masts).
brigantine
Also hermaphrodite brig.
A two-masted vessel, square-rigged on the foremast but fore-and-aft-rigged on the mainmast.
brightwork
Exposed varnished wood on a boat or ship.
bring to
To cause a ship to be stationary by arranging the sails.
broach
1. When a sailing or power vessel loses directional control when travelling with a following sea. The vessel turns sideways to the wind and waves and in more serious cases may capsize or pitchpole. Advice on dealing with heavy weather includes various strategies for avoiding this happening.
2. An unintentional appearance above the surface of all or part of a submerged submarine, a dangerous event when the submarine is in proximity to enemy forces or near any ship which might collide with her.
broad
Wide in appearance from the vantage point of a lookout or other person viewing activity in the vicinity of a ship, e.g. another ship off the starboard bow with her side facing the viewer's ship could be described as "broad on the starboard bow" of the viewer's ship.
Broad Fourteens
An area of the southern North Sea which is fairly consistently 14 fathoms (84 feet; 26 metres) deep. On a nautical chart with depths indicated in fathoms, it appears as a broad area with many "14" notations.
broadhorn
An alternate term for a flatboat.
broadside
1. One side of a vessel above the waterline.
2. All the guns on one side of a warship or mounted (in rotating turrets or barbettes) so as to be able to fire on the same side of a warship.
3. The simultaneous firing of all the guns on one side of a warship or able to fire on the same side of a warship.
4. Weight of broadside: the combined weight of all projectiles a ship can fire in a broadside engagement, or the combined weight of all the shells which a group of ships that have formed a line of battle can collectively fire on the same side.
Brouwer Route
A route used by ships in the 17th century while sailing east from the Cape of Good Hope to the Netherlands East Indies which took advantage of the strong westerly winds in the southern Indian Ocean known as the "Roaring Forties" to speed the trip but required ships to turn north in the eastern Indian Ocean to reach the East Indies. With no accurate means of determining longitude at the time, ships which missed the northward turn ran the risk of being wrecked on the west coast of Australia.
brow
See gangplank.
brown water
1. A collective term for rivers and coastal waters.
2. Maritime waters which lie over the continental shelf.
brown-water navy
1. A navy capable of operating on rivers and/or in coastal environments.
2. That portion of a navy designed and intended to operate on rivers and/or in coastal environments.
3. A navy whose capabilities limit it to operating on rivers and/or in coastal environments.
bucket
Alternative name for a paddle on a paddlewheel.
buffer
The chief bosun's mate (in the Royal Navy), responsible for discipline.
bug shoe
A length of hardened material placed on a skeg to protect the skeg from damage by shipworms.
bugeye
A type of sailboat developed in the Chesapeake Bay by the early 1880s for oyster dredging, superseded as the chief oystering boat in the bay by the skipjack at the end of the 19th century.
bulbous bow
A protruding bulb at the bow of a ship just below the waterline which modifies the way water flows around the hull, reducing drag and thus increasing speed, range, fuel efficiency and stability.
bulk cargo
Commodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities.
bulk carrier
Also bulk freighter or bulker.
A merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo in its cargo holds.
bulkhead
An upright wall within the hull of a ship, particularly a watertight, load-bearing wall.
bull ensign
Also boot ensign or George ensign.
The senior ensign of a US Navy command (i.e., a ship, squadron or shore activity).
bullseye
A glass window above the captain's cabin to allow viewing of the sails above deck.
bulward
bulwark
Bulwark (or bulward)
The extension of a ship's side above the level of the weather deck.
bumboat
A private boat selling goods.
bumpkin
Also boomkin
1. A spar, similar to a bowsprit, but which projects from the stern rather than the bow. May be used to attach the backstay or mizzen sheets
2. An iron bar projecting outboard from a ship's side to which the lower and topsail brace blocks are sometimes hooked.
bunk
A built-in bed on board ship.
bunker
A container for storing coal or fuel oil for a ship's engine.
bunker fuel
Also bunkers
Fuel oil for a ship.
bunt
1. Middle cloths of a square sail.
2. Centre of a furled square sail.
bunt-gasket
Canvas apron used to fasten the bunt of a square sail to the yard when furled.
bunting tosser
A signalman who prepares and flies flag hoists. Also known in the United States Navy as a skivvy waver.
buntline
One of the lines leading from the foot of a square sail over a block at the head and down to the deck; and used to haul it up to the yard when furling.
buoy
A floating object, usually anchored at a given position and fulfilling one of a number of uses, recognised by a defined shape and color for each, including aids to navigation, warnings of danger such as submerged wrecks or divers, or for attaching mooring lines, lobster pots, etc.
buoyed up
Lifted by a buoy, especially a cable that has been lifted to prevent it from trailing on the bottom.
burthen
The Builder's Old Measurement, expressed in "tons bm" or "tons BOM", a volumetric measurement of cubic cargo capacity, not of weight. This is the tonnage of a ship, based on the number of tuns of wine that it could carry in its holds. One 252-gallon tun of wine takes up approximately 100 cubic feet, and weighs 2,240 lbs (1 long ton, or Imperial ton).
burgee
A small flag, typically triangular, flown from the masthead of a yacht to indicate yacht-club membership.
burgoo
A dish of ships biscuit crumbs and minced salt pork, usually a meal of last resort for officers when other food stores are exhausted.
butt
Where the butt of one plank joins with the butt of another.
by and large
By means into the wind, while large means with the wind. "By and large" is therefore used to indicate all possible situations, e.g. "the ship handles well both by and large".
by the board
Anything that has gone overboard.
Contents: Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References
C
cabin
An enclosed structure with at least one room on a deck or flat, especially one used as living quarters.
cabin boy
An attendant to passengers and crew, often a young man.
cabin cruiser
A type of powered pleasure craft that provides accommodation for its crew and passengers inside the structure of the craft. A cabin cruiser usually is 7.6 to 13.7 metres (25 to 45 ft) in length, with a powered pleasure craft larger than that considered a motor yacht.
cable
1. An especially large or thick rope.
2. A cable length.
cable length
Sometimes simply called a cable.
A measure of length or distance equivalent to 1⁄10 nautical mile (608 feet; 185 metres) in the United Kingdom and 100 fathoms (600 feet; 183 metres) in the United States; other countries use different equivalents.
caboose
A small ship's kitchen or galley on deck.
cabotage
The transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country along coastal routes by a vessel registered in another country. Originally applied only to shipping, the term now also is applied to analogous transport via aviation, railways, or road transport.
cage mast
See lattice mast.
camels
1. Loaded vessels lashed tightly, one on each side of another vessel, and then emptied to provide additional buoyancy that reduces the draft of the ship in the middle.
2. Floating platforms brought alongside for use by yard workers or crew.
can
A type of navigational buoy, often a vertical drum, but otherwise always square in silhouette, colored red in IALA region A (Europe, Africa, Greenland, and most of Asia and Oceania) or green in IALA region B (the Americas, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines). In channel marking its use is opposite that of a nun buoy.
canal boat
A specialized watercraft designed for operation on a canal. During the Age of Sail, canal boats typically lacked sails and masts and relied on towboats and mules to move from place to place.
canal schooner
Also sailing canal boat or sailing canal schooner.
A specialized type of canal boat developed in North America in the early 19th century and used on the Great Lakes and in Lake Champlain. Unlike conventional canal boats of the era, which lacked a means of propulsion, canal schooners had a schooner rig which allowed them to sail from place to place, but could lower their masts and raise their centreboards, allowing mules to tow them through canals. The design allowed their operators to save money by reducing their reliance on towing and paying fewer towing charges.
canaller
A ship designed to transit the locks of the Welland Canal.
canister shot
Also langrage or simply canister.
A type of antipersonnel cannon load in which lead balls or other loose metallic items were enclosed in a tin or iron shell. On firing, the shell would disintegrate, releasing the smaller metal objects with a shotgun-like effect.
canoe stern
A design for the stern of a yacht such that it is pointed like a bow, rather than squared off as a transom.
canvas
A collective term for all of the sails on a vessel; the total area of all sails aboard her may be expressed as the area of her canvas. Care needs to be taken in understanding what may appear to be an area of canvas for a sail; a stated number may be the length of canvas that is needed off the roll, and it was made several different standard widths.
cap
A fitting or band used to connect the head of one mast to the lower portion of the mast above.
Cape Horn fever
A feigned illness from which a malingerer is pretending to suffer.
Cape Horn roller
Also graybeard.
A type of large ocean wave commonly encountered in the stormy seas of the Southern Ocean south of South America's Cape Horn, often exceeding 60 feet (18.3 m) in height. The geography of the Southern Ocean, uninterrupted by continents, creates an endless fetch that is favorable for the propagation of such waves.
cap-stay
A backstay leading from a mast cap to the ship's side.
capital ship
One of a set of ships considered a navy's most important warships, generally possessing the heaviest firepower and armor and traditionally much larger than other naval vessels, but not formally defined. During the Age of Sail, capital ships were generally understood to be ships of the line; during the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century, they were typically battleships and battlecruisers; and since the mid-20th century, the term may also include aircraft carriers and ballistic missile submarines.
capsize
(of a vessel) To list so severely that the vessel rolls over, exposing the keel. On large vessels, this often results in the sinking of the ship. Compare turtling.
capstan
A large winch with a vertical axis used to wind in anchors or to hoist other heavy objects, and sometimes to administer flogging over. A full-sized human-powered capstan is a waist-high cylindrical machine, operated by a number of hands who each insert a horizontal capstan bar in holes in the capstan and walk in a circle.
captain
1. The person lawfully in command of a vessel. "Captain" is an informal title of respect given to the commander of a naval vessel regardless of his or her formal rank; aboard a merchant ship, the ship's captain is called her master.
2. A naval officer with a rank between commander and commodore.
3. In the US Navy, US Coast Guard, US Public Health Service, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a commissioned officer of a grade superior to a commander and junior to a rear admiral (lower half), equal in grade or rank to a US Army, US Marine Corps, or US Air Force, or US Space Force colonel.
Captain of the Port
1. In the United Kingdom, a Royal Navy officer, usually a captain, responsible for the day-to-day operation of a naval dockyard.
2. In the United States, a US Coast Guard officer, usually a captain, responsible for enforcement of safety, security, and marine environmental protection regulations in a commercial port.
captain's daughter
Another name for the cat o' nine tails, which in principle is only used on board on the captain's (or a court martial's) personal orders.
car carrier
A cargo ship specially designed or fitted to carry large numbers of automobiles. Modern pure car carriers have a fully enclosed, box-like superstructure that extends along the entire length and across the entire breadth of the ship, enclosing the automobiles. The similar pure car/truck carrier can also accommodate trucks.
car float
Also railroad car float or rail barge.
An unpowered barge with railroad tracks mounted on its deck, used to move railroad cars across water obstacles.
caravel
Also caravelle.
A small, highly maneuverable sailing ship with a lateen rig, used by the Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean.
cardinal
Referring to the four main points of the compass: north, south, east, and west. See also bearing.
careening
Also heaving down.
Tilting a ship on its side, usually when beached, to clean or repair the hull below the waterline.
cargo liner
Also passenger-cargo ship or passenger-cargoman.
A type of merchant ship that became common just after the middle of the 19th century, configured primarily for the transportation of general cargo but also for the transportation of at least some passengers. Almost completely replaced by more specialized cargo ships during the second half of the 20th century.
cargo ship
Any ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another, including general cargo ships (designed to carry break bulk cargo), bulk carriers, container ships, multipurpose vessels, and tankers. Tankers, however, although technically cargo ships, are routinely thought of as constituting a completely separate category.
cargoman
A cargo ship.
carpenter
1. In the Age of Sail, a warrant officer responsible for the hull, masts, spars, and boats of a vessel, and also for sounding the well to see if the vessel was making water.
2. A senior rating responsible for all of the woodwork aboard a vessel.
carpenter's walk
On a tall ship, a is a narrow unlit passageway or bulkhead often with a low (four-foot) ceiling that is fitted around the hull at its waterline. The carpenter's walk allowed the ship's carpenter to tour the entire waterline area of a ship to inspect it for water leaks. Because of its dark and seldom-visited nature and location far below decks, it was also sometimes used by mutinous sailors as a secluded place to plan a rebellion against the ship's officers.
carrack
Also nau.
A three- or four-masted oceangoing sailing ship used by Western Europeans in the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th through the early 17th centuries.
carrier
An aircraft carrier.
carronade
A short, smoothbore, cast-iron naval cannon, used from the 1770s to the 1850s as a powerful, short-range, anti-ship and anti-crew weapon.
carry away
To suddenly break a spar, rope or other part of a ship's equipment. May be caused, for example, by overloading, stress of weather, collision or battle damage.
carry on
Resume work or assigned duties.
cartel
A ship employed on humanitarian voyages, in particular to carry communications or prisoners between belligerents during wartime. A cartel flies distinctive flags, including a flag of truce, traditionally is unarmed except for a lone signaling gun, and under international law is not subject to seizure or capture during her outbound and return voyages as long as she engages in no warlike acts.
carvel-built
A comparison of the clinker and carvel styles of boat construction
A method of constructing a wooden hull in which planks are butted edge-to-edge on a robust frame, so giving a smooth hull surface; traditionally the planks are not attached to each other, only to the frame, and have only a caulking sealant between them to make them watertight. Contrast clinker-built.
casing
A light metal structure, usually incorporating a deck, built over the upper surface of a submarine's pressure hull to create a flat surface on which crew members can walk. A feature of submarines built prior to the mid-20th century, but not of more modern submarines.
cat
1. To prepare an anchor after raising it by lifting it with a tackle to the cathead, prior to securing (fishing) it alongside for sea. An anchor raised to the cathead is said to be catted.
2. The cat o' nine tails.
3. A cat-rigged boat or catboat.
cat o' nine tails
Also the cat.
A short, multi-tailed whip or flail kept by the bosun's mate to flog sailors (and soldiers in the army) who had committed infractions while at sea. When not in use, the cat was often kept in a baize bag, a possible origin for the term "cat out of the bag". "Not enough room to swing a cat" also derives from this.
catamaran
Any vessel with two hulls. Compare trimaran.
catboat
A cat-rigged vessel with a single mast mounted close to the bow and only one sail, usually on a gaff.
catenary
Also catenary curve.
The curve of a deployed anchor chain.
catharpin
A short rope or iron clamp used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so as to give a freer sweep to the yards.
cathead
A beam extending out from the hull used to support an anchor when raised in order to secure or "fish" it.
cat's paws
Light, variable winds on calm waters producing scattered areas of small waves.
caulk
To create a watertight seal between structures. In traditional carvel construction, this involved hammering oakum (recycled rope fibres) or caulking cotton into the slightly tapered fine gaps between the hull or deck planks and, in older methods, covering with tar. The expansion of the fibres in water tightens up the hull, making it less prone to racking movement, as well as making the joint watertight.
celestial navigation
Navigation by the position of celestial objects, including the stars, Sun, and Moon, using tools aboard ship such as a sextant, chronometer, and compass, as well as published tables of the expected positions of celestial objects on specific dates. Celestial navigation was the primary method of navigation until the development of electronic global positioning systems such as LORAN and GPS.
ceiling
Planking attached to the inside of the frames or floors of a wooden hull. It serves to separate the cargo from the hull planking itself, but also has a structural role, contributing to the strength of the hull.. The ceiling has different names in different places; e.g. limber boards, spirketting, quickwork, etc. The lower part of the ceiling is, confusingly to a landsman, what you are standing on at the bottom of the hold of a wooden ship.: glossary
center of effort American English
centre of effort British English
Also center of pressure (American spelling) or centre of pressure (British spelling).
The point of origin of net aerodynamic force upon a sail, roughly located in the geometric center of the sail, though the actual position of the center of effort will vary with sail plan, sail trim, or airfoil profile, boat trim, and point of sail.
center of lateral resistance American English
centre of lateral resistance British English
The point of origin of net hydrodynamic resistance on the submerged structure of a boat, especially a sailboat. This is the pivot point the boat turns about when unbalanced external forces are applied, similar to the center of gravity. On a perfectly balanced sailboat, the center of effort will align vertically with the center of lateral resistance. If this is not the case, the boat will be unbalanced and will exhibit either lee helm or weather helm and will be difficult to control.
centerboard American English
centreboard British English
Diagram of the position of a centerboard on a boat
Also centerplate (American spelling), centreplate (British spelling).
A wooden board or metal plate which can be pivoted through a fore-and-aft slot along the centerline in the hull of a sailing vessel, functioning as a retractable keel to help the boat resist leeway by moving its center of lateral resistance. Very common in dinghies, but also found in some larger boats. A daggerboard serves the same purpose but slides vertically rather than pivoting.
centerline American English
centreline British English
An imaginary line down the center of a vessel lengthwise. Any structure or anything mounted or carried on a vessel that straddles this line and is equidistant from either side of the vessel is said to be "on the centerline".
chafing
Wear on a line or sail caused by constant rubbing against another surface.
chafing gear
Material applied to a line or spar to prevent or reduce chafing. See baggywrinkle and puddening.
chain locker
A space in the forward part of a ship, typically beneath the bow in front of the foremost collision bulkhead, that contains the anchor chain when the anchor is secured for sea.
chain-shot
Cannonballs linked with short lengths of chain, designed to be especially damaging to rigging and masts.
chain plates
Iron bars bolted to a ship's side to which the deadeyes or rigging screws of the lower figging and the back-stays are bolted.
chain-wale
Also channel.
A broad, thick plank that projects horizontally from each of a ship's sides abreast a mast (distinguished as the fore, main, or mizzen channel accordingly), serving to extend the base for the shrouds, which support the mast.
chains
Small platforms built into the sides of a ship to spread the shrouds to a more advantageous angle. Also used as a platform for manual depth sounding.
chalupa
1. A small boat that functions as a shallop, water taxi, or gondola.
2. In Portuguese, a small boat used for cabotage, propelled by either oars or sails. Those equipped with sails have a single mast.
3. A type of whaling boat used by the Basques in the mid-16th century in what is now Newfoundland and Labrador.
change tack
Also switch tack.
To change course or heading.
channel fever
1. The impatient excitement in a ship's crew as the end of a voyage becomes imminent. Characteristics include crew members working harder to get the ship sailing faster, off-watch personnel being on deck to keep track of progress, and everyone being packed and in their shore-going clothes (ready to be paid off) the moment the vessel arrives in port.
2. (obsolete usage) A crew member avoiding duties with a feigned illness, usually after leaving port.
Charlie/Charley Noble
The metal stovepipe chimney from a cook shack on the deck of a ship or from a stove in a galley.
charrua
A large sailing ship used as a troopship
chartered ship
Also charter ship.
A term used by the British East India Company from the 17th to the 19th centuries for a merchant ship it chartered to make a single, often one-way, voyage between England (later the United Kingdom) and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope, a trade over which the company held a strict monopoly. A charter ship during its single voyage was employed in much the same way as what the company called an extra ship, though the company usually hired charter ships on special terms and for much shorter periods.
charthouse
A compartment from which the ship was navigated, especially in the Royal Navy.
chartplotter
An electronic instrument that places the position of the ship (from a GPS receiver) onto a digital nautical chart displayed on a monitor, thereby replacing all manual navigation functions. Chartplotters also display information collected from all shipboard electronic instruments and often directly control autopilots.
chase gun
Also chase piece or chaser.
A cannon pointing forward or aft, often of longer range than other guns. Those on the bow (bow chasers) were used to fire upon a ship ahead, while those on the rear (stern chasers) were used to ward off pursuing vessels. Unlike guns pointing to the side, chasers could be brought to bear in a chase without slowing down the vessel.
chasse-marée
A decked commercial sailing vessel engaged in the transportation of fresh fish directly from fishing grounds to ports in Brittany between the 18th century and around the third quarter of the 19th century. Three-masted luggers replaced the vessels originally serving in this role; the luggers then were replaced successively by dundees, brigs, and schooners.
cheeks
1. Wooden blocks at the side of a spar.
2. Flat plates of iron or wood bolted to the masthead to form angle supports for the cross-trees.
3. The sides of a block or gun-carriage.
chief engineer
The senior engineering officer (abbreviated ChEng).
chine
1. An angle in the hull.
2. A line formed where the sides of a boat meet the bottom. Soft chine is when the two sides join at a shallow angle, and hard chine is when they join at a steep angle.
chock
A hole or ring attached to the hull to guide a line via that point; an opening in a ship's bulwark, normally oval in shape, designed to allow mooring lines to be fastened to cleats or bits mounted to the ship's deck. See also Panama chock and Dutchman's chock.
chock-a-block
Rigging blocks that are so tight against one another that they cannot be further tightened.
chop
Waves, usually created by the wind, which are smaller and shorter-lived than swell.
chronometer
A timekeeping device accurate enough to be used aboard a ship to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. The invention of the marine chronometer in the 18th century was a major technical achievement for maritime navigation.
cigarette boat
See go-fast boat.
citadel
A fortified safe room on a vessel to take shelter in the event of pirate attack. Previously, a fortified room to protect ammunition and machinery from damage.
civil Red Ensign
The British Naval Ensign or flag of the British Merchant Navy, a red flag with the Union Flag in the upper left corner. Colloquially called the "red duster".
class
1. Strictly, a group of government ships, especially naval ships, of the same or similar design.
2. Informally, a group of private or commercial ships of the same or similar design.
3. A standard of construction for merchant vessels, including standards for specific types or specialized capabilities of some types of merchant vessels (see, for example, ice class). A ship meeting the standard is in class, while one not meeting it is out of class.
class leader
Synonym for lead ship.
classification society
Also classification organisation (American spelling) or classification organization (British spelling)
See ship classification society.
clean bill of health
A certificate issued by a port indicating that a ship carries no infectious diseases. Also called a pratique.
clean slate
At the helm, the watchkeeper would record details of speed, distances, headings, etc. on a slate. At the beginning of a new watch the slate would be wiped clean.
clear
1. To perform customs and immigration legalities prior to leaving port.
2. More loosely, to leave port.
cleat
A stationary device used to secure a rope aboard a vessel.
clench
A method of fixing together two pieces of wood, usually overlapping planks, by driving a nail through both planks as well as a washer-like rove. The nail is then burred or riveted over to complete the fastening.
clew
One of the lower corners of a square sail, or, on a triangular sail, the corner at the end of the boom.
clewlines
clew-lines
Lines used to truss up the clews, the lower corners of square sails. Used to reduce and stow a barge's topsail.
clinker-built
A comparison of the clinker and carvel styles of boat construction
A method of constructing hulls that involves overlapping planks and/or plates, much like Viking longships, resulting in speed and flexibility in small boat hulls. Contrast carvel-built.
clipper
1. A sailing vessel designed primarily for speed. While the square-rigged clipper ships of the middle of the 19th century are well known, others, such as Baltimore Clippers and opium clippers could be rigged differently, often as schooners, and a small number of 19th-century clippers were built as barques.
2. A tuna clipper.
close aboard
Very near (the ship).
close-hauled
(of a vessel) Beating as close to the wind direction as possible.
clove hitch
A bend used to attach a rope to a post or bollard. Also used to finish tying off the foresail.
club hauling
A maneuver by which a ship drops one of its anchors at high speed in order to turn abruptly. This was sometimes used as a means of obtaining a good firing angle on a pursuing vessel. See kedge.
CO
C.O.
An abbreviation for commanding officer.
coal hulk
A hulk used to store coal.
coal trimmer
Also simply trimmer.
A person responsible for ensuring that a coal-fired vessel remains in "trim" (evenly balanced) as coal is consumed on a voyage.
coaling
Loading coal for use as fuel aboard a steamship. A time-consuming, laborious, and dirty process often undertaken by the entire crew, coaling was a necessity from the early days of steam in the 19th century until the early 20th century, when oil supplanted coal as the fuel of choice for steamships.
coaming
The raised edge of a hatch, cockpit, or skylight, designed to help keep out water that pools on the surface above.
coaster
Also skoot.
A coastal trading vessel; a shallow-hulled ship used for trade between locations on the same island or continent.
coble
A type of open traditional fishing boat with a flat bottom and high bow which developed on the northeast coast of England.
cockbill
To angle a square-rigged yard away from the horizontal so that it is out of the way for loading or unloading, or so that the ship may lie alongside another ship without the yards touching.
cockpit
A seating area (not to be confused with the deck) towards the stern of a small-decked vessel that houses the rudder controls.
cofferdam
An insulating space between two watertight bulkheads or decks within a ship.
cog
A type of sailing ship, with a single mast and a single square-rigged sail first developed in the 10th century and widely used, particularly in the Baltic Sea region, in seagoing trade from the 12th through the 14th centuries. It had a distinctive hull design: the flat bottom was carvel-built and the sides were clinker-built.: 225–227
coign
A wedge used to assist in the aiming of a cannon; an older form of "quoin".
collier
A bulk cargo ship designed to carry coal, especially such a ship in naval use to supply coal to coal-fired warships.
combat loading
A way of loading a vessel that gives military forces embarked aboard her immediate access to weapons, ammunition, and supplies needed when conducting an amphibious landing. In combat loading, cargo is stowed in such a way that unloading of equipment will match up with the personnel that are landing and in the order they land, so that they have immediate access to the gear they need for combat as soon as they land. Combat loading gives primary consideration to the ease and sequence with which troops, equipment, and supplies can be made ready for combat, sacrificing the more efficient use of cargo space that ship operators seek when loading a ship for the routine transportation of personnel and cargo.
comber
A long, curving wave breaking on the shore.
come about
1. To tack.
2. To change tack.
3. To manoeuvre the bow of a sailing vessel across the wind so that the wind changes from one side of the vessel to the other.
4. To position a vessel with respect to the wind after tacking.
come to
To stop a sailing vessel, especially by turning into the wind.
commanding officer
The officer in command of a warship. Also called "CO", "captain" (regardless of rank), "skipper", or "the old man".
commission
To formally place (a naval vessel) into active service, after which the vessel is said to be in commission. Sometimes used less formally to mean placing a commercial ship into service.
commissioning pennant
A pennant flown from the masthead of a warship. Also called a masthead pennant.
commodore
1. (rank) Prior to 1997, the title used in the Royal Navy for an officer of the rank of captain who was given temporary command of a squadron. At the end of the deployment of the squadron, or in the presence of an admiral, he would revert to his de facto rank of captain.
2. (rank) A military rank used in many navies that is superior to a navy captain but below a rear admiral. Often equivalent to the rank of "flotilla admiral" or sometimes "counter admiral" in non-English-speaking navies.
3. (convoy commodore) A civilian put in charge of the good order of the merchant ships in British convoys during World War II, but with no authority over naval ships escorting the convoy.
4. (commodore (yacht club)) An officer of a yacht club.
5. (Commodore (Sea Scouts)) A position in the Boy Scouts of America's Sea Scouts program.
communication tube
Also speaking tube or voice tube.
An air-filled tube, usually armored, allowing speech between the conning tower and the below-decks control spaces on a warship.
companionway
A raised and windowed hatchway in a ship's deck, with a ladder leading below and the hooded entrance-hatch to the main cabins.
complement
1. The number of persons in a ship's crew, including officers.
2. A collective term for all of the persons in a ship's crew, including officers.
comprise
To include or contain. As applied to a naval task force, the listing of all assigned units for a single transient purpose or mission (e.g. "The task force comprises Ship A, Ship B, and Ship C"). "Comprise" means exhaustive inclusion – there are not any other parts to the task force, and each ship has a permanent squadron existence, independent of the task force.
concrete ship
A vessel constructed of steel and ferrocement (a type of reinforced concrete) rather than of more traditional materials, such as steel, iron, or wood.
confined waters
Waters where there is little space to maneuver.
conn
Also con, conne, conde, cunde, or cun.
To direct a ship or submarine from a position of command. While performing this duty, an officer is said to have the conn.
conning officer
An officer on a naval vessel responsible for instructing the helmsman on the course to steer. While performing this duty, the officer is said to have the conn.
conning tower
1. An armored control tower of an iron or steel warship built between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries from which the ship was navigated in battle.
2. A tower-like structure on the dorsal (topside) surface of a submarine, serving in submarines built before the mid-20th century as a connecting structure between the bridge and pressure hull and housing instruments and controls from which the periscopes were used to direct the submarine and launch torpedo attacks. Since the mid-20th century, it has been replaced by the sail (United States usage) or fin (European and Commonwealth usage), a structure similar in appearance that no longer plays a role in directing the submarine.
consort
Unpowered Great Lakes vessels, usually a fully loaded schooner, barge, or steamer barge, towed by a larger steamer that would often tow more than one barge. The consort system was used in the Great Lakes from the 1860s to around 1920.
constant bearing, decreasing range (CBDR)
When two boats are approaching each other from any angle and this angle remains the same over time (constant bearing) they are on a collision course. Because of the implication of collision, "constant bearing, decreasing range" has come to mean a problem or an obstacle which is incoming.
container ship
A cargo ship that carries all of her cargo in truck-size intermodal containers.
convoy
A group of ships traveling together for mutual support and protection.
corinthian
An amateur yachter.
corrector
A device used to correct the ship's compass, e.g. by counteracting errors due to the magnetic effects of a steel hull.
corsair
1. A French privateer, especially one from the port of St-Malo.
2. Any privateer or pirate.
3. A ship used by privateers or pirates, especially of French nationality.
4. (corsair (dinghy)) A class of 16-foot (4.9-metre) three-handed sailing dinghy.
corvette
Also corvetto.
1. A flush-decked sailing warship of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries having a single tier of guns, ranked next below a frigate. In the US Navy, it is referred to as a sloop-of-war.
2. A lightly armed and armored warship of the 20th and 21st centuries, smaller than a frigate and capable of transoceanic duty.
cotchel
A partial load.
cottonclad
A steam-powered wooden warship protected from enemy fire by bales of cotton lining its sides, most commonly associated with some of the warships employed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1861–1865).
counter
The part of the stern above the waterline that extends beyond the rudder stock culminating in a small transom. A long counter increases the waterline length when the boat is heeled, so increasing hull speed. See also truncated counter.
counterflood
To deliberately flood compartments on the opposite side from already flooded ones. Usually done to reduce a list.
country ship
A term used by the British East India Company from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century for a merchant ship owned by local owners east of the Cape of Good Hope which traded within that area and gathered cargoes for shipment west of the Cape to England (later the United Kingdom) by the company's "chartered ships", "extra ships", and "regular ships". "Country ships" were strictly prohibited from trading west of the Cape, which would violate the company's strict monopoly on that trade. Country ships were also important in the opium trade from India into China until supplanted by the faster opium clipper.: 51
course
1. The direction in which a vessel is being steered, usually given in degrees.
2. The lowest square sail on a square rigged mast, except where that mast is the mizzen – in which case the name cro'jack (cross-jack) or mizzen-sail is used.
cowl
1. A ship's ventilator with a bell-shaped top that can be swiveled to catch the wind and force it below.
2. A vertical projection of a ship's funnel that directs the smoke away from the bridge.
coxswain
Also cockswain.
The helmsman or crew member in command of a boat.
CPO country
The part of a naval vessel containing the residential quarters and wardroom for chief petty officers. CPO country is off-limits to more junior enlisted personnel unless they are there on official business.
crab
A winch used for raising the leeboard, with a barrel for pulling in the staysail sheets.
crabber
A fishing vessel rigged for crab fishing.
crane ship
crane vessel
A ship with a crane and specialized for lifting heavy loads.
cranse iron
Also crance, crans, or cranze iron.
The metal fitting mounted at the end of a bowsprit to which the forestay (or jibstay), bobstay, and bowsprit shrouds are attached. It is also where the tack of the outermost headsail is fastened.
crash boat
crash rescue boat
A term used in the United States to describe military high-speed offshore rescue boats, similar in size and performance to motor torpedo boats, used to rescue pilots and aircrews of crashed aircraft.
Crazy Ivan
US Navy slang for a maneuver in which a submerged Soviet or Russian submarine suddenly turns 180 degrees or through 360 degrees to detect submarines following it.
crew
1. On warships and merchant ships, all of those members of a ship's company who are not officers.
2. On leisure vessels with no formal chain of command, all of those persons who are not the skipper or passengers.
crew boat
A vessel specialized for the transportation of offshore support personnel and cargo to and from offshore installations such as oil platforms, drilling rigs, drill ships, dive ships, and wind farms. Also known as a fast support vessel or fast supply vessel.
crew management
The services rendered by specialised shipping companies to manage the human resources and manning of all types of vessels, including recruitment, deployment to vessel, scheduling, and training, as well as the ongoing management and administrative duties of seafarers, such as payroll, travel arrangements, insurance and health schemes, overall career development, and day-to-day welfare. Also known as crewing.
cringle
A loop of rope, usually at the corners of a sail, for fixing the sail to a spar. They are often reinforced with a metal eye.
cro'jack
Also crossjack.
The square sail set on the lower mizzen yard of a square-rigged ship. Many full-rigged ships would not set a sail in this position, as it would be interfered with by the spanker
cross the line
Cross the equator.
crosstrees
Two horizontal struts at the upper ends of the topmasts of sailboats, used to anchor the shrouds from the topgallant mast. Lateral spreaders for the topmast shrouds (standing back stays).
crow's nest
A masthead constructed with sides and sometimes a roof to shelter the lookouts from the weather, generally by whaling vessels. The term has also become generic for what is properly called a masthead.
cruise ship
A passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience, as well as the different destinations along the way. Transportation is not the prime purpose, as cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return passengers to their originating port. A cruise ship contrasts with a passenger liner, which is a passenger ship that provides a scheduled service between published ports primarily as a mode of transportation. Large, prestigious passenger ships used for either purpose are sometimes called ocean liners.
cruiser
1. From the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, a classification for a wide variety of gun- and sometimes torpedo-armed warships, usually but not always armored, intended for independent scouting, raiding, or commerce protection; some were designed also to provide direct support to a battle fleet. Cruisers carried out functions performed previously by the cruising ships (sailing frigates and sloops-of-war) of the Age of Sail.
2. From the early to the mid-20th century, a type of armored warship with varying armament and of various sizes, but always smaller than a battleship and larger than a destroyer, capable of both direct support of a battle fleet and of independent operations, armed with guns and sometimes torpedoes.
3. After the mid-20th century, various types of warships of intermediate size armed with guided missiles and sometimes guns, intended for air defense of aircraft carriers and associated task forces or for anti-ship missile attacks against such forces; virtually indistinguishable from large destroyers since the late 20th century.
4. A yacht with one or more cabins containing the facilities for living aboard, thus capable of making voyages.
crutches
Metal Y-shaped pins used to fix oars while rowing.
cuddy
A small cabin in a boat; a cabin, for the use of the captain, in the after part of a sailing ship under the poop deck.
Cunningham
A line invented by Briggs Cunningham, used to control the shape of a sail.
cunt splice
Also cut splice.
A join between two lines, similar to an eye-splice, where each rope end is joined to the other a short distance along, making an opening that closes under tension.
cuntline
The "valley" between the strands of a rope or cable. Before serving a section of laid rope, e.g. to protect it from chafing, it may be "wormed" by laying yarns in the cuntlines, giving that section an even cylindrical shape.
cut and run
When wanting to make a quick escape, a ship might cut lashings to sails or cables for anchors, causing damage to the rigging, or losing an anchor, but shortening the time needed to make ready by bypassing the proper procedures.
cut of his jib
The "cut" of a sail refers to its shape. Since this would often vary between ships, it could be used both to identify a familiar vessel at a distance, and to judge the possible sailing qualities of an unknown one. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the ships of different nations used visually distinctive types of jibs that could be determined at a distance, providing an easy way to determine friend from foe. Also used figuratively of people.
cutter
A typical cutter rigging: one mast bearing a fore-and-aft-rigged mainsail (A) and foresail (forestaysail) (B), a bowsprit (C), a jib (D), and a flying jib (E)
1. A sailing vessel defined by its rig. In European waters this is a single-masted fore and aft rig with two or more headsails In North American waters, the definition also considers whether or not the bowsprit is permanently fixed and also takes into account the position of the mast. A standing (permanently fixed) bowsprit and a forward mast position, but with two or more headsails would be classed as a sloop in the North American definition. A running bowsprit, a forestay (carrying a staysail) that is fixed to the stemhead, a jib that is set flying and a mast position that is more aft is a cutter.
2. A type of ship's boat powered by sail or oars, though more optimised for sail than many types of ship's boat.
3. A small- or medium-sized vessel used by governmental agencies or law enforcement in the exercise of official authority, such as harbor pilots' cutters, US Coast Guard cutters, and UK Border Agency cutters.
4. A type of decked sailing vessel originating in the early 18th century designed for speed. Many were used as small warships. Originally cutter referred only to a type of hull, but it came to refer to the rig, which was single-masted with both fore-and-aft and square sails. A cutter rig had very large sail areas available for use in light winds.
cutting out
A surprise attack by small boats, often at night, against an anchored vessel in which the small-boat crews boarded and captured or destroyed the target vessel. Cutting out became a popular tactic in the latter part of the 18th century and saw extensive use during the Napoleonic Wars. Cutting out was still in use in the mid-19th century, in conflicts such as the Mexican-American War and American Civil War.
cutwater
The forward curve of the stem of a ship.
Contents: Top
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
M
N
O
P
Q
R
S
T
U
V
W
X
Y
Z
See also
References
D
daggerboard
A type of light centerboard that is lifted vertically; sometimes in pairs, with the leeward one lowered when beating.
dan
dan-buoy
A temporary marker buoy consisting of a long pole with flag and/or light at the top and, lower down, a float and a ballast weight to make it float vertically. May be used with or without an anchor to attach it to the sea bed. In naval use often marks a swept channel created by minesweeping. In other uses may mark fishing equipment (nets or pots), an anchor, or, most commonly, is attached to a lifebuoy to throw into the sea to mark the position of a man overboard.
dandy
1. A rig with a small mizzen abaft the steering post.
2. In British usage, another name for a yawl.
3. In British usage, a small after-sail on a yawl.
danlayer
A mine warfare vessel, usually a small trawler, fitted for laying dans. Danlayers served as a part of minesweeping flotillas during and immediately after World War II (1939–1945).
dart
To run dart; to run dead before the wind.
davit
1. A spar formerly used on board ships as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of the bow without injuring the sides of the ship.
2. A crane, often working in pairs and usually made of steel, used to lower things over the side of a ship, including lifeboats.
Davy Jones's Locker
An idiom for the bottom of the sea.
day beacon
An unlighted fixed structure equipped with a dayboard for daytime identification.
day-blink
The moment at dawn where, from some point on the mast, a lookout can see above low-lying mist around the ship.
dayboard
The daytime identifier of an aid to navigation presenting one of several standard shapes (square, triangle, or rectangle) and colors (red, green, white, orange, yellow, or black).
day boat
1. A sailing boat without overnight accommodation, sometimes with a small cabin, used for pleasure sailing. Typically around 20 feet (6.1 m) in length
2. (United States): a steamboat built for daytime service; as opposed to a night boat.
dead ahead
Exactly ahead; directly ahead; directly in front.
dead horse
Debt owed for advanced pay. The "flogging a dead horse" ceremony at sea celebrated discharge of the debt.
dead in the water
Not moving (used only when a vessel is afloat and neither tied up nor anchored). The term is abbreviated to DIW by the US Navy. It is often used to indicate that a pirate or drug runner vessel has been immobilised.
dead run
See running.
dead slow
See steerageway.
dead wake
The trail of a fading disturbance in the water. See also wake.
deadeye
A wooden block with three holes (but no pulleys) spliced to a shroud. It adjusts the tension in the standing rigging of large sailing vessels, by lacing through the holes with a lanyard to the deck. It performs the same job as a turnbuckle.
deadhead
A snag.
deadlight
A strong shutter fitted over a porthole or other opening that can be closed in bad weather.
dead reckoning
A method of navigation that estimates a ship's position from the distance run measured by the log and the course steered. If corrections for factors such as tide and leeway are then made, this provides an estimated position. Dead reckoning contrasts with fixing a position with astronomical navigation or satellite navigation. Some sources consider that a dead reckoning position does include adjustments for wind and tide, so care is needed in interpretation of this term.
deadrise
The angle of the hull surface, relative to horizontal, as measured on either side of the keel on a line drawn towards the turn of the bilge. Without any other qualifier, it is taken at the midships cross-section of the hull. This can be expressed in degrees or sometimes as a vertical linear measure (such as inches) at a standard distance from the keel. A hull with a lot of deadrise has an obvious "V" shape to the bottom of the hull, whereas no deadrise denotes sheer sides and a flat-bottomed hull. It is usually taken to be one of several measures of the "sharpness" of a hull. It can also be referred to as the "rise of floor".
deadwood
In a traditional wooden hull, blocks of timber on the top of the keel that form the shape of the hull where its section is too narrow for the method of construction employed elsewhere. It is often used forward of the sternpost.
death roll
In a keel boat, the act of broaching to windward, putting the spinnaker pole into the water and causing a crash-gybe of the boom and mainsail, which sweep across the deck and plunge down into the water. During a death roll, the boat rolls from side to side, becoming gradually more unstable until either it capsizes or the skipper reacts correctly to prevent it.
debarcation
Also disembarkation.
The process of leaving a ship or aircraft, or removing goods from a ship or aircraft.
debunk
The process of removing fuel from a vessel. After a shipwreck, a "debunkering" operation will be performed in an effort to minimize damage and protect the environment from fuel spills.
deck
1. The top of a ship or vessel; the surface that is removed to accommodate the seating area.
2. Any of the structures forming the approximately horizontal surfaces in the ship's general structure. Unlike flats, they are a structural part of the ship.
deck gun
A gun mounted on the deck of a submarine for use in surface combat. Common on submarines of the first half of the 20th century, deck guns became obsolete as submarines became capable of sustained underwater operations after World War II.
deck hand
Also decky.
A person whose job involves aiding the deck supervisor in (un)mooring, anchoring, maintenance, and general evolutions on deck.
deck supervisor
The person in charge of all evolutions and maintenance on deck; sometimes split into two groups: forward deck supervisor and aft deck supervisor.
deckhead
The underside of the deck above. The inside of the boat is normally paneled over to hide the structure, pipes, electrical wires. It can be in thin wood planks, often covered with a vinyl lining, or in thin PVC or now even in fiberglass planks.
deckhouse
A cabin that protrudes above a ship's deck.
decks awash
A situation in which the deck of the vessel is partially or wholly submerged, possibly as a result of excessive listing or a loss of buoyancy.
decommission
To formally take (a naval vessel) out of active service, after which the vessel is said to be out of commission or decommissioned. Sometimes used less formally to mean taking a commercial ship out of service.
degaussing
A process to reduce a warship's magnetic signature.
demurrage
A fee paid by a charter party to a shipowner if the time taken to load or unload a vessel exceeds the laytime – the amount of time stipulated for loading or unloading – specified in a voyage charter.
depot ship
A ship that acts as a mobile or fixed base for other ships and submarines or that supports a naval base.
depth of hold
The distance between the underside of the main deck (or its supporting beams) and the top of the limber boards (the part of the ceiling that lies alongside the keelson), measured at the middle frame. It is one of the key measurements in working out the measurement tonnage in most systems.
derrick
A lifting device composed of one mast or pole and a boom or jib hinged freely at the bottom.
despatch
A fee paid by a shipowner to a charter party if the time taken to load or unload a vessel is less than the laytime – the amount of time stipulated for loading or unloading – specified in a voyage charter.
despatch boat
An alternate spelling of dispatch boat.
destroyer
A type of fast and maneuverable small warship introduced in the 1890s to protect capital ships from torpedo boat attack, and since increased in size and capabilities to become a long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or battle group and defend them against submarines, surface ships, aircraft, or missiles. Originally torpedo boat destroyer. In US Navy slang, also called a tin can or small boy.
destroyer depot ship
See destroyer tender.
destroyer escort
A US Navy term for a smaller, lightly armed warship built in large numbers during World War II (and in smaller numbers thereafter), cheaper, slower, and less-well-armed than a destroyer but larger and more heavily armed than a corvette and designed to escort convoys of merchant ships or naval auxiliaries or second-line naval forces. Employed primarily for anti-submarine warfare, but also used to provide some protection against aircraft and smaller surface ships. Generally known as frigates in other navies, and designated as such in the US Navy as well by the 1970s.
destroyer leader
A large destroyer suitable for commanding a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships; a type of flotilla leader.
destroyer tender
A naval auxiliary ship designed to provide maintenance support to a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships. Known in British English as a destroyer depot ship.
devil seam
The devil was possibly a slang term for the garboard seam, hence "between the devil and the deep blue sea" being an allusion to keel hauling, but a more popular version seems to be the seam between the waterway and the stanchions, which would be difficult to get at, requiring a cranked caulking iron, and a restricted swing of the caulking mallet.
devil to pay
Also devil to pay, and no pitch hot.
"Paying" the devil is sealing the devil seam. It is a difficult and unpleasant job (with no resources) because of the shape of the seam (up against the stanchions) or if the devil refers to the garboard seam, it must be done with the ship slipped or careened.
devil's claw
A type of chain stopper often used to secure an anchor in its hawsepipe. Consists of a two-pronged hook that fits over a link of chain, a turnbuckle and a short chain fastened to a strong point.
dhow
The generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with lateen sails used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region, typically weighing 300 to 500 tons, with a long, thin hull. They are trading vessels primarily used to carry heavy items, like fruit, fresh water, or merchandise. Crews vary from about thirty to around twelve, depending on the size of the vessel.
diamonds
Glass prisms that were laid between the wooden deck planks to allow natural light below were referred to as diamonds due to the sparkle they gave off in the sunlight.
dinghy
1. A type of small boat, often carried or towed as a ship's boat by a larger vessel.
2. A small racing yacht or recreational open sailing boat, often used for beginner training rather than sailing full-sized yachts.
3. Utility dinghies are usually rowboats or have an outboard motor, but some are rigged for sailing.
dipping the eye
Dipping the eye
A method of attaching more than one hawser to a single bollard, so that each can be lifted off without disturbing the other(s). The second hawser is passed under the first, then up through the eye of the first (hence the name), before being secured over the bollard.
dipping the flag
A method of rendering honors at sea by lowering and raising a ship's flag.
directional light
A light illuminating a sector or very narrow angle and intended to mark a direction to be followed.
disembark
disembarcation
See debarcation.
dispatch boat
A vessel ranging in size from a small boat to a large ship tasked to carry military dispatches from ship to ship, from ship to shore, or, occasionally, from shore to shore.
displacement
The weight of water displaced by the immersed volume of a ship's hull, exactly equivalent to the weight of the whole ship.
displacement hull
A hull designed to travel through the water, rather than planing over it.
disposable ship
Also drogher, raft ship, timber drogher, or timber ship.
A barely seaworthy ship of the 19th century assembled from large timbers lashed or pegged together and designed to make a single voyage from North America to the United Kingdom and then to be disassembled so that her timbers could be sold, thus avoiding high British taxes on lumber imported as cargo. When British taxes on imported lumber fell, the construction of disposable ships ceased.
disrate
To reduce in rank or rating; to demote.
distinctive mark
A flag flown to distinguish ships of one seagoing service of a given country from ships of the country's other seagoing service(s) when ships of more than one of the country's seagoing services fly the same ensign.
ditty bag
Bag or box for personal items.
division
1. Especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a permanent battle formation of a fleet, often smaller than a squadron, equipped and trained to operate as a tactical unit under the overall command of a higher command, such as a fleet or squadron.
2. Especially in modern usage, an administrative naval command, smaller than a squadron and often subordinate to an administrative squadron, responsible for the manning, training, supply, and maintenance of a group of ships or submarines but not for directing their operations at sea.
Divisional Transport Officer
Also Divisional Naval Transport Officer
In British usage, a shore-based naval officer responsible for the efficient working of the transports and boats of the flotilla, division, or squadron under his charge.
dock
1. In American usage, a fixed structure attached to shore to which a vessel is secured when in port, generally synonymous with pier and wharf, except that pier tends to refer to structures used for tying up commercial ships and to structures extending from shore for use in fishing, while dock refers more generally to facilities used for tying up ships or boats, including recreational craft.
2. In British usage, the body of water between two piers or wharves that accommodates vessels tied up at the piers or wharves.
3. To tie up along a pier or wharf.
dockyard
A facility where ships or boats are built and repaired. Routinely used as a synonym for shipyard, although dockyard is sometimes associated more closely with a facility used for maintenance and basing activities, while shipyard sometimes is associated more closely with a facility used in construction.
dodger
A hood forward of a hatch or cockpit to protect the crew from wind and spray. Can be soft or hard.
dog
Also door dog and hatch dog.
Device to secure doors and hatches. Typically used for watertight openings, but can apply elsewhere. "Dogging the hatches" is a common phrase.
dog watch
A short watch period, generally half the usual time (e.g., a two-hour watch rather than a four-hour one). Such watches might be included in order to rotate the system over different days for fairness, or to allow both watches to eat their meals at approximately normal times.
doghouse
A slang term (in the US, mostly) for a raised portion of a ship's deck. A doghouse is usually added to improve headroom below or to shelter a hatch.
dogvane
A small weather vane, sometimes improvised with a scrap of cloth, yarn, or other light material mounted within sight of the helmsman. See tell-tale.
doldrums
Also equatorial calms.
The equatorial trough, with special reference to the light and variable nature of the winds generally encountered there.
dolly winch
A small winch mounted on the windlass, used as an alternative to the brails winch when that is obstructed in some way (e.g. by deck cargo).
dolphin
A structure consisting of a number of piles driven into the seabed or riverbed as a marker.
dolphin striker
A spar protruding vertically beneath a bowsprit, usually attached to the boswprit cap, used provide a mechanically advantageous run for the martingale stay, and other ropes of a ship's rigging.
donkey engine
A small auxiliary engine used either to start a larger engine or independently, e.g. for pumping water on steamships.
donkeyman
One of a ship's engineering crew. Often a crewman responsible for maintaining a steam donkey, or any machinery other than the main engines. On some ships, the Petty Officer in charge of engineroom ratings.
dorade box
A dorade box (also called a dorade vent, collector box, or simply a "ventilator") is a type of vent that permits the passage of air in and out of the cabin or engine room of a boat while keeping rain, spray, and sea wash out.
dory
Also doree, dori, or (Royal Navy) dorey.
A shallow-draft, lightweight boat, about 5 to 7 metres (16 to 23 ft) long, with high sides, a flat bottom, and sharp bows. Traditionally used as fishing boats, both in coastal waters and in the open sea.
double-banked
(of the arrangement of oars on a boat) having two oarsmen seated on each thwart, each of whom operates one oar on their side of the boat. This contrasts with single-banked, where only one oarsman is seated on each thwart operating one oar on one side of the boat, with the oars alternating between port and starboard along the length of the boat. A third arrangement is to have one rower on each thwart working two oars, one on each side of the boat.: 135
double-shotted
The practice of loading smoothbore cannon with two cannonballs.
doubling the angle on the bow
A technique for establishing the distance from a point on land, such as a headland that is being passed. This is a type of running bearing which requires no plotting on the chart. The ship is sailed on a constant course and speed. The distance shown on the log is noted when the relative bearing of a fixed point is taken, and the increase in that bearing is watched until it is twice the original bearing, and the log is read again. The distance travelled between the two bearings is the distance of the ship from the fixed point when the second bearing was taken. Allowances for tidal streams may or may not be allowed for, depending on the accuracy required.
Dover cliffs
A slang term for very rough seas with large white-capped waves.
downbound
1. Travel downstream, with a following current.
2. Eastward travel in the Great Lakes region (terminology used by the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation).
downflooding
The entry of water through any opening into the hull or superstructure of an undamaged vessel, such as an open door or porthole, loose or open hatch, ventilator opening, etc. Downflooding can occur due to a ship's trim, if she heels or lists, or if she becomes totally or partially submerged.
downhaul
A line used to control either a mobile spar, or the shape of a sail. A downhaul can also be used to retrieve a sail back on deck.
drabbler
An extra strip of canvas secured below a bonnet, further to increase the area of a course.
draft
Also draught.
The depth of a ship's keel below the waterline.
dragger
1. A fishing trawler.
2. A dredger.
dragon boat
One of a family of traditional paddled long boats of various designs and sizes found throughout Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands. For competitive events, they are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails. Dragon boat races are traditionally held during the annual summer solstice festival.
draught
Alternative spelling of draft.
dreadnought
A type of battleship designed with an "all-big-gun" armament layout in which the ship's primary gun power resided in a primary battery of its largest guns intended for use at long range, with other gun armament limited to small weapons intended for close-range defense against torpedo boats and other small warships. Most, but not all, dreadnoughts also had steam turbine propulsion. Predominant from 1906, dreadnoughts differed from earlier steam battleships, retroactively dubbed predreadnoughts, which had only a few large guns, relied on an intermediate secondary battery used at shorter ranges for most of their offensive power, and had triple-expansion steam engines.
dredger
A vessel specialized for use in the excavation of material from a water environment and equipped with heavy machinery for this purpose.
dress overall
To string International Code of Signals flags, arranged at random, from stemhead to masthead, between mastheads (if the vessel has more than one mast), and then down to the taffrail, on a ship in harbor as a sign of celebration of a national, local, or personal anniversary, event, holiday, or occasion. When a ship is properly dressed overall, ensigns fly at each masthead unless displaced by another flag (e.g. that of a flag officer on board), in addition to the ensign flown in the usual position at the stern.
dressing down
1. Treating old sails with oil or wax to renew them.
2. A verbal reprimand.
dressing lines
Lines running from stemhead to masthead, between mastheads, and then down to the taffrail, to which flags are attached when a ship is dressed overall.
drifter
A type of fishing boat designed to catch herring in a long drift net, long used in the Netherlands and Great Britain.
drink
Overboard and into the water (e.g. "it fell into the drink").
driver
The large sail flown from the mizzen gaff.
driver-mast
The fifth mast of a six-masted barquentine or gaff schooner. It is preceded by the jigger mast and followed by the spanker mast. The sixth mast of the only seven-masted vessel, the gaff schooner Thomas W. Lawson, was normally called the pusher-mast.
drogher
See disposable ship.
drogue
A device to slow a boat down in a storm so that it does not speed excessively down the slope of a wave and crash into the next one. It is generally constructed of heavy flexible material in the shape of a cone. See also sea anchor.
drudging
A technique of maintaining steerageway when going downstream with neither engine nor wind to sail. The vessel uses its anchor to draw itself head-to-stream, then lifts the anchor and drifts stern-first downstream, ferry gliding to maintain position within the stream. As steerage begins to reduce, the vessel anchors again and then repeats the whole procedure as required.
drydock
A narrow basin or vessel used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform.
drying harbour
Also drying mooring.
A harbour where the water wholly or partly recedes as the tide goes out, leaving any vessel moored there aground.
dunnage
1. Loose packing material used to protect a ship's cargo from damage during transport. See also fardage.
2. Personal baggage.
Dutch barge
Also schuyt.
Any of several types of traditional flat-bottomed shoal-draught sailing barge, originally used for carrying cargo in the Zuyder Zee and on the rivers of the Netherlands.
Dutch built
Term of abuse implying shoddiness or (when directed at a person) stupidity or stubbornness, usually embellished with other oaths and insults tagged on fore and aft.
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E
earings
Small lines by which the uppermost corners of the largest sails are secured to the yardarms.
East Indiaman
Any ship operating under charter or license to the East India Company (England), or to the Danish East India Company, French East India Company, Dutch East India Company, Portuguese East India Company, or Swedish East India Company from the 17th to the 19th centuries.
echo sounding
The measurement of the depth of a body of water using a SONAR device. See also sounding and swinging the lead.
embayed
A condition in which a sailing vessel (especially one that sails poorly to windward) is confined between two capes or headlands by a wind blowing directly onshore.
en echelon
Diagram showing the Minas Geraes-class battleship with its central guns arranged en echelon.
An arrangement of gun turrets whereby the turret on one side of the ship is placed further aft than the one on the other side, so that both turrets can fire to either side.
engine order telegraph
Also chadburn.
A communications device used by the pilot to order engineers in the engine room to power the vessel at a certain desired speed.
engine room
One of the machinery spaces of a vessel, usually the largest one, containing the ship's prime mover (usually a diesel or steam engine or a gas or steam turbine). Larger vessels may have more than one engine room.
ensign
1. (flag) The principal flag or banner flown by a ship to indicate her nationality.
2. (rank) The lowest grade of commissioned officer in the US Navy.
escort carrier
A type of aircraft carrier, smaller and slower than a fleet carrier, used by some navies in World War II to escort convoys, ferry aircraft, and provide air support for amphibious operations.
estimated position
An approximate geographical position obtained by making allowances for leeway, tide, and currents to a dead reckoning position (which is calculated from the distance run and the course steered).
evaporator
A piece of ship's equipment used to produce fresh drinking water from sea water by distillation.
executive officer
The officer second in command on a warship. Also called "X.O." in the United States and "Number One" in the Royal Navy and Commonwealth navies.
extra ship
A term used by the British East India Company from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century for merchant ships it hired to make voyages for it between England (later the United Kingdom) and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope, a trade over which the company held a strict monopoly. "Extra ships" were chartered for a single round-trip voyage beginning during a single sailing season (September to April) and augmented the voyages of "regular ships", which were merchant ships under long-term charter to make repeated voyages for the company over many seasons. However, if an "extra ship" operated well and the company needed its services, the company often chartered it repeatedly over a number of seasons.
extremis
Also in extremis.
The point under International Rules of the Road (Navigation Rules) at which the privileged (or stand-on) vessel on collision course with a burdened (or give-way) vessel determines it must maneuver to avoid a collision. Prior to extremis, the privileged vessel must maintain course and speed and the burdened vessel must maneuver to avoid collision.
eye splice
A closed loop or eye at the end of a line, rope, cable, etc. It is made by unraveling its end and joining it to itself by intertwining it into the lay of the line. Eye splices are very strong and compact and are frequently employed in moorings and docking lines, among other uses.
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factory ship
A large oceangoing vessel with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing caught fish or whales. Some also serve as mother ships for smaller fishing or whaling vessels. Those used for processing fish are also known as fish processing vessels.
fair
1. A smooth curve, usually referring to a line of the hull with minimum localised deviations.
2. To make something flush.
3. A line is fair when it has a clear run.
4. A wind or current is fair when it offers an advantage to a boat.
fair winds and following seas
A blessing wishing the recipient a safe journey and good fortune.
fairlead
A device used to keep a line or chain running in the correct direction or to give it a fair lead to prevent it rubbing or fouling.
fairing
1. (noun) A structure that improves the streamlining of a vessel.
2. (verb) The process of making a curve or structure fair.
fairwater
1. A structure that improves the streamlining of a vessel.
2. On submarines: The superstructure (conning tower, sail, etc) of the boat.
fairway
1. A navigable channel (e.g. in a harbor or offshore) that is the usual course taken by vessels in the area.
2. In military and naval terms, a channel from offshore, in a river, or in a harbor that has enough depth to accommodate the draft of large vessels.
fake
A single turn of rope in a coil or on a drum. A group of fakes is known as a tier. See also fake down.: 200, 286
fake down
To lay a coil of rope down so that it will run easily; that is, with rope feeding off the top of the coil and the bitter end at the bottom. Often confused with flake. See also range.
falkuša
A traditional fishing boat with a lateen sail on a single mast used by fishermen from the town of Komiža on the Adriatic island of Vis.
fall
The part of the tackle that is hauled upon.
fall off
Also bear down, bear away, bear off, or head down.
To change the direction of sail so as to point in a direction that is more downwind; to bring the bow leeward. This is the opposite of pointing up or heading up.
fantail
The aft end of a ship, also known as the poop deck.
fardage
Wood placed in the bottom of a ship to keep cargo dry. See also dunnage.
fashion boards
Loose boards that slide in grooves to close off a companionway or cabin entrance.
fast
Fastened or held firmly (e.g. "fast aground": stuck on the seabed; or "made fast": tied securely).
fast attack craft
A small, fast, agile warship armed with anti-ship missiles, guns, or torpedoes. The fast attack craft replaced the torpedo boat during the second half of the 20th century in the role of a cheap, offensively-oriented inshore warship.
fast combat support ship
The largest type of US Navy combat logistics ship, designed to serve as a combined oiler, ammunition ship, and supply ship. The first fast combat support ship entered service in the mid-1960s.
fast supply vessel
fast support vessel
See crew boat.
fathom
1. A unit of length equal to 6 feet (1.8 m), roughly measured as the distance between a man's outstretched hands. Particularly used in sounding as a measurement of the depth of a body of water.
2. To measure the depth of water; to engage in sounding.
fathomer
A person engaged in sounding to determine the depth of water.
fathometer
A depth finder that uses sound waves to determine the depth of water.
favored side
The side of the course that gets you to the next mark faster, due to more wind, favorable shifts, less current, smaller waves, etc.
felucca
A traditional wooden sailing boat with a rig consisting of one or two lateen sails, used in protected waters of the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean and particularly along the Nile in Egypt and Sudan, as well as in Iraq.
fend off
A command given to the crew to stop what they are now doing and to immediately manually prevent the boat from banging into the docks or other boats.
fender
A flexible bumper used in boating to keep boats from banging into docks or each other. Often an old car tire.
ferry
Also ferryboat
A merchant ship used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water.
ferry glide
To hold a vessel against and at an angle to the current/stream such that the vessel moves sideways over the bottom due to the effect of the current operating on the upstream side of the vessel.
ferry slip
A specialized docking facility designed to receive a ferryboat or train ferry.
fetch
1. The distance across water a wind or waves have traveled.
2. To reach a mark without tacking.
fid
1. A tapered wooden tool used for separating the strands of rope for splicing.
2. A bar used to fix an upper mast in place.
Fiddley
the vertical space above a vessel's engine room extending into its stack, usually covered by an iron grating. Also applied to the framework around the opening itself
fife rail
A freestanding pinrail surrounding the base of a mast and used for securing that mast's sails' halyards with a series of belaying pins.
Fifie
A sailing boat with two masts with a standard rig consisting of a main dipping lug sail and a mizzen standing lug sail. Developed in Scotland and used for commercial fishing from the 1850s until the 20th century.
fig
US Navy slang for a guided-missile frigate, especially of the Oliver Hazard Perry class, derived from its class designation ("FFG").
fight his ship
To fight his ship (or to fight her ship) is a naval term that denotes a captain taking his or her vessel into combat or directing his or her vessel in combat.
fighting top
An enlarged top designed to allow gunfire downward onto an enemy ship. A fighting top could have small guns installed in it or could serve as a platform for snipers armed with muskets or rifles.
figure of eight
A stopper knot.
figurehead
A symbolic image, particularly a carved effigy, at the head of a traditional sailing ship or early steamer.
fin
A term used in European and Commonwealth countries for a tower-like structure on the dorsal (topside) surface of a submarine; called a sail in the United States.
fine
Narrow in appearance from the vantage point of a lookout or other person viewing activity in the vicinity of a ship, e.g. another ship off the starboard bow with her bow or stern facing the viewer's ship could be described as "fine on the starboard bow" of the viewer's ship.
fine lines
Descriptive term for a vessel with a hull shape designed for an efficient flow of water around the hull. Simply described by comparing the hull shape to a rectangular cuboid with the same length, breadth and height as the submerged part of the hull. The more that you have to carve off that cuboid to get the hull's shape, the finer the lines. More accurately this is measured as the block coefficient or the prismatic coefficient.
fireboat
A specialized vessel equipped with firefighting equipment such as pumps and nozzles for fighting shipboard and shoreline fires.
fireman
Also stoker, boilerman, or watertender.
1. A job associated with tending the fire for a boiler.
2. A US Navy rate in the engineering department equivalent to seaman.
fire ship
A ship loaded with flammable materials and explosives and sailed into an enemy port or fleet either already burning or ready to be set alight by its crew (who would then abandon it) in order to collide with and set fire to enemy ships.
fire room
Also boiler room.
The compartment in which a ship's boilers or furnaces are stoked and fired.
first-rate
The classification for the largest sailing warships of the 17th through the 19th centuries. Such vessels often had up to three masts, 850+ crew, and 100+ guns.
first lieutenant
1. In the Royal Navy, the senior lieutenant on board; responsible to the commanding officer for the domestic affairs of the ship's company. Also known as 'Jimmy the One' or 'Number One'. Removes his cap when visiting the mess decks as a token of respect for the privacy of the crew in those quarters. Officer in charge of cables on the forecastle.
2. In the US Navy, the officer on a ship serving as the senior person in charge of all deck hands.
first mate
The second-in-command of a commercial ship.
fish
1. To repair a mast or spar with a fillet of wood.
2. To secure an anchor on the side of a ship for sea (otherwise known as "catting".)
3. A slang term for a self-propelled torpedo.
fisherman's reef
A sailing tactic for handling winds too strong for the sail area hoisted when reefing the sails is not feasible or possible. The headsail is set normally while the mainsail is let out until it is constantly luffing. This creates a loss of force on the main and also reduces the efficiency of the headsail while still retaining sailing control of the vessel.
fisherman's sail
On a staysail schooner, the fisherman is a quadrilateral sail set between the two masts above the main staysail. It is used in light to moderate airs.
fitting-out
The period after a ship is launched during which all the remaining construction of the ship is completed and she is readied for sea trials and delivery to her owners.
fixed propeller
A propeller mounted on a rigid shaft protruding from the hull of a vessel, usually driven by an inboard motor; steering must be done using a rudder. See also outboard motor and sterndrive.
flag hoist
A number of signal flags strung together to convey a message, e.g. "England expects that every man will do his duty".
flag of convenience
The business practice of registering a merchant ship in a sovereign state different from that of the ship's owners, and flying that state's civil ensign on the ship. The practice allows the ship's owner to reduce operating costs or avoid the regulations of the owner's country.
flag officer
1. A commissioned officer senior enough to be entitled to fly a flag to mark the ship or installation under their command, in English-speaking countries usually referring to the senior officers of a navy, specifically to those who hold any of the admiral ranks and in some cases to those holding the rank of commodore. In modern American usage, additionally applied to US Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps officers and general officers in the US Army, US Air Force, and US Marine Corps entitled to fly their own flags.
2. A formal rank in the mid-19th century US Navy, conveyed temporarily upon senior captains in command of squadrons of ships, soon rendered obsolete by the creation of the ranks of commodore and rear admiral.
flagship
1. A vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships. The term derives from the custom of commanders of such a group of ships, characteristically a flag officer, flying a distinguishing flag aboard the ship on which they are embarked.
2. Used more loosely, the lead ship in a fleet of naval or commercial vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed, or, in terms of media coverage, best-known.
flake
To set down in folds, as in stowing a sail or to range a cable on deck so that it is clear to run. Not to be confused with fake down.
flank
The maximum speed of a ship. Faster than "full speed".
flare
1. A curvature of the topsides outward towards the gunwale.
2. A pyrotechnic signalling device, usually used to indicate distress.
flatback
A Great Lakes slang term for a vessel without any self-unloading equipment.
flatboat
Also broadhorn.
A rectangular, flat-bottomed boat with square ends used to transport freight and passengers on inland waterways in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries.
flattop
A slang term for an aircraft carrier.
fleet
1. Naval fleet: The highest operational echelon of command of ships commanded by a single person in a navy, and typically the largest type of naval formation commanded by a single person. In modern times, usually (but not necessarily) a permanent formation.
2. During the Age of Sail, a Royal Navy term for any naval command larger than a squadron in size, or commanded by a rear admiral and composed of five ships-of-the-line and any number of smaller vessels.
3. Merchant fleet, a collective term for the merchant marine (known in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries the merchant navy) of a particular country.
4. Fishing fleet: A term for an aggregate of commercial fishing vessels, commonly used either to describe all fishing vessels belonging to a single country, operating in a single region, operating out of a particular port, or engaged in particular type of fishing (e.g., the tuna fishing fleet). The term does not imply that the vessels operate as part of a single organization.
5. Informally, any grouping (based on physical proximity or sharing of a common organizational subordination) of naval or civilian vessels.
6. Of a person, to move from one location to another aboard a vessel, or to change positions within a naval organization.
7. To move up a rope – especially when drawing the blocks of a tackle part – to allow a greater advantage in hauling.
8. To cause a rope or chain to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass.
9. A former term for the process aboard a vessel of moving deadeyes when the shrouds become too long.
10. A location where barges are secured.
fleet in being
A naval force that extends a controlling influence on maritime operations without ever leaving port by forcing an opposing navy to maintain forces on station to oppose it in case it comes out to fight or to blockade it in port. A navy which operates its forces as a fleet in being generally seeks to avoid actual combat with an enemy fleet for fear of losing a naval battle and thereby its ability to influence events and activities at sea.
flemish
To coil a line that is not in use so that it lies flat on the deck.
flettner rotor
A spinning cylinder that uses the Magnus effect to harness wind power to propel a ship.
flight deck
A flat deck on an aircraft carrier used for the launch and recovery of aircraft. In the United States Navy, the term flight deck also refers to a helicopter deck on other types of ships.
flog the glass
The act of vibrating or shaking a half-hour marine sandglass — used until the early 19th century to time the length of a watch — to speed the passage of the sand in order to get off watch duty earlier.
floor
Transverse structural timbers which form that part of the lower frame of a traditional wooden ship's hull that sits immediately above the keel. The frames continue upwards as pieces called futtocks. A keelson is usually fastened over the top of the floors.
floorhead
Any of the upper extremities of the floor of a vessel.
flotilla
1. In naval usage, a group of warships under a single commander that is smaller than a fleet but otherwise not formally defined. A flotilla often is larger than a squadron, and usually is made up of smaller vessels than those assigned to a squadron, but some flotillas are smaller than squadrons and some include larger vessels. In some navies, the term flotilla is reserved for naval formations that operate on inland bodies of water, while the terms fleet and squadron denote naval formations that operate at sea. A flotilla may be a permanent or temporary formation. In modern times, a flotilla sometimes is an administrative naval unit responsible for maintaining and supporting vessels but not for commanding their operations at sea.
2. Informally, a group of naval or civilian vessels operating together or in close proximity to one another.
flotilla holiday
A group of chartered yachts that set out together on the same route.
flotilla leader
A warship suitable for commanding a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships, typically a small cruiser or a large destroyer, in the latter case known as a destroyer leader.
flotsam
Debris or cargo that remains afloat after a shipwreck. See also jetsam.
fluke
The wedge-shaped part of an anchor's arms that digs into the solid bottom beneath a body of water.
flush deck
An upper deck of a vessel that extends unbroken from stem to stern.
flush decker
1. Any vessel with a flush deck.
2. A US Navy destroyer of the World War I-era Caldwell, Wickes, or Clemson class, produced in very large numbers.
flushing board
A board inserted vertically in a cabin entrance.
fluyt
Also fluit or flute.
A Dutch transoceanic sailing cargo vessel, square-rigged with two or three masts that were much taller than the masts of a galleon, developed in the 16th century and widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries.
fly by night
A large sail used only for sailing downwind, requiring little attention.
folding propeller
A propeller with folding blades, furling so as to reduce drag on a sailing vessel when not in use.
following sea
Waves going in the same direction as a ship, or within 15° of the heading, at a speed slower than the ship. See overtaking sea for waves travelling faster than the ship.
foo-foo band
An impromptu musical band on late 19th-century sailing vessels, made up from members of the ship's crew.
foot
1. The lower edge of any sail.
2. The bottom of a mast.
3. An Imperial unit of length equivalent to 12 inches (30 cm).
footloose
If the foot of a sail is not secured properly, it is footloose, blowing around in the wind.
footboat
A barge's boat or dinghy.
footrope
Each yard on a square-rigged sailing ship is equipped with a footrope for sailors to stand on while setting or stowing the sails.
force
See Beaufort scale.
fore
Also forward (often written as for'ard).
Toward the bow of a vessel.
fore-and-aft rig
A sailing rig consisting mainly of sails that are set along the line of the keel rather than perpendicular to it. Such sails, and the vessel itself, are said to be fore-and-aft-rigged.
fore-and-afters
Removable wooded beams running along the centre of the hold openings, beneath the hatches that they support.
fore horse
A transverse wooden or iron beam afore the main mast to which the foresail sheet is attached.
forecastle
(pronounced /ˈfoʊksəl/) A partial deck above the upper deck and at the head of the vessel; traditionally the location of the sailors' living quarters. The name is derived from the castle fitted to bear archers in time of war.
foredeck
The portion of the deck that is forward of the forward mast.
forefoot
The lower part of the stem of a ship.
forehold
The forward (i.e., front) part of a hold.
foremast jack
An enlisted sailor, one who is housed before the foremast.
forepeak
The part of the hold of a ship within the angle of the bow.
foresail
1. A fore-and-aft-rigged sail set on the foremast.
2. The lowest sail set on the foremast of a full-rigged ship or other square-rigged vessel.
forestay
A long line or cable reaching from the bow of the vessel to the mastheads, used to support the mast.
forestaysail
A triangular sail set on the forestay.
foul
1. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; the opposite of clear. For instance, a rope is foul when it does not run straight or smoothly, and an anchor is foul when it is caught on an obstruction.
2. A ship's bottom is foul when it is overgrown with marine life such as barnacles.
3. An area of water treacherous to navigation due to many shallow obstructions such as reefs, sandbars, rocks, etc.
4. A breach of racing rules.
5. Foul the range: To block another vessel from firing her guns at a target.
foulies
A slang term for oilskins, the foul-weather clothing worn by sailors.
founder
To fill with water and sink.
four piper
A term sometimes used to refer to United States Navy four-funneled destroyers of the Bainbridge, Paulding, Wickes, and Clemson classes, all built for service in World War I.
fourth rate
In the British Royal Navy during the first half of the 18th century, a ship-of-the-line mounting between 46 and 60 guns.
frame
A transverse structural member that gives the hull strength and shape. Wooden frames may be sawn, bent, or laminated into shape; planking is then fastened to the frames. In traditional wooden ship building, an individual frame may be made of the following individual parts: floor, several futtocks, then a top timber as the last component closest to the deck. If the hull is built frame-first, these frame components are fastened to each other. In a planking-first construction, they may only be fastened to the hull planking.
freeboard
The height of a ship's hull (excluding the superstructure) above the waterline; the vertical distance from the current waterline to the lowest point on the highest continuous watertight deck. This usually varies from one part to another.
freighter
A cargo ship.
frigate
1. In the 17th century, any warship built for speed and maneuverability.
2. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, a sailing warship with a single continuous gun deck, typically used for patrolling, blockading, etc., but not in line of battle.
3. In the second half of the 19th century, a type of warship combining sail and steam propulsion, typically of ironclad timber construction, with all guns on one deck.
4. In the 20th and 21st centuries, a warship, smaller than a destroyer, originally introduced during World War II as an anti-submarine vessel but now general-purpose.
5. In the US Navy from the 1950s until the 1970s, a type of guided-missile antiaircraft ship built on a destroyer-sized hull, all of which were reclassified as "guided-missile cruisers" in 1975.
full and by
Sailing into the wind (by), but not as close-hauled as might be possible, so as to make sure the sails are kept full. This provides a margin for error to avoid being taken aback in a tricky sea (a serious risk for square-rigged vessels). Figuratively it implies getting on with the job but in a steady, relaxed way, without undue urgency or strain.
full-rigged ship
A sailing vessel with three or more masts, all of them square-rigged. A full-rigged ship is said to have a "ship rig".
full steam ahead
With as much speed as possible.
funnel
1. (funnel) Also stack. The smokestack of a ship, used to expel boiler steam and smoke or engine exhaust.
2. Ventilation funnel: A curved, rotatable tube protruding from the deck of a vessel, designed to direct fresh air into her interior.
Furious Fifties
Strong westerly winds found in the Southern Hemisphere, generally between the latitudes of 50 and 60 degrees. They are stronger than the similar "Roaring Forties" to their north.
furl
To roll or gather a sail against its mast or spar.
furnace
Boiler component where fuel is burned.
furring
A method of improving the stability of a wooden vessel by increasing the breadth of the hull. The planking is removed and pieces of wood are added to the outside of the frames. Then the planking is replaced. An increase in breadth of about 1 foot (300 mm) could typically be achieved on each side. This was a common remedial technique at a time before shipwrights were able to carry out mathematical stability calculations.: ch 6 the Gresham Ship
fusta
Also fuste, foist, or galliot.
A narrow, light, and fast ship with a shallow draft, powered both by oars and sail, with a single mast carrying a lateen sail; a favorite of North African corsairs during the 16th and 17th centuries.
futtock shrouds
Rope, wire, or chain links in the rigging of a traditional square-rigged ship running from the outer edges of a top downwards and inwards to a point on the mast or lower shrouds. They carry the load of the shrouds that rise from the edge of the top, preventing the top from tilting relative to the mast.
futtock
The part of a ship's frame that continues the structure above the floors. These often exist as individual pieces termed first futtock, second futtock and third futtock, numbered moving away from the keel.
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G
gaff
1. (gaff rig) A spar that holds the upper edge of a four-sided fore-and-aft-mounted sail. On a hoisting gaff, the lower end is supported by gaff jaws which partly encircle the mast; it is hoisted using peak and throat halliards. A standing gaff remains aloft, its sails brailed when not in use.
2. (fishing gaff) A hook on a long pole used to haul in fish.
gaff rig
A boat rigged with a four-sided fore-and-aft sail set abaft the mast, its head being spread by a gaff. The gaff may be standing (permanently in position) with the sail being brailed up to the gaff when not in use, or, more commonly, is hoisted using two halliards: the peak and the throat.
gaff topsail
A fore-and-aft sail set above a gaff-rigged sail, with the clew sheeted to the end of the gaff.
gaff vang
A line rigged to the end of a gaff and used to adjust a gaff sail's trim.
gale
gali
See ghali.
galleass
1. An oared warship of the 16th century equipped with a gun deck; larger and equipped with more sails than a galley.
2. A flat-bottomed commercial sailing vessel of the North Sea and western Baltic Sea.
galleon
Illustration of a typical 15th-century galleon
A large, multi-decked sailing ship with a prominent, squared-off, raised stern, generally carrying three or more masts, typically lateen fore-and-aft-rigged on the rear mast and square-rigged on the mainmast and foremast. Galleons were used primarily as armed cargo carriers and sometimes as warships by European states from the 16th to the 18th centuries.
galley
1. (galley (kitchen)) The compartment of a ship where food is cooked or prepared; a ship's kitchen.
2. (galley) A type of ship propelled by oars, used especially in the Mediterranean for warfare, piracy, and trade from the 8th century BC to the 16th century AD, with some in use until the early 19th century.
3. A type of oared gunboat built by the United States in the late 18th century, akin to a brigantine but termed "galley" for administrative and funding purposes.
galliot
See fusta.
gam
A meeting of two (or more) whaling ships at sea. The ships each send out a boat to the other, and the two captains meet on one ship, while the two chief mates meet on the other.
gammon iron
The bow fitting that clamps the bowsprit to the stem.
gangplank
Also brow.
A movable bridge used in boarding or leaving a ship at a pier.
gangway
An opening in the bulwark of a ship to allow passengers to board or leave the ship.
gantline
A rope running through a block at or near the masthead, with both ends reaching the deck. It is used solely for hoisting and lowering crew members and/or tools into the rigging for maintenance and repair work.
garbling
The illegal practice of mixing cargo with garbage.
garboard
The strake closest to the keel (from Dutch gaarboard).
garboard planks
The planks immediately on either side of the keel.
gash
Any refuse or rubbish discarded into a refuse container or dustbin, also known as "gash fanny" (South African Navy).
gasket
A rope used to secure a sail (particularly the topsail) when stowed.
gate ship
An alternative term for a net-laying ship.
gear
A collective term for a vessel's sails and rigging.
geedunk
Ice cream, snacks, etc. Also the place selling such items.
general quarters
See battle stations.
gennaker
A large, lightweight sail used for sailing a fore-and-aft rig down or across the wind, intermediate between a genoa and a spinnaker.
genoa
Also genny. (both /ˈdʒɛni/)
A large jib, strongly overlapping the mainmast.
ghali
Also gali or gale.
Any of several types of galley-like ships from the Nusantara archipelago in Southeast Asia. The term refers both to Mediterranean vessels built by local people and to native vessels with Mediterranean influence.
ghost
To sail slowly when there is apparently no wind.
ghost fleet
In the modern United States, an informal term for a reserve fleet.
gibe
See gybe.
gig
A type of open boat designed primarily for propulsion under oar, but often fitted with a sailing rig for appropriate conditions. Used most often for the swift transport of one or a few people, as in a pilot gig or as a naval ship's boat. In US Navy usage, a captain's gig is reserved for use by a ship's captain and, in modern times, is a power-boat.
gillnetter
A fishing vessel that employs gillnetting as its means of catching fish.
gin-pole
Also jin-pole.
A pole that is attached perpendicular to a mast, to be used as a lever for raising the mast.
girt
1. Said of a vessel moored by cables to two anchors in such a way that the force of a current or tide causes her to swing against one of the cables.
2. To capsize because of forces exerted on a cable by another vessel attached to it. Tug girting specifically refers to girting that causes a tugboat to capsize because of forces placed on a cable attached to her by another vessel attached to the same cable.
give-way
In a situation where two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve a risk of collision, the vessel directed to keep out of the way of the other.
glass
1. A marine barometer. Older barometers used mercury-filled glass tubes to measure and indicate barometric pressure.
2. A marine sandglass.
Global Positioning System (GPS)
A satellite-based radionavigation system providing continuous worldwide coverage of geolocation and time information to air, marine, and land users wherever there is an unobstructed line of sight to at least four GPS satellites developed and operated by the United States Department of Defense but publicly available for use by anyone with an enabled GPS receiver.
go-fast boat
A small, fast boat designed with a long narrow platform and a planing hull to enable it to reach high speeds. Colloquially equivalent to a "rum-runner" or a "cigarette boat".
goat locker
A mess hall reserved for chief petty officers in the United States Navy.
going about
Changing from one tack to another by going through the wind. See also gybe.
gondola
1. A traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat.
2. An alternative term for a gundalow.
gooseneck
A fitting that attaches a boom to a mast yet allows it to move freely.
goosewinged
(of a fore-and-aft-rigged vessel) Sailing directly away from the wind, with the sails set on opposite sides of the vessel (e.g. with the mainsail to port and the jib to starboard) so as to maximize the amount of canvas exposed to the wind. See also running.
GPS
See Global Positioning System.
grapeshot
Small balls of lead fired from a cannon, analogous to shotgun shot but on a larger scale; similar to canister shot but with larger individual shot. Intended specifically to injure personnel and damage rigging more than to cause structural damage.
grave
To clean a ship's bottom.
graving dock
A narrow basin, usually made of earthen berms and concrete, closed by gates or by a caisson, into which a vessel may be floated and the water pumped out, leaving the vessel supported on blocks; the classic form of drydock.
graybeard
See Cape Horn roller.
great-circle navigation
The practice of navigating a vessel along the arc of a great circle. Such routes yield the shortest possible distance between any given pair of points on the surface of the Earth.
green-to-green
A passage of two vessels moving in the opposite direction on their starboard sides, so called because the green navigation light on one of the vessels faces the green light on the other vessel.
Greenlandman
A British term used in the 18th and 19th centuries for any whaling ship operating in the Arctic Ocean or northern waters near the Arctic.
green water
1. That portion of the ocean lying generally within a few hundred nautical miles of shore but beyond the edge of the continental shelf, and thus between "brown water" over the continental shelf and "blue water" farther out to sea.
2. A large amount of water on or passing over or across a ship's deck or superstructure after a large wave strikes her, e.g., The ship took green water over her bow during the storm.
green-water navy
A navy capable of sustained operations beyond coastal areas out to a few hundred nautical miles from shore, i.e., in "green water," but not farther into the open ocean, i.e., in "blue water." While a green-water navy can possess ships capable of operating farther out to sea than in "green water," it requires logistical support from foreign countries to sustain such longer-range operations.
gridiron
A large metal cross-frame on which vessels are placed at high water for examination, cleaning, and repairs after the tide falls.
gripe
A temporary eye in a line (rope).
griping
The tendency of a ship to turn into the wind despite the efforts of the helmsman, usually due to either the design of a ship or more commonly the incorrect distribution of weight on and within the hull.
gripie
A Cockney (London dialect) name for a barge.
grog
Watered-down pusser's rum consisting of half a gill with an equal part of water, issued to all seamen over twenty (CPOs and POs were issued with neat rum). From the British Admiral Vernon who, in 1740, ordered the men's ration of rum to be watered down. He was called "Old Grogram" because he often wore a grogram coat, and the watered rum came to be called grog. Specific quantities of grog were often traded illegally as a form of currency; a sailor might repay a colleague for a favour by giving him part or all of his grog ration, ranging from "sippers" (a small amount) via "gulpers" (a larger quantity) to "grounders" (the entire tot). Additional issues of grog were made on the command "splice the mainbrace" for celebrations or as a reward for performing especially onerous duties. The Royal Navy discontinued the practice of issuing rum in 1970.
groggy
Drunk from having consumed a lot of grog.
grommet
1. A metal or plastic ring inserted in canvas to prevent wear.
2. A ring of rope.
3. An inexperienced surfer or extreme sports participant.
ground
The bed of the sea; the underwater surface or sea floor to which an anchor holds.
grounding
When a ship (while afloat) touches the bed of the sea, or runs aground. A moored vessel that grounds as the tide goes out is said to "take the ground".
groundway
Also ground way.
A substantial foundation of wood or stone for the blocks on which a vessel is built, typically lying on either side of the keel of a ship under construction, which also serves to support and guide the blocks when they slide to carry the vessel into the water when she is launched.
growler
A small iceberg or ice floe barely visible above the surface of the water.
Guineaman
Another name for a slave ship, coined after the emergence of the transatlantic slave trade from Africa in the 15th century.
guards
Also paddle guards and wheel guards.
1. (on an oceangoing sidewheel steamship) Horizontal structures, usually of wood, built around the paddle boxes just above their lowest point and extending a short distance forward and aft, designed to protect them from damage and to provide additional support for the paddle shaft.
2. (on an American sidewheel steamboat) Extensions of the main deck beyond the hull to the outer extremity of the paddle boxes, and tapering to the bow and stern (thus giving the deck a characteristic oval shape), to increase the available deck space for passengers, cargo, and/or machinery.
guard ship
1. Any vessel that makes the rounds of a fleet at anchor to see that due watch is kept at night.
2. A warship stationed at a port or harbour to act as a guard there.
3. In former times in the British Royal Navy, a ship that received men impressed for naval service, often the flagship of the admiral commanding along the coast.
4. In Soviet and Russian terminology, a guard ship (storozhevoj korabl') is a small, general-purpose patrol or escort vessel.
gun deck
1. Up through the 19th century, a deck aboard a ship that was primarily used for the mounting of cannon to be fired in broadsides.
2. On smaller vessels (of frigate size or smaller) up through the 19th century, the completely covered level under the upper deck, though in such smaller ships it carried none of the ship's guns.
3. On marine seismic survey vessels, the lowest deck on the ship, which carries the seismic source arrays, consisting of air guns arranged in clusters.
4. In naval slang, to fabricate or falsify something; in modern usage, meaning especially to falsify documentation in order to avoid doing work or make present conditions seem acceptable without having made a real effort to improve them.
gundecking
Falsifying of records and reports.
gundalow
A type of flat-bottomed sailing barge with a single large lateen sail brailed to a heavy yard, used on rivers in Maine and New Hampshire from the mid-17th century to the early 20th century. Sometimes referred to as a gondola in period accounts.
gunner's daughter
See kissing the gunner's daughter.
gunport
An opening in the side of a ship or in a turret through which a gun fires or protrudes.
gunter rig
Also sliding gunter or gunter lug.
A fore-and-aft sail set abaft (behind) the mast, approximately triangular in shape, with the top half of the luff (front) of the sail attached to a yard which extends the sail above the top of the mast. The yard is raised and lowered with the sail. This traditional sail is popular in small boats and produces aerodynamic performance close to that of the highly developed Bermuda rig.
gunwale
Rarely gunnel. (both /ˈɡʌnəl/)
Generally, the upper edge of the hull; more specifically, in an open (undecked) boat of timber construction, the longitudinal stringer that connects the top of the ribs.
gurdy
A mechanical crank used to set and retrieve fishing lines.
guy
1. A rope or stay leading to the side of the vessel.
2. A rope used to steady a boom.
gybe
Also jibe. (both /dʒaɪb/)
To change from one tack to the other away from the wind, with the stern of the vessel turning through the wind. See also going about and wearing ship.
gypsy winch
A type or component of an anchor winch. The "gypsy" or "gypsy wheel" engages the anchor chain.
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H
half-breadth plan
In shipbuilding, an elevation of the lines of a ship, viewed from above and divided lengthwise.
halyard
Also halliard.
Originally, ropes used for hoisting a spar with a sail attached; today, a line used to raise the head of any sail.
hammock
Canvas sheets, slung from the deckhead in messdecks, in which seamen slept. "Lash up and stow" was a piped command to tie up hammocks and stow them (typically) in racks inboard of the ship's side so as to protect the crew from splinters from shot and provide a ready means of preventing flooding caused by damage.
hamper
Articles that normally are indispensable aboard ship but at certain times are in the way.
hand
To lower or furl a sail.
hand bomber
A ship using coal-fired boilers shoveled in by hand.
hand over fist
To climb steadily upwards, from the motion of a sailor climbing shrouds on a sailing ship (originally "hand over hand").
handsomely
With a slow even motion, as when hauling on a line "handsomely".
handy billy
A loose block and tackle with a hook or tail on each end, which can be used wherever it is needed. Usually made up of one single and one double block.
hangar deck
An enclosed deck on an aircraft carrier, usually beneath the flight deck and intended for use as a hangar in servicing and storing aircraft.
hank
A fastener attached to the luff of the headsail that attaches the headsail to the forestay. Typical designs include a bronze or plastic hook with a spring-operated gate, or a strip of cloth webbing with a snap fastener.
harbor of refuge American English
harbour of refuge British English
An artificial harbour constructed on a coast without a natural harbour to provide shelter for small vessels.
harbor American English
harbour British English
Also haven.
A place where ships or smaller craft may shelter from the weather, are unloaded/loaded, or stored. Harbours can be man-made or natural.
harbor dues American English
harbour dues British English
The fees charged by the owners or operators of a harbour to those vessels using the harbour. Under British legislation, the person in charge of a vessel must report to the harbourmaster within 24 hours of arrival in a port where harbour dues are payable.
harbormaster American English
harbourmaster British English
A person in charge of a harbour, with powers including the collection of the harbour dues, instructing the masters of vessels where to moor, and overall safety within the area of the harbour, often including pilotage and navigational aids. In most countries the powers of a harbour master are laid down by legislation, and can be quite extensive.
hard
A section of otherwise muddy shoreline suitable for mooring or hauling out.
hard-a-lee
See lee-oh.
harden in
To haul in the sheet and tighten the sails.
harden up
To turn towards the wind; to sail closer to the wind.
harness cask
Also harness tub.
A large, usually round tub lashed to a vessel's deck and containing dried and salted provisions for daily use.
hardtack
A hard and long-lasting dry biscuit, used as food on long journeys. Also called a "ship's biscuit".
hatch
hatchway
A covered opening in a ship's deck through which cargo can be loaded or access made to a lower deck; the cover to the opening is called a hatch.
haul
1. To steer (a vessel) closer to the direction of the wind.
2. To shift forward, i.e. more toward the bow of the vessel.
hauling wind
Pointing the ship towards the direction of the wind; generally not the fastest point of travel on a sailing vessel.
hawsepipe
Also hawsehole or hawse.
The shaft or hole in the side of a vessel's bow through which the anchor chain passes. "In through the hawsepipe" describes someone with experience and savvy.
hawsepiper
An informal term for an officer of a merchant ship who began their career as an unlicensed merchant seaman, and so did not attend a traditional maritime academy to earn their officer's licence. See also before the mast.
hawser
A large cable or rope used for mooring or towing a vessel.
head
1. The forwardmost or uppermost portion of the ship.
2. The forwardmost or uppermost portion of any individual part of the ship, e.g. masthead, beakhead, stemhead, etc.
3. The top edge of a sail.
4. The toilet or latrine of a vessel, which in sailing ships usually projected from the bow and therefore was located in the "head" of the vessel.
head boat
A fishing boat that takes recreational fishermen out for a fee paid individually by each person (i.e. per head). A head boat differs from a charter boat, which is a fishing boat that a party of fishermen hires for an agreed-upon period.
Head of navigationThe farthest point above the mouth of a river that can be navigated by ships.
head rail
A curved rail that extends from the figurehead to the bow of a ship.
head rope
1. The mooring rope that goes from the bow of a vessel to a point on a jetty a distance ahead of the bows.
2. Part of the bolt rope, at the head of a sail, running from the mast to the sprit.
head sea
A sea in which waves are directly opposing the motion of the ship, or approaching within 15° of ahead.
head-sail
1. Jibs and staysails set between the bowsprit and the fore
2. Sometimes refers to the square sails on the fore-mast of a square rigged vessel.
head-stays
Stays between the bowsprit and the foremost mast.
header
A change in the wind direction that forces the helmsman of a close-hauled sailboat to steer away from its current course to a less favorable one. This is the opposite of a lift.
heading
The direction in which the nose of a vessel is pointing (which is not necessarily the same as the direction in which the vessel is actually moving).
headsail
Any sail set in front of the most forward mast. A sailing vessel may have one or more headsails. A headsail may be hanked to a stay, or may be set flying, with the luff being kept taut by the tension of the halyard. Where several headsails are set, a complex arrangement might be termed (from the front and top) flying jib, outer jib, inner jib, and (fore) staysail; less complex would be jib and staysail
headstick
The spar laced to the head of the topsail.
heave
A vessel's transient, vertical, up-and-down motion.
heave down
To turn a ship on its side (for cleaning), a process which is also known as careening.
heave ho!
An exclamation sailors make when pulling forcefully on a rope.
heave to
See hove to.
heavy weather
A combination of high winds and rough seas that may be dangerous for a ship or boat, sometimes requiring changes to a passage plan (such as a precautionary diversion to a safe harbour), heaving to, running under bare poles, or other similar survival strategies.
heel
1. The lean caused by the wind's force on the sails of a sailing vessel.
2. The inclination or canting of a vessel to one side or the other from the vertical as she maneuvers, e.g. "The ship heeled to port as she turned to starboard".
3. The lowest or last part of something, such as the heel of the mast or the heel of the vessel.
helicopter deck
A helicopter pad on the deck of a ship. In the United States Navy, a helicopter deck is referred to as a flight deck.
helm
1. A ship's steering mechanism, such as a tiller or ship's wheel.
2. The wheel and/or wheelhouse area.
3. (v.) To take over the steering of a vessel.
helmsman
Also steersman.
A member of the crew who is responsible for steering the ship.
herring buss
A type of seagoing fishing vessel used by Dutch and Flemish herring fishermen from the 15th through the early 19th century.
highfield lever
A type of tensioning lever, usually for running backstays. Their use allows the leeward backstay to be completely slackened so that the boom can be let fully out.
hitch
A knot used to tie a rope or line to a fixed object. See also bend.
hobby horsing
Harmonic pitching of a vessel forward and backward.
hog
1. A fore-and-aft structural member of the hull fitted over the keel to provide a fixing for the garboard planks.
2. A rough, flat scrubbing brush for cleaning a ship's bottom under water.
3. A semi-permanent bend in a ship's keel, especially in wooden-hulled ships, caused over time by the ship's center being more buoyant than her bow or stern.
hog frame
A heavy wooden truss fitted lengthwise along each side of a large American steamboat, secured to the hull and rising above deck just outside the superstructure, to provide support for the hull and prevent hogging. Similar in appearance and function to a truss bridge. See also king post.
Hog Islander
Slang term used for Design 1022 cargo ships and Design 1024 troop transports constructed at Hog Island in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address merchant marine shortfalls in the United States during World War I. Completed too late for World War I, Hog Islanders saw United States Navy and United States Merchant Marine service prior to and during World War II.
hogging
1. A condition in which the hull of a vessel bends upward such that the ends of the keel are lower than the middle. Hogging can occur when the peak of a wave is amidships or during loading or unloading of a vessel and can damage her or even break her in half. Contrast sagging.
2. A permanent distortion of the hull in the same manner as above, caused over time by the bow and stern of a ship being less buoyant than the midships section. During the Age of Sail, shipwrights employed a number of different designs of braces to stiffen ships' hulls against this warping.
hogging line
A line passed under a ship from side to side to pull a collision mat into place over a leak. Also a line passed under a ship from side to side used as a reference to indicate position of a frame during underwater inspections.
hoist
The height of a fore-and-aft-rigged sail as measured next to the mast or stay.
hold
The lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In earlier use, the term referred to all interior spaces below the orlop deck; in later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck.
holiday
A gap in the coverage of newly applied paint, slush, tar, or another preservative.
holystone
A chunk of sandstone used to scrub a ship's decks. The name comes from both the kneeling position sailors adopt to scrub the deck (reminiscent of genuflection for prayer), and the stone itself (which resembled a Bible in shape and size).
home port
The port at which a vessel is based. Often confused with the ship's port of registry, which is the port listed in the vessel's registration documents and lettered on her stern but which may differ from her home port. In the cruise ship industry, the term "home port" is often incorrectly used to refer to a ship's port of departure.
homeward bounder
A slang term for a sail repair, especially one done with large herringbone stitches.
honey barge
Slang term for a vessel that transports sewage.
hoop
Wooden or metal hoops used to secure the topsail to the topmast so it can be speedily raised or lowered.
horn
A sound signal that uses electricity or compressed air to vibrate a disc diaphragm.
hornpipe
A type of dance.
horns
Shaped ends to the chocks where the main horse is bolted.
horn timber
A fore-and-aft structural member of the hull sloping up and backwards from the keel to support the counter.
horse
1. A metal bar (sometimes a shaped aluminium extrusion), running athwartships, to which a sheet is attached with a traveller that slides along the horse or is adjusted to be fixed in one position on it. Commonly used for a mainsheet, but also seen with some headsails, particularly a staysail fitted with a boom.
2. Sand lying mid-channel.
3. (verb) To move or adjust a sail by manual force (i.e. directly with the hands) rather than by using running rigging.
4. (verb) A term used since the end of the 17th century for the action of a strong, favorable current on a sailing vessel allowing her to make good progress despite insufficient wind for sailing; the vessel is considered to be horsed by the current, riding it in the way a human rides a horse.
horse latitudes
The latitudes between 30 and 35 degrees in the Northern Hemisphere and between 30 and 35 degrees in the Southern Hemisphere in which weather patterns often result in sailing vessels being becalmed in mid-ocean.
hospital ship
A ship designated and equipped to serve primarily as a floating medical healthcare facility or hospital, usually operated by military forces such as navies for use in or near war zones, or for the support of disaster relief and other humanitarian operations.
hounds
Attachments point of stays to masts.
hotel load
The electrical load for all non-propulsion systems on a ship, including lighting, climate control, and services used by the crew and passengers.
hove to
1. In a sailing vessel, stopping her by backing some of the sails and lashing the helm to leeward. In a fore-and-aft-rigged sloop, this involves backing the headsail and allowing the mainsail to fill somewhat (the precise arrangement varies from one vessel to another). The vessel will gradually drift to leeward, with the speed of the drift depending on the vessel's design.
2. In a powered vessel, stopping her by stopping her engines.
hoveller
1. Someone who does salvage work, such as that done by Deal boatmen.
2. An additional crewman who assists getting a vessel in and out of harbour. See also huffler (regional usage of these words varies substantially, with strongly held views on the differences).
how's your head?
A question asked of the helmsman to report the vessel's course at that moment. The actual course may differ from the course to steer that has been ordered.
hoy
1. A cutter-rigged craft, having a pole masted with a boomless gaff mainsail and a steeved-up bowsprit. Hoys were square, swim-headed Thames estuary barges of 40 to 150 tons burthen.
2. A barge making regular passages on a fixed route with mixed third-party cargoes. Also passage barge or goods barge.
hufflers
Additional crew taken on to enter harbour or navigate in confined waters, particularly applying to Thames barges. See also hoveller.
hulk
1. A ship, often an old ship or one that has become obsolete or uneconomical to operate, that has had its rigging or internal equipment removed and is incapable of going to sea, but that is still afloat and continues to serve a useful function, such as providing living, office, training, storage, or prison space.
2. (v.) To convert a ship into a hulk.
3. A ship that has been launched but not completed.
4. An abandoned wreck or shell of a ship.
hull
The shell and framework of the basic flotation-oriented part of a ship.
hull speed
The maximum efficient speed of a displacement-hulled vessel.
hull-down
Of a vessel when only her upper parts (e.g. funnel, masts, and superstructure) are visible on the horizon but her hull remains below the horizon. Contrast hull-up.
hull-up
Of a vessel when her hull as well as her upper parts (e.g., funnel, masts, and superstructure) are visible on the horizon. Contrast hull-down.
hydrofoil
A boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull, lifting the hull entirely out of the water at speed and therefore greatly reducing water resistance.
hydroplane
also hydro or thunderboat
A fast motorboat with a hull shaped so that at speed planing forces support the boat's weight, rather than simple buoyancy. A hydroplane moving at speed thus relies on the water for lift instead of buoyancy.
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ice class
A notation assigned by a ship classification society or a national government authority to denote a ship's level of strengthening and other arrangements enabling her to navigate through sea ice. In some cases, an ice class also establishes the performance requirements for a vessel operating in sea ice.
icebreaker
A special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters.
icing
A serious hazard where cold temperatures — below about −10 °C (14 °F) — combined with high wind speed (typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately upon contact with the ship. If the weight of the ice becomes too great, the ship will become top-heavy and capsize.
idlers
Members of a ship's company not required to serve watches. In general, these were specialist tradesmen such as the carpenter and the sailmaker.
in ballast
Also in ballast condition.
(of a vessel) Having only ballast, and no cargo, as a load.
in irons
Also in stays.
When a sailing vessel has lost its forward momentum while heading into the wind, rendering it unable to steer.
in ordinary
An 18th- and 19th-century term originally used to refer to a naval vessel that is out of service for repair or maintenance, later coming to mean naval ships in reserve with no more than a caretaker crew.
in-water survey
A method of surveying the underwater parts of a ship while it is still afloat instead of having to drydock it for examination of these areas as was conventionally done.
in way of
In the vicinity of; in the area of.
inboard
1. Situated within a vessel.
2. Situated within a vessel and positioned close (or closer relative to another object) to her centerline.
3. Situated outside a vessel but nearer to her hull, e.g. "The larger boat was tied up alongside the ship inboard of the smaller boat."
4. Nearer the pier or shore, e.g. "The tanker and cargo ship were tied up at the pier alongside one another with the tanker inboard of the cargo ship."
inboard motor
An engine mounted within the hull of a vessel, usually driving a fixed propeller by a shaft protruding through the stern. Generally used on larger vessels. See also sterndrive and outboard motor.
inboard-outboard drive system
See sterndrive.
Inglefield clip
A type of clip for attaching a flag to a flag halyard.
inshore
1. Near (especially in sight of) or toward the shore.
2. (of a wind) Blowing from the sea to the land.
interloper
A term used by the British East India Company in the seventeenth century for a merchant ship operating in violation of the company's monopoly over trade between England (later the United Kingdom) and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope. If caught, an "interloper" and her cargo could be confiscated, and her crew faced harsh penalties.
Iron Mike
A slang term for autopilot.
iron topsail
An auxiliary motor on a schooner.
iron wind
What sailors call inboard engines.
ironboat
Also oreboat
A Great Lakes term for a vessel primarily used in the transport of iron ore.
ironclad
A steam-propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates of the period from 1859 until the 1890s (when the term "ironclad" fell out of use).
island
The superstructure of an aircraft carrier that extends above the flight deck. A carrier that lacks one is said to be flush-decked.
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jack
1. Also jack tar or just tar. A sailor.
2. (jack (flag)) A national or other official flag flown on a short jackstaff at the bow of a vessel indicating nationality or subordination to a navy or other particular seagoing service or to a government department or subnational government (such as a state or province), or to indicate membership in a yacht club. Typically, crew members spoke of the jack as if it were a member of the crew. A jack contrasts with an ensign, which is a flag with a generally similar purpose flown from the vessel's stern. Typically, vessels fly a jack while in port and an ensign while at sea (in daylight hours).
3. Informally, any flag flown by a ship.
jackass-barque
Also jackass bark.
A sailing ship with three or more masts, of which the foremast is square-rigged and the main is partially square-rigged (topsail, topgallant, etc.) and partially fore-and-aft-rigged (course). The mizzen mast is fore-and-aft-rigged.
jack dusty
A naval stores clerk.
jack tar
A sailor dressed in "square rig" with square collar. Formerly with a tarred pigtail.
jackline
On a yacht, a deck lifeline of rope or (preferably) flat tape, running fore and aft, to which the crew can clip their harnesses for safety. Sometimes called a jackstay, though this is a misnomer as a jackline is a line rather than a stay. The line must be very strong to take the weight of all crew clipped to it.
jackstaff
A small vertical pole on the bow of a vessel upon which is flown its flag, or jack. The jackstaff was introduced in the 18th century.
jackstay
1. A rope, bar, or batten running along a ship's yard, to which is attached the head of a square sail.
2. A stay for racing or cruising vessels used to steady the mast against the strain of the gaff.
3. A cable between two ships or from a ship to a fixed point that supports a load during transfer of personnel or materiel along the cable.
4. On a yacht, a deck lifeline of rope or (preferably) flat tape may be called a jackstay, though this is a misnomer as a jackstay is a stay rather than a line.
Jacob's ladder
Also Jacobs ladder.
1. A flexible hanging ladder consisting of vertical ropes or chains supporting horizontal rungs, used to allow access over the side of a ship, either to transfer between the ship and another vessel alongside it or to perform maintenance tasks along the side of the ship. Sometimes mistakenly referred to as a pilot ladder, which differs from a Jacob's ladder in its use of spreaders and in terms of specific regulations governing step size and step spacing.
2. A vertical ladder from the ratlines found on square-rigged ships, used to get around the top while climbing between the lower mast and the topmast.
jetty
A man-made pier in a marina or open water, typically made of wood or rocks and rising several feet above high tide in order to create a breakwater, shelter, channel, erosion control, or other function.
jetsam
Floating debris ejected from a ship. See also flotsam.
jib
A triangular headsail at the front of a sailing vessel. The tack is attached to the bow or to a bowsprit. May be the only headsail, or one of several – in which case the jib is set forward of the fore staysail. A large jib that overlaps the mainmast is called a genoa or genny.
jib top
A high-clewed overlapping headsail for beam reaching in medium to strong winds
jibboom
A spar used to extend the bowsprit.
jibe
See gybe.
jibe-ho
See gybe-oh.
jigger-mast
The fourth mast on a ship, or the aftmost mast where it is smallest on vessels of less than four masts.
joggle
A slender, triangular recess cut into the faying surface of a frame or steamed timber to fit over the land of clinker planking, or cut into the faying edge of a plank or rebate to avoid feather ends on a strake of planking. The feather end is cut off to produce a nib. The joggle and nib in this case is made wide enough to allow a caulking iron to enter the seam.
jollies
Traditional Royal Navy nickname for the Royal Marines.
jolly boat
A type of ship's boat used to ferry crew and stores.
Jonah
A person (either a sailor or a passenger) who carries a jinx, one whose presence on board brings bad luck and endangers the ship.
Jonah's lift
The throwing overboard of a man considered to be a Jonah, almost always in the dark of night.
junk
1. Old cordage past its useful service life as lines aboard a ship. The strands of old junk were teased apart in a process known as "picking oakum".
2. A sailing ship of classic Chinese design with characteristic full batten sails that span the masts usually on unstayed rigs.
jury rig
Both the act of rigging a temporary mast and/or sails and the name of the resulting rig. A jury rig would be built at sea when the original rig was damaged, and then used to sail to a harbor or other safe place for permanent repairs. Also used as a general term for a temporary repair, hence "jury rudder", "jury tiller", etc.
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kaep
A type of proa native to Palau.
K BO Line
A line or mark on the aft end of a ship indicating the true centerline of the transom.
kedge
Also kedge anchor.
A type of relatively light anchor.
kedging
A technique for moving or turning a ship by using a kedge. The kedge anchor may be dropped while in motion to create a pivot and thus perform a sharp turn. It may also be carried away from the ship in a smaller boat, dropped, and then weighed, pulling the ship forward.
keel
The principal central longitudinal structural member of a hull, positioned at or close to the lowest point of the hull. Where the keel protrudes below the surface of the hull, it provides hydrodynamic resistance to the lateral forces that give rise to leeway. A ballast keel of (typically) lead or cast iron may be fastened underneath the structural keel in sailing vessels to provide stability and usually also additional hydrodynamic lift and lateral resistance effects. See also bilge keel.
keel draft
keel draught
Depth of water occupied by the vessel from the waterline to the underside of the keel. Compare with moulded draught.
keelhauling
A type of maritime punishment by which one is dragged under the keel of a ship.
keelson
Also kelson.
A baulk of timber or a steel girder immediately above the keel that forms the backbone of a wooden ship. A chine keelson of more modest proportions is fitted at the junction of the floors and frames.
kellet
See anchor sentinel.
kentledge
Weights, usually pig iron, used as permanent, high-density ballast.
ketch
A two-masted fore-and-aft-rigged sailboat with the aft mast (the mizzen) mounted (stepped) afore the rudder.
killick
1. A small anchor.
2. A seaman promoted to the first step of the promotion ladder in the British Royal Navy. A fouled anchor is the substantive badge of non-commissioned officers, signifying that the wearer is an able seaman skilled to cope with the awkward job of dealing with a fouled killick.
kicking strap
1. A rope, tackle, or hydraulic ram running from the mast at or just above deck level to a point partway along the boom of a yacht's mainsail or mizzen. Its function is to pull the boom down, flattening the sail in strong winds, reducing twist, and preventing the boom from kicking up when running.
2. A chain rigged from rudder to quarter that is tight at anchor, stopping the rudder from kicking and reducing pressure on its gudgeons.
king plank
The centerline plank of a laid deck. Its sides are often recessed, or nibbed, to take the ends of their parallel curved deck planks.
king post
1. On an American wooden-hulled steamboat, a type of mast or stanchion located along the vessel's centerline from which heavy chains (and later cables) were suspended to support the weight of the hull and provide stiffening, in much the same manner as the cables on a suspension bridge; usually used in conjunction with a hog frame.
2. On a cargo ship, a strong vertical post from which a derrick or boom is suspended.
Kingston valve
A type of seacock designed so that the water pressure from the sea keeps it closed under normal operating conditions, but can be opened from the inside of the ship, allowing seawater to enter internal fuel, water, or ballast tanks. Kingston valves can be opened to scuttle a ship.
kissing the gunner's daughter
Bending over the barrel of a gun for punitive beating with a cane or cat o' nine tails.
kitchen rudder
A hinged cowling around a fixed propeller, allowing the drive to be directed to the side or forwards in order to manoeuvre the vessel.
kite
A spinnaker.
knee
1. A structural element connecting two parts roughly at right angles, e.g. deck beams to frames.
2. A vertical rubber fender used on pushboats or piers, sometimes shaped like a human leg bent slightly at the knee.
knighthead
1. A mitred backing timber that extends the after line of the rabbet in the stem to give extra support to the ends of the planks and the bowsprit.
2. A bollard or bitt.
3. Either of two timbers rising from the keel of a sailing ship and supporting the inner end of the bowsprit.
knock
See header.
knockdown
The condition of a sailboat being pushed abruptly over on its side, i.e. to horizontal or "on its beam ends", with the masts parallel to the water surface.
knot
A unit of speed equivalent to 1 nautical mile (1.8520 km; 1.1508 mi) per hour. Originally the speed of a moving vessel was measured by paying out a line from the stern; the line was tied into a knot every 47 feet 3 inches (14.40 m), and the number of knots paid out in 30 seconds gave the speed through the water in nautical miles per hour. Sometimes "knots" is mistakenly stated as "knots per hour", but the latter is a measure of acceleration (i.e. "nautical miles per hour per hour") rather than of speed. Both vessel speed and wind speed are commonly reported in knots.
know the ropes
A sailor who knows the ropes can identify all the many ropes used in working a sailing vessel. On a square rigged ship, there would typically be more than 130 named ropes in the running rigging which are made fast at deck level – the majority of these are duplicated on both the port and starboard sides, so doubling that count. In order to know the ropes, a sailor must first learn the ropes. There were conventions with the positioning of all the many ropes belayed at deck level on a square-rigged ship, so a newly signed-on hand would quickly know where to find a particular rope on a strange ship.
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lace
To attach a sail to a spar by passing a rope through eyelet holes and around the spar or its jackstay.
ladder
On board a ship, all "stairs" are called ladders, except for literal staircases aboard passenger ships. Most "stairs" on a ship are extremely narrow and nearly vertical, hence the name.
lagan
Cargo that has been thrown overboard, sunk to the seabed, and buoyed so it can be found later.
laid up
To be placed in reserve or mothballed. The latter usage in modern times refers to a specific set of procedures used by the United States Navy to preserve ships in good condition.
lakeboat
laker
Great Lakes slang for a vessel that spends all of her time on any of the five Great Lakes.
lakeshoring
Also lakeshoring trade.
A Great Lakes term for the general cargo and passenger trade between settlements on the Great Lakes during the 19th and early 20th centuries. Lakeshoring usually was conducted by schooners of 50 to 60 feet (15 to 18 m) in length, sometimes referred to as lakeshoring schooners.
land lubber
A person unfamiliar with being on the sea or with the workings of a seafaring vessel.
landfall
1. Arrival at a coastline by ship.
2. In now-obsolete usage, the first land discovered after a sea voyage.
landmark
An object ashore that is visible from sea and sufficiently distinct such that it is marked on nautical charts for the purpose of fixing position while at sea.
landsman
A military rank for a naval recruit, used in the United Kingdom in the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century and in the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries.
langrage
langridge
1. Another name for canister shot.
2. Solid shot suitable for damaging rigging.
lang's lay
Rope in which the lay of the strands is on the same hand as the lay of the constituents of the strands.
lanyard
A light rope that suspends a small item to prevent loss or is used to operate something by pulling on it.
larboard
An obsolete term for the left side of a ship. Derived from "lay-board", which provided access between a ship and a quay when ships normally docked with the left side to the wharf. Later replaced by "port side" or "port", to avoid confusion with starboard.
large
See by and large.
lateen sail
Also Latin-rig.
A triangular, sometimes quadrilateral, fore-and-aft sail set on a long yard mounted at an angle to the mast.
lateral system
A system of aids to navigation in which characteristics of buoys and beacons indicate the sides of the channel or route relative to a conventional direction of buoyage (usually upstream).
lattice mast
Also cage mast.
A type of observation mast constructed with a hyperboloid structure using an array of thin columns at angles, crossing each other in a double-helical spiral configuration. Lattice masts were most common aboard major United States Navy warships in the early 20th century, particularly on dreadnought battleships and armored cruisers; they were largely replaced by tripod masts during the 1920s and 1930s.
launch
1. The largest ship's boat carried by a warship – usually an open boat and, in more recent times, fitted with an engine. Historically, fitted both to be rowed or sailed.
2. In modern usage, a large motorboat; e.g. a harbourmaster's launch.
3. An elegant power boat of traditional character with a displacement hull; e.g. a slipper launch.
4. To dispatch a newly built ship down a slipway, usually with ceremony, prior to fitting-out and commissioning.
5. To put into the water any boat that is stored or temporarily kept out of the water; e.g. "launch the lifeboat" or "launch a dinghy".
lay
1. To come and go, used in giving orders to the crew, e.g. "lay forward" or "lay aloft", respectively indicating that the crew should move to the forward part of the ship or take up positions aloft.
2. To direct the course of a vessel.
3. (verb) To twist the strands of a rope together. (n) The direction of twist in cordage made from twisted strands
4. To travel in a direction which will reach or pass just upwind of a mark, buoy, or harbor, e.g. "We will lay the mark".
lay day
An unexpected delay time during a voyage often spent at anchor or in a harbor. It is usually caused by bad weather, equipment failure, or needed maintenance.
lay to
See also heave to.
To bring a vessel into the wind and hold her stationary. A vessel doing this is said to be laying to.
laying down
Laying the keel of a ship in a shipyard, and thereby beginning her construction. The age of a ship is often indicated by giving the date it was laid down.
laytime
The amount of time stipulated in a voyage charter for a vessel to be loaded or unloaded. If a vessel is loaded or unloaded in less than the laytime, the shipowner may be required to pay despatch to the charter party. If the loading or unloading takes longer than the laytime, the charter party may be required to pay demurrage to the shipowner.
lazaret
Also lazarette or lazaretto.
1. A small stowage locker at the aft end of a boat.
2. A ship or building used for the quarantine of sick patients.
3. An area on some merchant ships where provisions are stored.
4. In modern shipbuilding and on powerboats of all sizes, the location of the steering gear equipment for the vessel.
lazy jacks
lazyjacks
A network of cordage rigged to a point on the mast and to a series of points on either side of the boom that cradles and guides the sail onto the boom when the sail is lowered.
lazy line
Also slime line.
A line used for stern-to mooring attached to a floating pontoon or harbor wall which leads back to a seabed mooring.
LBP
See length between perpendiculars.
leach
See leech.
lead
1. A plummet or mass of lead attached to a line, used in sounding depth at sea.
2. In former usage, to estimate velocity in knots.
3. The path or route of a line (cordage).
4. Main article: Lead (sea ice): Large fracture in sea ice creating a navigable waterway.
lead ship
Also class leader.
The first in a series or class of ships. The lead ship is usually, but not always, the first of her class to be completed and often, but not always, the class as a whole is known by her name. In the latter case, the lead ship is also the name ship of the class.
leadline
Also sounding line.
An instrument used in navigation to measure water depth; the line attached to a lead.
leadsman
A sailor who takes soundings with a lead, measuring the depth of the water.
league
A unit of length used to measure distances, normally equal to three nautical miles, but varies by nationality.
learn the ropes
To be trained in the identification and proper use of the many various ropes used on a sailing ship. An apprentice sailor, especially on a square-rigged ship, needs to know which rope of the many that are belayed at deck level does which job. A small square sail will have, at a minimum, two sheets, two clewlines, several buntlines, and two braces, and may also have a halyard. A single mast may have up to five square sails. To do his job, a sailor must be able to identify each rope from all the many options – and in the dark. Slacking or hauling the wrong one may not only be inefficient but also potentially dangerous. Once proficient in these tasks, a sailor is said to "know the ropes".
lee helm
The tendency of a sailboat to turn to leeward in a strong wind when there is no change in the rudder's position. This is the opposite of weather helm and is the result of a dynamically unbalanced condition. See also center of lateral resistance.
lee side
Also leeward side or simply leeward.
The side of a ship that is sheltered from the wind; i.e. the side that is downwind, or in the direction toward which the wind is blowing. Contrast weather side or windward.
lee shore
A shore downwind of a ship. A ship that cannot sail well to windward risks being blown onto a lee shore and grounded.
leeboard
A large fan-shaped wooden board or fin mounted in pairs on the side of a boat. They can be lowered on the lee side of the ship to reduce leeway (similarly to a centerboard on a dinghy).
leeboard irons
The iron bars that run from the mainmast case to the head of each leeboard, which they support.
leeboard pendant
A wire connecting the fan of the leeboard to a winch on the barges quarter. They control the fall of the leeboard.
leech
Also leach.
The aft or trailing edge of a fore-and-aft sail, the leeward edge of a spinnaker, or a vertical edge of a square sail. The leech is susceptible to twist, which is controlled by the boom vang, mainsheet, and, if rigged with one, the gaff vang.
lee-oh
Also hard alee.
A command to come about (tack through the wind) on a sailing boat. The response by the helmsman to indicate the order has been carried out, is "helm's alee"
leeward
(pronounced /ˈljuːərd/ in nautical use) In the direction toward which the wind is blowing. Contrast windward.
leeway
The amount that a ship is blown leeward by the wind. Also the amount of open free sailing space available to the lee side of a vessel before encountering hazards. See also weatherly.
leg
In navigation, a segment of a voyage between two waypoints.
length between perpendiculars
Also p/p, p.p., pp, LPP, LBP, or Length BPP.
The length of a vessel along the waterline from the forward surface of the stem or main bow perpendicular member, to the after surface of the sternpost or main stern perpendicular member. The measure generally allows for a reasonable estimate of the vessel's carrying capacity, as it excludes the small, often unusable volume contained in her overhanging ends.
length overall (LOA)
The maximum length of a vessel's hull measured parallel to the waterline, usually measured on the hull alone, and including overhanging ends that extend beyond the main bow and main stern perpendicular members. For sailing vessels, this may exclude the bowsprit and other fittings added to the hull, but sometimes bowsprits are included.
let go and haul
An order indicating that the ship is now on the desired course relative to the wind and that the sails should be trimmed (hauled) to suit.
letter of marque
letter of marque and reprisal
An official warrant granted to a privateer condoning specific acts of piracy against a specific target as a redress for grievances.
liberty
A relatively short period when a sailor is allowed ashore for recreation. See also shore leave.
licensed ship
A term used by the British East India Company from the 17th to the 19th centuries for merchant ships not under charter to it which it nevertheless permitted under a license issued by the company to trade between England (later the United Kingdom) and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope, a trade over which the company otherwise held a strict monopoly. The company placed strict controls on what ports a licensed ship could visit and what kinds of trade it could engage in. A licensed ship that violated these rules became an interloper and faced harsh penalties if caught.
lie to
To arrange a ship's sails so that they counteract each other. A ship in this condition or in the process of achieving this condition is said to be lying to.
lifebelt
Also lifebuoy, lifejacket, life preserver, and personal flotation device (PFD).
A portable or wearable device such as a buoyant ring or inflatable jacket designed to keep a person afloat in the water.
lifeboat
1. (shipboard lifeboat) A small boat kept on board a vessel and used to take crew and passengers to safety in the event of the ship being abandoned.
2. (rescue lifeboat) A small boat usually launched from shore and used to rescue people from the water or from vessels in difficulty.
liferaft
An inflatable, sometimes covered raft used in the event of a vessel being abandoned or in the evacuation of an aircraft after a water landing.
lift
1. A rope that supports a spar on a sailing vessel. Examples include the topping lift on the boom of a fore and aft rigged sail, or the lifts on the yard of a square rigged sail, which can adjust the yard to the horizontal or cock-bill the yard to get it out of the way when unloading cargo or alongside another vessel.
2. An enabling shift in the direction of the wind that allows a close-hauled sailing ship to point up from its current course to a more favorable one. This is the opposite of a header.
light irons
Iron bars mounted near the main shrouds that support the navigation lights.
light screens
Boards on which the navigation lights are hooked and which shield the direction that the red or green light shows.
lighter
A flat-bottomed barge used to transfer goods and passengers to and from moored ships, traditionally unpowered and moved and steered using "sweeps" (long oars), with their motive power provided by water currents.
lightering
The process of transferring cargo from one vessel to another in order to reduce the draft of the first vessel, typically done to allow a vessel to enter a port with limited depth or to help free a grounded vessel.
lightship
lightvessel
A permanently anchored vessel performing the functions of a lighthouse, typically in a location where construction of the latter is impractical. These have largely been replaced by buoys or, as construction techniques have improved, actual lighthouses.
limber board
A part of the ceiling alongside the keelson, easily removable for cleaning out the limber holes.
limber hole
A channel cut in the underside of a frame, close to the keel, to allow bilge water to drain away to the pump well, rather than being trapped between each set of frames.
limber strake
In traditional timber construction, the lowest permanently fastened strake of ceiling, positioned close to the keelson. It performs a structural role, usually binding together each pair of floor and first futtock.: glossary
line
The correct nautical term for the majority of the cordage or "ropes" used on a vessel. An individual line will always have a more specific name (e.g. the mizzen topsail halyard) that specifies its use.
lines
hull lines
lines drawing
1. The depiction of the shape of a hull with three views: sheer plan, body plan and half breadth plan. The lines on these drawings denote the shape of the hull similarly to the contours of a map.
2. A general term for the shape of a hull.
3. See fine lines.
line astern
In naval warfare, a line of battle formed behind a flagship.
liner
1. During the Age of Sail, a ship-of-the-line, or a major warship capable of taking its place in the main battle line of fighting ships.
2. Any cargo or passenger ship running scheduled service along a specific route with published ports of call, excluding ferries and other vessels engaged in short-sea trading. When referring to cargo ships, "liner" contrasts with "tramp", which refers to a ship engaged in spot-market trade that does not follow a regular schedule or make regular calls at specific ports. When referring to passenger ships, "ocean liner" refers to ships providing scheduled transportation between regular ports of call, but excludes cruise ships, which voyage for recreational purposes and not primarily as a form of transportation between ports.
list
A ship with severe list
The degree or angle to which a vessel leans or tilts to one side, on the roll axis, at equilibrium, i.e. with no external forces acting upon it. The term typically refers to a lean caused by flooding or improperly loaded or shifted cargo, as opposed to heeling, which is a consequence of external forces. A vessel with such a lean is said to be listing. Compare loll.
lizard
A short length of rope with an eye, used to hold another rope in position.
LOA
See length overall.
loaded to the gunwales
Literally, having cargo loaded as high as the ship's rail. The term is also used as an idiom meaning "extremely drunk".
lofting
In boat construction, a drafting technique used to convert a scaled drawing to full size.
loggerhead
1. A bollard mounted in the sternsheets of a whaleboat for snubbing the whale line as a harpooned whale swam away from the boat.: 144
2. An iron ball attached to a long handle, used for driving caulking into seams and (occasionally) in a fight; hence the expression "at loggerheads".
loll
lolling
A list to either side caused by inadequate transverse stability in the upright condition.
Long Forties
An area of the northern North Sea which is fairly consistently 40 fathoms (240 feet; 73 metres) deep. On nautical charts with depths indicated in fathoms, it appears as a long area with many "40" notations.
long stay
The relative slackness of an anchor chain; this term means taut and extended.
longboat
1. In the Age of Sail, a double-banked open boat carried by a sailing ship, rowed by eight or ten oarsmen, two per thwart, although designed also to be rigged for sailing; more seaworthy than a cutter or dinghy and with a beam greater than that of a gig. Eventually supplanted by the whaleboat.
2. The largest, and thus the most capable, of boats carried on a ship.
3. Great Lakes slang for a vessel that spends all of her time on any of the five Great Lakes, referring to the slender appearance of such vessels.
longliner
A fishing vessel rigged for longline fishing ("longlining").
longship
A type of ship invented and used by the Vikings for trade, commerce, exploration, and warfare, evolving over several centuries and appearing in its complete form between the 9th and 13th centuries.
lookout
A member of the crew specifically assigned to watch surrounding waters for other vessels, land, objects in the water, hazards, threats, etc. Lookouts usually have duty stations high on a vessel's superstructure, in a specially designed top or crow's nest, or in her rigging, in order to enhance their field of view.
loose cannon
An irresponsible and reckless individual whose behavior (either intentionally or unintentionally) endangers the group he or she belongs to. The term refers to a hypothetical literal loose cannon which, weighing thousands of pounds, would crush anything and anyone in its path, and possibly even break a hole in the hull, thus endangering the seaworthiness of the whole ship.
loose-footed
A fore-and-aftmainsail that is not connected to a boom along its foot.
lorcha
A sailing vessel of 30 to 150 tons burthen developed around 1550 that has a junk rig with Cantonese or other Chinese-style batten sails on a Portuguese or other European-style hull. The design combines the ease of handling of a junk rig with the greater speed, cargo capacity, and ease of repair of the European-style hull.
lower deck
1. The deck of a ship immediately above the hold.
2. In British usage, those members of a ship's company who are not officers, often used in the plural (e.g. "the lower decks").
lowers
The lower brails on the mainsail.
lubber's hole
A port cut into the bottom of a masthead or top (crow's-nest) allowing easy entry and exit. It was considered "un-seamanlike" to use this method rather than going over the side from the shrouds, and few sailors would risk the scorn of their shipmates by doing so (at least if there were witnesses). In practice, it is often actually quicker and easier for a fit sailor to climb outside the masthead than through the lubber's hole.
lubber's line
A line or mark inside or on a compass case or binnacle indicating the direction of the ship's head.
lucky bag
1. A locker or compartment for storage of unclaimed articles.
2. US Naval Academy yearbook.
luff
1. The forward edge of a sail.
2. The fullest or roundest part of a ship's bow.
3. To point a sailing vessel closer to the wind.
luff and touch her
To bring a vessel so close to the wind that the sails shake.
luff barge
Also paddy boat.
An 18th-century term for a sailing barge with a rounded bow and not a swim-head.
luff perpendicular (LP)
The shortest distance between the clew and the luff, which is a perpendicular line from the luff to the clew. Commonly given as a percentage of the "J" measurement.
luff up
To steer a sailing vessel more towards the direction of the wind until the pressure is eased on the sheet.
luffing
1. (of a sailing vessel) Being steered far enough to windward that the sail is no longer completely filled with wind; in such a state, the luff of a fore-and-aft sail begins to flap first.
2. Loosening a sheet so far past optimal trim that the sail no longer completely fills with wind.
3. The flapping of a sail from having no wind at all.
lumber hooker
A Great Lakes ship designed to simultaneously carry her own deck load of lumber and to tow one or two barges. The barges were big old schooners stripped of their masts and running gear to carry large cargoes of lumber.
lugger
A sailing vessel with lug sails set on one, two, or more masts and perhaps lug topsails, widely used as traditional fishing boats, particularly off the coasts of France, England, and Scotland; also used as privateers and smugglers.
lug sail
A four-sided fore-and-aft sail supported by a spar along the top that is fixed to the mast at a point some distance from the center of the spar. A dipping lug had to be moved to the other side of the mast when tacking (in larger vessels, by partially lowering the sail and hauling down either the peak or the throat to move the yard across). A standing lug can be used on either tack in the same position. It was common for British fishing luggers to have a dipping lug on the foremast and a standing lug on the mizzen.
lying ahull
Waiting out a storm by dousing all sails and simply letting the boat drift.
lying to
See lie to.
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References
See also
Transport portal
Articles that link to this glossary
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References
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^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at au av aw ax ay az ba bb bc bd be bf bg bh bi bj bk bl bm bn bo bp bq br bs bt bu bv bw bx by bz ca cb cc cd Renouf, David (2017). "Glossary of Barge terms". Thames Sailing Barges. Archived from the original on 2016-10-23.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am Palmer 1975.
^ "Naval Slang Dictionary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2014-02-19.
^ a b Hope, Ranger (2007). "A Seaman's Dictionary" (PDF). Hope Ranger. Retrieved 2014-02-15.
^ Layton, C.W.T.; Clissold, Peter; Miller, A.G.W. (1994). "Dictionary of Nautical Words and Terms: 8000 Definitions in Navigation, Seamanship, Rigging, Meteorology, Astronomy, Naval Architecture, Average, Ship Economics, Hydrography, Cargo Stowage, Marine Engineering, Ice Terminology, Buoyage, Yachting, etc" (PDF) (Revised Fourth ed.). Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd., Nautical publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-02-23.
^ "Abeam", Hydrographic Dictionary, International Hydrographic Organization, archived from the original on 2016-10-18, retrieved 2016-10-17
^ a b A naval encyclopædia: comprising a dictionary of nautical words and phrases; biographical notices, and records of naval officers; special articles of naval art and science. Philadelphia: LR Hamersly & Co. 1881. Retrieved 2014-01-23. at Internet Archive
^ a b c Covey-Crump, Commander A., R.N. (2000). "1775 Naval Terms and Slang". H.M.S. Richmond. Retrieved 2014-02-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ "Module 1 – Basics of Shipboard life". Ready-for-Sea Modular Course & Handbook. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2015-07-19.
^ "ahoo". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2023-06-07.
^ "Marine Safety Alert 090-14: Air Draft is Critical!" (PDF) (Press release). United States Coast Guard Inspections and Compliance Directorate. 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2015-02-15.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Read, David (2014-11-11). "Glossary of Nautical Terms". Practical Boat Owner. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
^ Admiralty manual of seamanship 1972, p. 242.
^ "How To Come Up With A Great Boat Name". boatplanet.com. Boat Planet. Retrieved 2019-10-28.
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^ Palmer 1975, p. 11.
^ Harland 1984, pp. 199–202.
^ a b c d e f Underhill 1955, p. 107.
^ Hunter 1993. pp. 173–174.
^ a b John P. Comstock, ed. (1967). Principles of Naval Architecture (Revised ed.). SNAME.
^ a b c d Saunders, Harold E. (1965). "10: Definitions and nomenclature for Seakeeping". In Taggart, Robert (ed.). Hydrodynamics in ship design. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. p. 156.
^ "Nature's Submarines: How we guard our commerce against them". Scientific American Supplement. 86 (2235). Munn and Company: 280–281. 1918-11-02. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican11021918-280supp. Retrieved 2019-04-17.
^ Biddlecombe 1990, p. 2.
^ Bathe, Basil W.; Villiers, Alan (March 1978). The Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms Under Sail. New York Crown Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-517-53317-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ISBN 978-0-517-53317-8
^ a b c d e f Steffy 2013.
^ a b c March 1972, p. 359.
^ Harland 1984, pp. 31–33.
^ Harland 1984, pp. 31–33, 84.
^ a b c d Mayne 2000.
^ "Powering in Heavy Weather". Ocean Navigator. 2010-09-15. Retrieved 2019-12-02.
^ "AFSC Historical Corner: Scoter, the Agency's Bristol Bay Boat". NOAA. Retrieved 2018-04-06.
^ a b c d e f g h i j Underhill 1955, p. 108.
^ a b Anonymous, "A Brief History of Sailing Canal Schooners," Lake Champlain Maritime Museum Accessed September 10, 2023
^ James McGuire (2002). Heart of Oak: A Sailor's Life in Nelson's Navy. p. 146.
^ John McKay (2020). Sovereign of the Seas, 1637.
^ Richard Platt (2019). Stephen Biesty's Cross-Sections Man-of-War. p. 23.
^ a b c Smyth, William Henry (1867). The Sailor's Word-Book. Glasgow: Blackie & Co.
^ a b c d e f "Origin of Navy Terminology". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
^ Martin, Gary (2023-12-11). "'Let the cat out of the bag' – the meaning and origin of this phrase". Phrasefinder.
^ Hancock, Jim (2004-07-20). "Anchoring Principals". www.sailmagazine.com. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ a b c Adams, Jonathan (2013). A maritime archaeology of ships: innovation and social change in late medieval and early modern Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781782970453.
^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1939.
^ a b c d e "East India Company Ships – The Maritime Service 1600 to 1834". eicships.threedecks.org.
^ Greenhill, Basil (1995). The archaeology of boats & ships : an introduction. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-039-8.
^ "Concrete Ships: History". www.concreteships.org.
^ "CBDR". Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-06-24.
^ Oxford English Dictionary, s.v. "corinthian".
^ "corinthian". Dictionary.com.
^ Benham, Finch & Kershaw 1986, p. 186.
^ Trocki, Carl A. (1999). Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy : a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750-1950 (Kindle ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21500-5.
^ Bennett 2005, p. 8.
^ Underhill 1946, p. 12.
^ Lloyd, Barbara (2003-07-05). "Briggs Cunningham, 96, Racecar Pioneer and Sailing Champ". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-05-21.
^ "Definition of cut of one's jib | Dictionary.com". www.dictionary.com.
^ Jeans, Peter D (1998). Ship to Shore. Oxford, England: ABC-Clio. ISBN 1-85109-321-4.
^ Anderson, Bill (1974). Navigation Exercises for Yachtsmen. London: Stanford Maritime. p. 14. ISBN 0-540-07142-0.
^ Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2019-09-03.
^ Gardiner, Robert (1993). "glossary". The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-563-2.
^ Glickman, Todd S., ed. (June 2000). "Meteorology Glossary". Doldrums (electronic) (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2014-03-10.
^ Encarta: World English Dictionary. New York: St. Martin's Press, Microsoft. 1999. p. 533.
^ McKee, Eric (1983). Working Boats of Britain, Their Shape and Purpose (1997 ed.). London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-277-3.
^ "Double the angle on the bow". Deckskills. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
^ Read, David (2014-11-11). "D". Glossary of Nautical Terms. Practical Boat Owner. Retrieved 2021-02-18.
^ "Navigational Rules: International—Inland" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. pp. 21, 31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
^ "Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway System: An overview of North America's most dynamic waterway" (PDF). Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-11-17.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Underhill 1955, p. 109.
^ Hattendorf, John B. "The Idea of a "Fleet in Being" in Historical Perspective," Naval War College Review (Winter 2014)
^ Oxford Reference: Flog the glass
^ Greenhill 1988, pp. 114–115, 236.
^ "The Foo Foo Band". Arhoolie Records. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11.
^ Lubbock, B. (1921): The Colonial Clippers pp. 158–59. – Via Internet Archive.
^ a b Steffy 1994, p. 271.
^ Melville, Herman (1851). "53". Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. Harper and Brothers.
^ a b Ridgely-Nevitt 1981. p. 371.
^ "The Gundalow Company : About Us : Gundalows | Gundalow Company". 2009-11-11.
^ Nichols, David L (2014). The Working Guide to Traditional Small-Boat Sails: A How-To Handbook for Owners and Builders. Halcotsville NY: Breakaway Books. ISBN 978-1-62124-017-4.
^ Palmer 1975, p. 101.
^ a b c d e f g Underhill 1955, p. 110.
^ Mayne 2000, p. 142.
^ "Hogging line". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-08-10.
^ "17: Inspection procedures". S0600-AA-PRO-170 Underwater ship husbandry manual (PDF) (Change B ed.). Naval Sea Systems Command. 2003-05-15.
^ a b c Carr 1951, p. 96.
^ Stuckey 2000, p. 97.
^ a b Carr 1951, p. 55.
^ "Sail Geeks Dictionary".
^ Mayne 2000, p. 158.
^ Blackburn, Graham (2002-11-21). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Ships and Boats (Hardcover). London: I.B.Tauris. p. 263. ISBN 1-86064-839-8.
^ Harvey, Steven (2007). It Started with a Steamboat: An American Saga. Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse. p. 64. ISBN 9781425967192.
^ Underhill 1946, pp. 280–288.
^ Karamanski, Theodore J., Schooner Passage: Sailing Ships and the Lake Michigan Frontier, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 2000, ISBN 0-8143-2911-X, pp. 46, 47 Accessed July 8, 2021
^ "Slime-line slashers". Windbag the Sailor. 2014-06-22. Retrieved 2022-04-19.
^ Steffy 1994, p. 15-19, 274.
^ Ansel, Willits Dyer (1978). The Whaleboat : a study of design, construction, and use from 1850 to 1970. : Mystic Seaport Museum. ISBN 0-913372-39-0.
^ Underhill 1955, p. 111.
^ "Merriam-Webster: "Lucky Bag"". www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2022-03-22.
^ Carr 1951, p. 60.
^ Carr 1951, p. 59.
^ "Encyclopedia – 4.2 -Genoas and Other Jibs". Uksailmakers. UK Sailmakers International. Retrieved 2018-08-11.
^ March 1972, p. passim.
Sources
Admiralty Manual of Seamanship BR 67(1). Vol. 1 (Consolidated Edition 1972 ed.). London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 1972. ISBN 0-11-770973-5.
Benham, Hervey; Finch, Roger; Kershaw, Philip (1986). Down tops'l: the story of the East Coast sailing-barges (3rd ed.). London: Harrap. ISBN 0-245-54487-9.
Bennett, Jenny (2005). Sailing Rigs, an Illustrated Guide. London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 1-86176-243-7.
Biddlecombe, George (1990) . The art of rigging: containing an explanation of terms and phrases and the progressive method of rigging expressly adapted for sailing ships. New York: Dover Publications. ISBN 0-486-26343-6. (1848 edition)
Carr, Frank (1951). Sailing Barges (Revised ed.). London: Peter Davies.
Cunliffe, Tom (2016). Hand, Reef and Steer: Traditional Sailing Skills for Classic Boats (second, Kindle ed.). London and New York: Adlard Coles Nautical. ISBN 978-1-4729-2588-6.
Greenhill, Basil (1988). The Evolution of the Wooden Ship (B T Batsford Ltd reprint ed.). Caldwell, New Jersey: The Blackburn Press. ISBN 978-1932846195.
Harland, John (1984). Seamanship in the Age of Sail: an account of the shiphandling of the sailing man-of-war 1600-1860, based on contemporary sources. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 978-1-8448-6309-9.
Hunter, Louis C. (1993) . Steamboats on the Western Rivers: An Economic and Technological History. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 173–174. ISBN 0-486-27863-8.
March, Edgar J (1972). Sailing Drifters: the Story of the Herring Luggers of England, Scotland and the Isle of Man. Newton Abbot: David & Charles (Publishers). ISBN 0-7153-4679-2.
Mayne, Richard (2000). The Language of Sailing. Abingdon: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-57958-278-4.
Palmer, Joseph (1975). Jane's Dictionary of Naval Terms. London: Macdonald and Janes. ISBN 0-356-08258-X.
Ridgely-Nevitt, Cedric (1981). American Steamships on the Atlantic. East Brunswick, NJ: Associated University Presses, Inc. p. 371. ISBN 0-87413-140-5.
Steffy, J. Richard (1994). Wooden ship building and the interpretations of shipwrecks (5th printing ed.). College Station: Texas A & M University Press. ISBN 9781603445207.
Steffy, J. Richard (2013) . "Illustrated Glossary of Ship and Boat Terms". In Catsambis, Alexis (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Maritime Archaeology (Oxford Handbooks). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537517-6.
Stuckey, P. J. (2000). The sailing pilots of the Bristol Channel (Rev. and enlarged ed.). Bristol: Redcliffe. ISBN 1-900178-32-X.
Underhill, Harold (1946). Masting and Rigging, the Clipper Ship and Ocean Carrier (1958 reprint ed.). Glasgow: Brown, Son and Ferguson.
Underhill, Harold (1952). Deep-water sail. Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson, Nautical publishers.
Underhill, Harold (1955). Sailing Ships Rigs and Rigging (2nd ed.). Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson, Nautical publishers.
Further reading
See also: Bibliography of encyclopedias § Nautical dictionaries and encyclopædias
vtePassage planningGeneral references
American Practical Navigator
Nautical charts
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List of lights
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Tide tables
Radio information
Radio Navigational Aids
Periodicals
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See also
Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)
Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)
vteWorks about sailingBooks
Bowditch's American Practical Navigator
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See also
Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)
Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships"},{"link_name":"shipping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipping"},{"link_name":"seamanship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamanship"},{"link_name":"navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navigation"},{"link_name":"Nautical metaphors in English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_metaphors_in_English"},{"link_name":"Multiservice tactical brevity code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiservice_tactical_brevity_code"},{"link_name":"Glossary of fishery terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms"},{"link_name":"Glossary of underwater diving terminology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_underwater_diving_terminology"},{"link_name":"Glossary of rowing terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_rowing_terms"},{"link_name":"Glossary of meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology"},{"link_name":"Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)"}],"text":"This glossary of nautical terms is an alphabetical listing of terms and expressions connected with ships, shipping, seamanship and navigation on water (mostly though not necessarily on the sea). Some remain current, while many date from the 17th to 19th centuries. The word nautical derives from the Latin nauticus, from Greek nautikos, from nautēs: \"sailor\", from naus: \"ship\".Further information on nautical terminology may also be found at Nautical metaphors in English, and additional military terms are listed in the Multiservice tactical brevity code article. Terms used in other fields associated with bodies of water can be found at Glossary of fishery terms, Glossary of underwater diving terminology, Glossary of rowing terms, and Glossary of meteorology.This glossary is split into two articles:terms starting with the letters A to L are at Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)\nterms starting with the letters M to Z are at Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z).","title":"Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"A"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"backstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backstay"},{"link_name":"forestay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forestay"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"aback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aback"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975-3"},{"link_name":"oars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#oars"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975-3"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#broadside"},{"link_name":"topsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topsail"},{"link_name":"hove-to","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heave_to"},{"link_name":"ahead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ahead"},{"link_name":"astern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#astern"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"spanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spanker"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland1984199%E2%80%93202-18"},{"link_name":"backstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backstay"},{"link_name":"topmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topmast"},{"link_name":"topgallant-mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topgallant-mast"},{"link_name":"royal-mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#royal-mast"},{"link_name":"skysail-mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#skysail-mast"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955107-19"},{"link_name":"astern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#astern"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#propeller"},{"link_name":"baggywrinkle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baggywrinkle"},{"link_name":"shrouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shroud_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"stays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stays_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975-3"},{"link_name":"bailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hand_bailer"},{"link_name":"carvel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hunter1993_pp173-174-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNA-21"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast"},{"link_name":"in ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#in_ballast"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975-3"},{"link_name":"ballast tank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballast_tank"},{"link_name":"Baltimore Clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore_Clipper"},{"link_name":"clipper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#clipper"},{"link_name":"Mid-Atlantic seaboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_seaboard"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"merchant ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#merchant_ship"},{"link_name":"masted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"schooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#schooner"},{"link_name":"brigantines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brigantine"},{"link_name":"watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_system"},{"link_name":"bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank_(topography)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975-3"},{"link_name":"bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoal"},{"link_name":"touch and go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#touch_and_go"},{"link_name":"grounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grounding"},{"link_name":"bar pilot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pilot"},{"link_name":"barber hauler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_rigging#Shaping"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"barbette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbette"},{"link_name":"barca-longa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barca-longa"},{"link_name":"lugger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lugger"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"dispatch boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dispatch_boat"},{"link_name":"bareboat charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bareboat_charter"},{"link_name":"canvas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#canvas"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barge"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#admiral"},{"link_name":"barge slip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_slip"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barge"},{"link_name":"car float","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#car_float"},{"link_name":"barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barque"},{"link_name":"barquentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barquentine"},{"link_name":"barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barque"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"barquentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barquentine"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barracks"},{"link_name":"barratry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barratry_(admiralty_law)"},{"link_name":"admiralty law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#admiralty_law"},{"link_name":"shipowner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipowner"},{"link_name":"demise charterer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demise_charter"},{"link_name":"cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo"},{"link_name":"desertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desertion"},{"link_name":"scuttling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#scuttling"},{"link_name":"barometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer"},{"link_name":"barrelman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrelman"},{"link_name":"crow's nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#crow's_nest"},{"link_name":"batten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_batten"},{"link_name":"roach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#roach"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sail"},{"link_name":"batten down the hatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batten_down_the_hatches"},{"link_name":"cargo hatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_hatch"},{"link_name":"battens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#batten"},{"link_name":"battle stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_quarters"},{"link_name":"battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"capital ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capital_ship"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#battleship"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cruiser"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"line of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line_of_battle"},{"link_name":"ship-of-the-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship-of-the-line"},{"link_name":"Age of Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail"},{"link_name":"beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beach"},{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship"},{"link_name":"on the beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#on_the_beach"},{"link_name":"beaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaching_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"aground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aground"},{"link_name":"landing craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landing_craft"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#waterline"},{"link_name":"beacon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon"},{"link_name":"aid to navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aid_to_navigation"},{"link_name":"beakhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beakhead"},{"link_name":"galley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#galley"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bowsprit"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beam_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"beam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#beam"},{"link_name":"point of sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#point_of_sail"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders_V3_1965-22"},{"link_name":"fall 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Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Beaufort"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"spliced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spliced"},{"link_name":"eye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#eye_splice"},{"link_name":"foremast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foremast"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forecastle"},{"link_name":"quarterdeck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#quarterdeck"},{"link_name":"hawsepiper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hawsepiper"},{"link_name":"belaying pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#belaying_pin"},{"link_name":"belaying pin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belaying_pin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955107-19"},{"link_name":"ship's 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seam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#devil_seam"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"bilander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilander"},{"link_name":"mainmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainmast"},{"link_name":"lateen-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lateen_rigging"},{"link_name":"mainsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainsail"},{"link_name":"foremast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foremast"},{"link_name":"topsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topsail"},{"link_name":"bilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilge"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"floors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floor"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffy2013-26"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"grounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grounding"},{"link_name":"bilge 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Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloured_squadrons_of_the_Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Merchant Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchant_Navy"},{"link_name":"yachts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht"},{"link_name":"yacht clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yacht_club"},{"link_name":"Blue Peter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags"},{"link_name":"blue water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_water"},{"link_name":"nautical mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"green water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#green_water"},{"link_name":"blue-water navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue-water_navy"},{"link_name":"sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sailor"},{"link_name":"enlisted person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enlisted_personnel"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"rating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rating"},{"link_name":"petty officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petty_officer"},{"link_name":"chief petty officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_petty_officer"},{"link_name":"Bluejacket's Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bluejacket%27s_Manual"},{"link_name":"tacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tacking"},{"link_name":"windward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#windward"},{"link_name":"boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#submarine"},{"link_name":"ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship"},{"link_name":"boat hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boat_hook"},{"link_name":"buoys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#buoy"},{"link_name":"sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailor"},{"link_name":"sextant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sextant"},{"link_name":"boathouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boathouse"},{"link_name":"rowing boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_boat"},{"link_name":"punts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punt_(boat)"},{"link_name":"motor boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_boat"},{"link_name":"boatsteerer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatsteerer"},{"link_name":"boatswain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boatswain"},{"link_name":"boatswain's call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosun%27s_call"},{"link_name":"boatswain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boatswain"},{"link_name":"boatswain's chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosun%27s_chair"},{"link_name":"boatswain's call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boatswain's_call"},{"link_name":"topsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topsail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"bobstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobstay"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bowsprit"},{"link_name":"forestay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forestay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(view)"},{"link_name":"boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boiler_(power_generation)"},{"link_name":"fireman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fireman"},{"link_name":"fire room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fire_room"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"bolt rope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolt_rope"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"bollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bollard"},{"link_name":"bomb vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomb_vessel"},{"link_name":"mortars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(weapons)"},{"link_name":"ketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ketch"},{"link_name":"bomb vessel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bomb_vessel"},{"link_name":"bow wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow_wave"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarch1972359-27"},{"link_name":"booby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Booby"},{"link_name":"hatchway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hatchway"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_(navigational_barrier)"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955107-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955107-19"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"studding sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#studding_sail"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955107-19"},{"link_name":"net laying ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#net_laying_ship"},{"link_name":"ballistic missile submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballistic_missile_submarine"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sail"},{"link_name":"hoisted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hoist"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"topping lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topping_lift"},{"link_name":"ketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ketch"},{"link_name":"gaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gaff"},{"link_name":"spritsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spritsail"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"mizzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mizzen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"boom vang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_vang"},{"link_name":"bumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bumpkin"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#waterline"},{"link_name":"boatswain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boatswain"},{"link_name":"boatswain's call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boatswain's_call"},{"link_name":"boatswain's chair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boatswain's_chair"},{"link_name":"boatswain's call","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boatswain's_call"},{"link_name":"bottlescrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnbuckle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"bottomry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bottomry"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"chase gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chase_gun"},{"link_name":"bowline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowline"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"foresail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foresail"},{"link_name":"aback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aback"},{"link_name":"tacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tacking"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"gillnetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gillnetter"},{"link_name":"gillnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillnet"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"bow sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_sea"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders_V3_1965-22"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowsprit"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"forestay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forestay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"bow thruster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_thruster"},{"link_name":"bow visor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_visor"},{"link_name":"boxing the compass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_the_compass"},{"link_name":"boy seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boy_seaman"},{"link_name":"square rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yard"},{"link_name":"trimming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#trim"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sail"},{"link_name":"foreyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foreyard"},{"link_name":"aback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aback"},{"link_name":"brail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brail"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland198431%E2%80%9333-28"},{"link_name":"clewlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#clewlines"},{"link_name":"buntlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarland198431%E2%80%9333,_84-29"},{"link_name":"brail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brail"},{"link_name":"brass monkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brass_monkey_(colloquial_expression)"},{"link_name":"Morse code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morse_code"},{"link_name":"breachway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breachway"},{"link_name":"break bulk cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Break_bulk_cargo"},{"link_name":"breaking wave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breaking_wave"},{"link_name":"ship breaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_breaker"},{"link_name":"ship's boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship's_boat"},{"link_name":"anchorage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anchorage"},{"link_name":"longshore drift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longshore_drift"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forecastle"},{"link_name":"breeches buoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breeches_buoy"},{"link_name":"lifebuoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifebuoy"},{"link_name":"zip line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zip_line"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayne2000-30"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"bridge wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)#Bridge_wing"},{"link_name":"pilothouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#pilothouse"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bridge"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"prisoners-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prisoners-of-war"},{"link_name":"stowaways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stowaway"},{"link_name":"brig sloop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig_sloop"},{"link_name":"sloop-of-war","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sloop-of-war"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brig"},{"link_name":"brigantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigantine"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"foremast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foremast"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"mainmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainmast"},{"link_name":"brightwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brightwork"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayne2000-30"},{"link_name":"broach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broach_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"capsize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capsize"},{"link_name":"pitchpole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#pitchpole"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBO-13"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ocean_Navigator-31"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#submarine"},{"link_name":"starboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#starboard"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"Broad Fourteens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broad_Fourteens"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"fathoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom"},{"link_name":"flatboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flatboat"},{"link_name":"broadside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadside_(naval)"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#waterline"},{"link_name":"barbettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barbette"},{"link_name":"line of battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line_of_battle"},{"link_name":"Brouwer Route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brouwer_Route"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"Netherlands East Indies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Roaring Forties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Forties"},{"link_name":"longitude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"gangplank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gangplank"},{"link_name":"continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"bosun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boatswain"},{"link_name":"bug shoe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bug_shoe"},{"link_name":"skeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#skeg"},{"link_name":"shipworms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipworm"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"bugeye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bugeye"},{"link_name":"skipjack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#skipjack"},{"link_name":"bulbous bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbous_bow"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#waterline"},{"link_name":"bulk cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_cargo"},{"link_name":"bulk carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulk_carrier"},{"link_name":"bulk cargo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bulk_cargo"},{"link_name":"bulkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"bullseye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porthole"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bulwark2_(PSF).png"},{"link_name":"bumboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumboat"},{"link_name":"bumpkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boomkin"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bowsprit"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"backstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#backstay"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955107-19"},{"link_name":"topsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topsail"},{"link_name":"bunker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_bunker"},{"link_name":"bunker fuel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_fuel"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955108-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955108-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955108-33"},{"link_name":"bunting tosser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunting_tosser"},{"link_name":"buntline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clewlines_and_buntlines"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955108-33"},{"link_name":"buoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buoy"},{"link_name":"aids to navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aids_to_navigation"},{"link_name":"lobster pots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobster_pot"},{"link_name":"buoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#buoy"},{"link_name":"burthen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement"},{"link_name":"Builder's Old Measurement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Builder%27s_Old_Measurement"},{"link_name":"tonnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnage"},{"link_name":"tuns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tun_(unit)"},{"link_name":"long ton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_ton"},{"link_name":"burgee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgee"},{"link_name":"burgoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgoo"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"overboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#overboard"}],"text":"B & R rig\nA style of standing rigging used on sailboats that lacks a backstay. The mast is said to be supported like a \"tripod\", with swept-back spreaders and a forestay. Used widely on Hunter brand sailboats, among others. Designed and named by Lars Bergstrom and Sven Ridder.[citation needed]\n\nback\n1. To make a sail fill with wind on the opposite side normally used for sailing forward. A fore and aft headsail is backed by either not moving the sail across when tacking, or by hauling it to windward with the weather sheet. A square sail is backed by hauling the yards round with the braces. The sail is then aback.[3]\n2. (With oars) to push against the water with the oar in the opposite direction than normally used for moving the boat forward. This is used to slow the speed of the boat, or to move astern when manoeuvring.[3]\n\nback and fill\nA method of keeping a square-rigged vessel under control while drifting with the tide along a narrow channel. The ship lies broadside to the current, with the main topsail backed and the fore and mizzen topsail full: essentially a hove-to position. Selective backing and filling of these sails moves the ship ahead or astern, so allowing it to be kept in the best part of the channel. A jib and the spanker are used to help balance the sail plan. This method cannot be used if the wind is going in the same direction and at the same speed as the tide.[18]\n\nbackstay\nA stay or cable, reaching from the mast heads, of the topmast, the topgallant-mast the royal-mast, the skysail-mast to the ship's side abaft the lower rigging; used to support the mast.[19] \n\nback wash\nWater forced astern by the action of the propeller. Also, the receding of waves.\n\nbaggywrinkle\nA soft covering for standing rigging (such as shrouds and stays) that reduces sail chafing.[3]\n\nbailer\nAny device for removing water that has entered a vessel.\n\nbail out\nTacking away from other boats to obtain clear air. Often used for starting situations.\n\nbaldie\nA type of Scottish sailboat introduced in 1860, used for fishing. A baldie is carvel-built, with her mast far forward and rigged with a lug sail and sometimes a jib. Some historians believe \"Baldie\" is a contraction of \"Garibaldi\", a reference to the Italian general and nationalist Giuseppe Garibaldi, whose name was a household word at the time the baldie was introduced.\n\nbalance rudder\nNot usually a single rudder, but a set of three or four rudders operating together to maneuver a sternwheel steamboat. Placed just forward of the paddlewheels, the effectiveness of the balance rudder is increased by the flow of water generated by the paddles, giving such steamboats a high degree of maneuverability.[20]\n\nbalanced rudder\nA rudder with a significant amount of area ahead of the rorational axis, which moves the hydrodynamic centre of the rudder nearer to the rotation axis and reduces the torque required to steer.[21] \n\nballast\nHeavy material that is placed in a position low in the hull to provide stability. It can be moveable material, such as gravel or stones, permanently or semi-permanently installed, or integral to the hull, such as the (typically) lead or cast-iron ballast keel of a sailing yacht. See also in ballast.[3]\n\nballast tank\nA compartment which can be filled or partly filled with water, used on ships, submarines and other submersibles to control buoyancy and stability.\n\nBaltimore Clipper\nA fast sailing ship – an early form of clipper – built on the Mid-Atlantic seaboard of the United States, especially at Baltimore, Maryland. Popular as merchant ships in both the United States and the United Kingdom by the late 18th century, Baltimore Clippers usually were two-masted schooners or brigantines. \n\nballs to four watch\nUS Navy slang for the 0000–0400 watch.\n\nbank\nA large area of elevated sea floor, deep enough to allow navigation.[3]\n\nbanyan\nA traditional Royal Navy term for a day or less of rest and relaxation.\n\nbar\nMass of sand or earth raised above the general seabed depth by the motion of water. Bars are often found at the mouth of rivers or entrances to harbours and can make navigation over them extremely dangerous at some states of tide and current flow, but can also confer tranquility in the inshore waters by acting as a barrier to large waves. See also touch and go and grounding.\n\nbar pilot\nA navigator who guides a ship over dangerous sandbars at the mouths of rivers and bays.\n\nbarber hauler\nA technique of temporarily rigging a sailboat lazy sheet so as to allow the boat to sail closer to the wind; i.e. using the lazy jib sheet to pull the jib closer to the mid line, allowing a point of sail that would otherwise not be achievable.[citation needed]\n\nbarbette\n1. A fixed armored enclosure protecting a ship's guns aboard warships without gun turrets, generally taking the form of a ring of armor over which guns mounted on an open-topped rotating turntable could fire, particularly on ships built during the second half of the 19th century.\n2. The inside fixed trunk of a warship's turreted gun-mounting, on which the turret revolves, containing the hoists for shells and cordite from the shell-room and magazine, particularly on ships built after the late 19th century.\n\nbarca-longa\nA two- or three-masted lugger used for fishing on the coasts of Spain and Portugal and more widely in the Mediterranean Sea in the late 17th and 18th centuries. The British Royal Navy also used them for shore raids and as dispatch boats in the Mediterranean.\n\nbareboat charter\nAn arrangement for the chartering or hiring of a vessel, whereby the vessel's owner provides no crew or provisions as part of the agreement; instead, the people who rent the vessel are responsible for crewing and provisioning her.\n\nbare poles\nSailing without any canvas raised, usually in a strong wind.\n\nbarge\n1. A towed or self-propelled flat-bottomed boat, built mainly for river, canal or coastal transport of heavy goods.\n2. Admiral's barge: A boat at the disposal of an admiral for his or her use as transportation between a larger vessel and the shore, or within a harbor.\n\nbarge slip\nA specialized docking facility designed to receive a barge or car float that is used to carry wheeled vehicles across a body of water.\n\nbark\nAn alternate spelling of barque.\n\nbarkentine\nAn alternate spelling of barquentine.\n\nbarque\nAlso spelled bark.\nA sailing vessel of three or more masts, with all masts square-rigged except the sternmost, which is fore-and-aft-rigged.\n\nbarquentine\nAlso spelled barkentine.\nA sailing vessel with three or more masts, with all masts fore-and-aft-rigged except the foremast, which is square-rigged.\n\nbarrack ship\nA ship or craft designed to function as a floating barracks for housing military personnel.\n\nbarratry\nIn admiralty law, an act of gross misconduct against a shipowner or a ship's demise charterer by a ship's master or crew that damages the ship or its cargo. Acts of barratry can include desertion, illegal scuttling, theft of the ship or cargo and committing any actions that may not be in the shipowner's or demise charterer's best interests.\n\nbarometer\nAn instrument for measuring air pressure. Used in weather forecasting.\n\nbarrelman\nA sailor stationed in the crow's nest.\n\nbatten\n1. A stiff strip used to support the roach of a sail, increasing the sail area.\n2. Any thin strip of material (wood, plastic, etc.).\n\nbatten down the hatches\nTo prepare for inclement weather by securing the closed cargo hatch covers with wooden battens so as to prevent water from entering from any angle.\n\nbattle stations\nAlso general quarters or action stations.\n1. An announcement made aboard a naval warship to signal the crew to prepare for battle, imminent damage, or any other emergency (such as a fire).\n2. Specific positions in a naval warship to which one or more crew members are assigned when battle stations is called.\n\nbattlecruiser\nA type of large capital ship of the first half of the 20th century, similar in size, appearance, and cost to a battleship and typically armed with the same kind of heavy guns, but much more lightly armored (on the scale of a cruiser) and therefore faster than a battleship but more vulnerable to damage.\n\nbattleship\nA type of large, heavily armored warship of the second half of the 19th century and first half of the 20th century, armed with heavy-caliber guns and designed to fight other battleships in a line of battle. It was the successor to the ship-of-the-line used during the Age of Sail.\n\nbeach\nOr the beach\nA term used broadly to refer to land or the shore, and not necessarily literally to a beach. For example, a ship which turns toward the shore can be said to have turned toward the beach, and a person or object on land can be said to be on the beach. See also on the beach.\n\nbeaching\nDeliberately running a vessel aground so as to load or unload it (as with landing craft), or sometimes to prevent a damaged vessel from sinking or to facilitate repairs below the waterline.\n\nbeacon\nA lighted or unlighted fixed aid to navigation attached directly to the Earth's surface. Examples include lighthouses and daybeacons.\n\nbeakhead\n1. The ram on the prow of a fighting galley of ancient and medieval times.\n2. The protruding part of the foremost section of a sailing ship of the 16th to the 18th centuries, usually ornate, which was used as a working platform by sailors handling the sails of the bowsprit. It also housed the crew's heads (toilets).\n\nbeam\nThe width of a vessel at its widest point, or a point alongside the ship at the midpoint of its length.\n\nbeam ends\nThe sides of a ship. To describe a ship as \"on her beam ends\" may mean the vessel is literally on her side and possibly about to capsize; more often, the phrase means the vessel is listing 45 degrees or more.\n\nbeam reach\nSailing with the wind coming across the vessel's beam. This is normally the fastest point of sail for a fore-and-aft-rigged vessel.\n\nbeam sea\nA sea in which waves are moving perpendicular to a vessel's course.[22]\n\nbeam wind\nA wind blowing perpendicular to a vessel's course.\n\nbear\nA large, squared-off stone used with sand for scraping wooden decks clean.\n\nbear down \nAlso bear away, bear off. See also fall off.\nTo turn or steer a vessel away from the wind, often with reference to a transit.[2]\n\nbear up\nTo turn or steer a vessel into the wind.[2]\n\nbearing\nThe horizontal direction of a line of sight between two objects on the surface of the Earth. See also absolute bearing and relative bearing.\n\nbeat to quarters\nPrepare for battle (in reference to beating a drum to signal the need for battle preparation).\n\nbeat to\nbeting\nSailing as close as possible towards the wind (perhaps only about 60°) in a zig-zag course so as to attain an upwind direction into which it is otherwise impossible to sail directly. See also tacking.\n\nBeaufort scale\nA scale describing wind speed, devised by Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort in 1808, in which winds are graded by the effects of their force on the surface of the sea or on a vessel (originally, the amount of sail that a fully rigged frigate could carry).\n\nbecalm\nTo cut off the wind from a sailing vessel, either by the proximity of land or by another vessel.\n\nbecalmed\nUnable to move due to a lack of wind, said of a sailing vessel; resigned merely to drift with the current rather to move by controlled management of sails.\n\nbecket\nA short piece of line usually spliced into a circle or with an eye on either end.\n\nbefore the mast\nLiterally, the area of a ship before the foremast (the forecastle). Most often used to refer to men whose living quarters are located here: officers were typically quartered in the sternmost areas of the ship (near the quarterdeck), while officer-trainees lived between the two ends of the ship and become known as \"midshipmen\". Crew members who started out as seamen and then became midshipmen, and later, officers, were said to have gone from \"one end of the ship to the other\". See also hawsepiper.\n\nbelay\n1. To make fast a line around a fitting, usually a cleat or belaying pin.\n2. To secure a climbing person in a similar manner.\n3. An order to halt a current activity or countermand an order prior to execution.\n\nbelaying pin\nA short movable bar of iron or hard wood to which running rigging may be secured, or \"belayed\". Belaying pins are inserted in holes in a pin-rail.[19] \n\nbell\n{{defn|See ship's bell.\nbell rope\nA short length of line made fast to the clapper of the ship's bell.\n\nbell buoy\nA type of buoy with a large bell and hanging hammers that sound by wave action.[23]\n\nbelow\nOn or into a lower deck.\n\nbelow decks\nIn or into any of the spaces below the main deck of a vessel.\n\nbelt armor\nAlso armor belt.\nA layer of heavy metal armor plated onto or within the outer hull of a warship, typically on battleships, battlecruisers, cruisers and aircraft carriers, usually covering the warship from her main deck down to some distance below the waterline. If built within the hull, rather than forming the outer hull, the belt would be installed at an inclined angle to improve the warship's protection from shells striking the hull.\n\nbend\n1. A knot used to join two ropes or lines. See also hitch.[2]\n2. To attach a rope to an object.[2]\n3. Fastening a sail to a yard.[24]\n\nBermuda rig\nBermudan rig\nA triangular mainsail, without any upper spar, which is hoisted up the mast by a single halyard attached to the head of the sail. This configuration, introduced to Europe about 1920, allows the use of a tall mast, enabling sails to be set higher where wind speed is greater.\n\nBermuda sloop\nA fore-and-aft-rigged sailing vessel with a single mast setting a Bermuda rig mainsail and a single headsail. The Bermuda sloop is a very common type of modern sailing yacht.\n\nberth\n1. A location in a port or harbor used specifically for mooring vessels while not at sea.\n2. A safe margin of distance to be kept by a vessel from another vessel or from an obstruction, hence the phrase \"to give a wide berth\".[25]\n3. A bed or sleeping accommodation on a boat or ship.\n4. A job or position of employment on a boat or ship.\n\nbest bower\nThe larger of two anchors carried in the bow; so named as it was the last, \"best\" hope for anchoring a vessel.\n\nbetween the devil and the deep blue sea\nSee devil seam.\n\nbetween wind and water\nThe part of a ship's hull that is sometimes submerged and sometimes brought above water by the rolling of the vessel.\n\nbight\n1. A loop in a rope or line – a hitch or knot tied \"on the bight\" is one tied in the middle of a rope, without access to the ends.[2]\n2. An indentation in a coastline.\n\nbilander \nAlso billander or be'landre.\nA small European merchant sailing ship with two masts, the mainmast lateen-rigged with a trapezoidal mainsail, and the foremast carrying the conventional square course and square topsail. Used in the Netherlands for coast and canal traffic and occasionally in the North Sea, but more frequently used in the Mediterranean Sea.\n\nbilge\n1. The part of the hull that the ship rests on if it takes the ground; the outer end of the floors. The \"turn of the bilge\" is the part of the hull that changes from the (approximately) vertical sides of the hull to the more horizontal bottom of the ship.[26]\n2. (Usually in the plural: \"bilges\") The compartment at the bottom of the hull of a ship or boat where water collects and must be pumped out of the vessel; the space between the bottom hull planking and the ceiling of the hold.[2]\n3. To damage the hull in the area of the bilge, usually by grounding or hitting an obstruction.\n4. To fail an academic course (\"bilge\") or curriculum (\"bilge out\").\n\nbilge keel\nOne of a pair of keels on either side of the hull, usually slanted outwards. In yachts, they allow the use of a drying mooring, the boat standing upright on the keels (and often a skeg) when the tide is out.\n\nbilged on her anchor\nA ship that has run upon her own anchor such that the anchor cable runs under the hull.\n\nbill\nThe extremity of the arm of an anchor; the point of or beyond the fluke.\n\nbillethead\n1. On smaller vessels, a smaller, non-figural carving, most often a curl of foliage, might be substituted for a figurehead.\n2. A round piece of timber at the bow or stern of a whaleboat, around which the harpoon line is run out when the whale darts off.\n\nBimini top\nAn open-front canvas top for the cockpit of a boat, usually supported by a metal frame.\n\nbimmy\nA punitive instrument.\n\nbinnacle\nThe stand on which the ship's compass is mounted, usually near the helm, permitting ready reference by the helmsman.\n\nbinnacle list\nA ship's sick list. The list of men unable to report for duty was given to the officer or mate of the watch by the ship's surgeon. The list was kept at the binnacle.\n\nbird farm\nUnited States Navy slang for an aircraft carrier.\n\nbite\nVerb used in reference to a rudder, as in \"the rudder begins to bite\". When a vessel has steerageway the rudder will act to steer the vessel, i.e. it has enough water flow past it to steer with. Physically this is noticeable with tiller or unassisted wheel steering by the rudder exhibiting resistance to being turned from the straight ahead – this resistance is the rudder \"biting\" and is how a helmsman first senses that a vessel has acquired steerageway.\n\nbitt\n1. A post or pair of posts mounted on the ship's bow for fastening ropes or cables.\n2. A strong vertical timber or iron fastened through the deck beams that is used for securing ropes or hawsers.[2]\n\nbitt heads\nThe tops of two massive timbers that support the windlass on a sailing barge.[2]\n\nbitter end\nThe last part or loose end of a rope or cable. The anchor cable is tied to the bitts; when the cable is fully paid out, the bitter end has been reached.\n\nblack gang\nThe engineering crew of the vessel, i.e. crew members who work in the vessel's engine room, fire room and/or boiler room, so called because they would typically be covered in coal dust during the days of coal-fired steamships.\n\nblinker\nA search light, used for signaling by code. Usually fitted with a spring controlled shutter.\n\nblock\nA pulley with one or more sheaves or grooves over which a line is roved. It can be used to change the direction of the line, or in pairs used to form a tackle.[2]\n\nblock, fiddle\nA block with two sheaves in the same plane, one being smaller than the other, giving the block a somewhat violin appearance.\n\nblock, snatch\nA single sheave block with one end of the frame hinged and able to be opened, so as to admit a line other than by forcing an end through the opening.\n\nblockship\nA vessel sunk deliberately to block a waterway to prevent the waterway's use by an enemy.\n\nBlue Ensign\nA flag flown as an ensign by certain British ships. Prior to 1864, ships of the Royal Navy's Blue Squadron flew it; since the reorganisation of the Royal Navy in 1864 eliminated its naval use, it has been flown instead by British merchant vessels whose officers and crew include a certain prescribed number (which has varied over the years) of retired Royal Navy or Royal Naval Reserve personnel or are commanded by an officer of the Royal Naval Reserve in possession of a government warrant; Royal Research Ships by warrant, regardless of their manning by naval, naval reserve and Merchant Navy personnel; or British-registered yachts belonging to members of certain yacht clubs, although yachts were prohibited from flying the Blue Ensign during World War I and World War II.\n\nBlue Peter\nA blue and white flag (the flag for the letter P) hoisted at the foretrucks of ships about to sail. Formerly a white ship on a blue ground, but later a white square on a blue ground.\n\nblue water\n1. That part of the ocean lying more than a few hundred nautical miles from shore, and thus beyond the outer boundary of green water.\n2. More generally, the open ocean or deep sea.\n\nblue-water navy\n1. A navy capable of sustained operations in the open ocean, beyond a few hundred nautical miles from shore.\n2. That portion of a navy capable of sustained operations in the open ocean, beyond a few hundred nautical miles from shore.\n\nbluejacket\nalso blue-jacket\n1. A sailor or enlisted person of the Royal Navy, Commonwealth navies, the United States Navy, or the United States Coast Guard. Bluejacket derives from a blue jacket naval enlisted personnel once wore while ashore. In the Royal Navy and Commonwealth navies, the term generally is synonymous with rating and often includes petty officers and chief petty officers. In the US Navy and US Coast Guard, the term excludes chief petty officers.\n2. More loosely, a sailor or enlisted person of any navy.\n\nBluejacket's Manual\nA basic handbook for US Navy personnel.\n\nboard\n1. To step onto, climb onto or otherwise enter a vessel.\n2. The side of a vessel.\n3. The distance a sailing vessel runs between tacks when working to windward.\n\nboat\n1. Any small craft or vessel designed to float on and provide transport over or under water.\n2. Naval slang for a submarine of any size.\n3. A term used in Canada and the United States for a ship of any size used on the Great Lakes.\n\nboat hook\nA pole with a blunt tip and a hook on the end, sometimes with a ring on its opposite end to which a line may be attached. Typically used to assist in docking and undocking a boat, with its hook used to pull a boat towards a dock and the blunt end to push it away from a dock, as well as to reach into the water to help people catch buoys or other floating objects or to reach people in the water.\n\nboat keeper\nA boatkeeper was a sailor that knew the harbor thoroughly and was able to act as a pilot. He was in command after the last pilot had left to board a ship and brought the pilot boat back to harbor. He was required to know how to use a sextant as he could be 300 miles from port.\n\nboathouse\nA building especially designed for the storage of boats, typically located on open water such as a lake or river. Boathouses are normally used to store smaller sports or leisure craft, often rowing boats but sometimes craft such as punts or small motor boats.\n\nboatsteerer\nA member of the crew of a 19th-century whaling ship responsible for pulling the forward oar of a whaleboat and for harpooning whales.\n\nboatswain\nAlso bosun.\nA non-commissioned officer responsible for the sails, ropes, rigging and boats on a ship who issues \"piped\" commands to seamen.\n\nboatswain's call\nAlso bosun's call, boatswain's pipe, bosun's pipe, boatswain's whistle or bosun's whistle.\nA high-pitched pipe or a non-diaphragm-type whistle used on naval ships by a boatswain, historically to pass commands to the crew but in modern times limited to ceremonial use.\n\nboatswain's chair\nAlso bosun's chair\n1. A short board or swatch of heavy canvas, secured in a bridle of ropes, used to hoist a man aloft or over the ship's side for painting and similar work. Modern boatswain's chairs incorporate safety harnesses to prevent the occupant from falling.\n2. A metal chair used for ship-to-ship personnel transfers at sea while underway.\n\nboatswain's pipe\nboatswain's whistle\nSee boatswain's call.\nboatwright\nA maker of boats, especially of traditional wooden construction.\n\nbob\nbobfly\nA pennant or flag bearing the owner's colors and mounted on the topsail trunk.[2]\n\nbobstay\nA stay that holds the bowsprit downwards, counteracting the effect of the forestay and the lift of sails. Usually made of wire or chain to eliminate stretching.[2]\n\nbody plan\nIn shipbuilding, an end elevation showing the contour of the sides of a ship at certain points of her length.\n\nboiler\nA power generation system component that produces steam.\n\nboilerman\nSee fireman.\nboiler room\nSee fire room.\nboiler uptake\nThe exhaust of a boiler, excluding the funnel.\n\nbolt rope\nA rope, sewn on to reinforce the edges of a sail.[2]\n\nbollard\nFrom \"bol\" or \"bole\", the round trunk of a tree. A substantial vertical pillar to which lines may be made fast. Generally on the quayside rather than the ship.\n\nbomb vessel \nAlso bomb, bombard, bombarde, bomb ketch or bomb ship.\nA type of specialized naval wooden sailing vessel of the late 17th through mid-19th centuries designed for bombarding fixed positions on land, armed for this purpose with mortars mounted forward near the bow.\n\nbombard\nAlso spelled bombarde.\n1. A small, two-masted vessel common in the Mediterranean in the 18th and 19th centuries, similar in design to an English ketch.\n2. An alternative name used in the 18th and 19th centuries for a bomb vessel.\n\nBombay runner\nA large cockroach.\n\nbonded jacky\nA type of tobacco or sweet cake.\n\nbone in her teeth\nA phrase describing the appearance of a vessel throwing up a prominent bow wave while travelling at high speed. From a vantage point in front of the vessel, the wave rising in either side of the bow evokes the image of a dog carrying a bone in its mouth, and the vessel is said to have a bone in her teeth.\n\nbonnet\nAn additional strip of canvas laced to the foot of a sail to increase its area in light winds.[27]\n\nbooby\nA type of bird that has little fear and therefore is particularly easy to catch.\n\nbooby hatch\nA raised framework or hood like covering over a small hatchway on a ship.\n\nboom\n1. A floating barrier to control navigation into and out of rivers and harbors.\n2. A spar attached to the foot of a fore-and-aft sail.[19]\n3. A spar to extend the foot of gaffsail, trysail or jib.[19]\n3. A spar to extend the yards of square-rigged masts to allow the carrying of studding sails.[19]\n\nboom defence vessel\nAn alternative term for a net laying ship.\n\nboomer\nSlang term in the US Navy for a ballistic missile submarine.\n\nboom crutch\nA frame in which the boom rests when the sail is not hoisted.\n\nboom gallows\nA raised crossmember that supports a boom when the sail is lowered (and which obviates the need for a topping lift).\n\nboomie \nAlso booms'l rig.\nA ketch-rigged barge with gaff (instead of spritsail) and boom on main and mizzen. Booms'l rig could also refer to cutter-rigged early barges.[2]\n\nboom vang \nAlso vang.\nA sail control that lets one apply downward tension on a boom, countering the upward tension provided by the sail. The boom vang adds an element of control to sail shape when the sheet is let out enough that it no longer pulls the boom down. Boom vang tension helps control leech twist, a primary component of sail power.\n\nboomkin\nSee bumpkin.\nbooms\nMasts or yards, lying on board in reserve.\n\nboot-top\nThe area on the ship's hull along the waterline, usually painted a contrasting color.\n\nbore \n(As in, bore up or bore away) To assume a position to engage, or disengage, the enemy ships.\n\nbosun\nSee boatswain.\nbosun's call\nSee boatswain's call.\nbosun's chair\nSee boatswain's chair.\nbosun's pipe\nbosun's whistle\nSee boatswain's call.\nbottlescrew\nA device for adjusting tension in stays, shrouds and similar lines.[2]\n\nbottom\n1. The underside of a vessel; the portion of a vessel that is always underwater.\n2. A ship, most often a cargo ship.\n3. A cargo hold.\n\nbottomry\nPledging a ship as security in a financial transaction.\n\nbow\n1. The front of a vessel.\n2. Either side of the front (or bow) of the vessel, i.e. the port bow and starboard bow. Something ahead and to the left of the vessel is \"off the port bow\", while something ahead and to the right of the vessel is \"off the starboard bow\". When \"bow\" is used in this way, the front of the vessel sometimes is called her bows (plural), a collective reference to her port and starboard bows synonymous with bow (singular).\n\nbow chaser\nSee chase gun.\nbowline\n1. A type of knot producing a strong loop of a fixed size, topologically similar to a sheet bend.[2]\n2. A rope attached to the side of a sail to pull it towards the bow (for keeping the windward edge of the sail steady).[2]\n3. A rope attached to the foresail to hold it aback when tacking.[2]\n4. \"Sailing on a bowline\" means sailing to weather close-hauled.\n\nbowman\nThe person, in a team or among oarsmen, positioned nearest the bow.\n\nbowpicker\nA gillnetter that fishes by deploying a gillnet from her bow.\n\nbowse\nTo pull or hoist.\n\nbow sea\nSeas approaching a vessel from between 15° and 75° to port or starboard.[22] \n\nbows on\nSaid of a vessel directly approaching an observer, e.g., \"The ship approached us bows on.\" \n\nbowsprit\nA spar projecting from the bow that is used as an anchor for the forestay and other rigging. On a barge it may be pivoted so it may be steeved up in harbor.[2]\n\nbows under\nSaid of a vessel shipping water over her bow, e.g., \"The ship was bows under during the storm.\" \n\nbow thruster\nA small propeller or water-jet at the bow, used for manoeuvring larger vessels at slow speed. May be mounted externally, or in a tunnel running through the bow from side to side.\n\nbow visor\nA feature of some ships, particularly ferries and roll-on/roll-off ships, that allows a vessel's bow to articulate up and down to provide access to her cargo ramp and storage deck near the waterline.\n\nbow wave\nThe wave created on either side of a vessel's bow as she moves through the water.\n\nboxing the compass\nTo state all 32 points of the compass, starting at north and proceeding clockwise. Sometimes applied to a wind that is constantly shifting.\n\nboy seaman\nA young sailor, still in training.\n\nbrace\nOn square rigged ships, a line attached to the end of ayard to rotate it around a vertical axis, for trimming the sail. Braces are fitted in pairs to each yard, one at each end.\n\nbrace abox\nTo bring the foreyards flat aback to stop the ship.\n\nbrail\n1. To furl a sail by pulling it in towards the mast and/or to the yard or gaff on which it is set . Where the brailing action is mostly moving towards the mast, it is termed \"brailing in\". If the sail is generally moving up to a spar, that is called \"brailing up\".[28]\n2. A line used to haul the edges or corners of a sail up or in, either preparatory to furling or as the act of furling the sail. Some brails do not have a more specific name, especially on a fore and aft sail. In other cases, clewlines, buntlines and leechlines may be considered types of brails.[29]\n\nbrail net\nA type of net incorporating brail lines on a small fishing net on a boat.\n\nbrailer\nA device consisting of a net of small-mesh webbing attached to a frame, used aboard fishing vessels for unloading large quantities of fish.\n\nbrake\nThe handle of the pump, by which it is worked.\n\nbrass monkey, brass monkey weather\nUsed in the expression \"it is cold enough to freeze the balls off a brass monkey\".\nApocryphally, it is often claimed that a brass monkey was a frame used to hold cannon balls, and low temperature would cause the frame to contract to a greater degree than the iron balls and thus allow them to roll off. See brass monkey for the probable actual etymology.\n\nbrass pounder\nEarly 20th-century slang term for a vessel's radio operator, so-called because he repeatedly struck a brass key on his transmitter to broadcast in Morse code.\n\nbreachway\n1. The shore along a channel.\n2. The whole area around the place where a channel meets the ocean.\n\nbreak bulk cargo\nAlso breakbulk cargo.\nGoods that must be loaded aboard a ship individually and not in intermodal containers or in bulk, carried by a general cargo ship.\n\nbreaker\n1. A shallow portion of a reef over which waves break.\n2. A breaking wave that breaks into foam against the shore, a shoal, a rock or a reef. Sailors use breakers to warn themselves of their vessel's proximity to an underwater hazard to navigation or, at night or during periods of poor visibility, of their vessel's proximity to shore.\n3. A ship breaker, often used in the plural, e.g. \"The old ship went to the breakers\".\n4. A small cask of liquid kept permanently in a ship's boat in case of becoming separated from the ship or if used as a lifeboat.\n\nbreakwater\n1. A structure constructed on a coast as part of a coastal defense system or to protect an anchorage from the effects of weather and longshore drift.\n2. A structure built on the forecastle of a ship intended to divert water away from the forward superstructure or gun mounts.\n\nbreeches buoy\nA ring lifebuoy fitted with canvas breeches, functionally similar to a zip line, used to transfer people from one ship to another or to rescue people from a wrecked or sinking ship by moving them to another ship or to the shore.\n\nbreastrope\nA mooring rope fastened anywhere on a ship's side that goes directly to the quay, so that it is roughly at right angles to both.[30]\n\nbridge\nA structure above the weather deck, extending the full width of the vessel, which houses a command center, itself called by association the bridge.\n\nbridge wing\nA narrow walkway extending outward from both sides of a pilothouse to the full width of a ship or slightly beyond, to allow bridge personnel a full view to aid in the maneuvering of the ship, such as when docking.\n\nbrig\n1. A vessel with two square-rigged masts.\n2. An American term foe an interior area of a ship that is used to detain prisoners (possibly prisoners-of-war, in wartime) or stowaways, and to punish delinquent crew members. Usually resembles a prison cell with bars and a locked, hinged door.\n\nbrig sloop\nA type of sloop-of-war introduced in the 1770s that had two square-rigged masts like a brig (in contrast to ship sloops of the time, which had three masts).\n\nbrigantine \nAlso hermaphrodite brig.\nA two-masted vessel, square-rigged on the foremast but fore-and-aft-rigged on the mainmast.\n\nbrightwork\nExposed varnished wood on a boat or ship.[30]\n\nbring to\nTo cause a ship to be stationary by arranging the sails.\n\nbroach\n1. When a sailing or power vessel loses directional control when travelling with a following sea. The vessel turns sideways to the wind and waves and in more serious cases may capsize or pitchpole. Advice on dealing with heavy weather includes various strategies for avoiding this happening.[13][31]\n2. An unintentional appearance above the surface of all or part of a submerged submarine, a dangerous event when the submarine is in proximity to enemy forces or near any ship which might collide with her.\n\nbroad\nWide in appearance from the vantage point of a lookout or other person viewing activity in the vicinity of a ship, e.g. another ship off the starboard bow with her side facing the viewer's ship could be described as \"broad on the starboard bow\" of the viewer's ship.\n\nBroad Fourteens\nAn area of the southern North Sea which is fairly consistently 14 fathoms (84 feet; 26 metres) deep. On a nautical chart with depths indicated in fathoms, it appears as a broad area with many \"14\" notations.\n\nbroadhorn\nAn alternate term for a flatboat.\n\nbroadside\n1. One side of a vessel above the waterline.\n2. All the guns on one side of a warship or mounted (in rotating turrets or barbettes) so as to be able to fire on the same side of a warship.\n3. The simultaneous firing of all the guns on one side of a warship or able to fire on the same side of a warship.\n4. Weight of broadside: the combined weight of all projectiles a ship can fire in a broadside engagement, or the combined weight of all the shells which a group of ships that have formed a line of battle can collectively fire on the same side.\n\nBrouwer Route\n A route used by ships in the 17th century while sailing east from the Cape of Good Hope to the Netherlands East Indies which took advantage of the strong westerly winds in the southern Indian Ocean known as the \"Roaring Forties\" to speed the trip but required ships to turn north in the eastern Indian Ocean to reach the East Indies. With no accurate means of determining longitude at the time, ships which missed the northward turn ran the risk of being wrecked on the west coast of Australia.\n\nbrow\nSee gangplank.\nbrown water\n1. A collective term for rivers and coastal waters.\n2. Maritime waters which lie over the continental shelf.\n\nbrown-water navy\n1. A navy capable of operating on rivers and/or in coastal environments.\n2. That portion of a navy designed and intended to operate on rivers and/or in coastal environments.\n3. A navy whose capabilities limit it to operating on rivers and/or in coastal environments.\n\nbucket\nAlternative name for a paddle on a paddlewheel.\n\nbuffer\nThe chief bosun's mate (in the Royal Navy), responsible for discipline.\n\nbug shoe\nA length of hardened material placed on a skeg to protect the skeg from damage by shipworms.[32]\n\nbugeye\nA type of sailboat developed in the Chesapeake Bay by the early 1880s for oyster dredging, superseded as the chief oystering boat in the bay by the skipjack at the end of the 19th century.\n\nbulbous bow\nA protruding bulb at the bow of a ship just below the waterline which modifies the way water flows around the hull, reducing drag and thus increasing speed, range, fuel efficiency and stability.\n\nbulk cargo\nCommodity cargo that is transported unpackaged in large quantities.\n\nbulk carrier \nAlso bulk freighter or bulker.\nA merchant ship specially designed to transport unpackaged bulk cargo in its cargo holds.\n\nbulkhead\nAn upright wall within the hull of a ship, particularly a watertight, load-bearing wall.\n\nbull ensign\nAlso boot ensign or George ensign.\nThe senior ensign of a US Navy command (i.e., a ship, squadron or shore activity).\n\nbullseye\nA glass window above the captain's cabin to allow viewing of the sails above deck.\n\nbulward\nbulwark\n\nBulwark (or bulward)\nThe extension of a ship's side above the level of the weather deck.\n\nbumboat\nA private boat selling goods.\n\nbumpkin\nAlso boomkin\n1. A spar, similar to a bowsprit, but which projects from the stern rather than the bow. May be used to attach the backstay or mizzen sheets [19]\n\n\n2. An iron bar projecting outboard from a ship's side to which the lower and topsail brace blocks are sometimes hooked.\n\nbunk\nA built-in bed on board ship.\n\nbunker\nA container for storing coal or fuel oil for a ship's engine.\n\nbunker fuel\nAlso bunkers\nFuel oil for a ship.\n\nbunt\n1. Middle cloths of a square sail. [33]\n2. Centre of a furled square sail. [33]\n\nbunt-gasket\n Canvas apron used to fasten the bunt of a square sail to the yard when furled. [33]\n\nbunting tosser\nA signalman who prepares and flies flag hoists. Also known in the United States Navy as a skivvy waver.\n\nbuntline\nOne of the lines leading from the foot of a square sail over a block at the head and down to the deck; and used to haul it up to the yard when furling.[33]\n\nbuoy\nA floating object, usually anchored at a given position and fulfilling one of a number of uses, recognised by a defined shape and color for each, including aids to navigation, warnings of danger such as submerged wrecks or divers, or for attaching mooring lines, lobster pots, etc.\n\nbuoyed up\nLifted by a buoy, especially a cable that has been lifted to prevent it from trailing on the bottom.\n\nburthen\nThe Builder's Old Measurement, expressed in \"tons bm\" or \"tons BOM\", a volumetric measurement of cubic cargo capacity, not of weight. This is the tonnage of a ship, based on the number of tuns of wine that it could carry in its holds. One 252-gallon tun of wine takes up approximately 100 cubic feet, and weighs 2,240 lbs (1 long ton, or Imperial ton).\n\nburgee\nA small flag, typically triangular, flown from the masthead of a yacht to indicate yacht-club membership.\n\nburgoo\nA dish of ships biscuit crumbs and minced salt pork, usually a meal of last resort for officers when other food stores are exhausted.\n\nbutt\nWhere the butt of one plank joins with the butt of another.\n\nby and large\nBy means into the wind, while large means with the wind. \"By and large\" is therefore used to indicate all possible situations, e.g. \"the ship handles well both by and large\".[citation needed]\n\nby the board\nAnything that has gone overboard.","title":"B"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_(ship)"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck"},{"link_name":"cabin boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabin_boy"},{"link_name":"cabin 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ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_ship"},{"link_name":"bulkhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkhead_(partition)"},{"link_name":"ship's carpenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_carpenter"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"mutinous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutiny"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"carrack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrack"},{"link_name":"aircraft 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management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crew_management"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"spanker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spanker"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill194612-53"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"crosstrees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crosstrees"},{"link_name":"topmasts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topmast"},{"link_name":"topgallant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topgallant"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"crow's nest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow%27s_nest"},{"link_name":"masthead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#masthead"},{"link_name":"cruise ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruise_ship"},{"link_name":"cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruiser"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"Age of Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"aircraft carriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"voyages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#voyages"},{"link_name":"cuddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuddy_(cabin)"},{"link_name":"cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cabin"},{"link_name":"poop deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#poop_deck"},{"link_name":"Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunningham_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"Briggs Cunningham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Briggs_Cunningham"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BCuk-54"},{"link_name":"cunt splice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_splicing#Types_of_splices"},{"link_name":"chafing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chafing"},{"link_name":"make ready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#make_ready"},{"link_name":"jibs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Jeans-56"},{"link_name":"cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutter_(boat)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cutter_rigging.svg"},{"link_name":"cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cutter"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"mainsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainsail"},{"link_name":"foresail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foresail"},{"link_name":"forestaysail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#staysail"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bowsprit"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"flying jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flying_jib"},{"link_name":"fore and aft rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rigging"},{"link_name":"headsails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#headsail"},{"link_name":"ship's boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship's_boat"},{"link_name":"pilots'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_pilot"},{"link_name":"US Coast Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Coast_Guard"},{"link_name":"UK Border Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK_Border_Agency"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#warship"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rig"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"cutting out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutting_out"},{"link_name":"Napoleonic Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars"},{"link_name":"Mexican-American War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican-American_War"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stem"}],"text":"cabin\nAn enclosed structure with at least one room on a deck or flat, especially one used as living quarters.\n\ncabin boy\nAn attendant to passengers and crew, often a young man.\n\ncabin cruiser\nA type of powered pleasure craft that provides accommodation for its crew and passengers inside the structure of the craft. A cabin cruiser usually is 7.6 to 13.7 metres (25 to 45 ft) in length, with a powered pleasure craft larger than that considered a motor yacht.\n\ncable\n1. An especially large or thick rope.\n2. A cable length.\n\ncable length\nSometimes simply called a cable.\nA measure of length or distance equivalent to 1⁄10 nautical mile (608 feet; 185 metres) in the United Kingdom and 100 fathoms (600 feet; 183 metres) in the United States; other countries use different equivalents.\n\ncaboose\nA small ship's kitchen or galley on deck.\n\ncabotage\nThe transport of goods or passengers between two points in the same country along coastal routes by a vessel registered in another country. Originally applied only to shipping, the term now also is applied to analogous transport via aviation, railways, or road transport.\n\ncage mast\nSee lattice mast.\n\ncamels\n1. Loaded vessels lashed tightly, one on each side of another vessel, and then emptied to provide additional buoyancy that reduces the draft of the ship in the middle.\n2. Floating platforms brought alongside for use by yard workers or crew.\n\ncan\nA type of navigational buoy, often a vertical drum, but otherwise always square in silhouette, colored red in IALA region A (Europe, Africa, Greenland, and most of Asia and Oceania) or green in IALA region B (the Americas, Japan, Korea, and the Philippines). In channel marking its use is opposite that of a nun buoy.\n\ncanal boat\nA specialized watercraft designed for operation on a canal. During the Age of Sail, canal boats typically lacked sails and masts and relied on towboats and mules to move from place to place.[34]\n\ncanal schooner\nAlso sailing canal boat or sailing canal schooner.\nA specialized type of canal boat developed in North America in the early 19th century and used on the Great Lakes and in Lake Champlain. Unlike conventional canal boats of the era, which lacked a means of propulsion, canal schooners had a schooner rig which allowed them to sail from place to place, but could lower their masts and raise their centreboards, allowing mules to tow them through canals. The design allowed their operators to save money by reducing their reliance on towing and paying fewer towing charges.[34]\n\ncanaller\nA ship designed to transit the locks of the Welland Canal.\n\ncanister shot\nAlso langrage or simply canister.\nA type of antipersonnel cannon load in which lead balls or other loose metallic items were enclosed in a tin or iron shell. On firing, the shell would disintegrate, releasing the smaller metal objects with a shotgun-like effect.\n\ncanoe stern\nA design for the stern of a yacht such that it is pointed like a bow, rather than squared off as a transom.\n\ncanvas\nA collective term for all of the sails on a vessel; the total area of all sails aboard her may be expressed as the area of her canvas. Care needs to be taken in understanding what may appear to be an area of canvas for a sail; a stated number may be the length of canvas that is needed off the roll, and it was made several different standard widths.\n\ncap\nA fitting or band used to connect the head of one mast to the lower portion of the mast above.[33]\n\nCape Horn fever\nA feigned illness from which a malingerer is pretending to suffer.\n\nCape Horn roller\nAlso graybeard.\nA type of large ocean wave commonly encountered in the stormy seas of the Southern Ocean south of South America's Cape Horn, often exceeding 60 feet (18.3 m) in height. The geography of the Southern Ocean, uninterrupted by continents, creates an endless fetch that is favorable for the propagation of such waves.\n\ncap-stay\nA backstay leading from a mast cap to the ship's side.[33]\n\ncapital ship\nOne of a set of ships considered a navy's most important warships, generally possessing the heaviest firepower and armor and traditionally much larger than other naval vessels, but not formally defined. During the Age of Sail, capital ships were generally understood to be ships of the line; during the second half of the 19th century and the 20th century, they were typically battleships and battlecruisers; and since the mid-20th century, the term may also include aircraft carriers and ballistic missile submarines.\n\ncapsize\n(of a vessel) To list so severely that the vessel rolls over, exposing the keel. On large vessels, this often results in the sinking of the ship. Compare turtling.\n\ncapstan\nA large winch with a vertical axis used to wind in anchors or to hoist other heavy objects, and sometimes to administer flogging over. A full-sized human-powered capstan is a waist-high cylindrical machine, operated by a number of hands who each insert a horizontal capstan bar in holes in the capstan and walk in a circle.\n\ncaptain\n1. The person lawfully in command of a vessel. \"Captain\" is an informal title of respect given to the commander of a naval vessel regardless of his or her formal rank; aboard a merchant ship, the ship's captain is called her master.\n2. A naval officer with a rank between commander and commodore.\n3. In the US Navy, US Coast Guard, US Public Health Service, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, a commissioned officer of a grade superior to a commander and junior to a rear admiral (lower half), equal in grade or rank to a US Army, US Marine Corps, or US Air Force, or US Space Force colonel.\n\nCaptain of the Port\n1. In the United Kingdom, a Royal Navy officer, usually a captain, responsible for the day-to-day operation of a naval dockyard.\n2. In the United States, a US Coast Guard officer, usually a captain, responsible for enforcement of safety, security, and marine environmental protection regulations in a commercial port.\n\ncaptain's daughter\nAnother name for the cat o' nine tails, which in principle is only used on board on the captain's (or a court martial's) personal orders.\n\ncar carrier\nA cargo ship specially designed or fitted to carry large numbers of automobiles. Modern pure car carriers have a fully enclosed, box-like superstructure that extends along the entire length and across the entire breadth of the ship, enclosing the automobiles. The similar pure car/truck carrier can also accommodate trucks.\n\ncar float\nAlso railroad car float or rail barge.\nAn unpowered barge with railroad tracks mounted on its deck, used to move railroad cars across water obstacles.\n\ncaravel \nAlso caravelle.\nA small, highly maneuverable sailing ship with a lateen rig, used by the Portuguese in the 15th and 16th centuries to explore along the West African coast and into the Atlantic Ocean.\n\ncardinal\nReferring to the four main points of the compass: north, south, east, and west. See also bearing.\n\ncareening\nAlso heaving down.\nTilting a ship on its side, usually when beached, to clean or repair the hull below the waterline.\n\ncargo liner\nAlso passenger-cargo ship or passenger-cargoman.\nA type of merchant ship that became common just after the middle of the 19th century, configured primarily for the transportation of general cargo but also for the transportation of at least some passengers. Almost completely replaced by more specialized cargo ships during the second half of the 20th century.\n\ncargo ship\nAny ship or vessel that carries cargo, goods, and materials from one port to another, including general cargo ships (designed to carry break bulk cargo), bulk carriers, container ships, multipurpose vessels, and tankers. Tankers, however, although technically cargo ships, are routinely thought of as constituting a completely separate category.\n\ncargoman\nA cargo ship.\n\ncarpenter\n1. In the Age of Sail, a warrant officer responsible for the hull, masts, spars, and boats of a vessel, and also for sounding the well to see if the vessel was making water.\n2. A senior rating responsible for all of the woodwork aboard a vessel.\n\ncarpenter's walk\nOn a tall ship, a is a narrow unlit passageway or bulkhead often with a low (four-foot) ceiling that is fitted around the hull at its waterline. The carpenter's walk allowed the ship's carpenter to tour the entire waterline area of a ship to inspect it for water leaks.[35][36] Because of its dark and seldom-visited nature and location far below decks, it was also sometimes used by mutinous sailors as a secluded place to plan a rebellion against the ship's officers.[37]\n\ncarrack\nAlso nau.\nA three- or four-masted oceangoing sailing ship used by Western Europeans in the Atlantic Ocean from the 15th through the early 17th centuries.\n\ncarrier\nAn aircraft carrier.\n\ncarronade\nA short, smoothbore, cast-iron naval cannon, used from the 1770s to the 1850s as a powerful, short-range, anti-ship and anti-crew weapon.\n\ncarry away\nTo suddenly break a spar, rope or other part of a ship's equipment. May be caused, for example, by overloading, stress of weather, collision or battle damage.[3][30][38]\n\ncarry on\nResume work or assigned duties.[39]\n\ncartel\nA ship employed on humanitarian voyages, in particular to carry communications or prisoners between belligerents during wartime. A cartel flies distinctive flags, including a flag of truce, traditionally is unarmed except for a lone signaling gun, and under international law is not subject to seizure or capture during her outbound and return voyages as long as she engages in no warlike acts.\n\ncarvel-built\n\nA comparison of the clinker and carvel styles of boat construction\nA method of constructing a wooden hull in which planks are butted edge-to-edge on a robust frame, so giving a smooth hull surface; traditionally the planks are not attached to each other, only to the frame, and have only a caulking sealant between them to make them watertight.[27] Contrast clinker-built.\n\ncasing\nA light metal structure, usually incorporating a deck, built over the upper surface of a submarine's pressure hull to create a flat surface on which crew members can walk. A feature of submarines built prior to the mid-20th century, but not of more modern submarines.\n\ncat\n1. To prepare an anchor after raising it by lifting it with a tackle to the cathead, prior to securing (fishing) it alongside for sea. An anchor raised to the cathead is said to be catted.\n2. The cat o' nine tails.\n3. A cat-rigged boat or catboat.\n\ncat o' nine tails\nAlso the cat.\nA short, multi-tailed whip or flail kept by the bosun's mate to flog sailors (and soldiers in the army) who had committed infractions while at sea. When not in use, the cat was often kept in a baize bag, a possible origin for the term \"cat out of the bag\".[40] \"Not enough room to swing a cat\" also derives from this.\n\ncatamaran\nAny vessel with two hulls. Compare trimaran.\n\ncatboat\nA cat-rigged vessel with a single mast mounted close to the bow and only one sail, usually on a gaff.\n\ncatenary \nAlso catenary curve.\nThe curve of a deployed anchor chain.[41]\n\ncatharpin\nA short rope or iron clamp used to brace in the shrouds toward the masts so as to give a freer sweep to the yards.\n\ncathead\nA beam extending out from the hull used to support an anchor when raised in order to secure or \"fish\" it.\n\ncat's paws\nLight, variable winds on calm waters producing scattered areas of small waves.\n\ncaulk\nTo create a watertight seal between structures. In traditional carvel construction, this involved hammering oakum (recycled rope fibres) or caulking cotton into the slightly tapered fine gaps between the hull or deck planks and, in older methods, covering with tar. The expansion of the fibres in water tightens up the hull, making it less prone to racking movement, as well as making the joint watertight.[26]\n\ncelestial navigation\nNavigation by the position of celestial objects, including the stars, Sun, and Moon, using tools aboard ship such as a sextant, chronometer, and compass, as well as published tables of the expected positions of celestial objects on specific dates. Celestial navigation was the primary method of navigation until the development of electronic global positioning systems such as LORAN and GPS.\n\nceiling\nPlanking attached to the inside of the frames or floors of a wooden hull. It serves to separate the cargo from the hull planking itself, but also has a structural role, contributing to the strength of the hull.. The ceiling has different names in different places; e.g. limber boards, spirketting, quickwork, etc. The lower part of the ceiling is, confusingly to a landsman, what you are standing on at the bottom of the hold of a wooden ship.[27][42]: glossary \n\ncenter of effort American English \ncentre of effort British English \nAlso center of pressure (American spelling) or centre of pressure (British spelling).\nThe point of origin of net aerodynamic force upon a sail, roughly located in the geometric center of the sail, though the actual position of the center of effort will vary with sail plan, sail trim, or airfoil profile, boat trim, and point of sail.\n\ncenter of lateral resistance American English\ncentre of lateral resistance British English\nThe point of origin of net hydrodynamic resistance on the submerged structure of a boat, especially a sailboat. This is the pivot point the boat turns about when unbalanced external forces are applied, similar to the center of gravity. On a perfectly balanced sailboat, the center of effort will align vertically with the center of lateral resistance. If this is not the case, the boat will be unbalanced and will exhibit either lee helm or weather helm and will be difficult to control.\n\ncenterboard American English \ncentreboard British English \n\nDiagram of the position of a centerboard on a boat\nAlso centerplate (American spelling), centreplate (British spelling).\nA wooden board or metal plate which can be pivoted through a fore-and-aft slot along the centerline in the hull of a sailing vessel, functioning as a retractable keel to help the boat resist leeway by moving its center of lateral resistance. Very common in dinghies, but also found in some larger boats. A daggerboard serves the same purpose but slides vertically rather than pivoting.\n\ncenterline American English\ncentreline British English\nAn imaginary line down the center of a vessel lengthwise. Any structure or anything mounted or carried on a vessel that straddles this line and is equidistant from either side of the vessel is said to be \"on the centerline\".\n\nchafing\nWear on a line or sail caused by constant rubbing against another surface.\n\nchafing gear\nMaterial applied to a line or spar to prevent or reduce chafing. See baggywrinkle and puddening.[33]\n\nchain locker\nA space in the forward part of a ship, typically beneath the bow in front of the foremost collision bulkhead, that contains the anchor chain when the anchor is secured for sea.\n\nchain-shot\nCannonballs linked with short lengths of chain, designed to be especially damaging to rigging and masts.\n\nchain plates\nIron bars bolted to a ship's side to which the deadeyes or rigging screws of the lower figging and the back-stays are bolted.[33]\n\nchain-wale\nAlso channel.\nA broad, thick plank that projects horizontally from each of a ship's sides abreast a mast (distinguished as the fore, main, or mizzen channel accordingly), serving to extend the base for the shrouds, which support the mast.[33]\n\nchains\nSmall platforms built into the sides of a ship to spread the shrouds to a more advantageous angle. Also used as a platform for manual depth sounding.\n\nchalupa\n1. A small boat that functions as a shallop, water taxi, or gondola.\n2. In Portuguese, a small boat used for cabotage, propelled by either oars or sails. Those equipped with sails have a single mast.\n3. A type of whaling boat used by the Basques in the mid-16th century in what is now Newfoundland and Labrador.\n\nchange tack\nAlso switch tack.\nTo change course or heading.\n\nchannel fever\n1. The impatient excitement in a ship's crew as the end of a voyage becomes imminent. Characteristics include crew members working harder to get the ship sailing faster, off-watch personnel being on deck to keep track of progress, and everyone being packed and in their shore-going clothes (ready to be paid off) the moment the vessel arrives in port.[43]\n2. (obsolete usage) A crew member avoiding duties with a feigned illness, usually after leaving port.\n\nCharlie/Charley Noble \nThe metal stovepipe chimney from a cook shack on the deck of a ship or from a stove in a galley.\n\ncharrua\nA large sailing ship used as a troopship\n\nchartered ship \nAlso charter ship.\nA term used by the British East India Company from the 17th to the 19th centuries for a merchant ship it chartered to make a single, often one-way, voyage between England (later the United Kingdom) and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope, a trade over which the company held a strict monopoly. A charter ship during its single voyage was employed in much the same way as what the company called an extra ship, though the company usually hired charter ships on special terms and for much shorter periods.[44]\n\ncharthouse\nA compartment from which the ship was navigated, especially in the Royal Navy.\n\nchartplotter\nAn electronic instrument that places the position of the ship (from a GPS receiver) onto a digital nautical chart displayed on a monitor, thereby replacing all manual navigation functions. Chartplotters also display information collected from all shipboard electronic instruments and often directly control autopilots.\n\nchase gun\nAlso chase piece or chaser.\nA cannon pointing forward or aft, often of longer range than other guns. Those on the bow (bow chasers) were used to fire upon a ship ahead, while those on the rear (stern chasers) were used to ward off pursuing vessels. Unlike guns pointing to the side, chasers could be brought to bear in a chase without slowing down the vessel.\n\nchasse-marée\nA decked commercial sailing vessel engaged in the transportation of fresh fish directly from fishing grounds to ports in Brittany between the 18th century and around the third quarter of the 19th century. Three-masted luggers replaced the vessels originally serving in this role; the luggers then were replaced successively by dundees, brigs, and schooners.\n\ncheeks\n1. Wooden blocks at the side of a spar.\n2. Flat plates of iron or wood bolted to the masthead to form angle supports for the cross-trees.[33]\n3. The sides of a block or gun-carriage.\n\nchief engineer\nThe senior engineering officer (abbreviated ChEng).\n\nchine\n1. An angle in the hull.\n2. A line formed where the sides of a boat meet the bottom.[2] Soft chine is when the two sides join at a shallow angle, and hard chine is when they join at a steep angle.\n\nchock\nA hole or ring attached to the hull to guide a line via that point; an opening in a ship's bulwark, normally oval in shape, designed to allow mooring lines to be fastened to cleats or bits mounted to the ship's deck. See also Panama chock and Dutchman's chock.\n\nchock-a-block\nRigging blocks that are so tight against one another that they cannot be further tightened.[2]\n\nchop\nWaves, usually created by the wind, which are smaller and shorter-lived than swell.\n\nchronometer\nA timekeeping device accurate enough to be used aboard a ship to determine longitude by means of celestial navigation. The invention of the marine chronometer in the 18th century was a major technical achievement for maritime navigation.\n\ncigarette boat\nSee go-fast boat.\n\ncitadel\nA fortified safe room on a vessel to take shelter in the event of pirate attack. Previously, a fortified room to protect ammunition and machinery from damage.\n\ncivil Red Ensign\nThe British Naval Ensign or flag of the British Merchant Navy, a red flag with the Union Flag in the upper left corner. Colloquially called the \"red duster\".\n\nclass\n1. Strictly, a group of government ships, especially naval ships, of the same or similar design.\n2. Informally, a group of private or commercial ships of the same or similar design.\n3. A standard of construction for merchant vessels, including standards for specific types or specialized capabilities of some types of merchant vessels (see, for example, ice class). A ship meeting the standard is in class, while one not meeting it is out of class.\n\nclass leader\nSynonym for lead ship.\n\nclassification society \nAlso classification organisation (American spelling) or classification organization (British spelling)\nSee ship classification society.\n\nclean bill of health\nA certificate issued by a port indicating that a ship carries no infectious diseases. Also called a pratique.\n\nclean slate\nAt the helm, the watchkeeper would record details of speed, distances, headings, etc. on a slate. At the beginning of a new watch the slate would be wiped clean.\n\nclear\n1. To perform customs and immigration legalities prior to leaving port.\n2. More loosely, to leave port.\n\ncleat\nA stationary device used to secure a rope aboard a vessel.[2]\n\nclench\nA method of fixing together two pieces of wood, usually overlapping planks, by driving a nail through both planks as well as a washer-like rove. The nail is then burred or riveted over to complete the fastening.\n\nclew\nOne of the lower corners of a square sail, or, on a triangular sail, the corner at the end of the boom.[2]\n\nclewlines\nclew-lines\nLines used to truss up the clews, the lower corners of square sails. Used to reduce and stow a barge's topsail.[2]\n\nclinker-built\n\nA comparison of the clinker and carvel styles of boat construction\nA method of constructing hulls that involves overlapping planks and/or plates, much like Viking longships, resulting in speed and flexibility in small boat hulls. Contrast carvel-built.\n\nclipper\n1. A sailing vessel designed primarily for speed. While the square-rigged clipper ships of the middle of the 19th century are well known, others, such as Baltimore Clippers and opium clippers could be rigged differently, often as schooners, and a small number of 19th-century clippers were built as barques.\n2. A tuna clipper.\n\nclose aboard\nVery near (the ship).\n\nclose-hauled\n(of a vessel) Beating as close to the wind direction as possible.\n\nclove hitch\nA bend used to attach a rope to a post or bollard. Also used to finish tying off the foresail.[2]\n\nclub hauling\nA maneuver by which a ship drops one of its anchors at high speed in order to turn abruptly. This was sometimes used as a means of obtaining a good firing angle on a pursuing vessel. See kedge.\n\nCO\nC.O.\nAn abbreviation for commanding officer.\n\ncoal hulk\nA hulk used to store coal.\n\ncoal trimmer \nAlso simply trimmer.\nA person responsible for ensuring that a coal-fired vessel remains in \"trim\" (evenly balanced) as coal is consumed on a voyage.\n\ncoaling\nLoading coal for use as fuel aboard a steamship. A time-consuming, laborious, and dirty process often undertaken by the entire crew, coaling was a necessity from the early days of steam in the 19th century until the early 20th century, when oil supplanted coal as the fuel of choice for steamships.\n\ncoaming\nThe raised edge of a hatch, cockpit, or skylight, designed to help keep out water that pools on the surface above.\n\ncoaster\nAlso skoot.\nA coastal trading vessel; a shallow-hulled ship used for trade between locations on the same island or continent.\n\ncoble\nA type of open traditional fishing boat with a flat bottom and high bow which developed on the northeast coast of England.\n\ncockbill\nTo angle a square-rigged yard away from the horizontal so that it is out of the way for loading or unloading, or so that the ship may lie alongside another ship without the yards touching.\n\ncockpit\nA seating area (not to be confused with the deck) towards the stern of a small-decked vessel that houses the rudder controls.\n\ncofferdam\nAn insulating space between two watertight bulkheads or decks within a ship.\n\ncog\nA type of sailing ship, with a single mast and a single square-rigged sail first developed in the 10th century and widely used, particularly in the Baltic Sea region, in seagoing trade from the 12th through the 14th centuries. It had a distinctive hull design: the flat bottom was carvel-built and the sides were clinker-built.[45]: 225–227 \n\ncoign\nA wedge used to assist in the aiming of a cannon; an older form of \"quoin\".\n\ncollier\nA bulk cargo ship designed to carry coal, especially such a ship in naval use to supply coal to coal-fired warships.\n\ncombat loading\nA way of loading a vessel that gives military forces embarked aboard her immediate access to weapons, ammunition, and supplies needed when conducting an amphibious landing. In combat loading, cargo is stowed in such a way that unloading of equipment will match up with the personnel that are landing and in the order they land, so that they have immediate access to the gear they need for combat as soon as they land. Combat loading gives primary consideration to the ease and sequence with which troops, equipment, and supplies can be made ready for combat, sacrificing the more efficient use of cargo space that ship operators seek when loading a ship for the routine transportation of personnel and cargo.\n\ncomber\nA long, curving wave breaking on the shore.\n\ncome about\n1. To tack.\n2. To change tack.\n3. To manoeuvre the bow of a sailing vessel across the wind so that the wind changes from one side of the vessel to the other.\n4. To position a vessel with respect to the wind after tacking.\n\ncome to\nTo stop a sailing vessel, especially by turning into the wind.\n\ncommanding officer\nThe officer in command of a warship. Also called \"CO\", \"captain\" (regardless of rank), \"skipper\", or \"the old man\".\n\ncommission\nTo formally place (a naval vessel) into active service, after which the vessel is said to be in commission. Sometimes used less formally to mean placing a commercial ship into service.\n\ncommissioning pennant\nA pennant flown from the masthead of a warship. Also called a masthead pennant.\n\ncommodore\n1. (rank) Prior to 1997, the title used in the Royal Navy for an officer of the rank of captain who was given temporary command of a squadron. At the end of the deployment of the squadron, or in the presence of an admiral, he would revert to his de facto rank of captain.\n2. (rank) A military rank used in many navies that is superior to a navy captain but below a rear admiral. Often equivalent to the rank of \"flotilla admiral\" or sometimes \"counter admiral\" in non-English-speaking navies.\n3. (convoy commodore) A civilian put in charge of the good order of the merchant ships in British convoys during World War II, but with no authority over naval ships escorting the convoy.\n4. (commodore (yacht club)) An officer of a yacht club.\n5. (Commodore (Sea Scouts)) A position in the Boy Scouts of America's Sea Scouts program.\n\ncommunication tube \nAlso speaking tube or voice tube.\nAn air-filled tube, usually armored, allowing speech between the conning tower and the below-decks control spaces on a warship.\n\ncompanionway\nA raised and windowed hatchway in a ship's deck, with a ladder leading below and the hooded entrance-hatch to the main cabins.\n\ncomplement\n1. The number of persons in a ship's crew, including officers.\n2. A collective term for all of the persons in a ship's crew, including officers.\n\ncomprise\nTo include or contain. As applied to a naval task force, the listing of all assigned units for a single transient purpose or mission (e.g. \"The task force comprises Ship A, Ship B, and Ship C\"). \"Comprise\" means exhaustive inclusion – there are not any other parts to the task force, and each ship has a permanent squadron existence, independent of the task force.\n\nconcrete ship\nA vessel constructed of steel and ferrocement (a type of reinforced concrete) rather than of more traditional materials, such as steel, iron, or wood.[46]\n\nconfined waters\nWaters where there is little space to maneuver.\n\nconn\nAlso con, conne, conde, cunde, or cun.\nTo direct a ship or submarine from a position of command. While performing this duty, an officer is said to have the conn.\n\nconning officer\nAn officer on a naval vessel responsible for instructing the helmsman on the course to steer. While performing this duty, the officer is said to have the conn.\n\nconning tower\n1. An armored control tower of an iron or steel warship built between the mid-19th and mid-20th centuries from which the ship was navigated in battle.\n2. A tower-like structure on the dorsal (topside) surface of a submarine, serving in submarines built before the mid-20th century as a connecting structure between the bridge and pressure hull and housing instruments and controls from which the periscopes were used to direct the submarine and launch torpedo attacks. Since the mid-20th century, it has been replaced by the sail (United States usage) or fin (European and Commonwealth usage), a structure similar in appearance that no longer plays a role in directing the submarine.\n\nconsort\nUnpowered Great Lakes vessels, usually a fully loaded schooner, barge, or steamer barge, towed by a larger steamer that would often tow more than one barge. The consort system was used in the Great Lakes from the 1860s to around 1920.\n\nconstant bearing, decreasing range (CBDR)\nWhen two boats are approaching each other from any angle and this angle remains the same over time (constant bearing) they are on a collision course. Because of the implication of collision, \"constant bearing, decreasing range\" has come to mean a problem or an obstacle which is incoming.[47]\n\ncontainer ship\nA cargo ship that carries all of her cargo in truck-size intermodal containers.\n\nconvoy\nA group of ships traveling together for mutual support and protection.\n\ncorinthian\nAn amateur yachter.[48][49]\n\ncorrector\nA device used to correct the ship's compass, e.g. by counteracting errors due to the magnetic effects of a steel hull.\n\ncorsair\n1. A French privateer, especially one from the port of St-Malo.\n2. Any privateer or pirate.\n3. A ship used by privateers or pirates, especially of French nationality.\n4. (corsair (dinghy)) A class of 16-foot (4.9-metre) three-handed sailing dinghy.\n\ncorvette\nAlso corvetto.\n1. A flush-decked sailing warship of the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries having a single tier of guns, ranked next below a frigate. In the US Navy, it is referred to as a sloop-of-war.\n2. A lightly armed and armored warship of the 20th and 21st centuries, smaller than a frigate and capable of transoceanic duty.\n\ncotchel\nA partial load.[50]\n\ncottonclad\nA steam-powered wooden warship protected from enemy fire by bales of cotton lining its sides, most commonly associated with some of the warships employed by the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War (1861–1865).\n\ncounter\nThe part of the stern above the waterline that extends beyond the rudder stock culminating in a small transom. A long counter increases the waterline length when the boat is heeled, so increasing hull speed. See also truncated counter.\n\ncounterflood\nTo deliberately flood compartments on the opposite side from already flooded ones. Usually done to reduce a list.\n\ncountry ship\nA term used by the British East India Company from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century for a merchant ship owned by local owners east of the Cape of Good Hope which traded within that area and gathered cargoes for shipment west of the Cape to England (later the United Kingdom) by the company's \"chartered ships\", \"extra ships\", and \"regular ships\". \"Country ships\" were strictly prohibited from trading west of the Cape, which would violate the company's strict monopoly on that trade.[44] Country ships were also important in the opium trade from India into China until supplanted by the faster opium clipper.[51]: 51 \n\ncourse\n1. The direction in which a vessel is being steered, usually given in degrees.\n2. The lowest square sail on a square rigged mast, except where that mast is the mizzen – in which case the name cro'jack (cross-jack) or mizzen-sail is used.[52]\n\ncowl\n1. A ship's ventilator with a bell-shaped top that can be swiveled to catch the wind and force it below.\n2. A vertical projection of a ship's funnel that directs the smoke away from the bridge.\n\ncoxswain \nAlso cockswain.\nThe helmsman or crew member in command of a boat.\n\nCPO country\nThe part of a naval vessel containing the residential quarters and wardroom for chief petty officers. CPO country is off-limits to more junior enlisted personnel unless they are there on official business.\n\ncrab\nA winch used for raising the leeboard, with a barrel for pulling in the staysail sheets.[2]\n\ncrabber\nA fishing vessel rigged for crab fishing.\n\ncrane ship\ncrane vessel\nA ship with a crane and specialized for lifting heavy loads.\n\ncranse iron \nAlso crance, crans, or cranze iron.\nThe metal fitting mounted at the end of a bowsprit to which the forestay (or jibstay), bobstay, and bowsprit shrouds are attached. It is also where the tack of the outermost headsail is fastened.[13]\n\ncrash boat\ncrash rescue boat\nA term used in the United States to describe military high-speed offshore rescue boats, similar in size and performance to motor torpedo boats, used to rescue pilots and aircrews of crashed aircraft.\n\nCrazy Ivan\nUS Navy slang for a maneuver in which a submerged Soviet or Russian submarine suddenly turns 180 degrees or through 360 degrees to detect submarines following it.\n\ncrew\n1. On warships and merchant ships, all of those members of a ship's company who are not officers.\n2. On leisure vessels with no formal chain of command, all of those persons who are not the skipper or passengers.\n\ncrew boat\nA vessel specialized for the transportation of offshore support personnel and cargo to and from offshore installations such as oil platforms, drilling rigs, drill ships, dive ships, and wind farms. Also known as a fast support vessel or fast supply vessel.\n\ncrew management\nThe services rendered by specialised shipping companies to manage the human resources and manning of all types of vessels, including recruitment, deployment to vessel, scheduling, and training, as well as the ongoing management and administrative duties of seafarers, such as payroll, travel arrangements, insurance and health schemes, overall career development, and day-to-day welfare. Also known as crewing.\n\ncringle\nA loop of rope, usually at the corners of a sail, for fixing the sail to a spar. They are often reinforced with a metal eye.[2]\n\ncro'jack \nAlso crossjack.\nThe square sail set on the lower mizzen yard of a square-rigged ship. Many full-rigged ships would not set a sail in this position, as it would be interfered with by the spanker[53]\n\ncross the line\nCross the equator.\n\ncrosstrees\nTwo horizontal struts at the upper ends of the topmasts of sailboats, used to anchor the shrouds from the topgallant mast. Lateral spreaders for the topmast shrouds (standing back stays).[2]\n\ncrow's nest\nA masthead constructed with sides and sometimes a roof to shelter the lookouts from the weather, generally by whaling vessels. The term has also become generic for what is properly called a masthead.\n\ncruise ship\nA passenger ship used for pleasure voyages, where the voyage itself and the ship's amenities are part of the experience, as well as the different destinations along the way. Transportation is not the prime purpose, as cruise ships operate mostly on routes that return passengers to their originating port. A cruise ship contrasts with a passenger liner, which is a passenger ship that provides a scheduled service between published ports primarily as a mode of transportation. Large, prestigious passenger ships used for either purpose are sometimes called ocean liners.\n\ncruiser\n1. From the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century, a classification for a wide variety of gun- and sometimes torpedo-armed warships, usually but not always armored, intended for independent scouting, raiding, or commerce protection; some were designed also to provide direct support to a battle fleet. Cruisers carried out functions performed previously by the cruising ships (sailing frigates and sloops-of-war) of the Age of Sail.\n2. From the early to the mid-20th century, a type of armored warship with varying armament and of various sizes, but always smaller than a battleship and larger than a destroyer, capable of both direct support of a battle fleet and of independent operations, armed with guns and sometimes torpedoes.\n3. After the mid-20th century, various types of warships of intermediate size armed with guided missiles and sometimes guns, intended for air defense of aircraft carriers and associated task forces or for anti-ship missile attacks against such forces; virtually indistinguishable from large destroyers since the late 20th century.\n4. A yacht with one or more cabins containing the facilities for living aboard, thus capable of making voyages.\n\ncrutches\nMetal Y-shaped pins used to fix oars while rowing.\n\ncuddy\nA small cabin in a boat; a cabin, for the use of the captain, in the after part of a sailing ship under the poop deck.\n\nCunningham\nA line invented by Briggs Cunningham, used to control the shape of a sail.[54]\n\ncunt splice \nAlso cut splice.\nA join between two lines, similar to an eye-splice, where each rope end is joined to the other a short distance along, making an opening that closes under tension.\n\ncuntline\nThe \"valley\" between the strands of a rope or cable. Before serving a section of laid rope, e.g. to protect it from chafing, it may be \"wormed\" by laying yarns in the cuntlines, giving that section an even cylindrical shape.\n\ncut and run\nWhen wanting to make a quick escape, a ship might cut lashings to sails or cables for anchors, causing damage to the rigging, or losing an anchor, but shortening the time needed to make ready by bypassing the proper procedures.\n\ncut of his jib\nThe \"cut\" of a sail refers to its shape. Since this would often vary between ships, it could be used both to identify a familiar vessel at a distance, and to judge the possible sailing qualities of an unknown one. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the ships of different nations used visually distinctive types of jibs that could be determined at a distance, providing an easy way to determine friend from foe.[55] Also used figuratively of people.[56]\n\ncutter\n\nA typical cutter rigging: one mast bearing a fore-and-aft-rigged mainsail (A) and foresail (forestaysail) (B), a bowsprit (C), a jib (D), and a flying jib (E)\n\n1. A sailing vessel defined by its rig. In European waters this is a single-masted fore and aft rig with two or more headsails In North American waters, the definition also considers whether or not the bowsprit is permanently fixed and also takes into account the position of the mast. A standing (permanently fixed) bowsprit and a forward mast position, but with two or more headsails would be classed as a sloop in the North American definition. A running bowsprit, a forestay (carrying a staysail) that is fixed to the stemhead, a jib that is set flying and a mast position that is more aft is a cutter.\n2. A type of ship's boat powered by sail or oars, though more optimised for sail than many types of ship's boat. \n3. A small- or medium-sized vessel used by governmental agencies or law enforcement in the exercise of official authority, such as harbor pilots' cutters, US Coast Guard cutters, and UK Border Agency cutters.\n4. A type of decked sailing vessel originating in the early 18th century designed for speed. Many were used as small warships. Originally cutter referred only to a type of hull, but it came to refer to the rig, which was single-masted with both fore-and-aft and square sails. A cutter rig had very large sail areas available for use in light winds. \n\ncutting out\nA surprise attack by small boats, often at night, against an anchored vessel in which the small-boat crews boarded and captured or destroyed the target vessel. Cutting out became a popular tactic in the latter part of the 18th century and saw extensive use during the Napoleonic Wars. Cutting out was still in use in the mid-19th century, in conflicts such as the Mexican-American War and American Civil War.\n\ncutwater\nThe forward curve of the stem of a ship.","title":"C"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"daggerboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daggerboard"},{"link_name":"centerboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#centerboard"},{"link_name":"leeward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leeward"},{"link_name":"beating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#beating"},{"link_name":"buoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#buoy"},{"link_name":"man overboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#man_overboard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBO-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975-3"},{"link_name":"mizzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mizzen"},{"link_name":"abaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaft"},{"link_name":"steering post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#steering_post"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"yawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yawl"},{"link_name":"danlayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danlayer"},{"link_name":"mine 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navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"bilge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bilge"},{"link_name":"floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floor"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Gardiner_1993-59"},{"link_name":"sternpost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sternpost"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffy2013-26"},{"link_name":"death roll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_roll"},{"link_name":"broaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#broach"},{"link_name":"windward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#windward"},{"link_name":"spinnaker pole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spinnaker_pole"},{"link_name":"gybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gybe"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"mainsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainsail"},{"link_name":"rolls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#roll"},{"link_name":"capsizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capsize"},{"link_name":"debarcation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debark_(ship)"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_(ship)"},{"link_name":"deck gun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deck_gun"},{"link_name":"submarine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#submarine"},{"link_name":"World War 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ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depot_ship"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck"},{"link_name":"keelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keelson"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffy2013-26"},{"link_name":"derrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"despatch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demurrage"},{"link_name":"laytime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#laytime"},{"link_name":"voyage charter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyage_charter"},{"link_name":"dispatch boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dispatch_boat"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer"},{"link_name":"capital ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capital_ship"},{"link_name":"torpedo boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"destroyer tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#destroyer_tender"},{"link_name":"destroyer escort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_escort"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#destroyer"},{"link_name":"corvette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corvette"},{"link_name":"frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frigate"},{"link_name":"destroyer leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_leader"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#destroyer"},{"link_name":"flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flotilla"},{"link_name":"flotilla leader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flotilla_leader"},{"link_name":"destroyer tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destroyer_tender"},{"link_name":"auxiliary ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#auxiliary_ship"},{"link_name":"between the devil and the deep blue sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#between_the_devil_and_the_deep_blue_sea"},{"link_name":"stanchions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stanchion"},{"link_name":"devil seam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#devil_seam"},{"link_name":"careened","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#careening"},{"link_name":"devil's claw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_windlass#Devil's_claw"},{"link_name":"hawsepipe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hawsepipe"},{"link_name":"turnbuckle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#turnbuckle"},{"link_name":"dhow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhow"},{"link_name":"lateen sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lateen_sail"},{"link_name":"dinghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinghy"},{"link_name":"ship's boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship's_boat"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Multiple_mooring_correct.png"},{"link_name":"hawser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hawser"},{"link_name":"bollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bollard"},{"link_name":"dipping the flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_dipping"},{"link_name":"debarcation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#debarcation"},{"link_name":"dispatch boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dispatch_boat"},{"link_name":"displacement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Displacement_(ship)"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"disposable ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disposable_ship"},{"link_name":"drogher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drogher"},{"link_name":"distinctive mark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinctive_mark"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ensign"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHHC-39"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_(naval)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Divisional Transport Officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divisional_Transport_Officer"},{"link_name":"transports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#transport"},{"link_name":"flotilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flotilla"},{"link_name":"division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#division"},{"link_name":"squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#squadron"},{"link_name":"dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dock_(maritime)"},{"link_name":"dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dockyard"},{"link_name":"dog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_(engineering)#Door_dog"},{"link_name":"dog watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dog_watch"},{"link_name":"watch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watch_system"},{"link_name":"weather vane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather_vane"},{"link_name":"helmsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#helmsman"},{"link_name":"tell-tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tell-tale"},{"link_name":"doldrums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doldrums"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"windlass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#windlass"},{"link_name":"brails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"dolphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin_(structure)"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowsprit"},{"link_name":"martingale stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Martingale_stay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"donkey engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donkey_engine"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"steam donkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_donkey"},{"link_name":"dorade box","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorade_box"},{"link_name":"dory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dory"},{"link_name":"bows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"thwart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#thwart"},{"link_name":"single-banked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#single-banked"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McKee_1983-62"},{"link_name":"running bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#running_bearing"},{"link_name":"relative bearing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#relative_bearing"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-USCG_NavRules-65"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_Seaway_Development_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLSDC-66"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#superstructure"},{"link_name":"porthole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#porthole"},{"link_name":"trim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#trim"},{"link_name":"heels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#heel"},{"link_name":"lists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#list"},{"link_name":"downhaul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Downhaul"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"bonnet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bonnet"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draft_(hull)"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#waterline"},{"link_name":"trawler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#trawler"},{"link_name":"dredger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dredger"},{"link_name":"dragon boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_boat"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draft"},{"link_name":"dreadnought","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dreadnought"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#battleship"},{"link_name":"torpedo boats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"predreadnoughts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pre-dreadnought_battleship"},{"link_name":"triple-expansion steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-expansion_steam_engine"},{"link_name":"dredger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dredging"},{"link_name":"dress overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dress_overall"},{"link_name":"International Code of Signals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Code_of_Signals"},{"link_name":"stemhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stemhead"},{"link_name":"masthead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#masthead"},{"link_name":"taffrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#taffrail"},{"link_name":"ensigns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ensign"},{"link_name":"flag officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flag_officer"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"stemhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stemhead"},{"link_name":"masthead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#masthead"},{"link_name":"taffrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#taffrail"},{"link_name":"dressed overall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dress_overall"},{"link_name":"drifter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drifter_(fishing_boat)"},{"link_name":"herring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herring"},{"link_name":"drift net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drift_net"},{"link_name":"mizzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mizzen"},{"link_name":"gaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gaff"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"barquentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barquentine"},{"link_name":"gaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gaff"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#schooner"},{"link_name":"jigger mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jigger_mast"},{"link_name":"spanker mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spanker_mast"},{"link_name":"Thomas W. Lawson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_W._Lawson_(ship)"},{"link_name":"disposable ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#disposable_ship"},{"link_name":"drogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogue"},{"link_name":"sea anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sea_anchor"},{"link_name":"drudging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drudging&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"steerageway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#steerageway"},{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydock"},{"link_name":"aground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aground"},{"link_name":"fardage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fardage"},{"link_name":"Dutch barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_barge"},{"link_name":"Dutch built","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dutch_built&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"daggerboard\nA type of light centerboard that is lifted vertically; sometimes in pairs, with the leeward one lowered when beating.\n\ndan\ndan-buoy\nA temporary marker buoy consisting of a long pole with flag and/or light at the top and, lower down, a float and a ballast weight to make it float vertically. May be used with or without an anchor to attach it to the sea bed. In naval use often marks a swept channel created by minesweeping. In other uses may mark fishing equipment (nets or pots), an anchor, or, most commonly, is attached to a lifebuoy to throw into the sea to mark the position of a man overboard.[13][3]\n\ndandy\n1. A rig with a small mizzen abaft the steering post.[2]\n2. In British usage, another name for a yawl.\n3. In British usage, a small after-sail on a yawl.\n\ndanlayer\nA mine warfare vessel, usually a small trawler, fitted for laying dans. Danlayers served as a part of minesweeping flotillas during and immediately after World War II (1939–1945).\n\ndart\nTo run dart; to run dead before the wind.[2]\n\ndavit\n1. A spar formerly used on board ships as a crane to hoist the flukes of the anchor to the top of the bow without injuring the sides of the ship.\n2. A crane, often working in pairs and usually made of steel, used to lower things over the side of a ship, including lifeboats.\n\nDavy Jones's Locker\nAn idiom for the bottom of the sea.\n\nday beacon\nAn unlighted fixed structure equipped with a dayboard for daytime identification.\n\nday-blink\nThe moment at dawn where, from some point on the mast, a lookout can see above low-lying mist around the ship.\n\ndayboard\nThe daytime identifier of an aid to navigation presenting one of several standard shapes (square, triangle, or rectangle) and colors (red, green, white, orange, yellow, or black).\n\nday boat\n1. A sailing boat without overnight accommodation, sometimes with a small cabin, used for pleasure sailing. Typically around 20 feet (6.1 m) in length[13]\n2. (United States): a steamboat built for daytime service; as opposed to a night boat.\n\ndead ahead\nExactly ahead; directly ahead; directly in front.\n\ndead horse\nDebt owed for advanced pay.[39] The \"flogging a dead horse\" ceremony at sea celebrated discharge of the debt.\n\ndead in the water\nNot moving (used only when a vessel is afloat and neither tied up nor anchored). The term is abbreviated to DIW by the US Navy. It is often used to indicate that a pirate or drug runner vessel has been immobilised.\n\ndead run\nSee running.\n\ndead slow\nSee steerageway.\n\ndead wake\nThe trail of a fading disturbance in the water. See also wake.\n\ndeadeye\nA wooden block with three holes (but no pulleys) spliced to a shroud. It adjusts the tension in the standing rigging of large sailing vessels, by lacing through the holes with a lanyard to the deck. It performs the same job as a turnbuckle.[2]\n\ndeadhead\nA snag.\n\ndeadlight\nA strong shutter fitted over a porthole or other opening that can be closed in bad weather.\n\ndead reckoning\nA method of navigation that estimates a ship's position from the distance run measured by the log and the course steered. If corrections for factors such as tide and leeway are then made, this provides an estimated position.[57] Dead reckoning contrasts with fixing a position with astronomical navigation or satellite navigation. Some sources consider that a dead reckoning position does include adjustments for wind and tide, so care is needed in interpretation of this term.[58]\n\ndeadrise\nThe angle of the hull surface, relative to horizontal, as measured on either side of the keel on a line drawn towards the turn of the bilge. Without any other qualifier, it is taken at the midships cross-section of the hull. This can be expressed in degrees or sometimes as a vertical linear measure (such as inches) at a standard distance from the keel. A hull with a lot of deadrise has an obvious \"V\" shape to the bottom of the hull, whereas no deadrise denotes sheer sides and a flat-bottomed hull. It is usually taken to be one of several measures of the \"sharpness\" of a hull. It can also be referred to as the \"rise of floor\".[59]\n\ndeadwood\nIn a traditional wooden hull, blocks of timber on the top of the keel that form the shape of the hull where its section is too narrow for the method of construction employed elsewhere. It is often used forward of the sternpost.[26]\n\ndeath roll\nIn a keel boat, the act of broaching to windward, putting the spinnaker pole into the water and causing a crash-gybe of the boom and mainsail, which sweep across the deck and plunge down into the water. During a death roll, the boat rolls from side to side, becoming gradually more unstable until either it capsizes or the skipper reacts correctly to prevent it.\n\ndebarcation\nAlso disembarkation.\nThe process of leaving a ship or aircraft, or removing goods from a ship or aircraft.\n\ndebunk\nThe process of removing fuel from a vessel. After a shipwreck, a \"debunkering\" operation will be performed in an effort to minimize damage and protect the environment from fuel spills.\n\ndeck\n1. The top of a ship or vessel; the surface that is removed to accommodate the seating area.\n2. Any of the structures forming the approximately horizontal surfaces in the ship's general structure. Unlike flats, they are a structural part of the ship.\n\ndeck gun\nA gun mounted on the deck of a submarine for use in surface combat. Common on submarines of the first half of the 20th century, deck guns became obsolete as submarines became capable of sustained underwater operations after World War II.\n\ndeck hand \nAlso decky.\nA person whose job involves aiding the deck supervisor in (un)mooring, anchoring, maintenance, and general evolutions on deck.\n\ndeck supervisor\nThe person in charge of all evolutions and maintenance on deck; sometimes split into two groups: forward deck supervisor and aft deck supervisor.\n\ndeckhead\nThe underside of the deck above. The inside of the boat is normally paneled over to hide the structure, pipes, electrical wires. It can be in thin wood planks, often covered with a vinyl lining, or in thin PVC or now even in fiberglass planks.\n\ndeckhouse\nA cabin that protrudes above a ship's deck.\n\ndecks awash\nA situation in which the deck of the vessel is partially or wholly submerged, possibly as a result of excessive listing or a loss of buoyancy.\n\ndecommission\nTo formally take (a naval vessel) out of active service, after which the vessel is said to be out of commission or decommissioned. Sometimes used less formally to mean taking a commercial ship out of service.\n\ndegaussing\nA process to reduce a warship's magnetic signature.\n\ndemurrage\nA fee paid by a charter party to a shipowner if the time taken to load or unload a vessel exceeds the laytime – the amount of time stipulated for loading or unloading – specified in a voyage charter.\n\ndepot ship\nA ship that acts as a mobile or fixed base for other ships and submarines or that supports a naval base.\n\ndepth of hold\nThe distance between the underside of the main deck (or its supporting beams) and the top of the limber boards (the part of the ceiling that lies alongside the keelson), measured at the middle frame. It is one of the key measurements in working out the measurement tonnage in most systems.[26]\n\nderrick\nA lifting device composed of one mast or pole and a boom or jib hinged freely at the bottom.\n\ndespatch\nA fee paid by a shipowner to a charter party if the time taken to load or unload a vessel is less than the laytime – the amount of time stipulated for loading or unloading – specified in a voyage charter.\n\ndespatch boat\nAn alternate spelling of dispatch boat.\n\ndestroyer\nA type of fast and maneuverable small warship introduced in the 1890s to protect capital ships from torpedo boat attack, and since increased in size and capabilities to become a long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy, or battle group and defend them against submarines, surface ships, aircraft, or missiles. Originally torpedo boat destroyer. In US Navy slang, also called a tin can or small boy.\n\ndestroyer depot ship\nSee destroyer tender.\n\ndestroyer escort\nA US Navy term for a smaller, lightly armed warship built in large numbers during World War II (and in smaller numbers thereafter), cheaper, slower, and less-well-armed than a destroyer but larger and more heavily armed than a corvette and designed to escort convoys of merchant ships or naval auxiliaries or second-line naval forces. Employed primarily for anti-submarine warfare, but also used to provide some protection against aircraft and smaller surface ships. Generally known as frigates in other navies, and designated as such in the US Navy as well by the 1970s.\n\ndestroyer leader\nA large destroyer suitable for commanding a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships; a type of flotilla leader.\n\ndestroyer tender\nA naval auxiliary ship designed to provide maintenance support to a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships. Known in British English as a destroyer depot ship.\n\ndevil seam\nThe devil was possibly a slang term for the garboard seam, hence \"between the devil and the deep blue sea\" being an allusion to keel hauling, but a more popular version seems to be the seam between the waterway and the stanchions, which would be difficult to get at, requiring a cranked caulking iron, and a restricted swing of the caulking mallet.\n\ndevil to pay\nAlso devil to pay, and no pitch hot.\n\"Paying\" the devil is sealing the devil seam. It is a difficult and unpleasant job (with no resources) because of the shape of the seam (up against the stanchions) or if the devil refers to the garboard seam, it must be done with the ship slipped or careened.\n\ndevil's claw\nA type of chain stopper often used to secure an anchor in its hawsepipe. Consists of a two-pronged hook that fits over a link of chain, a turnbuckle and a short chain fastened to a strong point.\n\ndhow\nThe generic name of a number of traditional sailing vessels with one or more masts with lateen sails used in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean region, typically weighing 300 to 500 tons, with a long, thin hull. They are trading vessels primarily used to carry heavy items, like fruit, fresh water, or merchandise. Crews vary from about thirty to around twelve, depending on the size of the vessel.\n\ndiamonds\nGlass prisms that were laid between the wooden deck planks to allow natural light below were referred to as diamonds due to the sparkle they gave off in the sunlight.\n\ndinghy\n1. A type of small boat, often carried or towed as a ship's boat by a larger vessel.\n2. A small racing yacht or recreational open sailing boat, often used for beginner training rather than sailing full-sized yachts.\n3. Utility dinghies are usually rowboats or have an outboard motor, but some are rigged for sailing.\n\ndipping the eye\n\nDipping the eye\nA method of attaching more than one hawser to a single bollard, so that each can be lifted off without disturbing the other(s). The second hawser is passed under the first, then up through the eye of the first (hence the name), before being secured over the bollard.\n\ndipping the flag\nA method of rendering honors at sea by lowering and raising a ship's flag.\n\ndirectional light\nA light illuminating a sector or very narrow angle and intended to mark a direction to be followed.\n\ndisembark\ndisembarcation\nSee debarcation.\ndispatch boat\nA vessel ranging in size from a small boat to a large ship tasked to carry military dispatches from ship to ship, from ship to shore, or, occasionally, from shore to shore.\n\ndisplacement\nThe weight of water displaced by the immersed volume of a ship's hull, exactly equivalent to the weight of the whole ship.\n\ndisplacement hull\nA hull designed to travel through the water, rather than planing over it.\n\ndisposable ship\nAlso drogher, raft ship, timber drogher, or timber ship.\nA barely seaworthy ship of the 19th century assembled from large timbers lashed or pegged together and designed to make a single voyage from North America to the United Kingdom and then to be disassembled so that her timbers could be sold, thus avoiding high British taxes on lumber imported as cargo. When British taxes on imported lumber fell, the construction of disposable ships ceased.\n\ndisrate\nTo reduce in rank or rating; to demote.\n\ndistinctive mark\nA flag flown to distinguish ships of one seagoing service of a given country from ships of the country's other seagoing service(s) when ships of more than one of the country's seagoing services fly the same ensign.\n\nditty bag\nBag or box for personal items.[39]\n\ndivision\n1. Especially in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a permanent battle formation of a fleet, often smaller than a squadron, equipped and trained to operate as a tactical unit under the overall command of a higher command, such as a fleet or squadron.\n2. Especially in modern usage, an administrative naval command, smaller than a squadron and often subordinate to an administrative squadron, responsible for the manning, training, supply, and maintenance of a group of ships or submarines but not for directing their operations at sea.[citation needed]\n\nDivisional Transport Officer\nAlso Divisional Naval Transport Officer\nIn British usage, a shore-based naval officer responsible for the efficient working of the transports and boats of the flotilla, division, or squadron under his charge.\n\ndock\n1. In American usage, a fixed structure attached to shore to which a vessel is secured when in port, generally synonymous with pier and wharf, except that pier tends to refer to structures used for tying up commercial ships and to structures extending from shore for use in fishing, while dock refers more generally to facilities used for tying up ships or boats, including recreational craft.\n2. In British usage, the body of water between two piers or wharves that accommodates vessels tied up at the piers or wharves.\n3. To tie up along a pier or wharf.\n\ndockyard\nA facility where ships or boats are built and repaired. Routinely used as a synonym for shipyard, although dockyard is sometimes associated more closely with a facility used for maintenance and basing activities, while shipyard sometimes is associated more closely with a facility used in construction.\n\ndodger\nA hood forward of a hatch or cockpit to protect the crew from wind and spray. Can be soft or hard.\n\ndog\nAlso door dog and hatch dog.\nDevice to secure doors and hatches. Typically used for watertight openings, but can apply elsewhere. \"Dogging the hatches\" is a common phrase.\n\ndog watch\nA short watch period, generally half the usual time (e.g., a two-hour watch rather than a four-hour one). Such watches might be included in order to rotate the system over different days for fairness, or to allow both watches to eat their meals at approximately normal times.\n\ndoghouse\nA slang term (in the US, mostly) for a raised portion of a ship's deck. A doghouse is usually added to improve headroom below or to shelter a hatch.\n\ndogvane\nA small weather vane, sometimes improvised with a scrap of cloth, yarn, or other light material mounted within sight of the helmsman. See tell-tale.\n\ndoldrums\nAlso equatorial calms.\nThe equatorial trough, with special reference to the light and variable nature of the winds generally encountered there.[60]\n\ndolly winch\nA small winch mounted on the windlass, used as an alternative to the brails winch when that is obstructed in some way (e.g. by deck cargo).[2]\n\ndolphin\nA structure consisting of a number of piles driven into the seabed or riverbed as a marker.\n\ndolphin striker\nA spar protruding vertically beneath a bowsprit, usually attached to the boswprit cap, used provide a mechanically advantageous run for the martingale stay, and other ropes of a ship's rigging.\n\ndonkey engine\nA small auxiliary engine used either to start a larger engine or independently, e.g. for pumping water on steamships.[61]\n\ndonkeyman\nOne of a ship's engineering crew. Often a crewman responsible for maintaining a steam donkey, or any machinery other than the main engines. On some ships, the Petty Officer in charge of engineroom ratings.\n\ndorade box\nA dorade box (also called a dorade vent, collector box, or simply a \"ventilator\") is a type of vent that permits the passage of air in and out of the cabin or engine room of a boat while keeping rain, spray, and sea wash out.\n\ndory \nAlso doree, dori, or (Royal Navy) dorey.\nA shallow-draft, lightweight boat, about 5 to 7 metres (16 to 23 ft) long, with high sides, a flat bottom, and sharp bows. Traditionally used as fishing boats, both in coastal waters and in the open sea.\n\ndouble-banked\n(of the arrangement of oars on a boat) having two oarsmen seated on each thwart, each of whom operates one oar on their side of the boat. This contrasts with single-banked, where only one oarsman is seated on each thwart operating one oar on one side of the boat, with the oars alternating between port and starboard along the length of the boat. A third arrangement is to have one rower on each thwart working two oars, one on each side of the boat.[62]: 135 \n\ndouble-shotted\nThe practice of loading smoothbore cannon with two cannonballs.\n\ndoubling the angle on the bow\nA technique for establishing the distance from a point on land, such as a headland that is being passed. This is a type of running bearing which requires no plotting on the chart. The ship is sailed on a constant course and speed. The distance shown on the log is noted when the relative bearing of a fixed point is taken, and the increase in that bearing is watched until it is twice the original bearing, and the log is read again. The distance travelled between the two bearings is the distance of the ship from the fixed point when the second bearing was taken. Allowances for tidal streams may or may not be allowed for, depending on the accuracy required.[63][64]\n\nDover cliffs\nA slang term for very rough seas with large white-capped waves.\n\ndownbound\n1. Travel downstream, with a following current.[65]\n2. Eastward travel in the Great Lakes region (terminology used by the Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation).[66]\n\ndownflooding\nThe entry of water through any opening into the hull or superstructure of an undamaged vessel, such as an open door or porthole, loose or open hatch, ventilator opening, etc. Downflooding can occur due to a ship's trim, if she heels or lists, or if she becomes totally or partially submerged.\n\ndownhaul\nA line used to control either a mobile spar, or the shape of a sail. A downhaul can also be used to retrieve a sail back on deck.\n\ndrabbler\nAn extra strip of canvas secured below a bonnet, further to increase the area of a course.\n\ndraft\nAlso draught.\nThe depth of a ship's keel below the waterline.\n\ndragger\n1. A fishing trawler.\n2. A dredger.\n\ndragon boat\nOne of a family of traditional paddled long boats of various designs and sizes found throughout Asia, Africa, and the Pacific islands. For competitive events, they are generally rigged with decorative Chinese dragon heads and tails. Dragon boat races are traditionally held during the annual summer solstice festival.\n\ndraught\nAlternative spelling of draft.\ndreadnought\nA type of battleship designed with an \"all-big-gun\" armament layout in which the ship's primary gun power resided in a primary battery of its largest guns intended for use at long range, with other gun armament limited to small weapons intended for close-range defense against torpedo boats and other small warships. Most, but not all, dreadnoughts also had steam turbine propulsion. Predominant from 1906, dreadnoughts differed from earlier steam battleships, retroactively dubbed predreadnoughts, which had only a few large guns, relied on an intermediate secondary battery used at shorter ranges for most of their offensive power, and had triple-expansion steam engines.\n\ndredger\nA vessel specialized for use in the excavation of material from a water environment and equipped with heavy machinery for this purpose.\n\ndress overall\nTo string International Code of Signals flags, arranged at random, from stemhead to masthead, between mastheads (if the vessel has more than one mast), and then down to the taffrail, on a ship in harbor as a sign of celebration of a national, local, or personal anniversary, event, holiday, or occasion. When a ship is properly dressed overall, ensigns fly at each masthead unless displaced by another flag (e.g. that of a flag officer on board), in addition to the ensign flown in the usual position at the stern.\n\ndressing down\n1. Treating old sails with oil or wax to renew them.\n2. A verbal reprimand.\n\ndressing lines\nLines running from stemhead to masthead, between mastheads, and then down to the taffrail, to which flags are attached when a ship is dressed overall.\n\ndrifter\nA type of fishing boat designed to catch herring in a long drift net, long used in the Netherlands and Great Britain.\n\ndrink\nOverboard and into the water (e.g. \"it fell into the drink\").\n\ndriver\nThe large sail flown from the mizzen gaff.\n\ndriver-mast\nThe fifth mast of a six-masted barquentine or gaff schooner. It is preceded by the jigger mast and followed by the spanker mast. The sixth mast of the only seven-masted vessel, the gaff schooner Thomas W. Lawson, was normally called the pusher-mast.\n\ndrogher\nSee disposable ship.\n\ndrogue\nA device to slow a boat down in a storm so that it does not speed excessively down the slope of a wave and crash into the next one. It is generally constructed of heavy flexible material in the shape of a cone. See also sea anchor.\n\ndrudging\nA technique of maintaining steerageway when going downstream with neither engine nor wind to sail. The vessel uses its anchor to draw itself head-to-stream, then lifts the anchor and drifts stern-first downstream, ferry gliding to maintain position within the stream. As steerage begins to reduce, the vessel anchors again and then repeats the whole procedure as required.\n\ndrydock\nA narrow basin or vessel used for the construction, maintenance, and repair of ships, boats, and other watercraft that can be flooded to allow a load to be floated in, then drained to allow that load to come to rest on a dry platform.\n\ndrying harbour\nAlso drying mooring.\nA harbour where the water wholly or partly recedes as the tide goes out, leaving any vessel moored there aground.\n\ndunnage\n1. Loose packing material used to protect a ship's cargo from damage during transport. See also fardage.\n2. Personal baggage.\n\nDutch barge\nAlso schuyt.\nAny of several types of traditional flat-bottomed shoal-draught sailing barge, originally used for carrying cargo in the Zuyder Zee and on the rivers of the Netherlands.\n\nDutch built\nTerm of abuse implying shoddiness or (when directed at a person) stupidity or stubbornness, usually embellished with other oaths and insults tagged on fore and aft.","title":"D"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"yardarms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yardarm"},{"link_name":"East Indiaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indiaman"},{"link_name":"Danish East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"French East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Dutch East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Portuguese East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Swedish East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"echo sounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echo_sounding"},{"link_name":"SONAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SONAR"},{"link_name":"sounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sounding"},{"link_name":"swinging the lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#swinging_the_lead"},{"link_name":"windward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#windward"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Minas_Geraes-class_battleships.jpg"},{"link_name":"aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aft"},{"link_name":"engine order telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_order_telegraph"},{"link_name":"engine room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#engine_room"},{"link_name":"engine room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_room"},{"link_name":"(flag)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(flag)"},{"link_name":"rank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensign_(rank)"},{"link_name":"commissioned officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commissioned_officer"},{"link_name":"escort carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escort_carrier"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"fleet carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fleet_carrier"},{"link_name":"amphibious operations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amphibious_operation"},{"link_name":"dead reckoning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dead_reckoning"},{"link_name":"evaporator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporator_(marine)"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"regular ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#regular_ship"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-threedecksshiproles-44"},{"link_name":"Navigation Rules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Regulations_for_Preventing_Collisions_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"eye splice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eye_splice"},{"link_name":"splices","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rope_splicing"}],"text":"earings\nSmall lines by which the uppermost corners of the largest sails are secured to the yardarms.\n\nEast Indiaman\nAny ship operating under charter or license to the East India Company (England), or to the Danish East India Company, French East India Company, Dutch East India Company, Portuguese East India Company, or Swedish East India Company from the 17th to the 19th centuries.\n\necho sounding\nThe measurement of the depth of a body of water using a SONAR device. See also sounding and swinging the lead.\n\nembayed\nA condition in which a sailing vessel (especially one that sails poorly to windward) is confined between two capes or headlands by a wind blowing directly onshore.\n\nen echelon\n\nDiagram showing the Minas Geraes-class battleship with its central guns arranged en echelon.\nAn arrangement of gun turrets whereby the turret on one side of the ship is placed further aft than the one on the other side, so that both turrets can fire to either side.\n\nengine order telegraph\nAlso chadburn.\nA communications device used by the pilot to order engineers in the engine room to power the vessel at a certain desired speed.\n\nengine room\nOne of the machinery spaces of a vessel, usually the largest one, containing the ship's prime mover (usually a diesel or steam engine or a gas or steam turbine). Larger vessels may have more than one engine room.\n\nensign\n1. (flag) The principal flag or banner flown by a ship to indicate her nationality.\n2. (rank) The lowest grade of commissioned officer in the US Navy.\n\nescort carrier\nA type of aircraft carrier, smaller and slower than a fleet carrier, used by some navies in World War II to escort convoys, ferry aircraft, and provide air support for amphibious operations.\n\nestimated position\nAn approximate geographical position obtained by making allowances for leeway, tide, and currents to a dead reckoning position (which is calculated from the distance run and the course steered).\n\nevaporator\nA piece of ship's equipment used to produce fresh drinking water from sea water by distillation.\n\nexecutive officer\nThe officer second in command on a warship. Also called \"X.O.\" in the United States and \"Number One\" in the Royal Navy and Commonwealth navies.\n\nextra ship\nA term used by the British East India Company from the seventeenth to the nineteenth century for merchant ships it hired to make voyages for it between England (later the United Kingdom) and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope, a trade over which the company held a strict monopoly. \"Extra ships\" were chartered for a single round-trip voyage beginning during a single sailing season (September to April) and augmented the voyages of \"regular ships\", which were merchant ships under long-term charter to make repeated voyages for the company over many seasons. However, if an \"extra ship\" operated well and the company needed its services, the company often chartered it repeatedly over a number of seasons.[44]\n\nextremis\nAlso in extremis.\nThe point under International Rules of the Road (Navigation Rules) at which the privileged (or stand-on) vessel on collision course with a burdened (or give-way) vessel determines it must maneuver to avoid a collision. Prior to extremis, the privileged vessel must maintain course and speed and the burdened vessel must maneuver to avoid collision.\n\neye splice\nA closed loop or eye at the end of a line, rope, cable, etc. It is made by unraveling its end and joining it to itself by intertwining it into the lay of the line. Eye splices are very strong and compact and are frequently employed in moorings and docking lines, among other uses.","title":"E"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"factory ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_ship"},{"link_name":"mother ships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mother_ship"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"fairlead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairlead"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fair"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lead"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fair"},{"link_name":"conning tower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conning_tower"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_(submarine)"},{"link_name":"fairway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairway_(navigation)"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draft"},{"link_name":"tier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tier"},{"link_name":"fake down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fake_down"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBO-13"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975-3"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-smyth-38"},{"link_name":"flake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flake"},{"link_name":"range","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#range"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975-3"},{"link_name":"falkuša","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falku%C5%A1a"},{"link_name":"lateen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lateen"},{"link_name":"Komiža","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi%C5%BEa"},{"link_name":"Vis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vis_(island)"},{"link_name":"tackle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tackle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"leeward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leeward"},{"link_name":"aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aft"},{"link_name":"poop deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#poop_deck"},{"link_name":"dunnage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dunnage"},{"link_name":"companionway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#companionway"},{"link_name":"cabin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cabin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"aground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aground"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"fast attack craft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_attack_craft"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#warship"},{"link_name":"torpedo boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#torpedo_boat"},{"link_name":"inshore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#inshore"},{"link_name":"fast combat support ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_combat_support_ship"},{"link_name":"crew boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#crew_boat"},{"link_name":"fathom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathom"},{"link_name":"sounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sounding"},{"link_name":"sounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sounding"},{"link_name":"sounding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sounding"},{"link_name":"fathometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fathometer"},{"link_name":"depth finder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sounding"},{"link_name":"felucca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felucca"},{"link_name":"rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rig"},{"link_name":"lateen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lateen"},{"link_name":"Red Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_River"},{"link_name":"docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dock"},{"link_name":"fender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fender_(boating)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"ferry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry"},{"link_name":"merchant ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#merchant_ship"},{"link_name":"ferry slip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferry_slip"},{"link_name":"tacking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tacking"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"Fiddley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fiddley&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fife rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fife_rail"},{"link_name":"pinrail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#pinrail"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"halyards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#halyard"},{"link_name":"belaying pins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#belaying_pin"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"Fifie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fifie"},{"link_name":"lug sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lug_sail"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frigate"},{"link_name":"Oliver Hazard Perry class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Hazard_Perry-class_frigate"},{"link_name":"top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#top"},{"link_name":"snipers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniper"},{"link_name":"muskets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musket"},{"link_name":"rifles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rifle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"figurehead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Figurehead_(object)"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sail_(submarine)"},{"link_name":"lookout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lookout"},{"link_name":"starboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#starboard"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"rectangular cuboid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rectangular_cuboid"},{"link_name":"block coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_coefficient"},{"link_name":"prismatic coefficient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prismatic_coefficient"},{"link_name":"fireboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireboat"},{"link_name":"firefighting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firefighting"},{"link_name":"fireman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fireman_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rating"},{"link_name":"seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#seaman"},{"link_name":"fire ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_ship"},{"link_name":"fire room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fire_room"},{"link_name":"first-rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First-rate"},{"link_name":"first lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_lieutenant"},{"link_name":"lieutenant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lieutenant"},{"link_name":"commanding officer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commanding_officer"},{"link_name":"ship's company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship's_company"},{"link_name":"cables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cable"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forecastle"},{"link_name":"deck hands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck_hand"},{"link_name":"first mate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_mate"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anchor"},{"link_name":"torpedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo"},{"link_name":"headsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#headsail"},{"link_name":"mainsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainsail"},{"link_name":"luffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#luffing"},{"link_name":"staysail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#staysail"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#schooner"},{"link_name":"fitting-out","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitting-out"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"sea 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sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#overtaking_sea"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Saunders_V3_1965-22"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leach_(sail)"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"foot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foot"},{"link_name":"dinghy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#dinghy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"footrope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Footrope"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"Beaufort scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#beaufort_scale"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rig"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"afore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#afore"},{"link_name":"foresail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foresail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"forecastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forecastle"},{"link_name":"/ˈfoʊksəl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forward"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"forefoot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forefoot_(ship)"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stem"},{"link_name":"hold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hold"},{"link_name":"foremast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foremast"},{"link_name":"hold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hold"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"foresail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foresail"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"foremast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foremast"},{"link_name":"full-rigged ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#full-rigged_ship"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"forestay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forestay"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cable"},{"link_name":"mastheads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#masthead"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"forestay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forestay"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"foul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foul_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"clear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#clear"},{"link_name":"barnacles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnacle"},{"link_name":"oilskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#oilskin"},{"link_name":"founder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/founder"},{"link_name":"four piper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Four_piper"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"destroyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#destroyer"},{"link_name":"Bainbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainbridge-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Paulding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paulding-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Wickes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickes-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"Clemson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clemson-class_destroyer"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"fourth rate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_rate"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"ship-of-the-line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship-of-the-line"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floor"},{"link_name":"futtock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#futtock"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffy1994271-73"},{"link_name":"freeboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freeboard_(ship)"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"waterline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#waterline"},{"link_name":"freighter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"cargo ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cargo_ship"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#destroyer"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"guided-missile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided-missile"},{"link_name":"antiaircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiaircraft"},{"link_name":"guided-missile cruisers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided-missile_cruiser"},{"link_name":"close-hauled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#close-hauled"},{"link_name":"aback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aback"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"full-rigged ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Full-rigged_ship"},{"link_name":"masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funnel_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Furious Fifties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furious_Fifties"},{"link_name":"Southern Hemisphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere"},{"link_name":"50","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"60","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/60th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"Roaring Forties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roaring_Forties"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sail"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"Boiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boiler"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Adams_2013-42"},{"link_name":"fusta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusta"},{"link_name":"draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#draft"},{"link_name":"lateen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lateen"},{"link_name":"corsairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#corsair"},{"link_name":"futtock shrouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futtock_shrouds"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#top"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"shrouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#shroud"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frame"},{"link_name":"floor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#floor"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteffy1994271-73"}],"text":"factory ship\nA large oceangoing vessel with extensive on-board facilities for processing and freezing caught fish or whales. Some also serve as mother ships for smaller fishing or whaling vessels. Those used for processing fish are also known as fish processing vessels.\n\nfair\n1. A smooth curve, usually referring to a line of the hull with minimum localised deviations.\n2. To make something flush.\n3. A line is fair when it has a clear run.\n4. A wind or current is fair when it offers an advantage to a boat.\n\nfair winds and following seas\nA blessing wishing the recipient a safe journey and good fortune.\n\nfairlead\nA device used to keep a line or chain running in the correct direction or to give it a fair lead to prevent it rubbing or fouling.[2]\n\nfairing\n1. (noun) A structure that improves the streamlining of a vessel.\n2. (verb) The process of making a curve or structure fair.\n\nfairwater\n1. A structure that improves the streamlining of a vessel.\n2. On submarines: The superstructure (conning tower, sail, etc) of the boat.\n\nfairway\n1. A navigable channel (e.g. in a harbor or offshore) that is the usual course taken by vessels in the area.\n2. In military and naval terms, a channel from offshore, in a river, or in a harbor that has enough depth to accommodate the draft of large vessels.\n\nfake\nA single turn of rope in a coil or on a drum. A group of fakes is known as a tier. See also fake down.[13][3][38]: 200, 286 \n\nfake down\nTo lay a coil of rope down so that it will run easily; that is, with rope feeding off the top of the coil and the bitter end at the bottom. Often confused with flake. See also range.[3]\n\nfalkuša\nA traditional fishing boat with a lateen sail on a single mast used by fishermen from the town of Komiža on the Adriatic island of Vis.\n\nfall\nThe part of the tackle that is hauled upon.[2]\n\nfall off\nAlso bear down, bear away, bear off, or head down.\nTo change the direction of sail so as to point in a direction that is more downwind; to bring the bow leeward. This is the opposite of pointing up or heading up.\n\nfantail\nThe aft end of a ship, also known as the poop deck.\n\nfardage\nWood placed in the bottom of a ship to keep cargo dry. See also dunnage.\n\nfashion boards\nLoose boards that slide in grooves to close off a companionway or cabin entrance.[2]\n\nfast\nFastened or held firmly (e.g. \"fast aground\": stuck on the seabed; or \"made fast\": tied securely).[2]\n\nfast attack craft\nA small, fast, agile warship armed with anti-ship missiles, guns, or torpedoes. The fast attack craft replaced the torpedo boat during the second half of the 20th century in the role of a cheap, offensively-oriented inshore warship.\n\nfast combat support ship\nThe largest type of US Navy combat logistics ship, designed to serve as a combined oiler, ammunition ship, and supply ship. The first fast combat support ship entered service in the mid-1960s.\n\nfast supply vessel\nfast support vessel\nSee crew boat.\nfathom\n1. A unit of length equal to 6 feet (1.8 m), roughly measured as the distance between a man's outstretched hands. Particularly used in sounding as a measurement of the depth of a body of water.\n2. To measure the depth of water; to engage in sounding.\n\nfathomer\nA person engaged in sounding to determine the depth of water.\n\nfathometer\nA depth finder that uses sound waves to determine the depth of water.\n\nfavored side\nThe side of the course that gets you to the next mark faster, due to more wind, favorable shifts, less current, smaller waves, etc.\n\nfelucca\nA traditional wooden sailing boat with a rig consisting of one or two lateen sails, used in protected waters of the Red Sea and eastern Mediterranean and particularly along the Nile in Egypt and Sudan, as well as in Iraq.\n\nfend off\nA command given to the crew to stop what they are now doing and to immediately manually prevent the boat from banging into the docks or other boats.\n\nfender\nA flexible bumper used in boating to keep boats from banging into docks or each other. Often an old car tire.[2]\n\nferry\nAlso ferryboat\nA merchant ship used to carry passengers, and sometimes vehicles and cargo, across a body of water.\n\nferry glide\nTo hold a vessel against and at an angle to the current/stream such that the vessel moves sideways over the bottom due to the effect of the current operating on the upstream side of the vessel.\n\nferry slip\nA specialized docking facility designed to receive a ferryboat or train ferry.\n\nfetch\n1. The distance across water a wind or waves have traveled.\n2. To reach a mark without tacking.\n\nfid\n1. A tapered wooden tool used for separating the strands of rope for splicing.\n2. A bar used to fix an upper mast in place.[67]\n\nFiddley \nthe vertical space above a vessel's engine room extending into its stack, usually covered by an iron grating. Also applied to the framework around the opening itself \n\nfife rail\nA freestanding pinrail surrounding the base of a mast and used for securing that mast's sails' halyards with a series of belaying pins.[67]\n\nFifie\nA sailing boat with two masts with a standard rig consisting of a main dipping lug sail and a mizzen standing lug sail. Developed in Scotland and used for commercial fishing from the 1850s until the 20th century.\n\nfig\nUS Navy slang for a guided-missile frigate, especially of the Oliver Hazard Perry class, derived from its class designation (\"FFG\").\n\nfight his ship\nTo fight his ship (or to fight her ship) is a naval term that denotes a captain taking his or her vessel into combat or directing his or her vessel in combat.\n\nfighting top\nAn enlarged top designed to allow gunfire downward onto an enemy ship. A fighting top could have small guns installed in it or could serve as a platform for snipers armed with muskets or rifles.\n\nfigure of eight\nA stopper knot.[2]\n\nfigurehead\nA symbolic image, particularly a carved effigy, at the head of a traditional sailing ship or early steamer.\n\nfin\nA term used in European and Commonwealth countries for a tower-like structure on the dorsal (topside) surface of a submarine; called a sail in the United States.\n\nfine\nNarrow in appearance from the vantage point of a lookout or other person viewing activity in the vicinity of a ship, e.g. another ship off the starboard bow with her bow or stern facing the viewer's ship could be described as \"fine on the starboard bow\" of the viewer's ship.\n\nfine lines\nDescriptive term for a vessel with a hull shape designed for an efficient flow of water around the hull. Simply described by comparing the hull shape to a rectangular cuboid with the same length, breadth and height as the submerged part of the hull. The more that you have to carve off that cuboid to get the hull's shape, the finer the lines. More accurately this is measured as the block coefficient or the prismatic coefficient.\n\nfireboat\nA specialized vessel equipped with firefighting equipment such as pumps and nozzles for fighting shipboard and shoreline fires.\n\nfireman\nAlso stoker, boilerman, or watertender.\n1. A job associated with tending the fire for a boiler.\n2. A US Navy rate in the engineering department equivalent to seaman.\n\nfire ship\nA ship loaded with flammable materials and explosives and sailed into an enemy port or fleet either already burning or ready to be set alight by its crew (who would then abandon it) in order to collide with and set fire to enemy ships.\n\nfire room\nAlso boiler room.\nThe compartment in which a ship's boilers or furnaces are stoked and fired.\n\nfirst-rate\nThe classification for the largest sailing warships of the 17th through the 19th centuries. Such vessels often had up to three masts, 850+ crew, and 100+ guns.\n\nfirst lieutenant\n1. In the Royal Navy, the senior lieutenant on board; responsible to the commanding officer for the domestic affairs of the ship's company. Also known as 'Jimmy the One' or 'Number One'. Removes his cap when visiting the mess decks as a token of respect for the privacy of the crew in those quarters. Officer in charge of cables on the forecastle.\n2. In the US Navy, the officer on a ship serving as the senior person in charge of all deck hands.\n\nfirst mate\nThe second-in-command of a commercial ship.\n\nfish\n1. To repair a mast or spar with a fillet of wood.\n2. To secure an anchor on the side of a ship for sea (otherwise known as \"catting\".)\n3. A slang term for a self-propelled torpedo.\n\nfisherman's reef\nA sailing tactic for handling winds too strong for the sail area hoisted when reefing the sails is not feasible or possible. The headsail is set normally while the mainsail is let out until it is constantly luffing. This creates a loss of force on the main and also reduces the efficiency of the headsail while still retaining sailing control of the vessel.\n\nfisherman's sail\nOn a staysail schooner, the fisherman is a quadrilateral sail set between the two masts above the main staysail. It is used in light to moderate airs.\n\nfitting-out\nThe period after a ship is launched during which all the remaining construction of the ship is completed and she is readied for sea trials and delivery to her owners.\n\nfixed propeller\nA propeller mounted on a rigid shaft protruding from the hull of a vessel, usually driven by an inboard motor; steering must be done using a rudder. See also outboard motor and sterndrive.\n\nflag hoist\nA number of signal flags strung together to convey a message, e.g. \"England expects that every man will do his duty\".\n\nflag of convenience\nThe business practice of registering a merchant ship in a sovereign state different from that of the ship's owners, and flying that state's civil ensign on the ship. The practice allows the ship's owner to reduce operating costs or avoid the regulations of the owner's country.\n\nflag officer\n1. A commissioned officer senior enough to be entitled to fly a flag to mark the ship or installation under their command, in English-speaking countries usually referring to the senior officers of a navy, specifically to those who hold any of the admiral ranks and in some cases to those holding the rank of commodore. In modern American usage, additionally applied to US Coast Guard and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Commissioned Corps officers and general officers in the US Army, US Air Force, and US Marine Corps entitled to fly their own flags.\n2. A formal rank in the mid-19th century US Navy, conveyed temporarily upon senior captains in command of squadrons of ships, soon rendered obsolete by the creation of the ranks of commodore and rear admiral.\n\nflagship\n1. A vessel used by the commanding officer of a group of naval ships. The term derives from the custom of commanders of such a group of ships, characteristically a flag officer, flying a distinguishing flag aboard the ship on which they are embarked.\n2. Used more loosely, the lead ship in a fleet of naval or commercial vessels, typically the first, largest, fastest, most heavily armed, or, in terms of media coverage, best-known.\n\nflake\nTo set down in folds, as in stowing a sail or to range a cable on deck so that it is clear to run. Not to be confused with fake down.[13]\n\nflank\nThe maximum speed of a ship. Faster than \"full speed\".\n\nflare\n1. A curvature of the topsides outward towards the gunwale.\n2. A pyrotechnic signalling device, usually used to indicate distress.\n\nflatback\nA Great Lakes slang term for a vessel without any self-unloading equipment.\n\nflatboat\nAlso broadhorn.\nA rectangular, flat-bottomed boat with square ends used to transport freight and passengers on inland waterways in the United States during the 18th and 19th centuries.\n\nflattop\nA slang term for an aircraft carrier.\n\nfleet\n1. Naval fleet: The highest operational echelon of command of ships commanded by a single person in a navy, and typically the largest type of naval formation commanded by a single person. In modern times, usually (but not necessarily) a permanent formation.\n2. During the Age of Sail, a Royal Navy term for any naval command larger than a squadron in size, or commanded by a rear admiral and composed of five ships-of-the-line and any number of smaller vessels.\n3. Merchant fleet, a collective term for the merchant marine (known in the United Kingdom and Commonwealth countries the merchant navy) of a particular country.\n4. Fishing fleet: A term for an aggregate of commercial fishing vessels, commonly used either to describe all fishing vessels belonging to a single country, operating in a single region, operating out of a particular port, or engaged in particular type of fishing (e.g., the tuna fishing fleet). The term does not imply that the vessels operate as part of a single organization.\n5. Informally, any grouping (based on physical proximity or sharing of a common organizational subordination) of naval or civilian vessels.\n6. Of a person, to move from one location to another aboard a vessel, or to change positions within a naval organization.\n7. To move up a rope – especially when drawing the blocks of a tackle part – to allow a greater advantage in hauling.\n8. To cause a rope or chain to slip down the barrel of a capstan or windlass.\n9. A former term for the process aboard a vessel of moving deadeyes when the shrouds become too long.\n10. A location where barges are secured.\n\nfleet in being\nA naval force that extends a controlling influence on maritime operations without ever leaving port by forcing an opposing navy to maintain forces on station to oppose it in case it comes out to fight or to blockade it in port. A navy which operates its forces as a fleet in being generally seeks to avoid actual combat with an enemy fleet for fear of losing a naval battle and thereby its ability to influence events and activities at sea.[68]\n\nflemish\nTo coil a line that is not in use so that it lies flat on the deck.\n\nflettner rotor\nA spinning cylinder that uses the Magnus effect to harness wind power to propel a ship.\n\nflight deck\nA flat deck on an aircraft carrier used for the launch and recovery of aircraft. In the United States Navy, the term flight deck also refers to a helicopter deck on other types of ships.\n\nflog the glass\nThe act of vibrating or shaking a half-hour marine sandglass — used until the early 19th century to time the length of a watch — to speed the passage of the sand in order to get off watch duty earlier.[69]\n\nfloor\nTransverse structural timbers which form that part of the lower frame of a traditional wooden ship's hull that sits immediately above the keel. The frames continue upwards as pieces called futtocks. A keelson is usually fastened over the top of the floors.[70]\n\nfloorhead\nAny of the upper extremities of the floor of a vessel.\n\nflotilla\n1. In naval usage, a group of warships under a single commander that is smaller than a fleet but otherwise not formally defined. A flotilla often is larger than a squadron, and usually is made up of smaller vessels than those assigned to a squadron, but some flotillas are smaller than squadrons and some include larger vessels. In some navies, the term flotilla is reserved for naval formations that operate on inland bodies of water, while the terms fleet and squadron denote naval formations that operate at sea. A flotilla may be a permanent or temporary formation. In modern times, a flotilla sometimes is an administrative naval unit responsible for maintaining and supporting vessels but not for commanding their operations at sea.\n2. Informally, a group of naval or civilian vessels operating together or in close proximity to one another.\n\nflotilla holiday\nA group of chartered yachts that set out together on the same route.\n\nflotilla leader\nA warship suitable for commanding a flotilla of destroyers or other small warships, typically a small cruiser or a large destroyer, in the latter case known as a destroyer leader.\n\nflotsam\nDebris or cargo that remains afloat after a shipwreck. See also jetsam.\n\nfluke\nThe wedge-shaped part of an anchor's arms that digs into the solid bottom beneath a body of water.\n\nflush deck\nAn upper deck of a vessel that extends unbroken from stem to stern.\n\nflush decker\n1. Any vessel with a flush deck.\n2. A US Navy destroyer of the World War I-era Caldwell, Wickes, or Clemson class, produced in very large numbers.\n\nflushing board\nA board inserted vertically in a cabin entrance.[2]\n\nfluyt \nAlso fluit or flute.\nA Dutch transoceanic sailing cargo vessel, square-rigged with two or three masts that were much taller than the masts of a galleon, developed in the 16th century and widely used in the 17th and 18th centuries.\n\nfly by night\nA large sail used only for sailing downwind, requiring little attention.\n\nfolding propeller\nA propeller with folding blades, furling so as to reduce drag on a sailing vessel when not in use.\n\nfollowing sea\nWaves going in the same direction as a ship, or within 15° of the heading, at a speed slower than the ship. See overtaking sea for waves travelling faster than the ship.[22]\n\nfoo-foo band\nAn impromptu musical band on late 19th-century sailing vessels, made up from members of the ship's crew.[71][72]\n\nfoot\n1. The lower edge of any sail.[2]\n2. The bottom of a mast.\n3. An Imperial unit of length equivalent to 12 inches (30 cm).\n\nfootloose\nIf the foot of a sail is not secured properly, it is footloose, blowing around in the wind.\n\nfootboat\nA barge's boat or dinghy.[2]\n\nfootrope\nEach yard on a square-rigged sailing ship is equipped with a footrope for sailors to stand on while setting or stowing the sails.\n\nforce\nSee Beaufort scale.\nfore \nAlso forward (often written as for'ard).\nToward the bow of a vessel.\n\nfore-and-aft rig\nA sailing rig consisting mainly of sails that are set along the line of the keel rather than perpendicular to it. Such sails, and the vessel itself, are said to be fore-and-aft-rigged.\n\nfore-and-afters\nRemovable wooded beams running along the centre of the hold openings, beneath the hatches that they support.[2]\n\nfore horse\nA transverse wooden or iron beam afore the main mast to which the foresail sheet is attached.[2]\n\nforecastle\n(pronounced /ˈfoʊksəl/) A partial deck above the upper deck and at the head of the vessel; traditionally the location of the sailors' living quarters. The name is derived from the castle fitted to bear archers in time of war.[2]\n\nforedeck\nThe portion of the deck that is forward of the forward mast. \n\nforefoot\nThe lower part of the stem of a ship.\n\nforehold\nThe forward (i.e., front) part of a hold.\n\nforemast jack\nAn enlisted sailor, one who is housed before the foremast.\n\nforepeak\nThe part of the hold of a ship within the angle of the bow.\n\nforesail\n1. A fore-and-aft-rigged sail set on the foremast.\n2. The lowest sail set on the foremast of a full-rigged ship or other square-rigged vessel.\n\nforestay\nA long line or cable reaching from the bow of the vessel to the mastheads, used to support the mast.[2]\n\nforestaysail\nA triangular sail set on the forestay.[2]\n\nfoul\n1. Having freedom of motion interfered with by collision or entanglement; entangled; the opposite of clear. For instance, a rope is foul when it does not run straight or smoothly, and an anchor is foul when it is caught on an obstruction.\n2. A ship's bottom is foul when it is overgrown with marine life such as barnacles.\n3. An area of water treacherous to navigation due to many shallow obstructions such as reefs, sandbars, rocks, etc.\n4. A breach of racing rules.\n5. Foul the range: To block another vessel from firing her guns at a target.\n\nfoulies\nA slang term for oilskins, the foul-weather clothing worn by sailors.\n\nfounder\nTo fill with water and sink.\n\nfour piper\nA term sometimes used to refer to United States Navy four-funneled destroyers of the Bainbridge, Paulding, Wickes, and Clemson classes, all built for service in World War I.\n\nfourth rate\nIn the British Royal Navy during the first half of the 18th century, a ship-of-the-line mounting between 46 and 60 guns.\n\nframe\nA transverse structural member that gives the hull strength and shape. Wooden frames may be sawn, bent, or laminated into shape; planking is then fastened to the frames. In traditional wooden ship building, an individual frame may be made of the following individual parts: floor, several futtocks, then a top timber as the last component closest to the deck. If the hull is built frame-first, these frame components are fastened to each other. In a planking-first construction, they may only be fastened to the hull planking.[73]\n\nfreeboard\nThe height of a ship's hull (excluding the superstructure) above the waterline; the vertical distance from the current waterline to the lowest point on the highest continuous watertight deck. This usually varies from one part to another.\n\nfreighter\nA cargo ship.\n\nfrigate\n1. In the 17th century, any warship built for speed and maneuverability.\n2. In the 18th and early 19th centuries, a sailing warship with a single continuous gun deck, typically used for patrolling, blockading, etc., but not in line of battle.\n3. In the second half of the 19th century, a type of warship combining sail and steam propulsion, typically of ironclad timber construction, with all guns on one deck.\n4. In the 20th and 21st centuries, a warship, smaller than a destroyer, originally introduced during World War II as an anti-submarine vessel but now general-purpose.\n5. In the US Navy from the 1950s until the 1970s, a type of guided-missile antiaircraft ship built on a destroyer-sized hull, all of which were reclassified as \"guided-missile cruisers\" in 1975.\n\nfull and by\nSailing into the wind (by), but not as close-hauled as might be possible, so as to make sure the sails are kept full. This provides a margin for error to avoid being taken aback in a tricky sea (a serious risk for square-rigged vessels). Figuratively it implies getting on with the job but in a steady, relaxed way, without undue urgency or strain.\n\nfull-rigged ship \nA sailing vessel with three or more masts, all of them square-rigged. A full-rigged ship is said to have a \"ship rig\".\n\nfull steam ahead\nWith as much speed as possible.\n\nfunnel \n1. (funnel) Also stack. The smokestack of a ship, used to expel boiler steam and smoke or engine exhaust.\n2. Ventilation funnel: A curved, rotatable tube protruding from the deck of a vessel, designed to direct fresh air into her interior.\n\nFurious Fifties\nStrong westerly winds found in the Southern Hemisphere, generally between the latitudes of 50 and 60 degrees. They are stronger than the similar \"Roaring Forties\" to their north.\n\nfurl\nTo roll or gather a sail against its mast or spar.[67]\n\nfurnace\nBoiler component where fuel is burned.\n\nfurring\nA method of improving the stability of a wooden vessel by increasing the breadth of the hull. The planking is removed and pieces of wood are added to the outside of the frames. Then the planking is replaced. An increase in breadth of about 1 foot (300 mm) could typically be achieved on each side. This was a common remedial technique at a time before shipwrights were able to carry out mathematical stability calculations.[42]: ch 6 the Gresham Ship \n\nfusta \nAlso fuste, foist, or galliot.\nA narrow, light, and fast ship with a shallow draft, powered both by oars and sail, with a single mast carrying a lateen sail; a favorite of North African corsairs during the 16th and 17th centuries.\n\nfuttock shrouds\nRope, wire, or chain links in the rigging of a traditional square-rigged ship running from the outer edges of a top downwards and inwards to a point on the mast or lower shrouds. They carry the load of the shrouds that rise from the edge of the top, preventing the top from tilting relative to the mast.[67]\n\nfuttock\nThe part of a ship's frame that continues the structure above the floors. These often exist as individual pieces termed first futtock, second futtock and third futtock, numbered moving away from the keel.[73]","title":"F"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gaff rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaff_rig"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-mounted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"peak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#peak"},{"link_name":"throat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#throat"},{"link_name":"halliards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#halliard"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"fishing gaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fishing_gaff"},{"link_name":"gaff 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rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genoa"},{"link_name":"spinnaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spinnaker"},{"link_name":"genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa_(sail)"},{"link_name":"/ˈdʒɛni/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"mainmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainmast"},{"link_name":"ghali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghali_(ship)"},{"link_name":"galley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#galley"},{"link_name":"Nusantara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)"},{"link_name":"reserve fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#reserve_fleet"},{"link_name":"gybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gybe"},{"link_name":"gig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gig_(boat)"},{"link_name":"ship's boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship%27s_boat"},{"link_name":"gillnetter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillnetter"},{"link_name":"gillnetting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillnetting"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"anchors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anchor"},{"link_name":"capsize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#capsize"},{"link_name":"tugboat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tugboat"},{"link_name":"barometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barometer"},{"link_name":"marine sandglass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#marine_sandglass"},{"link_name":"Global Positioning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"go-fast boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-fast_boat"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"goat locker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goat_locker"},{"link_name":"chief petty officers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_petty_officer"},{"link_name":"tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tack"},{"link_name":"gybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gybe"},{"link_name":"gondola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gondola"},{"link_name":"gundalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gundalow"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"goosewinged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goosewing"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"mainsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainsail"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jib"},{"link_name":"running","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#running"},{"link_name":"Global Positioning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#global_positioning_system"},{"link_name":"grapeshot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapeshot"},{"link_name":"cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannon"},{"link_name":"shotgun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shotgun"},{"link_name":"canister shot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#canister_shot"},{"link_name":"rigging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rigging"},{"link_name":"graving dock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graving_dock"},{"link_name":"caisson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caisson_(engineering)"},{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drydock"},{"link_name":"Cape Horn roller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cape_horn_roller"},{"link_name":"great-circle navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great-circle_navigation"},{"link_name":"great circle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_circle"},{"link_name":"starboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#starboard"},{"link_name":"Greenlandman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandman"},{"link_name":"whaling ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#whaling_ship"},{"link_name":"Arctic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"nautical mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"continental shelf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_shelf"},{"link_name":"brown water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brown_water"},{"link_name":"blue water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blue_water"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#superstructure"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"nautical mile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#nautical_mile"},{"link_name":"green water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#green_water"},{"link_name":"blue water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#blue_water"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"helmsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#helmsman"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"grog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grog"},{"link_name":"rum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum"},{"link_name":"Admiral Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Vernon"},{"link_name":"ration of rum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rum_Ration"},{"link_name":"grogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_textile_manufacturing"},{"link_name":"splice the mainbrace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#splice_the_mainbrace"},{"link_name":"grog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#grog"},{"link_name":"grommet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grommet"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"inexperienced surfer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grommet_(sportsperson)"},{"link_name":"anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anchor"},{"link_name":"bed of the sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ground"},{"link_name":"aground","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aground"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"iceberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceberg"},{"link_name":"slave ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#slave_ship"},{"link_name":"steamship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#steamship"},{"link_name":"paddle boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#paddle_box"},{"link_name":"forward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#forward"},{"link_name":"aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#aft"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ridgely-nevitt1981_p371-75"},{"link_name":"main deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_deck"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ridgely-nevitt1981_p371-75"},{"link_name":"guard ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guard_ship"},{"link_name":"fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fleet"},{"link_name":"warship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#warship"},{"link_name":"flagship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flagship"},{"link_name":"admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#admiral"},{"link_name":"gun deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gun_deck"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck"},{"link_name":"cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cannon"},{"link_name":"broadsides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#broadside"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frigate"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NHHC-39"},{"link_name":"gundalow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gundalow"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barge"},{"link_name":"lateen sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#lateen_sail"},{"link_name":"brailed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#brail"},{"link_name":"yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yard"},{"link_name":"Maine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maine"},{"link_name":"New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"gondola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gondola"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"kissing the gunner's daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kissing_the_gunner's_daughter"},{"link_name":"gunter rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunter_rig"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"abaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#abaft"},{"link_name":"luff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#luff"},{"link_name":"yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yard"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBO-13"},{"link_name":"Bermuda rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bermuda_rig"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nichols_2014-77"},{"link_name":"gunwale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunwale"},{"link_name":"/ˈɡʌnəl/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBO-13"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer1975101-78"},{"link_name":"stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stay"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955109-67"},{"link_name":"gybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jibe_(sailing)"},{"link_name":"/dʒaɪb/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tack"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"going about","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#going_about"},{"link_name":"wearing ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#wearing_ship"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"}],"text":"gaff\n1. (gaff rig) A spar that holds the upper edge of a four-sided fore-and-aft-mounted sail. On a hoisting gaff, the lower end is supported by gaff jaws which partly encircle the mast; it is hoisted using peak and throat halliards. A standing gaff remains aloft, its sails brailed when not in use.[67]\n2. (fishing gaff) A hook on a long pole used to haul in fish.\n\ngaff rig \nA boat rigged with a four-sided fore-and-aft sail set abaft the mast, its head being spread by a gaff. The gaff may be standing (permanently in position) with the sail being brailed up to the gaff when not in use, or, more commonly, is hoisted using two halliards: the peak and the throat.[67]\n\ngaff topsail\nA fore-and-aft sail set above a gaff-rigged sail, with the clew sheeted to the end of the gaff.[67]\n\ngaff vang\nA line rigged to the end of a gaff and used to adjust a gaff sail's trim.\n\ngale\ngali\nSee ghali.\ngalleass\n1. An oared warship of the 16th century equipped with a gun deck; larger and equipped with more sails than a galley.\n2. A flat-bottomed commercial sailing vessel of the North Sea and western Baltic Sea.\n\ngalleon\n\nIllustration of a typical 15th-century galleon\nA large, multi-decked sailing ship with a prominent, squared-off, raised stern, generally carrying three or more masts, typically lateen fore-and-aft-rigged on the rear mast and square-rigged on the mainmast and foremast. Galleons were used primarily as armed cargo carriers and sometimes as warships by European states from the 16th to the 18th centuries.\n\ngalley\n1. (galley (kitchen)) The compartment of a ship where food is cooked or prepared; a ship's kitchen.\n2. (galley) A type of ship propelled by oars, used especially in the Mediterranean for warfare, piracy, and trade from the 8th century BC to the 16th century AD, with some in use until the early 19th century.\n3. A type of oared gunboat built by the United States in the late 18th century, akin to a brigantine but termed \"galley\" for administrative and funding purposes.\n\ngalliot\nSee fusta.\ngam\nA meeting of two (or more) whaling ships at sea. The ships each send out a boat to the other, and the two captains meet on one ship, while the two chief mates meet on the other.[74]\n\ngammon iron\nThe bow fitting that clamps the bowsprit to the stem.[67]\n\ngangplank\nAlso brow.\nA movable bridge used in boarding or leaving a ship at a pier.\n\ngangway\nAn opening in the bulwark of a ship to allow passengers to board or leave the ship.\n\ngantline\nA rope running through a block at or near the masthead, with both ends reaching the deck. It is used solely for hoisting and lowering crew members and/or tools into the rigging for maintenance and repair work.\n\ngarbling\nThe illegal practice of mixing cargo with garbage.\n\ngarboard\nThe strake closest to the keel (from Dutch gaarboard).\n\ngarboard planks\nThe planks immediately on either side of the keel.\n\ngash\nAny refuse or rubbish discarded into a refuse container or dustbin, also known as \"gash fanny\" (South African Navy).\n\ngasket\nA rope used to secure a sail (particularly the topsail) when stowed.[2]\n\ngate ship\nAn alternative term for a net-laying ship.\n\ngear\nA collective term for a vessel's sails and rigging.[2]\n\ngeedunk\nIce cream, snacks, etc. Also the place selling such items.[39]\n\ngeneral quarters\nSee battle stations.\ngennaker\nA large, lightweight sail used for sailing a fore-and-aft rig down or across the wind, intermediate between a genoa and a spinnaker.\n\ngenoa \nAlso genny. (both /ˈdʒɛni/)\nA large jib, strongly overlapping the mainmast.\n\nghali\nAlso gali or gale.\nAny of several types of galley-like ships from the Nusantara archipelago in Southeast Asia. The term refers both to Mediterranean vessels built by local people and to native vessels with Mediterranean influence.\n\nghost\nTo sail slowly when there is apparently no wind.\n\nghost fleet\nIn the modern United States, an informal term for a reserve fleet.\n\ngibe\nSee gybe.\ngig\nA type of open boat designed primarily for propulsion under oar, but often fitted with a sailing rig for appropriate conditions. Used most often for the swift transport of one or a few people, as in a pilot gig or as a naval ship's boat. In US Navy usage, a captain's gig is reserved for use by a ship's captain and, in modern times, is a power-boat.\n\ngillnetter\nA fishing vessel that employs gillnetting as its means of catching fish.\n\ngin-pole\nAlso jin-pole.\nA pole that is attached perpendicular to a mast, to be used as a lever for raising the mast.\n\ngirt\n1. Said of a vessel moored by cables to two anchors in such a way that the force of a current or tide causes her to swing against one of the cables.\n2. To capsize because of forces exerted on a cable by another vessel attached to it. Tug girting specifically refers to girting that causes a tugboat to capsize because of forces placed on a cable attached to her by another vessel attached to the same cable.\n\ngive-way\nIn a situation where two vessels are approaching one another so as to involve a risk of collision, the vessel directed to keep out of the way of the other.\n\nglass\n1. A marine barometer. Older barometers used mercury-filled glass tubes to measure and indicate barometric pressure.\n2. A marine sandglass.\n\nGlobal Positioning System (GPS)\nA satellite-based radionavigation system providing continuous worldwide coverage of geolocation and time information to air, marine, and land users wherever there is an unobstructed line of sight to at least four GPS satellites developed and operated by the United States Department of Defense but publicly available for use by anyone with an enabled GPS receiver.\n\ngo-fast boat\nA small, fast boat designed with a long narrow platform and a planing hull to enable it to reach high speeds. Colloquially equivalent to a \"rum-runner\" or a \"cigarette boat\".\n\ngoat locker\nA mess hall reserved for chief petty officers in the United States Navy.\n\ngoing about\nChanging from one tack to another by going through the wind. See also gybe.\n\ngondola\n1. A traditional, flat-bottomed Venetian rowing boat.\n2. An alternative term for a gundalow.\n\ngooseneck\nA fitting that attaches a boom to a mast yet allows it to move freely.[67]\n\ngoosewinged\n(of a fore-and-aft-rigged vessel) Sailing directly away from the wind, with the sails set on opposite sides of the vessel (e.g. with the mainsail to port and the jib to starboard) so as to maximize the amount of canvas exposed to the wind. See also running.\n\nGPS\nSee Global Positioning System.\ngrapeshot\nSmall balls of lead fired from a cannon, analogous to shotgun shot but on a larger scale; similar to canister shot but with larger individual shot. Intended specifically to injure personnel and damage rigging more than to cause structural damage.\n\ngrave\nTo clean a ship's bottom.\n\ngraving dock\nA narrow basin, usually made of earthen berms and concrete, closed by gates or by a caisson, into which a vessel may be floated and the water pumped out, leaving the vessel supported on blocks; the classic form of drydock.\n\ngraybeard\nSee Cape Horn roller.\ngreat-circle navigation\nThe practice of navigating a vessel along the arc of a great circle. Such routes yield the shortest possible distance between any given pair of points on the surface of the Earth.\n\ngreen-to-green\nA passage of two vessels moving in the opposite direction on their starboard sides, so called because the green navigation light on one of the vessels faces the green light on the other vessel.\n\nGreenlandman\nA British term used in the 18th and 19th centuries for any whaling ship operating in the Arctic Ocean or northern waters near the Arctic.\n\ngreen water\n1. That portion of the ocean lying generally within a few hundred nautical miles of shore but beyond the edge of the continental shelf, and thus between \"brown water\" over the continental shelf and \"blue water\" farther out to sea.\n2. A large amount of water on or passing over or across a ship's deck or superstructure after a large wave strikes her, e.g., The ship took green water over her bow during the storm.\n\ngreen-water navy\nA navy capable of sustained operations beyond coastal areas out to a few hundred nautical miles from shore, i.e., in \"green water,\" but not farther into the open ocean, i.e., in \"blue water.\" While a green-water navy can possess ships capable of operating farther out to sea than in \"green water,\" it requires logistical support from foreign countries to sustain such longer-range operations.\n\ngridiron\nA large metal cross-frame on which vessels are placed at high water for examination, cleaning, and repairs after the tide falls.\n\ngripe\nA temporary eye in a line (rope).\n\ngriping\nThe tendency of a ship to turn into the wind despite the efforts of the helmsman, usually due to either the design of a ship or more commonly the incorrect distribution of weight on and within the hull.\n\ngripie\nA Cockney (London dialect) name for a barge.[2]\n\ngrog\nWatered-down pusser's rum consisting of half a gill with an equal part of water, issued to all seamen over twenty (CPOs and POs were issued with neat rum). From the British Admiral Vernon who, in 1740, ordered the men's ration of rum to be watered down. He was called \"Old Grogram\" because he often wore a grogram coat, and the watered rum came to be called grog. Specific quantities of grog were often traded illegally as a form of currency; a sailor might repay a colleague for a favour by giving him part or all of his grog ration, ranging from \"sippers\" (a small amount) via \"gulpers\" (a larger quantity) to \"grounders\" (the entire tot). Additional issues of grog were made on the command \"splice the mainbrace\" for celebrations or as a reward for performing especially onerous duties. The Royal Navy discontinued the practice of issuing rum in 1970.\n\ngroggy\nDrunk from having consumed a lot of grog.\n\ngrommet\n1. A metal or plastic ring inserted in canvas to prevent wear.\n2. A ring of rope.[67]\n3. An inexperienced surfer or extreme sports participant.\n\nground\nThe bed of the sea; the underwater surface or sea floor to which an anchor holds.\n\ngrounding\nWhen a ship (while afloat) touches the bed of the sea, or runs aground. A moored vessel that grounds as the tide goes out is said to \"take the ground\".\n\ngroundway\nAlso ground way.\nA substantial foundation of wood or stone for the blocks on which a vessel is built, typically lying on either side of the keel of a ship under construction, which also serves to support and guide the blocks when they slide to carry the vessel into the water when she is launched.\n\ngrowler\nA small iceberg or ice floe barely visible above the surface of the water.\n\nGuineaman\nAnother name for a slave ship, coined after the emergence of the transatlantic slave trade from Africa in the 15th century.\n\nguards\nAlso paddle guards and wheel guards.\n1. (on an oceangoing sidewheel steamship) Horizontal structures, usually of wood, built around the paddle boxes just above their lowest point and extending a short distance forward and aft, designed to protect them from damage and to provide additional support for the paddle shaft.[75]\n2. (on an American sidewheel steamboat) Extensions of the main deck beyond the hull to the outer extremity of the paddle boxes, and tapering to the bow and stern (thus giving the deck a characteristic oval shape), to increase the available deck space for passengers, cargo, and/or machinery.[75]\n\nguard ship\n1. Any vessel that makes the rounds of a fleet at anchor to see that due watch is kept at night.\n2. A warship stationed at a port or harbour to act as a guard there.\n3. In former times in the British Royal Navy, a ship that received men impressed for naval service, often the flagship of the admiral commanding along the coast.\n4. In Soviet and Russian terminology, a guard ship (storozhevoj korabl') is a small, general-purpose patrol or escort vessel.\n\ngun deck\n1. Up through the 19th century, a deck aboard a ship that was primarily used for the mounting of cannon to be fired in broadsides.\n2. On smaller vessels (of frigate size or smaller) up through the 19th century, the completely covered level under the upper deck, though in such smaller ships it carried none of the ship's guns.\n3. On marine seismic survey vessels, the lowest deck on the ship, which carries the seismic source arrays, consisting of air guns arranged in clusters.\n4. In naval slang, to fabricate or falsify something; in modern usage, meaning especially to falsify documentation in order to avoid doing work or make present conditions seem acceptable without having made a real effort to improve them.\n\ngundecking\nFalsifying of records and reports.[39]\n\ngundalow\nA type of flat-bottomed sailing barge with a single large lateen sail brailed to a heavy yard, used on rivers in Maine and New Hampshire from the mid-17th century to the early 20th century. Sometimes referred to as a gondola in period accounts.[76]\n\ngunner's daughter\nSee kissing the gunner's daughter.\ngunport\nAn opening in the side of a ship or in a turret through which a gun fires or protrudes.\n\ngunter rig\nAlso sliding gunter or gunter lug.\nA fore-and-aft sail set abaft (behind) the mast, approximately triangular in shape, with the top half of the luff (front) of the sail attached to a yard which extends the sail above the top of the mast. The yard is raised and lowered with the sail.[13] This traditional sail is popular in small boats and produces aerodynamic performance close to that of the highly developed Bermuda rig.[77]\n\ngunwale \nRarely gunnel. (both /ˈɡʌnəl/)\nGenerally, the upper edge of the hull; more specifically, in an open (undecked) boat of timber construction, the longitudinal stringer that connects the top of the ribs.[13][78]\n\ngurdy\nA mechanical crank used to set and retrieve fishing lines.\n\nguy\n1. A rope or stay leading to the side of the vessel.[67]\n2. A rope used to steady a boom.[67]\n\ngybe \nAlso jibe. (both /dʒaɪb/)\nTo change from one tack to the other away from the wind, with the stern of the vessel turning through the wind. See also going about and wearing ship.[2]\n\ngypsy winch\nA type or component of an anchor winch. The \"gypsy\" or \"gypsy wheel\" engages the anchor chain.","title":"G"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"shipbuilding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipbuilding"},{"link_name":"elevation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elevation_(view)"},{"link_name":"halyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halyard"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sail"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"hammock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammock"},{"link_name":"deckhead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deckhead"},{"link_name":"messdecks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#messdecks"},{"link_name":"sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sail"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBO-13"},{"link_name":"shrouds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#shroud"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck"},{"link_name":"aircraft 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I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"United States Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Navy"},{"link_name":"United States Merchant Marine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Merchant_Marine"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"hogging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogging_and_sagging"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"amidships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#amidships"},{"link_name":"sagging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sagging"},{"link_name":"Age of Sail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Sail"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stay"},{"link_name":"hold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_(ship)"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"orlop deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#orlop_deck"},{"link_name":"weather deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#weather_deck"},{"link_name":"holystone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holystone"},{"link_name":"sandstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandstone"},{"link_name":"decks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#deck"},{"link_name":"home port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_port"},{"link_name":"port","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#port"},{"link_name":"port of registry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#port_of_registry"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"cruise 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ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospital_ship"},{"link_name":"stays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stay"},{"link_name":"masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"electrical load","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_load"},{"link_name":"hove 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boatmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deal,_Kent#Boatmen"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr195196-83"},{"link_name":"huffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#huffler"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStuckey200097-84"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr195196-83"},{"link_name":"helmsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#helmsman"},{"link_name":"course","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#course"},{"link_name":"cutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cutter"},{"link_name":"gaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gaff"},{"link_name":"mainsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainsail"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bowsprit"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr195155-85"},{"link_name":"barge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#barge"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr195155-85"},{"link_name":"hoveller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hoveller"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr195196-83"},{"link_name":"hulk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hulk_(ship)"},{"link_name":"afloat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#afloat"},{"link_name":"launched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_naming_and_launching"},{"link_name":"wreck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#shipwreck"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)"},{"link_name":"hull speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull_speed"},{"link_name":"hull-down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull-down"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#funnel"},{"link_name":"masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#superstructure"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"hull-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull-up"},{"link_name":"hull-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hull-down"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"funnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#funnel"},{"link_name":"masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#superstructure"},{"link_name":"hull-down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull-down"},{"link_name":"hydrofoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrofoil"},{"link_name":"hydroplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroplane_(boat)"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"planing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#Plane"},{"link_name":"buoyancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#buoyancy"},{"link_name":"lift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lift_(force)"}],"text":"half-breadth plan\nIn shipbuilding, an elevation of the lines of a ship, viewed from above and divided lengthwise.\n\nhalyard \nAlso halliard.\nOriginally, ropes used for hoisting a spar with a sail attached; today, a line used to raise the head of any sail.[2]\n\nhammock\nCanvas sheets, slung from the deckhead in messdecks, in which seamen slept. \"Lash up and stow\" was a piped command to tie up hammocks and stow them (typically) in racks inboard of the ship's side so as to protect the crew from splinters from shot and provide a ready means of preventing flooding caused by damage.\n\nhamper\nArticles that normally are indispensable aboard ship but at certain times are in the way.\n\nhand\nTo lower or furl a sail.[13]\n\nhand bomber\nA ship using coal-fired boilers shoveled in by hand.\n\nhand over fist\nTo climb steadily upwards, from the motion of a sailor climbing shrouds on a sailing ship (originally \"hand over hand\").\n\nhandsomely\nWith a slow even motion, as when hauling on a line \"handsomely\".\n\nhandy billy\nA loose block and tackle with a hook or tail on each end, which can be used wherever it is needed. Usually made up of one single and one double block.\n\nhangar deck\nAn enclosed deck on an aircraft carrier, usually beneath the flight deck and intended for use as a hangar in servicing and storing aircraft.\n\nhank\nA fastener attached to the luff of the headsail that attaches the headsail to the forestay. Typical designs include a bronze or plastic hook with a spring-operated gate, or a strip of cloth webbing with a snap fastener.[79]\n\nharbor of refuge American English\nharbour of refuge British English\nAn artificial harbour constructed on a coast without a natural harbour to provide shelter for small vessels.[3]\n\nharbor American English\nharbour British English\nAlso haven.\nA place where ships or smaller craft may shelter from the weather, are unloaded/loaded, or stored. Harbours can be man-made or natural.[3]\n\nharbor dues American English\nharbour dues British English\nThe fees charged by the owners or operators of a harbour to those vessels using the harbour. Under British legislation, the person in charge of a vessel must report to the harbourmaster within 24 hours of arrival in a port where harbour dues are payable.[13][3]\n\nharbormaster American English\nharbourmaster British English\nA person in charge of a harbour, with powers including the collection of the harbour dues, instructing the masters of vessels where to moor, and overall safety within the area of the harbour, often including pilotage and navigational aids. In most countries the powers of a harbour master are laid down by legislation, and can be quite extensive.[13][3]\n\nhard\nA section of otherwise muddy shoreline suitable for mooring or hauling out.\n\nhard-a-lee\nSee lee-oh.\nharden in\nTo haul in the sheet and tighten the sails.[2]\n\nharden up\nTo turn towards the wind; to sail closer to the wind.\n\nharness cask\nAlso harness tub.\nA large, usually round tub lashed to a vessel's deck and containing dried and salted provisions for daily use.\n\nhardtack\nA hard and long-lasting dry biscuit, used as food on long journeys. Also called a \"ship's biscuit\".\n\nhatch\nhatchway\nA covered opening in a ship's deck through which cargo can be loaded or access made to a lower deck; the cover to the opening is called a hatch.\n\nhaul\n1. To steer (a vessel) closer to the direction of the wind.\n2. To shift forward, i.e. more toward the bow of the vessel.\n\nhauling wind\nPointing the ship towards the direction of the wind; generally not the fastest point of travel on a sailing vessel.\n\nhawsepipe\nAlso hawsehole or hawse.\nThe shaft or hole in the side of a vessel's bow through which the anchor chain passes. \"In through the hawsepipe\" describes someone with experience and savvy.[39]\n\nhawsepiper\nAn informal term for an officer of a merchant ship who began their career as an unlicensed merchant seaman, and so did not attend a traditional maritime academy to earn their officer's licence. See also before the mast.\n\nhawser\nA large cable or rope used for mooring or towing a vessel.\n\nhead\n1. The forwardmost or uppermost portion of the ship.\n2. The forwardmost or uppermost portion of any individual part of the ship, e.g. masthead, beakhead, stemhead, etc.\n3. The top edge of a sail.[2]\n4. The toilet or latrine of a vessel, which in sailing ships usually projected from the bow and therefore was located in the \"head\" of the vessel.\n\nhead boat\nA fishing boat that takes recreational fishermen out for a fee paid individually by each person (i.e. per head). A head boat differs from a charter boat, which is a fishing boat that a party of fishermen hires for an agreed-upon period.\nHead of navigationThe farthest point above the mouth of a river that can be navigated by ships.\n\nhead rail\nA curved rail that extends from the figurehead to the bow of a ship.\n\nhead rope\n1. The mooring rope that goes from the bow of a vessel to a point on a jetty a distance ahead of the bows.[3]\n2. Part of the bolt rope, at the head of a sail, running from the mast to the sprit.[2]\n\nhead sea\nA sea in which waves are directly opposing the motion of the ship, or approaching within 15° of ahead.[22]\n\nhead-sail\n1. Jibs and staysails set between the bowsprit and the fore[79]\n2. Sometimes refers to the square sails on the fore-mast of a square rigged vessel.[79]\n\nhead-stays\nStays between the bowsprit and the foremost mast.\n[79]\n\nheader\nA change in the wind direction that forces the helmsman of a close-hauled sailboat to steer away from its current course to a less favorable one. This is the opposite of a lift.\n\nheading\nThe direction in which the nose of a vessel is pointing (which is not necessarily the same as the direction in which the vessel is actually moving).\n\nheadsail\nAny sail set in front of the most forward mast. A sailing vessel may have one or more headsails. A headsail may be hanked to a stay, or may be set flying, with the luff being kept taut by the tension of the halyard. Where several headsails are set, a complex arrangement might be termed (from the front and top) flying jib, outer jib, inner jib, and (fore) staysail; less complex would be jib and staysail[80]\n\nheadstick\nThe spar laced to the head of the topsail.[2]\n\nheave\nA vessel's transient, vertical, up-and-down motion.\n\nheave down\nTo turn a ship on its side (for cleaning), a process which is also known as careening.\n\nheave ho!\nAn exclamation sailors make when pulling forcefully on a rope.\n\nheave to\nSee hove to.\nheavy weather\nA combination of high winds and rough seas that may be dangerous for a ship or boat, sometimes requiring changes to a passage plan (such as a precautionary diversion to a safe harbour), heaving to, running under bare poles, or other similar survival strategies.\n\nheel\n1. The lean caused by the wind's force on the sails of a sailing vessel.\n2. The inclination or canting of a vessel to one side or the other from the vertical as she maneuvers, e.g. \"The ship heeled to port as she turned to starboard\".\n3. The lowest or last part of something, such as the heel of the mast or the heel of the vessel.\n\nhelicopter deck\nA helicopter pad on the deck of a ship. In the United States Navy, a helicopter deck is referred to as a flight deck.\n\nhelm\n1. A ship's steering mechanism, such as a tiller or ship's wheel.\n2. The wheel and/or wheelhouse area.\n3. (v.) To take over the steering of a vessel.[2]\n\nhelmsman \nAlso steersman.\nA member of the crew who is responsible for steering the ship.\n\nherring buss\nA type of seagoing fishing vessel used by Dutch and Flemish herring fishermen from the 15th through the early 19th century.\n\nhighfield lever\nA type of tensioning lever, usually for running backstays. Their use allows the leeward backstay to be completely slackened so that the boom can be let fully out.\n\nhitch\nA knot used to tie a rope or line to a fixed object. See also bend.[2]\n\nhobby horsing\nHarmonic pitching of a vessel forward and backward.\n\nhog\n1. A fore-and-aft structural member of the hull fitted over the keel to provide a fixing for the garboard planks.\n2. A rough, flat scrubbing brush for cleaning a ship's bottom under water.\n3. A semi-permanent bend in a ship's keel, especially in wooden-hulled ships, caused over time by the ship's center being more buoyant than her bow or stern.\n\nhog frame\nA heavy wooden truss fitted lengthwise along each side of a large American steamboat, secured to the hull and rising above deck just outside the superstructure, to provide support for the hull and prevent hogging. Similar in appearance and function to a truss bridge. See also king post.\n\nHog Islander\nSlang term used for Design 1022 cargo ships and Design 1024 troop transports constructed at Hog Island in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to address merchant marine shortfalls in the United States during World War I. Completed too late for World War I, Hog Islanders saw United States Navy and United States Merchant Marine service prior to and during World War II.\n\nhogging\n1. A condition in which the hull of a vessel bends upward such that the ends of the keel are lower than the middle. Hogging can occur when the peak of a wave is amidships or during loading or unloading of a vessel and can damage her or even break her in half. Contrast sagging.\n2. A permanent distortion of the hull in the same manner as above, caused over time by the bow and stern of a ship being less buoyant than the midships section. During the Age of Sail, shipwrights employed a number of different designs of braces to stiffen ships' hulls against this warping.\n\nhogging line\nA line passed under a ship from side to side to pull a collision mat into place over a leak.[81] Also a line passed under a ship from side to side used as a reference to indicate position of a frame during underwater inspections.[82]\n\nhoist\nThe height of a fore-and-aft-rigged sail as measured next to the mast or stay.\n\nhold\nThe lower part of the interior of a ship's hull, especially when considered as storage space, as for cargo. In earlier use, the term referred to all interior spaces below the orlop deck; in later merchant vessels it extended up through the decks to the underside of the weather deck.\n\nholiday\nA gap in the coverage of newly applied paint, slush, tar, or another preservative.\n\nholystone\nA chunk of sandstone used to scrub a ship's decks. The name comes from both the kneeling position sailors adopt to scrub the deck (reminiscent of genuflection for prayer), and the stone itself (which resembled a Bible in shape and size).\n\nhome port\nThe port at which a vessel is based. Often confused with the ship's port of registry, which is the port listed in the vessel's registration documents and lettered on her stern but which may differ from her home port. In the cruise ship industry, the term \"home port\" is often incorrectly used to refer to a ship's port of departure.\n\nhomeward bounder\nA slang term for a sail repair, especially one done with large herringbone stitches.[2]\n\nhoney barge\nSlang term for a vessel that transports sewage.\n\nhoop\nWooden or metal hoops used to secure the topsail to the topmast so it can be speedily raised or lowered.[2]\n\nhorn\nA sound signal that uses electricity or compressed air to vibrate a disc diaphragm.\n\nhornpipe\nA type of dance.\n\nhorns\nShaped ends to the chocks where the main horse is bolted.[2]\n\nhorn timber\nA fore-and-aft structural member of the hull sloping up and backwards from the keel to support the counter.\n\nhorse\n1. A metal bar (sometimes a shaped aluminium extrusion), running athwartships, to which a sheet is attached with a traveller that slides along the horse or is adjusted to be fixed in one position on it. Commonly used for a mainsheet, but also seen with some headsails, particularly a staysail fitted with a boom.[13]\n2. Sand lying mid-channel.[2]\n3. (verb) To move or adjust a sail by manual force (i.e. directly with the hands) rather than by using running rigging.\n4. (verb) A term used since the end of the 17th century for the action of a strong, favorable current on a sailing vessel allowing her to make good progress despite insufficient wind for sailing; the vessel is considered to be horsed by the current, riding it in the way a human rides a horse.\n\nhorse latitudes\nThe latitudes between 30 and 35 degrees in the Northern Hemisphere and between 30 and 35 degrees in the Southern Hemisphere in which weather patterns often result in sailing vessels being becalmed in mid-ocean.\n\nhospital ship\nA ship designated and equipped to serve primarily as a floating medical healthcare facility or hospital, usually operated by military forces such as navies for use in or near war zones, or for the support of disaster relief and other humanitarian operations.\n\nhounds\nAttachments point of stays to masts.[2]\n\nhotel load\nThe electrical load for all non-propulsion systems on a ship, including lighting, climate control, and services used by the crew and passengers.\n\nhove to\n1. In a sailing vessel, stopping her by backing some of the sails and lashing the helm to leeward. In a fore-and-aft-rigged sloop, this involves backing the headsail and allowing the mainsail to fill somewhat (the precise arrangement varies from one vessel to another). The vessel will gradually drift to leeward, with the speed of the drift depending on the vessel's design.\n2. In a powered vessel, stopping her by stopping her engines.\n\nhoveller\n1. Someone who does salvage work, such as that done by Deal boatmen.[83]\n2. An additional crewman who assists getting a vessel in and out of harbour. See also huffler (regional usage of these words varies substantially, with strongly held views on the differences).[84][83]\n\nhow's your head?\nA question asked of the helmsman to report the vessel's course at that moment. The actual course may differ from the course to steer that has been ordered.\n\nhoy\n1. A cutter-rigged craft, having a pole masted with a boomless gaff mainsail and a steeved-up bowsprit. Hoys were square, swim-headed Thames estuary barges of 40 to 150 tons burthen.[85]\n2. A barge making regular passages on a fixed route with mixed third-party cargoes. Also passage barge or goods barge.[2][85]\n\nhufflers\nAdditional crew taken on to enter harbour or navigate in confined waters, particularly applying to Thames barges. See also hoveller.[83]\n\nhulk\n1. A ship, often an old ship or one that has become obsolete or uneconomical to operate, that has had its rigging or internal equipment removed and is incapable of going to sea, but that is still afloat and continues to serve a useful function, such as providing living, office, training, storage, or prison space.\n2. (v.) To convert a ship into a hulk.\n3. A ship that has been launched but not completed.\n4. An abandoned wreck or shell of a ship.\n\nhull\nThe shell and framework of the basic flotation-oriented part of a ship.\n\nhull speed\nThe maximum efficient speed of a displacement-hulled vessel.\n\nhull-down\nOf a vessel when only her upper parts (e.g. funnel, masts, and superstructure) are visible on the horizon but her hull remains below the horizon. Contrast hull-up.\n\nhull-up\nOf a vessel when her hull as well as her upper parts (e.g., funnel, masts, and superstructure) are visible on the horizon. Contrast hull-down.\n\nhydrofoil\nA boat with wing-like foils mounted on struts below the hull, lifting the hull entirely out of the water at speed and therefore greatly reducing water resistance.\n\nhydroplane\nalso hydro or thunderboat\nA fast motorboat with a hull shaped so that at speed planing forces support the boat's weight, rather than simple buoyancy. A hydroplane moving at speed thus relies on the water for lift instead of buoyancy.","title":"H"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ice class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_class"},{"link_name":"ship classification society","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship_classification_society"},{"link_name":"icebreaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icebreaker"},{"link_name":"icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icing_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"Beaufort scale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale"},{"link_name":"capsize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capsize"},{"link_name":"ship's company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship's_company"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ballast"},{"link_name":"stays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stays_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"in ordinary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_ordinary"},{"link_name":"in-water survey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-water_survey"},{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#drydock"},{"link_name":"centerline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#centerline"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"inboard motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inboard_motor"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#propeller"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"sterndrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sterndrive"},{"link_name":"outboard motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#outboard_motor"},{"link_name":"sterndrive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sterndrive"},{"link_name":"Inglefield clip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inglefield_clip"},{"link_name":"halyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#halyard"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-threedecksshiproles-44"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#schooner"},{"link_name":"Great Lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Lakes"},{"link_name":"ironclad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ironclad_warship"},{"link_name":"superstructure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstructure"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"},{"link_name":"flush-decked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flush_deck"}],"text":"ice class\nA notation assigned by a ship classification society or a national government authority to denote a ship's level of strengthening and other arrangements enabling her to navigate through sea ice. In some cases, an ice class also establishes the performance requirements for a vessel operating in sea ice.\n\nicebreaker\nA special-purpose ship or boat designed to move and navigate through ice-covered waters.\n\nicing\nA serious hazard where cold temperatures — below about −10 °C (14 °F) — combined with high wind speed (typically force 8 or above on the Beaufort scale) result in spray blown off the sea freezing immediately upon contact with the ship. If the weight of the ice becomes too great, the ship will become top-heavy and capsize.\n\nidlers\nMembers of a ship's company not required to serve watches. In general, these were specialist tradesmen such as the carpenter and the sailmaker.\n\nin ballast\nAlso in ballast condition.\n(of a vessel) Having only ballast, and no cargo, as a load.\n\nin irons\nAlso in stays.\nWhen a sailing vessel has lost its forward momentum while heading into the wind, rendering it unable to steer.[2]\n\nin ordinary\nAn 18th- and 19th-century term originally used to refer to a naval vessel that is out of service for repair or maintenance, later coming to mean naval ships in reserve with no more than a caretaker crew.\n\nin-water survey\nA method of surveying the underwater parts of a ship while it is still afloat instead of having to drydock it for examination of these areas as was conventionally done.\n\nin way of\nIn the vicinity of; in the area of.\n\ninboard\n1. Situated within a vessel.\n2. Situated within a vessel and positioned close (or closer relative to another object) to her centerline.\n3. Situated outside a vessel but nearer to her hull, e.g. \"The larger boat was tied up alongside the ship inboard of the smaller boat.\"\n4. Nearer the pier or shore, e.g. \"The tanker and cargo ship were tied up at the pier alongside one another with the tanker inboard of the cargo ship.\"\n\ninboard motor\nAn engine mounted within the hull of a vessel, usually driving a fixed propeller by a shaft protruding through the stern. Generally used on larger vessels. See also sterndrive and outboard motor.\n\ninboard-outboard drive system\nSee sterndrive.\nInglefield clip\nA type of clip for attaching a flag to a flag halyard.\n\ninshore\n1. Near (especially in sight of) or toward the shore.\n2. (of a wind) Blowing from the sea to the land.\n\ninterloper\nA term used by the British East India Company in the seventeenth century for a merchant ship operating in violation of the company's monopoly over trade between England (later the United Kingdom) and ports east of the Cape of Good Hope. If caught, an \"interloper\" and her cargo could be confiscated, and her crew faced harsh penalties.[44]\n\nIron Mike\nA slang term for autopilot.\n\niron topsail\nAn auxiliary motor on a schooner.\n\niron wind\nWhat sailors call inboard engines.\n\nironboat\nAlso oreboat\nA Great Lakes term for a vessel primarily used in the transport of iron ore.\n\nironclad\nA steam-propelled warship protected by iron or steel armor plates of the period from 1859 until the 1890s (when the term \"ironclad\" fell out of use).\n\nisland\nThe superstructure of an aircraft carrier that extends above the flight deck. A carrier that lacks one is said to be flush-decked.","title":"I"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"sailor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sailor"},{"link_name":"jack (flag)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_(flag)"},{"link_name":"jackstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jackstaff"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"yacht club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yacht_club"},{"link_name":"ensign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ensign"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"jackass-barque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackass-barque"},{"link_name":"masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"foremast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#foremast"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"topsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topsail"},{"link_name":"topgallant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#topgallant"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"mizzen mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mizzen_mast"},{"link_name":"jack tar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_tar"},{"link_name":"jackline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackline"},{"link_name":"yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yacht"},{"link_name":"jackstay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jackstay"},{"link_name":"line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stay"},{"link_name":"jackstaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackstaff"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"jack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jack"},{"link_name":"batten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#batten"},{"link_name":"yard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yard"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955110-79"},{"link_name":"stay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stay"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"gaff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gaff"},{"link_name":"cable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cable"},{"link_name":"yacht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#yacht"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"Jacob's ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%27s_ladder_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ladder"},{"link_name":"pilot ladder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#pilot_ladder"},{"link_name":"ratlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ratlines"},{"link_name":"square-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#square_rig"},{"link_name":"top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#top"},{"link_name":"topmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topmast"},{"link_name":"jetsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flotsam_and_jetsam"},{"link_name":"flotsam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#flotsam"},{"link_name":"jib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jib"},{"link_name":"headsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#headsail"},{"link_name":"tack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#tack"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bow"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bowsprit"},{"link_name":"mainmast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainmast"},{"link_name":"genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#genoa"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"spar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spar"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bowsprit"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955110-79"},{"link_name":"gybe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gybe"},{"link_name":"gybe-oh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gybe-oh"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1955110-79"},{"link_name":"faying","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faying"},{"link_name":"timber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#timber"},{"link_name":"clinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#clinker-built"},{"link_name":"strake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#strake"},{"link_name":"nib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#nib"},{"link_name":"caulking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#caulking"},{"link_name":"ship's boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#ship's_boat"},{"link_name":"Jonah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonah#Cultural_influence"},{"link_name":"Jonah,","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#jonah,"},{"link_name":"lines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#line"},{"link_name":"oakum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#oakum"},{"link_name":"batten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#batten"},{"link_name":"jury rig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jury_rig"},{"link_name":"rigging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rigging"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"sails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#sail"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayne2000158-87"}],"text":"jack\n1. Also jack tar or just tar. A sailor.\n2. (jack (flag)) A national or other official flag flown on a short jackstaff at the bow of a vessel indicating nationality or subordination to a navy or other particular seagoing service or to a government department or subnational government (such as a state or province), or to indicate membership in a yacht club. Typically, crew members spoke of the jack as if it were a member of the crew. A jack contrasts with an ensign, which is a flag with a generally similar purpose flown from the vessel's stern. Typically, vessels fly a jack while in port and an ensign while at sea (in daylight hours).\n3. Informally, any flag flown by a ship.\n\njackass-barque \nAlso jackass bark.\nA sailing ship with three or more masts, of which the foremast is square-rigged and the main is partially square-rigged (topsail, topgallant, etc.) and partially fore-and-aft-rigged (course). The mizzen mast is fore-and-aft-rigged.\n\njack dusty\nA naval stores clerk.\n\njack tar\nA sailor dressed in \"square rig\" with square collar. Formerly with a tarred pigtail.\n\njackline\nOn a yacht, a deck lifeline of rope or (preferably) flat tape, running fore and aft, to which the crew can clip their harnesses for safety. Sometimes called a jackstay, though this is a misnomer as a jackline is a line rather than a stay. The line must be very strong to take the weight of all crew clipped to it.\n\njackstaff\nA small vertical pole on the bow of a vessel upon which is flown its flag, or jack. The jackstaff was introduced in the 18th century.\n\njackstay \n1. A rope, bar, or batten running along a ship's yard, to which is attached the head of a square sail.[79]\n2. A stay for racing or cruising vessels used to steady the mast against the strain of the gaff.\n3. A cable between two ships or from a ship to a fixed point that supports a load during transfer of personnel or materiel along the cable.\n4. On a yacht, a deck lifeline of rope or (preferably) flat tape may be called a jackstay, though this is a misnomer as a jackstay is a stay rather than a line.[2]\n\nJacob's ladder\nAlso Jacobs ladder.\n1. A flexible hanging ladder consisting of vertical ropes or chains supporting horizontal rungs, used to allow access over the side of a ship, either to transfer between the ship and another vessel alongside it or to perform maintenance tasks along the side of the ship. Sometimes mistakenly referred to as a pilot ladder, which differs from a Jacob's ladder in its use of spreaders and in terms of specific regulations governing step size and step spacing.\n2. A vertical ladder from the ratlines found on square-rigged ships, used to get around the top while climbing between the lower mast and the topmast.\n\njetty\nA man-made pier in a marina or open water, typically made of wood or rocks and rising several feet above high tide in order to create a breakwater, shelter, channel, erosion control, or other function.\n\njetsam\nFloating debris ejected from a ship. See also flotsam.\n\njib\nA triangular headsail at the front of a sailing vessel. The tack is attached to the bow or to a bowsprit. May be the only headsail, or one of several – in which case the jib is set forward of the fore staysail. A large jib that overlaps the mainmast is called a genoa or genny.\n\njib top\nA high-clewed overlapping headsail for beam reaching in medium to strong winds[86]\n\njibboom\nA spar used to extend the bowsprit.[79]\n\njibe\nSee gybe.\njibe-ho\nSee gybe-oh.\njigger-mast\nThe fourth mast on a ship, or the aftmost mast where it is smallest on vessels of less than four masts.[79]\n\njoggle\nA slender, triangular recess cut into the faying surface of a frame or steamed timber to fit over the land of clinker planking, or cut into the faying edge of a plank or rebate to avoid feather ends on a strake of planking. The feather end is cut off to produce a nib. The joggle and nib in this case is made wide enough to allow a caulking iron to enter the seam.\n\njollies\nTraditional Royal Navy nickname for the Royal Marines.\n\njolly boat\nA type of ship's boat used to ferry crew and stores.\n\nJonah\nA person (either a sailor or a passenger) who carries a jinx, one whose presence on board brings bad luck and endangers the ship.\n\nJonah's lift\nThe throwing overboard of a man considered to be a Jonah, almost always in the dark of night.\n\njunk\n1. Old cordage past its useful service life as lines aboard a ship. The strands of old junk were teased apart in a process known as \"picking oakum\".\n2. A sailing ship of classic Chinese design with characteristic full batten sails that span the masts usually on unstayed rigs.\n\njury rig\nBoth the act of rigging a temporary mast and/or sails and the name of the resulting rig. A jury rig would be built at sea when the original rig was damaged, and then used to sail to a harbor or other safe place for permanent repairs. Also used as a general term for a temporary repair, hence \"jury rudder\", \"jury tiller\", etc.[87]","title":"J"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"kaep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaep"},{"link_name":"proa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#proa"},{"link_name":"Palau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palau"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"K BO Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=K_BO_Line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"transom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#transom"},{"link_name":"kedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedge_anchor"},{"link_name":"anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anchor"},{"link_name":"kedging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedge_anchor#kedging"},{"link_name":"kedge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#kedge"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keel"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"leeway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#leeway"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ballast"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PBO-13"},{"link_name":"bilge keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bilge_keel"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PNA-21"},{"link_name":"moulded draught","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#moulded_draught"},{"link_name":"keelhauling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelhauling"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"keelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelson"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"anchor sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anchor_sentinel"},{"link_name":"kentledge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentledge"},{"link_name":"pig iron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_iron"},{"link_name":"ballast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ballast"},{"link_name":"ketch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketch"},{"link_name":"fore-and-aft-rigged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#fore-and-aft_rig"},{"link_name":"mizzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mizzen"},{"link_name":"stepped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stepped"},{"link_name":"afore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#afore"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rudder"},{"link_name":"anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#anchor"},{"link_name":"seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#seaman"},{"link_name":"able seaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#able_seaman"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"mainsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mainsail"},{"link_name":"mizzen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mizzen"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#chain"},{"link_name":"rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rudder"},{"link_name":"quarter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#quarter"},{"link_name":"gudgeons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#gudgeon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Thames_Sailing_Barge_glossary-2"},{"link_name":"centerline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#centerline"},{"link_name":"mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"stanchion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stanchion"},{"link_name":"centerline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#centerline"},{"link_name":"hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hull"},{"link_name":"suspension bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suspension_bridge"},{"link_name":"hog frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#hog_frame"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"derrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#derrick"},{"link_name":"boom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#boom"},{"link_name":"Kingston valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingston_valve"},{"link_name":"seacock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#seacock"},{"link_name":"ballast tanks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#ballast_tank"},{"link_name":"scuttle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#scuttling"},{"link_name":"kissing the gunner's daughter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat_o%27_nine_tails"},{"link_name":"cat o' nine tails","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cat_o'_nine_tails"},{"link_name":"kitchen rudder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitchen_rudder"},{"link_name":"propeller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#propeller"},{"link_name":"spinnaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#spinnaker"},{"link_name":"beams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#beam"},{"link_name":"frames","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#frame"},{"link_name":"pushboats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#pushboat"},{"link_name":"piers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#pier"},{"link_name":"rabbet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#rabbet"},{"link_name":"stem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stem"},{"link_name":"bowsprit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bowsprit"},{"link_name":"bollard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bollard"},{"link_name":"bitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#bitt"},{"link_name":"keel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#keel"},{"link_name":"header","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#header"},{"link_name":"beam ends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#beam_ends"},{"link_name":"masts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#mast"},{"link_name":"knot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knot_(unit)"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)#stern"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUnderhill1946280%E2%80%93288-90"},{"link_name":"learn the ropes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#learn_the_ropes"},{"link_name":"belayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#belay"}],"text":"kaep\nA type of proa native to Palau.[88]\n\nK BO Line\nA line or mark on the aft end of a ship indicating the true centerline of the transom.\n\nkedge \nAlso kedge anchor.\nA type of relatively light anchor.\n\nkedging\nA technique for moving or turning a ship by using a kedge. The kedge anchor may be dropped while in motion to create a pivot and thus perform a sharp turn. It may also be carried away from the ship in a smaller boat, dropped, and then weighed, pulling the ship forward.\n\nkeel\nThe principal central longitudinal structural member of a hull, positioned at or close to the lowest point of the hull. Where the keel protrudes below the surface of the hull, it provides hydrodynamic resistance to the lateral forces that give rise to leeway. A ballast keel of (typically) lead or cast iron may be fastened underneath the structural keel in sailing vessels to provide stability and usually also additional hydrodynamic lift and lateral resistance effects.[13] See also bilge keel.\n\nkeel draft\nkeel draught\nDepth of water occupied by the vessel from the waterline to the underside of the keel.[21] Compare with moulded draught. \n\nkeelhauling\nA type of maritime punishment by which one is dragged under the keel of a ship.\n\nkeelson\nAlso kelson.\nA baulk of timber or a steel girder immediately above the keel that forms the backbone of a wooden ship. A chine keelson of more modest proportions is fitted at the junction of the floors and frames.[2]\n\nkellet\nSee anchor sentinel.\nkentledge\nWeights, usually pig iron, used as permanent, high-density ballast.\n\nketch\nA two-masted fore-and-aft-rigged sailboat with the aft mast (the mizzen) mounted (stepped) afore the rudder.\n\nkillick\n1. A small anchor.\n2. A seaman promoted to the first step of the promotion ladder in the British Royal Navy. A fouled anchor is the substantive badge of non-commissioned officers, signifying that the wearer is an able seaman skilled to cope with the awkward job of dealing with a fouled killick.\n\nkicking strap\n1. A rope, tackle, or hydraulic ram running from the mast at or just above deck level to a point partway along the boom of a yacht's mainsail or mizzen. Its function is to pull the boom down, flattening the sail in strong winds, reducing twist, and preventing the boom from kicking up when running.\n2. A chain rigged from rudder to quarter that is tight at anchor, stopping the rudder from kicking and reducing pressure on its gudgeons.[2]\n\nking plank\nThe centerline plank of a laid deck. Its sides are often recessed, or nibbed, to take the ends of their parallel curved deck planks.\n\nking post\n1. On an American wooden-hulled steamboat, a type of mast or stanchion located along the vessel's centerline from which heavy chains (and later cables) were suspended to support the weight of the hull and provide stiffening, in much the same manner as the cables on a suspension bridge; usually used in conjunction with a hog frame.[89]\n2. On a cargo ship, a strong vertical post from which a derrick or boom is suspended.\n\nKingston valve\nA type of seacock designed so that the water pressure from the sea keeps it closed under normal operating conditions, but can be opened from the inside of the ship, allowing seawater to enter internal fuel, water, or ballast tanks. Kingston valves can be opened to scuttle a ship.\n\nkissing the gunner's daughter\nBending over the barrel of a gun for punitive beating with a cane or cat o' nine tails.\n\nkitchen rudder\nA hinged cowling around a fixed propeller, allowing the drive to be directed to the side or forwards in order to manoeuvre the vessel.\n\nkite\nA spinnaker.\n\nknee\n1. A structural element connecting two parts roughly at right angles, e.g. deck beams to frames.\n2. A vertical rubber fender used on pushboats or piers, sometimes shaped like a human leg bent slightly at the knee.\n\nknighthead\n1. A mitred backing timber that extends the after line of the rabbet in the stem to give extra support to the ends of the planks and the bowsprit.\n2. A bollard or bitt.\n3. Either of two timbers rising from the keel of a sailing ship and supporting the inner end of the bowsprit.\n\nknock\nSee header.\nknockdown\nThe condition of a sailboat being pushed abruptly over on its side, i.e. to horizontal or \"on its beam ends\", with the masts parallel to the water surface.\n\nknot\nA unit of speed equivalent to 1 nautical mile (1.8520 km; 1.1508 mi) per hour. Originally the speed of a moving vessel was measured by paying out a line from the stern; the line was tied into a knot every 47 feet 3 inches (14.40 m), and the number of knots paid out in 30 seconds gave the speed through the water in nautical miles per hour. Sometimes \"knots\" is mistakenly stated as \"knots per hour\", but the latter is a measure of acceleration (i.e. \"nautical miles per hour per hour\") rather than of speed. Both vessel speed and wind speed are commonly reported in knots.\n\nknow the ropes\nA sailor who knows the ropes can identify all the many ropes used in working a sailing vessel. On a square rigged ship, there would typically be more than 130 named ropes in the running rigging which are made fast at deck level – the majority of these are duplicated on both the port and starboard sides, so doubling that count.[90] In order to know the ropes, a sailor must first learn the ropes. There were conventions with the positioning of all the many ropes belayed at deck level on a square-rigged ship, so a newly signed-on hand would quickly know where to find a particular rope on a strange ship.","title":"K"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"L"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bibliography of encyclopedias § Nautical dictionaries and encyclopædias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_encyclopedias#Nautical_dictionaries_and_encyclop%C3%A6dias"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Passage_planning"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Passage_planning&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Passage_planning"},{"link_name":"Passage planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passage_planning"},{"link_name":"American Practical Navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Practical_Navigator"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Coast-pilot-5-cover.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nautical charts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_chart"},{"link_name":"Chart correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chart_correction"},{"link_name":"List of lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_lights"},{"link_name":"Coast Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Pilots"},{"link_name":"Sailing Directions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_Directions"},{"link_name":"Distances Between Ports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distances_Between_Ports"},{"link_name":"Nautical almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_almanac"},{"link_name":"Tide tables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tide_table"},{"link_name":"Radio Navigational Aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Navigational_Aids"},{"link_name":"Notice to mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notice_to_mariners"},{"link_name":"Local Notice to Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Notice_to_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Works_about_sailing"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Works_about_sailing"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Works_about_sailing"},{"link_name":"Bowditch's American Practical Navigator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowditch%27s_American_Practical_Navigator"},{"link_name":"Chapman Piloting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_Piloting"},{"link_name":"Coast Pilots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast_Pilots"},{"link_name":"The Cruise of the Snark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cruise_of_the_Snark"},{"link_name":"The Last Grain Race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Grain_Race"},{"link_name":"Light List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_List"},{"link_name":"Local Notice to Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Notice_to_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Nautical almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nautical_almanac"},{"link_name":"Notice to Mariners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notice_to_Mariners"},{"link_name":"Radio Navigational Aids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Navigational_Aids"},{"link_name":"Sailing Alone Around the World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_Alone_Around_the_World"},{"link_name":"Sailing Directions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sailing_Directions"},{"link_name":"Sea Survival: A Manual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dougal_Robertson"},{"link_name":"Swallows and Amazons series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallows_and_Amazons_series"},{"link_name":"Two Years Before the Mast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two_Years_Before_the_Mast"},{"link_name":"Australian Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Sailing_magazine"},{"link_name":"Blue Water Sailing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Water_Sailing_Magazine"},{"link_name":"Boating Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boating_Life"},{"link_name":"Classic Boat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Boat"},{"link_name":"Lakeland Boating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakeland_Boating"},{"link_name":"Vene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vene_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"WoodenBoat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WoodenBoat"},{"link_name":"Yachting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yachting_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Glossary of nautical terms (A–L)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Glossary of nautical terms (M–Z)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(M%E2%80%93Z)"}],"text":"See also: Bibliography of encyclopedias § Nautical dictionaries and encyclopædiasvtePassage planningGeneral references\nAmerican Practical Navigator\nNautical charts\nChart correction\nLights and buoys\nList of lights\nGeographic information\nCoast Pilots\nSailing Directions\nDistances Between Ports\nCelestial navigation\nNautical almanac\nTidal information\nTide tables\nRadio information\nRadio Navigational Aids\nPeriodicals\nNotice to mariners\nLocal Notice to Mariners\nSee also\nGlossary of nautical terms (A–L)\nGlossary of nautical terms (M–Z)vteWorks about sailingBooks\nBowditch's American Practical Navigator\nChapman Piloting\nCoast Pilots\nThe Cruise of the Snark\nThe Last Grain Race\nLight List\nLocal Notice to Mariners\nNautical almanac\nNotice to Mariners\nRadio Navigational Aids\nSailing Alone Around the World\nSailing Directions\nSea Survival: A Manual\nSwallows and Amazons series\nTwo Years Before the Mast\nMagazines\nAustralian Sailing\nBlue Water Sailing\nBoating Life\nClassic Boat\nLakeland Boating\nVene\nWoodenBoat\nYachting\nSee also\nGlossary of nautical terms (A–L)\nGlossary of nautical terms (M–Z)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Bulwark (or bulward)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Bulwark2_%28PSF%29.png/220px-Bulwark2_%28PSF%29.png"},{"image_text":"A comparison of the clinker and carvel styles of boat construction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Clinker-carvel.svg/220px-Clinker-carvel.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Diagram of the position of a centerboard on a boat","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Centerboard_%28PSF%29.svg/220px-Centerboard_%28PSF%29.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A comparison of the clinker and carvel styles of boat construction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Clinker-carvel.svg/220px-Clinker-carvel.svg.png"},{"image_text":"A typical cutter rigging: one mast bearing a fore-and-aft-rigged mainsail (A) and foresail (forestaysail) (B), a bowsprit (C), a jib (D), and a flying jib (E)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Cutter_rigging.svg/220px-Cutter_rigging.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Dipping the eye","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Multiple_mooring_correct.png/170px-Multiple_mooring_correct.png"},{"image_text":"Diagram showing the Minas Geraes-class battleship with its central guns arranged en echelon.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Minas_Geraes-class_battleships.jpg/220px-Minas_Geraes-class_battleships.jpg"},{"image_text":"Illustration of a typical 15th-century galleon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/15th_century_galleon.JPG/220px-15th_century_galleon.JPG"},{"image_text":"A ship with severe list","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Ivory_Tirupati_with_heavy_list_3.jpg/220px-Ivory_Tirupati_with_heavy_list_3.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_ksysv_square.svg"},{"title":"Transport portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Transport"},{"title":"Articles that link to this glossary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Glossary_of_nautical_terms_(A-L)"},{"title":"List of ship directions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ship_directions"}] | [{"reference":"Renouf, David (2017). \"Glossary of Barge terms\". Thames Sailing Barges. Archived from the original on 2016-10-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161023140442/http://www.thamesbarge.org.uk/barges/bargeglossary.html","url_text":"\"Glossary of Barge terms\""},{"url":"http://www.thamesbarge.org.uk/barges/bargeglossary.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Naval Slang Dictionary\" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-11-02. Retrieved 2014-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131102005455/http://www.rtna.ac.th/article/Navy%20Slang%20Dictionary%20-%20pdf%20Version.pdf","url_text":"\"Naval Slang Dictionary\""},{"url":"http://www.rtna.ac.th/article/Navy%20Slang%20Dictionary%20-%20pdf%20Version.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Hope, Ranger (2007). \"A Seaman's Dictionary\" (PDF). Hope Ranger. Retrieved 2014-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.splashmaritime.com.au/Marops/Dictionary.pdf","url_text":"\"A Seaman's Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Layton, C.W.T.; Clissold, Peter; Miller, A.G.W. (1994). \"Dictionary of Nautical Words and Terms: 8000 Definitions in Navigation, Seamanship, Rigging, Meteorology, Astronomy, Naval Architecture, Average, Ship Economics, Hydrography, Cargo Stowage, Marine Engineering, Ice Terminology, Buoyage, Yachting, etc\" (PDF) (Revised Fourth ed.). Glasgow: Brown, Son & Ferguson, Ltd., Nautical publishers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2014-02-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140227162441/http://www.seaspirit.ru/pdf/Dictionary%20of%20Nautical%20words%20and%20terms.pdf","url_text":"\"Dictionary of Nautical Words and Terms: 8000 Definitions in Navigation, Seamanship, Rigging, Meteorology, Astronomy, Naval Architecture, Average, Ship Economics, Hydrography, Cargo Stowage, Marine Engineering, Ice Terminology, Buoyage, Yachting, etc\""},{"url":"http://www.seaspirit.ru/pdf/Dictionary%20of%20Nautical%20words%20and%20terms.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Abeam\", Hydrographic Dictionary, International Hydrographic Organization, archived from the original on 2016-10-18, retrieved 2016-10-17","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161018210430/http://hd.iho.int/en/index.php/abeam","url_text":"Hydrographic Dictionary"},{"url":"http://hd.iho.int/en/index.php/abeam","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"A naval encyclopædia: comprising a dictionary of nautical words and phrases; biographical notices, and records of naval officers; special articles of naval art and science. Philadelphia: LR Hamersly & Co. 1881. Retrieved 2014-01-23.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/navalencyclopedia00hamerich/navalencyclopedia00hamerich_djvu.txt","url_text":"A naval encyclopædia: comprising a dictionary of nautical words and phrases; biographical notices, and records of naval officers; special articles of naval art and science"}]},{"reference":"Covey-Crump, Commander A., R.N. (2000). \"1775 Naval Terms and Slang\". H.M.S. Richmond. Retrieved 2014-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hmsrichmond.org/348test.htm","url_text":"\"1775 Naval Terms and Slang\""}]},{"reference":"\"Module 1 – Basics of Shipboard life\". Ready-for-Sea Modular Course & Handbook. Federation of American Scientists. Retrieved 2015-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://fas.org/irp/doddir/navy/rfs/part01.htm#_Toc448392384","url_text":"\"Module 1 – Basics of Shipboard life\""}]},{"reference":"\"ahoo\". Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2023-06-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/62892681?redirectedFrom=ahoo#eid","url_text":"\"ahoo\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Safety Alert 090-14: Air Draft is Critical!\" (PDF) (Press release). United States Coast Guard Inspections and Compliance Directorate. 2014-09-09. Retrieved 2015-02-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.uscg.mil/hq/cg5/cg545/alerts/0914.pdf","url_text":"\"Marine Safety Alert 090-14: Air Draft is Critical!\""}]},{"reference":"Read, David (2014-11-11). \"Glossary of Nautical Terms\". Practical Boat Owner. Retrieved 2019-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbo.co.uk/nautical-almanac/glossary-of-nautical-terms/b-16190","url_text":"\"Glossary of Nautical Terms\""}]},{"reference":"\"How To Come Up With A Great Boat Name\". boatplanet.com. Boat Planet. Retrieved 2019-10-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://boatplanet.com/the-captains-blog/how-to-come-up-with-a-great-boat-name","url_text":"\"How To Come Up With A Great Boat Name\""}]},{"reference":"\"World War II Naval Dictionary\". U.S.S. ABBOT DD 629. Archived from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2014-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131212091457/http://abbot.us/DD629/dictionary/","url_text":"\"World War II Naval Dictionary\""},{"url":"http://abbot.us/DD629/dictionary/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"John P. Comstock, ed. (1967). Principles of Naval Architecture (Revised ed.). SNAME.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Saunders, Harold E. (1965). \"10: Definitions and nomenclature for Seakeeping\". In Taggart, Robert (ed.). Hydrodynamics in ship design. Vol. 3. New York, NY: Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers. p. 156.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Nature's Submarines: How we guard our commerce against them\". Scientific American Supplement. 86 (2235). Munn and Company: 280–281. 1918-11-02. doi:10.1038/scientificamerican11021918-280supp. Retrieved 2019-04-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=j80wAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA280","url_text":"\"Nature's Submarines: How we guard our commerce against them\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_American_Supplement","url_text":"Scientific American Supplement"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fscientificamerican11021918-280supp","url_text":"10.1038/scientificamerican11021918-280supp"}]},{"reference":"Bathe, Basil W.; Villiers, Alan (March 1978). The Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms Under Sail. New York Crown Publishers Inc. ISBN 0-517-53317-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/visualencycloped00basi","url_text":"The Visual Encyclopedia of Nautical Terms Under Sail"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-53317-0","url_text":"0-517-53317-0"}]},{"reference":"\"Powering in Heavy Weather\". Ocean Navigator. 2010-09-15. Retrieved 2019-12-02.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oceannavigator.com/September-2010/Powering-in-heavy-weather/","url_text":"\"Powering in Heavy Weather\""}]},{"reference":"\"AFSC Historical Corner: Scoter, the Agency's Bristol Bay Boat\". NOAA. Retrieved 2018-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.afsc.noaa.gov/history/vessels/boats/scoter.htm","url_text":"\"AFSC Historical Corner: Scoter, the Agency's Bristol Bay Boat\""}]},{"reference":"James McGuire (2002). Heart of Oak: A Sailor's Life in Nelson's Navy. p. 146.","urls":[]},{"reference":"John McKay (2020). Sovereign of the Seas, 1637.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Richard Platt (2019). Stephen Biesty's Cross-Sections Man-of-War. p. 23.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Smyth, William Henry (1867). The Sailor's Word-Book. Glasgow: Blackie & Co.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Smyth","url_text":"Smyth, William Henry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/sailorswordbook00smytgoog","url_text":"The Sailor's Word-Book"}]},{"reference":"\"Origin of Navy Terminology\". Naval History and Heritage Command. Retrieved 2022-03-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/o/origin-navy-terminology.html#","url_text":"\"Origin of Navy Terminology\""}]},{"reference":"Martin, Gary (2023-12-11). \"'Let the cat out of the bag' – the meaning and origin of this phrase\". Phrasefinder.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/let-the-cat-out-of-the-bag.html","url_text":"\"'Let the cat out of the bag' – the meaning and origin of this phrase\""}]},{"reference":"Hancock, Jim (2004-07-20). \"Anchoring Principals\". www.sailmagazine.com. Retrieved 2022-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sailmagazine.com/cruising/anchoring-principles","url_text":"\"Anchoring Principals\""}]},{"reference":"Adams, Jonathan (2013). A maritime archaeology of ships: innovation and social change in late medieval and early modern Europe. Oxford: Oxbow Books. ISBN 9781782970453.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782970453","url_text":"9781782970453"}]},{"reference":"Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1939.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.228324","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"\"East India Company Ships – The Maritime Service 1600 to 1834\". eicships.threedecks.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://eicships.threedecks.org/","url_text":"\"East India Company Ships – The Maritime Service 1600 to 1834\""}]},{"reference":"Greenhill, Basil (1995). The archaeology of boats & ships : an introduction. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 1-55750-039-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55750-039-8","url_text":"1-55750-039-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Concrete Ships: History\". www.concreteships.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.concreteships.org/history/","url_text":"\"Concrete Ships: History\""}]},{"reference":"\"CBDR\". Free Dictionary. Retrieved 2011-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/CBDR","url_text":"\"CBDR\""}]},{"reference":"\"corinthian\". Dictionary.com.","urls":[{"url":"http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/corinthian","url_text":"\"corinthian\""}]},{"reference":"Trocki, Carl A. (1999). Opium, Empire, and the Global Political Economy : a study of the Asian opium trade, 1750-1950 (Kindle ed.). London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-21500-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-21500-5","url_text":"0-415-21500-5"}]},{"reference":"Lloyd, Barbara (2003-07-05). \"Briggs Cunningham, 96, Racecar Pioneer and Sailing Champ\". The New York Times. Retrieved 2020-05-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/05/sports/briggs-cunningham-96-racecar-pioneer-and-sailing-champ.html","url_text":"\"Briggs Cunningham, 96, Racecar Pioneer and Sailing Champ\""}]},{"reference":"\"Definition of cut of one's jib | Dictionary.com\". www.dictionary.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dictionary.com/browse/cut-of-one-s-jib","url_text":"\"Definition of cut of one's jib | Dictionary.com\""}]},{"reference":"Jeans, Peter D (1998). Ship to Shore. Oxford, England: ABC-Clio. ISBN 1-85109-321-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABC-Clio","url_text":"ABC-Clio"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-321-4","url_text":"1-85109-321-4"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, Bill (1974). Navigation Exercises for Yachtsmen. London: Stanford Maritime. p. 14. ISBN 0-540-07142-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-540-07142-0","url_text":"0-540-07142-0"}]},{"reference":"Oxford English Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Retrieved 2019-09-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47680?redirectedFrom=dead+reckoning#eid","url_text":"Oxford English Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Gardiner, Robert (1993). \"glossary\". The Advent of Steam – The Merchant Steamship before 1900. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-563-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-563-2","url_text":"0-85177-563-2"}]},{"reference":"Glickman, Todd S., ed. (June 2000). \"Meteorology Glossary\". Doldrums (electronic) (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: American Meteorological Society. Retrieved 2014-03-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://glossary.ametsoc.org/?p=1&query=doldrums","url_text":"Doldrums"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Meteorological_Society","url_text":"American Meteorological Society"}]},{"reference":"Encarta: World English Dictionary. New York: St. Martin's Press, Microsoft. 1999. p. 533.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press","url_text":"St. Martin's Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"}]},{"reference":"McKee, Eric (1983). Working Boats of Britain, Their Shape and Purpose (1997 ed.). London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-277-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-277-3","url_text":"0-85177-277-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Double the angle on the bow\". Deckskills. Retrieved 2021-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://deckskills.tripod.com/cadetsite/id100.html","url_text":"\"Double the angle on the bow\""}]},{"reference":"Read, David (2014-11-11). \"D\". Glossary of Nautical Terms. Practical Boat Owner. Retrieved 2021-02-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbo.co.uk/nautical-almanac/glossary-of-nautical-terms/d-16186","url_text":"\"D\""}]},{"reference":"\"Navigational Rules: International—Inland\" (PDF). United States Coast Guard. pp. 21, 31. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-05-03. Retrieved 2019-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/navRules/navrules.pdf","url_text":"\"Navigational Rules: International—Inland\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190503012547/https://www.navcen.uscg.gov/pdf/navRules/navrules.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway System: An overview of North America's most dynamic waterway\" (PDF). Saint Lawrence Seaway Development Corporation. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2019-11-17.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/pdf/overview_brochure.pdf","url_text":"\"Great Lakes/St. Lawrence Seaway System: An overview of North America's most dynamic waterway\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190221025340/http://www.greatlakes-seaway.com/en/pdf/overview_brochure.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Foo Foo Band\". Arhoolie Records. Archived from the original on 2014-03-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140311062811/http://www.arhoolie.com/world/the-foo-foo-band.html?sl=EN","url_text":"\"The Foo Foo Band\""},{"url":"http://www.arhoolie.com/world/the-foo-foo-band.html?sl=EN","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Melville, Herman (1851). \"53\". Moby-Dick; or, The Whale. Harper and Brothers.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Moby-Dick/Chapter_53","url_text":"\"53\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Gundalow Company : About Us : Gundalows | Gundalow Company\". 2009-11-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gundalow.org/about-us/what-is-a-gundalow/","url_text":"\"The Gundalow Company : About Us : Gundalows | Gundalow Company\""}]},{"reference":"Nichols, David L (2014). The Working Guide to Traditional Small-Boat Sails: A How-To Handbook for Owners and Builders. Halcotsville NY: Breakaway Books. ISBN 978-1-62124-017-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62124-017-4","url_text":"978-1-62124-017-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Hogging line\". merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2020-08-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hogging%20line#:~:text=%3A%20a%20line%20or%20chain%20used,area%20of%20a%20ship's%20hull","url_text":"\"Hogging line\""}]},{"reference":"\"17: Inspection procedures\". S0600-AA-PRO-170 Underwater ship husbandry manual (PDF) (Change B ed.). Naval Sea Systems Command. 2003-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://navytribe.files.wordpress.com/2015/11/navsea-s0600-aa-pro-170.pdf","url_text":"S0600-AA-PRO-170 Underwater ship husbandry manual"}]},{"reference":"\"Sail Geeks Dictionary\".","urls":[{"url":"https://dictionary.sailgeeks.com/word/Jib%20Top","url_text":"\"Sail Geeks Dictionary\""}]},{"reference":"Blackburn, Graham (2002-11-21). The Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Ships and Boats (Hardcover). London: I.B.Tauris. p. 263. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missing_You_(Red_Sovine_song) | Missing You (Red Sovine song) | ["1 Webb Pierce version","2 Ray Peterson version","3 Jim Reeves version","4 Other versions","5 References"] | "Missing You"Single by Webb PierceA-side"Bye Bye Love"Released1957GenreCountryLength2:12LabelDeccaSongwriter(s)Dale Noe & Red Sovine
"Missing You"Single by Ray PetersonA-side"You Thrill Me"Released1961GenreTraditional popLength2:45LabelDunesSongwriter(s)Dale Noe & Red Sovine
"Missing You" is a song written by Red Sovine and Dale Noe, which was originally released by Red Sovine in 1955, and was later a hit single for Webb Pierce in 1957, Ray Peterson in 1961, and was posthumously a hit for Jim Reeves in 1972. Sovine's version was the B-side of Red Sovine and Webb Pierce's hit single "Why Baby Why".
Webb Pierce version
In 1957, Webb Pierce released a version of the song, as the B-side of "Bye Bye Love". Pierce's version reached No. 7 on Billboard's chart of "Most Played C&W by Jockeys", while reaching No. 8 on Billboard's chart of "C&W Best Selling in Stores", in a tandem ranking with its A-side, "Bye Bye Love".
Ray Peterson version
In 1961, Ray Peterson released a version of the song as a single. Peterson's version spent 15 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart peaking at No. 29, while reaching No. 7 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart, and No. 6 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade. Peterson's version of "Missing You" was ranked No. 90 on Billboard's end of year "Hot 100 for 1961 - Top Sides of the Year".
Jim Reeves version
Jim Reeves recorded "Missing You" in his last recording session on July 2, 1964. In 1968, Reeves's version was released posthumously on his album A Touch of Sadness. In 1972, Reeves's version of the song was released as the lead track on his album Missing You and as a single. The single spent 16 weeks on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart, reaching No. 8, while reaching No. 13 on Canada's RPM's "The Programmers Country Playlist". The album, Missing You, reached No. 9 on Billboard's "Hot Country LP's" chart.
Other versions
In 1965, Australian singer Tony Worsley released a version of the song, which reached No. 8 in Australia.
In 1968, Mel Tillis released a version of the song on his album Let Me Talk to You.
References
^ a b "Review Spotlight on... C&W Records", Billboard, May 6, 1957. p. 66. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "Reviews of This Week's Singles", Billboard, May 29, 1961. p. 27. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Lonergan, David F. (2005). Hit Records, 1950-1975, Scarecrow Press. p. 148. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "Country & Western Records - Best Sellers In Stores", Billboard, December 25, 1961. p. 10. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
^ Neely, Tim; Popoff, Martin (2009). Goldmine Price Guide to 45 RPM Records, Krause Publications. p. 632. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
^ Most Played C&W by Jockeys", Billboard, August 5, 1957. p. 56. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ C&W Best Selling in Stores", Billboard, June 10, 1957. p. 58. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Hot 100 - Ray Peterson Missing You Chart History, Billboard.com. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
^ Adult Contemporary - Ray Peterson Missing You Chart History, Billboard.com. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
^ "1050 CHUM - CHUM Charts: Chart No. 230". CHUM. September 4, 1961. Archived from the original on July 21, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "Chart Toppers", Billboard, December 25, 1961. p. 10. Retrieved February 15, 2018.
^ Jim Reeves Missing You Ad, jim-reeves.com. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "A Touch of Sadness - Jim Reeves". AllMusic. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Hot Country Songs - Jim Reeves Missing You Chart History, Billboard.com. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "Hot Country Singles", Billboard, October 14, 1972. p. 60. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "The Programmers Country Playlist", RPM Weekly, Volume 18, No. 7, September 30, 1972. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ Top Country Albums - Jim Reeves Missing You Chart History, Billboard.com. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "Hot Country LP's", Billboard, November 4, 1972. p. 51. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "Hits of the World", Billboard, January 22, 1966. p. 32. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
^ "Let Me Talk to You - Mel Tillis". AllMusic. Retrieved February 16, 2018.
vteJim ReevesStudio albums
Jim Reeves Sings (1955)
Singing Down the Lane (1956)
Bimbo (1957)
Jim Reeves (1957)
Girls I Have Known (1958)
God Be with You (1959)
Songs to Warm the Heart (1959)
According to My Heart (1960)
The Intimate Jim Reeves (1960)
He'll Have to Go (1960)
Tall Tales and Short Tempers (1961)
Talkin' to Your Heart (1961)
The Country Side of Jim Reeves (1962)
A Touch of Velvet (1962)
We Thank Thee (1962)
Gentleman Jim (1963)
The International Jim Reeves (1963)
Good 'n' Country (1963)
Twelve Songs of Christmas (1963)
Kimberley Jim (1964)
Moonlight and Roses (1964)
The Jim Reeves Way (1965)
Yours Sincerely, Jim Reeves (1966)
Blue Side of Lonesome (1967)
My Cathedral (1967)
A Touch of Sadness (1968)
Jim Reeves—and Some Friends (1969)
Jim Reeves Writes You a Record (1971)
Live albums
Jim Reeves on Stage (1968)
Compilations
The Best of Jim Reeves (1964)
Have I Told You Lately That I Love You? (1964)
Up Through the Years (1965)
The Best of Jim Reeves Vol. II (1965)
The Best of Jim Reeves Volume III (1969)
Something Special (1971)
40 Golden Greats (1975)
Remembering Patsy Cline & Jim Reeves (1982)
Singles
"Mexican Joe"
"Bimbo"
"I Love You"
"Am I Losing You"
"Yonder Comes a Sucker"
"Four Walls"
"Anna Marie"
"Blue Boy"
"Billy Bayou"
"He'll Have to Go"
"The Blizzard"
"Stand at Your Window"
"Adios Amigo"
"Welcome to My World"
"Love Is No Excuse"
"I Guess I'm Crazy"
"I Love You Because"
"I Won't Forget You"
"This Is It"
"Is It Really Over?"
"Distant Drums"
"Blue Side of Lonesome"
"I Won't Come In While He's There"
"When You Are Gone"
"Missing You"
"Am I That Easy to Forget"
"Don't Let Me Cross Over"
"Have You Ever Been Lonely?"
Related articles
Discography | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Sovine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sovine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Webb Pierce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webb_Pierce"},{"link_name":"Ray Peterson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Peterson"},{"link_name":"Jim Reeves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Reeves"},{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Why Baby Why","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Why_Baby_Why"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"\"Missing You\" is a song written by Red Sovine and Dale Noe,[3] which was originally released by Red Sovine in 1955, and was later a hit single for Webb Pierce in 1957, Ray Peterson in 1961, and was posthumously a hit for Jim Reeves in 1972. Sovine's version was the B-side of Red Sovine and Webb Pierce's hit single \"Why Baby Why\".[4][5]","title":"Missing You (Red Sovine song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"B-side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A-side_and_B-side"},{"link_name":"Bye Bye Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bye_Bye_Love_(The_Everly_Brothers_song)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Review57-1"},{"link_name":"Billboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Most Played C&W by Jockeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Songs"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In 1957, Webb Pierce released a version of the song, as the B-side of \"Bye Bye Love\".[1] Pierce's version reached No. 7 on Billboard's chart of \"Most Played C&W by Jockeys\",[6] while reaching No. 8 on Billboard's chart of \"C&W Best Selling in Stores\", in a tandem ranking with its A-side, \"Bye Bye Love\".[7]","title":"Webb Pierce version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Easy Listening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adult_Contemporary_(chart)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"CHUM Hit Parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_Chart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Hot 100 for 1961 - Top Sides of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Year-End_Hot_100_singles_of_1961"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"In 1961, Ray Peterson released a version of the song as a single. Peterson's version spent 15 weeks on the Billboard Hot 100 chart peaking at No. 29,[8] while reaching No. 7 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart,[9] and No. 6 on Canada's CHUM Hit Parade.[10] Peterson's version of \"Missing You\" was ranked No. 90 on Billboard's end of year \"Hot 100 for 1961 - Top Sides of the Year\".[11]","title":"Ray Peterson version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"A Touch of Sadness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Touch_of_Sadness"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Hot Country Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_Country_Singles"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"RPM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RPM_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Jim Reeves recorded \"Missing You\" in his last recording session on July 2, 1964.[12] In 1968, Reeves's version was released posthumously on his album A Touch of Sadness.[13] In 1972, Reeves's version of the song was released as the lead track on his album Missing You and as a single. The single spent 16 weeks on Billboard's Hot Country Singles chart, reaching No. 8,[14][15] while reaching No. 13 on Canada's RPM's \"The Programmers Country Playlist\".[16] The album, Missing You, reached No. 9 on Billboard's \"Hot Country LP's\" chart.[17][18]","title":"Jim Reeves version"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Mel Tillis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mel_Tillis"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"text":"In 1965, Australian singer Tony Worsley released a version of the song, which reached No. 8 in Australia.[19]\nIn 1968, Mel Tillis released a version of the song on his album Let Me Talk to You.[20]","title":"Other versions"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1050 CHUM - CHUM Charts: Chart No. 230\". CHUM. September 4, 1961. Archived from the original on July 21, 2006. Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20060721163242/http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?chart=230","url_text":"\"1050 CHUM - CHUM Charts: Chart No. 230\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CHUM_(AM)","url_text":"CHUM"},{"url":"http://www.1050chum.com/index_chumcharts.aspx?chart=230","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"A Touch of Sadness - Jim Reeves\". AllMusic. Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/a-touch-of-sadness-mw0000866713","url_text":"\"A Touch of Sadness - Jim Reeves\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"}]},{"reference":"\"Let Me Talk to You - Mel Tillis\". AllMusic. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Daly | Jackie Daly | ["1 Music career","2 Legacy","3 Discography","4 References"] | This article is about the Irish musician. For people with a similar name, see Jack Daly (disambiguation).
Jackie DalyJackie Daly, 2012Background informationBorn (1945-06-22) 22 June 1945 (age 78)Kanturk, County Cork, IrelandGenresIrishOccupation(s)MusicianInstrument(s)Button accordion, ConcertinaYears active1974–presentMusical artist
Jackie Daly (born 22 June 1945, Kanturk, North Cork, Ireland) is an Irish button accordion and concertina player. He has been a member of a number of prominent Irish traditional-music bands, including De Dannan, Patrick Street, Arcady, and Buttons & Bows.
Music career
Born and raised in the area known as Sliabh Luachra, Jackie Daly is one of the foremost living exponents of the distinctive music of that region. Among his early musical influences were his father, a melodeon (one-row accordion) player, and local fiddler Jim Keeffe, under whose tutelage he began playing at "crossroads dances".
After working in the Dutch merchant navy for several years, Daly decided to become a professional musician on returning to Ireland in the early 1970s. In 1974 he won the All-Ireland Accordion Competition in Listowel, County Kerry. To qualify, he was obliged to play a B/C instrument, at the time the only system sanctioned by the competition organizers, but immediately afterwards returned to his chosen C#/D system. In 1977, his first solo recording was released by Topic Records of London as volume 6 of their Music from Sliabh Luachra series.
Daly's musical career is notable for partnerships with several fiddlers, beginning with Séamus Creagh. Their 1977 album, Jackie Daly agus Séamus Creagh, brought Sliabh Luachra music to a wider audience and, with its tight unison playing, set the standard for future accordion and fiddle recordings.
Another influential partnership has been with Kevin Burke, on whose 1978 recording If the Cap Fits he made a guest appearance, and with whom he made another highly regarded fiddle-accordion duet album, Eavesdropper (1981).
Daly was the first of a series of accordionists with De Dannan, appearing on four of their albums between 1980 and 1985. It was his work with this band that is thought by many to have paved the way for the accordion to become a concert-stage, rather than principally a dance-band, instrument in Irish music.
In 1986, Daly joined Patrick Street, a band that Burke was forming with Andy Irvine and Arty McGlynn, and with whom Daly played until 2007.
Between 1984 and 2015 Daly recorded four albums with fiddlers Séamus and Manus McGuire, as Buttons & Bows. He also collaborated with fiddler Máire O'Keeffe, notably on the album Re-Joyce: Tunes and Songs from the Joyce Collection (2003).
In 2005, Daly was named Ceoltóir na Bliana (Musician of the Year) in the Gradam Ceoil awards of the Irish-language television station TG4.
In 2009, Topic Records included in their 70-year anniversary boxed set Three Score and Ten, "The Rising Sun" / "The Pope's Toe" from Jackie Daly - Music from Sliabh Luachra Vol. 6 as track one of the third CD.
In 2010, Daly and fiddler Matt Cranitch released The Living Stream, a recording of chiefly Sliabh Luachra music, followed by Rolling On in 2014.
Legacy
Since the mid-1970s, Daly has been an influential figure in traditional music, widely credited with having rehabilitated the image of the accordion and establishing it as an acceptable instrument for inclusion in the line-up of concert groups.
He launched the move away from the musette tuning of the 1950s and 1960s towards a sweeter sound with lighter tremolo. He has also fostered a significant upswing in the popularity of the C#/D accordion, which is played in the older "press and draw" style — in contrast to the B/C accordion, the predominant tuning system among Irish traditional accordionists, which is played "on the draw".
Discography
Solo
Jackie Daly: Music From Sliabh Luachra, Volume 6 (1977)
Many's a Wild Night (1995)(With Maire O'Keeffe, Paul de Grae & Garry O'Briain.)
Duets
Jackie Daly & Séamus Creagh (1977)
Eavesdropper (Kevin Burke & Jackie Daly) (1981)
The Living Stream (Matt Cranitch & Jackie Daly) (2010)
Rolling On (Matt Cranitch & Jackie Daly) (2014)
With De Dannan
Mist-Covered Mountain (1980)
The Star-Spangled Molly (1981)
Song for Ireland (1983)
Anthem (1985)
With Buttons & Bows
Buttons & Bows (1984) (as Jackie Daly, Séamus & Manus McGuire)
The First Month of Summer (1987)
Grace Notes (1991)
The Return of Spring (2015)
With Arcady
After the Ball (1991)
With Patrick Street
Patrick Street (1986)
No. 2 Patrick Street (1988)
Irish Times (album) (1990)
All in Good Time (1993)
Cornerboys (1996)
Made in Cork (1997)
Live from Patrick Street (1999)
Street Life (2002)
On the Fly (2007)
Other
The 3rd Irish Folk Festival in Concert (1976)(Live, with Séamus Creagh and other artistes)
Sail Og Rua (1983)(With Dolores Keane & John Faulkner)
An Bodhrán/The Irish Drum (1996)(Colm Murphy, featuring Jackie Daly, Mairtin O'Connor and Aidan Coffey)
Re-Joyce, Tunes & Songs from the Joyce Collection (2003)(with various other musicians)
References
^ www.kanturkarts.ie https://www.kanturkarts.ie/pages/Jackie%20Daly/JackieDaly.htm. Retrieved 5 October 2022. {{cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
^ a b c Vallely, Fintan (ed.), The Companion to Irish Traditional Music, Second Edition, Cork University Press, 2011, pp. 179-180, ISBN 978-1859184509
^ a b c Ni Chaoimh, Máire (2010). "Journey into Tradition: A Social History of the Irish Button Accordion, PhD thesis" (PDF). University of Limerick.
^ "Topic Records CD catalogue". Topicrecords.co.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
^ "Patrick Street". Compass Records. Retrieved 28 May 2024.
^ "Recipients of TG4 Music Awards, 1998–2014". Irish Traditional Music Archive. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
^ Cranitch, Matt. "Matt & Jackie". Mattcranitch.com. Retrieved 16 October 2018.
^ Smith, Graeme (1997). "Modern-Style Irish Accordion Playing: History, Biography and Class". Ethnomusicology. 41 (3). University of Illinois Press: 433–463. doi:10.2307/852759. JSTOR 852759.
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MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jack Daly (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Daly_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Kanturk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanturk"},{"link_name":"North Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cork_(city)"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"button accordion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diatonic_button_accordion"},{"link_name":"concertina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concertina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"De Dannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Dannan"},{"link_name":"Patrick Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Street"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Companion-2"}],"text":"This article is about the Irish musician. For people with a similar name, see Jack Daly (disambiguation).Musical artistJackie Daly (born 22 June 1945, Kanturk, North Cork, Ireland) is an Irish button accordion and concertina player.[1] He has been a member of a number of prominent Irish traditional-music bands, including De Dannan, Patrick Street, Arcady, and Buttons & Bows.[2]","title":"Jackie Daly"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sliabh Luachra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sliabh_Luachra"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NiChaoimh-3"},{"link_name":"Listowel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listowel"},{"link_name":"County Kerry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Kerry"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Companion-2"},{"link_name":"Topic Records","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topic_Records"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Topic-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Companion-2"},{"link_name":"Kevin Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Burke_(musician)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"De Dannan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Dannan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NiChaoimh-3"},{"link_name":"Patrick Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Street"},{"link_name":"Andy Irvine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Irvine_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Arty McGlynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arty_McGlynn"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manus McGuire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manus_McGuire"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"TG4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TG4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ITMA-6"},{"link_name":"Three Score and Ten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Score_and_Ten"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Matt Cranitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cranitch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cranitch-7"}],"text":"Born and raised in the area known as Sliabh Luachra, Jackie Daly is one of the foremost living exponents of the distinctive music of that region. Among his early musical influences were his father, a melodeon (one-row accordion) player, and local fiddler Jim Keeffe, under whose tutelage he began playing at \"crossroads dances\".[3]After working in the Dutch merchant navy for several years, Daly decided to become a professional musician on returning to Ireland in the early 1970s. In 1974 he won the All-Ireland Accordion Competition in Listowel, County Kerry.[2] To qualify, he was obliged to play a B/C instrument, at the time the only system sanctioned by the competition organizers, but immediately afterwards returned to his chosen C#/D system. In 1977, his first solo recording was released by Topic Records of London as volume 6 of their Music from Sliabh Luachra series.[4]Daly's musical career is notable for partnerships with several fiddlers, beginning with Séamus Creagh. Their 1977 album, Jackie Daly agus Séamus Creagh, brought Sliabh Luachra music to a wider audience and, with its tight unison playing, set the standard for future accordion and fiddle recordings.[2]Another influential partnership has been with Kevin Burke, on whose 1978 recording If the Cap Fits he made a guest appearance, and with whom he made another highly regarded fiddle-accordion duet album, Eavesdropper (1981).[citation needed]Daly was the first of a series of accordionists with De Dannan, appearing on four of their albums between 1980 and 1985. It was his work with this band that is thought by many to have paved the way for the accordion to become a concert-stage, rather than principally a dance-band, instrument in Irish music.[3]In 1986, Daly joined Patrick Street, a band that Burke was forming with Andy Irvine and Arty McGlynn, and with whom Daly played until 2007.[5]Between 1984 and 2015 Daly recorded four albums with fiddlers Séamus and Manus McGuire, as Buttons & Bows. He also collaborated with fiddler Máire O'Keeffe, notably on the album Re-Joyce: Tunes and Songs from the Joyce Collection (2003).[citation needed]In 2005, Daly was named Ceoltóir na Bliana (Musician of the Year) in the Gradam Ceoil awards of the Irish-language television station TG4.[6]In 2009, Topic Records included in their 70-year anniversary boxed set Three Score and Ten, \"The Rising Sun\" / \"The Pope's Toe\" from Jackie Daly - Music from Sliabh Luachra Vol. 6 as track one of the third CD.[citation needed]In 2010, Daly and fiddler Matt Cranitch released The Living Stream, a recording of chiefly Sliabh Luachra music, followed by Rolling On in 2014.[7]","title":"Music career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NiChaoimh-3"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Smith-8"}],"text":"Since the mid-1970s, Daly has been an influential figure in traditional music, widely credited with having rehabilitated the image of the accordion and establishing it as an acceptable instrument for inclusion in the line-up of concert groups.[3]He launched the move away from the musette tuning of the 1950s and 1960s towards a sweeter sound with lighter tremolo. He has also fostered a significant upswing in the popularity of the C#/D accordion, which is played in the older \"press and draw\" style — in contrast to the B/C accordion, the predominant tuning system among Irish traditional accordionists, which is played \"on the draw\".[8]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kevin Burke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Burke_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Matt Cranitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Cranitch"},{"link_name":"Patrick Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Street_(album)"},{"link_name":"No. 2 Patrick Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/No._2_Patrick_Street"},{"link_name":"Irish Times (album)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Times_(album)"},{"link_name":"All in Good Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_in_Good_Time_(Patrick_Street_album)"},{"link_name":"Cornerboys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerboys"},{"link_name":"Made in Cork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Made_in_Cork"},{"link_name":"Live from Patrick Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_from_Patrick_Street"},{"link_name":"Street Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_Life_(Patrick_Street_album)"},{"link_name":"On the Fly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Fly_(album)"},{"link_name":"Dolores Keane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolores_Keane"},{"link_name":"John Faulkner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Faulkner"}],"text":"Solo\nJackie Daly: Music From Sliabh Luachra, Volume 6 (1977)\nMany's a Wild Night (1995)(With Maire O'Keeffe, Paul de Grae & Garry O'Briain.)\nDuets\nJackie Daly & Séamus Creagh (1977)\nEavesdropper (Kevin Burke & Jackie Daly) (1981)\nThe Living Stream (Matt Cranitch & Jackie Daly) (2010)\nRolling On (Matt Cranitch & Jackie Daly) (2014)\nWith De Dannan\nMist-Covered Mountain (1980)\nThe Star-Spangled Molly (1981)\nSong for Ireland (1983)\nAnthem (1985)\nWith Buttons & Bows\nButtons & Bows (1984) (as Jackie Daly, Séamus & Manus McGuire)\nThe First Month of Summer (1987)\nGrace Notes (1991)\nThe Return of Spring (2015)\nWith Arcady\nAfter the Ball (1991)\nWith Patrick Street\nPatrick Street (1986)\nNo. 2 Patrick Street (1988)\nIrish Times (album) (1990)\nAll in Good Time (1993)\nCornerboys (1996)\nMade in Cork (1997)\nLive from Patrick Street (1999)\nStreet Life (2002)\nOn the Fly (2007)\nOther\nThe 3rd Irish Folk Festival in Concert (1976)(Live, with Séamus Creagh and other artistes)\nSail Og Rua (1983)(With Dolores Keane & John Faulkner)\nAn Bodhrán/The Irish Drum (1996)(Colm Murphy, featuring Jackie Daly, Mairtin O'Connor and Aidan Coffey)\nRe-Joyce, Tunes & Songs from the Joyce Collection (2003)(with various other musicians)","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"www.kanturkarts.ie https://www.kanturkarts.ie/pages/Jackie%20Daly/JackieDaly.htm. Retrieved 5 October 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kanturkarts.ie/pages/Jackie%20Daly/JackieDaly.htm","url_text":"https://www.kanturkarts.ie/pages/Jackie%20Daly/JackieDaly.htm"}]},{"reference":"Ni Chaoimh, Máire (2010). \"Journey into Tradition: A Social History of the Irish Button Accordion, PhD thesis\" (PDF). University of Limerick.","urls":[{"url":"https://ulir.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10344/1616/2010_Ni%20Chaoimh.pdf","url_text":"\"Journey into Tradition: A Social History of the Irish Button Accordion, PhD thesis\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Limerick","url_text":"University of Limerick"}]},{"reference":"\"Topic Records CD catalogue\". Topicrecords.co.uk. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.topicrecords.co.uk/jackie-daly-music-from-sliabh-luachra-tscd358%c2%a0/","url_text":"\"Topic Records CD catalogue\""}]},{"reference":"\"Patrick Street\". Compass Records. Retrieved 28 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://compassrecords.com/artist/patrick-street/#:~:text=Patrick%20Street%20was%20launched%20in%201986%20as%20a,%28De%20Dannan%29%2C%20along%20with%20acclaimed%20guitarist%20Arty%20McGlynn.","url_text":"\"Patrick Street\""}]},{"reference":"\"Recipients of TG4 Music Awards, 1998–2014\". Irish Traditional Music Archive. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.itma.ie/features/galleries/gradam-ceoil-tg4-1998-2014","url_text":"\"Recipients of TG4 Music Awards, 1998–2014\""}]},{"reference":"Cranitch, Matt. \"Matt & Jackie\". Mattcranitch.com. Retrieved 16 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mattcranitch.com/matt-jackie/","url_text":"\"Matt & Jackie\""}]},{"reference":"Smith, Graeme (1997). \"Modern-Style Irish Accordion Playing: History, Biography and Class\". Ethnomusicology. 41 (3). University of Illinois Press: 433–463. doi:10.2307/852759. JSTOR 852759.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press","url_text":"University of Illinois Press"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F852759","url_text":"10.2307/852759"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/852759","url_text":"852759"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.kanturkarts.ie/pages/Jackie%20Daly/JackieDaly.htm","external_links_name":"https://www.kanturkarts.ie/pages/Jackie%20Daly/JackieDaly.htm"},{"Link":"https://ulir.ul.ie/bitstream/handle/10344/1616/2010_Ni%20Chaoimh.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Journey into Tradition: A Social History of the Irish Button Accordion, PhD thesis\""},{"Link":"http://www.topicrecords.co.uk/jackie-daly-music-from-sliabh-luachra-tscd358%c2%a0/","external_links_name":"\"Topic Records CD catalogue\""},{"Link":"https://compassrecords.com/artist/patrick-street/#:~:text=Patrick%20Street%20was%20launched%20in%201986%20as%20a,%28De%20Dannan%29%2C%20along%20with%20acclaimed%20guitarist%20Arty%20McGlynn.","external_links_name":"\"Patrick Street\""},{"Link":"https://www.itma.ie/features/galleries/gradam-ceoil-tg4-1998-2014","external_links_name":"\"Recipients of TG4 Music Awards, 1998–2014\""},{"Link":"http://www.mattcranitch.com/matt-jackie/","external_links_name":"\"Matt & Jackie\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F852759","external_links_name":"10.2307/852759"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/852759","external_links_name":"852759"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000080092240","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/102485838","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrwVwr997R674YmfmR9Xd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007337436505171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n94026823","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/45433894-65ea-44bc-bde7-d10b17693f08","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forger_of_London | The Forger of London | ["1 Cast","2 Production","3 Release","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography","7 External links"] | 1961 film
The Forger of LondonDirected byHarald ReinlWritten byJohannes Kai Based onThe Forgerby Edgar WallaceProduced byHorst WendlandtStarringKarin DorHellmut LangeSiegfried LowitzCinematographyKarl LöbEdited byHermann LudwigMusic byMartin BöttcherProductioncompanyRialto FilmDistributed byConstantin FilmRelease date
15 August 1961 (1961-08-15)
Running time93 minutesCountryWest GermanyLanguageGerman
The Forger of London (German: Der Fälscher von London) is a 1961 West German crime film directed by Harald Reinl and starring Karin Dor, Hellmut Lange and Siegfried Lowitz. It is an adaptation of Edgar Wallace's 1927 novel The Forger, and part of a long-running series of German Wallace films made during the decade.
It was shot at the Wandsbek Studios in Hamburg, with location shooting at Herdringen Castle. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Mathias Matthies and Ellen Schmidt.
Cast
Karin Dor as Jane Clifton, née Leith
Hellmut Lange as Peter Clifton, née Welerson
Siegfried Lowitz as chief inspector Bourke
Mady Rahl as Marjorie Wells
Walter Rilla as John Leith
Robert Graf as Basil Hale
Joseph Offenbach as Henry Blonberg
Ulrich Beiger as Inspector Rouper
Otto Collin as lawyer Radloff
Sigrid von Richthofen as Mrs. Anderson
Eddi Arent as neighbor Stone / organist Miller
Viktor de Kowa as Dr. Donald Wells
Horst Breitkreuz as warden
Günter Hauer as cab driver
Günther Jerschke as lawyer Radloff / radio commentator (voice)
Heinz Klevenow as John Leith
Heidrun Kussin as maid Mary
Hans Lohfing as butler James
Günter Lüdke as civil servant Wislow
Wolfgang Merling as police driver
Werner Reinisch as Hopkins
Annelies Schmiedel as servant Anna
Horst Uhse as organist Miller
Willy Wiesgen as porter
Production
The film is an adaptation of Edgar Wallace's novel The Forger.
The sets were designed by the art directors Mathias Matthies and Ellen Schmidt.
Release
The FSK gave the film a rating of 16 and up and found it not appropriate for screenings on public holidays.
It premiered on 15 August 1961 at the Neues Bavaria cinema at Aachen.
See also
The Forger (1928)
References
^ Bergfelder p. 254
^ a b c d "Filmportal: Der Fälscher von London". Retrieved 3 August 2016.
Bibliography
Bergfelder, Tim (2005) . International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-productions in the 1960s. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-539-2.
External links
The Forger of London at IMDb
vteEdgar WallaceNovels
The Four Just Men (1905)
Angel Esquire (1908)
The Council of Justice (1908)
Captain Tatham (1909)
The Duke in the Suburbs (1909)
The Nine Bears (1910)
Private Selby (1912)
The Fourth Plague (1913)
Grey Timothy (1913)
The River of Stars (1913)
The Man Who Bought London (1915)
The Melody of Death (1915)
A Debt Discharged (1916)
The Tomb of Ts'in (1916)
The Just Men of Cordova (1917)
The Secret House (1917)
The Clue of the Twisted Candle (1918)
Down Under Donovan (1918)
The Man Who Knew (1918)
Those Folk of Bulboro (1918)
The Green Rust (1919)
Kate Plus Ten (1919)
The Daffodil Mystery (1920)
Jack O'Judgment (1920)
The Book of All Power (1921)
The Law of the Four Just Men (1921)
The Angel of Terror (1922)
The Crimson Circle (1922)
The Flying Fifty-Five (1922)
Mr. Justice Maxell (1922)
The Valley of Ghosts (1922)
The Clue of the New Pin (1923)
The Green Archer (1923)
The Missing Million (1923)
The Dark Eyes of London (1924)
Double Dan (1924)
The Face in the Night (1924)
Room 13 (1924)
The Sinister Man (1924)
The Three Oak Mystery (1924)
Blue Hand (1925)
The Fellowship of the Frog (1925)
The Mind of Mr. J. G. Reeder (1925)
The Strange Countess (1925)
The Three Just Men (1925)
The Avenger (1926)
Barbara on Her Own (1926)
The Black Abbot (1926)
The Northing Tramp (1926)
The Terrible People (1926)
The Yellow Snake (1926)
The Big Foot (1927)
Terror Keep (1927)
The Traitor's Gate (1927)
The Squeaker (1927)
The Forger (1927)
Again the Three (1928)
The Gunner (1928)
Four Square Jane (1929)
The Green Ribbon (1929)
The India-Rubber Men (1929)
The Calendar (1930)
The Clue of the Silver Key (1930)
The Lady of Ascot (1930)
The Man at the Carlton (1931)
The Guv'nor and Other Short Stories (1932)
Plays
An African Millionaire (1904)
M'Lady (1921)
Double Dan (1927)
The Terror (1927)
The Man Who Changed His Name (1928)
The Calendar (1929)
Persons Unknown (1929)
On the Spot (1930)
The Mouthpiece (1930)
Smoky Cell (1930)
The Old Man (1931)
Screenplays
The Valley of Ghosts (1928)
The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932)
King Kong (1933)
AdaptationsJ. G. Reeder
Mr. Reeder in Room 13 (1938)
The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939)
The Missing People (1940)
The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder (1969, TV series)
The Four Just Men
The Four Just Men (1921)
The Four Just Men (1939)
The Four Just Men (1959, TV series)
Edgar Wallace Mysteries
Urge to Kill (1960)
Clue of the Twisted Candle (1960)
The Malpas Mystery (1960)
Marriage of Convenience (1960)
The Clue of the New Pin (1961)
Man at the Carlton Tower (1961)
The Fourth Square (1961)
Man Detained (1961)
Attempt to Kill (1961)
Clue of the Silver Key (1961)
Never Back Losers (1961)
Partners in Crime (1961)
The Sinister Man (1961)
Time to Remember (1962)
Playback (1962)
Solo for Sparrow (1962)
Locker Sixty-Nine (1962)
Incident at Midnight (1963)
Return to Sender (1963)
Ricochet (1963)
Accidental Death (1963)
Five to One (1963)
The Verdict (1964)
We Shall See (1964)
Act of Murder (1964)
Change Partners (1965)
Rialto Films
Der Frosch mit der Maske (1959)
The Crimson Circle (1960)
The Avenger (1960)
The Terrible People (1960)
The Green Archer (1961)
The Dead Eyes of London (1961)
The Devil's Daffodil (1961)
The Forger of London (1961)
The Strange Countess (1961)
The Puzzle of the Red Orchid (1962)
The Door with Seven Locks (1962)
The Inn on the River (1962)
The Curse of the Yellow Snake (1963)
The Squeaker (1963)
The Black Abbot (1963)
The Indian Scarf (1963)
Room 13 (1964)
The Curse of the Hidden Vault (1964)
Der Hexer (1964)
The Traitor's Gate (1964)
Neues vom Hexer (1965)
The Sinister Monk (1965)
The Hunchback of Soho (1966)
The Trygon Factor (1966)
Creature with the Blue Hand (1967)
The Monk with the Whip (1967)
The Hound of Blackwood Castle (1968)
Im Banne des Unheimlichen (1968)
The Gorilla of Soho (1968)
Double Face (1969)
The Man with the Glass Eye (1969)
The Body in the Thames (1971)
Other
The Man Who Bought London (1916)
The Green Terror (1919)
Pallard the Punter (1919)
Angel Esquire (1919)
Wanted at Headquarters (1920)
The River of Stars (1921)
The Crimson Circle (1922)
Down Under Donovan (1922)
Melody of Death (1922)
The Diamond Man (1924)
The Flying Fifty-Five (1924)
The Green Archer (1925 serial)
The Great Unknown (1927)
The Terror (1928)
Mark of the Frog (1928 serial)
Chick (1928)
The Forger (1928)
The Terrible People (1928 serial)
The Ringer (1928)
The Man Who Changed His Name (1928)
The Flying Squad (1929)
The Crimson Circle (1929)
The Clue of the New Pin (1929)
Red Aces (1930)
The Squeaker (1930)
The Yellow Mask (1930)
The Ringer (1931)
To Oblige a Lady (1931)
The Calendar (1931)
The Old Man (1931)
The Squeaker (1931)
The Flying Squad (1932)
The Frightened Lady (1932)
The Ringer (1932)
The Menace (1932)
White Face (1932)
Giallo (1933)
The Jewel (1933)
Before Dawn (1933)
The Double (1934)
Mystery Liner (1934)
The Green Pack (1934)
The Feathered Serpent (1934)
The Lad (1935)
Sanders of the River (1935)
Born to Gamble (1935)
Chick (1936)
Educated Evans (1936)
The Crimson Circle (1936)
Prison Breaker (1936)
Strangers on Honeymoon (1936)
The Frog (1937)
The Squeaker (1937)
The Gaunt Stranger (1938)
Dangerous to Know (1938)
Kate Plus Ten (1938)
Thank Evans (1938)
The Terror (1938)
The Return of the Frog (1938)
Flying Fifty-Five (1939)
The Dark Eyes of London (1939)
The Case of the Frightened Lady (1940)
The Door with Seven Locks (1940)
The Flying Squad (1940)
The Green Archer (1940 serial)
The Missing Million (1942)
The Calendar (1948)
The Ringer (1952)
The Avenger (1960)
Death Drums Along the River (1963)
Coast of Skeletons (1964)
Circus of Fear (1966)
Five Golden Dragons (1967)
The Devil Came from Akasava (1970)
The Bloodstained Butterfly (1971)
What Have You Done to Solange? (1972)
Seven Blood-Stained Orchids (1972)
Television
Educated Evans (1957–58)
The Mixer (1992)
Family
Mary Jane Richards (mother)
Marriott Edgar (half-brother)
Bryan Edgar Wallace (son)
vteFilms directed by Harald Reinl
Mountain Crystal (1949)
The Crucifix Carver of Ammergau (1952)
The Monastery's Hunter (1953)
Rose-Girl Resli (1954)
The Silent Angel (1954)
As Long as You Live (1955)
The Twins from Zillertal (1957)
The Green Devils of Monte Cassino (1958)
U 47 – Kapitänleutnant Prien (1958)
Der Frosch mit der Maske (1959)
Paradise for Sailors (1959)
We Will Never Part (1960)
The Return of Doctor Mabuse (1961)
The Forger of London (1961)
Treasure of the Silver Lake (1962)
Apache Gold (1963)
The Strangler of Blackmoor Castle (1963)
The White Spider (1963)
Last of the Renegades (1964)
Room 13 (1964)
The Desperado Trail (1965)
The Last Tomahawk (1965)
The Blood Demon (1967)
Death and Diamonds (1968)
The Valley of Death (1968)
Death in the Red Jaguar (1968)
Dead Body on Broadway (1969)
We'll Take Care of the Teachers (1970)
The Tiger Gang (1971)
Holidays in Tyrol (1971)
Who Laughs Last, Laughs Best (1971)
Cry of the Black Wolves (1972)
The Heath Is Green (1972)
Hubertus Castle (1973)
The Bloody Vultures of Alaska (1973)
No Gold for a Dead Diver (1974)
The Hunter of Fall (1974)
This article related to a German film of the 1960s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"crime film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crime_film"},{"link_name":"Harald Reinl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Reinl"},{"link_name":"Karin Dor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Dor"},{"link_name":"Hellmut Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmut_Lange"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Lowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Lowitz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Edgar Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wallace"},{"link_name":"The Forger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forger_(1927_novel)"},{"link_name":"Wandsbek Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wandsbek_Studios"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"location shooting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Location_shooting"},{"link_name":"Herdringen Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herdringen_Castle"},{"link_name":"art directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Mathias Matthies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Matthies"},{"link_name":"Ellen Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Schmidt"}],"text":"The Forger of London (German: Der Fälscher von London) is a 1961 West German crime film directed by Harald Reinl and starring Karin Dor, Hellmut Lange and Siegfried Lowitz.[1] It is an adaptation of Edgar Wallace's 1927 novel The Forger, and part of a long-running series of German Wallace films made during the decade.It was shot at the Wandsbek Studios in Hamburg, with location shooting at Herdringen Castle. The film's sets were designed by the art directors Mathias Matthies and Ellen Schmidt.","title":"The Forger of London"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karin Dor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karin_Dor"},{"link_name":"Hellmut Lange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellmut_Lange"},{"link_name":"Siegfried Lowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Lowitz"},{"link_name":"Mady Rahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mady_Rahl"},{"link_name":"Walter Rilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Rilla"},{"link_name":"Robert Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Graf_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Joseph Offenbach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Offenbach"},{"link_name":"Ulrich Beiger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Beiger"},{"link_name":"Otto Collin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Otto_Collin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sigrid von 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Lohfing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_Lohfing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Günter Lüdke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=G%C3%BCnter_L%C3%BCdke&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wolfgang Merling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wolfgang_Merling&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Werner Reinisch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Werner_Reinisch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Annelies Schmiedel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Annelies_Schmiedel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Horst Uhse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Horst_Uhse&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Willy Wiesgen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Willy_Wiesgen&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Karin Dor as Jane Clifton, née Leith\nHellmut Lange as Peter Clifton, née Welerson\nSiegfried Lowitz as chief inspector Bourke\nMady Rahl as Marjorie Wells\nWalter Rilla as John Leith\nRobert Graf as Basil Hale\nJoseph Offenbach as Henry Blonberg\nUlrich Beiger as Inspector Rouper\nOtto Collin as lawyer Radloff\nSigrid von Richthofen [de] as Mrs. Anderson\nEddi Arent as neighbor Stone / organist Miller\nViktor de Kowa as Dr. Donald Wells\nHorst Breitkreuz as warden\nGünter Hauer as cab driver\nGünther Jerschke as lawyer Radloff / radio commentator (voice)\nHeinz Klevenow as John Leith\nHeidrun Kussin as maid Mary\nHans Lohfing as butler James\nGünter Lüdke as civil servant Wislow\nWolfgang Merling as police driver\nWerner Reinisch as Hopkins\nAnnelies Schmiedel as servant Anna\nHorst Uhse as organist Miller\nWilly Wiesgen as porter","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edgar Wallace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Wallace"},{"link_name":"The Forger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forger_(1927_novel)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmportal-2"},{"link_name":"art directors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_director"},{"link_name":"Mathias Matthies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathias_Matthies"},{"link_name":"Ellen Schmidt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellen_Schmidt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmportal-2"}],"text":"The film is an adaptation of Edgar Wallace's novel The Forger.[2]The sets were designed by the art directors Mathias Matthies and Ellen Schmidt.[2]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freiwillige_Selbstkontrolle_der_Filmwirtschaft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmportal-2"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Filmportal-2"}],"text":"The FSK gave the film a rating of 16 and up and found it not appropriate for screenings on public holidays.[2]It premiered on 15 August 1961 at the Neues Bavaria cinema at Aachen.[2]","title":"Release"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57181-539-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-539-2"}],"text":"Bergfelder, Tim (2005) [2004]. International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-productions in the 1960s. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-539-2.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"The Forger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Forger_(1928_film)"}] | [{"reference":"\"Filmportal: Der Fälscher von London\". Retrieved 3 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.filmportal.de/film/der-faelscher-von-london_5185cfb329ca4777b946426a435fc63f","url_text":"\"Filmportal: Der Fälscher von London\""}]},{"reference":"Bergfelder, Tim (2005) [2004]. International Adventures: German Popular Cinema and European Co-productions in the 1960s. New York: Berghahn Books. ISBN 978-1-57181-539-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57181-539-2","url_text":"978-1-57181-539-2"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.filmportal.de/film/der-faelscher-von-london_5185cfb329ca4777b946426a435fc63f","external_links_name":"\"Filmportal: Der Fälscher von London\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0054906/","external_links_name":"The Forger of London"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Forger_of_London&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rub%C3%A9n_Cousillas | Rubén Cousillas | ["1 Playing career","2 Management and coaching career","3 References","4 External links"] | Argentine footballer and manager
In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cousillas and the second or maternal family name is Fuse.
Rubén Cousillas
Cousillas as assistant manager of West Ham United in 2019Personal informationFull name
Rubén Cousillas FuseDate of birth
(1957-05-19) 19 May 1957 (age 67)Place of birth
Roque Pérez, ArgentinaPosition(s)
GoalkeeperYouth career1973–1977
San LorenzoSenior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1979
Almagro
30
(0)1980–1987
San Lorenzo
118
(0)1987–1988
Millonarios
53
(0)1988–1991
Deportivo Mandiyú
89
(0)1991
Vélez Sarsfield
4
(0)1992
Deportivo Morón
22
(0)1992–1995
Argentinos Juniors
69
(0)1995
Huachipato
18
(0)1996
Sarmiento Roque Pérez
23
(0)Total
426
(0)Managerial career1998–2002
San Lorenzo (assistant)2002–2003
River Plate (assistant)2004–2009
Villarreal (assistant)2009–2010
Real Madrid (assistant)2010–2013
Málaga (assistant)2013–2016
Manchester City (co-assistant)2016–2018
Hebei China Fortune (co-assistant)2018–2019
West Ham United (co-assistant)2020–
Betis (assistant)
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Rubén Cousillas Fuse (born 9 May 1957 in Roque Pérez) is an Argentinian football assistant manager and former player, who is assistant manager at Betis to Manuel Pellegrini.
Playing career
Cousillas started his career at San Lorenzo de Almagro with whom he won promotion to Primera División del Fútbol Argentino in the year 1982. In addition, he also played for Millonarios Fútbol Club in Bogota, with which he won three Colombian titles. He also played for Vélez Sársfield, Club Deportivo Mandiyú and Argentinos Juniors as well as Huachipato, where he ended his playing career.
Management and coaching career
Cousillas began his career as a coach for Talleres de Córdoba, before moving on to Argentinos Juniors, where he worked under Chiche Sosa.
In 1998, Cousillas returned to his former playing club San Lorenzo, to become assistant to Oscar Ruggeri. When Ruggeri was replaced by Manuel Pellegrini, Cousillas struck a great working partnership with the Chilean, and followed him to River Plate, Villarreal, Real Madrid and Málaga.
On 14 June 2013, it was announced that Cousillas would be joining Manuel Pellegrini at Manchester City as co-assistant, alongside Brian Kidd.
Cousillas took caretaker charge of Manchester City in their 2-1 UEFA Champions League defeat to FC Barcelona due to manager Manuel Pellegrini having a 3 match UEFA ban for criticizing the referee in the first leg.
When Pellegrini left Manchester City in June 2016 on the expiry of his contract, Cousillas also left along with the remainder of Pellegrini's staff (not including Brian Kidd).
In 2018 he joined Pellegrini as a coach at West Ham United leaving in December 2019 when Pellegrini was sacked.
References
^ Manchester City Web Page. "Ruben Cousillas Fuse". mcfc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
^ "Huachipato 1995 - Campeonato Nacional". www.solofutbol.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May 2024.
^ "Manuel Pellegrini confirms backroom staff". MCFC. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
^ "Football staff depart West Ham United | West Ham United". whufc.com.
External links
Rubén Cousillas at BDFA (in Spanish) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Roque Pérez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roque_P%C3%A9rez"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"assistant manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"assistant manager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_(sport)"},{"link_name":"Betis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Betis_Balompi%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Manuel Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pellegrini"}],"text":"In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Cousillas and the second or maternal family name is Fuse.Rubén Cousillas Fuse[1] (born 9 May 1957 in Roque Pérez) is an Argentinian football assistant manager and former player, who is assistant manager at Betis to Manuel Pellegrini.","title":"Rubén Cousillas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"San Lorenzo de Almagro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro"},{"link_name":"Primera División del Fútbol Argentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_de_Argentina"},{"link_name":"1982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Primera_Divisi%C3%B3n_B_(Argentina)_1982&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Millonarios Fútbol Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millonarios_F%C3%BAtbol_Club"},{"link_name":"Bogota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogota"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vélez Sársfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_V%C3%A9lez_Sarsfield"},{"link_name":"Club Deportivo Mandiyú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Club_Deportivo_Mandiy%C3%BA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Argentinos Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinos_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Huachipato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Deportivo_Huachipato"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Cousillas started his career at San Lorenzo de Almagro with whom he won promotion to Primera División del Fútbol Argentino in the year 1982. In addition, he also played for Millonarios Fútbol Club in Bogota, with which he won three Colombian titles.[citation needed] He also played for Vélez Sársfield, Club Deportivo Mandiyú and Argentinos Juniors as well as Huachipato,[2] where he ended his playing career.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Talleres de Córdoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talleres_de_C%C3%B3rdoba"},{"link_name":"Argentinos Juniors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentinos_Juniors"},{"link_name":"Chiche Sosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osvaldo_Sosa"},{"link_name":"San Lorenzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Lorenzo_de_Almagro"},{"link_name":"Oscar Ruggeri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Ruggeri"},{"link_name":"Manuel Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pellegrini"},{"link_name":"River Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club_Atl%C3%A9tico_River_Plate"},{"link_name":"Villarreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villarreal_C.F."},{"link_name":"Real Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Madrid_CF"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga_CF"},{"link_name":"Manuel Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pellegrini"},{"link_name":"Manchester City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_City_F.C."},{"link_name":"Brian Kidd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian_Kidd"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"FC Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Barcelona"},{"link_name":"Manuel Pellegrini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_Pellegrini"},{"link_name":"West Ham United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Ham_United_F.C."},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Cousillas began his career as a coach for Talleres de Córdoba, before moving on to Argentinos Juniors, where he worked under Chiche Sosa.In 1998, Cousillas returned to his former playing club San Lorenzo, to become assistant to Oscar Ruggeri. When Ruggeri was replaced by Manuel Pellegrini, Cousillas struck a great working partnership with the Chilean, and followed him to River Plate, Villarreal, Real Madrid and Málaga.On 14 June 2013, it was announced that Cousillas would be joining Manuel Pellegrini at Manchester City as co-assistant, alongside Brian Kidd.[3]Cousillas took caretaker charge of Manchester City in their 2-1 UEFA Champions League defeat to FC Barcelona due to manager Manuel Pellegrini having a 3 match UEFA ban for criticizing the referee in the first leg.When Pellegrini left Manchester City in June 2016 on the expiry of his contract, Cousillas also left along with the remainder of Pellegrini's staff (not including Brian Kidd). \nIn 2018 he joined Pellegrini as a coach at West Ham United leaving in December 2019 when Pellegrini was sacked.[4]","title":"Management and coaching career"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Manchester City Web Page. \"Ruben Cousillas Fuse\". mcfc.co.uk. Retrieved 16 April 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcfc.com/teams/first-team/management/ruben-cousillas-fuse","url_text":"\"Ruben Cousillas Fuse\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huachipato 1995 - Campeonato Nacional\". www.solofutbol.cl (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 May 2024.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.solofutbol.cl/futbol%20chileno/Campeonatos%20Nacionales/equipos/Huachipato/Huachipato%201995%20nacional.htm","url_text":"\"Huachipato 1995 - Campeonato Nacional\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manuel Pellegrini confirms backroom staff\". MCFC. 14 June 2013. Retrieved 14 June 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://content.mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2013/June/Manuel-Pellegrini-backroom-staff","url_text":"\"Manuel Pellegrini confirms backroom staff\""}]},{"reference":"\"Football staff depart West Ham United | West Ham United\". whufc.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2019/december/30-december/football-staff-depart-west-ham-united","url_text":"\"Football staff depart West Ham United | West Ham United\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.mcfc.com/teams/first-team/management/ruben-cousillas-fuse","external_links_name":"\"Ruben Cousillas Fuse\""},{"Link":"http://www.solofutbol.cl/futbol%20chileno/Campeonatos%20Nacionales/equipos/Huachipato/Huachipato%201995%20nacional.htm","external_links_name":"\"Huachipato 1995 - Campeonato Nacional\""},{"Link":"http://content.mcfc.co.uk/News/Team-news/2013/June/Manuel-Pellegrini-backroom-staff","external_links_name":"\"Manuel Pellegrini confirms backroom staff\""},{"Link":"https://www.whufc.com/news/articles/2019/december/30-december/football-staff-depart-west-ham-united","external_links_name":"\"Football staff depart West Ham United | West Ham United\""},{"Link":"https://www.bdfa.com.ar/jugadores-RUBEN-OSVALDO-COUSILLAS-1062.html","external_links_name":"Rubén Cousillas"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilmacnevan_(civil_parish) | Kilmacnevan (civil parish) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 53°35′8″N 7°33′39″W / 53.58556°N 7.56083°W / 53.58556; -7.56083
Civil parish in Leinster, IrelandKilmacnevan
Cill Mhic NaomháinCivil parishKilmacnevanLocation of Kilmacnevan within County Westmeath in the Republic of IrelandCoordinates: 53°35′8″N 7°33′39″W / 53.58556°N 7.56083°W / 53.58556; -7.56083CountryIrelandProvinceLeinsterCountyCounty WestmeathIrish grid referenceN291595
Kilmacnevan (Irish: Cill Mhic Naomháin) is a civil parish in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 15.81 kilometres (10 mi) west–north–west of Mullingar.
Kilmacnevan is one of 6 civil parishes in the barony of Moygoish in the Province of Leinster. The civil parish covers 5,010.3 acres (20.276 km2).
Kilmacnevan civil parish comprises 11 townlands: Ballintue, Ballynacarrow, Calliaghstown, Churchtown, Conlanstown, Deerpark, Emper, Kilmacnevan, Lakingstown, Laragh and Rathmore.
The neighbouring civil parishes are: Rathaspick to the north, Kilbixy to the east, Piercetown (barony of Rathconrath) and
Rathconrath (barony of Rathconrath) to the south and Agharra (barony of Shrule, County Longford) and Rathreagh (barony of Ardagh, County Longford) to the west.
References
^ Kilmacnevan civil parish Logainm.ie Retrieved on 27 June 2015.
^ Kilmacnevan civil parish, Co. Westmeath Townlands.ie Retrieved on 27 June 2015.
^ Kilmacnevan civil parish, Co. Westmeath The IreAtlas Townland Data Base Retrieved on 27 June 2015.
External links
Kilmacnevan civil parish at the IreAtlas Townland Data Base
Kilmacnevan civil parish at Townlands.ie
Kilmacnevan civil parish at Logainm.ie
Ireland portal
vtePlaces in County WestmeathCounty town: MullingarTowns
Athlone
Kilbeggan
Kinnegad
Moate
Mullingar
Villages
Ballinahown
Ballinalack
Ballinea
Ballykeeran
Ballymore
Ballynacargy
Baylin
Castledaly
Castlepollard
Castletown Geoghegan
Clonmellon
Collinstown
Coole
Coralstown
Crookedwood
Dalystown
Delvin
Drumcree
Drumraney
Dysart
Finnea
Fore
Glassan
Glencara
Horseleap
Killucan and Rathwire
Loughnavalley
Meedin
Milltownpass
Mount Temple
Moyvoughly
Multyfarnham
Raharney
Rathconrath
Rathowen
Rochfortbridge
Rosemount
Shandonagh
Streamstown
Street
Tang
Tubberclare
Tyrrellspass
Baronies
Brawny
Clonlonan
Corkaree
Delvin
Farbill
Fartullagh
Fore
Kilkenny West
Moyashel and Magheradernon
Moycashel
Moygoish
Rathconrath
List of townlands of County Westmeath
List of civil parishes of County Westmeath
Category:Geography of County Westmeath
This article related to the geography of County Westmeath, Ireland is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"civil parish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_parishes_in_Ireland"},{"link_name":"County Westmeath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Westmeath"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Mullingar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullingar"},{"link_name":"barony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barony_(Ireland)"},{"link_name":"Moygoish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moygoish"},{"link_name":"Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Leinster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leinster"},{"link_name":"Ballintue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballintue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ballynacarrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballynacarrow,_Kilmacnevan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Calliaghstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Calliaghstown,_Kilmacnevan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Churchtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Churchtown,_Kilmacnevan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Conlanstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conlanstown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Deerpark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deerpark,_Kilmacnevan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Emper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emper&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kilmacnevan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilmacnevan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lakingstown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lakingstown&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Laragh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laragh,_Kilmacnevan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rathmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rathmore,_County_Westmeath&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rathaspick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathaspick,_County_Westmeath_(civil_parish)"},{"link_name":"Kilbixy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilbixy_(civil_parish)"},{"link_name":"Piercetown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piercetown,_County_Westmeath_(civil_parish)"},{"link_name":"Rathconrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathconrath_(barony)"},{"link_name":"Rathconrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathconrath_(civil_parish)"},{"link_name":"Agharra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Agharra_(civil_parish)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Shrule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrule_(barony)"},{"link_name":"County Longford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Longford"},{"link_name":"Rathreagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rathreagh_(civil_parish)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ardagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardagh_(barony)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Civil parish in Leinster, IrelandKilmacnevan (Irish: Cill Mhic Naomháin)[1] is a civil parish in County Westmeath, Ireland. It is located about 15.81 kilometres (10 mi) west–north–west of Mullingar.Kilmacnevan is one of 6 civil parishes in the barony of Moygoish in the Province of Leinster. The civil parish covers 5,010.3 acres (20.276 km2).Kilmacnevan civil parish comprises 11 townlands: Ballintue, Ballynacarrow, Calliaghstown, Churchtown, Conlanstown, Deerpark, Emper, Kilmacnevan, Lakingstown, Laragh and Rathmore.The neighbouring civil parishes are: Rathaspick to the north, Kilbixy to the east, Piercetown (barony of Rathconrath) and\nRathconrath (barony of Rathconrath) to the south and Agharra (barony of Shrule, County Longford) and Rathreagh (barony of Ardagh, County Longford) to the west.[2][3]","title":"Kilmacnevan (civil parish)"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Westmeath.svg/100px-Island_of_Ireland_location_map_Westmeath.svg.png"}] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kilmacnevan_(civil_parish)¶ms=53_35_8_N_7_33_39_W_type:city(1000)_region:IE","external_links_name":"53°35′8″N 7°33′39″W / 53.58556°N 7.56083°W / 53.58556; -7.56083"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Kilmacnevan_(civil_parish)¶ms=53_35_8_N_7_33_39_W_type:city(1000)_region:IE","external_links_name":"53°35′8″N 7°33′39″W / 53.58556°N 7.56083°W / 53.58556; -7.56083"},{"Link":"http://irish.gridreferencefinder.com/?gr=N2913059588%7C53.585556_s__c__s_-7.560833%7C3&z=14&v=h&t=53.585556_s__c__s_-7.560833","external_links_name":"N291595"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/2475.aspx","external_links_name":"Kilmacnevan civil parish"},{"Link":"http://www.townlands.ie/westmeath/kilmacnevan/","external_links_name":"Kilmacnevan civil parish, Co. Westmeath"},{"Link":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/town_new2.php?MODE=search&TOWNLAND=&SORTBY=townland&METHOD=exact&COUNTY=Westmeath&BARONY=&METHOD1=exact&PARISH=Kilmacnevan&METHOD2=exact&PLU=&METHOD3=exact&PROVINCE=","external_links_name":"Kilmacnevan civil parish, Co. Westmeath"},{"Link":"http://www.thecore.com/seanruad/town_new2.php?MODE=search&TOWNLAND=&SORTBY=townland&METHOD=exact&COUNTY=Westmeath&BARONY=&METHOD1=exact&PARISH=Kilmacnevan&METHOD2=exact&PLU=&METHOD3=exact&PROVINCE=","external_links_name":"Kilmacnevan civil parish at the IreAtlas Townland Data Base"},{"Link":"http://www.townlands.ie/westmeath/kilmacnevan/","external_links_name":"Kilmacnevan civil parish at Townlands.ie"},{"Link":"http://www.logainm.ie/2475.aspx","external_links_name":"Kilmacnevan civil parish at Logainm.ie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kilmacnevan_(civil_parish)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Vallat | Francis Vallat | ["1 Biography","2 References"] | British international lawyer
Francis Vallat, c. 1962
Sir Francis Aimé Vallat, GBE, KCMG, QC (25 May 1912 – 6 April 2008) was a British international lawyer.
Biography
Vallat was educated at University College, University of Toronto and Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge, where he studied under Arnold McNair and took the LL.B. He was called to the bar by Gray's Inn in 1935.
During World War II, Vallat served with the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Upon being demobilized in 1945, he joined the Foreign Office as an assistant legal adviser. In 1960, he succeeded to Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice as Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office, serving in that position until 1968.
Upon his retirement from the Foreign Office, Vallat joined the faculty of King's College London, retiring with the rank of professor in 1976. Between 1973 and 1981 he was a member of the United Nations International Law Commission, and was its chair between 1977 and 1978.
Vallat was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1961. He was appointed CMG in 1955, and promoted to KCMG in 1962. In 1982 he was appointed GBE.
References
^ "Professor Sir Francis Vallat: International lawyer, scholar and Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office". The Independent. 26 May 2008.
^ a b c d "Vallat, Sir Francis Aimé". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/100190. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
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This United Kingdom law-related biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Francis_Vallat.jpg"},{"link_name":"GBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Grand_Cross_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"KCMG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_St_Michael_and_St_George"},{"link_name":"QC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"British international lawyerFrancis Vallat, c. 1962Sir Francis Aimé Vallat, GBE, KCMG, QC (25 May 1912 – 6 April 2008) was a British international lawyer.[1]","title":"Francis Vallat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_College,_Toronto"},{"link_name":"University of Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Toronto"},{"link_name":"Gonville and Caius College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonville_and_Caius_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"University of Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Arnold McNair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_McNair,_1st_Baron_McNair"},{"link_name":"LL.B.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LL.B."},{"link_name":"called to the bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_to_the_bar"},{"link_name":"Gray's Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gray%27s_Inn"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Volunteer_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Fitzmaurice"},{"link_name":"Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_Adviser_to_the_Foreign_Office"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"King's College London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_College_London"},{"link_name":"United Nations International Law Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_International_Law_Commission"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Queen's Counsel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel"},{"link_name":"GBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Vallat was educated at University College, University of Toronto and Gonville and Caius College, University of Cambridge, where he studied under Arnold McNair and took the LL.B. He was called to the bar by Gray's Inn in 1935.[2]During World War II, Vallat served with the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve. Upon being demobilized in 1945, he joined the Foreign Office as an assistant legal adviser. In 1960, he succeeded to Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice as Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office, serving in that position until 1968.[2]Upon his retirement from the Foreign Office, Vallat joined the faculty of King's College London, retiring with the rank of professor in 1976. Between 1973 and 1981 he was a member of the United Nations International Law Commission, and was its chair between 1977 and 1978.[2]Vallat was appointed Queen's Counsel in 1961. He was appointed CMG in 1955, and promoted to KCMG in 1962. In 1982 he was appointed GBE.[2]","title":"Biography"}] | [{"image_text":"Francis Vallat, c. 1962","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/17/Francis_Vallat.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Professor Sir Francis Vallat: International lawyer, scholar and Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office\". The Independent. 26 May 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/professor-sir-francis-vallat-international-lawyer-scholar-and-legal-adviser-to-the-foreign-office-834615.html","url_text":"\"Professor Sir Francis Vallat: International lawyer, scholar and Legal Adviser to the Foreign Office\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vallat, Sir Francis Aimé\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymoney_High_School | Ballymoney High School | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Coordinates: 55°04′05″N 6°30′11″W / 55.068°N 6.503°W / 55.068; -6.503
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Ballymoney High School is a secondary school located in Ballymoney, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. As of 2012, it had an enrollment of over 660 pupils and an average annual intake of approximately 130 new pupils each year.
In 2016, a new expansion of the school was built, and in 2017 it was officially named the 'Holmes wing'. It was named after Mollie Holmes OBE, a retired mayor of Ballymoney who died at age 101.
Past pupils of the school include Stephen Carson (an association football player with Glasgow Rangers) and Mervyn Storey (DUP politician).
References
^ "Post-Primary Inspection Report - Ballymoney High School" (PDF). etini.gov.uk. Education and Training Inspectorate. October 2012.
^ "Official opening of the Holmes Wing at Ballymoney High School". csscni.org.uk. 6 December 2017.
External links
Ballymoney High School
55°04′05″N 6°30′11″W / 55.068°N 6.503°W / 55.068; -6.503
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This Northern Ireland school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"secondary school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secondary_school"},{"link_name":"Ballymoney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballymoney"},{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Stephen Carson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Carson"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Mervyn Storey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mervyn_Storey"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Ballymoney High School is a secondary school located in Ballymoney, County Antrim, Northern Ireland. As of 2012, it had an enrollment of over 660 pupils and an average annual intake of approximately 130 new pupils each year.[1]In 2016, a new expansion of the school was built, and in 2017 it was officially named the 'Holmes wing'.[2] It was named after Mollie Holmes OBE, a retired mayor of Ballymoney who died at age 101.Past pupils of the school include Stephen Carson (an association football player with Glasgow Rangers) and Mervyn Storey (DUP politician).[citation needed]","title":"Ballymoney High School"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Post-Primary Inspection Report - Ballymoney High School\" (PDF). etini.gov.uk. Education and Training Inspectorate. October 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etini.gov.uk/sites/etini.gov.uk/files/publications/%5Bcurrent-domain%3Amachine-name%5D/standard-inspection-ballymoney-high-school-2.pdf","url_text":"\"Post-Primary Inspection Report - Ballymoney High School\""}]},{"reference":"\"Official opening of the Holmes Wing at Ballymoney High School\". csscni.org.uk. 6 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.csscni.org.uk/news/official-opening-of-the-holmes-wing-at-ballymoney-high-school/","url_text":"\"Official opening of the Holmes Wing at Ballymoney High School\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ballymoney_High_School¶ms=55.068_N_6.503_W_region:GB_scale:5000","external_links_name":"55°04′05″N 6°30′11″W / 55.068°N 6.503°W / 55.068; -6.503"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Ballymoney+High+School%22","external_links_name":"\"Ballymoney High School\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Ballymoney+High+School%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Ballymoney+High+School%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Ballymoney+High+School%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Ballymoney+High+School%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Ballymoney+High+School%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.etini.gov.uk/sites/etini.gov.uk/files/publications/%5Bcurrent-domain%3Amachine-name%5D/standard-inspection-ballymoney-high-school-2.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Post-Primary Inspection Report - Ballymoney High School\""},{"Link":"http://www.csscni.org.uk/news/official-opening-of-the-holmes-wing-at-ballymoney-high-school/","external_links_name":"\"Official opening of the Holmes Wing at Ballymoney High School\""},{"Link":"https://www.ballymoneyhigh.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Ballymoney High School"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ballymoney_High_School¶ms=55.068_N_6.503_W_region:GB_scale:5000","external_links_name":"55°04′05″N 6°30′11″W / 55.068°N 6.503°W / 55.068; -6.503"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/144507444","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2007023265","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ballymoney_High_School&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Howard_(bishop) | Robert Howard (bishop) | ["1 Notes","2 References","3 Bibliography"] | Church of Ireland bishop
Styles ofRobert Howard, D.D.Reference styleThe Right ReverendSpoken styleMy LordReligious styleBishop
Christianity portal
Robert Howard, D.D. (October 1670 – 3 April 1740) was an Anglican prelate who served in the Church of Ireland as the Bishop of Killala and Achonry (1727–1730) and Bishop of Elphin (1730–1740).
Born in October 1670, he was the son of Ralph Howard, M.D. In 1703, Robert Howard became a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin. He was appointed Vicar of St. Ann's Church, Dublin in November 1717, then Curate of St. Bride's Church, Dublin. He was then appointed a Prebendary of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin in 1712, and Dean of Ardagh in 1722, Precentor of Christ Church, Dublin in March 1723, and Chancellor of St. Patrick's, Dublin and Vicar of Finglas in April 1723. He was nominated Bishop of Killala and Achonry on 14 January 1727 and consecrated on 19 March 1727. Three years later, he was appointed Bishop of Elphin by letters patent on 13 January 1730.
He married Patience Boleyn, only daughter of Godfrey Boleyn of Fennor, County Meath, and Mary Singleton, sister of Henry Singleton, Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas. They had seven children. The Boleyn family of Meath were distant cousins of Queen Anne Boleyn.
He was lineal ancestor of the Earls of Wicklow, his son Ralph having been created Baron Clonmore in 1776 and Viscount Wicklow in 1785.
Bishop Howard died in office on 3 April 1740, aged 69, and was buried in St. Bride's Church, Dublin.
Notes
^ a b Cotton 1848, The Province of Leinster, p. 53.
^ a b c Cotton 1850, The Province of Connaught, p. 75.
^ Cotton 1848, The Province of Leinster, p. 167.
^ Cotton 1849, The Province of Ulster, p. 188.
^ Cotton 1848, The Province of Leinster, p. 119.
^ Fryde et al. 1986, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 396.
^ Moody, Martin & Byrne 1984, A New History of Ireland, volume IX, p. 393.
^ a b c Cotton 1850, The Province of Connaught, p. 129.
^ a b Fryde et al. 1986, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 392.
^ a b Moody, Martin & Byrne 1984, A New History of Ireland, volume IX, p. 436.
References
Cotton, Henry (1848). The Province of Leinster. Fasti Ecclesiae Hiberniae: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Vol. 2. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.
Cotton, Henry (1849). The Province of Ulster. Fasti Ecclesiae Hiberniae: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Vol. 3. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.
Cotton, Henry (1850). The Province of Connaught. Fasti Ecclesiae Hiberniae: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Vol. 4. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.
Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd, reprinted 2003 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.
Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; Byrne, F. J., eds. (1984). Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History, Part II. A New History of Ireland. Vol. IX. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821745-5.
Bibliography
Murdoch, Tessa, ed. (2022). Great Irish Households: Inventories from the Long Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: John Adamson ISBN 978-1-898565-17-8 OCLC 1233305993. See pp. 89–103 for transcripts of the inventories of goods drawn up on Robert Howard's death to sell to Edward Synge, his successor as bishop of Elphin. Interestingly the nearly 400 books listed as being in the study were not given a value.
Church of Ireland titles
Preceded byCharles Cobbe
Bishop of Killala and Achonry 1727–1730
Succeeded byRobert Clayton
Preceded byTheophilus Bolton
Bishop of Elphin 1730–1740
Succeeded byEdward Synge
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vteDeans of Ardagh
John Bowerman
William Brady
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Lewis Jones
Henry Jones
Nicholas Bernard
John Kerb
John Barton
Charles Cobbe
Josiah Hort
Robert Howard
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George Sandford
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Frederic Potterton
Thomas Reilly | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg"},{"link_name":"Christianity portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity"},{"link_name":"Anglican prelate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglican_ministry"},{"link_name":"Church of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Killala and Achonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Killala_and_Achonry"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Elphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Elphin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leinster53-1"},{"link_name":"fellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connaught75-2"},{"link_name":"Vicar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"St. Ann's Church, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Ann%27s_Church,_Dawson_Street"},{"link_name":"Curate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curate"},{"link_name":"St. Bride's Church, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bride%27s_Church,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connaught75-2"},{"link_name":"Prebendary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prebendary"},{"link_name":"St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Dean of Ardagh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Ardagh"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Precentor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precentor"},{"link_name":"Christ Church, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ_Church_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-leinster53-1"},{"link_name":"Chancellor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_(ecclesiastical)"},{"link_name":"St. Patrick's, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Cathedral,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"Finglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finglas"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Killala and Achonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Killala_and_Achonry"},{"link_name":"consecrated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consecrated"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connaught75-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Elphin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Elphin"},{"link_name":"letters patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letters_patent"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connaught129-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook392-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newhistory436-10"},{"link_name":"County Meath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Meath"},{"link_name":"Henry Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Singleton_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Irish_Common_Pleas"},{"link_name":"Anne Boleyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Boleyn"},{"link_name":"lineal ancestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lineal_descendant"},{"link_name":"Earls of Wicklow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"Ralph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ralph_Howard,_1st_Viscount_Wicklow"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connaught129-8"},{"link_name":"St. Bride's Church, Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Bride%27s_Church,_Dublin"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-connaught129-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook392-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newhistory436-10"}],"text":"Christianity portalRobert Howard, D.D. (October 1670 – 3 April 1740) was an Anglican prelate who served in the Church of Ireland as the Bishop of Killala and Achonry (1727–1730) and Bishop of Elphin (1730–1740).Born in October 1670, he was the son of Ralph Howard, M.D.[1] In 1703, Robert Howard became a fellow of Trinity College, Dublin.[2] He was appointed Vicar of St. Ann's Church, Dublin in November 1717, then Curate of St. Bride's Church, Dublin.[2] He was then appointed a Prebendary of St Patrick's Cathedral, Dublin in 1712,[3] and Dean of Ardagh in 1722,[4] Precentor of Christ Church, Dublin in March 1723,[1] and Chancellor of St. Patrick's, Dublin and Vicar of Finglas in April 1723.[5] He was nominated Bishop of Killala and Achonry on 14 January 1727 and consecrated on 19 March 1727.[2][6][7] Three years later, he was appointed Bishop of Elphin by letters patent on 13 January 1730.[8][9][10]He married Patience Boleyn, only daughter of Godfrey Boleyn of Fennor, County Meath, and Mary Singleton, sister of Henry Singleton, Chief Justice of the Irish Common Pleas. They had seven children. The Boleyn family of Meath were distant cousins of Queen Anne Boleyn.He was lineal ancestor of the Earls of Wicklow, his son Ralph having been created Baron Clonmore in 1776 and Viscount Wicklow in 1785.[8]Bishop Howard died in office on 3 April 1740, aged 69, and was buried in St. Bride's Church, Dublin.[8][9][10]","title":"Robert Howard (bishop)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leinster53_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-leinster53_1-1"},{"link_name":"Cotton 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCotton1848"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-connaught75_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-connaught75_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-connaught75_2-2"},{"link_name":"Cotton 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCotton1850"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Cotton 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCotton1848"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Cotton 1849","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCotton1849"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Cotton 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCotton1848"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Fryde et al. 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy1986"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Moody, Martin & Byrne 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoodyMartinByrne1984"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-connaught129_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-connaught129_8-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-connaught129_8-2"},{"link_name":"Cotton 1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCotton1850"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-handbook392_9-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-handbook392_9-1"},{"link_name":"Fryde et al. 1986","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFrydeGreenwayPorterRoy1986"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newhistory436_10-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-newhistory436_10-1"},{"link_name":"Moody, Martin & Byrne 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMoodyMartinByrne1984"}],"text":"^ a b Cotton 1848, The Province of Leinster, p. 53.\n\n^ a b c Cotton 1850, The Province of Connaught, p. 75.\n\n^ Cotton 1848, The Province of Leinster, p. 167.\n\n^ Cotton 1849, The Province of Ulster, p. 188.\n\n^ Cotton 1848, The Province of Leinster, p. 119.\n\n^ Fryde et al. 1986, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 396.\n\n^ Moody, Martin & Byrne 1984, A New History of Ireland, volume IX, p. 393.\n\n^ a b c Cotton 1850, The Province of Connaught, p. 129.\n\n^ a b Fryde et al. 1986, Handbook of British Chronology, p. 392.\n\n^ a b Moody, Martin & Byrne 1984, A New History of Ireland, volume IX, p. 436.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Irish Households: Inventories from the Long Eighteenth Century","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Irish_Households"},{"link_name":"John Adamson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adamson_(publisher)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-898565-17-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-898565-17-8"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1233305993","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1233305993"},{"link_name":"Edward Synge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Synge_(bishop_of_Elphin)"},{"link_name":"Authority control 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Brady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=William_Brady_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Robert Richardson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Richardson_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lewis Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Jones_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Henry Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jones_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Bernard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Bernard"},{"link_name":"John Kerb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Kerb&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"John Barton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Barton_(Dean_of_Ardagh)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Charles Cobbe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Cobbe"},{"link_name":"Josiah Hort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josiah_Hort"},{"link_name":"Robert Howard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Lewis Saurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Saurin"},{"link_name":"George Sandford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Sandford_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Thomas White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thomas_White_(priest)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"William French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_French_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Lilly Butler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilly_Butler"},{"link_name":"Charles Warburton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Warburton"},{"link_name":"Richard Bourke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Bourke_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"Richard Graves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Graves_(theologian)"},{"link_name":"Richard Murray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Murray_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Usher Tighe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usher_Tighe"},{"link_name":"Augustus West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_West_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Alexander Orme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Orme"},{"link_name":"Frederic Potterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederic_Potterton"},{"link_name":"Thomas Reilly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Reilly_(priest)"}],"text":"Murdoch, Tessa, ed. (2022). Great Irish Households: Inventories from the Long Eighteenth Century. Cambridge: John Adamson ISBN 978-1-898565-17-8 OCLC 1233305993. See pp. 89–103 for transcripts of the inventories of goods drawn up on Robert Howard's death to sell to Edward Synge, his successor as bishop of Elphin. Interestingly the nearly 400 books listed as being in the study were not given a value.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nSpain\nPeople\nIrelandvteDeans of Ardagh\nJohn Bowerman\nWilliam Brady\nRobert Richardson\nLewis Jones\nHenry Jones\nNicholas Bernard\nJohn Kerb\nJohn Barton\nCharles Cobbe\nJosiah Hort\nRobert Howard\nLewis Saurin\nGeorge Sandford\nThomas White\nWilliam French\nLilly Butler\nCharles Warburton\nRichard Bourke\nRichard Graves\nRichard Murray\nUsher Tighe\nAugustus West\nAlexander Orme\nFrederic Potterton\nThomas Reilly","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Cotton, Henry (1848). The Province of Leinster. Fasti Ecclesiae Hiberniae: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Vol. 2. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(divine)","url_text":"Cotton, Henry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaehi02cottuoft","url_text":"The Province of Leinster"}]},{"reference":"Cotton, Henry (1849). The Province of Ulster. Fasti Ecclesiae Hiberniae: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Vol. 3. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(divine)","url_text":"Cotton, Henry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiae03cottuoft","url_text":"The Province of Ulster"}]},{"reference":"Cotton, Henry (1850). The Province of Connaught. Fasti Ecclesiae Hiberniae: The Succession of the Prelates and Members of the Cathedral Bodies of Ireland. Vol. 4. Dublin: Hodges and Smith.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Cotton_(divine)","url_text":"Cotton, Henry"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaehi04cottuoft","url_text":"The Province of Connaught"}]},{"reference":"Fryde, E. B.; Greenway, D. E.; Porter, S.; Roy, I., eds. (1986). Handbook of British Chronology (3rd, reprinted 2003 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-56350-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56350-X","url_text":"0-521-56350-X"}]},{"reference":"Moody, T. W.; Martin, F. X.; Byrne, F. J., eds. (1984). Maps, Genealogies, Lists: A Companion to Irish History, Part II. A New History of Ireland. Vol. IX. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-821745-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821745-5","url_text":"0-19-821745-5"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaehi02cottuoft","external_links_name":"The Province of Leinster"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiae03cottuoft","external_links_name":"The Province of Ulster"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/fastiecclesiaehi04cottuoft","external_links_name":"The Province of Connaught"},{"Link":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1233305993","external_links_name":"1233305993"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/9455155566473613380003","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5437731","external_links_name":"Spain"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.004124.A.v1","external_links_name":"Ireland"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_III_of_Louvain | Godfrey III, Count of Louvain | ["1 Origins","2 Career","3 Marriages and children","4 References","5 Further reading"] | Flemish noble
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Godfrey III, Count of Louvain" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2010) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Godfrey IIIDuke of Lower LorraineLandgrave of BrabantCount of LouvainCount of BrusselsEffigy of Godfrey on his sealBornc. 1142Died21 August 1190Noble familyHouse of ReginarSpouse(s)Margaret of LimbourgImagina of LoozIssueHenry I, Duke of BrabantSaint Albert, Prince-Bishop of LiègeWilliamGodfreyFatherGodfrey II, Count of LouvainMotherLuitgarde of Sulzbach
Godfrey III (German: Gottfried, Dutch: Godfried; c. 1142 – 21 August 1190) was count of Louvain (or Leuven), landgrave of Brabant, margrave of Antwerp, and duke of Lower Lorraine (as Godfrey VIII) from 1142 to his death.
Origins
Godfrey was the son of Godfrey II and Luitgarde of Sulzbach. He was still an infant at his succession (therefore called dux in cunis) of which a few Brabantian vassals sought to take advantage to become independent of the duke (Wars of Grimbergen, 1141–1159).
Career
On 30 March 1147, Godfrey was present at the coronation of Henry Berengar, son of Conrad III of Germany, in Aachen. When Conrad left on Crusade, war began anew in 1148. Peace was elusive until the election of Conrad's successor, Frederick Barbarossa. By marriage to Margaret, daughter of Henry II of Limburg, Godfrey united two powerful and antagonistic houses in the region.
In 1159 Godfrey ended the war with the Berthout, lords of Grimbergen, by burning their impressive castle at Grimbergen.
In 1171, Godfrey was at war with Hainaut, but was defeated. In 1172, he bought the County of Aarschot from its wayward count Godfried III, which in future generations would give rise to the dynasty of the dukes of Aarschot that remain to this day. In 1179, he gave his son Henry in marriage to a niece of Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders.
Between 1182 and 1184 Godfrey went on a Jerusalem campaign. In the interim, Barbarossa granted Henry the title "Duke of Brabant". Godfrey died in 1190, on 10 or 21 August. He left an increased territory and built the fortress of Nedelaer (near Vilvoorde). The ducal title was transmitted to his son at the Diet of Schwäbisch Hall (September 1190).
Marriages and children
Godfrey married twice:
Firstly, to Margaret of Limbourg, daughter of Henry II, Duke of Limburg, in 1158, by whom he had two children:
Henry I, Duke of Brabant (1165 – 5 September 1235). Henry was installed in 1180 as duke of Lower Lorraine until 1222. He was made count of Louvain in 1183, until 1198. He was installed as Duke of Brabant in 1191.
Albert de Louvain (1166 – 24 November 1192). Albert was elected Bishop of Louvain (Liege) in 1191, but assassinated in Reims in 1192.
Secondly, Godfrey married Imagina of Loon, daughter of Louis I, Count of Loon, by whom he had two children:
William of Louvain, Lord of Perwez en Ruysbroek. He married Marie of Orbais, daughter of Enguerrand of Orbais.
Godfrey of Louvain (d. 1226), who went to England in 1196 and became Senechal of the Honour of Eye. He married Alice de Hastings, daughter and heiress of Robert de Hastings (d. c. 1190), feudal baron of Little Easton in Essex, by whom he had:
Matthew de Lovaine, Lord of Little Easton, Seneschal of the Honour of Eye (b. about 1202 in Little Easton – d. 1 June 1258 in Little Easton)
References
^ Frans Theuws and Nico Roymans, Land and Ancestors: Cultural Dynamics in the Urnfield Period and the Middle Ages in the Southern Netherlands, (Amsterdam University Press, 1999), 331.
^ Loud & Schenk 2017, p. xxix.
^ a b c van der Steen 2015, p. 2015.
^ Raymond H. Schmandt, The Election and Assassination of Albert of Louvain, Bishop of Liège, 1191-92, Speculum, Vol. 42, No. 4 (Oct., 1967), pp. 639-660, JSTOR
^ Sanders, I.J., English Baronies: A Study of their Origin and Descent 1086-1327, Oxford, 1960, p.130, Little Easton
Further reading
Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen, eds. (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. Routledge.
van der Steen, Jasper (2015). Memory Wars in the Low Countries, 1566-1700. Brill.
Regnal titles
Preceded byGodfrey II
Duke of Lower Lorraine 1142–1190
Succeeded byHenry Ias duke of Lothier
Margrave of Antwerp 1142–1190
Duchy of Brabant
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language"},{"link_name":"count of Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Louvain"},{"link_name":"landgrave of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"margrave of Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margrave_of_Antwerp"},{"link_name":"duke of Lower Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine"}],"text":"Godfrey III (German: Gottfried, Dutch: Godfried; c. 1142 – 21 August 1190) was count of Louvain (or Leuven), landgrave of Brabant, margrave of Antwerp, and duke of Lower Lorraine (as Godfrey VIII) from 1142 to his death.","title":"Godfrey III, Count of Louvain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Godfrey II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfrey_II,_Count_of_Louvain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Grimbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimbergen"}],"text":"Godfrey was the son of Godfrey II and Luitgarde of Sulzbach.[1] He was still an infant at his succession (therefore called dux in cunis) of which a few Brabantian vassals sought to take advantage to become independent of the duke (Wars of Grimbergen, 1141–1159).","title":"Origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry Berengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Berengar"},{"link_name":"Conrad III of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conrad_III_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Aachen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen"},{"link_name":"Frederick Barbarossa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa"},{"link_name":"Henry II of Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II_of_Limburg"},{"link_name":"Grimbergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grimbergen"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motte-and-bailey"},{"link_name":"Hainaut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_of_Hainaut"},{"link_name":"County of Aarschot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aarschot"},{"link_name":"Godfried III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godfried_III,_Count_of_Aarschot"},{"link_name":"dukes of Aarschot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Aarschot"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Philip of Alsace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_of_Alsace"},{"link_name":"Count of Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Flanders"},{"link_name":"Henry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Duke of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"Vilvoorde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilvoorde"},{"link_name":"Diet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diet_(assembly)"},{"link_name":"Schwäbisch Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schw%C3%A4bisch_Hall"}],"text":"On 30 March 1147, Godfrey was present at the coronation of Henry Berengar, son of Conrad III of Germany, in Aachen. When Conrad left on Crusade, war began anew in 1148. Peace was elusive until the election of Conrad's successor, Frederick Barbarossa. By marriage to Margaret, daughter of Henry II of Limburg, Godfrey united two powerful and antagonistic houses in the region.In 1159 Godfrey ended the war with the Berthout, lords of Grimbergen, by burning their impressive castle at Grimbergen.\nIn 1171, Godfrey was at war with Hainaut, but was defeated. In 1172, he bought the County of Aarschot from its wayward count Godfried III, which in future generations would give rise to the dynasty of the dukes of Aarschot that remain to this day. In 1179, he gave his son Henry in marriage to a niece of Philip of Alsace, Count of Flanders.Between 1182 and 1184 Godfrey went on a Jerusalem campaign. In the interim, Barbarossa granted Henry the title \"Duke of Brabant\". Godfrey died in 1190, on 10 or 21 August. He left an increased territory and built the fortress of Nedelaer (near Vilvoorde). The ducal title was transmitted to his son at the Diet of Schwäbisch Hall (September 1190).","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Henry II, Duke of Limburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_II,_Duke_of_Limburg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoudSchenk2017xxix-2"},{"link_name":"Henry I, Duke of Brabant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_I,_Duke_of_Brabant"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Steen20152015-3"},{"link_name":"duke of Lower Lorraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_of_Lower_Lorraine"},{"link_name":"count of Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_of_Louvain"},{"link_name":"Albert de Louvain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_de_Louvain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Steen20152015-3"},{"link_name":"Louis I, Count of Loon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Loon"},{"link_name":"Perwez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perwez"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_der_Steen20152015-3"},{"link_name":"feudal baron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_feudal_barony"},{"link_name":"Little Easton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Easton"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Godfrey married twice:Firstly, to Margaret of Limbourg, daughter of Henry II, Duke of Limburg,[2] in 1158, by whom he had two children:\nHenry I, Duke of Brabant (1165 – 5 September 1235).[3] Henry was installed in 1180 as duke of Lower Lorraine until 1222. He was made count of Louvain in 1183, until 1198. He was installed as Duke of Brabant in 1191.\nAlbert de Louvain (1166 – 24 November 1192). Albert was elected Bishop of Louvain (Liege) in 1191, but assassinated in Reims in 1192.[4]\nSecondly, Godfrey married Imagina of Loon,[3] daughter of Louis I, Count of Loon, by whom he had two children:\nWilliam of Louvain, Lord of Perwez en Ruysbroek.[3] He married Marie of Orbais, daughter of Enguerrand of Orbais.\nGodfrey of Louvain (d. 1226), who went to England in 1196 and became Senechal of the Honour of Eye. He married Alice de Hastings, daughter and heiress of Robert de Hastings (d. c. 1190), feudal baron of Little Easton in Essex,[5] by whom he had:\nMatthew de Lovaine, Lord of Little Easton, Seneschal of the Honour of Eye (b. about 1202 in Little Easton – d. 1 June 1258 in Little Easton)","title":"Marriages and children"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q280016#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/81704084"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/137524463"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137524463.html?language=en"}],"text":"Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen, eds. (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. Routledge.\nvan der Steen, Jasper (2015). Memory Wars in the Low Countries, 1566-1700. Brill.Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Loud, Graham A.; Schenk, Jochen, eds. (2017). The Origins of the German Principalities, 1100-1350: Essays by German Historians. Routledge.","urls":[]},{"reference":"van der Steen, Jasper (2015). Memory Wars in the Low Countries, 1566-1700. Brill.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Godfrey+III%2C+Count+of+Louvain%22","external_links_name":"\"Godfrey III, Count of Louvain\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Godfrey+III%2C+Count+of+Louvain%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Godfrey+III%2C+Count+of+Louvain%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Godfrey+III%2C+Count+of+Louvain%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Godfrey+III%2C+Count+of+Louvain%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Godfrey+III%2C+Count+of+Louvain%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/2851095","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/81704084","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/137524463","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd137524463.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BAlio_Ferreira | Júlio Ferreira | ["1 References"] | Portuguese taekwondo practitioner
Not to be confused with Julio Ferreyra.
Júlio FerreiraPersonal informationNationalityPortugueseBorn (1994-04-29) April 29, 1994 (age 30)Braga, PortugalHeight188 cm (6 ft 2 in)SportCountry PortugalSportTaekwondoEventLightweight (74 kg)University teamUniversity of MinhoClubSporting Clube de BragaCoached byJoaquim Peixoto
Medal record
Representing Portugal
Men's taekwondo
Grand Prix
2018 Rome
80 kg
European Games
2015 Baku
80 kg
European Championships
2014 Innsbruck
74 kg
2016 Montreux
74 kg
Mediterranean Games
2018 Tarragona
80 kg
Universiade
2019 Naples
74 kg
Lusophony Games
2014 Goa
80 kg
Júlio Alexandre Bacelar Oliveira Ferreira (born 29 April 1994) is a Portuguese taekwondo practitioner from Braga, who competes in the men's –74 kg (lightweight) category. He has won multiple medals in international competitions, including gold at the 2016 European Championships and bronze at the 2015 European Games (–80 kg). In addition, he achieved a 5th place at the 2015 World Taekwondo Championships.
References
^ "Júlio Ferreira" (in Portuguese). Olympic Committee of Portugal. Retrieved 18 June 2015.
This biographical article relating to Portuguese sport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This biographical article related to taekwondo is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julio Ferreyra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julio_Ferreyra"},{"link_name":"taekwondo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taekwondo"},{"link_name":"Braga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braga"},{"link_name":"2016 European Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_European_Taekwondo_Championships"},{"link_name":"2015 European Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_European_Games"},{"link_name":"2015 World Taekwondo Championships","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_World_Taekwondo_Championships"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Julio Ferreyra.Júlio Alexandre Bacelar Oliveira Ferreira (born 29 April 1994) is a Portuguese taekwondo practitioner from Braga, who competes in the men's –74 kg (lightweight) category. He has won multiple medals in international competitions, including gold at the 2016 European Championships and bronze at the 2015 European Games (–80 kg). In addition, he achieved a 5th place at the 2015 World Taekwondo Championships.[1]","title":"Júlio Ferreira"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Júlio Ferreira\" (in Portuguese). Olympic Committee of Portugal. Retrieved 18 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://comiteolimpicoportugal.pt/atletas/julio-alexandre-bacelar-oliveira-ferreira/","url_text":"\"Júlio Ferreira\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Committee_of_Portugal","url_text":"Olympic Committee of Portugal"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://comiteolimpicoportugal.pt/atletas/julio-alexandre-bacelar-oliveira-ferreira/","external_links_name":"\"Júlio Ferreira\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BAlio_Ferreira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%BAlio_Ferreira&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1962 | Asturian miners' strike of 1962 | ["1 Social and economic background","2 The strike","2.1 Background","2.2 Development of the strike","2.3 Conclusion","3 Consequences and repercussion","3.1 Repression","3.2 Consequences in Spain","3.3 International impact","3.4 In culture","4 See also","5 References"] | The Asturias miners' strike of 1962 (also known as la huelgona (from huelga, the Spanish word for strike) or the strike of silence) took place in the spring of 1962, during the Francoist dictatorship. The strike ended two months after it had started, having achieved some of its aims. Many miners were tortured and exiled to other Spanish provinces, and the government instituted a harsh repression. Sympathy strikes took place in other parts of Spain and in other countries.
Social and economic background
In 1959, the so-called Stabilization Plan began in Spain, which deregulated the Spanish economy and seriously harmed mining, which had not received new investments since the end of the 19th century. This led to a wave of wage reductions, which in turn led to the nationalization of mining companies. This caused the economic benefits of past mining activity to be privatized, while its contemporary losses were assumed by the majority of the population. Moreover, the perception of the Franco regime as "archaic" by young people who had not lived through the Civil War or the repression that followed it served to strengthen the labor movement.
The strike
Background
In 1957 and 1958, strikes took place at the Pozo María Luisa and at the La Nueva coal mines. However, in 1962, eight miners were fired from the Pozo Nicolasa mine, in Mieres, for protesting the harsh working conditions. This, along with the poor living conditions in the mining basin and the willingness of young people to confront the regime, was the trigger for the strike.
Development of the strike
Thus, on the morning of April 6, 1962, the dismissal of the eight miners was communicated to their colleagues. As a measure of solidarity, the miners at the Nicolasa pit refused to work, resulting in another 25 miners being fired some days later. Thus began the major strike, which came to mobilize nearly 65,000 workers in various industries in Asturias. The strike of 1962 was known as the "Silent strike" because it took place in a peaceful and silent manner. This surprised the authorities, who were more accustomed to an aggressive attitude by the Asturian miners. The strikers' solidarity contributed to the continuation of the strike; for example, free children's canteens were set up.
However, after the first month of the strike, the situation became more complicated, with families struggling to survive; as a result, some workers tried to return to the mine. It was then that some women members of the Communist Party decided to help in the continuation of the strike and organizing of pickets, as well as transmitting information to the rest of the women so that the strike could continue. The role of women was fundamental in creating solidarity networks, asking for food and achieving the means of survival for the strikers and their families when it seemed that the strike was going to fail.
Conclusion
Between June 4 and 7, 1962, the strike gradually ceased and the workers returned to their posts. The then General Minister of the Movimiento Nacional, José Solís Ruiz, negotiated directly with the strikers. Part of the demands were granted: there were salary improvements, revaluation of pensions, annulment of some sanctions and freedom for the detainees. It was the only occasion during the Franco regime in which, since the right to strike was prohibited, a minister negotiated directly with the strikers and not with the Spanish Syndical Organization.
Several of the workers' demands were met, which were also included in the Boletín Oficial del Estado. However, following the strikes, a large number of miners were fired or deported from Asturias.
Consequences and repercussion
Repression
The regime responded by repressing the mining families that participated in the strike, in addition to the "silent" and bloody repression of the forces of order at the time, such as the Civil Guard. During the strike, approximately 400 workers were detained and many of them tortured. In addition, many workers were forced to leave their homes to go to work by force. Other workers were prosecuted and deported.
Consequences in Spain
At the national level, the mining strike served as a trigger for other general strikes throughout Spain, which came to mobilize more than 300,000 workers throughout the territory. In a large part of these mobilizations, the explicit reason was to show solidarity with the Asturian miners. The strike once again put Asturias in the international spotlight, something that had not happened since the revolutionary strike of 1934.
Along with the sympathy strikes throughout the Spanish territory, the miners' strike served as a trigger for the opposition to Francoism to meet in June 1962 in what the Francoist regime termed as the Contubernio de Múnich (Munich conspiracy). In addition, a group of intellectuals, headed by Ramón Menéndez Pidal, signed a manifesto demanding freedom of information and the recognition of the right to strike. Likewise, a group of women, including some notable writers, demonstrated with students in Madrid and Barcelona in support of the strikers. For the writer Jorge Martínez Reverte, "the Spanish political transition" began during the strike.
International impact
French and Welsh trade unions sent representatives to Asturias to investigate the reality of the conditions of the strike. Moreover, news of women being confined in the Oviedo Cathedral reached other countries such as France or Belgium, where sympathy strikes were organized.
In addition, the strike contributed to highlighting the totalitarian quality of the Franco regime, which made it difficult for the regime to integrate into the European Economic Community.
In culture
Jaime Gil de Biedma's poem "Asturias, 1962" is a tribute to the miners, in which the speaker compares different types of silence: destructive silences which inhibit communication, like that after the Civil War, and silences charged with anticipation of political change, like that during the strike.
See also
Asturias miners' strike of 2012
Asturias miners' strike of 1934 (that led to the Revolution of 1934)
Mining Basins (Asturias)
Anita Sirgo
References
^ a b c d e "La 'huelgona' que hizo historia". El Comercio (in European Spanish). 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2023-02-11.
^ a b c d e "El sacrificio que lanzó la transición - La Voz de Asturias". 2012-05-05. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
^ a b c Palacios, Francisco (2012-04-09). "Aquella primavera del 62". La Nueva España (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-07.
^ a b c Anita Sirgo: «Nosotras creíamos en la lucha y en por qué luchábamos. Hoy no se cree» Consultado el 1 de junio de 2019.
^ "La movilización que hizo vacilar a Franco". La Nueva España (in Spanish). 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
^ a b c "Una huelga de dimensiones históricas - La Voz de Asturias". 2012-05-05. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
^ charlie_nurse (2022-04-29). "Hay una luz en Asturias: The Asturian Miners Strike of 1962". ihr.world. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
^ Wright, Eleanor (1986). The Poetry of Protest Under Franco. Tamesis Books. p. 174. ISBN 0729302105. Retrieved 3 August 2012. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Asturian miners' strike of 1962"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stabilization Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stabilization_Plan"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Spanish economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economy_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"nationalization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalization"},{"link_name":"Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"the repression that followed it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"text":"In 1959, the so-called Stabilization Plan began in Spain, which deregulated the Spanish economy and seriously harmed mining, which had not received new investments since the end of the 19th century. 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However, in 1962, eight miners were fired from the Pozo Nicolasa mine, in Mieres, for protesting the harsh working conditions. This, along with the poor living conditions in the mining basin and the willingness of young people to confront the regime, was the trigger for the strike.[1]","title":"The strike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Asturias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturias"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcua-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcua-4"}],"sub_title":"Development of the strike","text":"Thus, on the morning of April 6, 1962, the dismissal of the eight miners was communicated to their colleagues. As a measure of solidarity, the miners at the Nicolasa pit refused to work, resulting in another 25 miners being fired some days later.[1] Thus began the major strike, which came to mobilize nearly 65,000 workers in various industries in Asturias.[2] The strike of 1962 was known as the \"Silent strike\" because it took place in a peaceful and silent manner. This surprised the authorities, who were more accustomed to an aggressive attitude by the Asturian miners.[3] The strikers' solidarity contributed to the continuation of the strike; for example, free children's canteens were set up.[3]However, after the first month of the strike, the situation became more complicated, with families struggling to survive; as a result, some workers tried to return to the mine. It was then that some women members of the Communist Party decided to help in the continuation of the strike and organizing of pickets, as well as transmitting information to the rest of the women so that the strike could continue.[4] The role of women was fundamental in creating solidarity networks, asking for food and achieving the means of survival for the strikers and their families when it seemed that the strike was going to fail.[4]","title":"The strike"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Movimiento Nacional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Movimiento_Nacional"},{"link_name":"José Solís Ruiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sol%C3%ADs_Ruiz"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-3"},{"link_name":"Spanish Syndical Organization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Syndical_Organization"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Boletín Oficial del Estado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolet%C3%ADn_Oficial_del_Estado"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Conclusion","text":"Between June 4 and 7, 1962, the strike gradually ceased and the workers returned to their posts. The then General Minister of the Movimiento Nacional, José Solís Ruiz, negotiated directly with the strikers.[3] Part of the demands were granted: there were salary improvements, revaluation of pensions, annulment of some sanctions and freedom for the detainees. It was the only occasion during the Franco regime in which, since the right to strike was prohibited, a minister negotiated directly with the strikers and not with the Spanish Syndical Organization.[5]Several of the workers' demands were met, which were also included in the Boletín Oficial del Estado.[6] However, following the strikes, a large number of miners were fired or deported from Asturias.[1]","title":"The strike"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Consequences and repercussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Civil Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Repression","text":"The regime responded by repressing the mining families that participated in the strike, in addition to the \"silent\" and bloody repression of the forces of order at the time, such as the Civil Guard. During the strike, approximately 400 workers were detained and many of them tortured. In addition, many workers were forced to leave their homes to go to work by force. Other workers were prosecuted and deported.[7]","title":"Consequences and repercussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"general strikes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_strike"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"revolutionary strike of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934"},{"link_name":"Contubernio de Múnich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Contubernio_de_M%C3%BAnich&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"es","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contubernio_de_M%C3%BAnich"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Ramón Menéndez Pidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Men%C3%A9ndez_Pidal"},{"link_name":"Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madrid"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-6"},{"link_name":"Jorge Martínez Reverte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Mart%C3%ADnez_Reverte"},{"link_name":"the Spanish political transition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"sub_title":"Consequences in Spain","text":"At the national level, the mining strike served as a trigger for other general strikes throughout Spain, which came to mobilize more than 300,000 workers throughout the territory. In a large part of these mobilizations, the explicit reason was to show solidarity with the Asturian miners.[6] The strike once again put Asturias in the international spotlight, something that had not happened since the revolutionary strike of 1934.Along with the sympathy strikes throughout the Spanish territory, the miners' strike served as a trigger for the opposition to Francoism to meet in June 1962 in what the Francoist regime termed as the Contubernio de Múnich [es] (Munich conspiracy).[2] In addition, a group of intellectuals, headed by Ramón Menéndez Pidal, signed a manifesto demanding freedom of information and the recognition of the right to strike. Likewise, a group of women, including some notable writers, demonstrated with students in Madrid and Barcelona in support of the strikers.[6] For the writer Jorge Martínez Reverte, \"the Spanish political transition\" began during the strike.[1]","title":"Consequences and repercussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"},{"link_name":"Oviedo Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oviedo_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-elcua-4"},{"link_name":"European Economic Community","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Economic_Community"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-2"}],"sub_title":"International impact","text":"French and Welsh trade unions sent representatives to Asturias to investigate the reality of the conditions of the strike.[2] Moreover, news of women being confined in the Oviedo Cathedral reached other countries such as France or Belgium, where sympathy strikes were organized.[4]In addition, the strike contributed to highlighting the totalitarian quality of the Franco regime, which made it difficult for the regime to integrate into the European Economic Community.[2]","title":"Consequences and repercussion"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jaime Gil de Biedma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaime_Gil_de_Biedma"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"In culture","text":"Jaime Gil de Biedma's poem \"Asturias, 1962\" is a tribute to the miners, in which the speaker compares different types of silence: destructive silences which inhibit communication, like that after the Civil War, and silences charged with anticipation of political change, like that during the strike.[8]","title":"Consequences and repercussion"}] | [] | [{"title":"Asturias miners' strike of 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_2012"},{"title":"Asturias miners' strike of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934"},{"title":"Revolution of 1934","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_of_1934"},{"title":"Mining Basins (Asturias)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mining_Basins_(Asturias)"},{"title":"Anita Sirgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anita_Sirgo"}] | [{"reference":"\"La 'huelgona' que hizo historia\". El Comercio (in European Spanish). 2012-04-08. Retrieved 2023-02-11.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.elcomercio.es/v/20120408/economia/huelgona-hizo-historia-20120408.html","url_text":"\"La 'huelgona' que hizo historia\""}]},{"reference":"\"El sacrificio que lanzó la transición - La Voz de Asturias\". 2012-05-05. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505122421/http://www.lavozdeasturias.es/suplementos/as-7/sacrificio-lanzo-transicion_0_674332650.html","url_text":"\"El sacrificio que lanzó la transición - La Voz de Asturias\""},{"url":"http://www.lavozdeasturias.es/suplementos/as-7/sacrificio-lanzo-transicion_0_674332650.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Palacios, Francisco (2012-04-09). \"Aquella primavera del 62\". La Nueva España (in Spanish). Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lne.es/cuencas/2012/04/09/primavera-62-20914374.html","url_text":"\"Aquella primavera del 62\""}]},{"reference":"\"La movilización que hizo vacilar a Franco\". La Nueva España (in Spanish). 2012-04-12. Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lne.es/asturias/2012/04/12/movilizacion-hizo-vacilar-franco-20914296.html","url_text":"\"La movilización que hizo vacilar a Franco\""}]},{"reference":"\"Una huelga de dimensiones históricas - La Voz de Asturias\". 2012-05-05. Archived from the original on 2012-05-05. Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505021023/http://www.lavozdeasturias.es/suplementos/as-7/huelga-dimensiones-historicas_0_674332648.html","url_text":"\"Una huelga de dimensiones históricas - La Voz de Asturias\""},{"url":"http://www.lavozdeasturias.es/suplementos/as-7/huelga-dimensiones-historicas_0_674332648.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"charlie_nurse (2022-04-29). \"Hay una luz en Asturias: The Asturian Miners Strike of 1962\". ihr.world. Retrieved 2023-03-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://ihr.world/en/2022/04/29/hay-una-luz-en-asturias-the-asturian-miners-strike-of-1962/","url_text":"\"Hay una luz en Asturias: The Asturian Miners Strike of 1962\""}]},{"reference":"Wright, Eleanor (1986). The Poetry of Protest Under Franco. Tamesis Books. p. 174. ISBN 0729302105. Retrieved 3 August 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0xsKqliiGN8C","url_text":"The Poetry of Protest Under Franco"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0729302105","url_text":"0729302105"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.elcomercio.es/v/20120408/economia/huelgona-hizo-historia-20120408.html","external_links_name":"\"La 'huelgona' que hizo historia\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505122421/http://www.lavozdeasturias.es/suplementos/as-7/sacrificio-lanzo-transicion_0_674332650.html","external_links_name":"\"El sacrificio que lanzó la transición - La Voz de Asturias\""},{"Link":"http://www.lavozdeasturias.es/suplementos/as-7/sacrificio-lanzo-transicion_0_674332650.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.lne.es/cuencas/2012/04/09/primavera-62-20914374.html","external_links_name":"\"Aquella primavera del 62\""},{"Link":"https://elcuadernodigital.com/2018/12/17/36419/","external_links_name":"Anita Sirgo: «Nosotras creíamos en la lucha y en por qué luchábamos. Hoy no se cree»"},{"Link":"https://www.lne.es/asturias/2012/04/12/movilizacion-hizo-vacilar-franco-20914296.html","external_links_name":"\"La movilización que hizo vacilar a Franco\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120505021023/http://www.lavozdeasturias.es/suplementos/as-7/huelga-dimensiones-historicas_0_674332648.html","external_links_name":"\"Una huelga de dimensiones históricas - La Voz de Asturias\""},{"Link":"http://www.lavozdeasturias.es/suplementos/as-7/huelga-dimensiones-historicas_0_674332648.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://ihr.world/en/2022/04/29/hay-una-luz-en-asturias-the-asturian-miners-strike-of-1962/","external_links_name":"\"Hay una luz en Asturias: The Asturian Miners Strike of 1962\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0xsKqliiGN8C","external_links_name":"The Poetry of Protest Under Franco"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyne_Renee | Lyne Renée | ["1 Filmography","1.1 Film","1.2 Television","1.3 Video games","2 Notes","3 External links"] | Belgian actress
Lyne RenéeBornLine Van Wambeke (1979-05-17) 17 May 1979 (age 45)Velzeke, Zottegem, BelgiumNationalityBelgianOther namesLyne ReneeOccupation(s)Actress, Artist, Model, SingerYears active2003-currentKnown forStrike Back, Deep State, Motherland: Fort Salem, Gossip Girl (2021)Height5’9” (1.75 m)RelativesRuben Van Wambeke (brother)
Camille Van Wambeke (sister)
Lyne Renée (born Line Van Wambeke; 17 May 1979) is a Belgian actress, artist, model, and singer.
She was born in Velzeke, Zottegem, Belgium, and graduated from the Studio Herman Teirlinck in Antwerp. From 2003 to 2005 she appeared as a stage actress in Belgian theaters.
She then starred in the Belgian TV series Kinderen van Dewindt and the Dutch movie Ober by Alex van Warmerdam.
In 2006, she moved to Los Angeles, where she appeared in the movies Love At First Kill (2008) and The Hessen Conspiracy (2009).
In 2011, she moved to London, where she starred in The River Line at the Jermyn Street Theatre. In 2013, she was cast as Moussad agent, Rebecca Levi, in the TV series Strike Back. She also appeared in Parade's End.
In 2016, she had a recurring role on the ABC series Of Kings and Prophets as the Witch of Endor, and appeared in the miniseries Madoff as Catherine Hooper, fiancée of Andrew Madoff, and had a role in the thriller Split.
In 2017, she appeared in the second season of the PBS series Mercy Street as well as Stephen Fry’s The Hippopotamus.
In 2020, she was cast in a recurring role as General Sarah Alder in the Freeform series Motherland: Fort Salem. She was upped to a series regular in season two.
In 2021, she appeared as Helena Bergmann, mother to Obie Bergmann, in the Gossip Girl reboot on HBO for two seasons.
Alongside her acting work, Renée is also an accomplished model, having participated in campaigns for Diana Broussard, Diane von Fürstenberg, Alice Temperley, and David Yurman.
In her free time, she enjoys singing (of which she is credited in the Motherland: Fort Salem soundtrack), painting, and is a partner in creating home murals for interior design companies out of New York City.
Filmography
Film
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2006
Ober
Stella
2008
Love At First Kill
Marie Dupont
2009
The Hessen Conspiracy
Lt. Kathleen Nash
2014
Here Lies
Petra Kolaski
2016
Split
Academic Moderator
2017
The Hippopotamus
Valerie
2017
The Meyerowitz Stories
European Woman
2019
The Gentlemen
Jackie
2021
Wrath of Man
Kirsty
Credited as Lyne Renee
Television
Year
Title
Role
Notes
2010
Kinderen van Dewindt
Tinne Van Wesemael
12 episodes
2012
Parade's End
Marie-Léonie
2 episodes
2012–2013
Strike Back
Rebecca Levi
Recurring role, 4 episodes
2014
Banshee
Young Housewife
Episode: "The Truth About Unicorns"
2016
Madoff
Catherine Hooper
Television miniseries
2016
Of Kings and Prophets
The Witch of Endor
Recurring role, 4 episodes
2016
Madam Secretary
Cecile Zaman
2 episodes
2017
Mercy Street
Lisette Beaufort
3 episodes
2018
Deep State
Anna Easton
Main role (season 1)
2020–2022
Motherland: Fort Salem
General Sarah Alder
Main role
2021–2023
Gossip Girl
Helena Bergmann
Recurring role, 7 episodes
Video games
Year
Title
Role
2025
Marvel 1943: Rise of Hydra
Julie
Notes
^ "KSP – Personen – Line Van Wambeke". data.vti.be.
^ a b Joeri Vlemings: Vlaamse Lyne Renée kaapt hoofdrol in topreeks weg at hln.be on 2012-3-8
^ The River Line Archived 16 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine – review at whatonstage.com on 2011-10-7
^ Petski, Denise (8 June 2015). "Blythe Danner & Lyne Renee Join ABC's 'Madoff' Miniseries; Michael Esper In NBC's 'Shades Of Blue'". Deadline Hollywood.
^ "Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed". Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed.
^ "British Council Film: The Hippopotamus". film.britishcouncil.org.
^ Motherland: Fort Salem (TV Series 2020–2022), IMDb, retrieved 13 May 2023
^ Gossip Girl (TV Series 2021–2023), IMDb, retrieved 13 May 2023
^ "Lyneartrenee (@lyneartrenee) • Instagram photos and videos". instagram.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.
External links
Lyne Renée at IMDb
Interview with Lyne Renée (Video, Dutch)
Authority control databases International
VIAF
WorldCat
National
United States
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Velzeke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velzeke"},{"link_name":"Zottegem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zottegem"},{"link_name":"Belgium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgium"},{"link_name":"Antwerp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antwerp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vlaams-1"},{"link_name":"Ober","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waiter_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alex van Warmerdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_van_Warmerdam"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vlemings-2"},{"link_name":"Love At First Kill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Love_At_First_Kill&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"The Hessen Conspiracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hessen_Conspiracy"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Strike Back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strike_Back_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Parade's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parade%27s_End_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vlemings-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Of Kings and Prophets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of_Kings_and_Prophets"},{"link_name":"Witch of Endor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witch_of_Endor"},{"link_name":"Madoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madoff_(miniseries)"},{"link_name":"Andrew Madoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Madoff"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Split","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Split_(2016_American_film)"},{"link_name":"Mercy Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercy_Street_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Stephen Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_Fry"},{"link_name":"The Hippopotamus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hippopotamus_(film)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"General Sarah Alder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=General_Sarah_Alder&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Motherland: Fort Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherland:_Fort_Salem"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gossip_Girl_(2021_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Diane von Fürstenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diane_von_F%C3%BCrstenberg"},{"link_name":"Alice Temperley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_Temperley"},{"link_name":"David Yurman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Yurman"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"Motherland: Fort Salem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motherland:_Fort_Salem"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"}],"text":"Lyne Renée (born Line Van Wambeke; 17 May 1979) is a Belgian actress, artist, model, and singer.She was born in Velzeke, Zottegem, Belgium, and graduated from the Studio Herman Teirlinck in Antwerp. From 2003 to 2005 she appeared as a stage actress in Belgian theaters.[1] \nShe then starred in the Belgian TV series Kinderen van Dewindt and the Dutch movie Ober by Alex van Warmerdam.In 2006, she moved to Los Angeles,[2] where she appeared in the movies Love At First Kill (2008) and The Hessen Conspiracy (2009).In 2011, she moved to London, where she starred in The River Line at the Jermyn Street Theatre. In 2013, she was cast as Moussad agent, Rebecca Levi, in the TV series Strike Back. She also appeared in Parade's End.[2][3]In 2016, she had a recurring role on the ABC series Of Kings and Prophets as the Witch of Endor, and appeared in the miniseries Madoff as Catherine Hooper, fiancée of Andrew Madoff,[4] and had a role in the thriller Split.In 2017, she appeared in the second season of the PBS series Mercy Street[5] as well as Stephen Fry’s The Hippopotamus.[6]In 2020, she was cast in a recurring role as General Sarah Alder in the Freeform series Motherland: Fort Salem. [7] She was upped to a series regular in season two.In 2021, she appeared as Helena Bergmann, mother to Obie Bergmann, in the Gossip Girl reboot on HBO for two seasons.[8]Alongside her acting work, Renée is also an accomplished model, having participated in campaigns for Diana Broussard, Diane von Fürstenberg, Alice Temperley, and David Yurman.[9][non-primary source needed]In her free time, she enjoys singing (of which she is credited in the Motherland: Fort Salem soundtrack), painting, and is a partner in creating home murals for interior design companies out of New York City.","title":"Lyne Renée"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Video games","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-vlaams_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"KSP – Personen – Line Van Wambeke\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//data.vti.be/people/line-van-wambeke"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Vlemings_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Vlemings_2-1"},{"link_name":"Vlaamse Lyne Renée kaapt hoofdrol in topreeks weg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.hln.be/hln/nl/944/Celebrities/article/detail/1405747/2012/03/08/Vlaamse-Lyne-Renee-kaapt-hoofdrol-in-topreeks-weg.dhtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"The River Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/london/E8831317980574/The+River+Line.html"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20111216164938/http://www.whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/london/E8831317980574/The+River+Line.html"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Blythe Danner & Lyne Renee Join ABC's 'Madoff' Miniseries; Michael Esper In NBC's 'Shades Of Blue'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//deadline.com/2015/06/blythe-danner-madoff-miniseries-ruth-madoff-1201439511/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.pbs.org/mercy-street/blogs/mercy-street-revealed/season-2-behind-the-scenes-a-mercy-street-fans-set-visit/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"British Council Film: The Hippopotamus\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//film.britishcouncil.org/the-hippopotamus"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Motherland: Fort Salem (TV Series 2020–2022)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt9900092/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Gossip Girl (TV Series 2021–2023)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imdb.com/title/tt10653784/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Lyneartrenee (@lyneartrenee) • Instagram photos and videos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.instagram.com/lyneartrenee/"}],"text":"^ \"KSP – Personen – Line Van Wambeke\". data.vti.be.\n\n^ a b Joeri Vlemings: Vlaamse Lyne Renée kaapt hoofdrol in topreeks weg at hln.be on 2012-3-8 \n\n^ The River Line Archived 16 December 2011 at the Wayback Machine – review at whatonstage.com on 2011-10-7\n\n^ Petski, Denise (8 June 2015). \"Blythe Danner & Lyne Renee Join ABC's 'Madoff' Miniseries; Michael Esper In NBC's 'Shades Of Blue'\". Deadline Hollywood.\n\n^ \"Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed\". Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed.\n\n^ \"British Council Film: The Hippopotamus\". film.britishcouncil.org.\n\n^ Motherland: Fort Salem (TV Series 2020–2022), IMDb, retrieved 13 May 2023\n\n^ Gossip Girl (TV Series 2021–2023), IMDb, retrieved 13 May 2023\n\n^ \"Lyneartrenee (@lyneartrenee) • Instagram photos and videos\". instagram.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"KSP – Personen – Line Van Wambeke\". data.vti.be.","urls":[{"url":"http://data.vti.be/people/line-van-wambeke","url_text":"\"KSP – Personen – Line Van Wambeke\""}]},{"reference":"Petski, Denise (8 June 2015). \"Blythe Danner & Lyne Renee Join ABC's 'Madoff' Miniseries; Michael Esper In NBC's 'Shades Of Blue'\". Deadline Hollywood.","urls":[{"url":"https://deadline.com/2015/06/blythe-danner-madoff-miniseries-ruth-madoff-1201439511/","url_text":"\"Blythe Danner & Lyne Renee Join ABC's 'Madoff' Miniseries; Michael Esper In NBC's 'Shades Of Blue'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed\". Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pbs.org/mercy-street/blogs/mercy-street-revealed/season-2-behind-the-scenes-a-mercy-street-fans-set-visit/","url_text":"\"Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"British Council Film: The Hippopotamus\". film.britishcouncil.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://film.britishcouncil.org/the-hippopotamus","url_text":"\"British Council Film: The Hippopotamus\""}]},{"reference":"Motherland: Fort Salem (TV Series 2020–2022), IMDb, retrieved 13 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9900092/","url_text":"Motherland: Fort Salem (TV Series 2020–2022)"}]},{"reference":"Gossip Girl (TV Series 2021–2023), IMDb, retrieved 13 May 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10653784/","url_text":"Gossip Girl (TV Series 2021–2023)"}]},{"reference":"\"Lyneartrenee (@lyneartrenee) • Instagram photos and videos\". instagram.com. Retrieved 14 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.instagram.com/lyneartrenee/","url_text":"\"Lyneartrenee (@lyneartrenee) • Instagram photos and videos\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://data.vti.be/people/line-van-wambeke","external_links_name":"\"KSP – Personen – Line Van Wambeke\""},{"Link":"https://www.hln.be/hln/nl/944/Celebrities/article/detail/1405747/2012/03/08/Vlaamse-Lyne-Renee-kaapt-hoofdrol-in-topreeks-weg.dhtml","external_links_name":"Vlaamse Lyne Renée kaapt hoofdrol in topreeks weg"},{"Link":"http://www.whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/london/E8831317980574/The+River+Line.html","external_links_name":"The River Line"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111216164938/http://www.whatsonstage.com/reviews/theatre/london/E8831317980574/The+River+Line.html","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://deadline.com/2015/06/blythe-danner-madoff-miniseries-ruth-madoff-1201439511/","external_links_name":"\"Blythe Danner & Lyne Renee Join ABC's 'Madoff' Miniseries; Michael Esper In NBC's 'Shades Of Blue'\""},{"Link":"https://www.pbs.org/mercy-street/blogs/mercy-street-revealed/season-2-behind-the-scenes-a-mercy-street-fans-set-visit/","external_links_name":"\"Season 2 Behind the Scenes: Taking a Behind the Scenes Walk on Set – Mercy Street Revealed\""},{"Link":"http://film.britishcouncil.org/the-hippopotamus","external_links_name":"\"British Council Film: The Hippopotamus\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt9900092/","external_links_name":"Motherland: Fort Salem (TV Series 2020–2022)"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt10653784/","external_links_name":"Gossip Girl (TV Series 2021–2023)"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/lyneartrenee/","external_links_name":"\"Lyneartrenee (@lyneartrenee) • Instagram photos and videos\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1869872/","external_links_name":"Lyne Renée"},{"Link":"http://standaard.typepad.com/en_nu_even_ernstig/2009/01/lyne-ren%C3%A9e.html","external_links_name":"Interview with Lyne Renée (Video, Dutch)"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/170373930","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdCmVKb8qbX4K3QGFVt8C","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2011054342","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/156b6b59-ef6d-4e7b-a7fc-27018b6d3004","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View_in_the_United_States | Google Street View in the United States | ["1 Timeline of introductions","2 Areas included","3 References"] | This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
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A Google Maps Camera Car showcased on Google campus in Mountain View, California in November 2010
The United States was the first country to have Google Street View images and was the only country with images for over a year following introduction of the service on May 25, 2007. Early on, most locations had a limited number of views, usually constrained to the city limits and only including major streets, and they only showed the buildings up to a certain height. Few suburbs or other nearby cities were included.
After the first few sets of introductions, image collections from cities added were more detailed, often including every side street, especially in areas closer to the center of the city. More suburbs and other nearby cities were included.
The coverage of various cities has in many cases, subsequently been enlarged and improved, but not necessarily on the same date as new cities have been added. Improvements have included the additions of streets in neighborhoods where previously only main roads had been covered, expansions to more suburbs, and views to the sky where previously only views to a certain height were provided.
Initially when a group of cities were added, only those cities and their own suburbs would be a part of the image collection. However June 10, 2008 introductions also included cities in covered areas without camera icons and isolated from any other camera icons. Many more cities were added without icons on August 4, when the only U.S. city added with an icon was New Orleans.
On November 9, 2009, parts of Hawaii were added, and coverage of the United States was also further expanded, although some key areas had yet to be added. With the addition of Hawaii, all fifty states are now represented in Street View.
On July 2, 2013, high-definition images, at least 99% of which has been taken since early 2011, were added to major portions of all fifty states, including those that have had no HD images up to that point.
Timeline of introductions
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Note: Bold indicates locations available in newer 'high quality' (or high definition) view. Italic bold indicates locations partially available in high quality view. Normal text indicates locations only available in older low-resolution view.
Date
Major locations added
Friday, May 25, 2007
San Francisco, Las Vegas, Denver, Miami, New York City
Tuesday, August 7, 2007
Los Angeles, San Diego, Houston, Orlando
Tuesday, October 9, 2007
Portland, Phoenix, Tucson, Chicago, Pittsburgh, Philadelphia
Monday, December 10, 2007
Dallas, Minneapolis, Indianapolis, Detroit, Providence, Boston
Tuesday, February 12, 2008
Juneau, Boise, Salt Lake City, San Antonio, Kansas City, Milwaukee, Raleigh, Albany, Manchester
Thursday, March 27, 2008
Anchorage, Fairbanks, Spokane, Yosemite National Park, Albuquerque, Austin, Little Rock, Rockford, Madison, Nashville, Cleveland, Tampa, Richmond
Tuesday, June 10, 2008
Sacramento, Fresno, Oklahoma City, St. Louis, Jackson, Louisville, Atlanta, Columbus, Jacksonville, Columbia, Charlotte, Buffalo, Virginia Beach, Yellowstone National Park
Monday, August 4, 2008
New Orleans, Baton Rouge and more rural areas
Tuesday, November 4, 2008
Seattle, Washington, D.C., Baltimore and more rural areas
Tuesday, December 9, 2008
More locations in United States
Wednesday, March 18, 2009
More locations in United States
Tuesday, August 18, 2009
Legoland California, Mazda Raceway Laguna Seca, San Diego State University, Thunderhill Raceway Park
Wednesday, October 7, 2009
More locations in United States
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
SeaWorld (for Orlando, San Antonio, and San Diego), Boston University, Hersheypark, Universal Studios Hollywood, Universal Studios Florida
Thursday, January 21, 2010
San Diego Zoo, Sesame Place, Busch Gardens, Water Country USA, Pennsylvania State University, University of Pennsylvania, Detroit Zoo, Rochester Institute of Technology, Faneuil Hall Marketplace, Boulder Creek Path
Tuesday, February 9, 2010
More locations in Alaska as Kenai, Homer, Valdez, Ketchikan, Petersburg, road to Circle, Deadhorse and other places
Tuesday, February 1, 2011
Freer Gallery of Art, The Frick Collection, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, The Museum of Modern Art
Monday, February 28, 2011
Balboa Park
Thursday, November 8, 2011
Selected buildings
Monday, September 22, 2014
Unincorporated territories of the United States including: Hagåtña and more locations in Guam Capitol Hill, Saipan, Garapan and more locations in the Northern Mariana Islands
Thursday, September 1, 2016
Frederiksted, Buccaneer Golf Course, etc. on Saint Croix and more locations in U.S. Virgin Islands
Wednesday, December 14, 2016
Major roads. Most streets in Caguaz, Ponce, Mayaguez, San Juan and more locations in Puerto Rico
Areas included
State or territory
Major cities/areas
Alabama
Alabaster, Albertville, Alexander City, Anniston, Athens, Atmore, Auburn, Bessemer, Birmingham, Calera, Center Point, Chelsea, Cullman, Daphne, Decatur, Dothan, Enterprise, Eufaula, Fairfield, Fairhope, Florence, Foley, Forestdale, Fort Payne, Gadsden, Gardendale, Hartselle, Helena, Homewood, Hoover, Hueytown, Huntsville, Irondale, Jacksonville, Jasper, Leeds, Madison, Millbrook, Mobile, Montgomery, Moody, Mountain Brook, Muscle Shoals, Northport, Opelika, Oxford, Ozark, Pelham, Pell City, Phenix City, Pleasant Grove, Prattville, Prichard, Saks, Saraland, Scottsboro, Selma, Sylacauga, Talladega, Tillman's Corner, Troy, Trussville, Tuscaloosa, Vestavia Hills
Alaska
Anchorage, College, Fairbanks, Galena, Haines, Juneau, Ketchikan, Knik-Fairview, Nome, Petersburg, Prudhoe Bay, Skagway, Unalakleet
American Samoa
Major roads
Arizona
Anthem, Apache Junction, Avondale, Buckeye, Bullhead City, Camp Verde, Casa Grande, Casas Adobes, Catalina Foothills, Chandler, Chino Valley, Coolidge, Cottonwood, Douglas, Drexel Heights, El Mirage, Eloy, Flagstaff, Florence, Flowing Wells, Fort Mohave, Fortuna Foothills, Fountain Hills, Gilbert, Glendale, Gold Canyon, Goodyear, Grand Canyon National Park, Green Valley, Kingman, Lake Havasu City, Marana, Maricopa, Mesa, New Kingman-Butler, New River, Nogales, Oro Valley, Paradise Valley, Payson, Peoria, Phoenix, Prescott, Prescott Valley, Queen Creek, Rio Rico, Sahuarita, San Luis, San Tan Valley, Scottsdale, Sedona, Show Low, Sierra Vista, Sierra Vista Southeast, Somerton, Sun City, Sun City West, Sun Lakes, Surprise, Tanque Verde, Tempe, Tombstone, Tucson, Tucson Estates, Vail, Verde Village, Yuma
Arkansas
Arkadelphia, Batesville, Bella Vista, Benton, Bentonville, Blytheville, Bryant, Cabot, Camden, Conway, El Dorado, Fayetteville, Forrest City, Fort Smith, Harrison, Helena-West Helena, Hope, Hot Springs, Hot Springs Village, Jacksonville, Jonesboro, Little Rock, Magnolia, Malvern, Marion, Maumelle, Mountain Home, North Little Rock, Paragould, Pine Bluff, Rogers, Russellville, Searcy, Sherwood, Siloam Springs, Springdale, Texarkana, Van Buren, West Memphis
California
Adelanto, Agoura Hills, Alameda, Alamo, Albany, Alhambra, Aliso Viejo, Alpine, Altadena, Alum Rock, American Canyon, Anaheim, Antelope, Antioch, Apple Valley, Arcadia, Arcata, Arden-Arcade, Arroyo Grande, Artesia, Arvin, Ashland, Atascadero, Atwater, Auburn, Avenal, Avocado Heights, Azusa, Bakersfield, Baldwin Park, Banning, Barstow, Bay Point, Beaumont, Bell, Bell Gardens, Bellflower, Belmont, Benicia, Berkeley, Beverly Hills, Big Bear City, Bloomington, Blythe, Bonita, Bostonia, Brawley, Brea, Brentwood, Buena Park, Burbank, Burlingame, Calabasas, Calexico, California City, Camarillo, Cameron Park, Campbell, Camp Pendleton South, Canyon Lake, Carlsbad, Carmichael, Carpinteria, Carson, Casa de Oro-Mount Helix, Castaic, Castro Valley, Cathedral City, Ceres, Cerritos, Cherryland, Chico, Chino, Chino Hills, Chowchilla, Chula Vista, Citrus, Citrus Heights, Claremont, Clayton, Clearlake, Clovis, Coachella, Coalinga, Colton, Commerce, Compton, Concord, Corcoran, Corona, Coronado, Costa Mesa, Coto de Caza, Covina, Crestline, Cudahy, Culver City, Cupertino, Cypress, Daly City, Dana Point, Danville, Davis, Death Valley National Park, Del Aire, Delano, Delhi, Desert Hot Springs, Diamond Bar, Diamond Springs, Dinuba, Discovery Bay, Dixon, Downey, Duarte, Dublin, East Los Angeles, East Palo Alto, East Rancho Dominguez, East San Gabriel, Eastvale, El Cajon, El Centro, El Cerrito, El Dorado Hills, El Monte, El Paso de Robles, El Segundo, El Sobrante (Contra Costa), El Sobrante (Riverside), Elk Grove, Emeryville, Encinitas, Escondido, Eureka, Exeter, Fairfield, Fair Oaks, Fairview, Fallbrook, Farmersville, Fillmore, Florence-Graham, Florin, Folsom, Fontana, Foothill Farms, Fortuna, Foster City, Fountain Valley, Fremont, Fresno, Fullerton, Galt, Gardena, Garden Acres, Garden Grove, Gilroy, Glen Avon, Glendale, Glendora, Goleta, Grand Terrace, Granite Bay, Grass Valley, Greenfield, Grover Beach, Hacienda Heights, Half Moon Bay, Hanford, Hawaiian Gardens, Hawthorne, Hayward, Healdsburg, Hemet, Hercules, Hermosa Beach, Hesperia, Highland, Hillsborough, Hollister, Home Gardens, Huntington Beach, Huntington Park, Imperial, Imperial Beach, Indio, Inglewood, Irvine, Isla Vista, Joshua Tree National Park, Kerman, King City, Kingsburg, Kings Canyon National Park, La Cañada Flintridge, La Crescenta-Montrose, Ladera Ranch, Lafayette, Laguna Beach, Laguna Hills, Laguna Niguel, Laguna Woods, La Habra, Lake Arrowhead, Lake Elsinore, Lake Forest, Lake Los Angeles, Lakeland Village, Lakeside, Lakewood, La Mesa, La Mirada, Lamont, Lancaster, La Palma, La Presa, La Puente, La Quinta, La Riviera, Larkspur, Lathrop, La Verne, Lawndale, Lemon Grove, Lemon Hill, Lemoore, Lennox, Lincoln, Linda, Lindsay, Live Oak, Livermore, Livingston, Lodi, Loma Linda, Lomita, Lompoc, Long Beach, Los Alamitos, Los Altos, Los Angeles, Los Banos, Los Gatos, Los Osos, Lynwood, Madera, Magalia, Malibu, Manhattan Beach, Manteca, Marina, Martinez, Marysville, Maywood, McFarland, McKinleyville, Mead Valley, Mendota, Menifee, Menlo Park, Merced, Mill Valley, Millbrae, Milpitas, Mira Loma, Mission Viejo, Modesto, Mojave National Preserve, Monrovia, Montclair, Montebello, Monterey, Monterey Park, Moorpark, Moraga, Moreno Valley, Morgan Hill, Morro Bay, Mountain View, Murrieta, Muscoy, Napa, National City, Newark, Newman, Newport Beach, Nipomo, Norco, North Auburn, North Fair Oaks, North Highlands, North Tustin, Norwalk, Novato, Oakdale, Oakland, Oakley, Oak Park, Oceanside, Oildale, Olivehurst, Ontario, Orange, Orangevale, Orcutt, Orinda, Oroville, Oxnard, Pacifica, Pacific Grove, Palmdale, Palm Desert, Palm Springs, Palo Alto, Palos Verdes Estates, Paradise, Paramount, Parkway, Parlier, Pasadena, Patterson, Pedley, Perris, Petaluma, Phelan, Pico Rivera, Piedmont, Pinole, Pittsburg, Placentia, Placerville, Pleasant Hill, Pleasanton, Pomona, Porterville, Port Hueneme, Poway, Prunedale, Quartz Hill, Ramona, Rancho Cordova, Rancho Cucamonga, Rancho Mirage, Rancho Palos Verdes, Rancho San Diego, Rancho Santa Margarita, Red Bluff, Redding, Redlands, Redondo Beach, Redwood City, Redwood National Park, Reedley, Rialto, Richmond, Ridgecrest, Rio Linda, Ripon, Riverbank, Riverside, Rocklin, Rohnert Park, Rosamond, Rosedale, Rosemead, Rosemont, Roseville, Rossmoor, Rowland Heights, Rubidoux, Sacramento, Salida, Salinas, San Anselmo, San Bernardino, San Bruno, San Carlos, San Clemente, San Diego, San Diego Country Estates, San Dimas, San Fernando, San Francisco, San Gabriel, Sanger, San Jacinto, San Jose, San Juan Capistrano, San Leandro, San Lorenzo, San Luis Obispo, San Marcos, San Marino, San Mateo, San Pablo, San Rafael, San Ramon, Santa Ana, Santa Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Clarita, Santa Cruz, Santa Fe Springs, Santa Maria, Santa Monica, Santa Paula, Santa Rosa, Santee, Saratoga, Scotts Valley, Seal Beach, Seaside, Selma, Sequoia National Park, Shafter, Shasta Lake, Sierra Madre, Signal Hill, Simi Valley, Solana Beach, Soledad, Sonoma, South El Monte, South Gate, South Lake Tahoe, South Pasadena, South San Francisco, South San Jose Hills, South Whittier, Spring Valley, Stanford, Stanton, Stevenson Ranch, Stockton, Suisun City, Sunnyvale, Sun Village, Susanville, Tamalpais-Homestead Valley, Tehachapi, Temecula, Temescal Valley, Temple City, Thousand Oaks, Torrance, Tracy, Truckee, Tulare, Turlock, Tustin, Twentynine Palms, Ukiah, Union City, Upland, Vacaville, Valinda, Vallejo, Valle Vista, Ventura, Victorville, View Park-Windsor Hills, Vincent, Vineyard, Visalia, Vista, Walnut, Walnut Creek, Walnut Park, Wasco, Watsonville, West Carson, West Covina, West Hollywood, Westminster, Westmont, West Puente Valley, West Sacramento, West Whittier-Los Nietos, Whittier, Wildomar, Willowbrook, Windsor, Winter Gardens, Winton, Woodcrest, Woodland, Yorba Linda, Yosemite National Park, Yuba City, Yucaipa, Yucca Valley
Colorado
Arvada, Aspen, Aurora, Berkley, Black Forest, Boulder, Brighton, Broomfield, Cañon City, Castle Pines North, Castle Rock, Centennial, Cherry Creek, Cimarron Hills, Clifton, Colorado Springs, Columbine, Commerce City, Dakota Ridge, Denver, Durango, Edwards, Englewood, Erie, Evans, Federal Heights, Firestone, Fort Carson, Fort Collins, Fort Morgan, Fountain, Fruita, Glenwood Springs, Golden, Grand Junction, Greeley, Greenwood Village, Highlands Ranch, Idaho Springs, Ken Caryl, Lafayette, Lakewood, Littleton, Lone Tree, Longmont, Louisville, Loveland, Montrose, Northglenn, Parker, Pueblo, Pueblo West, Security-Widefield, Sherrelwood, Steamboat Springs, Sterling, Superior, The Pinery, Thornton, Welby, Westminster, Wheat Ridge, Windsor
Connecticut
Ansonia, Bridgeport, Bristol, Danbury, Darien, Derby, East Hartford, East Haven, Greenwich, Groton, Hartford, Manchester, Meriden, Middletown, Milford, Naugatuck, New Britain, New Haven, Newington, New London, North Haven, Norwalk, Norwich, Orange, Shelton, Stamford, Storrs, Stratford, Torrington, Trumbull, Wallingford Center, Waterbury, West Hartford, West Haven, Westport, Wethersfield, Willimantic, Windsor Locks
Delaware
Bear, Bethany Beach, Brookside, Dover, Georgetown, Glasgow, Harrington, Hockessin, Lewes, Middletown, Milford, Newark, New Castle, Pike Creek Valley, Rehoboth Beach, Seaford, Smyrna, Wilmington
District of Columbia
Washington
Florida
Alafaya, Altamonte Springs, Apollo Beach, Apopka, Atlantic Beach, Auburndale, Aventura, Azalea Park, Bartow, Bayonet Point, Bayshore Gardens, Bellair-Meadowbrook Terrace, Belle Glade, Bellview, Bloomingdale, Boca Raton, Bonita Springs, Boynton Beach, Bradenton, Brandon, Brent, Brownsville, Buenaventura Lakes, Callaway, Cape Canaveral, Cape Coral, Carrollwood, Casselberry, Cheval, Citrus Park, Clearwater, Clermont, Cocoa, Cocoa Beach, Coconut Creek, Conway, Cooper City, Coral Gables, Coral Springs, Coral Terrace, Country Club, Country Walk, Crestview, Cutler Bay, Cypress Lake, Dania Beach, Davie, Daytona Beach, DeBary, Deerfield Beach, DeLand, Delray Beach, Deltona, Destin, Doctor Phillips, Doral, Dry Tortugas, Dunedin, East Lake, East Lake-Orient Park, East Milton, Edgewater, Egypt Lake-Leto, Elfers, Englewood, Ensley, Estero, Eustis, Everglades National Park, Fairview Shores, Fellsmere, Fernandina Beach, Ferry Pass, Fish Hawk, Fleming Island, Florida City, Florida Ridge, Forest City, Fort Lauderdale, Fort Myers, Fort Pierce, Fort Walton Beach, Fontainebleau, Four Corners, Fruit Cove, Fruitville, Gainesville, Gibsonton, Gladeview, Glenvar Heights, Golden Gate, Golden Glades, Goldenrod, Gonzalez, Goulds, Greenacres, Green Cove Springs, Gulf Gate Estates, Gulfport, Haines City, Hallandale Beach, Hialeah, Hialeah Gardens, Highland City, Hobe Sound, Holiday, Holly Hill, Hollywood, Homestead, Homosassa Springs, Horizon West, Hudson, Hunter's Creek, Immokalee, Iona, Ives Estates, Jacksonville, Jacksonville Beach, Jasmine Estates, Jensen Beach, Jupiter, Jupiter Farms, Kendale Lakes, Kendall, Kendall West, Key Biscayne, Key Largo, Keystone, Key West, Kissimmee, Lady Lake, Lake Butler, Lake City, Lakeland, Lakeland Highlands, Lake Magdalene, Lake Mary, Lakeside, Lake Wales, Lakewood Park, Lake Worth, Land o' Lakes, Lantana, Largo, Lauderdale Lakes, Lauderhill, Lealman, Leesburg, Lehigh Acres, Leisure City, Lighthouse Point, Lockhart, Longwood, Lutz, Lynn Haven, Maitland, Mango, Marco Island, Margate, Meadow Woods, Melbourne, Merritt Island, Miami, Miami Beach, Miami Gardens, Miami Lakes, Miami Shores, Miami Springs, Middleburg, Midway (Santa Rosa), Miramar, Mount Dora, Myrtle Grove, Naples, Navarre, New Port Richey, New Port Richey East, New Smyrna Beach, Niceville, Northdale, North Fort Myers, North Lauderdale, North Miami, North Miami Beach, North Palm Beach, North Port, Oakland Park, OakLeaf Plantation, Oak Ridge, Ocala, Ocoee, Ojus, Oldsmar, Olympia Heights, Opa-locka, Orange City, Orange Park, Orlando, Ormond Beach, Oviedo, Pace, Palatka, Palm Bay, Palm Beach Gardens, Palm City, Palm Coast, Palmetto, Palmetto Bay, Palmetto Estates, Palm Harbor, Palm River-Clair-Mel, Palm Springs, Palm Valley, Panama City, Panama City Beach, Parkland, Pembroke Pines, Pensacola, Pine Castle, Pinecrest, Pine Hills, Pinellas Park, Pinewood, Plantation, Plant City, Poinciana, Pompano Beach, Port Charlotte, Port Orange, Port St. John, Port St. Lucie, Port Salerno, Princeton, Punta Gorda, Richmond West, Riverview, Riviera Beach, Rockledge, Royal Palm Beach, Ruskin, Safety Harbor, St. Augustine, St. Cloud, St. Petersburg, San Carlos Park, Sanford, Sarasota, Sarasota Springs, Satellite Beach, Sebastian, Sebring, Seminole, Shady Hills, South Bradenton, Southchase, South Daytona, South Miami, South Miami Heights, South Venice, Spring Hill, Stuart, Sun City Center, Sunny Isles Beach, Sunrise, Sunset, Sweetwater, Tallahassee, Tamarac, Tamiami, Tampa, Tarpon Springs, Tavares, Temple Terrace, The Acreage, The Crossings, The Hammocks, The Villages, Thonotosassa, Three Lakes, Titusville, Town 'n' Country, Trinity, University (Hillsborough), University (Orange), University Park, Upper Grand Lagoon, Valrico, Venice, Vero Beach, Vero Beach South, Viera East, Villas, Warrington, Wekiva Springs, Wellington, Wesley Chapel, Westchase, Westchester, West Lealman, West Little River, West Melbourne, Weston, West Palm Beach, West Park, West Pensacola, Westwood Lakes, Wilton Manors, Winter Garden, Winter Haven, Winter Park, Winter Springs, World Golf Village, Wright, Yulee, Zephyrhills
Georgia
Acworth, Albany, Alpharetta, Americus, Athens, Atlanta, Augusta, Bainbridge, Belvedere Park, Brunswick, Buford, Calhoun, Candler-McAfee, Canton, Carrollton, Cartersville, College Park, Columbus, Conyers, Cordele, Covington, Cusseta-Chattahoochee County, Dallas, Dalton, Decatur, Douglas, Douglasville, Druid Hills, Dublin, Duluth, Dunwoody, East Point, Evans, Fairburn, Fayetteville, Forest Park, Gainesville, Georgetown, Griffin, Grovetown, Hinesville, Jesup, Johns Creek, Kennesaw, Kingsland, La Grange, Lawrenceville, Lilburn, Lithia Springs, Loganville, Mableton, Macon, Marietta, Martinez, McDonough, Milledgeville, Milton, Monroe, Moultrie, Mountain Park, Newnan, North Atlanta, North Decatur, North Druid Hills, Peachtree City, Perry, Pooler, Powder Springs, Redan, Riverdale, Rome, Roswell, St. Marys, St. Simons, Sandy Springs, Savannah, Scottdale, Smyrna, Snellville, Statesboro, Stockbridge, Sugar Hill, Suwanee, Thomasville, Tifton, Tucker, Union City, Valdosta, Vidalia, Villa Rica, Warner Robins, Waycross, Wilmington Island, Winder, Woodstock
Guam
Hagåtña and more locations in Guam
Hawaii
Most of the Big Island, Kauai, Lanai, Maui, Molokai, Oʻahu, and Tern Island. Main cities and towns: Ewa Beach, Ewa Gentry, Halawa, Hawaiian Paradise Park, Hilo, Honolulu, Kahului, Kailua (Hawaii), Kailua (Honolulu), Kaneohe, Kapaa, Kapolei, Kihei, Lahaina, Makakilo, Mililani Mauka, Mililani Town, Nanakuli, Pearl City, Royal Kunia, Schofield Barracks, Wahiawa, Waianae, Wailuku, Waimalu, Waipahu, Waipio
Idaho
Ammon, Blackfoot, Boise, Burley, Caldwell, Chubbuck, Coeur d'Alene, Eagle, Garden City, Hayden, Horseshoe Bend, Idaho City, Idaho Falls, Jerome, Kuna, Lewiston, Meridian, Moscow, Mountain Home, Murphy, Nampa, Pocatello, Post Falls, Rexburg, Sandpoint, Twin Falls
Illinois
Addison, Algonquin, Alsip, Alton, Antioch, Arlington Heights, Aurora, Barrington, Bartlett, Batavia, Beach Park, Belleville, Bellwood, Belvidere, Bensenville, Berwyn, Bloomingdale, Bloomington, Blue Island, Bolingbrook, Bourbonnais, Bradley, Bridgeview, Brookfield, Brookport, Buffalo Grove, Burbank, Burr Ridge, Cahokia, Cairo, Calumet City, Campton Hills, Canton, Carbondale, Carol Stream, Carpentersville, Cary, Centralia, Champaign, Channahon, Charleston, Chatham, Chicago, Chicago Heights, Chicago Ridge, Cicero, Collinsville, Country Club Hills, Crest Hill, Crestwood, Crystal Lake, Danville, Darien, Decatur, Deerfield, De Kalb, Des Plaines, Dixon, Dolton, Downers Grove, East Moline, East Peoria, East St. Louis, Edwardsville, Effingham, Elgin, Elk Grove Village, Elmhurst, Elmwood Park, Evanston, Evergreen Park, Fairview Heights, Forest Park, Fox Lake, Frankfort, Franklin Park, Freeport, Gages Lake, Galesburg, Geneva, Glen Carbon, Glen Ellyn, Glendale Heights, Glenview, Godfrey, Granite City, Grayslake, Gurnee, Hanover Park, Harvey, Hazel Crest, Herrin, Hickory Hills, Highland Park, Hinsdale, Hoffman Estates, Homer Glen, Homewood, Huntley, Jacksonville, Joliet, Justice, Kankakee, Kewanee, La Grange, La Grange Park, Lake Forest, Lake in the Hills, Lake Zurich, Lansing, Lemont, Libertyville, Lincoln, Lincolnwood, Lindenhurst, Lisle, Lockport, Lombard, Loves Park, Lyons, Machesney Park, Macomb, Marion, Markham, Matteson, Mattoon, Maywood, McHenry, Melrose Park, Metropolis, Midlothian, Minooka, Mokena, Moline, Montgomery, Morris, Morton, Morton Grove, Mount Prospect, Mount Vernon, Mundelein, Naperville, New Lenox, Niles, Normal, Norridge, North Aurora, Northbrook, North Chicago, Northlake, Oak Forest, Oak Lawn, Oak Park, O'Fallon, Orland Park, Oswego, Ottawa, Palatine, Palos Heights, Palos Hills, Park Forest, Park Ridge, Pekin, Peoria, Peru, Plainfield, Plano, Polo, Pontiac, Prospect Heights, Quincy, Rantoul, Richton Park, Riverdale, River Forest, River Grove, Rochester, Rockford, Rock Island, Rolling Meadows, Romeoville, Roscoe, Roselle, Round Lake, Round Lake Beach, St. Charles, Sauk Village, Schaumburg, Schiller Park, Old Shawneetown, Shawneetown, Sherman, Shiloh, Shorewood, Skokie, South Elgin, South Holland, Springfield, Sterling, Streamwood, Streator, Summit, Swansea, Sycamore, Taylorville, Tinley Park, Urbana, Vernon Hills, Villa Park, Warrenville, Washington, Wauconda, Waukegan, Westchester, West Chicago, Western Springs, Westmont, Wheaton, Wheeling, Wilmette, Winnetka, Wood Dale, Woodridge, Wood River, Woodstock, Worth, Yorkville, Zion
Indiana
Anderson, Auburn, Avon, Bedford, Beech Grove, Bloomington, Brownsburg, Carmel, Cedar Lake, Chesterton, Clarksville, Columbus, Connersville, Crawfordsville, Crown Point, Dyer, East Chicago, Elkhart, Evansville, Fishers, Fort Wayne, Frankfort, Franklin, Gary, Goshen, Granger, Greencastle, Greenfield, Greensburg, Greenwood, Griffith, Hammond, Highland, Hobart, Huntington, Indianapolis, Jasper, Jeffersonville, Kokomo, Lafayette, Lake Station, La Porte, Lawrence, Lebanon, Logansport, Madison, Marion, Martinsville, Merrillville, Michigan City, Mishawaka, Muncie, Munster, New Albany, New Castle, New Haven, Noblesville, Peru, Plainfield, Plymouth, Portage, Purdue University, Richmond, St. John, Schererville, Seymour, Shelbyville, South Bend, Speedway, Terre Haute, Valparaiso, Vincennes, Wabash, Warsaw, Washington, Westfield, West Lafayette, Zionsville
Iowa
Altoona, Ames, Ankeny, Bettendorf, Boone, Burlington, Carroll, Cedar Falls, Cedar Rapids, Clinton, Clive, Coralville, Council Bluffs, Davenport, Des Moines, Dubuque, Fort Dodge, Fort Madison, Indianola, Iowa City, Johnston, Keokuk, Marion, Marshalltown, Mason City, Muscatine, Newton, North Liberty, Oskaloosa, Ottumwa, Pella, Sioux City, Spencer, Storm Lake, Urbandale, Waterloo, Waukee, West Des Moines
Kansas
Andover, Arkansas City, Atchison, Coffeyville, Derby, Dodge City, El Dorado, Emporia, Garden City, Gardner, Great Bend, Hays, Haysville, Hutchinson, Junction City, Kansas City, Lansing, Lawrence, Leavenworth, Leawood, Lenexa, Liberal, Manhattan, McPherson, Merriam, Newton, Olathe, Ottawa, Overland Park, Parsons, Pittsburg, Prairie Village, Salina, Shawnee, Topeka, Wichita, Winfield
Kentucky
Ashland, Bardstown, Barlow, Berea, Bowling Green, Burlington, Corydon, Covington, Danville, Elizabethtown, Erlanger, Florence, Fort Campbell North, Fort Knox, Fort Thomas, Frankfort, Georgetown, Glasgow, Henderson, Hopkinsville, Independence, Jeffersontown, Kevil, La Center, Lawrenceburg, Ledbetter, Lexington, Louisville, Lyndon, Maceo, Madisonville, Marion, Mayfield, Middlesboro, Morganfield, Murray, Newport, Nicholasville, Owensboro, Paducah, Radcliff, Richmond, St. Matthews, Salem, Shelbyville, Shepherdsville, Shively, Smithland, Somerset, Sturgis, Waverly, Wickliffe, Winchester
Louisiana
Abbeville, Alexandria, Baker, Bastrop, Baton Rouge, Bayou Blue, Bayou Cane, Belle Chasse, Bogalusa, Bossier City, Central, Chalmette, Claiborne, Covington, Crowley, Denham Springs, DeRidder, Destrehan, Estelle, Eunice, Gardere, Gretna, Hammond, Harvey, Houma, Jefferson, Jennings, Kenner, Lafayette, Lake Charles, La Place, Luling, Mandeville, Marrero, Metairie, Minden, Monroe, Morgan City, Moss Bluff, Natchitoches, New Iberia, New Orleans, Opelousas, Pineville, Prairieville, Raceland, River Ridge, Ruston, Shenandoah, Shreveport, Slidell, Sulphur, Terrytown, Thibodaux, Timberlane, Waggaman, West Monroe, Woodmere, Zachary
Maine
Auburn, Augusta, Bangor, Biddeford, Brunswick, Lewiston, Portland, Saco, South Portland, Waterville, Westbrook
Maryland
Aberdeen, Accokeek, Adelphi, Annapolis, Annapolis Neck, Arbutus, Arnold, Aspen Hill, Ballenger Creek, Baltimore, Bel Air, Bel Air North, Bel Air South, Beltsville, Bensville, Bethesda, Bowie, Brooklyn Park, California, Calverton, Cambridge, Camp Springs, Carney, Catonsville, Chesapeake Ranch Estates, Chillum, Clarksburg, Clinton, Cloverly, Cockeysville, Colesville, College Park, Columbia, Crofton, Cumberland, Damascus, Dundalk, Easton, East Riverdale, Edgewood, Eldersburg, Elkridge, Elkton, Ellicott City, Essex, Fairland, Ferndale, Forestville, Fort Washington, Frederick, Gaithersburg, Germantown, Glassmanor, Glen Burnie, Glenmont, Glenn Dale, Greenbelt, Hagerstown, Halfway, Havre de Grace, Hillcrest Heights, Hyattsville, Ilchester, Joppatowne, Kemp Mill, Kettering, Lake Shore, Landover, Langley Park, Lanham, Largo, Laurel, Lexington Park, Linthicum, Lochearn, Maryland City, Mays Chapel, Middle River, Milford Mill, Mitchellville, Montgomery Village, New Carrollton, North Bethesda, North Potomac, Ocean City, Ocean Pines, Odenton, Olney, Overlea, Owings Mills, Oxon Hill, Parkville, Parole, Pasadena, Perry Hall, Pikesville, Potomac, Randallstown, Redland, Reisterstown, Riviera Beach, Rockville, Rosaryville, Rosedale, Rossville, Salisbury, Scaggsville, Seabrook, Severn, Severna Park, Silver Spring, South Laurel, Suitland, Summerfield, Takoma Park, Towson, Travilah, Waldorf, Walker Mill, Westminster, Wheaton, White Oak, Woodlawn
Massachusetts
Abington, Agawam, Amesbury, Amherst Center, Andover, Arlington, Attleboro, Barnstable, Belmont, Beverly, Boston, Braintree, Brockton, Brookline, Burlington, Cambridge, Chelsea, Chicopee, Danvers, Dedham, Easthampton, Everett, Fall River, Fitchburg, Framingham, Franklin, Gardner, Gloucester, Greenfield, Haverhill, Holbrook, Holyoke, Hudson, Hull, Lawrence, Leominster, Lexington, Longmeadow, Lowell, Lynn, Lynnfield, Malden, Marblehead, Marlborough, Martha's Vineyard, Maynard, Medford, Medway, Melrose, Methuen, Milford, Milton, Needham, New Bedford, Newburyport, Newton, North Adams, Northampton, Norwood, Palmer, Peabody, Pittsfield, Quincy, Randolph, Reading, Revere, Salem, Saugus, Somerset, Somerville, Southbridge, South Yarmouth, Springfield, Stoneham, Swampscott, Taunton, Wakefield, Waltham, Watertown, Webster, Wellesley, Westfield, West Springfield, Weymouth, Wilmington, Winchester, Winthrop, Woburn, Worcester
Michigan
Adrian, Allendale, Allen Park, Alpena, Ann Arbor, Auburn Hills, Battle Creek, Bay City, Beecher, Benton Harbor, Berkley, Beverly Hills, Big Rapids, Birmingham, Bloomfield Township, Burton, Cadillac, Canton Township, Clawson, Clinton Township, Coldwater, Comstock Park, Cutlerville, Dearborn, Dearborn Heights, Detroit, East Grand Rapids, East Lansing, Eastpointe, Escanaba, Farmington, Farmington Hills, Fenton, Ferndale, Flint, Forest Hills, Fraser, Garden City, Grand Haven, Grand Rapids, Grandville, Grosse Ile Township (part), Grosse Pointe Park, Grosse Pointe Woods, Hamtramck, Harper Woods, Harrison Township, Haslett, Hazel Park, Highland Park, Holland, Holt, Inkster, Ionia, Jackson, Jenison, Kalamazoo, Kentwood, Lansing, Lincoln Park, Livonia, Madison Heights, Marquette, Melvindale, Midland, Monroe, Mount Clemens, Mount Pleasant, Muskegon, Muskegon Heights, New Baltimore, Niles, Northview, Norton Shores, Novi, Oak Park, Okemos, Owosso, Plymouth Township, Pontiac, Portage, Port Huron, Redford Township, Riverview, Rochester, Rochester Hills, Romulus, Roseville, Royal Oak, Saginaw, St. Clair Shores, Sault Ste. Marie, Shelby Township, Southfield, Southgate, South Lyon, Sterling Heights, Sturgis, Taylor, Traverse City, Trenton, Troy, Walker, Warren, Waterford Township, Waverly, Wayne, West Bloomfield Township, Westland, Wixom, Woodhaven, Wyandotte, Wyoming, Ypsilanti
Midway Islands
Midway Atoll
Minnesota
Albert Lea, Alexandria, Andover, Anoka, Apple Valley, Austin, Bemidji, Big Lake, Blaine, Bloomington, Brainerd, Brooklyn Center, Brooklyn Park, Buffalo, Burnsville, Champlin, Chanhassen, Chaska, Cloquet, Columbia Heights, Coon Rapids, Cottage Grove, Crystal, Duluth, Eagan, East Bethel, Eden Prairie, Edina, Elk River, Fairmont, Faribault, Farmington, Fergus Falls, Forest Lake, Fridley, Golden Valley, Grand Rapids, Ham Lake, Hastings, Hibbing, Hopkins, Hugo, Hutchinson, Inver Grove Heights, Lakeville, Lino Lakes, Mankato, Maple Grove, Maplewood, Marshall, Mendota Heights, Minneapolis, Minnetonka, Monticello, Moorhead, Mounds View, New Brighton, New Hope, New Ulm, North Branch, Northfield, North Mankato, North St. Paul, Oakdale, Otsego, Owatonna, Plymouth, Prior Lake, Ramsey, Red Wing, Richfield, Robbinsdale, Rochester, Rosemount, Roseville, St. Cloud, St. Louis Park, St. Michael, St. Paul, St. Peter, Sartell, Sauk Rapids, Savage, Shakopee, Shoreview, South St. Paul, Stillwater, Vadnais Heights, Waconia, West St. Paul, White Bear Lake, Willmar, Winona, Woodbury, Worthington
Mississippi
Biloxi, Brandon, Brookhaven, Byram, Canton, Clarksdale, Cleveland, Clinton, Columbus', Corinth, Forest, Gautier, Greenville, Greenwood, Grenada, Gulfport, Hattiesburg, Hernando, Horn Lake, Indianola, Jackson, Laurel, Long Beach, Madison, McComb, Meridian, Moss Point, Natchez, Newton, Ocean Springs, Olive Branch, Oxford, Pascagoula, Pearl, Petal, Picayune, Ridgeland, Southaven, Starkville, Tupelo, Vicksburg, West Point, Winona, Yazoo City
Missouri
Affton, Arnold, Ballwin, Bellefontaine Neighbors, Belton, Blue Springs, Bolivar, Branson, Bridgeton, Cape Girardeau, Carthage, Chesterfield, Clayton, Columbia, Concord, Crestwood, Creve Coeur, Dardenne Prairie, Eureka, Excelsior Springs, Farmington, Ferguson, Festus, Florissant, Fort Leonard Wood, Fulton, Gladstone, Grain Valley, Grandview, Hannibal, Harrisonville, Hazelwood, Independence, Jackson, Jefferson City, Jennings, Joplin, Kansas City, Kennett, Kirksville, Kirkwood, Lake St. Louis, Lebanon, Lee's Summit, Lemay, Liberty, Manchester, Marshall, Maryland Heights, Maryville, Mehlville, Mexico, Moberly, Neosho, Nixa, Oakville, O'Fallon, Old Jamestown, Overland, Ozark, Poplar Bluff, Raymore, Raytown, Republic, Rolla, St. Ann, St. Charles, St. Joseph, St. Louis, St. Peters, Sedalia, Sikeston, Spanish Lake, Springfield, Town and Country, Troy, Union, University City, Warrensburg, Washington, Webb City, Webster Groves, Wentzville, West Plains, Wildwood
Montana
Billings, Bozeman, Butte, Great Falls, Helena, Kalispell, Missoula
Nebraska
Bellevue, Columbus, Fremont, Grand Island, Hastings, Kearney, Lincoln, Omaha, North Platte, Papillion, Scottsbluff, South Sioux City
Nevada
Alamo, Amargosa Valley, Austin, Baker, Battle Mountain, Beatty, Boulder City, Caliente, Carlin, Carson City, Cold Springs, Crystal Bay, Dayton, Elko, Ely, Empire, Enterprise, Eureka, Fallon, Fallon Station, Fernley, Gardnerville, Gardnerville Ranchos, Genoa, Gerlach, Glenbrook, Goodsprings, Golden Valley, Goldfield, Hawthorne, Henderson, Incline Village, Indian Hills, Jackpot, Jean, Johnson Lane, Kingsbury, Las Vegas, Laughlin, Lemmon Valley, Lovelock, Mesquite, Minden, Mogul, Mottsville, New Washoe City, Nixon, North Las Vegas, Pahrump, Paradise, Patrick, Pioche, Pleasant Valley, Poeville, Primm, Rachel, Reno, Round Hill Village, Searchlight, Sheridan, Silver Springs, Sloan, Spanish Springs, Sparks, Spring Creek, Spring Valley, Stateline, Steptoe, Summerlin, Summerlin South, Sun Valley, Sunrise Manor, Sutcliffe, Tonopah, Verdi, Virginia City, Vya, Wadsworth, Wells, West Wendover, Whitney, Winchester, Winnemucca, Yerington, Zephyr Cove
New Hampshire
Berlin, Claremont, Concord, Derry, Dover, Keene, Laconia, Lebanon, Manchester, Nashua, Portsmouth, Rochester
New Jersey
Asbury Park, Atlantic City, Berlin, Bridgeton, Camden, Cherry Hill, Clifton, Dover, East Brunswick, East Orange, Edison, Elizabeth, Fairview, Freehold, Glassboro, Hammonton, Jersey City, Lakewood, Lindenwold, Long Branch, Millville, Morristown, Neptune, Newark, New Brunswick, Ocean City, Old Bridge, Passaic, Paterson, Perth Amboy, Phillipsburg, Piscataway, Plainfield, Pleasantville, Point Pleasant, Princeton, Red Bank, Ridgewood, Roxbury, Somerville, Trenton, Union, Union City, Vineland, Warren, Willingboro
New Mexico
Alamogordo, Albuquerque, Artesia, Carlsbad, Carrizozo, Cloudcroft, Clovis, Deming, Eunice, Farmington, Gallup, Hobbs, Jal, Las Cruces, Las Vegas, Lordsburg, Los Alamos, Los Lunas, Lovington, Portales, Raton, Rio Rancho, Roswell, Ruidoso, Santa Fe, Silver City, Socorro, Sunland Park, Taos, Truth or Consequences, Tucumcari
New York
Albany, Amherst, Amsterdam, Auburn, Batavia, Bay Shore, Beacon, Binghamton, Brentwood, Buffalo, Canandaigua, Centereach, Central Islip, Cheektowaga, Cohoes, Cooperstown, Coram, Corning, Cortland, Dunkirk, Elmira, Endicott, Fredonia, Freeport, Fulton, Geneva, Glens Falls, Gloversville, Grand Island, Greece, Hamburg, Hempstead, Hicksville, Hornell, Huntington Station, Irondequoit, Ithaca, Jamestown, Jericho, Johnson City, Kingston, Lackawanna, Lake Placid, Levittown, Lewiston, Lockport, Long Beach, Malone, Massena, Middletown, Monroe, Newark, Newburgh, New City, New Rochelle, New York City, Niagara Falls, North Tonawanda, Ogdensburg, Olean, Oneida, Oneonta, Ossining, Oswego, Peekskill, Plattsburgh, Potsdam, Poughkeepsie, Rochester, Rome, Saratoga Springs, Schenectady, Syracuse, Tonawanda (city), Tonawanda (town), Troy, Utica, Watertown, West Babylon, White Plains, Yonkers
North Carolina
Albemarle, Asheboro, Asheville, Atlantic Beach, Boone, Burlington, Cape Carteret, Cary, Chapel Hill, Charlotte, Concord, Durham, Eden, Elizabeth City, Emerald Isle, Fayetteville, Gastonia, Goldsboro, Greensboro, Greenville, Havelock, Henderson, Hickory, High Point, Indian Beach, Jacksonville, Kannapolis, Kernersville, Kinston, Kitty Hawk, Laurinburg, Lenoir, Lexington, Lumberton, Morehead City, Morganton, New Bern, Raleigh, Reidsville, Roanoke Rapids, Rocky Mount, Roxboro, Salisbury, Sanford, Shelby, Statesville, Swansboro, Tarboro, Thomasville, Wilmington, Wilson, Winston-Salem
North Dakota
Bismarck, Dickinson, Fargo, Grand Forks, Jamestown, Mandan, Minot, Rugby, West Fargo, Williston
Northern Mariana Islands
Capitol Hill, Saipan, Garapan and more locations in the Northern Mariana Islands
Ohio
Akron, Alliance, Ashland, Ashtabula, Athens, Aurora, Barberton, Bellefontaine, Boardman, Bowling Green, Bucyrus, Cambridge, Canton, Chillicothe, Cincinnati, Circleville, Cleveland, Cleveland Heights, Columbus, Conneaut, Coshocton, Cuyahoga Falls, Dayton, Defiance, Delaware, Dover, East Liverpool, Elyria, Euclid, Fairborn, Fairfield, Findlay, Forest Park, Fostoria, Franklin, Fremont, Gahanna, Galion, Greenville, Hamilton, Huber Heights, Ironton, Kent, Kettering, Lakewood, Lancaster, Lebanon, Lima, Lorain, Mansfield, Marietta, Marion, Marysville, Mason, Massillon, Maumee, Medina, Mentor, Middletown, Mount Vernon, Newark, New Philadelphia, Niles, Norwalk, Norwood, Oregon, Oxford, Painesville, Parma, Phillipsburg, Piqua, Portsmouth, Ravenna, Salem, Sandusky, Shaker Heights, Sharonville, Sidney, Solon, Springfield, Steubenville, Strongsville, Sylvania, Tiffin, Toledo, Troy, Upper Arlington, Urbana, Vandalia, Van Wert, Warren, Washington Court House, Westerville, Willoughby, Wilmington, Wooster, Xenia, Youngstown, Zanesville
Oklahoma
Ada, Altus, Ardmore, Bartlesville, Bethany, Bixby, Broken Arrow, Chickasha, Claremore, Del City, Duncan, Durant, Edmond, Elk City, El Reno, Enid, Fort Gibson, Guthrie, Guymon, Lawton, McAlester, Miami, Midwest City, Moore, Muskogee, Mustang, Norman, Oklahoma City, Okmulgee, Owasso, Ponca City, Sand Springs, Sapulpa, Shawnee, Stillwater, Tahlequah, The Village, Tulsa, Weatherford, Woodward, Yukon
Oregon
Albany, Altamont, Ashland, Astoria, Baker City, Beaverton, Bend, Coos Bay, Corvallis, Eugene, Forest Grove, Grants Pass, Gresham, Hermiston, Hillsboro, Keizer, Klamath Falls, La Grande, Lake Oswego, Lebanon, McMinnville, Medford, Milwaukie, Newberg, Oak Grove, Oregon City, Pendleton, Portland, Roseburg, Salem, Santa Clara, Springfield, The Dalles, Tigard, Troutdale, Vale, Woodburn
Pennsylvania
Abington Township, Aliquippa, Allentown, Altoona, Beaver Falls, Berwick, Bethel Park, Bethlehem, Bloomsburg, Bradford, Butler, Canonsburg, Carbondale, Carlisle, Chambersburg, Chester, Coatesville, Columbia, Easton, Elizabethtown, Ephrata, Erie, Greensburg, Hanover, Harrisburg, Hazleton, Hershey, Indiana, Jeannette, Johnstown, Kingston, Lancaster, Lansdale, Latrobe, Lebanon, Levittown, Meadville, Monroeville, Mount Joy, New Castle, Norristown, Oil City, Penn Hills, Philadelphia, Phoenixville, Pittsburgh, Pottsville, Reading, Pennsylvania, Scranton, Sharon, State College, Sunbury, Uniontown, Warminster, Warren, Washington, West Chester, Wilkes-Barre, Williamsport, York
Puerto Rico
Major roads. Most streets in Caguaz, Ponce, Mayaguez, San Juan
Rhode Island
Bristol, Cranston, East Providence, Middletown, Newport, Pawtucket, Providence, Warwick, Westerly, West Warwick, Woonsocket
South Carolina
Aiken, Anderson, Beaufort, Bluffton, Charleston, Clemson, Columbia, Florence, Gaffney, Georgetown, Goose Creek, Greenville, Greenwood, Hilton Head Island, Laurens, Mount Pleasant, Myrtle Beach, Newberry, North Augusta, North Charleston, Orangeburg, Rock Hill, Spartanburg, Summerville, Sumter, Union
South Dakota
Aberdeen, Brookings, Pierre, Rapid City, Sioux Falls, Spearfish, Vermillion, Watertown, Yankton
Tennessee
Athens, Bartlett, Bristol, Brownsville, Chattanooga, Clarksville, Cleveland, Collierville, Columbia, Cookeville, Crossville, Dyersburg, Elizabethton, Erwin, Franklin, Gallatin, Germantown, Goodlettsville, Greeneville, Hendersonville, Humboldt, Jackson, Johnson City, Kingsport, Knoxville, Lawrenceburg, Lewisburg, Maryville, McMinnville, Memphis, Millington, Morristown, Murfreesboro, Nashville, Oak Ridge, Shelbyville, Somerville, Springfield, Tullahoma, Union City
Texas
Abilene, Alice, Allen, Alvin, Amarillo, Andrews, Angleton, Arlington, Athens, Austin, Bay City, Baytown, Beaumont, Bedford, Beeville, Bellaire, Belton, Benbrook, Big Spring, Borger, Brenham, Brownfield, Brownsville, Brownwood, Bryan, Burkburnett, Burleson, Canyon, Carrollton, Cedar Hill, Cleburne, Cloverleaf, College Station, Conroe, Copperas Cove, Corpus Christi, Corsicana, Dallas, Dawson, Deer Park, Del Rio, Denison, Denton, DeSoto, Donna, Dumas, Eagle Pass, Edinburg, El Campo, El Paso, Ennis, Fort Stockton, Fort Worth, Freeport, Friendswood, Frisco, Gainesville, Galveston, Garland, Gatesville, Georgetown, Grand Prairie, Grapevine, Greenville, Groves, Harker Heights, Harlingen, Henderson, Hereford, Houston, Humble, Huntsville, Hurst, Irving, Jacksonville, Jollyville, Kerrville, Kilgore, Killeen, Kingsville, Lake Jackson, La Marque, Lamesa, Lancaster, La Porte, Laredo, League City, Leon Valley, Levelland, Lewisville, Live Oak, Longview, Lubbock, Lufkin, Mansfield, Marshall, McAllen, McKinney, Mercedes, Mesquite, Midland, Mineral Wells, Mission, Missouri City, Mount Pleasant, Nacogdoches, Nederland, New Braunfels, North Richland Hills, Odessa, Orange, Palestine, Pampa, Paris, Pasadena, Pearland, Pharr, Plainview, Plano, Port Arthur, Portland, Port Lavaca, Port Neches, Richardson, Richmond, Rio Grande City, Robstown, Rockwall, Rosenberg, Round Rock, Rowlett, San Angelo, San Antonio, San Benito, San Marcos, Seabrook, Seagoville, Seguin, Sherman, Snyder, Spring, Stephenville, Sugar Land, Sulphur Springs, Taylor, Temple, Terrell, Texarkana, Texas City, The Woodlands, Tyler, Universal City, Uvalde, Vernon, Victoria, Vidor, Waco, Waxahachie, Weatherford, Weslaco, Wharton, Wichita Falls
U.S. Virgin Islands
Frederiksted, Buccaneer Golf Course, etc. on Saint Croix
Utah
American Fork, Bountiful, Brigham City, Cedar City, Centerville, Clearfield, Kaysville, Kearns, Layton, Logan, Murray, North Ogden, Ogden, Orem, Payson, Pleasant Grove, Provo, Riverton, Roy, St. George, Salt Lake City, Sandy, South Ogden, Spanish Fork, Springville, Taylorsville, Tooele, West Jordan, West Valley City
Vermont
Barre, Bennington, Brattleboro, Burlington, Lyndonville, Middlebury, Montpelier, Newport, Rutland, St. Albans, St. Johnsbury, South Burlington, South Hero, Springfield, Vergennes, Waterbury, Winooski
Virginia
Alexandria, Annandale, Arlington, Blacksburg, Bristol, Charlottesville, Chesapeake, Chester, Christiansburg, Colonial Heights, Dale City, Danville, Fredericksburg, Front Royal, Hampton, Harrisonburg, Hopewell, Leesburg, Lynchburg, Madison Heights, Manassas, Martinsville, Mechanicsville, Newport News, Norfolk, Petersburg, Poquoson, Portsmouth, Pulaski, Radford, Reston, Richmond, Roanoke, Salem, Staunton, Suffolk, Virginia Beach, Waynesboro, Williamsburg, Winchester, Woodbridge
Washington
Aberdeen, Anacortes, Auburn, Bellevue, Bellingham, Bremerton, Burien, Centralia, Dishman, Eatonville, Edmonds, Ellensburg, Elma, Everett, Federal Way, Hoquiam, Issaquah, Kelso, Kennewick, Kent, Kirkland, Lacey, Lakewood, Longview, Lynnwood, Mercer Island, Montesano, Moses Lake, Mount St. Helens, Mount Vernon, Mukilteo, Oak Harbor, Olympia, Opportunity, Orchards, Parkland, Pasco, Port Angeles, Preston, Pullman, Puyallup, Raymond, Redmond, Renton, Richland, Rochester, SeaTac, Seattle, Sequim, Shoreline, Spokane, Sumas, Tacoma, Tumwater, University Place, Vancouver, Walla Walla, Wenatchee, Yakima, and more
West Virginia
Beckley, Bluefield, Charleston, Clarksburg, Fairmont, Huntington, Martinsburg, Morgantown, Moundsville, Parkersburg, St. Albans, South Charleston, Vienna, Weirton, Wheeling
Wisconsin
Ashwaubenon, Appleton, Ashland, Beaver Dam, Beloit, Chippewa Falls, Cudahy, De Pere, Eau Claire, Fond du Lac, Fort Atkinson, Green Bay, Janesville, Kaukauna, Kenosha, La Crosse, Madison, Manitowoc, Marinette, Marshfield, Menasha, Menomonee Falls, Menomonie, Merrill, Middleton, Milwaukee, Monroe, Neenah, New Berlin, Oconomowoc, Oregon, Oshkosh, Platteville, Port Washington, Racine, River Falls, Sheboygan, South Milwaukee, Stevens Point, Stoughton, Sun Prairie, Superior, Two Rivers, Watertown, Waukesha, Wausau, Wauwatosa, West Allis, West Bend, Whitefish Bay, Whitewater, Wisconsin Rapids
Wyoming
Casper, Cheyenne, Evanston, Gillette, Grand Teton National Park, Green River, Jackson, Laramie, Riverton, Rock Springs, Sheridan, Yellowstone National Park
References
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^ "Google Street Views Cool Or Creepy?". NYPOST.com. June 7, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ a b "Google Street View hits Augusta's streets". Wrdw.com. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ a b c d e "Google offers virtual tour of valley Idaho Press-Tribune". Idahopress.com. February 15, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ Tom Sowa (April 7, 2008). "SR.com: Google Street View puts Spokane on the virtual map". Spokesmanreview.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ a b c d e "Google displays Canyon streets Idaho Press-Tribune". Idahopress.com. June 12, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ a b c d e f g Piscia, Jason (August 6, 2008). "Springfield gets new "View" on Google Maps". The State Journal-Register. Springfield, IL.
^ a b c d e f "Louisville added to Google Street View images". The Courier-Journal. June 15, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ a b c d e Weisman, Robert (December 11, 2007). "Google's acclaimed, criticized Street View feature debuts in Boston". The Boston Globe. Boston.com. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ Blanchard, Courtney (December 21, 2008). "Scenes from the Google eye Street View drives an up-close look at maps". Telegraph Herald. Dubuque, IA: Thonline.com. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ "Article: Google Maps street view now includes Topeka". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Highbeam.com. July 9, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ "WICHITANS FIND SELVES ON GOOGLE MAPS". The Wichita Eagle. NewsBank. August 24, 2008. (partial view)
^ "Google 'street view' captures images of Springfield, Massachusetts, homes". MassLive.com. June 21, 2008. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ "Google offers new map feature | WWAY NewsChannel 3 | Wilmington NC News". Wwaytv3.com. 26 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
^ Joy, Kevin (June 13, 2008). "Columbus gets its own Street View on Google Maps". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2010.
vteGoogle MapsRelated products
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Views and mapping sites
Earth
Street View
Street ViewCoverage
Africa
Antarctica
Asia
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Europe
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Argleton | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:GoogleStreetViewCar_Subaru_Impreza_at_Google_Campus.JPG"},{"link_name":"Mountain View, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mountain_View,_California"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Google Street View","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Street_View"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"A Google Maps Camera Car showcased on Google campus in Mountain View, California in November 2010The United States was the first country to have Google Street View images and was the only country with images for over a year following introduction of the service on May 25, 2007. Early on, most locations had a limited number of views, usually constrained to the city limits and only including major streets, and they only showed the buildings up to a certain height. Few suburbs or other nearby cities were included.After the first few sets of introductions, image collections from cities added were more detailed, often including every side street, especially in areas closer to the center of the city. More suburbs and other nearby cities were included.The coverage of various cities has in many cases, subsequently been enlarged and improved, but not necessarily on the same date as new cities have been added. Improvements have included the additions of streets in neighborhoods where previously only main roads had been covered, expansions to more suburbs, and views to the sky where previously only views to a certain height were provided.Initially when a group of cities were added, only those cities and their own suburbs would be a part of the image collection. However June 10, 2008 introductions also included cities in covered areas without camera icons and isolated from any other camera icons. Many more cities were added without icons on August 4, when the only U.S. city added with an icon was New Orleans.On November 9, 2009, parts of Hawaii were added, and coverage of the United States was also further expanded, although some key areas had yet to be added. With the addition of Hawaii, all fifty states are now represented in Street View.[1]On July 2, 2013, high-definition images, at least 99% of which has been taken since early 2011, were added to major portions of all fifty states, including those that have had no HD images up to that point.","title":"Google Street View in the United States"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Note: Bold indicates locations available in newer 'high quality' (or high definition) view. Italic bold indicates locations partially available in high quality view. Normal text indicates locations only available in older low-resolution view.","title":"Timeline of introductions"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Areas included"}] | [{"image_text":"A Google Maps Camera Car showcased on Google campus in Mountain View, California in November 2010","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/GoogleStreetViewCar_Subaru_Impreza_at_Google_Campus.JPG/220px-GoogleStreetViewCar_Subaru_Impreza_at_Google_Campus.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Melahn, Laura. \"Official Google Blog: Fifty states of Street View\". Googleblog.blogspot.com. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/11/fifty-states-of-street-view.html","url_text":"\"Official Google Blog: Fifty states of Street View\""}]},{"reference":"Pack, Jeremy (February 28, 2011). \"Pedaling to new places with Street View\". Google-latlong.blogspot.com. Retrieved January 19, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://google-latlong.blogspot.com/2011/02/pedaling-to-new-places-with-street-view.html","url_text":"\"Pedaling to new places with Street View\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Street View gives users different perspective\". Florence, Alabama: The Times Daily. Archived from the original on July 17, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20110717060244/http://www.timesdaily.com/article/20080630/NEWS/806300323/1011","url_text":"\"Google Street View gives users different perspective\""},{"url":"http://www.timesdaily.com/article/20080630/NEWS/806300323/1011","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Street View Takes In More Scenes\". WebProNews. March 28, 2008. Archived from the original on June 7, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607074641/http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-takes-in-more-scenes-2008-03","url_text":"\"Google Street View Takes In More Scenes\""},{"url":"http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-takes-in-more-scenes-2008-03","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Juneau's spot on the map\". Juneau Empire. March 21, 2008. Archived from the original on February 5, 2010. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100205002633/http://juneauempire.com/stories/032108/loc_260334934.shtml","url_text":"\"Juneau's spot on the map\""},{"url":"http://juneauempire.com/stories/032108/loc_260334934.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Phoenix is added to Google Street View today\". Azcentral.com. October 9, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/1009biz-google1009.html","url_text":"\"Phoenix is added to Google Street View today\""}]},{"reference":"Moore, Matthew (August 12, 2008). \"Google Street View captures blazing home\". London: Telegraph. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358145/Google-Street-View-captures-blazing-home.html","url_text":"\"Google Street View captures blazing home\""}]},{"reference":"\"DotHomes Goes Live With Google's Street View – Technology News\". redOrbit. April 14, 2008. Archived from the original on July 15, 2011. Retrieved August 27, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171704/http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1340190/dothomes_goes_live_with_googles_street_view/index.html","url_text":"\"DotHomes Goes Live With Google's Street View – Technology News\""},{"url":"http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1340190/dothomes_goes_live_with_googles_street_view/index.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Shankland, Stephen (June 12, 2008). \"Google grab bag: Blurry faces and more\". News.cnet.com. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805065351/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9966596-7.html","url_text":"\"Google grab bag: Blurry faces and more\""},{"url":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9966596-7.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Surfing the town with Street View\". Evansville Courier & Press. Courierpress.com. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2008/aug/17/surfing-the-town-with-street-view/","url_text":"\"Surfing the town with Street View\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Street View Expands To Four New Cities\". WebProNews. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110806055140/http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-expands-to-four-new-cities-2007-08","url_text":"\"Google Street View Expands To Four New Cities\""},{"url":"http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-expands-to-four-new-cities-2007-08","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"News Archives – sacbee.com\". Nl.newsbank.com. July 10, 2008. 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Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120906160924/http://www.postindependent.com/article/20090103/VALLEYNEWS/901029994/1083&ParentProfile=1074&title=Google%92s%20street%20view%20hits%20Glenwood%20Springs","url_text":"\"Google's street view hits Glenwood Springs\""},{"url":"http://www.postindependent.com/article/20090103/VALLEYNEWS/901029994/1083&ParentProfile=1074&title=Google%92s%20street%20view%20hits%20Glenwood%20Springs","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google snaps secret Porsche road test\". Watoday.com.au. January 1, 2009. Archived from the original on April 29, 2010. 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Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20130123103521/http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/news-article.aspx?storyid=111497&catid=3","url_text":"\"Google Street View Now Offers Close-Up of First Coast | Firstcoastnews.com | Local News\""},{"url":"http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/news-article.aspx?storyid=111497&catid=3","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google Street Views Cool Or Creepy?\". NYPOST.com. June 7, 2007. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/item_gwnOi8rY0QPTAzOzIy65fL","url_text":"\"Google Street Views Cool Or Creepy?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google Street View hits Augusta's streets\". Wrdw.com. August 11, 2008. Archived from the original on July 18, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718120751/http://www.wrdw.com/traffic/headlines/26842564.html","url_text":"\"Google Street View hits Augusta's streets\""},{"url":"http://www.wrdw.com/traffic/headlines/26842564.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google offers virtual tour of valley Idaho Press-Tribune\". Idahopress.com. February 15, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idahopress.com/news/?id=3829","url_text":"\"Google offers virtual tour of valley Idaho Press-Tribune\""}]},{"reference":"Tom Sowa (April 7, 2008). \"SR.com: Google Street View puts Spokane on the virtual map\". Spokesmanreview.com. Archived from the original on April 10, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410054326/http://www.spokesmanreview.com/breaking/story.asp?ID=14435","url_text":"\"SR.com: Google Street View puts Spokane on the virtual map\""},{"url":"http://www.spokesmanreview.com/breaking/story.asp?ID=14435","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google displays Canyon streets Idaho Press-Tribune\". Idahopress.com. June 12, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.idahopress.com/news/?id=10855","url_text":"\"Google displays Canyon streets Idaho Press-Tribune\""}]},{"reference":"Piscia, Jason (August 6, 2008). \"Springfield gets new \"View\" on Google Maps\". The State Journal-Register. Springfield, IL.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sj-r.com/x436049060/Google-adds-Springfield-to-Street-View-map-program","url_text":"\"Springfield gets new \"View\" on Google Maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisville added to Google Street View images\". The Courier-Journal. June 15, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080615/BUSINESS/806150364/1003/BUSINESS","url_text":"\"Louisville added to Google Street View images\""}]},{"reference":"Weisman, Robert (December 11, 2007). \"Google's acclaimed, criticized Street View feature debuts in Boston\". The Boston Globe. Boston.com. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2007/12/11/get_ready_for_your_close_up/","url_text":"\"Google's acclaimed, criticized Street View feature debuts in Boston\""}]},{"reference":"Blanchard, Courtney (December 21, 2008). \"Scenes from the Google eye Street View drives an up-close look at maps\". Telegraph Herald. Dubuque, IA: Thonline.com. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thonline.com/article.cfm?id=226897","url_text":"\"Scenes from the Google eye Street View drives an up-close look at maps\""}]},{"reference":"\"Article: Google Maps street view now includes Topeka\". The Topeka Capital-Journal. Highbeam.com. July 9, 2008. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16838573.html","url_text":"\"Article: Google Maps street view now includes Topeka\""}]},{"reference":"\"WICHITANS FIND SELVES ON GOOGLE MAPS\". The Wichita Eagle. NewsBank. August 24, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WE&s_site=kansas&p_multi=WE&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=122CEB0FC1DFC838&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","url_text":"\"WICHITANS FIND SELVES ON GOOGLE MAPS\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wichita_Eagle","url_text":"The Wichita Eagle"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NewsBank","url_text":"NewsBank"}]},{"reference":"\"Google 'street view' captures images of Springfield, Massachusetts, homes\". MassLive.com. June 21, 2008. Archived from the original on May 20, 2011. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520025006/http://www.masslive.com/hampfrank/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-15/1214032530324340.xml&coll=1","url_text":"\"Google 'street view' captures images of Springfield, Massachusetts, homes\""},{"url":"http://www.masslive.com/hampfrank/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-15/1214032530324340.xml&coll=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Google offers new map feature | WWAY NewsChannel 3 | Wilmington NC News\". Wwaytv3.com. 26 December 2008. Archived from the original on 22 January 2009. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122060919/http://www.wwaytv3.com/google_offers_new_map_feature/12/2008","url_text":"\"Google offers new map feature | WWAY NewsChannel 3 | Wilmington NC News\""},{"url":"http://www.wwaytv3.com/google_offers_new_map_feature/12/2008","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Joy, Kevin (June 13, 2008). \"Columbus gets its own Street View on Google Maps\". The Columbus Dispatch. Archived from the original on October 21, 2012. Retrieved February 7, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021200508/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2008/06/14/google_map.html","url_text":"\"Columbus gets its own Street View on Google Maps\""},{"url":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2008/06/14/google_map.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://googleblog.blogspot.com/2009/11/fifty-states-of-street-view.html","external_links_name":"\"Official Google Blog: Fifty states of Street View\""},{"Link":"http://google-latlong.blogspot.com/2011/02/pedaling-to-new-places-with-street-view.html","external_links_name":"\"Pedaling to new places with Street View\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20110717060244/http://www.timesdaily.com/article/20080630/NEWS/806300323/1011","external_links_name":"\"Google Street View gives users different perspective\""},{"Link":"http://www.timesdaily.com/article/20080630/NEWS/806300323/1011","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110607074641/http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-takes-in-more-scenes-2008-03","external_links_name":"\"Google Street View Takes In More Scenes\""},{"Link":"http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-takes-in-more-scenes-2008-03","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100205002633/http://juneauempire.com/stories/032108/loc_260334934.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Juneau's spot on the map\""},{"Link":"http://juneauempire.com/stories/032108/loc_260334934.shtml","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/news/articles/1009biz-google1009.html","external_links_name":"\"Phoenix is added to Google Street View today\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3358145/Google-Street-View-captures-blazing-home.html","external_links_name":"\"Google Street View captures blazing home\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110715171704/http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1340190/dothomes_goes_live_with_googles_street_view/index.html","external_links_name":"\"DotHomes Goes Live With Google's Street View – Technology News\""},{"Link":"http://www.redorbit.com/news/technology/1340190/dothomes_goes_live_with_googles_street_view/index.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090805065351/http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9966596-7.html","external_links_name":"\"Google grab bag: Blurry faces and more\""},{"Link":"http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-9966596-7.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.courierpress.com/news/2008/aug/17/surfing-the-town-with-street-view/","external_links_name":"\"Surfing the town with Street View\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110806055140/http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-expands-to-four-new-cities-2007-08","external_links_name":"\"Google Street View Expands To Four New Cities\""},{"Link":"http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-expands-to-four-new-cities-2007-08","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SB&p_theme=sb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=121DB77C0AA17B38&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"News Archives – sacbee.com\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110806055151/http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-gets-another-set-of-upgrades-2008-06","external_links_name":"\"Google Street View Gets Another Set Of Upgrades\""},{"Link":"http://www.webpronews.com/google-street-view-gets-another-set-of-upgrades-2008-06","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20120906160924/http://www.postindependent.com/article/20090103/VALLEYNEWS/901029994/1083&ParentProfile=1074&title=Google%92s%20street%20view%20hits%20Glenwood%20Springs","external_links_name":"\"Google's street view hits Glenwood Springs\""},{"Link":"http://www.postindependent.com/article/20090103/VALLEYNEWS/901029994/1083&ParentProfile=1074&title=Google%92s%20street%20view%20hits%20Glenwood%20Springs","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100429185914/http://www.watoday.com.au/technology/technology-news/google-snaps-secret-porsche-road-test-20090615-cc1r.html","external_links_name":"\"Google snaps secret Porsche road test\""},{"Link":"http://www.watoday.com.au/technology/technology-news/google-snaps-secret-porsche-road-test-20090615-cc1r.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bizjournals.com/baltimore/stories/2008/11/03/daily50.html","external_links_name":"\"Google 'Street View' debuts in Baltimore – Baltimore Business Journal\""},{"Link":"http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/070108/met_297858356.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Watch Google Maps; Watch the First Coast\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100529083228/http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2008/jun/11/google-street-maps-now-ogle-naples-fort-myers/","external_links_name":"\"Google street maps now ogle Naples, Fort Myers » Naples Daily News\""},{"Link":"http://www.naplesnews.com/news/2008/jun/11/google-street-maps-now-ogle-naples-fort-myers/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130123103521/http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/news-article.aspx?storyid=111497&catid=3","external_links_name":"\"Google Street View Now Offers Close-Up of First Coast | Firstcoastnews.com | Local News\""},{"Link":"http://www.firstcoastnews.com/news/local/news-article.aspx?storyid=111497&catid=3","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.nypost.com/p/news/national/item_gwnOi8rY0QPTAzOzIy65fL","external_links_name":"\"Google Street Views Cool Or Creepy?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110718120751/http://www.wrdw.com/traffic/headlines/26842564.html","external_links_name":"\"Google Street View hits Augusta's streets\""},{"Link":"http://www.wrdw.com/traffic/headlines/26842564.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.idahopress.com/news/?id=3829","external_links_name":"\"Google offers virtual tour of valley Idaho Press-Tribune\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080410054326/http://www.spokesmanreview.com/breaking/story.asp?ID=14435","external_links_name":"\"SR.com: Google Street View puts Spokane on the virtual map\""},{"Link":"http://www.spokesmanreview.com/breaking/story.asp?ID=14435","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.idahopress.com/news/?id=10855","external_links_name":"\"Google displays Canyon streets Idaho Press-Tribune\""},{"Link":"http://www.sj-r.com/x436049060/Google-adds-Springfield-to-Street-View-map-program","external_links_name":"\"Springfield gets new \"View\" on Google Maps\""},{"Link":"http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080615/BUSINESS/806150364/1003/BUSINESS","external_links_name":"\"Louisville added to Google Street View images\""},{"Link":"http://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2007/12/11/get_ready_for_your_close_up/","external_links_name":"\"Google's acclaimed, criticized Street View feature debuts in Boston\""},{"Link":"http://www.thonline.com/article.cfm?id=226897","external_links_name":"\"Scenes from the Google eye Street View drives an up-close look at maps\""},{"Link":"http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-16838573.html","external_links_name":"\"Article: Google Maps street view now includes Topeka\""},{"Link":"http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=WE&s_site=kansas&p_multi=WE&p_theme=realcities&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=122CEB0FC1DFC838&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM","external_links_name":"\"WICHITANS FIND SELVES ON GOOGLE MAPS\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520025006/http://www.masslive.com/hampfrank/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-15/1214032530324340.xml&coll=1","external_links_name":"\"Google 'street view' captures images of Springfield, Massachusetts, homes\""},{"Link":"http://www.masslive.com/hampfrank/republican/index.ssf?/base/news-15/1214032530324340.xml&coll=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122060919/http://www.wwaytv3.com/google_offers_new_map_feature/12/2008","external_links_name":"\"Google offers new map feature | WWAY NewsChannel 3 | Wilmington NC News\""},{"Link":"http://www.wwaytv3.com/google_offers_new_map_feature/12/2008","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021200508/http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2008/06/14/google_map.html","external_links_name":"\"Columbus gets its own Street View on Google Maps\""},{"Link":"http://www.dispatch.com/content/stories/local/2008/06/14/google_map.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_John_Duncan | Big John Duncan | ["1 References"] | Big John DuncanDuncan in 2016Background informationBirth nameJohn DuncanBorn (1958-08-14) August 14, 1958 (age 65)Glasgow, ScotlandGenresStreet punk, indie rockInstrument(s)GuitarLabelsSecret, Captain Oi! Records, Exploited, Capitol, Radioactive, Blokshok, ParlophoneMusical artist
John Duncan (born August 14, 1958), better known as Big John Duncan, is a musician and guitarist. He is best known as the guitarist for The Exploited during their classic lineup of 1979 – 1984. He played and wrote the music for their albums Punks Not Dead, Troops Of Tomorrow and Let's Start a War. He also played and wrote many of their single releases, the most famous being "Dead Cities" which they performed on Top of the Pops in 1981.
After their American tour in 1983, Duncan quit The Exploited. He then went on to play in several bands including Human Zoo, Crazy Maybe, and Blood Uncles, and then in 1988 joined Goodbye Mr Mackenzie (with future Garbage singer Shirley Manson). In 1992 and 1993 he worked as a backline and guitar technician for the band Nirvana and played guitar with them during their concert in Roseland Ballroom, New York City on 23 July 1993. In the early and mid '90s he played with The Kamikaze Freak Show and the Gin Goblins.
In 2019, he joined with remaining bandmates for a Goodbye Mr Mackenzie 30th anniversary reunion tour.
Duncan worked with many other bands during his career including Twisted Sister, the Foo Fighters and Ministry.
References
^ "Big John Duncan est le héros oublié du punk rock". www.vice.com (in French). 8 February 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
^ a b Strong, Martin C. (2001) The Great Metal Discography, MOJO Books, ISBN 1-84195-185-4, p. 189
^ a b "Exploited guitar legend to rejoin Goodbye Mr Mackenzie for anniversary gigs". Edinburgh News. 13 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
^ "BIG JOHN DUNCAN - interview by Peek-A-Boo magazine". www.peek-a-boo-magazine.be. Retrieved 15 May 2023.
^ "Nirvana Live Guide - 1993". Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2016.
Authority control databases: Artists
MusicBrainz
This article on a UK guitarist is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Exploited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exploited"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong-2"},{"link_name":"Punks Not Dead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punks_Not_Dead"},{"link_name":"Troops Of Tomorrow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troops_Of_Tomorrow"},{"link_name":"Let's Start a War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let%27s_Start_a_War"},{"link_name":"The Exploited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exploited"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Mr Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Mr_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Garbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garbage_(band)"},{"link_name":"Shirley Manson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shirley_Manson"},{"link_name":"Nirvana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirvana_(band)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Strong-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Goodbye Mr Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodbye_Mr_Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Twisted Sister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_Sister"},{"link_name":"Foo Fighters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foo_Fighters"},{"link_name":"Ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_(band)"}],"text":"Musical artistJohn Duncan (born August 14, 1958), better known as Big John Duncan, is a musician and guitarist. He is best known as the guitarist for The Exploited[1] during their classic lineup of 1979 – 1984.[2] He played and wrote the music for their albums Punks Not Dead, Troops Of Tomorrow and Let's Start a War. He also played and wrote many of their single releases, the most famous being \"Dead Cities\" which they performed on Top of the Pops in 1981.After their American tour in 1983, Duncan quit The Exploited. He then went on to play in several bands including Human Zoo, Crazy Maybe, and Blood Uncles, and then in 1988 joined Goodbye Mr Mackenzie[3] (with future Garbage singer Shirley Manson). In 1992 and 1993 he worked as a backline and guitar technician for the band Nirvana[4] and played guitar with them during their concert in Roseland Ballroom, New York City on 23 July 1993.[2][5] In the early and mid '90s he played with The Kamikaze Freak Show and the Gin Goblins.In 2019, he joined with remaining bandmates for a Goodbye Mr Mackenzie 30th anniversary reunion tour.[3]Duncan worked with many other bands during his career including Twisted Sister, the Foo Fighters and Ministry.","title":"Big John Duncan"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Big John Duncan est le héros oublié du punk rock\". www.vice.com (in French). 8 February 2017. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/fr/article/wnznem/big-john-duncan-est-le-heros-oublie-du-punk-rock","url_text":"\"Big John Duncan est le héros oublié du punk rock\""}]},{"reference":"\"Exploited guitar legend to rejoin Goodbye Mr Mackenzie for anniversary gigs\". Edinburgh News. 13 May 2019. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/exploited-guitar-legend-rejoin-goodbye-mr-mackenzie-anniversary-gigs-546914","url_text":"\"Exploited guitar legend to rejoin Goodbye Mr Mackenzie for anniversary gigs\""}]},{"reference":"\"BIG JOHN DUNCAN - interview by Peek-A-Boo magazine\". www.peek-a-boo-magazine.be. Retrieved 15 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.peek-a-boo-magazine.be/en/interviews/big-john-duncan-2019/","url_text":"\"BIG JOHN DUNCAN - interview by Peek-A-Boo magazine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Nirvana Live Guide - 1993\". Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130423225927/http://nirvanaguide.com/1993.php","url_text":"\"Nirvana Live Guide - 1993\""},{"url":"http://www.nirvanaguide.com/1993.php","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.vice.com/fr/article/wnznem/big-john-duncan-est-le-heros-oublie-du-punk-rock","external_links_name":"\"Big John Duncan est le héros oublié du punk rock\""},{"Link":"https://www.edinburghnews.scotsman.com/whats-on/arts-and-entertainment/exploited-guitar-legend-rejoin-goodbye-mr-mackenzie-anniversary-gigs-546914","external_links_name":"\"Exploited guitar legend to rejoin Goodbye Mr Mackenzie for anniversary gigs\""},{"Link":"http://www.peek-a-boo-magazine.be/en/interviews/big-john-duncan-2019/","external_links_name":"\"BIG JOHN DUNCAN - interview by Peek-A-Boo magazine\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130423225927/http://nirvanaguide.com/1993.php","external_links_name":"\"Nirvana Live Guide - 1993\""},{"Link":"http://www.nirvanaguide.com/1993.php","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/258e917c-4cf0-4a1a-a07d-dacfe6b93398","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big_John_Duncan&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Northern_Football_League | 2005–06 Northern Football League | ["1 Division One","1.1 League table","2 Division Two","2.1 League table","3 References","4 External links"] | The 2005–06 Northern Football League season was the 108th in the history of Northern Football League, a football competition in England.
Division One
Football league seasonNorthern Football LeagueDivision OneSeason2005–06ChampionsNewcastle Blue StarRelegatedBrandon UnitedEsh WinningMatches played420Goals scored1,398 (3.33 per match)← 2004–05 2006–07 →
Division One featured 18 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs, promoted from Division Two:
Newcastle Blue Star
Washington Nissan, who also changed name to Sunderland Nissan
West Allotment Celtic
Also, Newcastle Benfield Saints changed name to Newcastle Benfield (Bay Plastics).
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Promotion or relegation
1
Newcastle Blue Star
40
28
6
6
87
34
+53
90
2
Bedlington Terriers
40
22
8
10
86
61
+25
74
3
Dunston Federation Brewery
40
20
11
9
82
45
+37
71
4
Billingham Town
40
18
13
9
81
54
+27
67
5
West Auckland Town
40
20
7
13
76
53
+23
67
6
Morpeth Town
40
19
10
11
68
50
+18
67
7
Billingham Synthonia
40
17
12
11
65
58
+7
63
8
Chester-le-Street Town
40
18
9
13
64
64
0
63
9
Newcastle Benfield (Bay Plastics)
40
18
8
14
81
62
+19
62
10
Whitley Bay
40
17
9
14
68
51
+17
60
11
Durham City
40
15
13
12
58
44
+14
58
12
Tow Law Town
40
15
9
16
63
65
−2
54
13
West Allotment Celtic
40
14
8
18
77
83
−6
50
14
Sunderland Nissan
40
14
8
18
64
73
−9
50
15
Jarrow Roofing BCA
40
14
7
19
65
76
−11
49
16
Ashington
40
13
9
18
64
60
+4
48
17
Thornaby
40
14
6
20
72
85
−13
48
Demoted to Division Two
18
Horden Colliery Welfare
40
12
11
17
55
65
−10
47
19
Shildon
40
11
14
15
55
65
−10
47
20
Esh Winning
40
3
7
30
32
103
−71
16
Relegated to Division Two
21
Brandon United
40
4
3
33
35
147
−112
15
Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.
Division Two
Football league seasonNorthern Football LeagueDivision TwoSeason2005–06ChampionsConsettPromotedConsettDarlington Railway AthleticNorthallerton TownRelegatedPeterlee NewtownMatches played380Goals scored1,334 (3.51 per match)← 2004–05 2006–07 →
Division Two featured 14 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with six new clubs.
Clubs relegated from Division One:
Consett
Guisborough Town
Peterlee Newtown
Plus:
Darlington Railway Athletic, joined from the Wearside Football League
Ryton, joined from the Northern Football Alliance
Spennymoor Town, new club formed by merger of Evenwood Town and folded Spennymoor United
League table
Pos
Team
Pld
W
D
L
GF
GA
GD
Pts
Promotion
1
Consett
38
33
3
2
134
31
+103
102
Promoted to Division One
2
Northallerton Town
38
25
8
5
86
30
+56
83
3
Darlington Railway Athletic
38
23
5
10
83
46
+37
74
4
Penrith
38
20
10
8
73
46
+27
70
5
Crook Town
38
19
11
8
95
43
+52
68
6
Washington
38
17
10
11
68
54
+14
61
7
Norton & Stockton Ancients
38
17
9
12
83
73
+10
60
8
Spennymoor Town
38
16
11
11
70
66
+4
59
9
Whickham
38
16
10
12
84
64
+20
58
10
Marske United
38
12
13
13
62
69
−7
49
11
Ryton
38
13
9
16
51
65
−14
48
12
North Shields
38
13
8
17
57
67
−10
47
13
Prudhoe Town
38
12
10
16
45
49
−4
46
14
Seaham Red Star
38
11
12
15
60
59
+1
45
15
Hebburn Town
38
12
9
17
46
67
−21
45
16
Alnwick Town
38
12
1
25
62
93
−31
34
17
Kennek Ryhope CA
38
5
13
20
41
76
−35
28
18
South Shields
38
10
4
24
51
95
−44
28
19
Guisborough Town
38
7
7
24
35
86
−51
28
20
Peterlee Newtown
38
5
1
32
48
155
−107
16
Relegated to the Northern Football Alliance
Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.Notes:
^ Alnwick Town were deducted three points.
^ South Shields were deducted six points.
References
^ "Northern Football League 2003–2011". Non League Matters.
External links
Northern Football League official site
vteNorthern League2023–24clubsDivision One
Birtley Town
Bishop Auckland
Boro Rangers
Carlisle City
Crook Town
Guisborough Town
Heaton Stannington
Newcastle Benfield
North Shields
Northallerton Town
Penrith
Redcar Athletic
Seaham Red Star
Shildon
Sunderland Ryhope CA
Tow Law Town
West Allotment Celtic
West Auckland Town
Whickham
Whitley Bay
Division Two
Bedlington Terriers
Billingham Synthonia
Billingham Town
Blyth Town
Boldon Community Association
Brandon United
Chester-le-Street Town
Chester-le-Street United
Easington Colliery
Esh Winning
FC Hartlepool
Horden Community Welfare
Jarrow
Newcastle Blue Star
Newcastle University
Prudhoe Youth Club
Redcar Town
Ryton & Crawcrook Albion
Sunderland West End
Thornaby
Washington
Yarm & Eaglescliffe
Seasons
1889–90
1890–91
1891–92
1892–93
1893–94
1894–95
1895–96
1896–97
1897–98
1898–99
1899–1900
1900–01
1901–02
1902–03
1903–04
1904–05
1905–06
1906–07
1907–08
1908–09
1909–10
1910–11
1911–12
1912–13
1913–14
1914–15
1915–16
1916–17
1917–18
1918–19
1919–20
1920–21
1921–22
1922–23
1923–24
1924–25
1925–26
1926–27
1927–28
1928–29
1929–30
1930–31
1931–32
1932–33
1933–34
1934–35
1935–36
1936–37
1937–38
1938–39
1939–40
1940–41
1941–42
1942–43
1943–44
1944–45
1945–46
1946–47
1947–48
1948–49
1949–50
1950–51
1951–52
1952–53
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vte2005–06 in English football « 2004–05 2006–07 » National teams
2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA Group 6)
Sven-Göran Eriksson
LeaguecompetitionsLevel 1
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Summer 2005 transfers
Winter 2005–06 transfers
Summer 2006 transfers | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"2005–06 Northern Football League"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Newcastle Blue Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Blue_Star_F.C."},{"link_name":"Sunderland Nissan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland_Nissan_F.C."},{"link_name":"West Allotment Celtic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Allotment_Celtic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Newcastle Benfield (Bay Plastics)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_Benfield_F.C."}],"text":"Football league seasonDivision One featured 18 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with three new clubs, promoted from Division Two:Newcastle Blue Star\nWashington Nissan, who also changed name to Sunderland Nissan\nWest Allotment CelticAlso, Newcastle Benfield Saints changed name to Newcastle Benfield (Bay Plastics).","title":"Division One"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fchd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fchd.info/lghist/north2006.htm"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.","title":"Division One"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Consett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consett_A.F.C."},{"link_name":"Guisborough Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guisborough_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Peterlee Newtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterlee_Newtown_F.C."},{"link_name":"Darlington Railway Athletic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darlington_Railway_Athletic_F.C."},{"link_name":"Wearside Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearside_Football_League"},{"link_name":"Ryton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryton_%26_Crawcrook_Albion_F.C."},{"link_name":"Northern Football Alliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Football_Alliance"},{"link_name":"Spennymoor Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spennymoor_Town_F.C."},{"link_name":"Spennymoor United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spennymoor_United_F.C."}],"text":"Football league seasonDivision Two featured 14 clubs which competed in the division last season, along with six new clubs.Clubs relegated from Division One:\nConsett\nGuisborough Town\nPeterlee Newtown\nPlus:\nDarlington Railway Athletic, joined from the Wearside Football League\nRyton, joined from the Northern Football Alliance\nSpennymoor Town, new club formed by merger of Evenwood Town and folded Spennymoor United","title":"Division Two"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fchd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fchd.info/lghist/north2006.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_ALN0.4635460728144_2-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_hth_SSH0.4635460728144_3-0"}],"sub_title":"League table","text":"Source: fchdRules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.Notes:^ Alnwick Town were deducted three points.\n\n^ South Shields were deducted six points.","title":"Division Two"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Northern Football League 2003–2011\". Non League Matters.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nonleaguematters.co.uk/nlmnet/Regs1Nr/nor03.html","url_text":"\"Northern Football League 2003–2011\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/lghist/north2006.htm","external_links_name":"fchd"},{"Link":"https://www.fchd.info/lghist/north2006.htm","external_links_name":"fchd"},{"Link":"https://www.nonleaguematters.co.uk/nlmnet/Regs1Nr/nor03.html","external_links_name":"\"Northern Football League 2003–2011\""},{"Link":"http://www.northernfootballleague.org/","external_links_name":"Northern Football League official site"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_Expo | Croydon Exp07 | ["1 Projects","2 Park Place","3 Croydon Gateway","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | The Logo for the Croydon Exp07 event
The Croydon Exp07 was a series of events held from 2007, aimed at business and residents in the London Borough of Croydon, UK to demonstrate the £2bn of development projects planned for Croydon in the next 10 years. It is part of the Croydon Vision 2020 regeneration programme. The council-backed scheme hoped to interest investors to fund part of the regeneration projects around Croydon, and help to establish Croydon as "London's Third City" Croydon has applied for city status twice but failed. If it had succeeded, the borough would have become the City of Croydon, like the City of Westminster.
The expo took place from the 9th to 12 May in the Whitgift Centre and Centrale Shopping Centre. It was also displayed in the Croydon Clocktower on 17 May.
Projects
The projects included all areas of Croydon that were expected to be redeveloped between 2007 and 2012. These included Purley, where the current swimming pool on the High Street was set to close. This would allow scope for a more comprehensive High Street regeneration scheme that would help to bring new community investment to the district centre. A new "Super Library", which would offer learning and training, was planned to open after the pool closure, as was a new swimming complex in Coulsdon. At the time, the facility was being considered by Croydon Council as part of its contribution to the Olympics.
Exp07 considered another leisure facility being opened in Waddon, and the old New Addington Pool being redeveloped to coincide with the opening of South Norwood Leisure Centre as part of the "new New Addington". The New Addington regeneration was planned for the town centre on Central Parade and would include a brand new Tesco, along with a new larger library and leisure facility. Other new facilities to be provided will be a Joint Services Centre, community centre, changing village, exercise gym and dance studio along with treatment room and a multi-purpose room. Plans covered a new café and a car park, a health centre, kiosk, maisonettes, and 300 residential units.
Park Place
The Expo presented other notable developments such as Park Place Shopping Centre. On 6 March 2007 the Secretary of State confirmed the use of a Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO) to acquire the remaining land for the development. This was a major milestone for the scheme and allowed Minerva and Lend Lease to gain vacant possession, in readiness for the start of demolition and main construction works.
Park Place has been granted detailed planning permission by the London Borough of Croydon. When completed it will provide 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) of accommodation, comprising mainly retail space and restaurants. A key component of the retail space is the provision of a new full-range department store. John Lewis has previously confirmed a requirement for 240,000 sq ft (22,000 m2) for Croydon and a regional store of this size can only be accommodated on the Park Place site. Other places with interest include Gap, Habitat and Borders.
Designed by architects RTKL, the scheme will provide both the large retail units and the necessary mall environment needed to establish Croydon as a Top 10 retail destination within the UK, and the largest and most efficient centre within South London.
Croydon Gateway
The second main feature of the Expo, the Croydon Gateway (later Ruskin Square]), proved the most expensive. The cabinet member for finance and regeneration, Councillor Tim Pollard, said in 2007 that:
Over £2 billion worth of redevelopment is already planned over the next ten years. This will have a major cultural and physical impact on the borough and Croydon Expo will be an opportunity to communicate to local businesses and to the public the vision of what can be realised through regeneration. It will also enable us to showcase proposals to developers and financiers on home ground. However, regeneration will form only one part of the Expo. We intend focusing on all aspects of change that are shaping what it will be like to live in Croydon over the next couple of decades.
See also
Park Place
Croydon Gateway
London Borough of Croydon
Tramlink
References
^ Experience the future of Croydon Archived 2008-04-04 at the Wayback Machine
^ "Croydon Conservatives - Full text of the selected story". Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. Retrieved 13 May 2007.
^ Microsoft PowerPoint – NAF NP 20070207M App 2 Regeneration of New Addington District Centre Project
^ Park Place | Minerva Plc Archived 2008-04-26 at the Wayback Machine
^ BBC – London – London Local – New look Croydon on display
External links
Croydon Exp07 website
London Borough of Croydon
Arrowcroft
Lend Lease Developers | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Expo_logo_(2007).png"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Croydon Vision 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_Vision_2020"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"City of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Whitgift Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitgift_Centre"},{"link_name":"Centrale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centrale_(shopping_centre)"},{"link_name":"Croydon Clocktower","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_Clocktower"}],"text":"The Logo for the Croydon Exp07 eventThe Croydon Exp07 was a series of events held from 2007, aimed at business and residents in the London Borough of Croydon, UK to demonstrate the £2bn of development projects planned for Croydon in the next 10 years.[1] It is part of the Croydon Vision 2020 regeneration programme. The council-backed scheme hoped to interest investors to fund part of the regeneration projects around Croydon, and help to establish Croydon as \"London's Third City\" [2] Croydon has applied for city status twice but failed. If it had succeeded, the borough would have become the City of Croydon, like the City of Westminster.The expo took place from the 9th to 12 May in the Whitgift Centre and Centrale Shopping Centre. It was also displayed in the Croydon Clocktower on 17 May.","title":"Croydon Exp07"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Purley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purley,_London"},{"link_name":"swimming pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swimming_pool"},{"link_name":"community investment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_investment&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Coulsdon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulsdon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Waddon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waddon"},{"link_name":"South Norwood Leisure Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Norwood_Leisure_Centre"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"The projects included all areas of Croydon that were expected to be redeveloped between 2007 and 2012. These included Purley, where the current swimming pool on the High Street was set to close. This would allow scope for a more comprehensive High Street regeneration scheme that would help to bring new community investment to the district centre. A new \"Super Library\", which would offer learning and training, was planned to open after the pool closure, as was a new swimming complex in Coulsdon. At the time, the facility was being considered by Croydon Council as part of its contribution to the Olympics.[citation needed]Exp07 considered another leisure facility being opened in Waddon, and the old New Addington Pool being redeveloped to coincide with the opening of South Norwood Leisure Centre as part of the \"new New Addington\". The New Addington regeneration was planned for the town centre on Central Parade and would include a brand new Tesco, along with a new larger library and leisure facility. Other new facilities to be provided will be a Joint Services Centre, community centre, changing village, exercise gym and dance studio along with treatment room and a multi-purpose room. Plans covered a new café and a car park, a health centre, kiosk, maisonettes, and 300 residential units.[3]","title":"Projects"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Park Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Place_(Croydon)"},{"link_name":"Compulsory Purchase Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compulsory_Purchase_Order"},{"link_name":"London Borough of Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon"},{"link_name":"John Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lewis_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Gap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gap_Inc"},{"link_name":"Habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Borders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borders_(UK)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The Expo presented other notable developments such as Park Place Shopping Centre. On 6 March 2007 the Secretary of State confirmed the use of a Compulsory Purchase Order (CPO) to acquire the remaining land for the development. This was a major milestone for the scheme and allowed Minerva and Lend Lease to gain vacant possession, in readiness for the start of demolition and main construction works.Park Place has been granted detailed planning permission by the London Borough of Croydon. When completed it will provide 900,000 sq ft (84,000 m2) of accommodation, comprising mainly retail space and restaurants. A key component of the retail space is the provision of a new full-range department store. John Lewis has previously confirmed a requirement for 240,000 sq ft (22,000 m2) for Croydon and a regional store of this size can only be accommodated on the Park Place site. Other places with interest include Gap, Habitat and Borders.Designed by architects RTKL, the scheme will provide both the large retail units and the necessary mall environment needed to establish Croydon as a Top 10 retail destination within the UK, and the largest and most efficient centre within South London.[4]","title":"Park Place"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Croydon Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_Gateway"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The second main feature of the Expo, the Croydon Gateway (later Ruskin Square]), proved the most expensive. The cabinet member for finance and regeneration, Councillor Tim Pollard, said in 2007 that:Over £2 billion worth of redevelopment is already planned over the next ten years. This will have a major cultural and physical impact on the borough and Croydon Expo will be an opportunity to communicate to local businesses and to the public the vision of what can be realised through regeneration. It will also enable us to showcase proposals to developers and financiers on home ground. However, regeneration will form only one part of the Expo. We intend focusing on all aspects of change that are shaping what it will be like to live in Croydon over the next couple of decades.[5]","title":"Croydon Gateway"}] | [{"image_text":"The Logo for the Croydon Exp07 event","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/86/Expo_logo_%282007%29.png"}] | [{"title":"Park Place","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Park_Place_(Croydon)"},{"title":"Croydon Gateway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croydon_Gateway"},{"title":"London Borough of Croydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Croydon"},{"title":"Tramlink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tramlink"}] | [{"reference":"\"Croydon Conservatives - Full text of the selected story\". Archived from the original on 11 February 2009. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_prime | Associated prime | ["1 Definitions","2 Properties","3 Examples","4 Notes","5 References"] | Prime ideal that is an annihilator a prime submodule
This article mainly concerns associated primes in general ring theory. For the specific usage in commutative ring theory, see also Primary decomposition § Primary decomposition from associated primes.
In abstract algebra, an associated prime of a module M over a ring R is a type of prime ideal of R that arises as an annihilator of a (prime) submodule of M. The set of associated primes is usually denoted by
Ass
R
(
M
)
,
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Ass} _{R}(M),}
and sometimes called the assassin or assassinator of M (word play between the notation and the fact that an associated prime is an annihilator).
In commutative algebra, associated primes are linked to the Lasker–Noether primary decomposition of ideals in commutative Noetherian rings. Specifically, if an ideal J is decomposed as a finite intersection of primary ideals, the radicals of these primary ideals are prime ideals, and this set of prime ideals coincides with
Ass
R
(
R
/
J
)
.
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Ass} _{R}(R/J).}
Also linked with the concept of "associated primes" of the ideal are the notions of isolated primes and embedded primes.
Definitions
A nonzero R-module N is called a prime module if the annihilator
A
n
n
R
(
N
)
=
A
n
n
R
(
N
′
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ann} _{R}(N)=\mathrm {Ann} _{R}(N')\,}
for any nonzero submodule N' of N. For a prime module N,
A
n
n
R
(
N
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ann} _{R}(N)\,}
is a prime ideal in R.
An associated prime of an R-module M is an ideal of the form
A
n
n
R
(
N
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ann} _{R}(N)\,}
where N is a prime submodule of M. In commutative algebra the usual definition is different, but equivalent: if R is commutative, an associated prime P of M is a prime ideal of the form
A
n
n
R
(
m
)
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ann} _{R}(m)\,}
for a nonzero element m of M or equivalently
R
/
P
{\displaystyle R/P}
is isomorphic to a submodule of M.
In a commutative ring R, minimal elements in
Ass
R
(
M
)
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Ass} _{R}(M)}
(with respect to the set-theoretic inclusion) are called isolated primes while the rest of the associated primes (i.e., those properly containing associated primes) are called embedded primes.
A module is called coprimary if xm = 0 for some nonzero m ∈ M implies xnM = 0 for some positive integer n. A nonzero finitely generated module M over a commutative Noetherian ring is coprimary if and only if it has exactly one associated prime. A submodule N of M is called P-primary if
M
/
N
{\displaystyle M/N}
is coprimary with P. An ideal I is a P-primary ideal if and only if
Ass
R
(
R
/
I
)
=
{
P
}
{\displaystyle \operatorname {Ass} _{R}(R/I)=\{P\}}
; thus, the notion is a generalization of a primary ideal.
Properties
Most of these properties and assertions are given in (Lam 1999) starting on page 86.
If M' ⊆M, then
A
s
s
R
(
M
′
)
⊆
A
s
s
R
(
M
)
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Ass} _{R}(M')\subseteq \mathrm {Ass} _{R}(M).}
If in addition M' is an essential submodule of M, their associated primes coincide.
It is possible, even for a commutative local ring, that the set of associated primes of a finitely generated module is empty. However, in any ring satisfying the ascending chain condition on ideals (for example, any right or left Noetherian ring) every nonzero module has at least one associated prime.
Any uniform module has either zero or one associated primes, making uniform modules an example of coprimary modules.
For a one-sided Noetherian ring, there is a surjection from the set of isomorphism classes of indecomposable injective modules onto the spectrum
S
p
e
c
(
R
)
.
{\displaystyle \mathrm {Spec} (R).}
If R is an Artinian ring, then this map becomes a bijection.
Matlis' Theorem: For a commutative Noetherian ring R, the map from the isomorphism classes of indecomposable injective modules to the spectrum is a bijection. Moreover, a complete set of representatives for those classes is given by
E
(
R
/
p
)
{\displaystyle E(R/{\mathfrak {p}})\,}
where
E
(
−
)
{\displaystyle E(-)\,}
denotes the injective hull and
p
{\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}\,}
ranges over the prime ideals of R.
For a Noetherian module M over any ring, there are only finitely many associated primes of M.
For the case for commutative Noetherian rings, see also Primary decomposition#Primary decomposition from associated primes.
Examples
If
R
=
C
[
x
,
y
,
z
,
w
]
{\displaystyle R=\mathbb {C} }
the associated prime ideals of
I
=
(
(
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
+
w
2
)
⋅
(
z
3
−
w
3
−
3
x
3
)
)
{\displaystyle I=((x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+w^{2})\cdot (z^{3}-w^{3}-3x^{3}))}
are the ideals
(
x
2
+
y
2
+
z
2
+
w
2
)
{\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+w^{2})}
and
(
z
3
−
w
3
−
3
x
3
)
.
{\displaystyle (z^{3}-w^{3}-3x^{3}).}
If R is the ring of integers, then non-trivial free abelian groups and non-trivial abelian groups of prime power order are coprimary.
If R is the ring of integers and M a finite abelian group, then the associated primes of M are exactly the primes dividing the order of M.
The group of order 2 is a quotient of the integers Z (considered as a free module over itself), but its associated prime ideal (2) is not an associated prime of Z.
Notes
^ Picavet, Gabriel (1985). "Propriétés et applications de la notion de contenu". Communications in Algebra. 13 (10): 2231–2265. doi:10.1080/00927878508823275.
^ Lam 1999, p. 117, Ex 40B.
^ Lam 1999, p. 85.
^ Lam 1999, p. 86.
References
Nicolas Bourbaki, Algèbre commutative
Eisenbud, David (1995), Commutative algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 150, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-94268-1, MR 1322960
Lam, Tsit Yuen (1999), Lectures on modules and rings, Graduate Texts in Mathematics No. 189, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-98428-5, MR 1653294
Matsumura, Hideyuki (1970), Commutative algebra
Mathematics portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Primary decomposition § Primary decomposition from associated primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_decomposition#Primary_decomposition_from_associated_primes"},{"link_name":"abstract algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abstract_algebra"},{"link_name":"module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Module_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ring_(mathematics)"},{"link_name":"prime ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_ideal"},{"link_name":"annihilator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annihilator_(ring_theory)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"commutative algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_algebra"},{"link_name":"Lasker–Noether primary decomposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasker%E2%80%93Noether_theorem"},{"link_name":"commutative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commutative_ring"},{"link_name":"Noetherian rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian_ring"},{"link_name":"primary ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_ideal"},{"link_name":"radicals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radical_of_an_ideal"},{"link_name":"prime ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_ideal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELam1999117Ex_40B-2"}],"text":"This article mainly concerns associated primes in general ring theory. For the specific usage in commutative ring theory, see also Primary decomposition § Primary decomposition from associated primes.In abstract algebra, an associated prime of a module M over a ring R is a type of prime ideal of R that arises as an annihilator of a (prime) submodule of M. The set of associated primes is usually denoted by \n \n \n \n \n Ass\n \n R\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n ,\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Ass} _{R}(M),}\n \n and sometimes called the assassin or assassinator of M (word play between the notation and the fact that an associated prime is an annihilator).[1]In commutative algebra, associated primes are linked to the Lasker–Noether primary decomposition of ideals in commutative Noetherian rings. Specifically, if an ideal J is decomposed as a finite intersection of primary ideals, the radicals of these primary ideals are prime ideals, and this set of prime ideals coincides with \n \n \n \n \n Ass\n \n R\n \n \n \n (\n R\n \n /\n \n J\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Ass} _{R}(R/J).}\n \n[2] Also linked with the concept of \"associated primes\" of the ideal are the notions of isolated primes and embedded primes.","title":"Associated prime"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELam199985-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELam199986-4"},{"link_name":"Noetherian ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian_ring"},{"link_name":"primary ideal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_ideal"}],"text":"A nonzero R-module N is called a prime module if the annihilator \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n n\n n\n \n \n R\n \n \n (\n N\n )\n =\n \n \n A\n n\n n\n \n \n R\n \n \n (\n \n N\n ′\n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ann} _{R}(N)=\\mathrm {Ann} _{R}(N')\\,}\n \n for any nonzero submodule N' of N. For a prime module N, \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n n\n n\n \n \n R\n \n \n (\n N\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ann} _{R}(N)\\,}\n \n is a prime ideal in R.[3]An associated prime of an R-module M is an ideal of the form \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n n\n n\n \n \n R\n \n \n (\n N\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ann} _{R}(N)\\,}\n \n where N is a prime submodule of M. In commutative algebra the usual definition is different, but equivalent:[4] if R is commutative, an associated prime P of M is a prime ideal of the form \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n n\n n\n \n \n R\n \n \n (\n m\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ann} _{R}(m)\\,}\n \n for a nonzero element m of M or equivalently \n \n \n \n R\n \n /\n \n P\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R/P}\n \n is isomorphic to a submodule of M.In a commutative ring R, minimal elements in \n \n \n \n \n Ass\n \n R\n \n \n \n (\n M\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Ass} _{R}(M)}\n \n (with respect to the set-theoretic inclusion) are called isolated primes while the rest of the associated primes (i.e., those properly containing associated primes) are called embedded primes.A module is called coprimary if xm = 0 for some nonzero m ∈ M implies xnM = 0 for some positive integer n. A nonzero finitely generated module M over a commutative Noetherian ring is coprimary if and only if it has exactly one associated prime. A submodule N of M is called P-primary if \n \n \n \n M\n \n /\n \n N\n \n \n {\\displaystyle M/N}\n \n is coprimary with P. An ideal I is a P-primary ideal if and only if \n \n \n \n \n Ass\n \n R\n \n \n \n (\n R\n \n /\n \n I\n )\n =\n {\n P\n }\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\operatorname {Ass} _{R}(R/I)=\\{P\\}}\n \n; thus, the notion is a generalization of a primary ideal.","title":"Definitions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lam 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLam1999"},{"link_name":"essential submodule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential_submodule"},{"link_name":"finitely generated module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finitely_generated_module"},{"link_name":"ascending chain condition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascending_chain_condition"},{"link_name":"uniform module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_module"},{"link_name":"injective modules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective_module"},{"link_name":"spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrum_of_a_ring"},{"link_name":"Artinian ring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artinian_ring"},{"link_name":"injective hull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injective_hull"},{"link_name":"Noetherian module","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noetherian_module"},{"link_name":"Primary decomposition#Primary decomposition from associated primes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_decomposition#Primary_decomposition_from_associated_primes"}],"text":"Most of these properties and assertions are given in (Lam 1999) starting on page 86.If M' ⊆M, then \n \n \n \n \n \n A\n s\n s\n \n \n R\n \n \n (\n \n M\n ′\n \n )\n ⊆\n \n \n A\n s\n s\n \n \n R\n \n \n (\n M\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Ass} _{R}(M')\\subseteq \\mathrm {Ass} _{R}(M).}\n \n If in addition M' is an essential submodule of M, their associated primes coincide.\nIt is possible, even for a commutative local ring, that the set of associated primes of a finitely generated module is empty. However, in any ring satisfying the ascending chain condition on ideals (for example, any right or left Noetherian ring) every nonzero module has at least one associated prime.\nAny uniform module has either zero or one associated primes, making uniform modules an example of coprimary modules.\nFor a one-sided Noetherian ring, there is a surjection from the set of isomorphism classes of indecomposable injective modules onto the spectrum \n \n \n \n \n S\n p\n e\n c\n \n (\n R\n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle \\mathrm {Spec} (R).}\n \n If R is an Artinian ring, then this map becomes a bijection.\nMatlis' Theorem: For a commutative Noetherian ring R, the map from the isomorphism classes of indecomposable injective modules to the spectrum is a bijection. Moreover, a complete set of representatives for those classes is given by \n \n \n \n E\n (\n R\n \n /\n \n \n \n p\n \n \n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E(R/{\\mathfrak {p}})\\,}\n \n where \n \n \n \n E\n (\n −\n )\n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle E(-)\\,}\n \n denotes the injective hull and \n \n \n \n \n \n p\n \n \n \n \n \n {\\displaystyle {\\mathfrak {p}}\\,}\n \n ranges over the prime ideals of R.\nFor a Noetherian module M over any ring, there are only finitely many associated primes of M.For the case for commutative Noetherian rings, see also Primary decomposition#Primary decomposition from associated primes.","title":"Properties"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"free abelian groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_abelian_group"},{"link_name":"abelian groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abelian_group"}],"text":"If \n \n \n \n R\n =\n \n C\n \n [\n x\n ,\n y\n ,\n z\n ,\n w\n ]\n \n \n {\\displaystyle R=\\mathbb {C} [x,y,z,w]}\n \n the associated prime ideals of \n \n \n \n I\n =\n (\n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n ⋅\n (\n \n z\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n \n w\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle I=((x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+w^{2})\\cdot (z^{3}-w^{3}-3x^{3}))}\n \n are the ideals \n \n \n \n (\n \n x\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n y\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n z\n \n 2\n \n \n +\n \n w\n \n 2\n \n \n )\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+w^{2})}\n \n and \n \n \n \n (\n \n z\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n \n w\n \n 3\n \n \n −\n 3\n \n x\n \n 3\n \n \n )\n .\n \n \n {\\displaystyle (z^{3}-w^{3}-3x^{3}).}\n \n\nIf R is the ring of integers, then non-trivial free abelian groups and non-trivial abelian groups of prime power order are coprimary.\nIf R is the ring of integers and M a finite abelian group, then the associated primes of M are exactly the primes dividing the order of M.\nThe group of order 2 is a quotient of the integers Z (considered as a free module over itself), but its associated prime ideal (2) is not an associated prime of Z.","title":"Examples"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Communications in Algebra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Algebra"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1080/00927878508823275","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1080%2F00927878508823275"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELam1999117Ex_40B_2-0"},{"link_name":"Lam 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLam1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELam199985_3-0"},{"link_name":"Lam 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLam1999"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELam199986_4-0"},{"link_name":"Lam 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLam1999"}],"text":"^ Picavet, Gabriel (1985). \"Propriétés et applications de la notion de contenu\". Communications in Algebra. 13 (10): 2231–2265. doi:10.1080/00927878508823275.\n\n^ Lam 1999, p. 117, Ex 40B.\n\n^ Lam 1999, p. 85.\n\n^ Lam 1999, p. 86.","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Picavet, Gabriel (1985). \"Propriétés et applications de la notion de contenu\". Communications in Algebra. 13 (10): 2231–2265. doi:10.1080/00927878508823275.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Algebra","url_text":"Communications in Algebra"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00927878508823275","url_text":"10.1080/00927878508823275"}]},{"reference":"Eisenbud, David (1995), Commutative algebra, Graduate Texts in Mathematics, vol. 150, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-94268-1, MR 1322960","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Eisenbud","url_text":"Eisenbud, David"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate_Texts_in_Mathematics","url_text":"Graduate Texts in Mathematics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-94268-1","url_text":"978-0-387-94268-1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1322960","url_text":"1322960"}]},{"reference":"Lam, Tsit Yuen (1999), Lectures on modules and rings, Graduate Texts in Mathematics No. 189, Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-0-387-98428-5, MR 1653294","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsit_Yuen_Lam","url_text":"Lam, Tsit Yuen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer-Verlag","url_text":"Springer-Verlag"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-98428-5","url_text":"978-0-387-98428-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MR_(identifier)","url_text":"MR"},{"url":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1653294","url_text":"1653294"}]},{"reference":"Matsumura, Hideyuki (1970), Commutative algebra","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hideyuki_Matsumura","url_text":"Matsumura, Hideyuki"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00927878508823275","external_links_name":"10.1080/00927878508823275"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1322960","external_links_name":"1322960"},{"Link":"https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet-getitem?mr=1653294","external_links_name":"1653294"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambroise_Tardieu | Ambroise Tardieu | ["1 About","2 References","3 Further reading","4 External links"] | French cartographer and engraver
Ambroise TardieuBorn(1788-03-02)2 March 1788Paris, FranceDied17 January 1841(1841-01-17) (aged 52)Paris, FranceNationalityFrenchOccupation(s)cartographer, engraver, publisher
Portion of Saint-Domingue map by Tardieu
André-Marie Ampère by Tardieu
Ambroise Tardieu (2 March 1788, in Paris – 17 January 1841, in Paris) was a French cartographer and engraver, and is celebrated for his version of John Arrowsmith's 1806 map of the United States.
About
Tardieu's son, Auguste Ambroise Tardieu (1818–1879), was also an artist and a famous forensic medical scholar, who supplied the illustrations for Pierre François Olive Rayer's three-volume Traité des maladies des reins (1839–41), a treatise on diseases of the kidneys. Neither should be confused with Jean Baptiste Pierre Tardieu, an unrelated French cartographer and engraver active in the early 19th century.
Tardieu came from a family boasting a number of fine engravers, and was trained from an early age by his uncle, Pierre Alexandre Tardieu (1756–1844), a leading French engraver. Showing considerable talent in this field, Ambroise persevered and became a celebrated engraver of portraits. In addition he was appointed as geographical engraver for the French government, for which he received a small stipend. In order to eke out this meagre wage, he began to trade in prints, books and maps. He is remembered for more than 800 portraits engraved through his career, many depicting scientists of the period.
Tardieu published a number of atlases, one of which appeared in 1842 and was titled Atlas universel de geographie, ancienne et moderne/dresse par Ambroise Tardieu pour l'intelligence de la Geographie universelle par Malte-Brun. He also published an inflatable terrestrial globe.
References
^ "Rare Antique Maps : Geographicus: 1802 Tardieu Map of Santo Domingo or Hispaniola, West Indies". Geographicus. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
^ "Ambroise TARDIEU (1788–1841)". Printsandprintmaking.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
^ "The Mineralogical Record – Library". Minrec.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2009-06-10.
^ Beaudouin, Denis; Brenni, Paolo; Turner, Anthony. "Tardieu Ambroise". Dictionary of precision Instrument-makers and related craftsmen. Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL). Retrieved 31 March 2024.
Further reading
Bryan's Dictionary of Painters, 1903–4: 5, 152
Biographie Universelle: 44, 874–5
Nouvelle Biographie Générale (Hoefer)
Thieme & Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon, 1907–50: 32, 443
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ambroise Tardieu.
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Te Papa (New Zealand) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Santo_Domingo01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Saint-Domingue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Domingue"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ampere_Andre_1825.jpg"},{"link_name":"André-Marie Ampère","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"cartographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartography"},{"link_name":"engraver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engraving"},{"link_name":"John Arrowsmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Arrowsmith_(cartographer)"}],"text":"Portion of Saint-Domingue map by TardieuAndré-Marie Ampère by TardieuAmbroise Tardieu (2 March 1788, in Paris – 17 January 1841, in Paris) was a French cartographer and engraver, and is celebrated for his version of John Arrowsmith's 1806 map of the United States.","title":"Ambroise Tardieu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auguste Ambroise Tardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Ambroise_Tardieu"},{"link_name":"Pierre François Olive Rayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Olive_Rayer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Pierre Alexandre Tardieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Alexandre_Tardieu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"atlases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlas"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bibnum-4"}],"text":"Tardieu's son, Auguste Ambroise Tardieu (1818–1879), was also an artist and a famous forensic medical scholar, who supplied the illustrations for Pierre François Olive Rayer's three-volume Traité des maladies des reins (1839–41), a treatise on diseases of the kidneys. Neither should be confused with Jean Baptiste Pierre Tardieu, an unrelated French cartographer and engraver active in the early 19th century.[1][2]Tardieu came from a family boasting a number of fine engravers, and was trained from an early age by his uncle, Pierre Alexandre Tardieu (1756–1844), a leading French engraver. Showing considerable talent in this field, Ambroise persevered and became a celebrated engraver of portraits. In addition he was appointed as geographical engraver for the French government, for which he received a small stipend. In order to eke out this meagre wage, he began to trade in prints, books and maps. He is remembered for more than 800 portraits engraved through his career, many depicting scientists of the period.[3]Tardieu published a number of atlases, one of which appeared in 1842 and was titled Atlas universel de geographie, ancienne et moderne/dresse par Ambroise Tardieu pour l'intelligence de la Geographie universelle par Malte-Brun. He also published an inflatable terrestrial globe.[4]","title":"About"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bryan's Dictionary of Painters, 1903–4: 5, 152\nBiographie Universelle: 44, 874–5\nNouvelle Biographie Générale (Hoefer)\nThieme & Becker, Allgemeines Lexikon, 1907–50: 32, 443","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Portion of Saint-Domingue map by Tardieu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Santo_Domingo01.jpg/220px-Santo_Domingo01.jpg"},{"image_text":"André-Marie Ampère by Tardieu","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Ampere_Andre_1825.jpg/220px-Ampere_Andre_1825.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Rare Antique Maps : Geographicus: 1802 Tardieu Map of Santo Domingo or Hispaniola, West Indies\". Geographicus. Archived from the original on 2008-06-13. Retrieved 2009-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/StDomingue2-tardieu-1802","url_text":"\"Rare Antique Maps : Geographicus: 1802 Tardieu Map of Santo Domingo or Hispaniola, West Indies\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613212333/http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/StDomingue2-tardieu-1802","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Ambroise TARDIEU (1788–1841)\". Printsandprintmaking.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2009-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/catalogues/artist/1400/ambroise-tardieu.aspx","url_text":"\"Ambroise TARDIEU (1788–1841)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174409/http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/catalogues/artist/1400/ambroise-tardieu.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Mineralogical Record – Library\". Minrec.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-27. Retrieved 2009-06-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727090411/http://www.minrec.org/libdetail.asp?id=1364","url_text":"\"The Mineralogical Record – Library\""},{"url":"http://www.minrec.org/libdetail.asp?id=1364","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Beaudouin, Denis; Brenni, Paolo; Turner, Anthony. \"Tardieu Ambroise\". Dictionary of precision Instrument-makers and related craftsmen. Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL). Retrieved 31 March 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://bibnum.explore.psl.eu/s/dictionarypim/ark:/18469/1tq8h","url_text":"\"Tardieu Ambroise\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/StDomingue2-tardieu-1802","external_links_name":"\"Rare Antique Maps : Geographicus: 1802 Tardieu Map of Santo Domingo or Hispaniola, West Indies\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080613212333/http://www.geographicus.com/P/AntiqueMap/StDomingue2-tardieu-1802","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/catalogues/artist/1400/ambroise-tardieu.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Ambroise TARDIEU (1788–1841)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721174409/http://www.printsandprintmaking.gov.au/catalogues/artist/1400/ambroise-tardieu.aspx","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110727090411/http://www.minrec.org/libdetail.asp?id=1364","external_links_name":"\"The Mineralogical Record – Library\""},{"Link":"http://www.minrec.org/libdetail.asp?id=1364","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://bibnum.explore.psl.eu/s/dictionarypim/ark:/18469/1tq8h","external_links_name":"\"Tardieu Ambroise\""},{"Link":"http://www.scienceandsociety.co.uk/results.asp?image=10400512","external_links_name":"Science and Society Picture Library"},{"Link":"http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?artid=2630041","external_links_name":"The Wellcome Trust Centre for the History of Medicine at UCL"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/32043382","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12196475x","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12196475x","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/122302540","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92107594","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35958047","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/explore-art-and-ideas/artist/454/","external_links_name":"Auckland"},{"Link":"http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=4951","external_links_name":"Scientific illustrators"},{"Link":"https://findnzartists.org.nz/artist/14605/","external_links_name":"New Zealand Artists"},{"Link":"http://kulturnav.org/87f2a870-f73c-4aaa-a081-aa5160242a66","external_links_name":"KulturNav"},{"Link":"https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/76510","external_links_name":"RKD Artists"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500012010","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd122302540.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1162919","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pc45f7","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/4672","external_links_name":"Te Papa (New Zealand)"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Francis_Turner | Arthur Francis Turner | ["1 Naval career","2 Personal life","3 References"] | Arthur Francis TurnerNickname(s)AttieBorn23 June 1912Died26 October 1991(1991-10-26) (aged 79)Allegiance United KingdomService/branch Royal NavyYears of service1931 - 1971RankAdmiralBattles/warsWorld War IIAwardsKnight Commander of the Order of the BathDistinguished Service Cross
Admiral Sir (Arthur) Francis Turner KCB DSC (23 June 1912 – 26 October 1991) was a British naval officer. He was the son of Rear Admiral AWJ Turner and his wife Mrs AM Turner (née Lochrane).
Naval career
He entered the navy in 1931, completing a four-year course at the Royal Naval Engineering College at Keyham. During the Second World War Turner travelled to Halifax, Nova Scotia, to commission and bring back HMS Newark to the United Kingdom; then spent a period at the RNEC and at HMS Condor (the Royal Naval Air Station at Arbroath), before joining the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable in 1944 as air engineer officer. Indomitable was the carrier squadron flagship in the British Pacific Fleet and Turner's department maintained a very high aircraft serviceability rate for the fleet's strikes. Turner was twice mentioned in despatches, having taken part in air strikes against Okinawa, Japan in 1945.
After the Second World War, Turner planned the Royal Australian Navy's Fleet Air Arm. From 1954 Turner served in the Engineer in Chief's department at Bath, laying the foundation for the Navy's planned maintenance organisation. His other positions included: Captain Superintendent of the Royal Naval Aircraft Yard at Donibristle (1956–58), Director of Aircraft Maintenance and Planning in London, Chief Staff Officer (Technical) on the Central Staff, Mediterranean Fleet (1962–64), Director-General of Aircraft (Navy) at the Ministry of Defence (1964–67) and Chief of Fleet Support at the Ministry of Defence (1967–71). Turner was promoted to Vice-Admiral in June 1968. In 1970, Turner made naval history by becoming the first officer of a non-executive branch to reach the rank of full Admiral. He was one of the Navy's first specialists in naval aeronautical engineering and pioneered the introduction of planned maintenance to improve the reliability of the fleet's machinery. He retired in 1971.
Personal life
In 1963 Turner married Elizabeth Clare de Trafford, daughter of Captain Edmund Hubert de Trafford (a grandson of Sir Humphrey de Trafford, 2nd Baronet) and his wife Hon. Cecilia Strickland (2nd daughter of Baron Gerald Strickland). They raised two sons: Francis (b. 1966) and Michael (b. 1969). The family settled at Effingham, Surrey where Lady Turner lived in retirement until her death on 30 November 2011, aged 79.
References
^ a b c d e Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives, kcl.ac.uk; accessed 5 April 2016.
^ The Papers of Admiral Sir (Arthur) Francis Turner, accessed 5 April 2016.
^ Biodata, google.com; accessed 5 April 2016.
Military offices
Preceded bySir Raymond Hawkins
Chief of Fleet Support 1967-1971
Succeeded bySir Allan Trewby | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"KCB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_Bath"},{"link_name":"DSC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"}],"text":"Admiral Sir (Arthur) Francis Turner KCB DSC (23 June 1912 – 26 October 1991) was a British naval officer. He was the son of Rear Admiral AWJ Turner and his wife Mrs AM Turner (née Lochrane).","title":"Arthur Francis Turner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Keyham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keyham,_Devon"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Halifax, Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Arbroath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arbroath"},{"link_name":"HMS Indomitable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Indomitable_(92)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"British Pacific Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet"},{"link_name":"mentioned in despatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_despatches"},{"link_name":"Okinawa, Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okinawa_Prefecture"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"Royal Australian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy"},{"link_name":"Bath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bath,_Somerset"},{"link_name":"Donibristle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donibristle"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"Chief of Fleet Support","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fourth_Sea_Lord"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lh-1"}],"text":"He entered the navy in 1931, completing a four-year course at the Royal Naval Engineering College at Keyham. During the Second World War Turner travelled to Halifax, Nova Scotia, to commission and bring back HMS Newark to the United Kingdom; then spent a period at the RNEC and at HMS Condor (the Royal Naval Air Station at Arbroath), before joining the aircraft carrier HMS Indomitable in 1944 as air engineer officer.[1] Indomitable was the carrier squadron flagship in the British Pacific Fleet and Turner's department maintained a very high aircraft serviceability rate for the fleet's strikes. Turner was twice mentioned in despatches, having taken part in air strikes against Okinawa, Japan in 1945.[1]After the Second World War, Turner planned the Royal Australian Navy's Fleet Air Arm. From 1954 Turner served in the Engineer in Chief's department at Bath, laying the foundation for the Navy's planned maintenance organisation. His other positions included: Captain Superintendent of the Royal Naval Aircraft Yard at Donibristle (1956–58), Director of Aircraft Maintenance and Planning in London, Chief Staff Officer (Technical) on the Central Staff, Mediterranean Fleet (1962–64), Director-General of Aircraft (Navy) at the Ministry of Defence (1964–67)[1] and Chief of Fleet Support at the Ministry of Defence (1967–71).[1] Turner was promoted to Vice-Admiral in June 1968. In 1970, Turner made naval history by becoming the first officer of a non-executive branch to reach the rank of full Admiral. He was one of the Navy's first specialists in naval aeronautical engineering and pioneered the introduction of planned maintenance to improve the reliability of the fleet's machinery.[2] He retired in 1971.[1]","title":"Naval career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sir Humphrey de Trafford, 2nd Baronet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Humphrey_de_Trafford,_2nd_Baronet"},{"link_name":"Baron Gerald Strickland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_Strickland,_1st_Baron_Strickland"},{"link_name":"Effingham, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effingham,_Surrey"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"In 1963 Turner married Elizabeth Clare de Trafford, daughter of Captain Edmund Hubert de Trafford (a grandson of Sir Humphrey de Trafford, 2nd Baronet) and his wife Hon. Cecilia Strickland (2nd daughter of Baron Gerald Strickland). They raised two sons: Francis (b. 1966) and Michael (b. 1969). The family settled at Effingham, Surrey where Lady Turner lived in retirement until her death on 30 November 2011, aged 79.[3]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/TURNER2.shtml","external_links_name":"Liddell Hart Centre for Military Archives"},{"Link":"https://archivesearch.lib.cam.ac.uk/repositories/9/resources/1878","external_links_name":"The Papers of Admiral Sir (Arthur) Francis Turner"},{"Link":"https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/peerage-news/DzDRxS_k7ts","external_links_name":"Biodata"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantons_of_the_Yvelines_department | Cantons of the Yvelines department | ["1 References"] | The following is a list of the 21 cantons of the Yvelines department, in France, following the French canton reorganisation which came into effect in March 2015:
Aubergenville
Bonnières-sur-Seine
Chatou
Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
Houilles
Limay
Mantes-la-Jolie
Maurepas
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
Les Mureaux
Plaisir
Poissy
Rambouillet
Saint-Cyr-l'École
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Sartrouville
Trappes
Verneuil-sur-Seine
Versailles-1
Versailles-2
References
^ Décret n° 2014-214 du 21 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département des Yvelines
vteCantons of the Yvelines department
Aubergenville
Bonnières-sur-Seine
Chatou
Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt
Conflans-Sainte-Honorine
Houilles
Limay
Mantes-la-Jolie
Maurepas
Montigny-le-Bretonneux
Les Mureaux
Plaisir
Poissy
Rambouillet
Saint-Cyr-l'École
Saint-Germain-en-Laye
Sartrouville
Trappes
Verneuil-sur-Seine
Versailles-1
Versailles-2
vteAdministrative division of Île-de-France (on 1 January 2022)Prefecture: ParisEssonne (91)Prefecture: Évry-Courcouronnes
Three arrondissements
21 cantons
194 communes
10 legislative constituencies
10 intercommunalitiesHauts-de-Seine (92)Prefecture: Nanterre
Three arrondissements
23 cantons
36 communes
13 legislative constituencies
4 EPTsParis (75)Prefecture: Paris
One departmental arrondissement
1 commune
20 municipal arrondissements
80 administrative quarters
18 legislative constituencies
1 intercommunalitySeine-et-Marne (77)Prefecture: Melun
Five arrondissements
23 cantons
507 communes
11 legislative constituencies
21 intercommunalitiesSeine-Saint-Denis (93)Prefecture: Bobigny
Three arrondissements
21 cantons
40 communes
12 legislative constituencies
4 EPTsVal-de-Marne (94)Prefecture: Créteil
Three arrondissements
25 cantons
47 communes
11 legislative constituencies
3 EPTsVal-d'Oise (95)Prefecture: Pontoise
Three arrondissements
21 cantons
184 communes
10 legislative constituencies
10 intercommunalitiesYvelines (78)Prefecture: Versailles
Four arrondissements
21 cantons
259 communes
12 legislative constituencies
10 intercommunalitiesvteCantons of France by departmentMainland France
Ain
Aisne
Allier
Alpes-de-Haute-Provence
Hautes-Alpes
Alpes-Maritimes
Ardèche
Ardennes
Ariège
Aube
Aude
Aveyron
Bouches-du-Rhône
Calvados
Cantal
Charente
Charente-Maritime
Cher
Corrèze
Corse-du-Sud
Haute-Corse
Côte-d'Or
Côtes-d'Armor
Creuse
Dordogne
Doubs
Drôme
Eure
Eure-et-Loir
Finistère
Gard
Haute-Garonne
Gers
Gironde
Hérault
Ille-et-Vilaine
Indre
Indre-et-Loire
Isère
Jura
Landes
Loir-et-Cher
Loire
Haute-Loire
Loire-Atlantique
Loiret
Lot
Lot-et-Garonne
Lozère
Maine-et-Loire
Manche
Marne
Haute-Marne
Mayenne
Meurthe-et-Moselle
Meuse
Morbihan
Moselle
Nièvre
Nord
Oise
Orne
Pas-de-Calais
Puy-de-Dôme
Pyrénées-Atlantiques
Hautes-Pyrénées
Pyrénées-Orientales
Bas-Rhin
Haut-Rhin
Rhône
Haute-Saône
Saône-et-Loire
Sarthe
Savoie
Haute-Savoie
Seine-Maritime
Seine-et-Marne
Yvelines
Deux-Sèvres
Somme
Tarn
Tarn-et-Garonne
Var
Vaucluse
Vendée
Vienne
Haute-Vienne
Vosges
Yonne
Territoire de Belfort
Essonne
Hauts-de-Seine
Seine-Saint-Denis
Val-de-Marne
Val-d'Oise
Overseas France
Guadeloupe
Martinique
Guyane
Réunion
Mayotte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aubergenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Aubergenville"},{"link_name":"Bonnières-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Bonni%C3%A8res-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Chatou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Chatou"},{"link_name":"Le Chesnay-Rocquencourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Le_Chesnay-Rocquencourt"},{"link_name":"Conflans-Sainte-Honorine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Conflans-Sainte-Honorine"},{"link_name":"Houilles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Houilles"},{"link_name":"Limay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Limay"},{"link_name":"Mantes-la-Jolie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Mantes-la-Jolie"},{"link_name":"Maurepas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Maurepas"},{"link_name":"Montigny-le-Bretonneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Montigny-le-Bretonneux"},{"link_name":"Les Mureaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Les_Mureaux"},{"link_name":"Plaisir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Plaisir"},{"link_name":"Poissy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Poissy"},{"link_name":"Rambouillet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Rambouillet"},{"link_name":"Saint-Cyr-l'École","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Saint-Cyr-l%27%C3%89cole"},{"link_name":"Saint-Germain-en-Laye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Saint-Germain-en-Laye"},{"link_name":"Sartrouville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Sartrouville"},{"link_name":"Trappes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Trappes"},{"link_name":"Verneuil-sur-Seine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Verneuil-sur-Seine"},{"link_name":"Versailles-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Versailles-1"},{"link_name":"Versailles-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canton_of_Versailles-2"}],"text":"Aubergenville\nBonnières-sur-Seine\nChatou\nLe Chesnay-Rocquencourt\nConflans-Sainte-Honorine\nHouilles\nLimay\nMantes-la-Jolie\nMaurepas\nMontigny-le-Bretonneux\nLes Mureaux\nPlaisir\nPoissy\nRambouillet\nSaint-Cyr-l'École\nSaint-Germain-en-Laye\nSartrouville\nTrappes\nVerneuil-sur-Seine\nVersailles-1\nVersailles-2","title":"Cantons of the Yvelines department"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichTexte.do?cidTexte=JORFTEXT000028655852","external_links_name":"Décret n° 2014-214 du 21 février 2014 portant délimitation des cantons dans le département des Yvelines"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Dreger | Darren Dreger | ["1 Broadcasting career","2 Personal life","3 References","4 External links"] | Canadian sportscaster for TSN
Darren DregerBorn (1968-06-13) June 13, 1968 (age 56)Red Deer, AlbertaAlma materWestern Academy Broadcasting CollegeOccupation(s)Sportscaster, and analystEmployerBell MediaKnown forSportscaster on The NHL on TSNSpouseHollyChildren2
Darren Dreger (born June 13, 1968) is a Canadian sportscaster for TSN, and is one of TSN's Hockey Insiders. He had previously hosted Leafs Lunch on CFMJ AM640 Toronto Radio.
Broadcasting career
After graduating from the Western Academy Broadcasting College, Dreger was immediately offered a job from a radio station in Winkler, Manitoba. However, on the same day, he was offered another job closer to home, which he accepted. Beginning in 1992, Dreger lent his voice as a play-by-play announcer for the Brandon Wheat Kings. This lasted until 1993 when he was hired to replace Daren Millard at CTV Winnipeg. While there, he also conducted play-by-play for the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League.
From Winnipeg, Dreger moved to Edmonton in 1997 to report on Edmonton Oilers games and was subsequently hired by Sportsnet as a national host for their NHL package in 1998. Dreger was the former host of Hockey Central on Rogers Sportsnet between 1998 and 2006. On July 14, 2006, it was announced that Dreger would leave Sportsnet and join TSN on July 31, 2006, hence 'crossing the parking lot'.
Dreger won a Gemini Award in 2010 in the Best Sports Reporting category for his coverage of the firing of NHLPA Executive Director Paul Kelly. He was the only reporter in Chicago when the news broke and therefore had sole coverage. In October 2014, Bob McKenzie and Dreger began appearing as a full-time contributors on NBCSN, until NBC Sports lost the NHL hockey rights to both ESPN and Turner Sports in 2021. This was due to the fact that TSN lost their NHL broadcasting rights package to Sportsnet.
Personal life
Dreger was born in Red Deer, Alberta, and grew up in Saskatchewan. Dreger and his wife Holly have two children together, a son and a daughter.
References
^ Kelly, Brad (August 8, 2015). "Brooklin's Darren Dreger a hockey insider for TSN". durhamregion.com. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ "Hockey Players + Students + Books = Jets Reader Club". Shoal Lake Crossroads. Manitoba. December 7, 1993.
^ "Job Hunt Continues for Ritchie". Brandon Sun. Manitoba. August 7, 1996.
^ Stewart, Lanny (January 10, 2017). "Journal Q & A with Darren Dreger". empireadvance.ca. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
^ Dowbiggin, Bruce (September 7, 2009). "TSN's Dreger lands quite a fish in NHLPA derby". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved November 28, 2019.
^ "Dreger, McKenzie set to join NBCSN". Retrieved March 17, 2017.
^ Deitsch, Richard. "Meet NBC's new hockey personalities in this week's Media Circus". Retrieved March 17, 2017.
^ "TSN's Darren Dreger has one cool backyard rink". o.canada.com. December 13, 2013. Archived from the original on August 13, 2015. Retrieved November 29, 2019.
External links
TSN profile
TSN adds Darren Dreger to hockey team
Wheat City Journal article on Darren Dreger
Darren Dreger on X
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Website: NBC Sports - NHL News | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"sportscaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportscaster"},{"link_name":"TSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sports_Network"},{"link_name":"Leafs Lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leafs_Lunch"},{"link_name":"CFMJ AM640 Toronto Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CFMJ"}],"text":"Darren Dreger (born June 13, 1968[citation needed]) is a Canadian sportscaster for TSN, and is one of TSN's Hockey Insiders. 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However, on the same day, he was offered another job closer to home, which he accepted.[1] Beginning in 1992, Dreger lent his voice as a play-by-play announcer for the Brandon Wheat Kings. This lasted until 1993 when he was hired to replace Daren Millard at CTV Winnipeg. [2] While there, he also conducted play-by-play for the Manitoba Moose of the American Hockey League.[3]From Winnipeg, Dreger moved to Edmonton in 1997 to report on Edmonton Oilers games and was subsequently hired by Sportsnet as a national host for their NHL package in 1998.[4] Dreger was the former host of Hockey Central on Rogers Sportsnet between 1998 and 2006. On July 14, 2006, it was announced that Dreger would leave Sportsnet and join TSN on July 31, 2006, hence 'crossing the parking lot'.[citation needed]Dreger won a Gemini Award in 2010 in the Best Sports Reporting category for his coverage of the firing of NHLPA Executive Director Paul Kelly. He was the only reporter in Chicago when the news broke and therefore had sole coverage.[5] In October 2014, Bob McKenzie and Dreger began appearing as a full-time contributors on NBCSN, until NBC Sports lost the NHL hockey rights to both ESPN and Turner Sports in 2021. This was due to the fact that TSN lost their NHL broadcasting rights package to Sportsnet.[6][7]","title":"Broadcasting career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Deer, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Dreger was born in Red Deer, Alberta, and grew up in Saskatchewan. Dreger and his wife Holly have two children together, a son and a daughter.[8]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Kelly, Brad (August 8, 2015). \"Brooklin's Darren Dreger a hockey insider for TSN\". durhamregion.com. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Garrett_%26_Sons | Richard Garrett & Sons | ["1 Products","1.1 Portable engines","1.2 Traction engines","1.3 Steam rollers","1.4 Steam tractors","1.5 Steam wagons","1.6 Electric vehicles","1.7 Trolleybuses","1.8 Diesel wagons","2 References","3 Bibliography","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°12′28″N 1°34′33″E / 52.207800°N 1.575796°E / 52.207800; 1.575796British vehicle manufacturer
This article is about the manufacturer of agricultural machinery, steam engines and trolleybuses located in Leiston, England. For the manufacturer of steam locomotives, including Bayer Garratt articulated locomotives, located in Manchester, see Beyer, Peacock and Company.
52°12′28″N 1°34′33″E / 52.207800°N 1.575796°E / 52.207800; 1.575796
The Garrett Company logo detail on side of lorry cab
Garrett showman's engine The Rambler
R Garrett & Sons traction engine recorded at Fawley Hill, 18 May 2013.
Richard Garrett & Sons was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, steam engines and trolleybuses. Their factory was Leiston Works, in Leiston, Suffolk, England. The company was founded by Richard Garrett in 1778.
The company was active under its original ownership between 1778 and 1932.
In the late 1840s, after cultivating a successful agricultural machine and implement business, the company began producing portable steam engines. The company grew to a major business employing about 2,500 people. Richard Garrett III, grandson of the company's founder, visited the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, where he saw some new American manufacturing ideas. Richard Garrett III introduced flow line production – a very early assembly line – and constructed a new workshop for the purpose in 1852, known as the "long shop" on account of its length. A machine would start at one end of the long shop and as it progressed through the building it would stop at various stages where new parts would be added. There was also an upper level where other parts were made; they would be lowered over a balcony and then fixed onto the machine on the ground level. When the machine reached the end of the shop, it would be complete.
In 1914, following a major fire at the works, it was decided to build a new factory on land that had been owned as a demonstration farm next to the station. From then on the sites were always known as the "Old Works" and the "New Works".
The company joined the Agricultural & General Engineers (AGE) combine in 1919, and the combine entered receivership in 1932.
The company was purchased by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1932 after the collapse of AGE. The business continued as Richard Garrett Engineering Works until the works finally closed in 1981.
Today, part of the old works is preserved as the Long Shop Museum. Some of the offices are used as flats but the rest of that site has been demolished and the land used for housing. Some of the New Works is still used as industrial units while the offices have been converted to flats and more built on the site, known as Colonial House. About 120 of the company's steam engines survived into preservation.
Products
Portable engines
The majority of the steam engines produced by Garrett were portable engines – combined with their fixed steam engines and semi-portables, they represented 89% of the works' output.
Traction engines
Richard Garrett & Sons No.4 showman's tractor 31193, built 1913
Garrett produced a wide range of traction engines and ploughing engines, 49% of which were exported.
Steam rollers
The construction of steam rollers was generally apportioned to Aveling & Porter by the AGE combine, limiting the production of these engines by Garrett. 90% of the rollers produced by Garrett were exported. Garrett rollers were produced under licence under the name "Ansaldo-Garrett" by Gio. Ansaldo & C. of Italy.
Steam tractors
Richard Garrett and Sons are perhaps best known for their steam tractors, the most popular design of which was the Number 4 compound tractor, commonly referred to as the "4CD".
Steam wagons
Garrett Six Wheeled tipping wagon 35464 of 1931
The company produced steam wagons of both the undertype and overtype configurations. Their first steam wagons were three relatively unsuccessful undertypes constructed between 1904 and 1908.
The failed undertype wagons were followed by a relatively successful line of overtypes, the first being constructed in 1909. These wagons were developed using the experience Garrett's designers had gained producing the tractors. The majority of these wagons were fitted with superheaters, a feature used as a marketing point against the un-superheated Foden wagons. The overtype wagons were initially produced in a 5-ton capacity, with a 3-ton design following in 1911. By the early 1920s, the overtype wagon market was declining in the face of competition from undertype steam wagons and petrol wagons. In 1926 a last-ditch attempt was made to produce an updated design of 6-ton capacity using components from the new undertype designs, but only 8 were produced. Overall, 693 overtypes were produced to the firm's designs.
The final Aveling & Porter overtype wagons were assembled by Garrett, under the arrangements made at the formation of AGE.
By 1920 the success of the Sentinel undertypes was evident, and Garretts decided to re-enter the undertype wagon market. Their first prototype was produced in 1921, driven by a two-cylinder engine with piston valves actuated by Joy valve gear. Unusually for the time, the wagon was fitted with Timken roller bearings on the crankshaft, countershaft and axles. This design was built under licence as the "Adamov-Garrett" by Adamov of Czechoslovakia from 1925. In 1926 a prototype rigid six-wheeled wagon was produced. In 1927 a poppet valve engine replaced the earlier design, this being used until the end of production in 1932. 310 wagons were produced in this second phase of undertype construction.
Electric vehicles
Garrett began to look at whether there was a market for electric vehicles in 1912, and having decided that they were ideally suited for certain types of work, produced their first vehicle in 1913. This was a 3.5-ton battery-powered vehicle, intended for local deliveries.
Garrett obtained a patent, No.103,617 in 1916 for an interlocking device, that ensured that the current to the motor of an electric vehicle was disconnected automatically when the brakes were applied, and that ensured the vehicle could not be driven away with the handbrake still applied. One of their first electric vehicles was bought by the Great Eastern Railway, and worked at Norwich. It had an 8 hp (6.0 kW) motor, which was fully enclosed and mounted in front of the rear axle. This was connected to a differential cross shaft by chains running in an oil bath, which was in turn connected to the rear axle by two roller chains. The batteries were mounted below the chassis, to the rear of the driver's seat, while the control system included the patented interlock, providing six forward speeds and four in reverse. The range of the vehicle was between 35 and 40 miles (56 and 64 km) on a single charge, at speeds of 9 to 10 miles per hour (14 to 16 km/h). In 1917 Garrett also made a smaller 2.5-ton model, of a similar design.
With the end of the First World War, many manufacturing companies found themselves freed from their contracts for war supplies for the Ministry of Munitions, including Garrett, who announced in December 1918 that they could take orders again for their 3-ton and 5-ton steam wagons, as well as three types of electric vehicles, the 1.5-ton, 2.5-ton and 3.5-ton models. In January 1919, Lieut-Col F Garrett was appointed to be a representative of the manufacturers of electric vehicles on the Electric Vehicle Committee. At the Roads and Transport Congress held in 1919, Garrett displayed a 2.5-ton electric vehicle with an electrically operated end-tipping body. In a review of electric vehicle manufacturing in East Anglia, Commercial Motor noted that Garrett had experienced a period where it had been difficult to obtain sufficient motors and electrical equipment for their requirements, but that this had been alleviated by taking over a company making these components.
An assessment of the use of electric vehicles by municipalities in 1922 revealed that Garrett had supplied 33 of the 501 in use at the time. In an effort to combat the perception that electric vehicles were particularly slow, Garrett introduced a new chassis in 1922, which was designed for fast delivery work in towns. It was much lighter than previous models, though still able to carry loads of 1.5 to 2 tons, and had a range of around 45 miles (72 km) on a single charge. Commercial Motor noted that the speed was a great improvement on the previous heavy vehicles, but did not give any figures. A Garrett patent controller gave the vehicle eight forward speeds and seven in reverse, controlled by a foot pedal, while the motor was connected to a worm drive on the Timken-Detroit back axle by a carden shaft, rather than using chains. They must also have introduced some larger models, as they won a contract to supply ten 5-ton electric dustcarts to the Sheffield Corporation Cleansing Department in 1923, nine with chain drives, and one with a worm drive.
By the end of the year, they were advertising models carrying from 1.5 tons to 6 tons. The 2.5-ton, 3.5-ton and 5-ton models were each available with two lengths of chassis, with the shorter models able to be fitted with tipping bodies. In 1924 they obtained a patent, No.214,093, jointly with A E Collins of the City Engineers' Office, Norwich, for a system of extra controls, enabling the vehicle to be moved by the driver while he was walking beside it, which would be particularly useful for doorstep deliveries.
In 1926, Garrett won a contract to supply dustcarts to Glasgow Corporation, who were looking for a special design for collecting refuse from the tenements of Govan. Electric vehicles were needed, because much of the refuse was collected during the night. Garrett put a lot of effort into producing a suitable vehicle, which became known as the model GTZ. To make them more manoeuvrable, the front wheels were located behind the cab, and the chassis was redesigned to produce a very low loading line, only 4 feet 8 inches (1.42 m) above the road surface. The batteries were fitted over the front axle, between the cab and the body. Because they were only ever likely to work out of the recycling plant at Govan, tipping gear was not fitted to each vehicle, but was instead built into the Govan plant. The first vehicle of a batch of 36 was completed on 25 February 1927, and proved successful, at Garret eventually supplied 54 GTZ units with solid tyres, and later a smaller batch fitted with pneumatic tyres. They continued to work in Glasgow until the GTZ system was phased out in 1964.
Trolleybuses
When Ipswich Corporation opened their first trolleybus route in 1923, Garrett and another local manufacturer, Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies both saw an opportunity, and decided to enter the trolleybus market. Garrett produced an experimental vehicle in February 1925, with a high straight chassis, solid tyres, and brakes on the rear wheels only. Another member of the Agricultural and General Engineers group, Bull Motors, supplied the 50 hp (37 kW) motor, while Garrett designed and built their own controller for it, operated by a foot pedal. The chassis was then despatched to Charles H Roe of Leeds, who fitted a 32-seat body with a central entrance, and proving trials were carried out on the systems at Leeds, Keighley and Bradford before the vehicle arrived back in Ipswich for extended trials on 16 July 1925. Ipswich kept it until March 1926, when deliveries of their order for 15 trolleybuses began. The bodywork was by Strachan & Brown, complete with 31 seats and dual entrances. The front entrance was designed to facilitate one-man operation, and the front wheels were set back behind it.
Garrett's second prototype was completed in time for the Commercial Motor Show at Olympia in November 1925. The chassis and floor level were lower, and Strachan & Brown fitted a 36-seat body with a central entrance. It was demonstrated on the Mexborough and Swinton system in December, and then ran trials on the Leeds system until November 1926, when it was bought by Bradford. Ipswich's vehicles had a wheelbase of 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m) and solid wheels, but the Type O trolleybus was also offered with a wheelbase of 15 feet 6 inches (4.72 m) and there was an option of having pneumatic types on the shorter chassis. All had a controller manufactured by British Thomson-Houston. A fourth variation was offered, with a 57-seat double deck body, but no orders were received for this model. For the Commercial Motor Show in November 1927, they built a 3-axle Model OS, with double-deck bodywork which they had built themselves.
After the show, the vehicle was hired by Southend-on-Sea Corporation, and subsequently bought by them. Doncaster ordered four similar vehicles, but with 60-seat bodywork by Charles H. Roe, the first of which was tested on the Mexborough and Swinton system, while Southend ordered five more vehicles, with 60-seat bodyword built by Garrett. They produced a 52-page catalogue in May 1929, but the only order received was for three single-deck type O vehicles for Mexborough and Swinton. Building trolleybuses did not prove to be particularly profitable for Garrett, and they decided to withdraw from the market in late 1930. Their final sale was of a demonstrator which had been built to promote sales in Europe, which they converted to right hand drive and sold to Ipswich on 24 November 1931. During the five years in which they had been active in this field, they sold 101 trolleybuses.
Diesel wagons
Garrett were a pioneer in the construction of diesel-engined road vehicles, and their two 1928-built experimental Crude Oil Wagons, known as COWS in the works, are believed to be the first British-built wagons fitted with diesel engines from new. These vehicles were constructed using the chassis and running gear from the undertype wagon designs, one a four-wheeler and the other a six-wheeler, both fitted with a McLaren Benz engine.
The COWS proved the concept of a diesel wagon, and in 1930 the company embarked on designing a production vehicle. Due to the company being part of the AGE combine, the engine chosen for the design was a Blackstone's design, the BHV6. The first vehicle, designated the GB6, was completed in 1931 and a test programme was initiated. The venture was not successful, primarily due to the unreliability of the Blackstone engine, and the perilous economic state of the works at that time. After the company was bought by Beyer Peacock, a half-hearted attempt was made to market the design with a Gardner engine fitted, but no wagon was ever produced.
References
^ a b Ranieri, Malcolm (2005). Traction Engine Album. Crowood Press. p. 37. ISBN 1861267940.
^ "Narratives Of The Industry". Commercial Motor. 2 September 1924. p. 12.
^ "With Intent To Improve". Commercial Motor. 15 March 1917. p. 22.
^ "The Garrett Electric". Commercial Motor. 19 July 1917. p. 9.
^ "The Makers Peace Period Intentions". Commercial Motor. 12 December 1918. p. 8.
^ "Wheels Of Industry". Commercial Motor. 16 January 1919. p. 4.
^ "A Description Of The Exhibits In Alphabetical Orde". Commercial Motor. 18 November 1919. p. 12.
^ "Electric Vehicle Production In East Anglia". Commercial Motor. 7 September 1920. p. 26.
^ "Electric Vehicles in Public Service". Commercial Motor. 16 May 1922. p. 14.
^ "An Express Electric Vehicle". Commercial Motor. 17 October 1922. p. 25.
^ "Wheels Of Industry". Commercial Motor. 20 March 1923. p. 4.
^ "1924 The Intentions Of The Trade". Commercial Motor. 13 November 1923. p. 10.
^ "A New Heavy Fuel Engine". Commercial Motor. 3 June 1924. p. 30.
^ Woods 1998, p. 35.
^ "Wheels Of Industry". Commercial Motor. 15 March 1927. p. 45.
^ Lumb 1995, p. 68.
^ Lumb 1995, pp. 68–69.
^ Lumb 1995, p. 69.
^ Mulley & Higginson 2013.
Bibliography
Lumb, Geoff (1995). British Trolleybues, 1911-1972. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-2347-5.
Mulley, C; Higginson, M, eds. (2013). Companion to Road Passenger Transport History. Roads and Road Transport History Association.
Whitehead, R.A. (1994). Garrett Wagons – Part 1: Pioneers & Overtypes. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-9508298-5-2.
Whitehead, R.A. (1995). Garrett Wagons – Part 2: Undertypes. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 0-9508298-6-2.
Whitehead, R.A. (1996). Garrett Wagons – Part 3: Electrics & Motors. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 0-9508298-7-0.
Woods, Barrie C. (1998). Municipal Refuse Collection Vehicles. Trans-Pennine Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9521070-4-0.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Richard Garrett & Sons.
The Long Shop Museum website
Photographic gallery of the company's traction engines
Richard Garrett III – Saxmundham Website
vteHistoric trolleybus systems in the United KingdomEngland
Ashton-under-Lyne
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Doncaster
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Ipswich
Keighley
Kingston upon Hull
Leeds
London
Maidstone
Manchester
Mexborough and Swinton
Newcastle upon Tyne
Nottingham
Nottinghamshire & Derbyshire
Oldham
Portsmouth
Ramsbottom
Reading
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Teesside
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Museums
Black Country Living Museum
East Anglia Transport Museum
Ipswich Transport Museum
London Transport Museum
North West Museum of Road Transport
The Trolleybus Museum at Sandtoft
Manufacturers
AEC
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British Electric Traction
British United Traction
Clough, Smith
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Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies
Sunbeam
Tilling-Stevens | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beyer, Peacock and Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyer,_Peacock_and_Company"},{"link_name":"52°12′28″N 1°34′33″E / 52.207800°N 1.575796°E / 52.207800; 1.575796","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Richard_Garrett_%26_Sons¶ms=52.207800_N_1.575796_E_"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garrett_Logo_on_side_of_steam_lorry_cab_IMG_0405.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Steam-engine-tractor-Richard-Garrett-and-Sons-The-Rambler-13592.jpg"},{"link_name":"showman's engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showman%27s_engine"},{"link_name":"steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_engine"},{"link_name":"trolleybuses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybus"},{"link_name":"Leiston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leiston"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Richard Garrett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Garrett_(1755%E2%80%931839)"},{"link_name":"portable steam engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_engine"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"assembly line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_line"},{"link_name":"Agricultural & General Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_%26_General_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Beyer, Peacock & Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyer,_Peacock_%26_Company"},{"link_name":"Long Shop Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Shop_Museum"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranieri37-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ranieri37-1"}],"text":"British vehicle manufacturerThis article is about the manufacturer of agricultural machinery, steam engines and trolleybuses located in Leiston, England. For the manufacturer of steam locomotives, including Bayer Garratt articulated locomotives, located in Manchester, see Beyer, Peacock and Company.52°12′28″N 1°34′33″E / 52.207800°N 1.575796°E / 52.207800; 1.575796The Garrett Company logo detail on side of lorry cabGarrett showman's engine The RamblerR Garrett & Sons traction engine recorded at Fawley Hill, 18 May 2013.Richard Garrett & Sons was a manufacturer of agricultural machinery, steam engines and trolleybuses. Their factory was Leiston Works, in Leiston, Suffolk, England. The company was founded by Richard Garrett in 1778.The company was active under its original ownership between 1778 and 1932.In the late 1840s, after cultivating a successful agricultural machine and implement business, the company began producing portable steam engines. The company grew to a major business employing about 2,500 people. Richard Garrett III, grandson of the company's founder, visited the Great Exhibition in London in 1851, where he saw some new American manufacturing ideas. Richard Garrett III introduced flow line production – a very early assembly line – and constructed a new workshop for the purpose in 1852, known as the \"long shop\" on account of its length. A machine would start at one end of the long shop and as it progressed through the building it would stop at various stages where new parts would be added. There was also an upper level where other parts were made; they would be lowered over a balcony and then fixed onto the machine on the ground level. When the machine reached the end of the shop, it would be complete.In 1914, following a major fire at the works, it was decided to build a new factory on land that had been owned as a demonstration farm next to the station. From then on the sites were always known as the \"Old Works\" and the \"New Works\".The company joined the Agricultural & General Engineers (AGE) combine in 1919, and the combine entered receivership in 1932.The company was purchased by Beyer, Peacock & Company in 1932 after the collapse of AGE. The business continued as Richard Garrett Engineering Works until the works finally closed in 1981.Today, part of the old works is preserved as the Long Shop Museum.[1] Some of the offices are used as flats but the rest of that site has been demolished and the land used for housing. Some of the New Works is still used as industrial units while the offices have been converted to flats and more built on the site, known as Colonial House. About 120 of the company's steam engines survived into preservation.[1]","title":"Richard Garrett & Sons"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"portable engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portable_engine"}],"sub_title":"Portable engines","text":"The majority of the steam engines produced by Garrett were portable engines – combined with their fixed steam engines and semi-portables, they represented 89% of the works' output.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hendrina_vr.jpg"},{"link_name":"showman's tractor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Showman%27s_road_locomotive"},{"link_name":"traction engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine"},{"link_name":"ploughing engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughing_engine"}],"sub_title":"Traction engines","text":"Richard Garrett & Sons No.4 showman's tractor 31193, built 1913Garrett produced a wide range of traction engines and ploughing engines, 49% of which were exported.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam rollers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_roller"},{"link_name":"Aveling & Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveling_%26_Porter"},{"link_name":"Gio. Ansaldo & C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gio._Ansaldo_%26_C."}],"sub_title":"Steam rollers","text":"The construction of steam rollers was generally apportioned to Aveling & Porter by the AGE combine, limiting the production of these engines by Garrett. 90% of the rollers produced by Garrett were exported. Garrett rollers were produced under licence under the name \"Ansaldo-Garrett\" by Gio. Ansaldo & C. of Italy.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"steam tractors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traction_engine#Steam_tractor_.28UK.29"},{"link_name":"compound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compound_locomotive"}],"sub_title":"Steam tractors","text":"Richard Garrett and Sons are perhaps best known for their steam tractors, the most popular design of which was the Number 4 compound tractor, commonly referred to as the \"4CD\".","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Garrett_Six-Wheeled_Undertype_Steam_Wagon_No_35464_of_1931.JPG"},{"link_name":"steam wagons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam_wagon"},{"link_name":"superheaters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superheater"},{"link_name":"Foden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foden_Trucks"},{"link_name":"Sentinel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentinel_Waggon_Works"},{"link_name":"piston valves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piston_valve_(steam_engine)"},{"link_name":"Joy valve gear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joy_valve_gear"},{"link_name":"Timken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timken_Company"},{"link_name":"roller bearings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rolling-element_bearing"},{"link_name":"crankshaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crankshaft"},{"link_name":"Adamov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ADAST_a.s.&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Czechoslovakia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czechoslovakia"},{"link_name":"poppet valve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppet_valve"}],"sub_title":"Steam wagons","text":"Garrett Six Wheeled tipping wagon 35464 of 1931The company produced steam wagons of both the undertype and overtype configurations. Their first steam wagons were three relatively unsuccessful undertypes constructed between 1904 and 1908.The failed undertype wagons were followed by a relatively successful line of overtypes, the first being constructed in 1909. These wagons were developed using the experience Garrett's designers had gained producing the tractors. The majority of these wagons were fitted with superheaters, a feature used as a marketing point against the un-superheated Foden wagons. The overtype wagons were initially produced in a 5-ton capacity, with a 3-ton design following in 1911. By the early 1920s, the overtype wagon market was declining in the face of competition from undertype steam wagons and petrol wagons. In 1926 a last-ditch attempt was made to produce an updated design of 6-ton capacity using components from the new undertype designs, but only 8 were produced. Overall, 693 overtypes were produced to the firm's designs.The final Aveling & Porter overtype wagons were assembled by Garrett, under the arrangements made at the formation of AGE.By 1920 the success of the Sentinel undertypes was evident, and Garretts decided to re-enter the undertype wagon market. Their first prototype was produced in 1921, driven by a two-cylinder engine with piston valves actuated by Joy valve gear. Unusually for the time, the wagon was fitted with Timken roller bearings on the crankshaft, countershaft and axles. This design was built under licence as the \"Adamov-Garrett\" by Adamov of Czechoslovakia from 1925. In 1926 a prototype rigid six-wheeled wagon was produced. In 1927 a poppet valve engine replaced the earlier design, this being used until the end of production in 1932. 310 wagons were produced in this second phase of undertype construction.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Great Eastern Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Eastern_Railway"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Commercial Motor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Motor"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWoods199835-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Electric vehicles","text":"Garrett began to look at whether there was a market for electric vehicles in 1912, and having decided that they were ideally suited for certain types of work, produced their first vehicle in 1913.[2] This was a 3.5-ton battery-powered vehicle, intended for local deliveries.Garrett obtained a patent, No.103,617 in 1916 for an interlocking device, that ensured that the current to the motor of an electric vehicle was disconnected automatically when the brakes were applied, and that ensured the vehicle could not be driven away with the handbrake still applied.[3] One of their first electric vehicles was bought by the Great Eastern Railway, and worked at Norwich. It had an 8 hp (6.0 kW) motor, which was fully enclosed and mounted in front of the rear axle. This was connected to a differential cross shaft by chains running in an oil bath, which was in turn connected to the rear axle by two roller chains. The batteries were mounted below the chassis, to the rear of the driver's seat, while the control system included the patented interlock, providing six forward speeds and four in reverse. The range of the vehicle was between 35 and 40 miles (56 and 64 km) on a single charge, at speeds of 9 to 10 miles per hour (14 to 16 km/h). In 1917 Garrett also made a smaller 2.5-ton model, of a similar design.[4]With the end of the First World War, many manufacturing companies found themselves freed from their contracts for war supplies for the Ministry of Munitions, including Garrett, who announced in December 1918 that they could take orders again for their 3-ton and 5-ton steam wagons, as well as three types of electric vehicles, the 1.5-ton, 2.5-ton and 3.5-ton models.[5] In January 1919, Lieut-Col F Garrett was appointed to be a representative of the manufacturers of electric vehicles on the Electric Vehicle Committee.[6] At the Roads and Transport Congress held in 1919, Garrett displayed a 2.5-ton electric vehicle with an electrically operated end-tipping body.[7] In a review of electric vehicle manufacturing in East Anglia, Commercial Motor noted that Garrett had experienced a period where it had been difficult to obtain sufficient motors and electrical equipment for their requirements, but that this had been alleviated by taking over a company making these components.[8]An assessment of the use of electric vehicles by municipalities in 1922 revealed that Garrett had supplied 33 of the 501 in use at the time.[9] In an effort to combat the perception that electric vehicles were particularly slow, Garrett introduced a new chassis in 1922, which was designed for fast delivery work in towns. It was much lighter than previous models, though still able to carry loads of 1.5 to 2 tons, and had a range of around 45 miles (72 km) on a single charge. Commercial Motor noted that the speed was a great improvement on the previous heavy vehicles, but did not give any figures. A Garrett patent controller gave the vehicle eight forward speeds and seven in reverse, controlled by a foot pedal, while the motor was connected to a worm drive on the Timken-Detroit back axle by a carden shaft, rather than using chains.[10] They must also have introduced some larger models, as they won a contract to supply ten 5-ton electric dustcarts to the Sheffield Corporation Cleansing Department in 1923, nine with chain drives, and one with a worm drive.[11]By the end of the year, they were advertising models carrying from 1.5 tons to 6 tons. The 2.5-ton, 3.5-ton and 5-ton models were each available with two lengths of chassis, with the shorter models able to be fitted with tipping bodies.[12] In 1924 they obtained a patent, No.214,093, jointly with A E Collins of the City Engineers' Office, Norwich, for a system of extra controls, enabling the vehicle to be moved by the driver while he was walking beside it, which would be particularly useful for doorstep deliveries.[13]In 1926, Garrett won a contract to supply dustcarts to Glasgow Corporation, who were looking for a special design for collecting refuse from the tenements of Govan. Electric vehicles were needed, because much of the refuse was collected during the night. Garrett put a lot of effort into producing a suitable vehicle, which became known as the model GTZ. To make them more manoeuvrable, the front wheels were located behind the cab, and the chassis was redesigned to produce a very low loading line, only 4 feet 8 inches (1.42 m) above the road surface. The batteries were fitted over the front axle, between the cab and the body. Because they were only ever likely to work out of the recycling plant at Govan, tipping gear was not fitted to each vehicle, but was instead built into the Govan plant. The first vehicle of a batch of 36 was completed on 25 February 1927, and proved successful, at Garret eventually supplied 54 GTZ units with solid tyres, and later a smaller batch fitted with pneumatic tyres. They continued to work in Glasgow until the GTZ system was phased out in 1964.[14][15]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"trolleybus route","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ransomes,_Sims_%26_Jefferies"},{"link_name":"Charles H Roe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_H_Roe"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leeds"},{"link_name":"Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Keighley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Keighley"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Bradford"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumb199568-16"},{"link_name":"Mexborough and Swinton system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexborough_and_Swinton_Traction_Company"},{"link_name":"Leeds system","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Bradford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Bradford"},{"link_name":"British Thomson-Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Thomson-Houston"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumb199568%E2%80%9369-17"},{"link_name":"Southend-on-Sea Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Southend-on-Sea"},{"link_name":"Doncaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_Doncaster"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELumb199569-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMulleyHigginson2013-19"}],"sub_title":"Trolleybuses","text":"When Ipswich Corporation opened their first trolleybus route in 1923, Garrett and another local manufacturer, Ransomes, Sims & Jefferies both saw an opportunity, and decided to enter the trolleybus market. Garrett produced an experimental vehicle in February 1925, with a high straight chassis, solid tyres, and brakes on the rear wheels only. Another member of the Agricultural and General Engineers group, Bull Motors, supplied the 50 hp (37 kW) motor, while Garrett designed and built their own controller for it, operated by a foot pedal. The chassis was then despatched to Charles H Roe of Leeds, who fitted a 32-seat body with a central entrance, and proving trials were carried out on the systems at Leeds, Keighley and Bradford before the vehicle arrived back in Ipswich for extended trials on 16 July 1925. Ipswich kept it until March 1926, when deliveries of their order for 15 trolleybuses began. The bodywork was by Strachan & Brown, complete with 31 seats and dual entrances. The front entrance was designed to facilitate one-man operation, and the front wheels were set back behind it.[16]Garrett's second prototype was completed in time for the Commercial Motor Show at Olympia in November 1925. The chassis and floor level were lower, and Strachan & Brown fitted a 36-seat body with a central entrance. It was demonstrated on the Mexborough and Swinton system in December, and then ran trials on the Leeds system until November 1926, when it was bought by Bradford. Ipswich's vehicles had a wheelbase of 13 feet 6 inches (4.11 m) and solid wheels, but the Type O trolleybus was also offered with a wheelbase of 15 feet 6 inches (4.72 m) and there was an option of having pneumatic types on the shorter chassis. All had a controller manufactured by British Thomson-Houston. A fourth variation was offered, with a 57-seat double deck body, but no orders were received for this model. For the Commercial Motor Show in November 1927, they built a 3-axle Model OS, with double-deck bodywork which they had built themselves. [17]After the show, the vehicle was hired by Southend-on-Sea Corporation, and subsequently bought by them. Doncaster ordered four similar vehicles, but with 60-seat bodywork by Charles H. Roe, the first of which was tested on the Mexborough and Swinton system, while Southend ordered five more vehicles, with 60-seat bodyword built by Garrett. They produced a 52-page catalogue in May 1929, but the only order received was for three single-deck type O vehicles for Mexborough and Swinton. Building trolleybuses did not prove to be particularly profitable for Garrett, and they decided to withdraw from the market in late 1930. Their final sale was of a demonstrator which had been built to promote sales in Europe, which they converted to right hand drive and sold to Ipswich on 24 November 1931.[18] During the five years in which they had been active in this field, they sold 101 trolleybuses.[19]","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"McLaren Benz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%26H_McLaren_%26_Co."},{"link_name":"AGE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agricultural_%26_General_Engineers"},{"link_name":"Blackstone's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackstone_%26_Co"},{"link_name":"Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L_Gardner_%26_Sons"}],"sub_title":"Diesel wagons","text":"Garrett were a pioneer in the construction of diesel-engined road vehicles, and their two 1928-built experimental Crude Oil Wagons, known as COWS in the works, are believed to be the first British-built wagons fitted with diesel engines from new. These vehicles were constructed using the chassis and running gear from the undertype wagon designs, one a four-wheeler and the other a six-wheeler, both fitted with a McLaren Benz engine.The COWS proved the concept of a diesel wagon, and in 1930 the company embarked on designing a production vehicle. Due to the company being part of the AGE combine, the engine chosen for the design was a Blackstone's design, the BHV6. The first vehicle, designated the GB6, was completed in 1931 and a test programme was initiated. The venture was not successful, primarily due to the unreliability of the Blackstone engine, and the perilous economic state of the works at that time. After the company was bought by Beyer Peacock, a half-hearted attempt was made to market the design with a Gardner engine fitted, but no wagon was ever produced.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Allan Publishing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7110-2347-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-2347-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9508298-5-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9508298-5-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9508298-6-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508298-6-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-9508298-7-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508298-7-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-9521070-4-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9521070-4-0"}],"text":"Lumb, Geoff (1995). British Trolleybues, 1911-1972. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-2347-5.\nMulley, C; Higginson, M, eds. (2013). Companion to Road Passenger Transport History. Roads and Road Transport History Association.\nWhitehead, R.A. (1994). Garrett Wagons – Part 1: Pioneers & Overtypes. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-9508298-5-2.\nWhitehead, R.A. (1995). Garrett Wagons – Part 2: Undertypes. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 0-9508298-6-2.\nWhitehead, R.A. (1996). Garrett Wagons – Part 3: Electrics & Motors. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 0-9508298-7-0.\nWoods, Barrie C. (1998). Municipal Refuse Collection Vehicles. Trans-Pennine Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9521070-4-0.","title":"Bibliography"}] | [{"image_text":"The Garrett Company logo detail on side of lorry cab","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Garrett_Logo_on_side_of_steam_lorry_cab_IMG_0405.jpg/220px-Garrett_Logo_on_side_of_steam_lorry_cab_IMG_0405.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garrett showman's engine The Rambler","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Steam-engine-tractor-Richard-Garrett-and-Sons-The-Rambler-13592.jpg/220px-Steam-engine-tractor-Richard-Garrett-and-Sons-The-Rambler-13592.jpg"},{"image_text":"R Garrett & Sons traction engine recorded at Fawley Hill, 18 May 2013."},{"image_text":"Richard Garrett & Sons No.4 showman's tractor 31193, built 1913","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Hendrina_vr.jpg/220px-Hendrina_vr.jpg"},{"image_text":"Garrett Six Wheeled tipping wagon 35464 of 1931","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Garrett_Six-Wheeled_Undertype_Steam_Wagon_No_35464_of_1931.JPG/330px-Garrett_Six-Wheeled_Undertype_Steam_Wagon_No_35464_of_1931.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"Ranieri, Malcolm (2005). Traction Engine Album. Crowood Press. p. 37. ISBN 1861267940.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1861267940","url_text":"1861267940"}]},{"reference":"\"Narratives Of The Industry\". Commercial Motor. 2 September 1924. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/2nd-september-1924/12/narratives-of-the-industry","url_text":"\"Narratives Of The Industry\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_Motor","url_text":"Commercial Motor"}]},{"reference":"\"With Intent To Improve\". Commercial Motor. 15 March 1917. p. 22.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/15th-march-1917/22/with-intent-to-improve","url_text":"\"With Intent To Improve\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Garrett Electric\". Commercial Motor. 19 July 1917. p. 9.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/19th-july-1917/9/the-garrett-electric","url_text":"\"The Garrett Electric\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Makers Peace Period Intentions\". Commercial Motor. 12 December 1918. p. 8.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/12th-december-1918/8/the-makers-peace-period-intentions","url_text":"\"The Makers Peace Period Intentions\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wheels Of Industry\". Commercial Motor. 16 January 1919. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-january-1919/4/wheels-of-industry","url_text":"\"Wheels Of Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"A Description Of The Exhibits In Alphabetical Orde\". Commercial Motor. 18 November 1919. p. 12.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/18th-november-1919/12/a-description-of-the-exhibits-in-alphabetical-orde","url_text":"\"A Description Of The Exhibits In Alphabetical Orde\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electric Vehicle Production In East Anglia\". Commercial Motor. 7 September 1920. p. 26.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/7th-september-1920/26/electric-vehicle-production-in-east-anglia","url_text":"\"Electric Vehicle Production In East Anglia\""}]},{"reference":"\"Electric Vehicles in Public Service\". Commercial Motor. 16 May 1922. p. 14.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-may-1922/14/electric-vehic1-public-service","url_text":"\"Electric Vehicles in Public Service\""}]},{"reference":"\"An Express Electric Vehicle\". Commercial Motor. 17 October 1922. p. 25.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/17th-october-1922/25/an-express-electric-vehicle","url_text":"\"An Express Electric Vehicle\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wheels Of Industry\". Commercial Motor. 20 March 1923. p. 4.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/20th-march-1923/4/wheels-of-industry","url_text":"\"Wheels Of Industry\""}]},{"reference":"\"1924 The Intentions Of The Trade\". Commercial Motor. 13 November 1923. p. 10.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/13th-november-1923/10/1924-the-intentions-of-the-trade","url_text":"\"1924 The Intentions Of The Trade\""}]},{"reference":"\"A New Heavy Fuel Engine\". Commercial Motor. 3 June 1924. p. 30.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/3rd-june-1924/30/a-new-heavy-fuel-engine","url_text":"\"A New Heavy Fuel Engine\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wheels Of Industry\". Commercial Motor. 15 March 1927. p. 45.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/15th-march-1927/45/wheels-of-industry","url_text":"\"Wheels Of Industry\""}]},{"reference":"Lumb, Geoff (1995). British Trolleybues, 1911-1972. Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-2347-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Allan_Publishing","url_text":"Ian Allan Publishing"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-2347-5","url_text":"978-0-7110-2347-5"}]},{"reference":"Mulley, C; Higginson, M, eds. (2013). Companion to Road Passenger Transport History. Roads and Road Transport History Association.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Whitehead, R.A. (1994). Garrett Wagons – Part 1: Pioneers & Overtypes. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 978-0-9508298-5-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9508298-5-2","url_text":"978-0-9508298-5-2"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, R.A. (1995). Garrett Wagons – Part 2: Undertypes. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 0-9508298-6-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508298-6-2","url_text":"0-9508298-6-2"}]},{"reference":"Whitehead, R.A. (1996). Garrett Wagons – Part 3: Electrics & Motors. R.A.Whitehead & Partners. p. 144. ISBN 0-9508298-7-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9508298-7-0","url_text":"0-9508298-7-0"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Barrie C. (1998). Municipal Refuse Collection Vehicles. Trans-Pennine Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9521070-4-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9521070-4-0","url_text":"978-0-9521070-4-0"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Richard_Garrett_%26_Sons¶ms=52.207800_N_1.575796_E_","external_links_name":"52°12′28″N 1°34′33″E / 52.207800°N 1.575796°E / 52.207800; 1.575796"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Richard_Garrett_%26_Sons¶ms=52.207800_N_1.575796_E_","external_links_name":"52°12′28″N 1°34′33″E / 52.207800°N 1.575796°E / 52.207800; 1.575796"},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/2nd-september-1924/12/narratives-of-the-industry","external_links_name":"\"Narratives Of The Industry\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/15th-march-1917/22/with-intent-to-improve","external_links_name":"\"With Intent To Improve\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/19th-july-1917/9/the-garrett-electric","external_links_name":"\"The Garrett Electric\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/12th-december-1918/8/the-makers-peace-period-intentions","external_links_name":"\"The Makers Peace Period Intentions\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-january-1919/4/wheels-of-industry","external_links_name":"\"Wheels Of Industry\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/18th-november-1919/12/a-description-of-the-exhibits-in-alphabetical-orde","external_links_name":"\"A Description Of The Exhibits In Alphabetical Orde\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/7th-september-1920/26/electric-vehicle-production-in-east-anglia","external_links_name":"\"Electric Vehicle Production In East Anglia\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/16th-may-1922/14/electric-vehic1-public-service","external_links_name":"\"Electric Vehicles in Public Service\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/17th-october-1922/25/an-express-electric-vehicle","external_links_name":"\"An Express Electric Vehicle\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/20th-march-1923/4/wheels-of-industry","external_links_name":"\"Wheels Of Industry\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/13th-november-1923/10/1924-the-intentions-of-the-trade","external_links_name":"\"1924 The Intentions Of The Trade\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/3rd-june-1924/30/a-new-heavy-fuel-engine","external_links_name":"\"A New Heavy Fuel Engine\""},{"Link":"http://archive.commercialmotor.com/article/15th-march-1927/45/wheels-of-industry","external_links_name":"\"Wheels Of Industry\""},{"Link":"http://www.longshopmuseum.co.uk/","external_links_name":"The Long Shop Museum website"},{"Link":"http://www.steam-up.co.uk/garrett/garrett.htm","external_links_name":"Photographic gallery of the company's traction engines"},{"Link":"http://www.saxmundham.org/aboutsax/people.html#richardgarrett","external_links_name":"Richard Garrett III"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dear_Rouge | Dear Rouge | ["1 History","1.1 Formation and early years","1.2 Black to Gold (2013–2016)","1.3 PHASES (2017–2019)","1.4 Spirit (2020-2022)","1.5 Lonesome High (2023-Present)","2 Touring","3 Awards and nominations","4 Discography","4.1 Studio albums","4.2 Singles","4.3 Charting history","5 References","6 External links"] | Canadian indie rock band
Dear RougeBackground informationOriginVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaGenresAlternative rock, dance-rockYears active2012–presentLabelsUniversal Music Canada, Cadence Music GroupMembersDanielle McTaggartDrew McTaggartWebsitewww.dearrouge.com
Dear Rouge are a Juno award-winning Vancouver-based alternative rock band formed in 2012 by Drew and Danielle McTaggart.
History
Formation and early years
Drew and Danielle McTaggart were both touring musicians under separate projects. They met while in their early touring days and began dating before getting married and starting Dear Rouge. The name of the duo is derived from the name of Danielle's home town, Red Deer, Alberta, "dear" being a homophone of deer and "rouge" meaning red in French. Danielle had previously been in a duo called Gaetz Ave, named after a street in Red Deer, and then a solo venture called Elle. Drew was a member of Vancouver indie circuit band Maclean.
In April 2012, Dear Rouge independently released their debut EP Heads Up! Watch Out!, a four-song EP on their Bandcamp page, and followed up six months later with their second EP Kids Wanna Know.
In November 2012, Dear Rouge won $102,700 as the grand prize winners of the Peak Performance Project put on by the Music BC Industry Organization and CKPK-FM radio station in Vancouver.
In June 2013, Exposure Contest and Dear Rouge partnered up to present a video editing contest in support of their single, "Thinking About You", from their Kids Wanna Know EP. The contest drew a wide social media spread, accumulating hundreds of entrants from around the world.
Black to Gold (2013–2016)
Main article: Black to Gold
Dear Rouge released their single "I Heard I Had" on October 14, 2013.Excerpt of "I Heard I Had"In March 2014, "I Heard I Had" charted at #3 in Alternative Rock (Mediabase), #3 in Modern Rock (Mediabase), and at #13 in Canadian Rock (BDS radio). The song also won the 2015 SOCAN Songwriting Prize, an annual competition that honours the best song written and released by 'emerging' songwriters over the past year, as voted by the public. The band released their second single "Best Look Lately" on April 22, 2014. As of September 2014, it had also cracked the Top 20 of the Canadian Alternative Rock and Modern Rock charts.
The band then signed to the Canadian branch of Universal Music Group in October 2014, and announced that their debut album Black To Gold will be released through them in early 2015. The band's next single, title track "Black To Gold", was sent to radio on January 13, 2015. The single was made available digitally on February 10 along with a pre-order for the album.
On February 2, the band announced March 30th as the release date for the album and a tour with Arkells. As of May 2015, "Black To Gold" had hit #2 on the Canadian Alt-Rock charts. Their final single from Black To Gold, "Tongues", was sent to radio on June 23, 2015, and charted on Canadian Alternative Rock throughout summer 2015.
Dear Rouge recorded the title song for the Canadian TV series Private Eyes a cover of the Hall and Oates song of the same name.
On April 2, 2016, Dear Rouge won the Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year, and also performed "I Heard I Had" on the live broadcast on April 3, 2016.
That year, Danielle McTaggart also contributed vocals to David Vertesi's song "Solid Ground", on his album "Sad Dad Cruise Ship".
PHASES (2017–2019)
Dear Rouge spent most of 2017 touring while writing and recording their second album. They worked with several notable producers and writers, including Tawgs Salter, Sterling Fox, and Steve Bays.
The first single from the duo's second record, "Boys & Blondes", was released on October 27, 2017. It debuted on the Canadian Alternative Rock Charts at #20 on November 7, 2017. As of February 2018, it had peaked at #6.
Dear Rouge performing live in 2018
On February 2, 2018, the duo announced their second record PHASES would be released on March 9, 2018. It was released to positive reviews from music publications including Exclaim! and The Spill Magazine. The album peaked on the NACC 200 at #32, and on the NACC Electronic at #9.
The second single from PHASES, "Live Through The Night", was sent to radio in May 2018. Dear Rouge announced a string of festival tour dates for the summer which was followed by their fall 2018 headlining tour with Modern Space as support. "Live Through The Night" became the band's first single to hit #1 on the Canadian Alternative Rock Charts on August 13, 2018.
Dear Rouge won Pop Artist of the Year and Songwriters of the Year for the PHASES track "Chains" at the 2018 Western Canadian Music Awards.
On March 9, 2019, the band released a deluxe version of PHASES to celebrate the 1 year anniversary of the record. The deluxe version featured the same 10 track listing plus 5 additional previously unreleased tracks; "Please Don’t Ever Settle Down", "MINE", "Basic", "Never Satisfied", and "Wanna Love". Dear Rouge then supported Arkells on the western USA dates of the Rally Cry Tour.
Spirit (2020-2022)
Dear Rouge appeared on a virtual "Canada Day House Party" festival alongside Sam Roberts Band, Dean Brody and more on July 1, 2020. The band also hosted online shows playing their records front-to-back, and mentioned they were working on new music. Over the spring of 2021 the band shared across their social media they were in the studio working on their third full-length record.
On September 1, 2021, the band shared a teaser clip across their social media and announced their new single "Fake Fame" will be released September 10, 2021. The single debuted on the Canadian Alternative Rock Charts at #26. As of January 24, 2022, it had hit #1 on the Canadian Alternative Rock Charts, the band's second single to do so.
Another new single, "Life Goes By And I Can't Keep Up" was released on October 27, 2021, along with a music video.
On January 28, 2022, the band announced their new album Spirit will be released April 8, 2022, and will contain 12 tracks. They also released the song "Small Talk" from the record along with the announcement.
Alongside the release of Spirit, the single "Gimme Spirit" was serviced to radio. Dear Rouge then supported Metric across Western Canada in August 2022.
The band announced they will be touring across Canada in the winter of 2022 with Hotel Mira as support.
Lonesome High (2023-Present)
Dear Rouge appeared at various festivals throughout Canada over 2023, including Sommo Festival, and Area506. The band appeared on CBC's Canada Day nationwide broadcast, playing their track "Gimme Spirit" from Calgary, AB. The band also shared on their socials that they were working on a new record at Giant Studios in Toronto, ON with Gus van Go.
The band released their new single "Goon" on March 8, 2024, the first single from their upcoming new record. The band then released the track "Too Close To The Heat" on April 26, 2024, and announced their new record Lonesome High would be out September 13, 2024. Another new track "Not Afraid To Dance" was released June 7, 2024 ahead of the band's summer tour dates.
Touring
The band toured across Canada in the spring of 2013, and again in the winter of 2013, also covering Western Canada with a number of shows supporting Lights. In March 2014 the band announced another cross Canada tour supporting Fast Romantics. Throughout the summer of 2014, Dear Rouge played a number of festivals across Canada including Edgefest in Toronto, Otalith in Ucluelet, Shorefest in Vancouver, X-Fest in Calgary, Sonic Boom in Edmonton, and Rifflandia in Victoria.
The band toured Canada supporting Phantogram and Mounties throughout December 2014. The band supported Arkells on their Winter Canadian tour dates throughout Canada over February and March 2015. Summer 2015 saw them play festivals across Canada again, including the inaugural Wayhome Festival. Throughout the fall and winter of 2015, Dear Rouge headlined venues across Canada with Rah Rah and sold out many notable venues including Commodore Ballroom in Vancouver and Mod Club in Toronto. They then toured Europe in December 2015. They spent 2016 mostly writing and recording, but appeared at summer festivals like Field Trip in Toronto, and Osheaga Festival in Montreal. Dear Rouge played select dates and festivals through summer 2017.
Dear Rouge played at SXSW 2018 and then supported Lights throughout Canada in the spring of 2018. Throughout the summer of 2018, Dear Rouge played notable slots at major festivals such as Rock The Shores in Colwood, BC, Ottawa Bluesfest, Riverfest Elora, and the inaugural SKOOKUM Festival in Vancouver, BC. Their headlining PHASES release tour began in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, in September 2018 and ended in Seattle, WA in mid-November 2018.
The band supported Arkells on the US West Coast dates of their Rally Cry Tour through March 2019. Over the summer months, Dear Rouge played several festivals across Canada, including the inaugural Squamish Constellation Festival, and Osheaga in Montreal. The band then supported Our Lady Peace, Bush, and Live on the revival of the Summersault Festival. Dear Rouge capped off 2019 performing at the Grey Cup Festival in Calgary, Alberta.
Dear Rouge returned to playing live shows in 2021 with a performance at the Calgary Stampede. Over the summer of 2022, Dear Rouge supported Vance Joy in Vancouver and Toronto, played festivals across BC and Ontario, and then toured across Western Canada supporting Metric. The band then headlined a tour across Canada with sold out shows in St.Catharines, Toronto, and Victoria.
Awards and nominations
Year
Organization
Award
Work or author awarded
Result
2012
Peak Performance Project
Grand Prize Summit Award
Dear Rouge
Winner
2013
Shore 104
Best of BC
Dear Rouge
Winner
CBC Bucky Awards
Most Dynamic Duo
Dear Rouge
Nominated
2014
CASBY Awards
Favourite New Artist
Dear Rouge
Nominated
2015
Canadian Radio Music Awards
Best New Group or Solo Artist: Rock
Dear Rouge
Nominated
2015
SOCAN
SOCAN Songwriting Prize
"I Heard I Had"
Winner
2016
Juno Awards
Breakthrough Group of the Year
Dear Rouge
Winner
2017
Western Canadian Music Awards
Pop Artist of the Year
Dear Rouge
Nominated
Recording of the Year
Black to Gold
Nominated
2018
Western Canadian Music Awards
Pop Artist of the Year
Dear Rouge
Winner
Recording of the Year
PHASES
Nominated
Songwriter(s) of the Year
"Chains"
Winner
2022
Indies
Group or Duo of the Year
Dear Rouge
Winner
Song of the Year
"Fake Fame"
Nominated
Western Canadian Music Awards
Rock Artist of the Year
Dear Rouge
Nominated
2023
Western Canadian Music Awards
Recording of the Year
Spirit
Nominated
Discography
Studio albums
Heads Up! Watch Out! (EP) (April 24, 2012)
Kids Wanna Know (EP) (October 9, 2012)
Black To Gold (March 30, 2015)
PHASES (March 9, 2018)
Spirit (April 8, 2022)
Lonesome High (September 13, 2024)
Singles
"I Heard I Had" (October 15, 2013)
"Best Look Lately" (April 22, 2014)
"Black To Gold" (February 10, 2015)
"Tongues" (June 23, 2015)
"Boys & Blondes" (October 27, 2017)
"Live Through The Night" (May 25, 2018)
"Modern Shakedown" (January 18, 2019)
"Fake Fame" (September 10, 2021)
"Gimme Spirit" (April 8, 2022)
"Meet Me At The Rio" (August 9, 2022)
"Goon" (March 8, 2024)
Charting history
Year
Song
Chart Peak
Albums
CAN Alt
CAN Active
2013
"I Heard I Had"
3
13
Black to Gold
2014
"Best Look Lately"
12
25
2015
"Black to Gold"
2
12
"Tongues"
11
20
2017
"Boys & Blondes"
6
15
PHASES
2018
"Live Through The Night"
1
5
2019
"Modern Shakedown"
6
22
2021
"Fake Fame"
1
9
Spirit
2022
"Gimme Spirit"
9
15
"Meet Me At The Rio"
8
35
2024
"Goon"
4
18
Lonesome High
References
^ "Drew and Danielle McTaggart formed Dear Rouge in the summer of 2009". "Georgia Straight", July 19, 2013.
^ "Gaetz Ave. Artist Profile | Biography And Discography". Newreleasetoday.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
^ "Dear Rouge's Danielle and Drew McTaggart dream big and aim high". The Georgia Straight. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
^ "Released 24 April 2012" Archived 3 September 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Dear Rouge Bandcamp Page, December 11, 2013.
^ "Released 09 October 2012" Archived 3 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Dear Rouge Bandcamp Page, December 11, 2013.
^ "the winner of the 2012 edition of the contest: Vancouver pop-rock act Dear Rouge." "Exclaim! Magazine", November 23rd, 2012.
^ "The project was created by 102.7 The Peak and Music BC to develop BC based emerging artists." Archived 2013-10-24 at the Wayback Machine "Music BC"
^ "They’re now crowd-sourcing the editing of their latest music video, which somehow they found the time to film.", Miss604, April 4, 2013.
^ "184 editors from around the world signed up, 40 made the cut" Archived 2013-12-14 at the Wayback Machine "Exposure Contest", June 1, 2013
^ "AMERICA'S MUSIC CHARTS -- 0 2 . 0 2 . 1 0 -- powered by MEDIABASE". 7 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
^ "BDSRadio Charts". Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2013-12-12.
^ "Past Nominees and Winners - SOCAN Songwriting Prize". Archived from the original on 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2016-06-03.
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^ "David Vertesi - Solid Ground (Featuring Danielle McTaggart)". 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2018-04-05 – via YouTube.
^ "JUNO AWARD-WINNING DUO DEAR ROUGE ANNOUNCE THEIR SOPHOMORE ALBUM, PHASES, OUT MARCH 9". Umusic.ca. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
^ "CANADA: ALTERNATIVE ROCK". Americasmusiccharts.com. Retrieved 10 November 2017.
^ "Dear Rouge Phases". exclaim.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
^ "SPILL ALBUM REVIEW: DEAR ROUGE - PHASES". The Spill Magazine. 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-04-05.
^ @SeanWGraham (June 26, 2018). "'We are back on the road again! Catch us on tour with our friends in @DearRouge starting September. We're goin coas…" (Tweet) – via Twitter.
^ "Music Awards". Breakoutwest.ca. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
^ "DEAR ROUGE PHASES (DELUXE) OUT NOW". Umusic.ca. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
^ "Sam Roberts Band, Dean Brody, Cadence Weapon, Dear Rouge and more to play first-ever Canada Day House Party, presented by AIR MILES". Newswire.ca. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
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^ "Dear Rouge share sentimental video for delicate new single 'Life Goes By And I Can't Keep Up'". Indie88.com. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
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^ "Dear Rouge Announce 'Spirit' & Release 'Small Talk'". 28 January 2022.
^ "Metric announce new album 'Formentera' & 2022 tour (Hear "All Comes Crashing")".
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^ "Saint John's AREA 506 Gets Billy Talent, Metric, the Sheepdogs, the Beaches for 2023 Festival | Exclaim!".
^ https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1.6895628
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^ "Jessie Reyez, Wintersleep & More Will headline New Squamish Music Festival". Narcity.com. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2021.
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^ a b "Canada Rock". Billboard. Retrieved March 10, 2015.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dear Rouge.
Dear Rouge official website
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Luna Li (2023)
French
Ève Cournoyer (2006)
Tricot Machine (2007)
Karkwa (2008)
Bernard Adamus (2009)
Vulgaires Machins (2010)
Galaxie (2011)
Koriass (2012)
Keith Kouna (2013)
Patrice Michaud (2014)
Antoine Corriveau (2015)
Laurence Nerbonne (2016)
Klô Pelgag (2017)
Loud (2018)
Tizzo (2019)
Félix Dyotte (2020)
Thierry Larose (2021)
Hubert Lenoir (2022)
Gab Bouchard (2023)
Authority control databases International
ISNI
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"alternative rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"}],"text":"Dear Rouge are a Juno award-winning Vancouver-based alternative rock band formed in 2012 by Drew and Danielle McTaggart.","title":"Dear Rouge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Red Deer, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Deer,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bandcamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandcamp"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Peak Performance Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peak_Performance_Project"},{"link_name":"CKPK-FM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CKPK-FM"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Formation and early years","text":"Drew and Danielle McTaggart were both touring musicians under separate projects. They met while in their early touring days and began dating before getting married and starting Dear Rouge. The name of the duo is derived from the name of Danielle's home town, Red Deer, Alberta, \"dear\" being a homophone of deer and \"rouge\" meaning red in French.[1] Danielle had previously been in a duo called Gaetz Ave, named after a street in Red Deer,[2] and then a solo venture called Elle. Drew was a member of Vancouver indie circuit band Maclean.[3]In April 2012, Dear Rouge independently released their debut EP Heads Up! Watch Out!, a four-song EP on their Bandcamp page,[4] and followed up six months later with their second EP Kids Wanna Know.[5]In November 2012, Dear Rouge won $102,700[6] as the grand prize winners of the Peak Performance Project put on by the Music BC Industry Organization and CKPK-FM radio station in Vancouver.[7]In June 2013, Exposure Contest and Dear Rouge partnered up to present a video editing contest in support of their single, \"Thinking About You\", from their Kids Wanna Know EP.[8] The contest drew a wide social media spread, accumulating hundreds of entrants from around the world.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Heard I Had","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Heard_I_Had"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"SOCAN Songwriting Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOCAN_Songwriting_Prize"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Best Look Lately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Look_Lately"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Universal Music Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Music_Group"},{"link_name":"Black To Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_To_Gold"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Arkells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkells"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Private Eyes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Eyes_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_Eyes_(song)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juno_Award_for_Breakthrough_Group_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Black to Gold (2013–2016)","text":"Dear Rouge released their single \"I Heard I Had\" on October 14, 2013.Excerpt of \"I Heard I Had\"In March 2014, \"I Heard I Had\" charted at #3 in Alternative Rock (Mediabase),[10] #3 in Modern Rock (Mediabase), and at #13 in Canadian Rock (BDS radio).[11] The song also won the 2015 SOCAN Songwriting Prize, an annual competition that honours the best song written and released by 'emerging' songwriters over the past year, as voted by the public.[12] The band released their second single \"Best Look Lately\" on April 22, 2014.[13] As of September 2014, it had also cracked the Top 20 of the Canadian Alternative Rock and Modern Rock charts.The band then signed to the Canadian branch of Universal Music Group in October 2014, and announced that their debut album Black To Gold will be released through them in early 2015. The band's next single, title track \"Black To Gold\", was sent to radio on January 13, 2015.[14] The single was made available digitally on February 10 along with a pre-order for the album.On February 2, the band announced March 30th as the release date for the album and a tour with Arkells.[15] As of May 2015, \"Black To Gold\" had hit #2 on the Canadian Alt-Rock charts. Their final single from Black To Gold, \"Tongues\", was sent to radio on June 23, 2015, and charted on Canadian Alternative Rock throughout summer 2015.Dear Rouge recorded the title song for the Canadian TV series Private Eyes a cover of the Hall and Oates song of the same name.[16]On April 2, 2016, Dear Rouge won the Juno Award for Breakthrough Group of the Year, and also performed \"I Heard I Had\" on the live broadcast on April 3, 2016.\n[17]That year, Danielle McTaggart also contributed vocals to David Vertesi's song \"Solid Ground\", on his album \"Sad Dad Cruise Ship\".[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tawgs Salter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tawgs_Salter"},{"link_name":"Sterling Fox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterling_Fox"},{"link_name":"Steve Bays","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Bays"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dear_Rouge_at_Riverfest_Elora_2018-2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Exclaim!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exclaim!"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Western Canadian Music Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Canadian_Music_Awards"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Arkells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkells"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"PHASES (2017–2019)","text":"Dear Rouge spent most of 2017 touring while writing and recording their second album. They worked with several notable producers and writers, including Tawgs Salter, Sterling Fox, and Steve Bays.[19]The first single from the duo's second record, \"Boys & Blondes\", was released on October 27, 2017. It debuted on the Canadian Alternative Rock Charts at #20 on November 7, 2017.[20] As of February 2018, it had peaked at #6.Dear Rouge performing live in 2018On February 2, 2018, the duo announced their second record PHASES would be released on March 9, 2018. It was released to positive reviews from music publications including Exclaim![21] and The Spill Magazine.[22] The album peaked on the NACC 200 at #32, and on the NACC Electronic at #9.The second single from PHASES, \"Live Through The Night\", was sent to radio in May 2018. Dear Rouge announced a string of festival tour dates for the summer which was followed by their fall 2018 headlining tour with Modern Space as support.[23] \"Live Through The Night\" became the band's first single to hit #1 on the Canadian Alternative Rock Charts on August 13, 2018.Dear Rouge won Pop Artist of the Year and Songwriters of the Year for the PHASES track \"Chains\" at the 2018 Western Canadian Music Awards.[24]On March 9, 2019, the band released a deluxe version of PHASES to celebrate the 1 year anniversary of the record. The deluxe version featured the same 10 track listing plus 5 additional previously unreleased tracks; \"Please Don’t Ever Settle Down\", \"MINE\", \"Basic\", \"Never Satisfied\", and \"Wanna Love\". Dear Rouge then supported Arkells on the western USA dates of the Rally Cry Tour.[25]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sam Roberts Band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Roberts_Band"},{"link_name":"Dean Brody","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_Brody"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(band)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"Hotel Mira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hotel_Mira"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Spirit (2020-2022)","text":"Dear Rouge appeared on a virtual \"Canada Day House Party\" festival alongside Sam Roberts Band, Dean Brody and more on July 1, 2020.[26] The band also hosted online shows playing their records front-to-back, and mentioned they were working on new music. Over the spring of 2021 the band shared across their social media they were in the studio working on their third full-length record.On September 1, 2021, the band shared a teaser clip across their social media and announced their new single \"Fake Fame\" will be released September 10, 2021. The single debuted on the Canadian Alternative Rock Charts at #26. As of January 24, 2022, it had hit #1 on the Canadian Alternative Rock Charts, the band's second single to do so.[27]Another new single, \"Life Goes By And I Can't Keep Up\" was released on October 27, 2021, along with a music video.[28]On January 28, 2022, the band announced their new album Spirit will be released April 8, 2022, and will contain 12 tracks.[29] They also released the song \"Small Talk\" from the record along with the announcement.[30]Alongside the release of Spirit, the single \"Gimme Spirit\" was serviced to radio. Dear Rouge then supported Metric across Western Canada in August 2022.[31]The band announced they will be touring across Canada in the winter of 2022 with Hotel Mira as support.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Gus van Go","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gus_van_Go"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"}],"sub_title":"Lonesome High (2023-Present)","text":"Dear Rouge appeared at various festivals throughout Canada over 2023, including Sommo Festival,[33] and Area506.[34] The band appeared on CBC's Canada Day nationwide broadcast, playing their track \"Gimme Spirit\" from Calgary, AB.[35] The band also shared on their socials that they were working on a new record at Giant Studios in Toronto, ON with Gus van Go.[36]The band released their new single \"Goon\" on March 8, 2024, the first single from their upcoming new record.[37] The band then released the track \"Too Close To The Heat\" on April 26, 2024, and announced their new record Lonesome High would be out September 13, 2024. Another new track \"Not Afraid To Dance\" was released June 7, 2024 ahead of the band's summer tour dates.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_(musician)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Fast Romantics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_Romantics"},{"link_name":"Edgefest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgefest"},{"link_name":"Ucluelet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucluelet"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Phantogram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phantogram_(band)"},{"link_name":"Mounties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mounties_(band)"},{"link_name":"Arkells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkells"},{"link_name":"Rah Rah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rah_Rah_(band)"},{"link_name":"Commodore Ballroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commodore_Ballroom"},{"link_name":"Mod Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod_Club"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Osheaga Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osheaga_Festival"},{"link_name":"SXSW","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXSW"},{"link_name":"Lights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lights_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Bluesfest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Bluesfest"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"Arkells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkells"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"Osheaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osheaga"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Our Lady Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Our_Lady_Peace"},{"link_name":"Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bush_(British_band)"},{"link_name":"Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Live_(band)"},{"link_name":"Grey Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grey_Cup"},{"link_name":"Calgary Stampede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Stampede"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Vance Joy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Joy"},{"link_name":"Metric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metric_(band)"}],"text":"The band toured across Canada in the spring of 2013,[38] and again in the winter of 2013, also covering Western Canada with a number of shows supporting Lights.[39] In March 2014 the band announced another cross Canada tour supporting Fast Romantics. Throughout the summer of 2014, Dear Rouge played a number of festivals across Canada including Edgefest in Toronto, Otalith in Ucluelet, Shorefest in Vancouver, X-Fest in Calgary, Sonic Boom in Edmonton, and Rifflandia in Victoria.[40]The band toured Canada supporting Phantogram and Mounties throughout December 2014. The band supported Arkells on their Winter Canadian tour dates throughout Canada over February and March 2015. Summer 2015 saw them play festivals across Canada again, including the inaugural Wayhome Festival. Throughout the fall and winter of 2015, Dear Rouge headlined venues across Canada with Rah Rah and sold out many notable venues including Commodore Ballroom in Vancouver and Mod Club in Toronto.[41] They then toured Europe in December 2015. They spent 2016 mostly writing and recording, but appeared at summer festivals like Field Trip in Toronto, and Osheaga Festival in Montreal. Dear Rouge played select dates and festivals through summer 2017.Dear Rouge played at SXSW 2018 and then supported Lights throughout Canada in the spring of 2018. Throughout the summer of 2018, Dear Rouge played notable slots at major festivals such as Rock The Shores in Colwood, BC, Ottawa Bluesfest, Riverfest Elora, and the inaugural SKOOKUM Festival in Vancouver, BC. Their headlining PHASES release tour began in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, in September 2018 and ended in Seattle, WA in mid-November 2018.[42]The band supported Arkells on the US West Coast dates of their Rally Cry Tour through March 2019. Over the summer months, Dear Rouge played several festivals across Canada, including the inaugural Squamish Constellation Festival,[43] and Osheaga in Montreal.[44] The band then supported Our Lady Peace, Bush, and Live on the revival of the Summersault Festival. Dear Rouge capped off 2019 performing at the Grey Cup Festival in Calgary, Alberta.Dear Rouge returned to playing live shows in 2021 with a performance at the Calgary Stampede.[45] Over the summer of 2022, Dear Rouge supported Vance Joy in Vancouver and Toronto, played festivals across BC and Ontario, and then toured across Western Canada supporting Metric. The band then headlined a tour across Canada with sold out shows in St.Catharines, Toronto, and Victoria.","title":"Touring"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black To Gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_To_Gold"}],"sub_title":"Studio albums","text":"Heads Up! Watch Out! (EP) (April 24, 2012)\nKids Wanna Know (EP) (October 9, 2012)\nBlack To Gold (March 30, 2015)\nPHASES (March 9, 2018)\nSpirit (April 8, 2022)\nLonesome High (September 13, 2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I Heard I Had","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Heard_I_Had"},{"link_name":"Best Look Lately","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Look_Lately"}],"sub_title":"Singles","text":"\"I Heard I Had\" (October 15, 2013)\n\"Best Look Lately\" (April 22, 2014)\n\"Black To Gold\" (February 10, 2015)\n\"Tongues\" (June 23, 2015)\n\"Boys & Blondes\" (October 27, 2017)\n\"Live Through The Night\" (May 25, 2018)\n\"Modern Shakedown\" (January 18, 2019)\n\"Fake Fame\" (September 10, 2021)\n\"Gimme Spirit\" (April 8, 2022)\n\"Meet Me At The Rio\" (August 9, 2022)\n\"Goon\" (March 8, 2024)","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Charting history","title":"Discography"}] | [{"image_text":"Excerpt of \"I Heard I Had\""},{"image_text":"Dear Rouge performing live in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Dear_Rouge_at_Riverfest_Elora_2018-2.jpg/220px-Dear_Rouge_at_Riverfest_Elora_2018-2.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Gaetz Ave. Artist Profile | Biography And Discography\". Newreleasetoday.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newreleasetoday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=1436","url_text":"\"Gaetz Ave. Artist Profile | Biography And Discography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Rouge's Danielle and Drew McTaggart dream big and aim high\". The Georgia Straight. 12 November 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.straight.com/music/576566/dear-rouges-danielle-and-drew-mctaggart-dream-big-and-aim-high","url_text":"\"Dear Rouge's Danielle and Drew McTaggart dream big and aim high\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Georgia_Straight","url_text":"The Georgia Straight"}]},{"reference":"\"AMERICA'S MUSIC CHARTS -- 0 2 . 0 2 . 1 0 -- powered by MEDIABASE\". 7 February 2010. Archived from the original on 2010-02-07. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100207214419/http://americasmusiccharts.com/index.cgi?fmt=Z7","url_text":"\"AMERICA'S MUSIC CHARTS -- 0 2 . 0 2 . 1 0 -- powered by MEDIABASE\""},{"url":"http://americasmusiccharts.com/index.cgi?fmt=Z7","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"BDSRadio Charts\". Archived from the original on 2018-03-12. Retrieved 2013-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180312010032/http://charts.bdsradio.com/bdsradiocharts/charts.aspx?formatid=37","url_text":"\"BDSRadio Charts\""},{"url":"http://charts.bdsradio.com/bdsradiocharts/charts.aspx?formatid=37","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Past Nominees and Winners - SOCAN Songwriting Prize\". Archived from the original on 2017-06-06. Retrieved 2016-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606114756/http://www.socansongwritingprize.ca/past-nominees-and-winners/","url_text":"\"Past Nominees and Winners - SOCAN Songwriting Prize\""},{"url":"http://www.socansongwritingprize.ca/past-nominees-and-winners/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Rouge Release Follow-up Single \"Best Look Lately\" | the Province\". Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2014-05-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140508224451/http://blogs.theprovince.com/2014/04/22/dear-rouge-release-follow-up-single-best-look-lately/","url_text":"\"Dear Rouge Release Follow-up Single \"Best Look Lately\" | the Province\""},{"url":"http://blogs.theprovince.com/2014/04/22/dear-rouge-release-follow-up-single-best-look-lately/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Press Release Archive\". Umusic.ca. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222011829/https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/","url_text":"\"Press Release Archive\""},{"url":"https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Synth-Rock Duo Dear Rouge Announce March 30th Major Label Debut \"Black To Gold\"\". Thatericalper.com. 3 February 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thatericalper.com/2015/02/02/synth-rock-duo-dear-rouge-announce-march-30th-major-label-debut-black-to-gold/","url_text":"\"Synth-Rock Duo Dear Rouge Announce March 30th Major Label Debut \"Black To Gold\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Rouge 'Private Eyes' Theme\". Etcanada.com. Archived from the original on January 24, 2017. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170124195428/http://etcanada.com/video/692732995993/dear-rouge-private-eyes-theme/","url_text":"\"Dear Rouge 'Private Eyes' Theme\""},{"url":"https://etcanada.com/video/692732995993/dear-rouge-private-eyes-theme/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Q&A;: Vancouver breakthrough group Dear Rouge talks Juno Awards glory\". Archived from the original on 2016-04-25. Retrieved 2019-01-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160425100332/http://www.calgaryherald.com/entertainment/vancouver+breakthrough+group+dear+rouge+talks/11828985/story.html","url_text":"\"Q&A;: Vancouver breakthrough group Dear Rouge talks Juno Awards glory\""},{"url":"https://calgaryherald.com/entertainment/vancouver+breakthrough+group+dear+rouge+talks/11828985/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"David Vertesi - Solid Ground (Featuring Danielle McTaggart)\". 2016-06-13. Retrieved 2018-04-05 – via YouTube.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EJ8qyvqnYcU","url_text":"\"David Vertesi - Solid Ground (Featuring Danielle McTaggart)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"JUNO AWARD-WINNING DUO DEAR ROUGE ANNOUNCE THEIR SOPHOMORE ALBUM, PHASES, OUT MARCH 9\". Umusic.ca. Archived from the original on 22 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20211222011832/https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/juno-award-winning-duo-dear-rouge-announce-sophomore-album-phases-march-9/","url_text":"\"JUNO AWARD-WINNING DUO DEAR ROUGE ANNOUNCE THEIR SOPHOMORE ALBUM, PHASES, OUT MARCH 9\""},{"url":"https://www.umusic.ca/press-releases/juno-award-winning-duo-dear-rouge-announce-sophomore-album-phases-march-9/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"CANADA: ALTERNATIVE ROCK\". Americasmusiccharts.com. Retrieved 10 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.americasmusiccharts.com/index.cgi?fmt=Z7","url_text":"\"CANADA: ALTERNATIVE ROCK\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Rouge Phases\". exclaim.ca. Retrieved 2018-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://exclaim.ca/music/article/dear_rouge-phases","url_text":"\"Dear Rouge Phases\""}]},{"reference":"\"SPILL ALBUM REVIEW: DEAR ROUGE - PHASES\". The Spill Magazine. 2018-03-09. Retrieved 2018-04-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://spillmagazine.com/spill-album-review-dear-rouge-phases/","url_text":"\"SPILL ALBUM REVIEW: DEAR ROUGE - PHASES\""}]},{"reference":"@SeanWGraham (June 26, 2018). \"'We are back on the road again! Catch us on tour with our friends in @DearRouge starting September. We're goin coas…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/SeanWGraham/status/1011730773244669952","url_text":"\"'We are back on the road again! Catch us on tour with our friends in @DearRouge starting September. 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Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newswire.ca/news-releases/sam-roberts-band-dean-brody-cadence-weapon-dear-rouge-and-more-to-play-first-ever-canada-day-house-party-presented-by-air-miles-r--824315179.html","url_text":"\"Sam Roberts Band, Dean Brody, Cadence Weapon, Dear Rouge and more to play first-ever Canada Day House Party, presented by AIR MILES\""}]},{"reference":"@MediabaseCharts (January 24, 2022). \"\"Congratulations to Dear Rouge for their New No. 1 hit with \"Fake Fame\" on the Mediabase Canada Alternative Music C…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/MediabaseCharts/status/1485743731315777541","url_text":"\"\"Congratulations to Dear Rouge for their New No. 1 hit with \"Fake Fame\" on the Mediabase Canada Alternative Music C…\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)","url_text":"Tweet"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter","url_text":"Twitter"}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Rouge share sentimental video for delicate new single 'Life Goes By And I Can't Keep Up'\". Indie88.com. 27 October 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://indie88.com/dear-rouge-share-sentimental-video-for-delicate-new-single-life-goes-by-and-i-cant-keep-up/","url_text":"\"Dear Rouge share sentimental video for delicate new single 'Life Goes By And I Can't Keep Up'\""}]},{"reference":"@DearRouge (January 28, 2022). \"Announcing our new album 🔷 Spirit 🔷 coming to you April 22! This album is all about honesty and letting you in on h…\" (Tweet) – via Twitter.","urls":[{"url":"https://x.com/DearRouge/status/1487103756911013891","url_text":"\"Announcing our new album 🔷 Spirit 🔷 coming to you April 22! 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JamBase.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jambase.com/concerts","url_text":"\"Concerts & Concert Tickets\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Rouge\". Songkick.com. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.songkick.com/artists/5828359-dear-rouge","url_text":"\"Dear Rouge\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Rouge with Rah Rah at The Mod Club - Concert Reviews\". Liveinlimbo.com. 8 November 2015. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liveinlimbo.com/2015/11/08/concert-reviews/dear-rouge-with-rah-rah-at-the-mod-club.html","url_text":"\"Dear Rouge with Rah Rah at The Mod Club - Concert Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dear Rouge Announces National Headlining Tour For Fall 2018 - That Eric Alper\". That Eric Alper. 2018-04-27. Retrieved 2018-06-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thatericalper.com/2018/04/27/dear-rouge-announces-national-headlining-tour-for-fall-2018/","url_text":"\"Dear Rouge Announces National Headlining Tour For Fall 2018 - That Eric Alper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jessie Reyez, Wintersleep & More Will headline New Squamish Music Festival\". Narcity.com. 29 April 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.narcity.com/news/ca/bc/squamish-constellation-festival-july-2019-line-up-released","url_text":"\"Jessie Reyez, Wintersleep & More Will headline New Squamish Music Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Osheaga Announces 2019 Lineup with Childish Gambino, the Chemical Brothers, Tame Impala\". Exclaim.ca. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://exclaim.ca/music/article/osheaga_announces_2019_lineup_with_childish_gambino_the_chemical_brothers_tame_impala","url_text":"\"Osheaga Announces 2019 Lineup with Childish Gambino, the Chemical Brothers, Tame Impala\""}]},{"reference":"\"All-Canadian concert lineup announced for Stampede Summer Stage\". Calgary.ctvnews.ca. 24 June 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://calgary.ctvnews.ca/all-canadian-concert-lineup-announced-for-stampede-summer-stage-1.5483758","url_text":"\"All-Canadian concert lineup announced for Stampede Summer Stage\""}]},{"reference":"\"Canada Rock\". Billboard. Retrieved March 10, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.billboard.com/biz/search/charts?f%5B0%5D=ts_chart_artistname%3ADear%20Rouge&f%5B1%5D=itm_field_chart_id%3A1243&f%5B2%5D=ss_bb_type%3Achart_item&type=2&artist=Dear%20Rouge","url_text":"\"Canada Rock\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)","url_text":"Billboard"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.dearrouge.com/","external_links_name":"www.dearrouge.com"},{"Link":"https://www.straight.com/blogra/402476/squamish-valley-music-festival-band-day-dear-rouge","external_links_name":"\"Drew and Danielle McTaggart formed Dear Rouge in the summer of 2009\""},{"Link":"https://www.newreleasetoday.com/artistdetail.php?artist_id=1436","external_links_name":"\"Gaetz Ave. Artist Profile | Biography And Discography\""},{"Link":"https://www.straight.com/music/576566/dear-rouges-danielle-and-drew-mctaggart-dream-big-and-aim-high","external_links_name":"\"Dear Rouge's Danielle and Drew McTaggart dream big and aim high\""},{"Link":"https://dearrouge.bandcamp.com/album/heads-up-watch-out-ep","external_links_name":"\"Released 24 April 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130903154811/http://dearrouge.bandcamp.com/album/heads-up-watch-out-ep","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://dearrouge.bandcamp.com/album/kids-wanna-know","external_links_name":"\"Released 09 October 2012\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131103005448/http://dearrouge.bandcamp.com/album/kids-wanna-know","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://exclaim.ca/News/vancouvers_dear_rouge_win_102700_in_peak_performance_project","external_links_name":"\"the winner of the 2012 edition of the contest: Vancouver pop-rock act Dear Rouge.\""},{"Link":"http://www.musicbc.org/peak-performance-project/","external_links_name":"\"The project was created by 102.7 The Peak and Music BC to develop BC based emerging artists.\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131024010652/http://www.musicbc.org/peak-performance-project/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.miss604.com/2013/04/exposure-video-editing-contest-from-dear-rouge.html","external_links_name":"\"They’re now crowd-sourcing the editing of their latest music video, which somehow they found the time to film.\""},{"Link":"http://exposure-contest.ca/event/","external_links_name":"\"184 editors from around the world signed up, 40 made the cut\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131214010402/http://exposure-contest.ca/event/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100207214419/http://americasmusiccharts.com/index.cgi?fmt=Z7","external_links_name":"\"AMERICA'S MUSIC CHARTS -- 0 2 . 0 2 . 1 0 -- powered by MEDIABASE\""},{"Link":"http://americasmusiccharts.com/index.cgi?fmt=Z7","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180312010032/http://charts.bdsradio.com/bdsradiocharts/charts.aspx?formatid=37","external_links_name":"\"BDSRadio Charts\""},{"Link":"http://charts.bdsradio.com/bdsradiocharts/charts.aspx?formatid=37","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170606114756/http://www.socansongwritingprize.ca/past-nominees-and-winners/","external_links_name":"\"Past Nominees and Winners - 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Falls | Lyons Falls, New York | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 43°37′1″N 75°21′42″W / 43.61694°N 75.36167°W / 43.61694; -75.36167
Village in New York, United StatesLyons Falls, New York
High Falls, Lyon's FallsVillageLyons FallsShow map of New YorkLyons FallsShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 43°37′1″N 75°21′42″W / 43.61694°N 75.36167°W / 43.61694; -75.36167CountryUnited StatesStateNew YorkCountyLewisTownsWest Turin, LyonsdaleArea • Total1.07 sq mi (2.77 km2) • Land0.97 sq mi (2.52 km2) • Water0.10 sq mi (0.25 km2)Elevation830 ft (253 m)Population (2020) • Total570 • Density584.62/sq mi (225.81/km2)Time zoneUTC-5 (Eastern (EST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-4 (EDT)ZIP code13368Area code315FIPS code36-44006GNIS feature ID956202
Lyons Falls is a village in Lewis County, New York, United States. The population was 566 at the 2010 census. The village is on the border of the towns of West Turin and Lyonsdale. It is at the junction of state Routes 12 and 12D, approximately 14 miles (23 km) south of Lowville, the county seat.
History
The village was at the northern end of the Black River Canal, when it was completed in 1858.
The Forest Presbyterian Church, Gould Mansion Complex, and The Pines are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Wildwood Cemetery and Mary Lyon Fisher Memorial Chapel was added in 2011.
Geography
Lyons Falls is located in southern Lewis County at 43°37′1″N 75°21′42″W / 43.61694°N 75.36167°W / 43.61694; -75.36167 (43.616984, -75.361750). According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), of which 1.0 square mile (2.5 km2) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2), or 9.03%, are water. The village is situated at a 70-foot (21 m) waterfall on the Black River, which flows northward through the village and is joined from the east just above the falls by the Moose River. Most of the village is in the town of West Turin, on the west side of the Black River, while a less densely developed part of the village, including Riverside Park, is in the town of Lyonsdale on the east side of the river.
New York State Route 12 passes through the west side of the village, leading north 14 miles (23 km) to Lowville and south 10 miles (16 km) to Boonville. Route 12D crosses Route 12 on an overpass, with connection via Cherry Street. 12D leads south to Boonville as well, following a more westerly 11-mile (18 km) route.
Demographics
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
1900470—191075961.5%19208187.8%19308827.8%1940818−7.3%19508645.6%19608872.7%1970852−3.9%1980755−11.4%1990698−7.5%2000591−15.3%2010566−4.2%20205700.7%U.S. Decennial Census
As of the census of 2000, there were 591 people, 238 households, and 157 families residing in the village. The population density was 602.1 inhabitants per square mile (232.5/km2). There were 294 housing units at an average density of 299.5 per square mile (115.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.82% White, 0.68% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.17% of the population.
There were 238 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.01.
In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.4 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $27,375, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $21,071 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,204. About 12.9% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.
References
^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lyons Falls, New York
^ "ArcGIS REST Services Directory". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.
^ "Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Lyons Falls village, New York". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
^ "National Register of Historic Places Listings". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 6/27/11 through 7/01/11. National Park Service. July 8, 2011.
^ "US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.
^ "Village of Lyons Falls". Lyons Falls, NY. Retrieved June 1, 2020.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
External links
Official website
vteMunicipalities and communities of Lewis County, New York, United StatesCounty seat: LowvilleTowns
Croghan
Denmark
Diana
Greig
Harrisburg
Lewis
Leyden
Lowville
Lyonsdale
Martinsburg
Montague
New Bremen
Osceola
Pinckney
Turin
Watson
West Turin
Villages
Castorland
Constableville
Copenhagen
Croghan
Lowville
Lyons Falls
Port Leyden
Turin
CDPs
Harrisville
Other hamlets
Beaver Falls
Deer River
Glenfield
Mohawk Hill
Talcottville
West Leyden
List of other hamlets
New York portal
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Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York#Village"},{"link_name":"Lewis County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2010-3"},{"link_name":"West Turin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Turin,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Lyonsdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyonsdale,_New_York"},{"link_name":"state Routes 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_12"},{"link_name":"12D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_State_Route_12D"},{"link_name":"Lowville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowville_(village),_New_York"}],"text":"Village in New York, United StatesLyons Falls is a village in Lewis County, New York, United States. The population was 566 at the 2010 census.[3] The village is on the border of the towns of West Turin and Lyonsdale. It is at the junction of state Routes 12 and 12D, approximately 14 miles (23 km) south of Lowville, the county seat.","title":"Lyons Falls, New York"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Black River Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_Canal"},{"link_name":"Forest Presbyterian Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Presbyterian_Church"},{"link_name":"Gould Mansion Complex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gould_Mansion_Complex"},{"link_name":"The Pines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pines_(Lyons_Falls,_New_York)"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nris-4"},{"link_name":"Wildwood Cemetery and Mary Lyon Fisher Memorial Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildwood_Cemetery_and_Mary_Lyon_Fisher_Memorial_Chapel"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nps-5"}],"text":"The village was at the northern end of the Black River Canal, when it was completed in 1858.The Forest Presbyterian Church, Gould Mansion Complex, and The Pines are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.[4] The Wildwood Cemetery and Mary Lyon Fisher Memorial Chapel was added in 2011.[5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"43°37′1″N 75°21′42″W / 43.61694°N 75.36167°W / 43.61694; -75.36167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lyons_Falls,_New_York¶ms=43_37_1_N_75_21_42_W_type:city"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR1-6"},{"link_name":"United States Census Bureau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Black River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_River_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Moose River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moose_River_(New_York)"},{"link_name":"Boonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boonville_(village),_New_York"}],"text":"Lyons Falls is located in southern Lewis County at 43°37′1″N 75°21′42″W / 43.61694°N 75.36167°W / 43.61694; -75.36167 (43.616984, -75.361750).[6] According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km2), of which 1.0 square mile (2.5 km2) are land and 0.1 square miles (0.3 km2), or 9.03%, are water. The village is situated at a 70-foot (21 m) waterfall[7] on the Black River, which flows northward through the village and is joined from the east just above the falls by the Moose River. Most of the village is in the town of West Turin, on the west side of the Black River, while a less densely developed part of the village, including Riverside Park, is in the town of Lyonsdale on the east side of the river.New York State Route 12 passes through the west side of the village, leading north 14 miles (23 km) to Lowville and south 10 miles (16 km) to Boonville. Route 12D crosses Route 12 on an overpass, with connection via Cherry Street. 12D leads south to Boonville as well, following a more westerly 11-mile (18 km) route.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GR2-9"},{"link_name":"White","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"other races","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_(United_States_Census)"},{"link_name":"Hispanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hispanic_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"Latino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latino_(U.S._Census)"},{"link_name":"married couples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage"},{"link_name":"per capita income","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_capita_income"},{"link_name":"poverty line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poverty_line"}],"text":"As of the census[9] of 2000, there were 591 people, 238 households, and 157 families residing in the village. The population density was 602.1 inhabitants per square mile (232.5/km2). There were 294 housing units at an average density of 299.5 per square mile (115.6/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 98.82% White, 0.68% from other races, and 0.51% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.17% of the population.There were 238 households, out of which 26.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 27.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.48 and the average family size was 3.01.In the village, the population was spread out, with 23.7% under the age of 18, 9.3% from 18 to 24, 23.5% from 25 to 44, 26.7% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 110.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 100.4 males.The median income for a household in the village was $27,375, and the median income for a family was $41,250. Males had a median income of $35,000 versus $21,071 for females. The per capita income for the village was $17,204. About 12.9% of families and 16.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.2% of those under age 18 and 15.3% of those age 65 or over.","title":"Demographics"}] | [{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Lewis_County.svg/180px-Map_of_New_York_highlighting_Lewis_County.svg.png"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 20, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","url_text":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""}]},{"reference":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Lyons Falls village, New York\". data.census.gov. U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved June 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3644006&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","url_text":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Lyons Falls village, New York\""}]},{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\". Weekly List of Actions Taken on Properties: 6/27/11 through 7/01/11. National Park Service. July 8, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20110708.htm","url_text":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""}]},{"reference":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\". United States Census Bureau. February 12, 2011. Retrieved April 23, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","url_text":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]},{"reference":"\"Village of Lyons Falls\". Lyons Falls, NY. Retrieved June 1, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://villageoflyonsfalls.com/","url_text":"\"Village of Lyons Falls\""}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Population and Housing\". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","url_text":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""}]},{"reference":"\"U.S. Census website\". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.census.gov/","url_text":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau","url_text":"United States Census Bureau"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lyons_Falls,_New_York¶ms=43_37_1_N_75_21_42_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"43°37′1″N 75°21′42″W / 43.61694°N 75.36167°W / 43.61694; -75.36167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lyons_Falls,_New_York¶ms=43_37_1_N_75_21_42_W_region:US_type:city","external_links_name":"43°37′1″N 75°21′42″W / 43.61694°N 75.36167°W / 43.61694; -75.36167"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lyons_Falls,_New_York¶ms=43_37_1_N_75_21_42_W_type:city","external_links_name":"43°37′1″N 75°21′42″W / 43.61694°N 75.36167°W / 43.61694; -75.36167"},{"Link":"https://edits.nationalmap.gov/apps/gaz-domestic/public/search/names/956202","external_links_name":"U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Lyons Falls, New York"},{"Link":"https://tigerweb.geo.census.gov/arcgis/rest/services/TIGERweb/Places_CouSub_ConCity_SubMCD/MapServer","external_links_name":"\"ArcGIS REST Services Directory\""},{"Link":"https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=1600000US3644006&tid=DECENNIALSF12010.P1","external_links_name":"\"Total Population: 2010 Census DEC Summary File 1 (P1), Lyons Falls village, New York\""},{"Link":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","external_links_name":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"Link":"http://www.cr.nps.gov/nr/listings/20110708.htm","external_links_name":"\"National Register of Historic Places Listings\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/geographies/reference-files/time-series/geo/gazetteer-files.html","external_links_name":"\"US Gazetteer files: 2010, 2000, and 1990\""},{"Link":"http://villageoflyonsfalls.com/","external_links_name":"\"Village of Lyons Falls\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census.html","external_links_name":"\"Census of Population and Housing\""},{"Link":"https://www.census.gov/","external_links_name":"\"U.S. Census website\""},{"Link":"http://villageoflyonsfalls.com/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/25159939562225252641","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2020100088","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_Publishers_(Australia) | Universal Publishers (Australia) | ["1 Company profile","2 Products","3 Comprehensive directories","4 Cartography","5 References"] | Australian publisher
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Universal PublishersIndustryMap-makingHeadquartersSydney, AustraliaKey peopleAstrid BrowneManaging DirectorProductsUBD-Gregory's Street Directories and mapsWebsitehttps://www.hardiegrant.com/au/travel
Universal Publishers produce the ubiquitous UBD-Gregory's street directories in Australia. The names of these publications have come to be used as a generic term for street directories in many Australian cities.
Company profile
Universal publishes street directories, guides, maps and road atlases and is Australia's largest mapping and travel-related products publisher. The company distributes travel, language, and cartographic ranges for Berlitz, Insight Guides, Michelin and Marco Polo.
Products
Australian capital city street directories
State street directories for each state and territory
'CityLink' directories containing Brisbane, Melbourne or Sydney street directories and surrounding regional areas
'Compact' street directories for capital cities and 'mini' street directories for eastern states capital cities
Regional street directories for each state containing town maps and a road atlas. The Northern Territory town maps and road atlas are integrated into the South Australia directory
A variety of fold-out maps covering capital cities, regional areas and entire states
DVD versions of the capital/regional city street directories and regional Cities and Towns directories
Road atlases covering the whole of Australia
The above products were branded UBD prior to the 2012 editions when production of standalone Gregory's street directories ceased in favour of cobranded UBD-Gregory's directories retaining the UBD format, UBD-Gregory's Darwin 2013, 4th edition. The last standalone Gregory's directory was the commemorative 75th Edition Sydney street directory, published in 2011.
2018 directories showed as being issued by UBD as a subsidiary to Hardie Grant Travel while 2019 directories show as being issued by Hardie Grant Travel with no mention of UBD although the Hardie Grant website shows the publisher as UBD Gregory's.
Comprehensive directories
While primarily street directories, UBD and Gregory's also contain details on public transport (train and light rail, tickets and prices), bicycle paths, suburb and postcode details, public parks and reserves, landmarks (such as commercial buildings, telephone boxes, pubs and restaurants), attractions, and also boat mooring details in recognised docks. They also contain maps of university campuses and crematoria. Prior to the UBD-Gregory's merger the UBD Compact street directories also contained a 'Cityside guide' with tourist information.
Cartography
The rendering of roads in most city and town maps uses the traditional drawing of two lines with the road name printed in between, (known as 'double casing'). In the UBD Melbourne directory maps show a single line with the name above or below the road to make it more appealing to people familiar with the Melway street directory, however older Melbourne UBD maps, such as those from the 1980s or earlier, used the double casing method. This mapping style is also used for road atlas maps and main road maps.
UBD products are notorious for continuing to contain copyright traps: fictitious streets or buildings or other features, included for purposes of identifying competitor's products that have copied UBD's data without fieldchecking it. For this reason, UBD's and Gregory's products cannot be relied on completely for historical research. An example of a copyright trap is the 'boomerang factory' that appeared for many years on the UBD map of Canberra, in the industrial suburb of Fyshwick, on the corner of Newcastle and Barrier streets, which location was in fact an exgovernment furniture depot. In other cases short dead-end streets or laneways (with or without names), or long-forgotten proposed roads, may appear.
Because of potential legal ramifications, regarding deliberately publishing erroneous information, copyright traps were removed from all mapping products in the 1990s.
As UBD's products are mainly designed for motorists, they do not show all pedestrian laneways in a city, particularly in cities like Canberra which have many footpaths connecting adjacent streets. Particularly for pedestrians and cyclists, the products are less useful.
References
^ Brown, Malcolm (19 August 2011). "Gregory's relegated to memory lane as directory comes to dead end". Smh.drive.com.au. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.
^ Universal Press (2003) UBD 2003 Melbourne & Surrounds Street Directory 38th Edition | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"street directories","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_directory"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"}],"text":"Universal Publishers produce the ubiquitous UBD-Gregory's street directories in Australia. The names of these publications have come to be used as a generic term for street directories in many Australian cities.","title":"Universal Publishers (Australia)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Berlitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlitz_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Insight Guides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insight_Guides"},{"link_name":"Michelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelin"}],"text":"Universal publishes street directories, guides, maps and road atlases and is Australia's largest mapping and travel-related products publisher. The company distributes travel, language, and cartographic ranges for Berlitz, Insight Guides, Michelin and Marco Polo.","title":"Company profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Hardie Grant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardie_Grant&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Australian capital city street directories\nState street directories for each state and territory\n'CityLink' directories containing Brisbane, Melbourne or Sydney street directories and surrounding regional areas\n'Compact' street directories for capital cities and 'mini' street directories for eastern states capital cities\nRegional street directories for each state containing town maps and a road atlas. The Northern Territory town maps and road atlas are integrated into the South Australia directory\nA variety of fold-out maps covering capital cities, regional areas and entire states\nDVD versions of the capital/regional city street directories and regional Cities and Towns directories\nRoad atlases covering the whole of AustraliaThe above products were branded UBD prior to the 2012 editions when production of standalone Gregory's street directories ceased in favour of cobranded UBD-Gregory's directories retaining the UBD format, UBD-Gregory's Darwin 2013, 4th edition. The last standalone Gregory's directory was the commemorative 75th Edition Sydney street directory, published in 2011.[1]2018 directories showed as being issued by UBD as a subsidiary to Hardie Grant Travel while 2019 directories show as being issued by Hardie Grant Travel with no mention of UBD although the Hardie Grant website shows the publisher as UBD Gregory's.","title":"Products"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"train","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railways_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"light rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trams_in_Australia"},{"link_name":"telephone boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_box"},{"link_name":"pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub"},{"link_name":"restaurants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurants"},{"link_name":"university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University"},{"link_name":"crematoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crematorium"}],"text":"While primarily street directories, UBD and Gregory's also contain details on public transport (train and light rail, tickets and prices), bicycle paths, suburb and postcode details, public parks and reserves, landmarks (such as commercial buildings, telephone boxes, pubs and restaurants), attractions, and also boat mooring details in recognised docks. They also contain maps of university campuses and crematoria. Prior to the UBD-Gregory's merger the UBD Compact street directories also contained a 'Cityside guide' with tourist information.","title":"Comprehensive directories"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Melway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melway"},{"link_name":"fictitious streets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trap_street"}],"text":"The rendering of roads in most city and town maps uses the traditional drawing of two lines with the road name printed in between, (known as 'double casing'). In the UBD Melbourne directory [2] maps show a single line with the name above or below the road to make it more appealing to people familiar with the Melway street directory, however older Melbourne UBD maps, such as those from the 1980s or earlier, used the double casing method. This mapping style is also used for road atlas maps and main road maps.UBD products are notorious for continuing to contain copyright traps: fictitious streets or buildings or other features, included for purposes of identifying competitor's products that have copied UBD's data without fieldchecking it. For this reason, UBD's and Gregory's products cannot be relied on completely for historical research. An example of a copyright trap is the 'boomerang factory' that appeared for many years on the UBD map of Canberra, in the industrial suburb of Fyshwick, on the corner of Newcastle and Barrier streets, which location was in fact an exgovernment furniture depot. In other cases short dead-end streets or laneways (with or without names), or long-forgotten proposed roads, may appear.Because of potential legal ramifications, regarding deliberately publishing erroneous information, copyright traps were removed from all mapping products in the 1990s.As UBD's products are mainly designed for motorists, they do not show all pedestrian laneways in a city, particularly in cities like Canberra which have many footpaths connecting adjacent streets. Particularly for pedestrians and cyclists, the products are less useful.","title":"Cartography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Brown, Malcolm (19 August 2011). \"Gregory's relegated to memory lane as directory comes to dead end\". Smh.drive.com.au. Archived from the original on 13 October 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013202749/http://smh.drive.com.au/roads-and-traffic/gregorys-relegated-to-memory-lane-as-directory-comes-to-dead-end-20110818-1j077.html","url_text":"\"Gregory's relegated to memory lane as directory comes to dead end\""},{"url":"http://smh.drive.com.au/roads-and-traffic/gregorys-relegated-to-memory-lane-as-directory-comes-to-dead-end-20110818-1j077.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Publishers_(Australia)&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Universal+Publishers%22+Australia","external_links_name":"\"Universal Publishers\" Australia"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Universal+Publishers%22+Australia+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Universal+Publishers%22+Australia&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Universal+Publishers%22+Australia+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Universal+Publishers%22+Australia","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Universal+Publishers%22+Australia&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.hardiegrant.com/au/travel","external_links_name":"https://www.hardiegrant.com/au/travel"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131013202749/http://smh.drive.com.au/roads-and-traffic/gregorys-relegated-to-memory-lane-as-directory-comes-to-dead-end-20110818-1j077.html","external_links_name":"\"Gregory's relegated to memory lane as directory comes to dead end\""},{"Link":"http://smh.drive.com.au/roads-and-traffic/gregorys-relegated-to-memory-lane-as-directory-comes-to-dead-end-20110818-1j077.html","external_links_name":"the original"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Kaohsiung_earthquakes | 2010 Kaohsiung earthquake | ["1 Tectonic setting","2 Damage","2.1 Electricity","2.2 Transportation","2.3 Buildings","2.4 Factories","3 Aftershocks","4 Government response","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 22°55′N 120°48′E / 22.92°N 120.8°E / 22.92; 120.8Earthquake in Taiwan
2010 Kaohsiung earthquakesUTC time2010-03-04 00:18:51ISC event14351162USGS-ANSSComCatLocal dateMarch 4, 2010 (2010-03-04)Local time08:18:51Magnitude6.3 MwDepth5 kilometres (3 mi)Epicenter22°55′N 120°48′E / 22.92°N 120.8°E / 22.92; 120.8Areas affectedSouthern TaiwanMax. intensityMMI VI (Strong)Casualties96 injuries
The 2010 Kaohsiung earthquake, measuring 6.3 Mw, occurred on March 4 at 8:20 a.m. local time. The epicenter was located in the mountainous area of Kaohsiung County (now part of Kaohsiung City) of the southwestern Taiwan. It was the most powerful earthquake in Kaohsiung since 1900. The earthquake did not cause any deaths, but 96 people were injured.
Tectonic setting
Taiwan lies on the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate, which are converging at 80 mm per year. The island is the result of uplift caused by the collision between the northern end of the Luzon Arc and the continental margin of China.
Damage
Electricity
The earthquake caused the tripping of several power stations in Taiwan, leading to a loss of 1,860 MW of electricity. Some transformers and substations on the electrical grid caused power outage to 545,066 houses on the island. Electricity was fully restored before 11:30 a.m.
Transportation
A bridge which connects Kaohsiung and Pingtung was blocked when it sank after the earthquake. Some THSR trains were disrupted, and one was de-railed while emergency braking.
Buildings
340 buildings and several schools were damaged by the quake. A religious building and some old structures collapsed.
Factories
A fire, which cost about 100 million TWD (US$4 million in 2023), occurred at a factory of the Everest Textile Co., Ltd (宏遠興業) in Tainan County (now part of Tainan City), The quake also caused around 1 billion NTD in losses to several manufacturers in a high-tech industrial park.
Aftershocks
The earthquake was followed by several aftershocks; the largest had a magnitude of 5.7 on the Richter scale on April 25.
Government response
While the government continues to monitor the situation, Taiwan's Ministry of Defense dispatched troops to Jiasian.
See also
List of earthquakes in 2010
List of earthquakes in Taiwan
References
^ a b c d USGS, M6.3 - Taiwan, United States Geological Survey
^ "Earthquake report". Central Weather Bureau. 2010-03-05. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
^ 張榮祥 (2010-03-04). "甲仙地震 台南多起電梯受困及火警". CNA. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
^ "6.4 quake hits southern Taiwan". The China Post. 2010-03-05. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
^ Lin A.T.; Yao B.; Hsu S.-K.; Liu C.-S.; Huang S.-Y. (2009). "Tectonic features of the incipient arc-continent collision zone of Taiwan: Implications for seismicity". Tectonophysics. 479 (1–2): 28–42. Bibcode:2009Tectp.479...28L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.503.1391. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.004.
^ a b "Earthquake injures 64; 545,066 homes suffer blackouts". The China Post. 2010-03-05. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
^ "Taiwan power company-Taipower Events". Taipower.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-06-03.
^ Theodorou, Christine; Lee, Andrew (2010-03-03). "6.4-magnitude quake hits southern Taiwan". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
^ 彭群弼 (2010-03-04). "甲仙強震 高鐵首度在營運中出軌". BCC. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
^ "楊秋興勘災 探內門紫竹寺". Sina. 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
^ "Powerful 6.4-magnitude earthquake hits southern Taiwan; no tsunami alert issued". Associated Press /nydailynews.com. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
^ "強震衝擊產業 損失逾11億". Apple Daily. 2010-03-04. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.
^ 張嘉芳 (2010-03-03). "高雄甲仙餘震頻傳 最大規模5.7". Radio Taiwan International. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-03-04.
External links
The International Seismological Centre has a bibliography and/or authoritative data for this event.
vte← Earthquakes in 2010 →January
Solomon Islands (7.1, Jan 3)
Eureka, California (US) (6.5, Jan 10)
Haiti (7.0, Jan 12)†‡
February
Chile (8.8, Feb 27)†
Salta (Argentina) (6.3, Feb 27)
March
Kaohsiung (Taiwan) (6.4, 6.7, Mar 4)
Elazığ (Turkey) (6.1, Mar 8)†
1st Pichilemu (Chile) (6.9, Mar 11)
1st Biobío (Chile) (6.7, Mar 15)
April
2nd Biobío (Chile) (5.9, Apr 2)
Baja California (Mexico) (7.2, Apr 4)
1st Sumatra (Indonesia) (7.8, Apr 6)
Yushu, Qinghai (China) (6.9, Apr 14)†
Afghanistan (5.4, Apr 18)
Kalgoorlie, Western Australia (Australia) (5.2, Apr 20)
3rd Biobío (Chile) (6.2, Apr 23)
May
2nd Pichilemu (Chile) (6.0, May 2)
4th Biobío (Chile) (6.4, May 3)
2nd Sumatra (Indonesia) (7.2, May 9)
Algeria (5.3, May 14)
Moca (Puerto Rico) (5.8, May 16)
June
Papua (Indonesia) (7.0, Jun 16)
Quebec (Canada) (5.0, Jun 23)
Oaxaca (Mexico) (6.2, Jun 30)
July
5th Biobío (Chile) (6.5, Jul 14)
Mindanao (Philippines) (7.3, 7.6, 7.4, Jul 24-25)
Iran (5.6, July 30)
August
Damghan (5.7, Aug 27)
September
Canterbury (New Zealand) (7.1, Sep 4)
October
Mentawai (Indonesia) (7.7, Oct 25)†
November
Serbia (5.3, Nov 3)
December
Hosseinabad (Iran) (6.5, Dec 20)
Aguas Buenas (Puerto Rico) (5.1, Dec 24)
Indiana (3.8, Dec 30)
† indicates earthquake resulting in at least 30 deaths ‡ indicates the deadliest earthquake of the year
vteEarthquakes in TaiwanEarthquakesBefore 20th century
1694 Taipei
1848 Changhua
1862 Tainan
1867 Keelung
20th century
1904 Douliu
1906 Meishan
1910 Taiwan
1916–1917 Nantou
1935 Shinchiku-Taichū
1941 Chungpu
1946 Hsinhua
1951 East Rift Valley
1959 Hengchun
1963 Su-ao
1964 Baihe
1966 Hualien
1972 Ruisui
1986 Hualien
1994 Taiwan Strait
1999 Jiji ("921")
21st century
2002 Hualien
2006 Hengchun
2009 Nantou
2009 Hualien
2010 Kaohsiung
March 2013 Nantou
June 2013 Nantou
2016 Kaohsiung–Tainan
2018 Hualien
2019 Hualien
2022 Taitung
2024 Hualien
Organisations
Central Weather Administration
National Center for Research on Earthquake Engineering
Portal: Taiwan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic_magnitude_scales#Mw"},{"link_name":"epicenter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epicenter"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_County"},{"link_name":"Kaohsiung City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaohsiung_City"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Earthquake in TaiwanThe 2010 Kaohsiung earthquake, measuring 6.3 Mw, occurred on March 4 at 8:20 a.m. local time. The epicenter was located in the mountainous area of Kaohsiung County (now part of Kaohsiung City) of the southwestern Taiwan.[3] It was the most powerful earthquake in Kaohsiung since 1900.[4] The earthquake did not cause any deaths, but 96 people were injured.","title":"2010 Kaohsiung earthquake"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eurasian Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurasian_Plate"},{"link_name":"Philippine Sea Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippine_Sea_Plate"},{"link_name":"Arc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanic_arc"},{"link_name":"continental margin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_margin"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lin_et_al-5"}],"text":"Taiwan lies on the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate, which are converging at 80 mm per year. The island is the result of uplift caused by the collision between the northern end of the Luzon Arc and the continental margin of China.[5]","title":"Tectonic setting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"power stations in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Taiwan"},{"link_name":"transformers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"substations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_substation"},{"link_name":"electrical grid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_grid"},{"link_name":"power outage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_outage"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chpo-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Electricity","text":"The earthquake caused the tripping of several power stations in Taiwan, leading to a loss of 1,860 MW of electricity. Some transformers and substations on the electrical grid caused power outage to 545,066 houses on the island. Electricity was fully restored before 11:30 a.m.[6][7]","title":"Damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pingtung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pingtung_County"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chpo-6"},{"link_name":"THSR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan_High_Speed_Rail"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cnn1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Transportation","text":"A bridge which connects Kaohsiung and Pingtung was blocked when it sank after the earthquake.[6] Some THSR trains were disrupted,[8] and one was de-railed while emergency braking.[9]","title":"Damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Buildings","text":"340 buildings and several schools were damaged by the quake. A religious building and some old structures collapsed.[10]","title":"Damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"TWD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Taiwan_Dollar"},{"link_name":"Tainan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_County"},{"link_name":"Tainan City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tainan_City"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Factories","text":"A fire, which cost about 100 million TWD (US$4 million in 2023), occurred at a factory of the Everest Textile Co., Ltd (宏遠興業) in Tainan County (now part of Tainan City),[11] The quake also caused around 1 billion NTD in losses to several manufacturers in a high-tech industrial park.[12]","title":"Damage"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aftershocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aftershock"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The earthquake was followed by several aftershocks; the largest had a magnitude of 5.7 on the Richter scale on April 25.[13]","title":"Aftershocks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Taiwan's Ministry of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_National_Defense_(Republic_of_China)"},{"link_name":"troops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ROC_Army"},{"link_name":"Jiasian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiasian,_Kaohsiung"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"While the government continues to monitor the situation, Taiwan's Ministry of Defense dispatched troops to Jiasian.[citation needed]","title":"Government response"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of earthquakes in 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_2010"},{"title":"List of earthquakes in Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan"}] | [{"reference":"USGS, M6.3 - Taiwan, United States Geological Survey","urls":[{"url":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000h8nd#executive","url_text":"M6.3 - Taiwan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey","url_text":"United States Geological Survey"}]},{"reference":"\"Earthquake report\". Central Weather Bureau. 2010-03-05. Archived from the original on 2009-07-07. Retrieved 2010-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707095830/http://www.cwb.gov.tw/eng/index.htm","url_text":"\"Earthquake report\""},{"url":"http://www.cwb.gov.tw/eng/index.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"張榮祥 (2010-03-04). \"甲仙地震 台南多起電梯受困及火警\". CNA. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11. Retrieved 2010-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211222146/http://www.cna.com.tw/ShowNews/Detail.aspx?pNewsID=201003040027&pType0=aALL&pTypeSel=0#","url_text":"\"甲仙地震 台南多起電梯受困及火警\""},{"url":"http://www.cna.com.tw/ShowNews/Detail.aspx?pNewsID=201003040027&pType0=aALL&pTypeSel=0","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"6.4 quake hits southern Taiwan\". The China Post. 2010-03-05. Archived from the original on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/03/05/246938/64-quake.htm","url_text":"\"6.4 quake hits southern Taiwan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100306215738/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/03/05/246938/64-quake.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Lin A.T.; Yao B.; Hsu S.-K.; Liu C.-S.; Huang S.-Y. (2009). \"Tectonic features of the incipient arc-continent collision zone of Taiwan: Implications for seismicity\". Tectonophysics. 479 (1–2): 28–42. Bibcode:2009Tectp.479...28L. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.503.1391. doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.004.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Tectp.479...28L","url_text":"2009Tectp.479...28L"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)","url_text":"CiteSeerX"},{"url":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.503.1391","url_text":"10.1.1.503.1391"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2008.11.004","url_text":"10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.004"}]},{"reference":"\"Earthquake injures 64; 545,066 homes suffer blackouts\". The China Post. 2010-03-05. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/03/05/246939/Earthquake-injures.htm","url_text":"\"Earthquake injures 64; 545,066 homes suffer blackouts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307193700/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/03/05/246939/Earthquake-injures.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Taiwan power company-Taipower Events\". Taipower.com.tw. Archived from the original on 2014-05-17. Retrieved 2014-06-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517160458/http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/events/events01-1.aspx?sid=2","url_text":"\"Taiwan power company-Taipower Events\""},{"url":"http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/events/events01-1.aspx?sid=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Theodorou, Christine; Lee, Andrew (2010-03-03). \"6.4-magnitude quake hits southern Taiwan\". CNN. Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/03/taiwan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1","url_text":"\"6.4-magnitude quake hits southern Taiwan\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100305162038/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/03/taiwan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"彭群弼 (2010-03-04). \"甲仙強震 高鐵首度在營運中出軌\". BCC. Archived from the original on March 7, 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307230854/http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-News/2007Cti-News-Content/0%2C4521%2C50104574%2B132010030401802%2C00.html","url_text":"\"甲仙強震 高鐵首度在營運中出軌\""},{"url":"http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-News/2007Cti-News-Content/0,4521,50104574+132010030401802,00.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"楊秋興勘災 探內門紫竹寺\". Sina. 2010-03-07. Retrieved 2010-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20100307/2860593.html","url_text":"\"楊秋興勘災 探內門紫竹寺\""}]},{"reference":"\"Powerful 6.4-magnitude earthquake hits southern Taiwan; no tsunami alert issued\". Associated Press /nydailynews.com. 2010-03-04. Retrieved 2010-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/03/04/2010-03-04_powerful_64magnitude_earthquake_hits_southern_taiwan_no_tsunami_alert_issued.html","url_text":"\"Powerful 6.4-magnitude earthquake hits southern Taiwan; no tsunami alert issued\""}]},{"reference":"\"強震衝擊產業 損失逾11億\". Apple Daily. 2010-03-04. Archived from the original on 7 March 2010. Retrieved 2010-03-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/32339600/IssueID/20100305","url_text":"\"強震衝擊產業 損失逾11億\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307033001/http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/32339600/IssueID/20100305","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"張嘉芳 (2010-03-03). \"高雄甲仙餘震頻傳 最大規模5.7\". Radio Taiwan International. Archived from the original on 2011-07-21. Retrieved 2010-03-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171828/http://news.rti.org.tw/index_newsContent.aspx?nid=234553","url_text":"\"高雄甲仙餘震頻傳 最大規模5.7\""},{"url":"http://news.rti.org.tw/index_newsContent.aspx?nid=234553","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2010_Kaohsiung_earthquake¶ms=22.92_N_120.8_E_","external_links_name":"22°55′N 120°48′E / 22.92°N 120.8°E / 22.92; 120.8"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=14351162","external_links_name":"14351162"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/iscgem14351162","external_links_name":"ComCat"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=2010_Kaohsiung_earthquake¶ms=22.92_N_120.8_E_","external_links_name":"22°55′N 120°48′E / 22.92°N 120.8°E / 22.92; 120.8"},{"Link":"https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/usp000h8nd#executive","external_links_name":"M6.3 - Taiwan"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090707095830/http://www.cwb.gov.tw/eng/index.htm","external_links_name":"\"Earthquake report\""},{"Link":"http://www.cwb.gov.tw/eng/index.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131211222146/http://www.cna.com.tw/ShowNews/Detail.aspx?pNewsID=201003040027&pType0=aALL&pTypeSel=0#","external_links_name":"\"甲仙地震 台南多起電梯受困及火警\""},{"Link":"http://www.cna.com.tw/ShowNews/Detail.aspx?pNewsID=201003040027&pType0=aALL&pTypeSel=0","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/03/05/246938/64-quake.htm","external_links_name":"\"6.4 quake hits southern Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100306215738/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/03/05/246938/64-quake.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Tectp.479...28L","external_links_name":"2009Tectp.479...28L"},{"Link":"https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.503.1391","external_links_name":"10.1.1.503.1391"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.tecto.2008.11.004","external_links_name":"10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.004"},{"Link":"http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/03/05/246939/Earthquake-injures.htm","external_links_name":"\"Earthquake injures 64; 545,066 homes suffer blackouts\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307193700/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national-news/2010/03/05/246939/Earthquake-injures.htm","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140517160458/http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/events/events01-1.aspx?sid=2","external_links_name":"\"Taiwan power company-Taipower Events\""},{"Link":"http://www.taipower.com.tw/e_content/content/events/events01-1.aspx?sid=2","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/03/taiwan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1","external_links_name":"\"6.4-magnitude quake hits southern Taiwan\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100305162038/http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/03/03/taiwan.quake/index.html?hpt=T1","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307230854/http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-News/2007Cti-News-Content/0%2C4521%2C50104574%2B132010030401802%2C00.html","external_links_name":"\"甲仙強震 高鐵首度在營運中出軌\""},{"Link":"http://news.chinatimes.com/2007Cti/2007Cti-News/2007Cti-News-Content/0,4521,50104574+132010030401802,00.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://news.sina.com.tw/article/20100307/2860593.html","external_links_name":"\"楊秋興勘災 探內門紫竹寺\""},{"Link":"http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/2010/03/04/2010-03-04_powerful_64magnitude_earthquake_hits_southern_taiwan_no_tsunami_alert_issued.html","external_links_name":"\"Powerful 6.4-magnitude earthquake hits southern Taiwan; no tsunami alert issued\""},{"Link":"http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/32339600/IssueID/20100305","external_links_name":"\"強震衝擊產業 損失逾11億\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100307033001/http://tw.nextmedia.com/applenews/article/art_id/32339600/IssueID/20100305","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110721171828/http://news.rti.org.tw/index_newsContent.aspx?nid=234553","external_links_name":"\"高雄甲仙餘震頻傳 最大規模5.7\""},{"Link":"http://news.rti.org.tw/index_newsContent.aspx?nid=234553","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/","external_links_name":"International Seismological Centre"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/FormatBibprint.pl?evid=14351162","external_links_name":"bibliography"},{"Link":"http://www.isc.ac.uk/cgi-bin/web-db-v4?event_id=14351162&out_format=IMS1.0&request=COMPREHENSIVE","external_links_name":"authoritative data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ric_Salvail | Éric Salvail | ["1 Career","2 Sexual misconduct allegations scandal","3 References"] | This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Éric Salvail" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Éric SalvailSalvail in 2012Born (1969-06-26) June 26, 1969 (age 54)Sorel-Tracy, Quebec, CanadaAlma materUniversité du Québec à MontréalOccupationsRadio and television personalityproducerbusinessmanYears active1996–2017
Éric Salvail (born June 26, 1969) is a Canadian former radio and television personality, producer and host in Quebec. In 2014, he founded "Salvail & Co. Productions".
Career
Salvail was born in Sorel-Tracy to André Salvail and Colette Paul. The family ran a small convenience store in Sorel-Tracy named Chez Salvail. His father died of Alzheimer's disease in 2006. Salvail studied communications at Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM).
He started work in 1991 at CJSO 101.7 a local radio station in Sorel. He went on to be a host in a number of television shows on Radio-Canada like Moi et l'autre, Chabada, Le Poing J and La Petite Vie. In 1999, he co-hosted shows like Occupation Double on TVA before landing as host in Star Académie in 2003 also on TVA.
In 2007, he produced and presented Dieu merci! an adaptation of the Australian show Thank God You're Here, in addition to the show Salvail et Racicot on NRJ 94.3 NRJ and later Le retour de Salvail, Dominic et Martin.
Between 2010 and 2013, he produced and hosted Fidèles au poste!, a TV game show on TVA. In 2013, he moved to channel V for hosting the talk show En mode Salvail in 2013 and Ce soir tout est permis in 2014 and Les Recettes Pompettes in 2015. Since August 2015, he returned to radio through the radio Énergie (earlier NRJ) show Éric et les fantastiques from Mondays to Fridays.
Founding the production house Salvail & Co. Productions in 2014, he produced shows and documentaries for various media outlets like VRAK and Canal Vie and notably in 2016 Lip Sync Battle: face à face an adaptation of an American show Lip Sync Battle.
Sexual misconduct allegations scandal
See also: Weinstein effect
In 2017, 11 people divulged allegations of sexual misconduct against Salvail in an article published in the Montreal daily La Presse. The alleged conduct spanned a 15-year period. Salvail sold most of his business concerns as a result, including his company on 24 October 2017, with many media outlets associated with his productions discontinuing his shows.
References
^ "Émission du 5 avril avec Éric Salvail". Prière de ne pas envoyer de fleurs | Radio-Canada.ca (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-23.
^ "Quebec TV personality Eric Salvail suspends professional activities after sex allegations". Montreal Gazette. October 18, 2017.
Authority control databases International
VIAF
Artists
MusicBrainz | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"television personality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celebrity"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"}],"text":"Éric Salvail (born June 26, 1969) is a Canadian former radio and television personality, producer and host in Quebec. In 2014, he founded \"Salvail & Co. Productions\".","title":"Éric Salvail"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sorel-Tracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorel-Tracy"},{"link_name":"Alzheimer's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"Université du Québec à Montréal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_du_Qu%C3%A9bec_%C3%A0_Montr%C3%A9al"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Occupation Double","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occupation_Double"},{"link_name":"TVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TVA_(Canadian_TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Star Académie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Star_Acad%C3%A9mie"},{"link_name":"Thank God You're Here","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thank_God_You%27re_Here"},{"link_name":"V","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Énergie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89nergie"},{"link_name":"Lip Sync Battle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lip_Sync_Battle"}],"text":"Salvail was born in Sorel-Tracy to André Salvail and Colette Paul. The family ran a small convenience store in Sorel-Tracy named Chez Salvail. His father died of Alzheimer's disease in 2006. Salvail studied communications at Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM).[1]He started work in 1991 at CJSO 101.7 a local radio station in Sorel. He went on to be a host in a number of television shows on Radio-Canada like Moi et l'autre, Chabada, Le Poing J and La Petite Vie. In 1999, he co-hosted shows like Occupation Double on TVA before landing as host in Star Académie in 2003 also on TVA.In 2007, he produced and presented Dieu merci! an adaptation of the Australian show Thank God You're Here, in addition to the show Salvail et Racicot on NRJ 94.3 NRJ and later Le retour de Salvail, Dominic et Martin.Between 2010 and 2013, he produced and hosted Fidèles au poste!, a TV game show on TVA. In 2013, he moved to channel V for hosting the talk show En mode Salvail in 2013 and Ce soir tout est permis in 2014 and Les Recettes Pompettes in 2015. Since August 2015, he returned to radio through the radio Énergie (earlier NRJ) show Éric et les fantastiques from Mondays to Fridays.Founding the production house Salvail & Co. Productions in 2014, he produced shows and documentaries for various media outlets like VRAK and Canal Vie and notably in 2016 Lip Sync Battle: face à face an adaptation of an American show Lip Sync Battle.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Weinstein effect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weinstein_effect"},{"link_name":"La Presse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Presse_(Canadian_newspaper)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salvail-2"}],"text":"See also: Weinstein effectIn 2017, 11 people divulged allegations of sexual misconduct against Salvail in an article published in the Montreal daily La Presse. The alleged conduct spanned a 15-year period. Salvail sold most of his business concerns as a result, including his company on 24 October 2017, with many media outlets associated with his productions discontinuing his shows.[2]","title":"Sexual misconduct allegations scandal"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Émission du 5 avril avec Éric Salvail\". Prière de ne pas envoyer de fleurs | Radio-Canada.ca (in French). Retrieved 2019-07-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://v1.radio-canada.ca/emissions/priere_de_ne_pas_envoyer_de_fleurs/2011-2012/document.asp?idDoc=212007","url_text":"\"Émission du 5 avril avec Éric Salvail\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quebec TV personality Eric Salvail suspends professional activities after sex allegations\". Montreal Gazette. October 18, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-producer-eric-salvail-on-professional-break-after-sex-allegations","url_text":"\"Quebec TV personality Eric Salvail suspends professional activities after sex allegations\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%C3%89ric+Salvail%22","external_links_name":"\"Éric Salvail\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22%C3%89ric+Salvail%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22%C3%89ric+Salvail%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22%C3%89ric+Salvail%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22%C3%89ric+Salvail%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22%C3%89ric+Salvail%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://v1.radio-canada.ca/emissions/priere_de_ne_pas_envoyer_de_fleurs/2011-2012/document.asp?idDoc=212007","external_links_name":"\"Émission du 5 avril avec Éric Salvail\""},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/news/local-news/quebec-producer-eric-salvail-on-professional-break-after-sex-allegations","external_links_name":"\"Quebec TV personality Eric Salvail suspends professional activities after sex allegations\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4335159478282027990000","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8e11e475-f2e8-485e-80c4-03e47b69af61","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Goncalves_Dias | Gonçalves Dias | ["1 Biography","2 Works","2.1 Poetry","2.2 Theater","2.3 Epic and narrative poems","2.4 Other","3 Legacy","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"] | Brazilian poet, playwright, ethnographer and linguist (1823–1864)
This article is about the Brazilian poet. For the city, see Gonçalves Dias, Maranhão. For the river, see Gonçalves Dias River.
This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Gonçalves DiasBorn(1823-08-10)August 10, 1823Caxias, Maranhão, Empire of BrazilDiedNovember 3, 1864(1864-11-03) (aged 41)Guimarães, Empire of BrazilOccupationPoet, playwright, folklorist, linguist, ethnographer, lawyerLanguagePortugueseNationalityBrazilianAlma materUniversity of CoimbraGenrePoetry, theater playLiterary movementRomanticismNotable worksI-Juca-Pirama Os Timbiras "Canção do exílio" PatkullSpouse
Olímpia Carolina da Costa
(m. 1852; div. 1856)Children1 (stillborn)RelativesJoão Manuel Gonçalves Dias (father) Vicência Ferreira (mother) Teófilo Dias (nephew)Signature
Antônio Gonçalves Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: ; August 10, 1823 – November 3, 1864) was a Brazilian Romantic poet, playwright, ethnographer, lawyer and linguist. A major exponent of Brazilian Romanticism and of the literary tradition known as "Indianism", he is famous for writing "Canção do exílio" (arguably the most well-known poem of Brazilian literature), the short narrative poem I-Juca-Pirama, the unfinished epic Os Timbiras, and many other nationalist and patriotic poems that would award him posthumously with the title of national poet of Brazil. He was also an avid researcher of Native Brazilian languages and folklore.
He is the patron of the 15th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.
Biography
Manuscript of Dias' poem "Se te amo, não sei!", in his own handwriting. From the archives of the National Library of Brazil
Antônio Gonçalves Dias was born in Caxias on August 10, 1823, to a Portuguese father, João Manuel Gonçalves Dias and a cafuza mother, Vicência Ferreira. After completing his studies in Latin, French and Philosophy, he went in 1838 to Portugal to earn a degree in Law at the University of Coimbra. There he wrote his most remembered poem, "Canção do exílio". He graduated in 1845 and returned to Brazil in the same year. He went to Rio de Janeiro, living there until 1854. There he wrote for newspapers, and began to write the drama Leonor de Mendonça in 1846 and his first poetry book, Primeiros Cantos, in 1847. It was very well-received, and Alexandre Herculano wrote an article praising it. Dias finished his play Leonor de Mendonça also in 1847, and tried to have it performed at the Conservatório de Música do Rio de Janeiro, but the play was not accepted.
In 1848, he wrote two more poetry books: Segundos Cantos and Sextilhas de Frei Antão. In 1849 he became professor of Latin and History at the Colégio Pedro II. In 1851, he published his last poetry book, Últimos Cantos. In the same year, he travelled to Northern Brazil, planning to marry 14-year-old Ana Amélia Ferreira do Vale, to whom he dedicated many of his most famous and beautiful love poems, such as "Seus olhos", "Leviana", "Palinódia" and "Retratação". Ana Amélia was the cousin of Alexandre Teófilo de Carvalho Leal, who in his turn was the brother of Antônio Henriques Leal, a famous Brazilian journalist, writer, medician, biographer and historian known as the "Plutarch of Cantanhede". (Both Alexandre and Antônio were very close friends with Dias, and Antônio would edit Dias' posthumous works in 1875, in 6 volumes.) However, the girl's mother did not allow the marriage, quoting Dias' mestizo origins as a pretext. (This inspired his famous poem "Ainda uma vez – adeus!".) Returning to Rio, he married Olímpia Carolina da Costa later on, having with her a stillborn daughter. Dias divorced Olímpia in 1856.
From 1854 to 1858, he went to Europe on special missions for the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, where he studied the state of public instruction in the educational institutions there. In 1856, in Leipzig, he published his three poetry books in a single volume entitled Cantos, wrote the first four cantos of the epic poem Os Timbiras (that he would leave unfinished) and also published a dictionary of Old Tupi. Returning to Brazil in 1860, he founded the magazine Guanabara alongside Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre in 1849, and went on expeditions to Negro and Madeira Rivers, as a member of the Scientific Commission of Exploration. In 1862 he returned to Rio de Janeiro, but shortly after went to Europe again. In October 1863 he went to Lisbon, where he translated Friedrich Schiller's The Bride of Messina and some poems by Heinrich Heine.
From left to right: Dias, Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre and Gonçalves de Magalhães, on a picture dating from circa 1858
After a short stay in France, he decided to return to Brazil in 1864, in the ship Ville de Boulogne. However, the ship was wrecked on the Bay of Cumã, near the shores of Guimarães, Maranhão. All the passengers but Dias survived the tragedy; he was sleeping in his cabin belowdecks and did not wake up in time to see what was happening; thus he drowned.
Dias had a nephew who was also a poet, Teófilo Dias.
Works
Poetry
Primeiros Cantos (First Chants — 1847)
Segundos Cantos (Second Chants — 1848)
Sextilhas de Frei Antão (Friar Anton's Sextilles — 1848)
Últimos Cantos (Last Chants — 1851)
Cantos (Chants — compilation of Primeiros, Segundos and Últimos Cantos, 1856)
Theater
Patkull (1843)
Beatriz Cenci (1845)
Leonor de Mendonça (1847)
Boabdil (1850)
Epic and narrative poems
I-Juca-Pirama (1851)
Os Timbiras (The Timbiras — unfinished, 1856)
Other
Meditação (Meditation — unfinished, 1850)
Dicionário da Língua Tupi (Dictionary of Tupi Language — 1856)
A lithograph depicting Gonçalves Dias' best friend and confidant, Alexandre Teófilo de Carvalho Leal, taken from the third volume of the Panteão Maranhense
Legacy
The city of Gonçalves Dias, founded in 1958, has this name because its territory formerly belonged to the city of Caxias, Dias' hometown. A river in Paraná is named after him, as well as many public squares and streets all over Brazil.
References
^ a b Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Gonçalves Dias, Antonio" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 230.
^ "Gonçalves Dias morreu em naufrágio no baixo de Atins" (in Portuguese). 15 March 2004. Retrieved 22 April 2013.
Further reading
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gonçalves Dias, Antonio".
GRIZOSTE, Weberson Fernandes, A dimensão anti-épica de Virgílio e o Indianismo de Gonçalves Dias. Coimbra: CECH, 2011.
MONTELLO, J. Para conhecer melhor Gonçalves Dias. Rio de Janeiro: Block. 1973. 138 p.
BRAIT, B. Gonçalves Dias. São Paulo: Nova Cultural. 1988 (Literatura Comentada)
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gonçalves Dias.
Portuguese Wikisource has original text related to this article:
Gonçalves Dias (original works in Portuguese)
Gonçalves Dias' biography at the official site of the Brazilian Academy of Letters (in Portuguese)
Works by or about Gonçalves Dias at Internet Archive
Works by Gonçalves Dias at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
Poems by Gonçalves Dias
Complete works of Gonçalves Dias
Works of Gonçalves Dias on Tupi and the Nheengatu
Preceded byNew creation
Brazilian Academy of Letters - Patron of the 15th chair
Succeeded byOlavo Bilac (founder)
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Category
vtePatrons and members of the Brazilian Academy of LettersChairs1 to 10
1 (Adelino Fontoura): Luís Murat ►
Afonso d'Escragnolle Taunay ►
Ivan Monteiro de Barros Lins ►
Bernardo Élis ►
Evandro Lins e Silva ►
Ana Maria Machado
2 (Álvares de Azevedo): Coelho Neto ►
João Neves da Fontoura ►
João Guimarães Rosa ►
Mário Palmério ►
Tarcísio Padilha ►
Eduardo Giannetti da Fonseca
3 (Artur de Oliveira): Filinto de Almeida ►
Roberto Simonsen ►
Aníbal Freire da Fonseca ►
Herberto Sales ►
Carlos Heitor Cony ►
Joaquim Falcão
4 (Basílio da Gama): Aluísio Azevedo ►
Alcides Maia ►
Viana Moog ►
Carlos Nejar
5 (Bernardo Guimarães): Raimundo Correia ►
Oswaldo Cruz ►
Aloísio de Castro ►
Cândido Mota Filho ►
Rachel de Queiroz ►
José Murilo de Carvalho ►
Ailton Krenak
6 (Casimiro de Abreu): Teixeira de Melo ►
Artur Jaceguai ►
Goulart de Andrade ►
Barbosa Lima Sobrinho ►
Raimundo Faoro ►
Cícero Sandroni
7 (Castro Alves): Valentim Magalhães ►
Euclides da Cunha ►
Afrânio Peixoto ►
Afonso Pena Júnior ►
Hermes Lima ►
Pontes de Miranda ►
Diná Silveira de Queirós ►
Sérgio Correia da Costa ►
Nelson Pereira dos Santos ►
Cacá Diegues
8 (Cláudio Manuel da Costa): Alberto de Oliveira ►
Oliveira Viana ►
Austregésilo de Athayde ►
Antônio Calado ►
Antônio Olinto ►
Cleonice Berardinelli ►
Ricardo Cavaliere
9 (Gonçalves de Magalhães): Carlos Magalhães de Azeredo ►
Marques Rebelo ►
Carlos Chagas Filho ►
Alberto da Costa e Silva ►
Vacant
10 (Evaristo da Veiga): Rui Barbosa ►
Laudelino Freire ►
Osvaldo Orico ►
Orígenes Lessa ►
Lêdo Ivo ►
Rosiska Darcy de Oliveira
Chairs11 to 20
11 (Fagundes Varela): Lúcio de Mendonça ►
Pedro Augusto Carneiro Lessa ►
Eduardo Ramos ►
João Luís Alves ►
Adelmar Tavares ►
Deolindo Couto ►
Darcy Ribeiro ►
Celso Furtado ►
Hélio Jaguaribe ►
Ignácio de Loyola Brandão
12 (França Júnior): Urbano Duarte de Oliveira ►
Antônio Augusto de Lima ►
Vítor Viana ►
José Carlos de Macedo Soares ►
Abgar Renault ►
Lucas Moreira Neves ►
Alfredo Bosi ►
Paulo Niemeyer Filho
13 (Francisco Otaviano): Alfredo d'Escragnolle Taunay ►
Francisco de Castro ►
Martins Júnior ►
Sousa Bandeira ►
Hélio Lobo ►
Augusto Meyer ►
Francisco de Assis Barbosa ►
Sérgio Paulo Rouanet ►
Ruy Castro
14 (Franklin Távora): Clóvis Beviláqua ►
Antônio Carneiro Leão ►
Fernando de Azevedo ►
Miguel Reale ►
Celso Lafer
15 (Gonçalves Dias): Olavo Bilac ►
Amadeu Amaral ►
Guilherme de Almeida ►
Odilo Costa Filho ►
Marcos Barbosa ►
Fernando Bastos de Ávila ►
Marco Lucchesi
16 (Gregório de Matos): Araripe Júnior ►
Félix Pacheco ►
Pedro Calmon ►
Lygia Fagundes Telles ►
Jorge Caldeira
17 (Hipólito da Costa): Sílvio Romero ►
Osório Duque-Estrada ►
Edgar Roquette-Pinto ►
Álvaro Lins ►
Antônio Houaiss ►
Affonso Arinos de Mello Franco ►
Fernanda Montenegro
18 (João Francisco Lisboa): José Veríssimo ►
Barão Homem de Melo ►
Alberto Faria ►
Luís Carlos ►
Pereira da Silva ►
Peregrino Júnior ►
Arnaldo Niskier
19 (Joaquim Caetano): Alcindo Guanabara ►
Silvério Gomes Pimenta ►
Gustavo Barroso ►
Silva Melo ►
Américo Jacobina Lacombe ►
Marcos Almir Madeira ►
Antônio Carlos Secchin
20 (Joaquim Manuel de Macedo): Salvador de Mendonça ►
Emílio de Meneses ►
Humberto de Campos ►
Múcio Leão ►
Aurélio de Lira Tavares ►
Murilo Melo Filho ►
Gilberto Gil
Chairs21 to 30
21 (Joaquim Serra): José do Patrocínio ►
Mário de Alencar ►
Olegário Mariano ►
Álvaro Moreira ►
Adonias Filho ►
Dias Gomes ►
Roberto Campos ►
Paulo Coelho
22 (José Bonifácio the Younger): Medeiros e Albuquerque ►
Miguel Osório de Almeida ►
Luís Viana Filho ►
Ivo Pitanguy ►
João Almino
23 (José de Alencar): Machado de Assis ►
Lafayette Rodrigues Pereira ►
Alfredo Pujol ►
Otávio Mangabeira ►
Jorge Amado ►
Zélia Gattai ►
Luiz Paulo Horta ►
Antônio Torres
24 (Júlio Ribeiro): Garcia Redondo ►
Luís Guimarães Filho ►
Manuel Bandeira ►
Cyro dos Anjos ►
Sábato Magaldi ►
Geraldo Carneiro
25 (Junqueira Freire): Franklin Dória ►
Artur Orlando da Silva ►
Ataulfo de Paiva ►
José Lins do Rego ►
Afonso Arinos de Melo Franco ►
Alberto Venancio Filho
26 (Laurindo Rabelo): Guimarães Passos ►
João do Rio ►
Constâncio Alves ►
Ribeiro Couto ►
Gilberto Amado ►
Mauro Mota ►
Marcos Vilaça
27 (Antônio Peregrino Maciel Monteiro): Joaquim Nabuco ►
Dantas Barreto ►
Gregório da Fonseca ►
Levi Carneiro ►
Otávio de Faria ►
Eduardo Portella ►
Antonio Cícero
28 (Manuel Antônio de Almeida): Inglês de Sousa ►
Xavier Marques ►
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30 (Pardal Mallet): Pedro Rabelo ►
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Heloísa Teixeira
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João Batista Ribeiro de Andrade Fernandes ►
Paulo Setúbal ►
Cassiano Ricardo ►
José Cândido de Carvalho ►
Geraldo França de Lima ►
Moacyr Scliar ►
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32 (Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre): Carlos de Laet ►
Ramiz Galvão ►
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Joracy Camargo ►
Genolino Amado ►
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34 (Sousa Caldas): João Manuel Pereira da Silva ►
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Lauro Müller ►
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Magalhães Júnior ►
Carlos Castelo Branco ►
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Godofredo de Oliveira Neto
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Fernando Henrique Cardoso
37 (Tomás António Gonzaga): José Júlio da Silva Ramos ►
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Getúlio Vargas ►
Assis Chateaubriand ►
João Cabral de Melo Neto ►
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Arno Wehling
38 (Tobias Barreto): Graça Aranha ►
Alberto Santos-Dumont ►
Celso Vieira ►
Maurício Campos de Medeiros ►
José Américo de Almeida ►
José Sarney
39 (Francisco Adolfo de Varnhagen): Manuel de Oliveira Lima ►
Alberto de Faria ►
Rocha Pombo ►
Rodolfo Garcia ►
Elmano Cardim ►
Otto Lara Resende ►
Roberto Marinho ►
Marco Maciel ►
José Paulo Cavalcanti Filho
40 (José Maria da Silva Paranhos Sr.):
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Afonso Arinos ►
Miguel Couto ►
Alceu Amoroso Lima ►
Evaristo de Moraes Filho ►
Edmar Bacha
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonçalves Dias, Maranhão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias,_Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Gonçalves Dias River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias_River"},{"link_name":"[ɐ̃ˈtonju ɡõˈsawviz ˈdʒiɐs]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese"},{"link_name":"Romantic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poetry"},{"link_name":"playwright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Playwright"},{"link_name":"ethnographer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnography"},{"link_name":"lawyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawyer"},{"link_name":"linguist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_literature#Romanticism"},{"link_name":"Indianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianism_(arts)"},{"link_name":"Canção do exílio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_ex%C3%ADlio"},{"link_name":"narrative poem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_poetry"},{"link_name":"I-Juca-Pirama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Juca-Pirama"},{"link_name":"epic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epic_poetry"},{"link_name":"Os Timbiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Os_Timbiras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalism"},{"link_name":"patriotic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patriotism"},{"link_name":"national poet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_poet"},{"link_name":"Native Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Academy of Letters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras"}],"text":"This article is about the Brazilian poet. For the city, see Gonçalves Dias, Maranhão. For the river, see Gonçalves Dias River.Antônio Gonçalves Dias (Portuguese pronunciation: [ɐ̃ˈtonju ɡõˈsawviz ˈdʒiɐs]; August 10, 1823 – November 3, 1864) was a Brazilian Romantic poet, playwright, ethnographer, lawyer and linguist. A major exponent of Brazilian Romanticism and of the literary tradition known as \"Indianism\", he is famous for writing \"Canção do exílio\" (arguably the most well-known poem of Brazilian literature), the short narrative poem I-Juca-Pirama, the unfinished epic Os Timbiras, and many other nationalist and patriotic poems that would award him posthumously with the title of national poet of Brazil. He was also an avid researcher of Native Brazilian languages and folklore.He is the patron of the 15th chair of the Brazilian Academy of Letters.","title":"Gonçalves Dias"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Se_te_amo,_n%C3%A3o_sei!.djvu"},{"link_name":"National Library of Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_of_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Caxias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxias,_Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Portuguese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people"},{"link_name":"cafuza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambo"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Philosophy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law"},{"link_name":"University of Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Coimbra"},{"link_name":"Canção do exílio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_ex%C3%ADlio"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"drama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Herculano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Herculano"},{"link_name":"Conservatório de Música do Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conservat%C3%B3rio_de_M%C3%BAsica_do_Rio_de_Janeiro&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"Colégio Pedro II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%A9gio_Pedro_II_(Rio_de_Janeiro)"},{"link_name":"Northern Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Region,_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Antônio Henriques Leal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Henriques_Leal"},{"link_name":"Plutarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutarch"},{"link_name":"Cantanhede","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantanhede,_Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"mestizo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizo"},{"link_name":"stillborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB1911-1"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"Old Tupi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_language"},{"link_name":"Joaquim Manuel de Macedo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo"},{"link_name":"Negro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)"},{"link_name":"Madeira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madeira_River"},{"link_name":"Rio de Janeiro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro"},{"link_name":"Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisbon"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Schiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Schiller"},{"link_name":"The Bride of Messina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bride_of_Messina"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Heine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Heine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg"},{"link_name":"Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel_de_Ara%C3%BAjo_Porto-Alegre,_Baron_of_Santo_%C3%82ngelo"},{"link_name":"Gonçalves de Magalhães","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_de_Magalh%C3%A3es,_Viscount_of_Araguaia"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"wrecked","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shipwreck"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Maranhão","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Teófilo Dias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te%C3%B3filo_Dias"}],"text":"Manuscript of Dias' poem \"Se te amo, não sei!\", in his own handwriting. From the archives of the National Library of BrazilAntônio Gonçalves Dias was born in Caxias on August 10, 1823, to a Portuguese father, João Manuel Gonçalves Dias and a cafuza mother, Vicência Ferreira. After completing his studies in Latin, French and Philosophy, he went in 1838 to Portugal to earn a degree in Law at the University of Coimbra. There he wrote his most remembered poem, \"Canção do exílio\". He graduated in 1845 and returned to Brazil in the same year. He went to Rio de Janeiro, living there until 1854. There he wrote for newspapers,[1] and began to write the drama Leonor de Mendonça in 1846 and his first poetry book, Primeiros Cantos, in 1847. It was very well-received, and Alexandre Herculano wrote an article praising it. Dias finished his play Leonor de Mendonça also in 1847, and tried to have it performed at the Conservatório de Música do Rio de Janeiro, but the play was not accepted.In 1848, he wrote two more poetry books: Segundos Cantos and Sextilhas de Frei Antão. In 1849 he became professor of Latin and History at the Colégio Pedro II. In 1851, he published his last poetry book, Últimos Cantos. In the same year, he travelled to Northern Brazil, planning to marry 14-year-old Ana Amélia Ferreira do Vale, to whom he dedicated many of his most famous and beautiful love poems, such as \"Seus olhos\", \"Leviana\", \"Palinódia\" and \"Retratação\". Ana Amélia was the cousin of Alexandre Teófilo de Carvalho Leal, who in his turn was the brother of Antônio Henriques Leal, a famous Brazilian journalist, writer, medician, biographer and historian known as the \"Plutarch of Cantanhede\". (Both Alexandre and Antônio were very close friends with Dias, and Antônio would edit Dias' posthumous works in 1875, in 6 volumes.) However, the girl's mother did not allow the marriage, quoting Dias' mestizo origins as a pretext. (This inspired his famous poem \"Ainda uma vez – adeus!\".) Returning to Rio, he married Olímpia Carolina da Costa later on, having with her a stillborn daughter. Dias divorced Olímpia in 1856.From 1854 to 1858, he went to Europe on special missions for the Secretary of Foreign Affairs, where he studied the state of public instruction in the educational institutions there.[1] In 1856, in Leipzig, he published his three poetry books in a single volume entitled Cantos, wrote the first four cantos of the epic poem Os Timbiras (that he would leave unfinished) and also published a dictionary of Old Tupi. Returning to Brazil in 1860, he founded the magazine Guanabara alongside Joaquim Manuel de Macedo and Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre in 1849, and went on expeditions to Negro and Madeira Rivers, as a member of the Scientific Commission of Exploration. In 1862 he returned to Rio de Janeiro, but shortly after went to Europe again. In October 1863 he went to Lisbon, where he translated Friedrich Schiller's The Bride of Messina and some poems by Heinrich Heine.From left to right: Dias, Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre and Gonçalves de Magalhães, on a picture dating from circa 1858After a short stay in France, he decided to return to Brazil in 1864, in the ship Ville de Boulogne. However, the ship was wrecked on the Bay of Cumã,[2] near the shores of Guimarães, Maranhão. All the passengers but Dias survived the tragedy; he was sleeping in his cabin belowdecks and did not wake up in time to see what was happening; thus he drowned.Dias had a nephew who was also a poet, Teófilo Dias.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1848_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_in_literature"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"Primeiros Cantos (First Chants — 1847)\nSegundos Cantos (Second Chants — 1848)\nSextilhas de Frei Antão (Friar Anton's Sextilles — 1848)\nÚltimos Cantos (Last Chants — 1851)\nCantos (Chants — compilation of Primeiros, Segundos and Últimos Cantos, 1856)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Patkull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patkull"},{"link_name":"1843","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1843_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1845","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1845_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1847","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1847_in_literature"},{"link_name":"1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_in_literature"}],"sub_title":"Theater","text":"Patkull (1843)\nBeatriz Cenci (1845)\nLeonor de Mendonça (1847)\nBoabdil (1850)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"I-Juca-Pirama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Juca-Pirama"},{"link_name":"1851","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1851_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Os Timbiras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Timbiras&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"unfinished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unfinished_creative_work"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_in_literature"}],"sub_title":"Epic and narrative poems","text":"I-Juca-Pirama (1851)\nOs Timbiras (The Timbiras — unfinished, 1856)","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Meditação","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medita%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(prose)"},{"link_name":"1850","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1850_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Tupi Language","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupi_language"},{"link_name":"1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1856_in_literature"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Te%C3%B3filo.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"Meditação (Meditation — unfinished, 1850)\nDicionário da Língua Tupi (Dictionary of Tupi Language — 1856)A lithograph depicting Gonçalves Dias' best friend and confidant, Alexandre Teófilo de Carvalho Leal, taken from the third volume of the Panteão Maranhense","title":"Works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gonçalves Dias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias,_Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"Caxias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caxias,_Maranh%C3%A3o"},{"link_name":"river in Paraná","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias_River"}],"text":"The city of Gonçalves Dias, founded in 1958, has this name because its territory formerly belonged to the city of Caxias, Dias' hometown. A river in Paraná is named after him, as well as many public squares and streets all over Brazil.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikisource"},{"link_name":"1911 Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"},{"link_name":"Gonçalves Dias, Antonio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias,_Antonio"},{"link_name":"A dimensão anti-épica de Virgílio e o Indianismo de Gonçalves Dias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//bdigital.sib.uc.pt/jspui/simple-search?query=grizoste&x=0&y=0:"},{"link_name":"permanent dead link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot"},{"link_name":"Coimbra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coimbra"}],"text":"Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article \"Gonçalves Dias, Antonio\".GRIZOSTE, Weberson Fernandes, A dimensão anti-épica de Virgílio e o Indianismo de Gonçalves Dias[permanent dead link]. Coimbra: CECH, 2011.\nMONTELLO, J. Para conhecer melhor Gonçalves Dias. Rio de Janeiro: Block. 1973. 138 p.\nBRAIT, B. Gonçalves Dias. São Paulo: Nova Cultural. 1988 (Literatura Comentada)","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Manuscript of Dias' poem \"Se te amo, não sei!\", in his own handwriting. From the archives of the National Library of Brazil","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Se_te_amo%2C_n%C3%A3o_sei%21.djvu/page1-200px-Se_te_amo%2C_n%C3%A3o_sei%21.djvu.jpg"},{"image_text":"From left to right: Dias, Manuel de Araújo Porto-Alegre and Gonçalves de Magalhães, on a picture dating from circa 1858","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg/200px-Three_brazilian_writers_1858.jpg"},{"image_text":"A lithograph depicting Gonçalves Dias' best friend and confidant, Alexandre Teófilo de Carvalho Leal, taken from the third volume of the Panteão Maranhense","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Te%C3%B3filo.jpg/150px-Te%C3%B3filo.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Gonçalves Dias, Antonio\" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 230.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias,_Antonio","url_text":"\"Gonçalves Dias, Antonio\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]},{"reference":"\"Gonçalves Dias morreu em naufrágio no baixo de Atins\" (in Portuguese). 15 March 2004. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herb_and_Dorothy | Herb and Dorothy | ["1 Awards","2 References","3 External links"] | 2008 American filmHerb & DorothyDirected byMegumi SasakiProduced byMegumi SasakiStarringPaula AntebiWill BarnetEdited byBernadine ColishMusic byDavid MajzlinRelease date
January 28, 2008 (2008-01-28)
Running time87 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$194,721
Herb and Dorothy is a 2008 documentary film by Megumi Sasaki. The film tells the story of two middle-class collectors of contemporary art, Herbert and Dorothy Vogel, and the enormous and valuable collection of conceptual art and minimalist art they amassed in spite of their relatively meager salaries as New York City civil servants. Many artists are interviewed in the film, including Christo, Chuck Close, Robert Mangold, and Pat Steir.
As of September 2009, the film had made $194,721 at the box office.
Awards
2008 Audience Award for Best Documentary, Hamptons International Film Festival
2008 Golden Starfish Documentary Feature Award, Hamptons International Film Festival
2008 Audience Award, Silverdocs Documentary Festival
2008 Audience Award for Best Documentary, Philadelphia Film Festival
2009 HBO Audience Award, Best Documentary, Provincetown International Film Festival
References
^ a b "Herb and Dorothy". Box Office Mojo. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ Beckman, Rachel (June 19, 2008). "'Herb and Dorothy': You Can't Spell Heart Without Art". Washington Post. Retrieved 2009-06-17.
^ a b "Hamptons International Film Festival » Awards". East Hampton, NY: Hamptons International Film Festival. 2008. Archived from the original on 2008-10-22. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ Comita, Jenny (November 2008). "Perfect Vision". W Magazine. New York, NY, USA: Condé Nast. Culture > Art & Design. ISSN 0162-9115. OCLC 1781845. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ "Herb & Dorothy". arthousefilmsonline.com. New York, NY: Arthouse Films / New Video. July 2009. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
^ "HBO Audience Awards". ptownfilmfest.org. 2009. Archived from the original on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2013-10-03.
External links
Official website
Herb and Dorothy at IMDb
Herb and Dorothy site for Independent Lens on PBS
This article about a documentary film about the arts is a stub. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Exposition_of_1867 | Exposition Universelle (1867) | ["1 Conception","2 Exhibits","3 Influence","4 Gallery","5 See also","6 Footnotes","7 Notes","8 Further reading","9 External links"] | World's Fair held in Paris, France
1867 ParisMain building at the Champ de MarsOverviewBIE-classUniversal expositionCategoryHistorical ExpoNameExposition universelleArea68.7 hectares (170 acres)Invention(s)Hydraulic elevator, Reinforced concreteVisitors15,000,000Participant(s)Countries42Business52,200LocationCountryFranceCityParisVenueChamp-de-MarsCoordinates48°51′21.7945″N 2°17′52.3703″E / 48.856054028°N 2.297880639°E / 48.856054028; 2.297880639TimelineOpening (1867-04-01) (1867-10-31)April 1 – October 31, 1867(6 months, 4 weeks and 2 days)Closure31 October 1867 (1867-10-31)Universal expositionsPrevious1862 International Exhibition in LondonNextWeltausstellung 1873 Wien in Vienna
The Exposition Universelle of 1867 (French pronunciation: ), better known in English as the 1867 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 1 April to 3 November 1867. It was the second of ten major expositions held in the city between 1855 and 1937. A number of nations were represented at the fair. Following a decree of Emperor Napoleon III, the exposition was prepared as early as 1864, in the midst of the renovation of Paris, marking the culmination of the Second French Empire. Visitors included Tsar Alexander II of Russia, a brother of the King William and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, Prince Metternich and Franz Josef of Austria, Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz, and the Khedive of Egypt Isma'il.
Conception
Official bird's-eye view of Exposition Universelle of 1867
Napoleon III receives the rulers and illustrious men who visited the Exposition universelle of 1867.
In 1864, Napoleon III issued a decree stating that an international exposition should be held in Paris in 1867. A commission was appointed with Prince Jerome Napoleon as president, under whose direction the preliminary work began. The site chosen for the Exposition Universelle of 1867 was the Champ de Mars, the great military parade ground of Paris, which covered an area of 119 acres (48 hectares) and to which was added the island of Billancourt, of 52 acres (21 hectares). The principal building was rectangular in shape with rounded ends, having a length of 1,608 feet (490 m) and a width of 1,247 feet (380 m), and in the center was a pavilion surmounted by a dome and surrounded by a garden, 545 feet (166 m) long and 184 feet (56 m) wide, with a gallery built completely around it. In addition to the main building, there were nearly 100 smaller buildings on the grounds. Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Ernest Renan, and Theophile Gautier all wrote publications to promote the event.
Exhibits
Swedish folk costumes on display at the International Exposition in 1867
There were 50,226 exhibitors, of whom 15,055 were from France and her colonies, 6176 from Great Britain and Ireland, 703 from the United States and a small contingent from Canada. The funds for the construction and maintenance of the exposition consisted of grants of $1,165,020 from the French government, a like amount from the city of Paris, and about $2,000,000 from public subscription, making a total of $5,883,400; while the receipts were estimated to have been but $2,822,900, thus leaving a deficit, which, however, was offset by the subscriptions from the government and the city of Paris, so that the final report was made to show a gain.
Bateaux Mouches, boats capable of carrying 150 passengers, entered service conveying visitors along the Seine to and from the exhibition. There was also a new railway line built to convey passengers around the outer edge of Paris to the Champ de Mars. Two double-decker hot air balloons, the Géant and the Céleste, were moored to the site and manned by the famous photographer Nadar. Nadar would take groups of 12 or more people for flights above the grounds, where they could enjoy views of the site and Paris.
In the "gallery of Labour History" Jacques Boucher de Perthes, exposes one of the first prehistoric tools whose authenticity has been recognized with the accuracy of these theories. Napoléon III was particularly interested in exhibiting prototypes, designs, and models of workers' housing in the section of the exposition dedicated to workers' living conditions. He commissioned the architect Eugène Lacroix to design and build a set of four buildings on the rue de Monttessuy, at the edge of the exposition grounds, to demonstrate that affordable, decent housing for the working classes could be built at a profit.
The exhibition also included two prototypes of the much acclaimed and prize-winning hydrochronometer invented in 1867 by Gian Battista Embriaco, O.P. (Ceriana 1829 - Rome 1903), professor at the College of St. Thomas in Rome.
A monumental conical pendulum clock by Eugène Farcot (1867), Drexel University, USA
One of the Egyptian exhibits was designed by Auguste Mariette, and featured ancient Egyptian monuments. The Suez Canal Company had an exhibit within the Egyptian exhibits, taking up two rooms at the event. Which it used to sell bonds for funding.
The German manufacturer Krupp displayed a 50-ton cannon made of steel.
Americans displayed their latest telegraph technology and both Cyrus Field and Samuel Morse provided speeches.
French explorer and early ethnobotanist Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay exhibited a display of dried specimens of some 450 species of useful plant, collected in the course of his recent explorations of Gabon and annotated with accounts of the uses to which they were put in their native land. Most notable among these were the powerful stimulant and hallucinogen Tabernanthe iboga, containing the alkaloid ibogaine, (currently being investigated as a cure for heroin and other addictions), the legume Griffonia simplicifolia (found, subsequently, to be rich in the serotonin precursor 5-HTP), and Strophanthus hispidus, an effective arrow poison, due to its containing cardiac glycosides with digoxin-like effects. Griffon du Bellay was awarded two medals for his exhibit.
The exposition was formally opened on 1 April and closed on 31 October 1867, and was visited by 9,238,967 persons, including exhibitors and employees. This exposition was the greatest up to its time of all international expositions, both with respect to its extent and to the scope of its plan.
Influence
For the first time Japan presented art pieces to the world in a national pavilion, especially pieces from the Satsuma and Saga domains in Kyushu. Vincent van Gogh and other artists of the post-impressionism movement of the late 19th century were part of the European art craze inspired by the displays seen here, and wrote often of the Japanese woodcut prints "that one sees everywhere, landscapes and figures." Not only was Van Gogh a collector of the new art brought to Europe from a newly opened Japan, but many other French artists from the late 19th century were also influenced by the Japanese artistic world-view, to develop into Japonism.
The Paris street near Champs de Mars, Rue de L'Exposition was named in hommage to this 1867 universal exhibition.
Jules Verne visited the exhibition in 1867, his take on the newly publicized discovery of electricity inspiring him heavily in his writing of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.
A famous revival of the ballet Le Corsaire was staged by the Ballet Master Joseph Mazilier in honor of the exhibition at the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra on 21 October 1867.
The World Rowing Championships were held on the Seine River in July and was won by the underdog Canadian team from Saint John, New Brunswick which was quickly dubbed by the media as The Paris Crew.
Gallery
Engraving of the Exposition Universelle (1867)
Adjutant Daniel Nordlander (upper left), with Adjutant Fritz von Dardel, Ordonnance Officer Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin, General Henri-Pierre Castelnau, King Charles XV of Sweden and Prince Oscar, future King Oscar II of Sweden
The Japanese delegation to the Exposition Universelle
Chinese and Japanese exhibits at the 1867 Exposition Universelle
Japanese Satsuma pavilion at the French expo 1867
Siamese elephant pavillon at the Exposition
Model of Plongeur, made for the Exposition Universelle (1867). Musée National de la Marine (Rochefort).
Flint Biface
Commission awarded to one of the members of the (Australian state of) Victoria stand in 1867
Brazilian exhibit at the 1867 Exposition Universelle
M. le Colonel de Salis' CARTE DE SEMAINE, A PARIS valable jusqu'au AVRIL 23. No doubt he was there to visit his brother, William's stand for the Australian State of Victoria.
Sudden Mania to Become Pianists created upon hearing Steinway's Piano at the Paris Exposition. After a lithograph by "Cham", Amédée de Noé. From: Harper's Weekly, issue August 10, 1867, reporting on the 1867 Paris Exposition
See also
Paris Monetary Conference (1867)
Rejtan (painting) (won gold medal at the exposition)
Footnotes
^ This includes six world expositions (in 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900 and 1937), two specialized expositions (in 1881 and 1925) and two colonial expositions (in 1907 and 1931).
Notes
^ Bela Menczer, "Exposition, 1867." History Today (July 1967), Vol. 17 Issue 7, pp.429-436.
^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 222. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
^ Horne, 1965; p. 6
^ Kirkland, 2013; p. 239
^ Alistair Horne (1965). The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune: 1870-71. St. Martin's Press. pp. 6–7.
^ Richard P. Hallion (2003). Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War. Oxford University Press. p. 71.
^ Stephane Kirkland (2013). Paris Reborn: Napoléon III, Baron Haussmann, and the Quest to Build a Modern City. St. Martin's Press. pp. 241–242.
^ Administrator. "Orologi". Archived from the original on 5 December 2014.
^ Marchese, Vincenzo Fortunato (1879). Memorie dei pi insigni pittori, scultori e architetti domenicani.
^ Idrocronometro
^ "Roma Capitale". sso.comune.roma.it. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 220-232. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
^ a b Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 225. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.
^ Pope, Harrison G. Jr., Tabernanthe iboga: an African Narcotic Plant of Social Importance Economic Botany volume 23, pages 174–184 (1969).
^ Furst, Peter T. (ed.) Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens, pub. George Allen & Unwin 1972 Copyright 1972 by Praeger Publishers, Inc. (Chapters 6 and 7 copyright 1972 by R. Gordon Wasson), ISBN 0 04 573009 1, Chapter 9, "Tabernanthe iboga: Narcotic Ecstasis and the Work of the Ancestors" by James W. Fernandez, Page 237.
^ Lotsof, H.S. (1995). "Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives". 3. MAPS Bulletin: 19–26. Archived from the original on 22 January 1997. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
^ A.D.A.M., Inc. "5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)". University of Maryland Medical Center.
^ Emanuele, E; Bertona, M; Minoretti, P; Geroldi, D (2010). "An open-label trial of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in subjects with romantic stress". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 31 (5): 663–6. PMID 21178946.
^ Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon (with Roger Sillans), Paris, Le Chevalier, 1961, 614 p. (Coll. Encyclopédie biologique, 56).
^ "Médecin". ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
^ "Welcome". Japanese art gallery in Paris - Yakimono. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014.
^ Van Gogh, letter to his sister Wilhelmina, Arles, 30 March 1888
Further reading
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
Menczer, Bela. "Exposition, 1867." History Today (July 1967), Vol. 17 Issue 7, p429-436 online.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Exposition Universelle (1867).
Expo 1867 Paris at the Bureau International des Expositions. Retrieved May 1, 2019.
1867 Paris (BIE World Expo) - approximately 90 links
One 1867 Paris Exposition souvenir fan in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database
Ducuing, François, Vol 1: L'Exposition universelle de 1867 illustrée: publication internationale autorisée par la Commission impériale. (Paris: Bureaux d'Abonnements, 1867).
Ducuing, François, Vol 2: L'Exposition universelle de 1867 illustrée: publication internationale autorisée par la Commission impériale. (Paris: Bureaux d'Abonnements, 1867)
Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867 album, Getty Research Institute, Los Angeles. Accession No. 2002.R.11. The album contains 25 photographs taken by Auguste-Rosalie Bisson (Bisson Jeune) and five taken by Charles-Louis Michelez. The album documents the buildings, grounds and exhibits of the 1867 Paris Exposition universelle in Paris.
vteWorld exhibitionsBureau International des Expositions (BIE)Retroactivelyrecognizedexpositions
London 1851
Paris 1855
London 1862
Paris 1867
Vienna 1873
Philadelphia 1876
Paris 1878
Melbourne 1880
Barcelona 1888
Paris 1889
Chicago 1893
Brussels 1897
Paris 1900
St. Louis 1904
Liège 1905
Milan 1906
Brussels 1910
Turin 1911
Ghent 1913
San Francisco 1915
Barcelona 1929
Seville 1929
Chicago 1933
BIE-recognizedUniversalexpositions
Brussels 1935
Paris 1937
New York 1939–1940
Port-au-Prince 1949
Brussels 1958
Seattle 1962
Montreal 1967
Osaka 1970
Chicago 1992
Seville 1992
Hannover 2000
Aichi 2005
Shanghai 2010
Milan 2015
Dubai 2020†
Osaka 2025
Riyadh 2030
BIE-recognizedspecializedexpositions
Stockholm 1936
Helsinki 1938
Liège 1939
Paris 1947
Stockholm 1949
Lyon 1949
Lille 1951
Jerusalem 1953
Rome 1953
Naples 1954
Turin 1955
Helsingborg 1955
Beit Dagan 1956
Berlin 1957
Turin 1961
Munich 1965
San Antonio 1968
Budapest 1971
Spokane 1974
Okinawa 1975
Plovdiv 1981
Knoxville 1982
New Orleans 1984
Plovdiv 1985
Tsukuba 1985
Vancouver 1986
Brisbane 1988
Plovdiv 1991
Genoa 1992
Taejŏn 1993
Lisbon 1998
Zaragoza 2008
Yeosu 2012
Astana 2017
Buenos Aires 2023
Belgrade 2027
BIE-recognizedhorticulturalexhibitions (AIPH)
Rotterdam 1960
Paris 1969
Amsterdam 1972
Hamburg 1973
Vienna 1974
Montreal 1980
Amsterdam 1982
Munich 1983
Liverpool 1984
Osaka 1990
Zoetermeer 1992
Stuttgart 1993
Kunming 1999
Haarlemmermeer 2002
Rostock 2003
Chiang Mai 2006–2007
Venlo 2012
Antalya 2016
Beijing 2019
Almere 2022
Doha 2023
Yokohama 2027
Not BIE-recognizedAfrica
Freetown 1865
Cape Town 1877
Kimberley 1892–1893
Johannesburg 1936–1937
Asia
Calcutta 1883–1884
Hanoi 1902
Nanking 1910
Semarang 1914
Hangzhou 1929
Taihoku (Taipei) 1935
Nagoya 1937
Clark 1998
Shenyang 2006
Chiang Mai 2011–2012
Udon Thani 2026
Europe
London 1760
Dublin 1853
Manchester 1857
Porto 1865
Stockholm 1866
London 1871–1874
Lyon 1872
Vienna 1873
Amsterdam 1883
Liverpool 1886
London 1886
Copenhagen 1888
Glasgow 1888
Frankfurt 1891
Prague 1891
Lyon 1894
Oporto 1894
Berlin 1896
Stockholm 1897
Glasgow 1901
Cork 1902
London 1905
London 1906
Marseille 1906
Dublin 1907
London 1908
Zaragoza 1908
London 1910
Dresden 1911
London 1911
London 1912
Lyon 1914
Cologne 1914
London 1914
Kristiania 1914
Malmö 1914
London 1921
Marseille 1922
Gothenburg 1923
British Empire Exhibition 1924–1925
Antwerp 1930
Stockholm 1930
Paris 1931
Porto 1934
Glasgow 1938
Stockholm 1943
North America
New York City 1826–1897
Bryant Park, New York City 1853
Atlanta 1881
Louisville 1883–1887
New Orleans 1884
Atlanta 1887
San Francisco 1894
Atlanta 1895
Nashville 1897
Omaha 1898
Buffalo 1901
Charleston 1901–1902
Portland, Oregon 1905
Jamestown 1907
Seattle 1909
Knoxville 1913
San Diego 1915–1917
Bronx 1918
Philadelphia 1926
San Diego 1935–1936
Dallas 1936
Cleveland 1936–1937
Dallas 1937
San Francisco 1939–1940
Chicago 1940
New York City 1964–1965
Oceania
Melbourne 1866
Sydney 1870
Melbourne 1875
Brisbane 1876
Sydney 1879
Adelaide 1887
Melbourne 1888
Dunedin 1889
Christchurch 1906
Auckland 1913–1914
Dunedin 1925
Wellington 1939–1940
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IdRef | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[ɛkspozisjɔ̃ ynivɛʁsɛl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"world's fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_fair"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"second","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_world_expositions"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-1"},{"link_name":"Emperor Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"the renovation of Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haussmann%27s_renovation_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"Second French Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_French_Empire"},{"link_name":"Tsar Alexander II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Alexander_II"},{"link_name":"King William","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor"},{"link_name":"Otto von Bismarck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck"},{"link_name":"Franz Josef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Josef"},{"link_name":"Abdülaziz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClaziz"},{"link_name":"Isma'il","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isma%27il_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Exposition Universelle of 1867 (French pronunciation: [ɛkspozisjɔ̃ ynivɛʁsɛl]), better known in English as the 1867 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 1 April to 3 November 1867. It was the second of ten major expositions held in the city between 1855 and 1937.[a] A number of nations were represented at the fair. Following a decree of Emperor Napoleon III, the exposition was prepared as early as 1864, in the midst of the renovation of Paris, marking the culmination of the Second French Empire. Visitors included Tsar Alexander II of Russia, a brother of the King William and Otto von Bismarck of Prussia, Prince Metternich and Franz Josef of Austria, Ottoman Sultan Abdülaziz, and the Khedive of Egypt Isma'il.[1]","title":"Exposition Universelle (1867)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vue_officielle_a_vol_d%27oiseau_de_l%27exposition_universelle_de_1867.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Napol%C3%A9on_III_recoit_les_souverains_et_les_personnages_illustres_qui_ont_visit%C3%A9_l%E2%80%99exposition_universelle_de_1867.jpg"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III"},{"link_name":"Napoleon III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_agency"},{"link_name":"Prince Jerome Napoleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerome_Napoleon_Bonaparte_II"},{"link_name":"Champ de Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ_de_Mars"},{"link_name":"Billancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-Billancourt"},{"link_name":"Victor Hugo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Hugo"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas"},{"link_name":"Ernest Renan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Renan"},{"link_name":"Theophile Gautier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theophile_Gautier"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Official bird's-eye view of Exposition Universelle of 1867Napoleon III receives the rulers and illustrious men who visited the Exposition universelle of 1867.In 1864, Napoleon III issued a decree stating that an international exposition should be held in Paris in 1867. A commission was appointed with Prince Jerome Napoleon as president, under whose direction the preliminary work began. The site chosen for the Exposition Universelle of 1867 was the Champ de Mars, the great military parade ground of Paris, which covered an area of 119 acres (48 hectares) and to which was added the island of Billancourt, of 52 acres (21 hectares). The principal building was rectangular in shape with rounded ends, having a length of 1,608 feet (490 m) and a width of 1,247 feet (380 m), and in the center was a pavilion surmounted by a dome and surrounded by a garden, 545 feet (166 m) long and 184 feet (56 m) wide, with a gallery built completely around it. In addition to the main building, there were nearly 100 smaller buildings on the grounds. Victor Hugo, Alexandre Dumas, Ernest Renan, and Theophile Gautier all wrote publications to promote the event.[2]","title":"Conception"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V%C3%A4rldsutst%C3%A4llningen_i_Paris_1867._Tv%C3%A5_kvinnor_i_folkdr%C3%A4kter_fr%C3%A5n_Blekinge_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0039851.jpg"},{"link_name":"folk costumes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folk_costume"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"grants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant_(money)"},{"link_name":"Bateaux Mouches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateaux_Mouches"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Nadar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nadar"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Jacques Boucher de Perthes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Boucher_de_Perthes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"hydrochronometer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrochronometer"},{"link_name":"College of St. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontifical_University_of_Saint_Thomas_Aquinas"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clock_sculpture_-_Drexel_University_-_IMG_7332.JPG"},{"link_name":"Eugène Farcot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Farcot"},{"link_name":"Drexel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_University"},{"link_name":"Auguste Mariette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auguste_Mariette"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal_Company"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Krupp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krupp"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"},{"link_name":"Cyrus Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_Field"},{"link_name":"Samuel Morse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Morse"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-14"},{"link_name":"explorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploration"},{"link_name":"ethnobotanist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethnobotany"},{"link_name":"Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Th%C3%A9ophile_Griffon_du_Bellay"},{"link_name":"Gabon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabon"},{"link_name":"Tabernanthe iboga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabernanthe_iboga"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"ibogaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibogaine"},{"link_name":"heroin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heroin"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Griffonia simplicifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Griffonia_simplicifolia"},{"link_name":"serotonin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serotonin"},{"link_name":"5-HTP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5-hydroxytryptophan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Strophanthus hispidus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strophanthus_hispidus"},{"link_name":"arrow poison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_poison"},{"link_name":"cardiac glycosides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside"},{"link_name":"digoxin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digoxin"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ecole_nav.-21"}],"text":"Swedish folk costumes on display at the International Exposition in 1867There were 50,226 exhibitors, of whom 15,055 were from France and her colonies, 6176 from Great Britain and Ireland, 703 from the United States and a small contingent from Canada. The funds for the construction and maintenance of the exposition consisted of grants of $1,165,020 from the French government, a like amount from the city of Paris, and about $2,000,000 from public subscription, making a total of $5,883,400; while the receipts were estimated to have been but $2,822,900, thus leaving a deficit, which, however, was offset by the subscriptions from the government and the city of Paris, so that the final report was made to show a gain.Bateaux Mouches, boats capable of carrying 150 passengers, entered service conveying visitors along the Seine to and from the exhibition.[3] There was also a new railway line built to convey passengers around the outer edge of Paris to the Champ de Mars.[4] Two double-decker hot air balloons, the Géant and the Céleste, were moored to the site and manned by the famous photographer Nadar. Nadar would take groups of 12 or more people for flights above the grounds, where they could enjoy views of the site and Paris.[5][6]In the \"gallery of Labour History\" Jacques Boucher de Perthes, exposes one of the first prehistoric tools whose authenticity has been recognized with the accuracy of these theories. Napoléon III was particularly interested in exhibiting prototypes, designs, and models of workers' housing in the section of the exposition dedicated to workers' living conditions. He commissioned the architect Eugène Lacroix to design and build a set of four buildings on the rue de Monttessuy, at the edge of the exposition grounds, to demonstrate that affordable, decent housing for the working classes could be built at a profit.[7]The exhibition also included two prototypes of the much acclaimed and prize-winning hydrochronometer invented in 1867 by Gian Battista Embriaco, O.P. (Ceriana 1829 - Rome 1903), professor at the College of St. Thomas in Rome.[8][9][10][11]A monumental conical pendulum clock by Eugène Farcot (1867), Drexel University, USAOne of the Egyptian exhibits was designed by Auguste Mariette, and featured ancient Egyptian monuments. The Suez Canal Company had an exhibit within the Egyptian exhibits, taking up two rooms at the event. Which it used to sell bonds for funding.[12]The German manufacturer Krupp displayed a 50-ton cannon made of steel.[13]Americans displayed their latest telegraph technology and both Cyrus Field and Samuel Morse provided speeches.[13]French explorer and early ethnobotanist Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay exhibited a display of dried specimens of some 450 species of useful plant, collected in the course of his recent explorations of Gabon and annotated with accounts of the uses to which they were put in their native land. Most notable among these were the powerful stimulant and hallucinogen Tabernanthe iboga,[14][15] containing the alkaloid ibogaine, (currently being investigated as a cure for heroin and other addictions),[16] the legume Griffonia simplicifolia (found, subsequently, to be rich in the serotonin precursor 5-HTP),[17][18] and Strophanthus hispidus, an effective arrow poison, due to its containing cardiac glycosides with digoxin-like effects.[19] Griffon du Bellay was awarded two medals for his exhibit.[20]The exposition was formally opened on 1 April and closed on 31 October 1867, and was visited by 9,238,967 persons, including exhibitors and employees. This exposition was the greatest up to its time of all international expositions, both with respect to its extent and to the scope of its plan.","title":"Exhibits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Satsuma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satsuma_Domain"},{"link_name":"Vincent van Gogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_van_Gogh"},{"link_name":"post-impressionism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-impressionism"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"newly opened Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakoku"},{"link_name":"Japonism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japonism"},{"link_name":"Jules Verne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Verne"},{"link_name":"electricity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electricity"},{"link_name":"Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twenty_Thousand_Leagues_Under_the_Sea"},{"link_name":"Le Corsaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Corsaire"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mazilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mazilier"},{"link_name":"Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Imp%C3%A9rial_de_l%27Op%C3%A9ra"},{"link_name":"Seine River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seine"},{"link_name":"Saint John, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"The Paris Crew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Crew"}],"text":"For the first time Japan presented art pieces[21] to the world in a national pavilion, especially pieces from the Satsuma and Saga domains in Kyushu. Vincent van Gogh and other artists of the post-impressionism movement of the late 19th century were part of the European art craze inspired by the displays seen here, and wrote often of the Japanese woodcut prints \"that one sees everywhere, landscapes and figures.\"[22] Not only was Van Gogh a collector of the new art brought to Europe from a newly opened Japan, but many other French artists from the late 19th century were also influenced by the Japanese artistic world-view, to develop into Japonism.The Paris street near Champs de Mars, Rue de L'Exposition was named in hommage to this 1867 universal exhibition.Jules Verne visited the exhibition in 1867, his take on the newly publicized discovery of electricity inspiring him heavily in his writing of Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Sea.A famous revival of the ballet Le Corsaire was staged by the Ballet Master Joseph Mazilier in honor of the exhibition at the Théâtre Impérial de l'Opéra on 21 October 1867.The World Rowing Championships were held on the Seine River in July and was won by the underdog Canadian team from Saint John, New Brunswick which was quickly dubbed by the media as The Paris Crew.","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exposition_map_1867.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Charles_XV_of_Sweden_and_Prince_Oscar_with_Adjutants.jpg"},{"link_name":"Adjutant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjutant"},{"link_name":"Daniel Nordlander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Nordlander"},{"link_name":"Fritz von Dardel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_von_Dardel"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand-Alphonse_Hamelin"},{"link_name":"General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General"},{"link_name":"Henri-Pierre Castelnau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri-Pierre_Castelnau"},{"link_name":"Charles XV of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_XV_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Oscar II of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Delegation_Tokugawa_Akitake_in_Marseille_France_1867.png"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ChineseAndJapaneseExhibitsAtThe1867WorldFair.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Japanese_Satsuma_pavillion_at_the_French_expo_1867.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siamese_elephant_pavillon_French_expo_1867.jpg"},{"link_name":"Siamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France-Thailand_relations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plongeur_Rochefort_top_and_side_views.jpg"},{"link_name":"Plongeur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_submarine_Plongeur"},{"link_name":"Musée National de la Marine (Rochefort)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_National_de_la_Marine_(Rochefort)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Biface_de_Boucher_de_Perthes_MHNT.jpg"},{"link_name":"Biface","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biface"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exposition_Universelle_de_1867_W._Fane_De_Salis.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exposi%C3%A7%C3%A3o_brasileira,_no_palacio_do_campo_de_Marte.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M._le_Colonel_de_Salis,_CARTE_DE_SEMAINE_Exposition_Universelle_de_1867_A_PARIS_valable_jusqu%27au_AVRIL_23.jpg"},{"link_name":"M. le Colonel de Salis'","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodolphus_Johannes_Leslie_Hibernicus_de_Salis_(general)"},{"link_name":"brother, William's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Andrew_Salius_Fane_de_Salis"},{"link_name":"Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sudden_Mania_to_Become_Pianists_created_upon_hearing_Steinway%27s_Piano_at_the_Paris_Exposition.jpg"},{"link_name":"Steinway's Piano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steinway_%26_Sons"},{"link_name":"Amédée de Noé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_de_No%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Harper's Weekly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly"}],"text":"Engraving of the Exposition Universelle (1867)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAdjutant Daniel Nordlander (upper left), with Adjutant Fritz von Dardel, Ordonnance Officer Ferdinand-Alphonse Hamelin, General Henri-Pierre Castelnau, King Charles XV of Sweden and Prince Oscar, future King Oscar II of Sweden\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Japanese delegation to the Exposition Universelle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tChinese and Japanese exhibits at the 1867 Exposition Universelle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJapanese Satsuma pavilion at the French expo 1867\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSiamese elephant pavillon at the Exposition\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tModel of Plongeur, made for the Exposition Universelle (1867). Musée National de la Marine (Rochefort).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFlint Biface\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tCommission awarded to one of the members of the (Australian state of) Victoria stand in 1867\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBrazilian exhibit at the 1867 Exposition Universelle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tM. le Colonel de Salis' CARTE DE SEMAINE, A PARIS valable jusqu'au AVRIL 23. No doubt he was there to visit his brother, William's stand for the Australian State of Victoria.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSudden Mania to Become Pianists created upon hearing Steinway's Piano at the Paris Exposition. After a lithograph by \"Cham\", Amédée de Noé. From: Harper's Weekly, issue August 10, 1867, reporting on the 1867 Paris Exposition","title":"Gallery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_1-0"}],"text":"^ This includes six world expositions (in 1855, 1867, 1878, 1889, 1900 and 1937), two specialized expositions (in 1881 and 1925) and two colonial expositions (in 1907 and 1931).","title":"Footnotes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez 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original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.casanatense.it/index.php/it/gli-editoriali/72-stampe-e-disegni/153-orologi.html?showall=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"Memorie dei pi insigni pittori, scultori e architetti domenicani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=ff9AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA513"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"Idrocronometro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idrocronometro"},{"link_name":"circular reference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Wikipedia_and_sources_that_mirror_or_use_it"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"\"Roma Capitale\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sso.comune.roma.it/ssoservice/XUI/?goto=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%3A443%2FPCR%2Fresources%2Fcms%2Fdocuments%2Fstoria-idrocronometro.pdf%2Bidrocronometro%2B%2522storia%2Bdel%2Bprogetto%2522%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESiGp8xz15iBCs0S33njoGp3ahPhWhYboWzWGkSevHXbmopZpVjeB2eeLuARhkOU9xVdGNOrRBDcpo6ZpFLZ7y_EBpxiRVc5gL1pc4NOloVKHcCyAiFEo2ZnRZtTWxchmaZPm8u5%26sig%3DAHIEtbSmcoAIHFoLacFIXx-vRZzoi9hdJQ"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/220"},{"link_name":"220-232","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/220"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-375-40883-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_14-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_14-1"},{"link_name":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/225"},{"link_name":"225","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/225"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-375-40883-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0 04 573009 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0%2B04%2B573009%2B1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"\"Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/19970122031859/http://www.ibogaine.desk.nl/clin-perspectives.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ibogaine.desk.nl/clin-perspectives.html"},{"link_name":"cite journal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"A.D.A.M., Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.D.A.M.,_Inc."},{"link_name":"\"5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/5-hydroxytryptophan-000283.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"21178946","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21178946"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"Roger Sillans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roger_Sillans&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-ecole_nav._21-0"},{"link_name":"\"Médecin\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_griffon_theophile.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"\"Welcome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140505101407/http://www.yakimonos.com/en/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.yakimonos.com/en"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"}],"text":"^ Bela Menczer, \"Exposition, 1867.\" History Today (July 1967), Vol. 17 Issue 7, pp.429-436.\n\n^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 222. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.\n\n^ Horne, 1965; p. 6\n\n^ Kirkland, 2013; p. 239\n\n^ Alistair Horne (1965). The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune: 1870-71. St. Martin's Press. pp. 6–7.\n\n^ Richard P. Hallion (2003). Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War. Oxford University Press. p. 71.\n\n^ Stephane Kirkland (2013). Paris Reborn: Napoléon III, Baron Haussmann, and the Quest to Build a Modern City. St. Martin's Press. pp. 241–242.\n\n^ Administrator. \"Orologi\". Archived from the original on 5 December 2014.\n\n^ Marchese, Vincenzo Fortunato (1879). Memorie dei pi insigni pittori, scultori e architetti domenicani.\n\n^ Idrocronometro[circular reference]\n\n^ \"Roma Capitale\". sso.comune.roma.it. Retrieved 18 June 2023.\n\n^ Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 220-232. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.\n\n^ a b Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 225. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.\n\n^ Pope, Harrison G. Jr., Tabernanthe iboga: an African Narcotic Plant of Social Importance Economic Botany volume 23, pages 174–184 (1969).\n\n^ Furst, Peter T. (ed.) Flesh of the Gods: The Ritual Use of Hallucinogens, pub. George Allen & Unwin 1972 Copyright 1972 by Praeger Publishers, Inc. (Chapters 6 and 7 copyright 1972 by R. Gordon Wasson), ISBN 0 04 573009 1, Chapter 9, \"Tabernanthe iboga: Narcotic Ecstasis and the Work of the Ancestors\" by James W. Fernandez, Page 237.\n\n^ Lotsof, H.S. (1995). \"Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives\". 3. MAPS Bulletin: 19–26. Archived from the original on 22 January 1997. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)\n\n^ A.D.A.M., Inc. \"5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)\". University of Maryland Medical Center.\n\n^ Emanuele, E; Bertona, M; Minoretti, P; Geroldi, D (2010). \"An open-label trial of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in subjects with romantic stress\". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 31 (5): 663–6. PMID 21178946.\n\n^ Les Plantes Utiles du Gabon (with Roger Sillans), Paris, Le Chevalier, 1961, 614 p. (Coll. Encyclopédie biologique, 56).\n\n^ \"Médecin\". ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2023.\n\n^ \"Welcome\". Japanese art gallery in Paris - Yakimono. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014.\n\n^ Van Gogh, letter to his sister Wilhelmina, Arles, 30 March 1888","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Gilman, D. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman"},{"link_name":"New International Encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"cite encyclopedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia"},{"link_name":"help","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title"}],"text":"This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)\nMenczer, Bela. \"Exposition, 1867.\" History Today (July 1967), Vol. 17 Issue 7, p429-436 online.","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"Official bird's-eye view of Exposition Universelle of 1867","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Vue_officielle_a_vol_d%27oiseau_de_l%27exposition_universelle_de_1867.jpg/220px-Vue_officielle_a_vol_d%27oiseau_de_l%27exposition_universelle_de_1867.jpg"},{"image_text":"Napoleon III receives the rulers and illustrious men who visited the Exposition universelle of 1867.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Napol%C3%A9on_III_recoit_les_souverains_et_les_personnages_illustres_qui_ont_visit%C3%A9_l%E2%80%99exposition_universelle_de_1867.jpg/220px-Napol%C3%A9on_III_recoit_les_souverains_et_les_personnages_illustres_qui_ont_visit%C3%A9_l%E2%80%99exposition_universelle_de_1867.jpg"},{"image_text":"Swedish folk costumes on display at the International Exposition in 1867","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/V%C3%A4rldsutst%C3%A4llningen_i_Paris_1867._Tv%C3%A5_kvinnor_i_folkdr%C3%A4kter_fr%C3%A5n_Blekinge_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0039851.jpg/220px-V%C3%A4rldsutst%C3%A4llningen_i_Paris_1867._Tv%C3%A5_kvinnor_i_folkdr%C3%A4kter_fr%C3%A5n_Blekinge_-_Nordiska_Museet_-_NMA.0039851.jpg"},{"image_text":"A monumental conical pendulum clock by Eugène Farcot (1867), Drexel University, USA","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Clock_sculpture_-_Drexel_University_-_IMG_7332.JPG/220px-Clock_sculpture_-_Drexel_University_-_IMG_7332.JPG"}] | [{"title":"Paris Monetary Conference (1867)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_Monetary_Conference_(1867)"},{"title":"Rejtan (painting)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rejtan_(painting)"}] | [{"reference":"Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. p. 222. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/222","url_text":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/222","url_text":"222"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5","url_text":"0-375-40883-5"}]},{"reference":"Alistair Horne (1965). The Fall of Paris: The Siege and the Commune: 1870-71. St. Martin's Press. pp. 6–7.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Richard P. Hallion (2003). Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War. Oxford University Press. p. 71.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stephane Kirkland (2013). Paris Reborn: Napoléon III, Baron Haussmann, and the Quest to Build a Modern City. St. Martin's Press. pp. 241–242.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Administrator. \"Orologi\". Archived from the original on 5 December 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205090500/http://www.casanatense.it/index.php/it/gli-editoriali/72-stampe-e-disegni/153-orologi.html?showall=1","url_text":"\"Orologi\""},{"url":"http://www.casanatense.it/index.php/it/gli-editoriali/72-stampe-e-disegni/153-orologi.html?showall=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Marchese, Vincenzo Fortunato (1879). Memorie dei pi insigni pittori, scultori e architetti domenicani.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ff9AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA513","url_text":"Memorie dei pi insigni pittori, scultori e architetti domenicani"}]},{"reference":"\"Roma Capitale\". sso.comune.roma.it. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://sso.comune.roma.it/ssoservice/XUI/?goto=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%3A443%2FPCR%2Fresources%2Fcms%2Fdocuments%2Fstoria-idrocronometro.pdf%2Bidrocronometro%2B%2522storia%2Bdel%2Bprogetto%2522%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESiGp8xz15iBCs0S33njoGp3ahPhWhYboWzWGkSevHXbmopZpVjeB2eeLuARhkOU9xVdGNOrRBDcpo6ZpFLZ7y_EBpxiRVc5gL1pc4NOloVKHcCyAiFEo2ZnRZtTWxchmaZPm8u5%26sig%3DAHIEtbSmcoAIHFoLacFIXx-vRZzoi9hdJQ","url_text":"\"Roma Capitale\""}]},{"reference":"Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 220-232. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/220","url_text":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/220","url_text":"220-232"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5","url_text":"0-375-40883-5"}]},{"reference":"Karabell, Zachary (2003). Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal. Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 225. ISBN 0-375-40883-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/225","url_text":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/225","url_text":"225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-40883-5","url_text":"0-375-40883-5"}]},{"reference":"Lotsof, H.S. (1995). \"Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives\". 3. MAPS Bulletin: 19–26. Archived from the original on 22 January 1997.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970122031859/http://www.ibogaine.desk.nl/clin-perspectives.html","url_text":"\"Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives\""},{"url":"http://ibogaine.desk.nl/clin-perspectives.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"A.D.A.M., Inc. \"5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)\". University of Maryland Medical Center.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A.D.A.M.,_Inc.","url_text":"A.D.A.M., Inc."},{"url":"http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/5-hydroxytryptophan-000283.htm","url_text":"\"5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)\""}]},{"reference":"Emanuele, E; Bertona, M; Minoretti, P; Geroldi, D (2010). \"An open-label trial of L-5-hydroxytryptophan in subjects with romantic stress\". Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 31 (5): 663–6. PMID 21178946.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21178946","url_text":"21178946"}]},{"reference":"\"Médecin\". ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr. Retrieved 18 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_griffon_theophile.htm","url_text":"\"Médecin\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome\". Japanese art gallery in Paris - Yakimono. Archived from the original on 5 May 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140505101407/http://www.yakimonos.com/en/","url_text":"\"Welcome\""},{"url":"http://www.yakimonos.com/en","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Gilman, D. C.; Peck, H. T.; Colby, F. M., eds. (1905). New International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Dodd, Mead.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Coit_Gilman","url_text":"Gilman, D. C."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia","url_text":"New International Encyclopedia"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Exposition_Universelle_(1867)¶ms=48_51_21.7945_N_2_17_52.3703_E_type:landmark_region:FR","external_links_name":"48°51′21.7945″N 2°17′52.3703″E / 48.856054028°N 2.297880639°E / 48.856054028; 2.297880639"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/222","external_links_name":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/222","external_links_name":"222"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141205090500/http://www.casanatense.it/index.php/it/gli-editoriali/72-stampe-e-disegni/153-orologi.html?showall=1","external_links_name":"\"Orologi\""},{"Link":"http://www.casanatense.it/index.php/it/gli-editoriali/72-stampe-e-disegni/153-orologi.html?showall=1","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ff9AAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA513","external_links_name":"Memorie dei pi insigni pittori, scultori e architetti domenicani"},{"Link":"https://sso.comune.roma.it/ssoservice/XUI/?goto=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.comune.roma.it%3A443%2FPCR%2Fresources%2Fcms%2Fdocuments%2Fstoria-idrocronometro.pdf%2Bidrocronometro%2B%2522storia%2Bdel%2Bprogetto%2522%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESiGp8xz15iBCs0S33njoGp3ahPhWhYboWzWGkSevHXbmopZpVjeB2eeLuARhkOU9xVdGNOrRBDcpo6ZpFLZ7y_EBpxiRVc5gL1pc4NOloVKHcCyAiFEo2ZnRZtTWxchmaZPm8u5%26sig%3DAHIEtbSmcoAIHFoLacFIXx-vRZzoi9hdJQ","external_links_name":"\"Roma Capitale\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/220","external_links_name":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/220","external_links_name":"220-232"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/225","external_links_name":"Parting the desert: the creation of the Suez Canal"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/partingdesertcre00kara/page/225","external_links_name":"225"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/19970122031859/http://www.ibogaine.desk.nl/clin-perspectives.html","external_links_name":"\"Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives\""},{"Link":"http://ibogaine.desk.nl/clin-perspectives.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.umm.edu/altmed/articles/5-hydroxytryptophan-000283.htm","external_links_name":"\"5-Hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP)\""},{"Link":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21178946","external_links_name":"21178946"},{"Link":"http://ecole.nav.traditions.free.fr/officiers_griffon_theophile.htm","external_links_name":"\"Médecin\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140505101407/http://www.yakimonos.com/en/","external_links_name":"\"Welcome\""},{"Link":"http://www.yakimonos.com/en","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.bie-paris.org/site/en/1867-paris","external_links_name":"Expo 1867 Paris"},{"Link":"http://www.studylove.org/worldsfairs30.html#1867","external_links_name":"1867 Paris (BIE World Expo)"},{"Link":"https://statenisland.pastperfectonline.com/webobject/94701691-5E67-4B4E-A316-223790205080","external_links_name":"One 1867 Paris Exposition souvenir fan in the Staten Island Historical Society Online Collections Database"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lexpositionunive01expo","external_links_name":"Vol 1: L'Exposition universelle de 1867 illustrée: publication internationale autorisée par la Commission impériale."},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/lexpositionunive02expo","external_links_name":"Vol 2: L'Exposition universelle de 1867 illustrée: publication internationale autorisée par la Commission impériale."},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/research/collections/component/10T6P8","external_links_name":"Exposition Universelle de Paris 1867 album"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121134938","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/156441853","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122700158","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122700158","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/805475-7","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007260940405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85268098","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://structurae.net/structures/10000441","external_links_name":"Structurae"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6r31t8k","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/027773620","external_links_name":"IdRef"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_Chicago_Blackhawks_season | 1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks season | ["1 Offseason","1.1 NHL Draft","2 Regular season","2.1 Final standings","3 Schedule and results","4 Player stats","4.1 Regular season","4.2 Playoffs","5 References"] | National Hockey League team season
1989–90 Chicago BlackhawksNorris Division championsDivision1st NorrisConference2nd Campbell1989–90 record41–33–6Home record25–13–2Road record16–20–4Goals for316Goals against294Team informationGeneral managerBob PulfordCoachMike KeenanCaptainDirk GrahamAlternate captainsKeith BrownSteve LarmerDenis SavardDoug WilsonArenaChicago StadiumTeam leadersGoalsSteve Thomas (40)AssistsSteve Larmer (59)PointsSteve Larmer (90)Penalty minutesWayne Van Dorp (303)WinsJacques Cloutier (18)Goals against averageJacques Cloutier (3.09)← 1988–891990–91 →
The 1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks season was the Hawks' 64th season. The season involved winning the Norris Division.
Offseason
The Blackhawks brought 1970s Soviet star goaltender Vladislav Tretiak to Chicago to help improve their netminders. The biggest offseason trade was a September 1990 deal sending Steve Ludzik to the Sabres for goalie Jacques Cloutier.
NHL Draft
Chicago's draft picks at the 1989 NHL Entry Draft held at the Met Center in Bloomington, Minnesota.
Round
#
Player
Nationality
College/Junior/Club team (League)
1
6
Adam Bennett
Canada
Sudbury Wolves (OHL)
2
27
Mike Speer
Canada
Guelph Platers (OHL)
3
48
Bob Kellogg
United States
Springfield Olympics (EJHL)
6
111
Tommi Pullola
Finland
Sport (Finland)
7
132
Tracy Egeland
Canada
Prince Albert Raiders (WHL)
8
153
Milan Tichy
Czechoslovakia
Prince Albert Raiders (WHL)
9
174
Jason Greyerbiehl
Canada
Colgate University (ECAC)
10
195
Matt Saunders
Canada
Northeastern University (Hockey East)
11
216
Mike Kozak
Canada
Clarkson University (ECAC)
12
237
Mike Doneghey
United States
Catholic Memorial School (USHS-MA)
S
11
Alex Roberts
United States
University of Michigan (CCHA)
Regular season
The Blackhawks would play consistent hockey all season as they win the Norris Division with a record of 41-33-6.
Offensively, Steve Larmer again led the team with 59 assists and 90 points. Steve Thomas led the team in goals with 40. Dennis Savard was second in points with 80 and assists with 53. Jeremey Roenick finished his first full year with 26 goals and 40 assists for 66 points. Doug Wilson had an outstanding year with 23 goals, 50 assists for a team third-best 73 points. Dave Manson was again second-highest defenseman in scoring with 28 points. On November 2, 1989, Doug Wilson scored just 18 seconds into the overtime period to give the Blackhawks a 4-3 home win over the Minnesota North Stars. It would prove to be the fastest overtime goal scored during the 1989-90 NHL regular season.
In goal, while Alain Chevrier took the Blackhawks to the Conference finals the year before, his 16-14-3 record and 4.18 Goals Against Average in 89-90 got him traded in March 1990. Jacques Cloutier who was acquired just before the season began, was the primary goaltender with an 18-15-2 record and a 3.09 Goals Against Average. In March, the Blackhawks acquired Greg Millen from Quebec, and he began to take over in the nets at the end of the season with a 5-4-1 record. Eddie Belfour could not make the Hawks roster and instead spent six months with the Canadian national team.
Final standings
Norris Division
GP
W
L
T
GF
GA
Pts
Chicago Blackhawks
80
41
33
6
315
294
88
St. Louis Blues
80
37
34
9
295
279
83
Toronto Maple Leafs
80
38
38
4
337
358
80
Minnesota North Stars
80
36
40
4
284
291
76
Detroit Red Wings
80
28
38
14
288
323
70
Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals againstNote: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.
Campbell Conference
R
Div
GP
W
L
T
GF
GA
Pts
1
Calgary Flames
SMY
80
42
23
15
348
265
99
2
Edmonton Oilers
SMY
80
38
28
14
315
283
90
3
Chicago Blackhawks
NRS
80
41
33
6
316
294
88
4
Winnipeg Jets
SMY
80
37
32
11
298
290
85
5
St. Louis Blues
NRS
80
37
34
9
295
279
83
6
Toronto Maple Leafs
NRS
80
38
38
4
337
358
80
7
Minnesota North Stars
NRS
80
36
40
4
284
291
76
8
Los Angeles Kings
SMY
80
34
39
7
338
337
75
9
Detroit Red Wings
NRS
80
28
38
14
288
323
70
10
Vancouver Canucks
SMY
80
25
41
14
245
306
64
Divisions: NRS – Norris, SMY – Smythe
bold – Qualified for playoffs
Schedule and results
No.
R
Date
Score
Opponent
Record
1
L
October 5, 1989
3–8
St. Louis Blues (1989–90)
0–1–0
2
W
October 7, 1989
3–2
@ Washington Capitals (1989–90)
1–1–0
3
L
October 8, 1989
3–5
New York Rangers (1989–90)
1–2–0
4
W
October 12, 1989
9–6
Toronto Maple Leafs (1989–90)
2–2–0
5
L
October 14, 1989
1–2
@ St. Louis Blues (1989–90)
2–3–0
6
W
October 15, 1989
3–0
Detroit Red Wings (1989–90)
3–3–0
7
T
October 17, 1989
3–3 OT
@ New York Rangers (1989–90)
3–3–1
8
L
October 19, 1989
3–5
Quebec Nordiques (1989–90)
3–4–1
9
W
October 20, 1989
4–2
@ Winnipeg Jets (1989–90)
4–4–1
10
W
October 22, 1989
7–4
Los Angeles Kings (1989–90)
5–4–1
11
W
October 24, 1989
5–3
@ Detroit Red Wings (1989–90)
6–4–1
12
W
October 26, 1989
5–3
Montreal Canadiens (1989–90)
7–4–1
13
L
October 28, 1989
2–3
@ New Jersey Devils (1989–90)
7–5–1
14
W
October 29, 1989
1–0
Washington Capitals (1989–90)
8–5–1
15
W
October 31, 1989
5–3
@ Quebec Nordiques (1989–90)
9–5–1
16
W
November 2, 1989
4–3 OT
Minnesota North Stars (1989–90)
10–5–1
17
L
November 4, 1989
0–3
@ Minnesota North Stars (1989–90)
10–6–1
18
W
November 5, 1989
4–3 OT
Winnipeg Jets (1989–90)
11–6–1
19
W
November 9, 1989
4–3
Pittsburgh Penguins (1989–90)
12–6–1
20
W
November 11, 1989
5–3
@ New York Islanders (1989–90)
13–6–1
21
W
November 12, 1989
4–2
Hartford Whalers (1989–90)
14–6–1
22
L
November 16, 1989
3–4
@ Vancouver Canucks (1989–90)
14–7–1
23
T
November 18, 1989
4–4 OT
@ Calgary Flames (1989–90)
14–7–2
24
L
November 19, 1989
4–5 OT
@ Edmonton Oilers (1989–90)
14–8–2
25
L
November 22, 1989
3–6
@ Los Angeles Kings (1989–90)
14–9–2
26
L
November 26, 1989
3–5
@ Minnesota North Stars (1989–90)
14–10–2
27
L
November 30, 1989
0–2
New York Islanders (1989–90)
14–11–2
28
L
December 3, 1989
3–4
Detroit Red Wings (1989–90)
14–12–2
29
W
December 6, 1989
6–4
Toronto Maple Leafs (1989–90)
15–12–2
30
W
December 9, 1989
6–4
@ Pittsburgh Penguins (1989–90)
16–12–2
31
W
December 10, 1989
7–1
Vancouver Canucks (1989–90)
17–12–2
32
W
December 13, 1989
3–1
@ Montreal Canadiens (1989–90)
18–12–2
33
L
December 15, 1989
4–8
@ Detroit Red Wings (1989–90)
18–13–2
34
W
December 17, 1989
6–5
Edmonton Oilers (1989–90)
19–13–2
35
W
December 20, 1989
9–6
St. Louis Blues (1989–90)
20–13–2
36
L
December 22, 1989
3–5
Toronto Maple Leafs (1989–90)
20–14–2
37
W
December 23, 1989
7–5
@ Toronto Maple Leafs (1989–90)
21–14–2
38
L
December 26, 1989
3–8
@ St. Louis Blues (1989–90)
21–15–2
39
T
December 28, 1989
1–1 OT
Minnesota North Stars (1989–90)
21–15–3
40
W
December 30, 1989
7–3
Hartford Whalers (1989–90)
22–15–3
41
W
January 3, 1990
3–2
Edmonton Oilers (1989–90)
23–15–3
42
W
January 6, 1990
8–5
Philadelphia Flyers (1989–90)
24–15–3
43
T
January 10, 1990
2–2 OT
@ New York Rangers (1989–90)
24–15–4
44
W
January 11, 1990
5–4
@ Philadelphia Flyers (1989–90)
25–15–4
45
L
January 14, 1990
5–6
Calgary Flames (1989–90)
25–16–4
46
L
January 15, 1990
6–7
@ Toronto Maple Leafs (1989–90)
25–17–4
47
W
January 17, 1990
3–1
Minnesota North Stars (1989–90)
26–17–4
48
W
January 19, 1990
5–2
Vancouver Canucks (1989–90)
27–17–4
49
L
January 24, 1990
2–3
Buffalo Sabres (1989–90)
27–18–4
50
W
January 26, 1990
4–2
@ Buffalo Sabres (1989–90)
28–18–4
51
L
January 27, 1990
4–6
@ Hartford Whalers (1989–90)
28–19–4
52
W
February 1, 1990
7–4
@ Los Angeles Kings (1989–90)
29–19–4
53
L
February 4, 1990
3–7
@ Winnipeg Jets (1989–90)
29–20–4
54
W
February 8, 1990
8–6
@ Detroit Red Wings (1989–90)
30–20–4
55
L
February 10, 1990
4–6
@ Minnesota North Stars (1989–90)
30–21–4
56
W
February 13, 1990
4–1
Buffalo Sabres (1989–90)
31–21–4
57
L
February 15, 1990
1–4
Calgary Flames (1989–90)
31–22–4
58
W
February 17, 1990
3–1
@ New York Islanders (1989–90)
32–22–4
59
W
February 18, 1990
6–4
Pittsburgh Penguins (1989–90)
33–22–4
60
W
February 20, 1990
8–3
@ St. Louis Blues (1989–90)
34–22–4
61
L
February 22, 1990
3–6
Boston Bruins (1989–90)
34–23–4
62
L
February 24, 1990
2–3
@ New Jersey Devils (1989–90)
34–24–4
63
W
February 25, 1990
4–1
Philadelphia Flyers (1989–90)
35–24–4
64
L
February 27, 1990
0–4
@ Washington Capitals (1989–90)
35–25–4
65
L
March 1, 1990
4–6
St. Louis Blues (1989–90)
35–26–4
66
L
March 3, 1990
3–4
@ Boston Bruins (1989–90)
35–27–4
67
L
March 4, 1990
1–4
Boston Bruins (1989–90)
35–28–4
68
L
March 7, 1990
4–5
@ Minnesota North Stars (1989–90)
35–29–4
69
T
March 10, 1990
2–2 OT
@ St. Louis Blues (1989–90)
35–29–5
70
L
March 11, 1990
4–6
St. Louis Blues (1989–90)
35–30–5
71
T
March 13, 1990
3–3 OT
Detroit Red Wings (1989–90)
35–30–6
72
W
March 15, 1990
6–3
@ Quebec Nordiques (1989–90)
36–30–6
73
L
March 17, 1990
2–3 OT
@ Montreal Canadiens (1989–90)
36–31–6
74
W
March 19, 1990
3–2
@ Toronto Maple Leafs (1989–90)
37–31–6
75
W
March 22, 1990
6–3
New Jersey Devils (1989–90)
38–31–6
76
L
March 24, 1990
3–5
@ Detroit Red Wings (1989–90)
38–32–6
77
W
March 25, 1990
3–2
Detroit Red Wings (1989–90)
39–32–6
78
W
March 29, 1990
4–2
Toronto Maple Leafs (1989–90)
40–32–6
79
L
March 31, 1990
4–6
@ Toronto Maple Leafs (1989–90)
40–33–6
80
W
April 1, 1990
4–1
Minnesota North Stars (1989–90)
41–33–6
Player stats
Regular season
Scoring
Player
Pos
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
+/-
PPG
SHG
GWG
Steve Larmer
RW
80
31
59
90
40
25
8
2
4
Denis Savard
C
60
27
53
80
56
8
10
2
4
Doug Wilson
D
70
23
50
73
40
13
13
1
2
Steve Thomas
LW
76
40
30
70
91
-3
13
0
7
Adam Creighton
C
80
34
36
70
224
4
12
0
3
Jeremy Roenick
C
78
26
40
66
54
2
6
0
4
Troy Murray
C
68
17
38
55
86
-2
3
1
4
Dirk Graham
W
73
22
32
54
102
1
2
3
1
Greg Gilbert
LW
70
12
25
37
54
27
0
0
3
Dave Manson
D
59
5
23
28
301
4
1
0
1
Keith Brown
D
67
5
20
25
87
26
2
0
0
Bob Murray
D
49
5
19
24
45
3
3
0
1
Al Secord
LW
43
14
7
21
131
5
1
0
0
Jocelyn Lemieux
RW
39
10
11
21
47
0
1
0
1
Mike Hudson
C/LW
49
9
12
21
56
-3
0
0
3
Trent Yawney
D
70
5
15
20
82
-6
1
0
1
Duane Sutter
RW
72
4
14
18
156
-2
0
0
1
Steve Konroyd
D
75
3
14
17
34
6
1
0
0
Wayne Presley
RW
49
6
7
13
69
-19
1
0
0
Bob McGill
D
69
2
10
12
204
-7
0
1
0
Wayne Van Dorp
LW
61
7
4
11
303
-3
0
0
1
Michel Goulet
LW
8
4
1
5
9
1
1
1
0
Everett Sanipass
LW
12
2
2
4
17
0
0
0
0
Mike Eagles
C/LW
23
1
2
3
34
-4
0
0
0
Bob Bassen
C
6
1
1
2
8
1
0
0
0
Bruce Cassidy
D
2
1
1
2
0
-1
1
0
0
Alain Chevrier
G
39
0
2
2
6
0
0
0
0
Brian Noonan
RW
8
0
2
2
6
0
0
0
0
Greg Millen
G
10
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
Cam Russell
D
19
0
1
1
27
-3
0
0
0
Jacques Cloutier
G
43
0
0
0
8
0
0
0
0
Mike Peluso
LW
2
0
0
0
15
0
0
0
0
Dan Vincelette
LW
2
0
0
0
4
-1
0
0
0
Jimmy Waite
G
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Goaltending
Player
MIN
GP
W
L
T
GA
GAA
SO
SA
SV
SV%
Jacques Cloutier
2178
43
18
15
2
112
3.09
2
931
819
.880
Alain Chevrier
1894
39
16
14
3
132
4.18
0
898
766
.853
Greg Millen
575
10
5
4
1
32
3.34
0
267
235
.880
Jimmy Waite
183
4
2
0
0
14
4.59
0
92
78
.848
Team:
4830
80
41
33
6
290
3.60
2
2188
1898
.867
Playoffs
After reaching the Conference finals the year before, hopes were high entering the playoffs. The first round reunited the Hawks with their old rivals, the Minnesota North Stars for the first time since their four-year consecutive playoff match streak ended in 1985. The playoff format had changed since then, and now featured a seven-game series. The Blackhawks would barely survive this seven game war with the fourth place Minnesota North Stars. The Hawks defeated the North Stars four games to three with the Hawks outscoring Minnesota by a total of three goals over the series.
April 4
Minnesota North Stars
2–1
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
Brian Bellows (1) – pp – 09:57
First period
No scoring
No scoring
Second period
No scoring
Brian Bellows (2) – 05:54
Third period
05:01 – pp – Denis Savard (1)
Jon Casey 30 saves / 31 shots
Goalie stats
Greg Millen 24 saves / 26 shots
April 6
Minnesota North Stars
3–5
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
Brian Bellows (3) – pp – 08:49Shawn Chambers (1) – pp – 10:41Neal Broten (1) – pp – 11:56
First period
14:24 – pp – Wayne Presley (1)
No Scoring
Second period
01:49 – Greg Gilbert (1)03:53 – pp – Jeremy Roenick (1)07:27 – pp – Steve Thomas (1)16:39 – sh – Wayne Presley (2)
No Scoring
Third period
No Scoring
Jon Casey 26 saves / 31 shots
Goalie stats
Ed Belfour 15 saves / 15 shotsGreg Millen 2 saves / 5 shots
April 8
Chicago Blackhawks
2–1
Minnesota North Stars
Met Center
Recap
No scoring
First period
No scoring
No scoring
Second period
No scoring
10:12 – Steve Larmer (1)15:27 – Wayne Presley (3)
Third period
Mike Modano (1) – 19:24
Greg Millen 31 saves / 32 shots
Goalie stats
Jon Casey 27 saves / 29 shots
April 10
Chicago Blackhawks
0–4
Minnesota North Stars
Met Center
Recap
No scoring
First period
04:24 – Don Barber (1)11:41 – pp – Don Barber (2)
No scoring
Second period
07:42 – Basil McRae (1)
No scoring
Third period
03:41 – Dave Gagner (1)
Ed Belfour 26 saves / 28 shotsGreg Millen 10 saves / 12 shots
Goalie stats
Jon Casey 29 saves / 29 shots
April 12
Minnesota North Stars
1–5
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
No scoring
First period
10:17 – pp – Jeremy Roenick (2)13:26 – Denis Savard (2)
Brian Bellows (4) – pp – 09:24
Second period
04:53 – Greg Gilbert (2)
No scoring
Third period
16:37 – Michel Goulet (1)17:48 – Steve Thomas
Jon Casey 31 saves / 36 shots
Goalie stats
Greg Millen 26 saves / 27 shots
April 14
Chicago Blackhawks
3–5
Minnesota North Stars
Met Center
Recap
Greg Gilbert (3) – 12:33
First period
10:28 – Shawn Chambers (2)17:25 – Perry Berezan (1)18:48 – Neal Broten (2)
No scoring
Second period
01:26 – Larry Murphy (1)14:20 – pp – Dave Gagner (2)
Steve Larmer (2) – sh – 12:57Jeremy Roenick (3) – 13:57
Third period
No scoring
Ed Belfour 31 saves / 33 shotsGreg Millen 7 saves / 10 shots
Goalie stats
Jon Casey 27 saves / 30 shots
April 16
Minnesota North Stars
2–5
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
Don Barber (3) – pp – 09:02
First period
No scoring
No scoring
Second period
03:00 – Wayne Presley (4)04:06 – Wayne Presley (5)12:41 – Jeremy Roenick (4)14:06 – Jeremy Roenick (5)
Ulf Dahlen (1) – 09:58
Third period
17:10 – Greg Gilbert (4)
Jon Casey 28 saves / 33 shotsKari Takko 0 saves / 0 shots
Goalie stats
Greg Millen 30 saves / 32 shots
Chicago won series 4–3
The second round Norris Division Finals, saw the Blackhawks pitted against the St. Louis Blues. The Blackhawks again needed all seven games to advance. In a bold move, coach Mike Keenan decided to start Ed Belfour, who was recently recalled from the minors, in net in three of the games, and Eddie the Eagle won all three. The first six games were decided by one or two goals each, and game seven in Chicago was set for another close battle, however after Jeremy Roenick gave the Hawks a 2-0 first period lead, the Blues went on a powerplay only to have Steve Larmer score a demoralizing shorthanded goal, and the rout was on - resulting in 8-2 victory. The Blackhawks were again headed to the conference finals against the Edmonton Oilers. Unlike their previous playoff loses to Edmonton, this time the Oilers were without Wayne Gretzky.)
April 18
St. Louis Blues
4–3
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
Rod Brind'Amour (3) – 05:42Rick Meagher (1) – 18:58
First period
09:26 – Doug Wilson (1)
Rod Brind'Amour (4) – 06:05Brett Hull (6) – 10:59
Second period
13:43 – pp – Trent Yawney (1)18:24 – Adam Creighton (1)
No scoring
Third period
No scoring
Vincent Riendeau 29 saves / 32 shots
Goalie stats
Ed Belfour 13 saves / 13 shotsGreg Millen 9 saves / 13 shots
April 20
St. Louis Blues
3–5
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
No scoring
First period
12:39 – pp – Steve Larmer (3)
Brett Hull (7) – 00:35
Second period
06:18 – Wayne Presley (6)
Brett Hull (8) – pp – 07:06Paul Cavallini (2) – 14:34
Third period
08:37 – pp – Troy Murray (1)08:47 – Steve Thomas (3)19:46 – Jeremy Roenick (6)
Vincent Riendeau 24 saves / 28 shots
Goalie stats
Greg Millen 24 saves / 27 shots
April 22
Chicago Blackhawks
4–5
St. Louis Blues
St. Louis Arena
Recap
Doug Wilson (2) – pp – 02:12
First period
00:18 – Sergio Momesso (3)16:46 – pp – Brett Hull (9)
Dave Manson (1) – 04:38
Second period
09:42 – pp – Jeff Brown (2)
Bob Murray (1) – 12:26Steve Thomas (4) – 14:38
Third period
15:24 – Brett Hull (10)19:51 – Gino Cavallini (1)
Greg Millen 23 saves / 28 shots
Goalie stats
Vincent Riendeau 44 saves / 48 shots
April 24
Chicago Blackhawks
3–2
St. Louis Blues
St. Louis Arena
Recap
No scoring
First period
No scoring
Wayne Presley (7) – 02:06Michel Goulet (2) – 02:42Trent Yawney (2) – pp – 18:09
Second period
12:53 – Rod Brind'Amour (5)
No scoring
Third period
05:26 – pp – Ron Wilson (3)
Ed Belfour 31 saves / 33 shots
Goalie stats
Vincent Riendeau 22 saves / 25 shots
April 26
St. Louis Blues
2–3
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
Adam Oates (1) – pp – 14:05
First period
No scoring
Brett Hull (11) – pp – 14:33
Second period
03:56 – Jocelyn Lemieux (1)04:59 – Troy Murray (2)06:12 – Steve Thomas (5)
No scoring
Third period
No scoring
Vincent Riendeau 29 saves / 32 shots
Goalie stats
Ed Belfour 18 saves / 20 shots
April 28
Chicago Blackhawks
2–4
St. Louis Blues
St. Louis Arena
Recap
No scoring
First period
01:36 – pp – Brett Hull (12)02:30 – Dave Lowry (2)
Denis Savard (3) – pp – 07:39Jeremy Roenick (7) – pp – 14:32
Second period
15:18 – Brett Hull (13)
No scoring
Third period
11:07 – Rich Sutter (2)
Jacques Cloutier 24 saves / 26 shotsEd Belfour 0 saves / 2 shots
Goalie stats
Vincent Riendeau 37 saves / 39 shots
April 30
St. Louis Blues
2–8
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
No scoring
First period
02:47 – Jeremy Roenick (8)13:03 – Jeremy Roenick (9)
Paul MacLean (4) – pp – 12:06
Second period
03:03 – sh – Steve Larmer (4)07:28 – Denis Savard (4)10:22 – pp – Dave Manson (2)
Adam Oates (2) – 17:19
Third period
00:35 – Greg Gilbert (5)03:45 – sh – Adam Creighton (2)19:49 – Duane Sutter (1)
Curtis Joseph 10 saves / 14 shotsVincent Riendeau 11 saves / 15 shots
Goalie stats
Ed Belfour 26 saves / 28 shots
Chicago won series 4–3
The Western Conference Finals saw Keenan go back to Millen and Cloutier in the nets with Belfour only appearing in the first game despite his 2.49 goals against average. After splitting the first two in the Edmonton, the Hawks took the first home game at the Chicago Stadium to take a 2-1 series lead. However, the Oilers won the next three to win the series, and went on to win the Stanley Cup.
May 2
Chicago Blackhawks
2–5
Edmonton Oilers
Northlands Coliseum
Recap
No scoring
First period
09:42 – Mark Messier (6)
No scoring
Second period
03:17 – Mark Lamb (6)08:52 – Steve Smith (2)
Wayne Presley (8) – 00:57Steve Larmer (5) – pp – 06:55
Third period
04:43 – Steve Smith (3)07:39 – Craig MacTavish (2)
Ed Belfour 23 saves / 28 shots
Goalie stats
Bill Ranford 23 saves / 25 shots
May 4
Chicago Blackhawks
4–3
Edmonton Oilers
Northlands Coliseum
Recap
Troy Murray (3) – 17:50
First period
No scoring
Denis Savard (5) – 02:020Steve Thomas (6) – 17:36
Second period
09:49 – Glenn Anderson (4)18:01 – pp – Jari Kurri (6)
Doug Wilson (3) – 18:01
Third period
02:10 – Esa Tikkanen (9)
Greg Millen 24 saves / 27 shots
Goalie stats
Bill Ranford 35 saves / 39 shots
May 6
Edmonton Oilers
1–5
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
Craig Simpson (9) – pp – 06:01
First period
08:41 – Bob Murray (2)12:32 – Steve Larmer (6)
No scoring
Second period
03:05 – Steve Larmer (7)
No scoring
Third period
07:27 – sh – Dirk Graham (1)13:51 – Wayne Presley (9)
Bill Ranford 24 saves / 29 shots
Goalie stats
Greg Millen 31 saves / 32 shots
May 8
Edmonton Oilers
4–2
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
Glenn Anderson (5) – pp – 15:02Mark Messier (7) – 17:25
First period
18:22 – pp – Denis Savard (6)
Craig Simpson (10) – 00:11Mark Messier (8) – 14:06
Second period
07:16 – Jeremy Roenick (10)
No scoring
Third period
No scoring
Bill Ranford 25 saves / 27 shots
Goalie stats
Jacques Cloutier 11 saves / 12 shotsGreg Millen 1 save / 4 shots
May 10
Chicago Blackhawks
3–4
Edmonton Oilers
Northlands Coliseum
Recap
Steve Konroyd (1) – 14:14
First period
02:08 – Randy Gregg (2)12:25 – pp – Craig Simpson (11)14:32 – Adam Graves (2)
Troy Murray (4) – 04:03Denis Savard (7) – pp – 12:45
Second period
18:29 – pp – Jari Kurri (7)
No scoring
Third period
No scoring
Jacques Cloutier 30 saves / 34 shots
Goalie stats
Bill Ranford 18 saves / 21 shots
May 12
Edmonton Oilers
8–4
Chicago Blackhawks
Chicago Stadium
Recap
Esa Tikkanen (1) – sh – 02:010Craig Simpson (12) – pp – 12:26Petr Klima (4) – 15:11
First period
05:01 – pp – Jeremy Roenick (11)
Adam Graves (3) – 05:17Joe Murphy (4) – 15:22Glenn Anderson (6) – 17:31Mark Messier (9) – 17:48
Second period
No scoring
Steve Smith (4) – 03:06
Third period
01:31 – Adam Creighton (3)08:11 – Steve Thomas (7)09:04 – pp – Trent Yawney (3)
Bill Ranford 26 saves / 30 shots
Goalie stats
Greg Millen 18 saves / 25 shotsJacques Cloutier 2 saves / 3 shots
Edmonton won series 4–2
Scoring
Player
Pos
GP
G
A
Pts
PIM
+/-
PPG
SHG
GWG
Steve Larmer
RW
20
7
15
22
2
2
2
2
2
Denis Savard
C
20
7
15
22
41
0
4
0
1
Jeremy Roenick
C
20
11
7
18
8
-1
4
0
1
Wayne Presley
RW
19
9
6
15
29
8
1
1
1
Doug Wilson
D
20
3
12
15
18
5
1
0
1
Steve Thomas
LW
20
7
6
13
33
2
1
0
3
Greg Gilbert
LW
19
5
8
13
34
10
0
0
0
Adam Creighton
C
20
3
6
9
59
1
0
1
0
Jocelyn Lemieux
RW
18
1
8
9
28
1
0
0
0
Troy Murray
C
20
4
4
8
22
2
1
0
0
Trent Yawney
D
20
3
5
8
27
-1
3
0
1
Michel Goulet
LW
14
2
4
6
6
2
0
0
0
Dave Manson
D
20
2
4
6
46
-5
1
0
0
Bob Murray
D
16
2
4
6
8
8
0
0
0
Dirk Graham
W
5
1
5
6
2
0
0
1
0
Steve Konroyd
D
20
1
3
4
19
6
0
0
0
Keith Brown
D
18
0
4
4
43
2
0
0
0
Duane Sutter
RW
20
1
1
2
48
-1
0
0
0
Ed Belfour
G
9
0
1
1
6
0
0
0
0
Bob Bassen
C
1
0
0
0
2
-1
0
0
0
Jacques Cloutier
G
4
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
Mike Hudson
C/LW
4
0
0
0
2
-2
0
0
0
Bob McGill
D
5
0
0
0
2
1
0
0
0
Greg Millen
G
14
0
0
0
4
0
0
0
0
Cam Russell
D
1
0
0
0
0
-1
0
0
0
Al Secord
LW
12
0
0
0
8
-2
0
0
0
Wayne Van Dorp
LW
8
0
0
0
23
-1
0
0
0
Goaltending
Player
MIN
GP
W
L
GA
GAA
SO
SA
SV
SV%
Greg Millen
613
14
6
6
40
3.92
0
300
260
.867
Ed Belfour
409
9
4
2
17
2.49
0
200
183
.915
Jacques Cloutier
175
4
0
2
8
2.74
0
75
67
.893
Team:
1197
20
10
10
65
3.26
0
575
510
.887
Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals
MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage;
References
Blackhawks on Hockey Database
^ HighBeam
^ "1989-90 NHL Schedule and Results".
^ Dinger, Ralph, ed. (2011). The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book 2012. Dan Diamond & Associates. p. 153. ISBN 9781894801225.
^ "1989-1990 Conference Standings Standings - NHL.com - Standings". NHL.
^ "1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks Games". Hockey-reference.com. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
^ "1989-90 Chicago Blackhawks Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com". hockey-reference.com. Retrieved June 16, 2009.
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San Jose Sharks
1991–92 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1989–90","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989%E2%80%9390_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Chicago Blackhawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks"},{"link_name":"64th","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks_seasons"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sports)"},{"link_name":"Norris Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norris_Division"}],"text":"The 1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks season was the Hawks' 64th season. The season involved winning the Norris Division.","title":"1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Steve Ludzik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Ludzik"},{"link_name":"Jacques Cloutier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Cloutier"}],"text":"The Blackhawks brought 1970s Soviet star goaltender Vladislav Tretiak to Chicago to help improve their netminders. The biggest offseason trade was a September 1990 deal sending Steve Ludzik to the Sabres for goalie Jacques Cloutier.","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1989 NHL Entry Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1989_NHL_Entry_Draft"},{"link_name":"Met Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Met_Center"},{"link_name":"Bloomington, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloomington,_Minnesota"}],"sub_title":"NHL Draft","text":"Chicago's draft picks at the 1989 NHL Entry Draft held at the Met Center in Bloomington, Minnesota.","title":"Offseason"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Doug Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Wilson_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Minnesota North Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Alain Chevrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alain_Chevrier"},{"link_name":"Greg Millen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Millen"},{"link_name":"Eddie Belfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Belfour"},{"link_name":"Canadian national team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_ice_hockey_team"}],"text":"The Blackhawks would play consistent hockey all season as they win the Norris Division with a record of 41-33-6.Offensively, Steve Larmer again led the team with 59 assists and 90 points. Steve Thomas led the team in goals with 40. Dennis Savard was second in points with 80 and assists with 53. Jeremey Roenick finished his first full year with 26 goals and 40 assists for 66 points. Doug Wilson had an outstanding year with 23 goals, 50 assists for a team third-best 73 points. Dave Manson was again second-highest defenseman in scoring with 28 points. On November 2, 1989, Doug Wilson scored just 18 seconds into the overtime period to give the Blackhawks a 4-3 home win over the Minnesota North Stars.[1] It would prove to be the fastest overtime goal scored during the 1989-90 NHL regular season.[2]In goal, while Alain Chevrier took the Blackhawks to the Conference finals the year before, his 16-14-3 record and 4.18 Goals Against Average in 89-90 got him traded in March 1990. Jacques Cloutier who was acquired just before the season began, was the primary goaltender with an 18-15-2 record and a 3.09 Goals Against Average. In March, the Blackhawks acquired Greg Millen from Quebec, and he began to take over in the nets at the end of the season with a 5-4-1 record. Eddie Belfour could not make the Hawks roster and instead spent six months with the Canadian national team.","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nhl-gd-standings-3"}],"sub_title":"Final standings","text":"[3]Note: GP = Games played, W = Wins, L = Losses, T = Ties, Pts = Points, GF = Goals for, GA = Goals againstNote: Teams that qualified for the playoffs are highlighted in bold.Divisions: NRS – Norris, SMY – Smythebold – Qualified for playoffs","title":"Regular season"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"[5]","title":"Schedule and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season","text":"ScoringGoaltending","title":"Player stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Minnesota North Stars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_North_Stars"},{"link_name":"St. Louis Blues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Louis_Blues"},{"link_name":"Ed Belfour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ed_Belfour"},{"link_name":"Steve Larmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Larmer"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Oilers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Oilers"},{"link_name":"Wayne Gretzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"Playoffs","text":"After reaching the Conference finals the year before, hopes were high entering the playoffs. The first round reunited the Hawks with their old rivals, the Minnesota North Stars for the first time since their four-year consecutive playoff match streak ended in 1985. The playoff format had changed since then, and now featured a seven-game series. The Blackhawks would barely survive this seven game war with the fourth place Minnesota North Stars. The Hawks defeated the North Stars four games to three with the Hawks outscoring Minnesota by a total of three goals over the series.The second round Norris Division Finals, saw the Blackhawks pitted against the St. Louis Blues. The Blackhawks again needed all seven games to advance. In a bold move, coach Mike Keenan decided to start Ed Belfour, who was recently recalled from the minors, in net in three of the games, and Eddie the Eagle won all three. The first six games were decided by one or two goals each, and game seven in Chicago was set for another close battle, however after Jeremy Roenick gave the Hawks a 2-0 first period lead, the Blues went on a powerplay only to have Steve Larmer score a demoralizing shorthanded goal, and the rout was on - resulting in 8-2 victory. The Blackhawks were again headed to the conference finals against the Edmonton Oilers. Unlike their previous playoff loses to Edmonton, this time the Oilers were without Wayne Gretzky.)The Western Conference Finals saw Keenan go back to Millen and Cloutier in the nets with Belfour only appearing in the first game despite his 2.49 goals against average. After splitting the first two in the Edmonton, the Hawks took the first home game at the Chicago Stadium to take a 2-1 series lead. However, the Oilers won the next three to win the series, and went on to win the Stanley Cup.ScoringGoaltending[6]Note: Pos = Position; GP = Games played; G = Goals; A = Assists; Pts = Points; +/- = plus/minus; PIM = Penalty minutes; PPG = Power-play goals; SHG = Short-handed goals; GWG = Game-winning goals\n MIN = Minutes played; W = Wins; L = Losses; T = Ties; GA = Goals-against; GAA = Goals-against average; SO = Shutouts; SA = Shots against; SV = Shots saved; SV% = Save percentage;","title":"Player stats"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"1989-90 NHL Schedule and Results\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/leagues/NHL_1990_games.html","url_text":"\"1989-90 NHL Schedule and Results\""}]},{"reference":"Dinger, Ralph, ed. (2011). The National Hockey League Official Guide & Record Book 2012. Dan Diamond & Associates. p. 153. ISBN 9781894801225.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781894801225","url_text":"9781894801225"}]},{"reference":"\"1989-1990 Conference Standings Standings - NHL.com - Standings\". NHL.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/standings.htm?season=19891990&type=CON","url_text":"\"1989-1990 Conference Standings Standings - NHL.com - Standings\""}]},{"reference":"\"1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks Games\". Hockey-reference.com. Retrieved June 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/CHI/1990_games.html","url_text":"\"1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks Games\""}]},{"reference":"\"1989-90 Chicago Blackhawks Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com\". hockey-reference.com. Retrieved June 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/CHI/1990.html","url_text":"\"1989-90 Chicago Blackhawks Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/mns-vs-chi/1990/04/04/1989030151#game=1989030151,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/mns-vs-chi/1990/04/06/1989030152#game=1989030152,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-mns/1990/04/08/1989030153#game=1989030153,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-mns/1990/04/10/1989030154#game=1989030154,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/mns-vs-chi/1990/04/12/1989030155#game=1989030155,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-mns/1990/04/14/1989030156#game=1989030156,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/mns-vs-chi/1990/04/16/1989030157#game=1989030157,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/stl-vs-chi/1990/04/18/1989030231#game=1989030231,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/stl-vs-chi/1990/04/20/1989030232#game=1989030232,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-stl/1990/04/22/1989030233#game=1989030233,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-stl/1990/04/24/1989030234#game=1989030234,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/stl-vs-chi/1990/04/26/1989030235#game=1989030235,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-stl/1990/04/28/1989030236#game=1989030236,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/stl-vs-chi/1990/04/30/1989030237#game=1989030237,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-edm/1990/05/02/1989030321#game=1989030321,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-edm/1990/05/04/1989030322#game=1989030322,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/edm-vs-chi/1990/05/06/1989030323#game=1989030323,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/edm-vs-chi/1990/05/08/1989030324#game=1989030324,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/chi-vs-edm/1990/05/10/1989030325#game=1989030325,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"https://www.nhl.com/gamecenter/edm-vs-chi/1990/05/12/1989030326#game=1989030326,game_state=final","external_links_name":"Recap"},{"Link":"http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/leagues/seasons/teams/0000351990.html","external_links_name":"Blackhawks on Hockey Database"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140610220512/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-3968767.html","external_links_name":"HighBeam"},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/leagues/NHL_1990_games.html","external_links_name":"\"1989-90 NHL Schedule and Results\""},{"Link":"http://www.nhl.com/ice/standings.htm?season=19891990&type=CON","external_links_name":"\"1989-1990 Conference Standings Standings - NHL.com - Standings\""},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/CHI/1990_games.html","external_links_name":"\"1989–90 Chicago Blackhawks Games\""},{"Link":"https://www.hockey-reference.com/teams/CHI/1990.html","external_links_name":"\"1989-90 Chicago Blackhawks Statistics - Hockey-Reference.com\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bertangles | Bertangles | ["1 Geography","2 Population","3 Places of interest","4 Personalities","5 See also","6 References","7 Bibliography"] | Coordinates: 49°58′15″N 2°18′02″E / 49.9708°N 2.3006°E / 49.9708; 2.3006Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceBertanglesCommuneThe chateau in BertanglesLocation of Bertangles
BertanglesShow map of FranceBertanglesShow map of Hauts-de-FranceCoordinates: 49°58′15″N 2°18′02″E / 49.9708°N 2.3006°E / 49.9708; 2.3006CountryFranceRegionHauts-de-FranceDepartmentSommeArrondissementAmiensCantonAmiens-2IntercommunalityAmiens MétropoleGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Joseph DebartArea18.57 km2 (3.31 sq mi)Population (2021)779 • Density91/km2 (240/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code80092 /80260Elevation51–131 m (167–430 ft) (avg. 59 m or 194 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.
Bertangles (French pronunciation: ); Picard: Bèrtangue) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.
Geography
Bertangles is situated on the D97 road, just off the N25, 3 miles (5 km) north of Amiens. A farming area with extensive woodland and a grand chateau.
Population
Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 287— 1975 387+4.36%1982 646+7.59%1990 700+1.01%1999 654−0.75%2007 604−0.99%2012 583−0.71%2017 627+1.47%Source: INSEE
Places of interest
The 18th-century château, constructed by Louis-Joseph Clermont-Tonnerre from 1730 to 1734, replacing the medieval structure, itself rebuilt in the 16th century, after being burned by the Spaniards in 1597. An old gateway is all that remains of the older building, which gives access to the farm, to the west. In August 1930, a fire destroyed the interior of the château, particularly the woodwork. All was remade in the same style in subsequent years. The stairway and ramp of wrought iron have also been restored.
The chateau was also used as Headquarters by the Australian Corps prior to the Battle of Amiens in August 1918
Personalities
Rittmeister Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen, the Red Baron, was buried with military honours by the Australian Flying Corps in the cemetery some distance from the village on 22 April 1918, but exhumed after the end of World War I and reburied first in the German military cemetery of Fricourt (Somme), then by his brother in Berlin. After the Second World War his remains were transferred to Wiesbaden (in 1975).
See also
Communes of the Somme department
References
^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.
^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.
^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE
Bibliography
« Canton of Villers-Bocage - Châteaux et fermes - N° 182 - Coll. Itinéraires du patrimoine » - Textes de Judith Förstel - 1999 - ISBN 2-906340-40-5
« Dictionnaire historique et archéologique de Picardie - Arrondissement of Amiens - Tome III » - E. Héren et L. Ledieu - 1919
« Dictionnaire des châteaux de France : Artois, Flandre, Hainaut, Picardie » - J. Thiebaut - 1978
« Églises, châteaux, beffrois et hôtels-de-ville les plus remarquables de la Picardie et de l'Artois » - A. Goze - 1849
« La décoration sculptée des façades du château de Bertangles » - François de Clermont-Tonnerre - dans Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie - Tome 76 - 1976
« Un grand artiste du fer : Vivarais » - J. Foucart-Borville - dans Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie - 3e trim. 1980 (à propos de l'histoire de la grille d'honneur)
Pillars on the main gate
The gate to the medieval château
The Dovecote
The church
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bertangles.
vteCommunes of the Somme department
Abbevillesubpr
Ablaincourt-Pressoir
Acheux-en-Amiénois
Acheux-en-Vimeu
Agenville
Agenvillers
Aigneville
Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher
Ailly-sur-Noye
Ailly-sur-Somme
Airaines
Aizecourt-le-Bas
Aizecourt-le-Haut
Albert
Allaines
Allenay
Allery
Allonville
Amienspref
Andainville
Andechy
Argœuves
Argoules
Arguel
Armancourt
Arquèves
Arrest
Arry
Arvillers
Assainvillers
Assevillers
Athies
Aubercourt
Aubigny
Aubvillers
Auchonvillers
Ault
Aumâtre
Aumont
Autheux
Authie
Authieule
Authuille
Avelesges
Aveluy
Avesnes-Chaussoy
Ayencourt
Bacouel-sur-Selle
Bailleul
Baizieux
Balâtre
Barleux
Barly
Bavelincourt
Bayencourt
Bayonvillers
Bazentin
Béalcourt
Beaucamps-le-Jeune
Beaucamps-le-Vieux
Beauchamps
Beaucourt-en-Santerre
Beaucourt-sur-l'Ancre
Beaucourt-sur-l'Hallue
Beaufort-en-Santerre
Beaumetz
Beaumont-Hamel
Beauquesne
Beauval
Bécordel-Bécourt
Becquigny
Béhen
Béhencourt
Bellancourt
Belleuse
Belloy-en-Santerre
Belloy-Saint-Léonard
Belloy-sur-Somme
Bergicourt
Bermesnil
Bernâtre
Bernaville
Bernay-en-Ponthieu
Bernes
Berneuil
Berny-en-Santerre
Bertangles
Berteaucourt-les-Dames
Berteaucourt-lès-Thennes
Bertrancourt
Béthencourt-sur-Mer
Béthencourt-sur-Somme
Bettembos
Bettencourt-Rivière
Bettencourt-Saint-Ouen
Beuvraignes
Biaches
Biarre
Biencourt
Billancourt
Blangy-sous-Poix
Blangy-Tronville
Boisbergues
Le Boisle
Boismont
Bonnay
Bonneville
Bosquel
Bouchavesnes-Bergen
Bouchoir
Bouchon
Boufflers
Bougainville
Bouillancourt-en-Séry
Bouillancourt-la-Bataille
Bouquemaison
Bourdon
Bourseville
Boussicourt
Bouttencourt
Bouvaincourt-sur-Bresle
Bouvincourt-en-Vermandois
Bouzincourt
Bovelles
Boves
Braches
Brailly-Cornehotte
Brassy
Bray-lès-Mareuil
Bray-sur-Somme
Breilly
Bresle
Breuil
Brévillers
Brie
Briquemesnil-Floxicourt
Brocourt
Brouchy
Brucamps
Brutelles
Buigny-l'Abbé
Buigny-lès-Gamaches
Buigny-Saint-Maclou
Buire-Courcelles
Buire-sur-l'Ancre
Bus-la-Mésière
Bus-lès-Artois
Bussu
Bussus-Bussuel
Bussy-lès-Daours
Bussy-lès-Poix
Buverchy
Cachy
Cagny
Cahon
Caix
Cambron
Camon
Camps-en-Amiénois
Canaples
Canchy
Candas
Cannessières
Cantigny
Caours
Cappy
Cardonnette
Le Cardonnois
Carnoy-Mametz
Carrépuis
Cartigny
Caulières
Cavillon
Cayeux-en-Santerre
Cayeux-sur-Mer
Cerisy
Cerisy-Buleux
Champien
Chaulnes
La Chaussée-Tirancourt
Chaussoy-Epagny
La Chavatte
Chépy
Chilly
Chipilly
Chirmont
Chuignes
Chuignolles
Citerne
Cizancourt
Clairy-Saulchoix
Cléry-sur-Somme
Cocquerel
Coigneux
Coisy
Colincamps
Combles
Condé-Folie
Contalmaison
Contay
Conteville
Contre
Conty
Corbie
Cottenchy
Coullemelle
Coulonvillers
Courcelette
Courcelles-au-Bois
Courcelles-sous-Moyencourt
Courcelles-sous-Thoix
Courtemanche
Cramont
Crécy-en-Ponthieu
Crémery
Cressy-Omencourt
Creuse
Croix-Moligneaux
Croixrault
Le Crotoy
Crouy-Saint-Pierre
Curchy
Curlu
Damery
Dancourt-Popincourt
Daours
Dargnies
Davenescourt
Démuin
Dernancourt
Devise
Doingt
Domart-en-Ponthieu
Domart-sur-la-Luce
Domesmont
Dominois
Domléger-Longvillers
Dommartin
Dompierre-Becquincourt
Dompierre-sur-Authie
Domqueur
Domvast
Doudelainville
Douilly
Doullens
Dreuil-lès-Amiens
Driencourt
Dromesnil
Drucat
Dury
Eaucourt-sur-Somme
L'Échelle-Saint-Aurin
Éclusier-Vaux
Embreville
Englebelmer
Ennemain
Épagne-Épagnette
Épaumesnil
Épécamps
Épehy
Épénancourt
Éplessier
Eppeville
Équancourt
Équennes-Éramecourt
Erches
Ercheu
Ercourt
Ergnies
Érondelle
Esclainvillers
Esmery-Hallon
Essertaux
Estrébœuf
Estrées-Deniécourt
Estrées-lès-Crécy
Estrées-Mons
Estrées-sur-Noye
Étalon
Ételfay
Éterpigny
Étinehem-Méricourt
L'Étoile
Étréjust
Étricourt-Manancourt
La Faloise
Falvy
Famechon
Faverolles
Favières
Fay
Ferrières
Fescamps
Feuillères
Feuquières-en-Vimeu
Fieffes-Montrelet
Fienvillers
Fignières
Fins
Flaucourt
Flers
Flers-sur-Noye
Flesselles
Fleury
Flixecourt
Fluy
Folies
Folleville
Fonches-Fonchette
Fontaine-le-Sec
Fontaine-lès-Cappy
Fontaine-sous-Montdidier
Fontaine-sur-Maye
Fontaine-sur-Somme
Forceville
Forceville-en-Vimeu
Forest-l'Abbaye
Forest-Montiers
Fort-Mahon-Plage
Fossemanant
Foucaucourt-en-Santerre
Foucaucourt-Hors-Nesle
Fouencamps
Fouilloy
Fouquescourt
Fourcigny
Fourdrinoy
Framerville-Rainecourt
Framicourt
Francières
Franleu
Franqueville
Fransart
Fransu
Fransures
Franvillers
Fréchencourt
Frémontiers
Fresnes-Mazancourt
Fresnes-Tilloloy
Fresneville
Fresnoy-Andainville
Fresnoy-au-Val
Fresnoy-en-Chaussée
Fresnoy-lès-Roye
Fressenneville
Frettecuisse
Frettemeule
Friaucourt
Fricamps
Fricourt
Frise
Friville-Escarbotin
Frohen-sur-Authie
Froyelles
Frucourt
Gamaches
Gapennes
Gauville
Gentelles
Gézaincourt
Ginchy
Glisy
Gorenflos
Gorges
Goyencourt
Grandcourt
Grand-Laviers
Gratibus
Grattepanche
Grébault-Mesnil
Grivesnes
Grivillers
Grouches-Luchuel
Gruny
Guerbigny
Gueschart
Gueudecourt
Guignemicourt
Guillaucourt
Guillemont
Guizancourt
Guyencourt-Saulcourt
Guyencourt-sur-Noye
Hailles
Hallencourt
Hallivillers
Halloy-lès-Pernois
Hallu
Ham
Le Hamel
Hamelet
Hancourt
Hangard
Hangest-en-Santerre
Hangest-sur-Somme
Harbonnières
Hardecourt-aux-Bois
Harponville
Hattencourt
Hautvillers-Ouville
Havernas
Hébécourt
Hédauville
Heilly
Hem-Hardinval
Hem-Monacu
Hénencourt
Herbécourt
Hérissart
Herleville
Herly
Hervilly
Hesbécourt
Hescamps
Heucourt-Croquoison
Heudicourt
Heuzecourt
Hiermont
Hombleux
Hornoy-le-Bourg
Huchenneville
Humbercourt
Huppy
Hypercourt
Ignaucourt
Inval-Boiron
Irles
Jumel
Laboissière-en-Santerre
Lachapelle
Lafresguimont-Saint-Martin
Lahoussoye
Laleu
Lamaronde
Lamotte-Brebière
Lamotte-Buleux
Lamotte-Warfusée
Lanchères
Lanches-Saint-Hilaire
Languevoisin-Quiquery
Laucourt
Laviéville
Lawarde-Mauger-l'Hortoy
Léalvillers
Lesbœufs
Liancourt-Fosse
Licourt
Liéramont
Liercourt
Ligescourt
Lignières
Lignières-Châtelain
Lignières-en-Vimeu
Lihons
Limeux
Liomer
Long
Longavesnes
Longpré-les-Corps-Saints
Longueau
Longueval
Longuevillette
Louvencourt
Louvrechy
Lucheux
Machiel
Machy
Mailly-Maillet
Mailly-Raineval
Maisnières
Maison-Ponthieu
Maison-Roland
Maizicourt
Malpart
Marcelcave
Marché-Allouarde
Marchélepot-Misery
Marestmontiers
Mareuil-Caubert
Maricourt
Marieux
Marlers
Marquaix
Marquivillers
Martainneville
Matigny
Maucourt
Maurepas
Le Mazis
Méaulte
Méharicourt
Meigneux
Le Meillard
Méneslies
Méréaucourt
Mérélessart
Méricourt-en-Vimeu
Méricourt-l'Abbé
Mers-les-Bains
Le Mesge
Mesnil-Bruntel
Mesnil-Domqueur
Mesnil-en-Arrouaise
Mesnil-Martinsart
Mesnil-Saint-Georges
Mesnil-Saint-Nicaise
Métigny
Mézerolles
Mézières-en-Santerre
Miannay
Millencourt
Millencourt-en-Ponthieu
Miraumont
Mirvaux
Moislains
Molliens-au-Bois
Molliens-Dreuil
Monchy-Lagache
Mons-Boubert
Monsures
Montagne-Fayel
Montauban-de-Picardie
Montdidiersubpr
Montigny-les-Jongleurs
Montigny-sur-l'Hallue
Montonvillers
Morchain
Morcourt
Moreuil
Morisel
Morlancourt
Morvillers-Saint-Saturnin
Mouflers
Mouflières
Moyencourt
Moyencourt-lès-Poix
Moyenneville
Muille-Villette
Nampont
Namps-Maisnil
Nampty
Naours
Nesle
Nesle-l'Hôpital
Neslette
Neufmoulin
Neuilly-le-Dien
Neuilly-l'Hôpital
Neuville-au-Bois
Neuville-Coppegueule
La Neuville-lès-Bray
La Neuville-Sire-Bernard
Neuvillette
Nibas
Nouvion
Noyelles-en-Chaussée
Noyelles-sur-Mer
Nurlu
Occoches
Ochancourt
Ô-de-Selle
Offignies
Offoy
Oisemont
Oissy
Oneux
Oresmaux
Oust-Marest
Outrebois
Ovillers-la-Boisselle
Pargny
Parvillers-le-Quesnoy
Pendé
Pernois
Péronnesubpr
Picquigny
Piennes-Onvillers
Pierregot
Pissy
Plachy-Buyon
Le Plessier-Rozainvillers
Pœuilly
Poix-de-Picardie
Ponches-Estruval
Pont-de-Metz
Ponthoile
Pont-Noyelles
Pont-Remy
Port-le-Grand
Potte
Poulainville
Pozières
Prouville
Prouzel
Proyart
Puchevillers
Punchy
Puzeaux
Pys
Quend
Querrieu
Le Quesne
Le Quesnel
Quesnoy-le-Montant
Quesnoy-sur-Airaines
Quevauvillers
Quiry-le-Sec
Quivières
Raincheval
Rainneville
Ramburelles
Rambures
Rancourt
Regnière-Écluse
Remaisnil
Remaugies
Remiencourt
Rethonvillers
Revelles
Ribeaucourt
Ribemont-sur-Ancre
Riencourt
Rivery
Rogy
Roiglise
Roisel
Rollot
Ronssoy
Rosières-en-Santerre
Rouvrel
Rouvroy-en-Santerre
Rouy-le-Grand
Rouy-le-Petit
Roye
Rubempré
Rubescourt
Rue
Rumigny
Saigneville
Sailly-Flibeaucourt
Sailly-Laurette
Sailly-le-Sec
Sailly-Saillisel
Sains-en-Amiénois
Saint-Acheul
Saint-Aubin-Montenoy
Saint-Aubin-Rivière
Saint-Blimont
Saint-Christ-Briost
Sainte-Segrée
Saint-Fuscien
Saint-Germain-sur-Bresle
Saint-Gratien
Saint-Léger-lès-Authie
Saint-Léger-lès-Domart
Saint-Léger-sur-Bresle
Saint-Mard
Saint-Maulvis
Saint-Maxent
Saint-Ouen
Saint-Quentin-en-Tourmont
Saint-Quentin-la-Motte-Croix-au-Bailly
Saint-Riquier
Saint-Sauflieu
Saint-Sauveur
Saint-Vaast-en-Chaussée
Saint-Valery-sur-Somme
Saisseval
Saleux
Salouël
Sancourt
Saulchoy-sous-Poix
Sauvillers-Mongival
Saveuse
Senarpont
Senlis-le-Sec
Sentelie
Seux
Sorel
Sorel-en-Vimeu
Soues
Sourdon
Soyécourt
Surcamps
Suzanne
Tailly
Talmas
Templeux-la-Fosse
Templeux-le-Guérard
Terramesnil
Tertry
Thennes
Thézy-Glimont
Thiepval
Thieulloy-l'Abbaye
Thieulloy-la-Ville
Thièvres
Thoix
Thory
Tilloloy
Tilloy-Floriville
Tincourt-Boucly
Le Titre
Tœufles
Tours-en-Vimeu
Toutencourt
Le Translay
Treux
Trois-Rivières
Tully
Ugny-l'Équipée
Vadencourt
Vaire-sous-Corbie
Valines
Varennes
Vauchelles-lès-Authie
Vauchelles-lès-Domart
Vauchelles-les-Quesnoy
Vaudricourt
Vauvillers
Vaux-en-Amiénois
Vaux-Marquenneville
Vaux-sur-Somme
Vecquemont
Velennes
Vercourt
Vergies
Vermandovillers
Verpillières
Vers-sur-Selle
La Vicogne
Vignacourt
Villecourt
Ville-le-Marclet
Villeroy
Villers-aux-Érables
Villers-Bocage
Villers-Bretonneux
Villers-Campsart
Villers-Carbonnel
Villers-Faucon
Villers-lès-Roye
Villers-sous-Ailly
Villers-sur-Authie
Villers-Tournelle
Ville-sur-Ancre
Vironchaux
Vismes
Vitz-sur-Authie
Voyennes
Vraignes-en-Vermandois
Vraignes-lès-Hornoy
Vrély
Vron
Wargnies
Warloy-Baillon
Warlus
Warsy
Warvillers
Wiencourt-l'Équipée
Wiry-au-Mont
Woignarue
Woincourt
Woirel
Y
Yaucourt-Bussus
Yonval
Yvrench
Yvrencheux
Yzengremer
Yzeux
pref: prefecture
subpr: subprefecture
Authority control databases: National
France
BnF data | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[bɛʁtɑ̃ɡl]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"link_name":"Picard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picard_language"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Hauts-de-France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauts-de-France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Hauts-de-France, FranceBertangles (French pronunciation: [bɛʁtɑ̃ɡl]); Picard: Bèrtangue) is a commune in the Somme department in Hauts-de-France in northern France.","title":"Bertangles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"woodland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodland"}],"text":"Bertangles is situated on the D97 road, just off the N25, 3 miles (5 km) north of Amiens. A farming area with extensive woodland and a grand chateau.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Clermont-Tonnerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counts_of_Clermont-Tonnerre"}],"text":"The 18th-century château, constructed by Louis-Joseph Clermont-Tonnerre from 1730 to 1734, replacing the medieval structure, itself rebuilt in the 16th century, after being burned by the Spaniards in 1597. An old gateway is all that remains of the older building, which gives access to the farm, to the west. In August 1930, a fire destroyed the interior of the château, particularly the woodwork. All was remade in the same style in subsequent years. The stairway and ramp of wrought iron have also been restored.The chateau was also used as Headquarters by the Australian Corps prior to the Battle of Amiens in August 1918","title":"Places of interest"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rittmeister Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred_von_Richthofen"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"Wiesbaden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden"}],"text":"Rittmeister Manfred Freiherr von Richthofen, the Red Baron, was buried with military honours by the Australian Flying Corps in the cemetery some distance from the village on 22 April 1918, but exhumed after the end of World War I and reburied first in the German military cemetery of Fricourt (Somme), then by his brother in Berlin. After the Second World War his remains were transferred to Wiesbaden (in 1975).","title":"Personalities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2-906340-40-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-906340-40-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bertangles_ch%C3%A2teau_(portail_avec_grille_d%27honneur)_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bertangles_entr%C3%A9e_ferme_du_ch%C3%A2teau_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bertangles_colombier_(ferme_du_ch%C3%A2teau)_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bertangles_%C3%A9glise_(vue_depuis_petit_chemin_vert)_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bertangles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bertangles"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Somme_communes"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Somme_communes"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Somme_communes"},{"link_name":"Communes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Somme_department"},{"link_name":"Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somme_(department)"},{"link_name":"Abbeville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeville"},{"link_name":"Ablaincourt-Pressoir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ablaincourt-Pressoir"},{"link_name":"Acheux-en-Amiénois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheux-en-Ami%C3%A9nois"},{"link_name":"Acheux-en-Vimeu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acheux-en-Vimeu"},{"link_name":"Agenville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenville"},{"link_name":"Agenvillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agenvillers"},{"link_name":"Aigneville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aigneville"},{"link_name":"Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailly-le-Haut-Clocher"},{"link_name":"Ailly-sur-Noye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailly-sur-Noye"},{"link_name":"Ailly-sur-Somme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ailly-sur-Somme"},{"link_name":"Airaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airaines"},{"link_name":"Aizecourt-le-Bas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizecourt-le-Bas"},{"link_name":"Aizecourt-le-Haut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizecourt-le-Haut"},{"link_name":"Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Allaines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaines"},{"link_name":"Allenay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allenay"},{"link_name":"Allery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allery"},{"link_name":"Allonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allonville"},{"link_name":"Amiens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amiens"},{"link_name":"Andainville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andainville"},{"link_name":"Andechy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andechy"},{"link_name":"Argœuves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arg%C5%93uves"},{"link_name":"Argoules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argoules"},{"link_name":"Arguel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arguel,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Armancourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armancourt,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Arquèves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arqu%C3%A8ves"},{"link_name":"Arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrest,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Arry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arry,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Arvillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvillers"},{"link_name":"Assainvillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assainvillers"},{"link_name":"Assevillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assevillers"},{"link_name":"Athies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athies,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Aubercourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubercourt"},{"link_name":"Aubigny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubigny,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Aubvillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aubvillers"},{"link_name":"Auchonvillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchonvillers"},{"link_name":"Ault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ault,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Aumâtre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aum%C3%A2tre"},{"link_name":"Aumont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aumont,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Autheux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autheux"},{"link_name":"Authie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authie,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Authieule","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authieule"},{"link_name":"Authuille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authuille"},{"link_name":"Avelesges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avelesges"},{"link_name":"Aveluy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aveluy"},{"link_name":"Avesnes-Chaussoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avesnes-Chaussoy"},{"link_name":"Ayencourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayencourt"},{"link_name":"Bacouel-sur-Selle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacouel-sur-Selle"},{"link_name":"Bailleul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bailleul,_Somme"},{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Vicogne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Vicogne"},{"link_name":"Vignacourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vignacourt"},{"link_name":"Villecourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villecourt"},{"link_name":"Ville-le-Marclet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville-le-Marclet"},{"link_name":"Villeroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villeroy,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Villers-aux-Érables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-aux-%C3%89rables"},{"link_name":"Villers-Bocage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Bocage,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Villers-Bretonneux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Bretonneux"},{"link_name":"Villers-Campsart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Campsart"},{"link_name":"Villers-Carbonnel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Carbonnel"},{"link_name":"Villers-Faucon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Faucon"},{"link_name":"Villers-lès-Roye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-l%C3%A8s-Roye"},{"link_name":"Villers-sous-Ailly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-sous-Ailly"},{"link_name":"Villers-sur-Authie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-sur-Authie"},{"link_name":"Villers-Tournelle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villers-Tournelle"},{"link_name":"Ville-sur-Ancre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ville-sur-Ancre"},{"link_name":"Vironchaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vironchaux"},{"link_name":"Vismes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vismes"},{"link_name":"Vitz-sur-Authie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitz-sur-Authie"},{"link_name":"Voyennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyennes"},{"link_name":"Vraignes-en-Vermandois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vraignes-en-Vermandois"},{"link_name":"Vraignes-lès-Hornoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vraignes-l%C3%A8s-Hornoy"},{"link_name":"Vrély","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vr%C3%A9ly"},{"link_name":"Vron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vron"},{"link_name":"Wargnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wargnies"},{"link_name":"Warloy-Baillon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warloy-Baillon"},{"link_name":"Warlus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warlus,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Warsy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warsy"},{"link_name":"Warvillers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warvillers"},{"link_name":"Wiencourt-l'Équipée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiencourt-l%27%C3%89quip%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"Wiry-au-Mont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiry-au-Mont"},{"link_name":"Woignarue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woignarue"},{"link_name":"Woincourt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woincourt"},{"link_name":"Woirel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woirel"},{"link_name":"Y","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y,_Somme"},{"link_name":"Yaucourt-Bussus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaucourt-Bussus"},{"link_name":"Yonval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yonval"},{"link_name":"Yvrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvrench"},{"link_name":"Yvrencheux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvrencheux"},{"link_name":"Yzengremer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yzengremer"},{"link_name":"Yzeux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yzeux"},{"link_name":"prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectures_in_France"},{"link_name":"subprefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subprefectures_in_France"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089947#identifiers"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15276576q"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15276576q"}],"text":"« Canton of Villers-Bocage - Châteaux et fermes - N° 182 - Coll. Itinéraires du patrimoine » - Textes de Judith Förstel - 1999 - ISBN 2-906340-40-5\n« Dictionnaire historique et archéologique de Picardie - Arrondissement of Amiens - Tome III » - E. Héren et L. Ledieu - 1919\n« Dictionnaire des châteaux de France : Artois, Flandre, Hainaut, Picardie » - J. Thiebaut - 1978\n« Églises, châteaux, beffrois et hôtels-de-ville les plus remarquables de la Picardie et de l'Artois » - A. Goze - 1849\n« La décoration sculptée des façades du château de Bertangles » - François de Clermont-Tonnerre - dans Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie - Tome 76 - 1976\n« Un grand artiste du fer : Vivarais » - J. Foucart-Borville - dans Bulletin de la Société des Antiquaires de Picardie - 3e trim. 1980 (à propos de l'histoire de la grille d'honneur)Pillars on the main gate\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe gate to the medieval château\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe Dovecote\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe churchWikimedia Commons has media related to Bertangles.vteCommunes of the Somme department\nAbbevillesubpr\nAblaincourt-Pressoir\nAcheux-en-Amiénois\nAcheux-en-Vimeu\nAgenville\nAgenvillers\nAigneville\nAilly-le-Haut-Clocher\nAilly-sur-Noye\nAilly-sur-Somme\nAiraines\nAizecourt-le-Bas\nAizecourt-le-Haut\nAlbert\nAllaines\nAllenay\nAllery\nAllonville\nAmienspref\nAndainville\nAndechy\nArgœuves\nArgoules\nArguel\nArmancourt\nArquèves\nArrest\nArry\nArvillers\nAssainvillers\nAssevillers\nAthies\nAubercourt\nAubigny\nAubvillers\nAuchonvillers\nAult\nAumâtre\nAumont\nAutheux\nAuthie\nAuthieule\nAuthuille\nAvelesges\nAveluy\nAvesnes-Chaussoy\nAyencourt\nBacouel-sur-Selle\nBailleul\nBaizieux\nBalâtre\nBarleux\nBarly\nBavelincourt\nBayencourt\nBayonvillers\nBazentin\nBéalcourt\nBeaucamps-le-Jeune\nBeaucamps-le-Vieux\nBeauchamps\nBeaucourt-en-Santerre\nBeaucourt-sur-l'Ancre\nBeaucourt-sur-l'Hallue\nBeaufort-en-Santerre\nBeaumetz\nBeaumont-Hamel\nBeauquesne\nBeauval\nBécordel-Bécourt\nBecquigny\nBéhen\nBéhencourt\nBellancourt\nBelleuse\nBelloy-en-Santerre\nBelloy-Saint-Léonard\nBelloy-sur-Somme\nBergicourt\nBermesnil\nBernâtre\nBernaville\nBernay-en-Ponthieu\nBernes\nBerneuil\nBerny-en-Santerre\nBertangles\nBerteaucourt-les-Dames\nBerteaucourt-lès-Thennes\nBertrancourt\nBéthencourt-sur-Mer\nBéthencourt-sur-Somme\nBettembos\nBettencourt-Rivière\nBettencourt-Saint-Ouen\nBeuvraignes\nBiaches\nBiarre\nBiencourt\nBillancourt\nBlangy-sous-Poix\nBlangy-Tronville\nBoisbergues\nLe Boisle\nBoismont\nBonnay\nBonneville\nBosquel\nBouchavesnes-Bergen\nBouchoir\nBouchon\nBoufflers\nBougainville\nBouillancourt-en-Séry\nBouillancourt-la-Bataille\nBouquemaison\nBourdon\nBourseville\nBoussicourt\nBouttencourt\nBouvaincourt-sur-Bresle\nBouvincourt-en-Vermandois\nBouzincourt\nBovelles\nBoves\nBraches\nBrailly-Cornehotte\nBrassy\nBray-lès-Mareuil\nBray-sur-Somme\nBreilly\nBresle\nBreuil\nBrévillers\nBrie\nBriquemesnil-Floxicourt\nBrocourt\nBrouchy\nBrucamps\nBrutelles\nBuigny-l'Abbé\nBuigny-lès-Gamaches\nBuigny-Saint-Maclou\nBuire-Courcelles\nBuire-sur-l'Ancre\nBus-la-Mésière\nBus-lès-Artois\nBussu\nBussus-Bussuel\nBussy-lès-Daours\nBussy-lès-Poix\nBuverchy\nCachy\nCagny\nCahon\nCaix\nCambron\nCamon\nCamps-en-Amiénois\nCanaples\nCanchy\nCandas\nCannessières\nCantigny\nCaours\nCappy\nCardonnette\nLe Cardonnois\nCarnoy-Mametz\nCarrépuis\nCartigny\nCaulières\nCavillon\nCayeux-en-Santerre\nCayeux-sur-Mer\nCerisy\nCerisy-Buleux\nChampien\nChaulnes\nLa Chaussée-Tirancourt\nChaussoy-Epagny\nLa Chavatte\nChépy\nChilly\nChipilly\nChirmont\nChuignes\nChuignolles\nCiterne\nCizancourt\nClairy-Saulchoix\nCléry-sur-Somme\nCocquerel\nCoigneux\nCoisy\nColincamps\nCombles\nCondé-Folie\nContalmaison\nContay\nConteville\nContre\nConty\nCorbie\nCottenchy\nCoullemelle\nCoulonvillers\nCourcelette\nCourcelles-au-Bois\nCourcelles-sous-Moyencourt\nCourcelles-sous-Thoix\nCourtemanche\nCramont\nCrécy-en-Ponthieu\nCrémery\nCressy-Omencourt\nCreuse\nCroix-Moligneaux\nCroixrault\nLe Crotoy\nCrouy-Saint-Pierre\nCurchy\nCurlu\nDamery\nDancourt-Popincourt\nDaours\nDargnies\nDavenescourt\nDémuin\nDernancourt\nDevise\nDoingt\nDomart-en-Ponthieu\nDomart-sur-la-Luce\nDomesmont\nDominois\nDomléger-Longvillers\nDommartin\nDompierre-Becquincourt\nDompierre-sur-Authie\nDomqueur\nDomvast\nDoudelainville\nDouilly\nDoullens\nDreuil-lès-Amiens\nDriencourt\nDromesnil\nDrucat\nDury\nEaucourt-sur-Somme\nL'Échelle-Saint-Aurin\nÉclusier-Vaux\nEmbreville\nEnglebelmer\nEnnemain\nÉpagne-Épagnette\nÉpaumesnil\nÉpécamps\nÉpehy\nÉpénancourt\nÉplessier\nEppeville\nÉquancourt\nÉquennes-Éramecourt\nErches\nErcheu\nErcourt\nErgnies\nÉrondelle\nEsclainvillers\nEsmery-Hallon\nEssertaux\nEstrébœuf\nEstrées-Deniécourt\nEstrées-lès-Crécy\nEstrées-Mons\nEstrées-sur-Noye\nÉtalon\nÉtelfay\nÉterpigny\nÉtinehem-Méricourt\nL'Étoile\nÉtréjust\nÉtricourt-Manancourt\nLa Faloise\nFalvy\nFamechon\nFaverolles\nFavières\nFay\nFerrières\nFescamps\nFeuillères\nFeuquières-en-Vimeu\nFieffes-Montrelet\nFienvillers\nFignières\nFins\nFlaucourt\nFlers\nFlers-sur-Noye\nFlesselles\nFleury\nFlixecourt\nFluy\nFolies\nFolleville\nFonches-Fonchette\nFontaine-le-Sec\nFontaine-lès-Cappy\nFontaine-sous-Montdidier\nFontaine-sur-Maye\nFontaine-sur-Somme\nForceville\nForceville-en-Vimeu\nForest-l'Abbaye\nForest-Montiers\nFort-Mahon-Plage\nFossemanant\nFoucaucourt-en-Santerre\nFoucaucourt-Hors-Nesle\nFouencamps\nFouilloy\nFouquescourt\nFourcigny\nFourdrinoy\nFramerville-Rainecourt\nFramicourt\nFrancières\nFranleu\nFranqueville\nFransart\nFransu\nFransures\nFranvillers\nFréchencourt\nFrémontiers\nFresnes-Mazancourt\nFresnes-Tilloloy\nFresneville\nFresnoy-Andainville\nFresnoy-au-Val\nFresnoy-en-Chaussée\nFresnoy-lès-Roye\nFressenneville\nFrettecuisse\nFrettemeule\nFriaucourt\nFricamps\nFricourt\nFrise\nFriville-Escarbotin\nFrohen-sur-Authie\nFroyelles\nFrucourt\nGamaches\nGapennes\nGauville\nGentelles\nGézaincourt\nGinchy\nGlisy\nGorenflos\nGorges\nGoyencourt\nGrandcourt\nGrand-Laviers\nGratibus\nGrattepanche\nGrébault-Mesnil\nGrivesnes\nGrivillers\nGrouches-Luchuel\nGruny\nGuerbigny\nGueschart\nGueudecourt\nGuignemicourt\nGuillaucourt\nGuillemont\nGuizancourt\nGuyencourt-Saulcourt\nGuyencourt-sur-Noye\nHailles\nHallencourt\nHallivillers\nHalloy-lès-Pernois\nHallu\nHam\nLe Hamel\nHamelet\nHancourt\nHangard\nHangest-en-Santerre\nHangest-sur-Somme\nHarbonnières\nHardecourt-aux-Bois\nHarponville\nHattencourt\nHautvillers-Ouville\nHavernas\nHébécourt\nHédauville\nHeilly\nHem-Hardinval\nHem-Monacu\nHénencourt\nHerbécourt\nHérissart\nHerleville\nHerly\nHervilly\nHesbécourt\nHescamps\nHeucourt-Croquoison\nHeudicourt\nHeuzecourt\nHiermont\nHombleux\nHornoy-le-Bourg\nHuchenneville\nHumbercourt\nHuppy\nHypercourt\nIgnaucourt\nInval-Boiron\nIrles\nJumel\nLaboissière-en-Santerre\nLachapelle\nLafresguimont-Saint-Martin\nLahoussoye\nLaleu\nLamaronde\nLamotte-Brebière\nLamotte-Buleux\nLamotte-Warfusée\nLanchères\nLanches-Saint-Hilaire\nLanguevoisin-Quiquery\nLaucourt\nLaviéville\nLawarde-Mauger-l'Hortoy\nLéalvillers\nLesbœufs\nLiancourt-Fosse\nLicourt\nLiéramont\nLiercourt\nLigescourt\nLignières\nLignières-Châtelain\nLignières-en-Vimeu\nLihons\nLimeux\nLiomer\nLong\nLongavesnes\nLongpré-les-Corps-Saints\nLongueau\nLongueval\nLonguevillette\nLouvencourt\nLouvrechy\nLucheux\nMachiel\nMachy\nMailly-Maillet\nMailly-Raineval\nMaisnières\nMaison-Ponthieu\nMaison-Roland\nMaizicourt\nMalpart\nMarcelcave\nMarché-Allouarde\nMarchélepot-Misery\nMarestmontiers\nMareuil-Caubert\nMaricourt\nMarieux\nMarlers\nMarquaix\nMarquivillers\nMartainneville\nMatigny\nMaucourt\nMaurepas\nLe Mazis\nMéaulte\nMéharicourt\nMeigneux\nLe Meillard\nMéneslies\nMéréaucourt\nMérélessart\nMéricourt-en-Vimeu\nMéricourt-l'Abbé\nMers-les-Bains\nLe Mesge\nMesnil-Bruntel\nMesnil-Domqueur\nMesnil-en-Arrouaise\nMesnil-Martinsart\nMesnil-Saint-Georges\nMesnil-Saint-Nicaise\nMétigny\nMézerolles\nMézières-en-Santerre\nMiannay\nMillencourt\nMillencourt-en-Ponthieu\nMiraumont\nMirvaux\nMoislains\nMolliens-au-Bois\nMolliens-Dreuil\nMonchy-Lagache\nMons-Boubert\nMonsures\nMontagne-Fayel\nMontauban-de-Picardie\nMontdidiersubpr\nMontigny-les-Jongleurs\nMontigny-sur-l'Hallue\nMontonvillers\nMorchain\nMorcourt\nMoreuil\nMorisel\nMorlancourt\nMorvillers-Saint-Saturnin\nMouflers\nMouflières\nMoyencourt\nMoyencourt-lès-Poix\nMoyenneville\nMuille-Villette\nNampont\nNamps-Maisnil\nNampty\nNaours\nNesle\nNesle-l'Hôpital\nNeslette\nNeufmoulin\nNeuilly-le-Dien\nNeuilly-l'Hôpital\nNeuville-au-Bois\nNeuville-Coppegueule\nLa Neuville-lès-Bray\nLa Neuville-Sire-Bernard\nNeuvillette\nNibas\nNouvion\nNoyelles-en-Chaussée\nNoyelles-sur-Mer\nNurlu\nOccoches\nOchancourt\nÔ-de-Selle\nOffignies\nOffoy\nOisemont\nOissy\nOneux\nOresmaux\nOust-Marest\nOutrebois\nOvillers-la-Boisselle\nPargny\nParvillers-le-Quesnoy\nPendé\nPernois\nPéronnesubpr\nPicquigny\nPiennes-Onvillers\nPierregot\nPissy\nPlachy-Buyon\nLe Plessier-Rozainvillers\nPœuilly\nPoix-de-Picardie\nPonches-Estruval\nPont-de-Metz\nPonthoile\nPont-Noyelles\nPont-Remy\nPort-le-Grand\nPotte\nPoulainville\nPozières\nProuville\nProuzel\nProyart\nPuchevillers\nPunchy\nPuzeaux\nPys\nQuend\nQuerrieu\nLe Quesne\nLe Quesnel\nQuesnoy-le-Montant\nQuesnoy-sur-Airaines\nQuevauvillers\nQuiry-le-Sec\nQuivières\nRaincheval\nRainneville\nRamburelles\nRambures\nRancourt\nRegnière-Écluse\nRemaisnil\nRemaugies\nRemiencourt\nRethonvillers\nRevelles\nRibeaucourt\nRibemont-sur-Ancre\nRiencourt\nRivery\nRogy\nRoiglise\nRoisel\nRollot\nRonssoy\nRosières-en-Santerre\nRouvrel\nRouvroy-en-Santerre\nRouy-le-Grand\nRouy-le-Petit\nRoye\nRubempré\nRubescourt\nRue\nRumigny\nSaigneville\nSailly-Flibeaucourt\nSailly-Laurette\nSailly-le-Sec\nSailly-Saillisel\nSains-en-Amiénois\nSaint-Acheul\nSaint-Aubin-Montenoy\nSaint-Aubin-Rivière\nSaint-Blimont\nSaint-Christ-Briost\nSainte-Segrée\nSaint-Fuscien\nSaint-Germain-sur-Bresle\nSaint-Gratien\nSaint-Léger-lès-Authie\nSaint-Léger-lès-Domart\nSaint-Léger-sur-Bresle\nSaint-Mard\nSaint-Maulvis\nSaint-Maxent\nSaint-Ouen\nSaint-Quentin-en-Tourmont\nSaint-Quentin-la-Motte-Croix-au-Bailly\nSaint-Riquier\nSaint-Sauflieu\nSaint-Sauveur\nSaint-Vaast-en-Chaussée\nSaint-Valery-sur-Somme\nSaisseval\nSaleux\nSalouël\nSancourt\nSaulchoy-sous-Poix\nSauvillers-Mongival\nSaveuse\nSenarpont\nSenlis-le-Sec\nSentelie\nSeux\nSorel\nSorel-en-Vimeu\nSoues\nSourdon\nSoyécourt\nSurcamps\nSuzanne\nTailly\nTalmas\nTempleux-la-Fosse\nTempleux-le-Guérard\nTerramesnil\nTertry\nThennes\nThézy-Glimont\nThiepval\nThieulloy-l'Abbaye\nThieulloy-la-Ville\nThièvres\nThoix\nThory\nTilloloy\nTilloy-Floriville\nTincourt-Boucly\nLe Titre\nTœufles\nTours-en-Vimeu\nToutencourt\nLe Translay\nTreux\nTrois-Rivières\nTully\nUgny-l'Équipée\nVadencourt\nVaire-sous-Corbie\nValines\nVarennes\nVauchelles-lès-Authie\nVauchelles-lès-Domart\nVauchelles-les-Quesnoy\nVaudricourt\nVauvillers\nVaux-en-Amiénois\nVaux-Marquenneville\nVaux-sur-Somme\nVecquemont\nVelennes\nVercourt\nVergies\nVermandovillers\nVerpillières\nVers-sur-Selle\nLa Vicogne\nVignacourt\nVillecourt\nVille-le-Marclet\nVilleroy\nVillers-aux-Érables\nVillers-Bocage\nVillers-Bretonneux\nVillers-Campsart\nVillers-Carbonnel\nVillers-Faucon\nVillers-lès-Roye\nVillers-sous-Ailly\nVillers-sur-Authie\nVillers-Tournelle\nVille-sur-Ancre\nVironchaux\nVismes\nVitz-sur-Authie\nVoyennes\nVraignes-en-Vermandois\nVraignes-lès-Hornoy\nVrély\nVron\nWargnies\nWarloy-Baillon\nWarlus\nWarsy\nWarvillers\nWiencourt-l'Équipée\nWiry-au-Mont\nWoignarue\nWoincourt\nWoirel\nY\nYaucourt-Bussus\nYonval\nYvrench\nYvrencheux\nYzengremer\nYzeux\n\npref: prefecture\nsubpr: subprefectureAuthority control databases: National \nFrance\nBnF data","title":"Bibliography"}] | [] | [{"title":"Communes of the Somme department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Somme_department"}] | [{"reference":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","url_text":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""}]},{"reference":"\"Populations légales 2021\" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-80092","url_text":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_national_de_la_statistique_et_des_%C3%A9tudes_%C3%A9conomiques","url_text":"The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bertangles¶ms=49.9708_N_2.3006_E_type:city(779)_region:FR-HDF","external_links_name":"49°58′15″N 2°18′02″E / 49.9708°N 2.3006°E / 49.9708; 2.3006"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bertangles¶ms=49.9708_N_2.3006_E_type:city(779)_region:FR-HDF","external_links_name":"49°58′15″N 2°18′02″E / 49.9708°N 2.3006°E / 49.9708; 2.3006"},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1405599?geo=COM-80092","external_links_name":"80092"},{"Link":"https://www.data.gouv.fr/fr/datasets/r/2876a346-d50c-4911-934e-19ee07b0e503","external_links_name":"\"Répertoire national des élus: les maires\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/7725600?geo=COM-80092","external_links_name":"\"Populations légales 2021\""},{"Link":"https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/4515315?geo=COM-80092#ancre-POP_T1","external_links_name":"Population en historique depuis 1968"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15276576q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15276576q","external_links_name":"BnF data"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield_railway_station_(England) | Beaconsfield railway station (England) | ["1 History","2 Services","3 Image gallery","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 51°36′41″N 0°38′37″W / 51.6115°N 0.6437°W / 51.6115; -0.6437This article is about the station in England. For other uses, see Beaconsfield station (disambiguation).
Railway station in Buckinghamshire, England
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BeaconsfieldGeneral informationLocationBeaconsfield, BuckinghamshireEnglandGrid referenceSU940911Managed byChiltern RailwaysPlatforms2Other informationStation codeBCFClassificationDfT category DHistoryOpened1906Passengers2018/19 1.627 million2019/20 1.509 million2020/21 0.227 million2021/22 0.727 million2022/23 0.965 million
NotesPassenger statistics from the Office of Rail and Road
Beaconsfield railway station is a railway station in the town of Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, England. It is on the Chiltern Main Line between Seer Green and Jordans and High Wycombe stations. It is served by Chiltern Railways.
History
The station was opened on 2 April 1906 as part of the Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway. The station layout was four tracks, with two through lines and two platform lines. British Rail removed the through lines early in 1974. The station was transferred from the Western Region of British Rail to the London Midland Region on 24 March 1974.
As part of Chiltern Railways' Project Evergreen 2, the platform lines were upgraded to increase the line speed for through trains from 40 mph (64 km/h) to 75 mph (121 km/h). and, in October 2007, work began on installing ticket barriers, which became operational on 10 March 2008.
In the early 2000s the station car park was made into a two-storey car park. In March 2008 the upper deck was closed for work to start on adding a third storey. This opened on 1 September 2008, increasing the total parking spaces to 696.
Services
All trains are operated by Chiltern Railways. The current off-peak services are:
3 trains per hour to London Marylebone, of which:
1 calls at Gerrards Cross only
1 calls at Gerrards Cross and Wembley Stadium only
1 is a stopping service, calling at most intermediate stations
1 train per hour to High Wycombe
2 trains per hour to Oxford
Preceding station
National Rail
Following station
Gerrards CrossChiltern RailwaysLondon–OxfordHigh Wycombe
Seer Green & JordansChiltern RailwaysChiltern Main Line stopping services
Image gallery
The station in 1961
View eastwards towards London
Beaconsfield station, Down platform
Beaconsfield station looking in the Up Direction from the footbridge
A caution signal at ME 130 at Beaconsfield Station
References
^ Hendry, R. Preston; Hendry, R. Powell (1992). Paddington to the Mersey. Oxford Publishing Company. p. 27. ISBN 9780860934424. OCLC 877729237.
^ a b Slater, J.N., ed. (May 1974). "Notes and News: Ruislip and Beaconsfield reduced". Railway Magazine. 120 (877). London: IPC Transport Press Ltd: 248. ISSN 0033-8923.
^ "Evergreen 2 wins Project of the Year Award at National Rail Awards". News. John Laing plc. 11 September 2007.
^ a b "Download Train Timetables & Check Times | Chiltern Railways". Retrieved 8 July 2023.
Butler, P.; Crane, H.; Scott-Taggart, E.; Thompson, K. (2006). The Coming of the Railway to Beaconsfield. Vol. 9. Beaconsfield and District Historical Society. p. 40.
Jenkins, K. (1978). The Great Western & Great Central Joint Railway. Vol. OL46. The Oakwood Press. ISBN 0-85361-238-2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Beaconsfield railway station.
Train times and station information for Beaconsfield railway station (England) from National Rail
Chiltern Railways
vteRailway stations served by Chiltern RailwaysChiltern Main Line
London Marylebone
Wembley Stadium
Sudbury & Harrow Road
Sudbury Hill Harrow
Northolt Park
South Ruislip
West Ruislip
Denham
Denham Golf Club
Gerrards Cross
Seer Green and Jordans
Beaconsfield
High Wycombe
Saunderton
Princes Risborough
Haddenham & Thame Parkway
Bicester North
Kings Sutton
Banbury
Leamington Spa
Warwick
Warwick Parkway
Hatton
Lapworth
Dorridge
Solihull
Birmingham Moor Street
Birmingham Snow Hill
Jewellery Quarter
The Hawthorns
Smethwick Galton Bridge
Langley Green
Rowley Regis
Old Hill
Cradley Heath
Lye
Stourbridge Junction
London–Aylesbury line
Harrow-on-the-Hill
Rickmansworth
Chorleywood
Chalfont & Latimer
Amersham
Great Missenden
Wendover
Stoke Mandeville
Aylesbury
Aylesbury Vale Parkway
Aylesbury–Princes Risborough line
Monks Risborough
Little Kimble
Oxford–Bicester line(and Cherwell line)
Bicester Village
Islip
Oxford Parkway
Oxford
Heyford
Tackley
Leamington–Stratford line
Claverdon
Bearley
Wilmcote
Stratford-upon-Avon Parkway
Stratford-upon-Avon
Rail transport in the United Kingdom
vteRailway stations in BuckinghamshireWest Coast Main Line
Bletchley
Cheddington
Milton Keynes Central
Wolverton
Chiltern Main Line
Beaconsfield
Denham
Denham Golf Club
Gerrards Cross
Haddenham & Thame Parkway
High Wycombe
Princes Risborough
Saunderton
Seer Green & Jordans
Great Western Main Line
Iver
Taplow
London–Aylesbury line
Amersham
Aylesbury
Aylesbury Vale Parkway
Chalfont & Latimer
Great Missenden
Stoke Mandeville
Wendover
Marlow branch line
Bourne End
Marlow
Aylesbury–Princes Risborough line
Aylesbury
Little Kimble
Monks Risborough
Princes Risborough
Marston Vale line
Bletchley
Bow Brickhill
Fenny Stratford
Woburn Sands
Metropolitan line
Amersham
Chalfont & Latimer
Chesham
Heritage railway
Quainton Road
51°36′41″N 0°38′37″W / 51.6115°N 0.6437°W / 51.6115; -0.6437 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Beaconsfield station (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield_station_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_station"},{"link_name":"Beaconsfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaconsfield"},{"link_name":"Buckinghamshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckinghamshire"},{"link_name":"Chiltern Main Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern_Main_Line"},{"link_name":"Seer Green and Jordans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seer_Green_and_Jordans_railway_station"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Chiltern Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern_Railways"}],"text":"This article is about the station in England. 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It is served by Chiltern Railways.","title":"Beaconsfield railway station (England)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Western_and_Great_Central_Joint_Railway"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Rail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM877-2"},{"link_name":"Western Region of British Rail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Region_of_British_Railways"},{"link_name":"London Midland Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Midland_Region_of_British_Railways"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RM877-2"},{"link_name":"Chiltern Railways","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiltern_Railways"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"ticket barriers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turnstile"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The station was opened on 2 April 1906 as part of the Great Western and Great Central Joint Railway. The station layout was four tracks, with two through lines and two platform lines.[1] British Rail removed the through lines early in 1974.[2] The station was transferred from the Western Region of British Rail to the London Midland Region on 24 March 1974.[2]As part of Chiltern Railways' Project Evergreen 2, the platform lines were upgraded to increase the line speed for through trains from 40 mph (64 km/h) to 75 mph (121 km/h).[3] and, in October 2007, work began on installing ticket barriers, which became operational on 10 March 2008.[citation needed]In the early 2000s the station car park was made into a two-storey car park. In March 2008 the upper deck was closed for work to start on adding a third storey. This opened on 1 September 2008, increasing the total parking spaces to 696.[citation needed]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chilternrailways.co.uk-4"},{"link_name":"London Marylebone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Marylebone_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gerrards Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrards_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Gerrards Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerrards_Cross_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Wembley Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wembley_Stadium_railway_station"},{"link_name":"High Wycombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Wycombe_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chilternrailways.co.uk-4"}],"text":"All trains are operated by Chiltern Railways. The current off-peak services are:[4]3 trains per hour to London Marylebone, of which:\n1 calls at Gerrards Cross only\n1 calls at Gerrards Cross and Wembley Stadium only\n1 is a stopping service, calling at most intermediate stations\n1 train per hour to High Wycombe\n2 trains per hour to Oxford[4]","title":"Services"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beaconsfield_Station_1773439_1392a250.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beaconsfield_station_geograph-3257567-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beaconsfield_station,_Down_platform_geograph-3257584-by-Ben-Brooksbank.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beaconsfield_Station_looking_in_the_Up_Direction..jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_caution_signal_at_ME_130_at_Beaconsfield_Station.jpg"}],"text":"The station in 1961\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tView eastwards towards London\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeaconsfield station, Down platform\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBeaconsfield station looking in the Up Direction from the footbridge\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tA caution signal at ME 130 at Beaconsfield Station","title":"Image gallery"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Hendry, R. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_Going | Church Going | ["1 Synopsis","2 References"] | Poem by Philip Larkin
"Church Going" is a poem by the English poet Philip Larkin (1922–1985) that is generally regarded as one of his masterpieces. Larkin's first draft of the poem was dated 24 April 1954. He worked through 21 pages of drafts, abandoned it, then took it back up, emerging with his final version in July 1954. "Church Going" was published in The Less Deceived. Larkin's fondness for English ecclesiastical architecture, and the seriousness of mood he felt in such places, are apparent in the poem, standing in contrast to his cynicism about Christianity. "Church Going" is notable for its reference to the "cycle-clips" often associated in the popular imagination with Larkin during his lifetime.
Synopsis
In the poem, Larkin explores the experience of visiting a church. He declares himself unsure why he "often" stops at churches whilst out cycling, as he finds himself "at a loss" about what he is looking for – both literally, and spiritually. He considers how the buildings are falling out of use, and what they might become in the future. The final stanza of the poem adopts a more conclusive tone about this "serious house on serious earth", to which people will always be drawn, if only because so many people before them have been drawn there – and so many are buried in the churchyard.
References
^ Anthony Thwaite (1988). Philip Larkin Collected Poems. London: Faber and Faber., introduction page xvii
^ "Philip Larkin, the Impossible Man". 2 April 2011.
^ Martin Amis (2001). The War Against Cliche. London: Jonathan Cape. page 153
^ "The Trail – West to East". The Larkin Train. Retrieved 11 September 2021.
vtePhilip LarkinPoetry collections
The North Ship (1945)
The Less Deceived (1955)
The Whitsun Weddings (1964)
High Windows (1974)
Posthumous collections
Collected Poems (1988 and 2003)
Poems
"The Whitsun Weddings" (1964)
"An Arundel Tomb" (1964)
"Mr Bleaney" (1955)
"This Be The Verse" (1974)
"Days" (1964)
"MCMXIV" (1964)
"Aubade" (1977)
Other publications
Jill (1946)
A Girl in Winter (1947)
The Oxford Book of Twentieth Century English Verse (1973)
Selected Letters of Philip Larkin, 1940–1985 (1992)
Related
List of poems by Philip Larkin
Larkin at Sixty (1982)
Philip Larkin Society
Larkin 25
Relationships that influenced Philip Larkin
Mr Larkin's Awkward Day
Brunette Coleman (juvenile pseudonym) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Larkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Larkin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Philip_Larkin_Collected_Poems-1"},{"link_name":"The Less Deceived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Less_Deceived"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Martin_Amis-3"}],"text":"\"Church Going\" is a poem by the English poet Philip Larkin (1922–1985) that is generally regarded as one of his masterpieces. Larkin's first draft of the poem was dated 24 April 1954. He worked through 21 pages of drafts, abandoned it, then took it back up, emerging with his final version in July 1954.[1] \"Church Going\" was published in The Less Deceived. Larkin's fondness for English ecclesiastical architecture, and the seriousness of mood he felt in such places, are apparent in the poem, standing in contrast to his cynicism about Christianity.[2] \"Church Going\" is notable for its reference to the \"cycle-clips\" often associated in the popular imagination with Larkin during his lifetime.[3]","title":"Church Going"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In the poem, Larkin explores the experience of visiting a church. He declares himself unsure why he \"often\" stops at churches whilst out cycling,[4] as he finds himself \"at a loss\" about what he is looking for – both literally, and spiritually. He considers how the buildings are falling out of use, and what they might become in the future. The final stanza of the poem adopts a more conclusive tone about this \"serious house on serious earth\", to which people will always be drawn, if only because so many people before them have been drawn there – and so many are buried in the churchyard.","title":"Synopsis"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Anthony Thwaite (1988). Philip Larkin Collected Poems. London: Faber and Faber.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Philip Larkin, the Impossible Man\". 2 April 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/05/philip-larkin-the-impossible-man/308439/","url_text":"\"Philip Larkin, the Impossible Man\""}]},{"reference":"Martin Amis (2001). The War Against Cliche. London: Jonathan Cape.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Trail – West to East\". The Larkin Train. Retrieved 11 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://thelarkintrail.co.uk/west-to-east.php?item=trialItem_name_20","url_text":"\"The Trail – West to East\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2011/05/philip-larkin-the-impossible-man/308439/","external_links_name":"\"Philip Larkin, the Impossible Man\""},{"Link":"http://thelarkintrail.co.uk/west-to-east.php?item=trialItem_name_20","external_links_name":"\"The Trail – West to East\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1987%E2%80%9388_Soviet_League_season | 1987–88 Soviet League season | ["1 First round","2 Final round","3 Playoffs","4 Relegation","5 External links"] | The 1987–88 Soviet Championship League season was the 42nd season of the Soviet Championship League, the top level of ice hockey in the Soviet Union. Fourteen teams participated in the league, and CSKA Moscow won the championship.
First round
R
Team
GP
W
T
L
GF
GA
Pts
1
CSKA Moscow
26
21
2
3
149
67
44
2
Krylya Sovetov Moscow
26
16
1
9
102
80
33
3
Spartak Moscow
26
13
5
8
89
78
31
4
Dynamo Moscow
26
13
4
9
111
91
30
5
Traktor Chelyabinsk
26
11
5
10
77
67
27
6
Avtomobilist Sverdlovsk
26
9
8
9
88
96
26
7
Sokol Kiev
26
10
5
11
107
96
25
8
Khimik Voskresensk
26
10
5
11
90
100
25
9
SKA Leningrad
26
11
2
13
82
91
24
10
Dinamo Riga
26
10
4
12
88
92
24
11
Torpedo Yaroslavl
26
11
2
13
81
100
24
12
Torpedo Gorky
26
9
4
13
89
109
22
13
Izhstal Izhevsk
26
7
2
17
85
141
16
14
Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk
26
5
3
18
91
121
13
Final round
R
Team
GP
W
T
L
GF
GA
Pts
1
CSKA Moscow
18
11
5
2
81
44
27
2
Dynamo Moscow
18
11
4
3
67
45
26
3
Dinamo Riga
18
11
3
4
66
46
25
4
Krylya Sovetov Moscow
18
9
5
4
63
43
23
5
Spartak Moscow
18
9
3
6
63
46
21
6
Sokol Kiev
18
8
2
8
77
68
18
7
Traktor Chelyabinsk
18
6
4
8
49
55
16
8
Khimik Voskresensk
18
5
3
10
60
72
13
9
SKA Leningrad
18
2
2
14
47
88
6
10
Avtomobilist Sverdlovsk
18
0
3
15
42
106
3
Playoffs
Semi-finalsFinal CSKA Moscow2 Krylya Sovetov Moscow1
CSKA Moscow3 Dinamo Riga1
Dynamo Moscow1 Dinamo Riga2
Third place Dynamo Moscow2 Krylya Sovetov Moscow0
Relegation
R
Team
GP
W
T
L
GF
GA
Pts
1
Torpedo Gorky
36
23
3
10
157
99
49
2
Torpedo Yaroslavl
36
23
2
11
151
102
48
3
Dinamo Minsk
36
22
2
12
148
116
46
4
Dinamo Kharkiv
36
21
2
13
138
107
44
5
Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk
36
19
4
13
172
135
42
6
Izhstal Izhevsk
36
15
3
18
131
156
33
7
SK Uritskogo Kazan
36
12
7
17
102
103
31
8
Sibir Novosibirsk
36
12
3
21
126
171
27
9
Torpedo Togliatti
36
12
3
21
96
154
27
10
Salavat Yulaev Ufa
36
6
1
29
92
171
13
External links
Season on hockeystars.ru
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1991–92 | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"1987–88 Soviet League season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"First round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Final round"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Playoffs"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Relegation"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.hockeystars.ru/art1988.php","external_links_name":"Season"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_laws_named_after_people | List of scientific laws named after people | ["1 See also","2 Further reading"] | This is a list of scientific laws named after people (eponymous laws). For other lists of eponyms, see eponym.
Law
Field
Person(s) Named After
Abel's theorem
Calculus
Niels Henrik Abel
Ariadne's thread
Computer science
Ariadne
Amdahl's law
Computer science
Gene Amdahl
Ampère's circuital law
Physics
André-Marie Ampère
Archie's law
Geology
Gus Archie
Archimedes's principleAxiom of Archimedes
PhysicsAnalysis
Archimedes
Arrhenius equation
Chemical kinetics
Svante Arrhenius
Avogadro's law
Thermodynamics
Amedeo Avogadro
Bell's theorem
Quantum mechanics
John Stewart Bell
Benford's law
Mathematics
Frank Benford
Beer–Lambert law
Optics
August Beer, Johann Heinrich Lambert
Bernoulli's principleBernoulli's equation
Physical sciences
Daniel Bernoulli
Biot–Savart law
Electromagnetics, fluid dynamics
Jean Baptiste Biot and Félix Savart
Birch's law
Geophysics
Francis Birch
Bogoliubov–Born–Green–Kirkwood–Yvon hierarchy
Physics
Nikolay Bogoliubov, Max Born, Herbert Green, John Kirkwood, and J. Yvon
Bogoliubov transformation
Quantum mechanics
Nikolay Bogoliubov
Boltzmann equation
Thermodynamics
Ludwig Boltzmann
Born's law
Quantum mechanics
Max Born
Boyle's law
Thermodynamics
Robert Boyle
Bragg's Law
Physics
William Lawrence Bragg, William Henry Bragg
Bradford's law
Computer science
Samuel C. Bradford
Bruun Rule
Earth science
Per Bruun
Buys Ballot's law
Meteorology
C.H.D. Buys Ballot
Byerlee's law
Geophysics
James Byerlee
Carnot's theorem
Thermodynamics
Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot
Cauchy's integral formula Cauchy–Riemann equations See also: List of things named after Augustin-Louis Cauchy
Complex analysis
Augustin Louis Cauchy Augustin Louis Cauchy and Bernhard Riemann
Cayley–Hamilton theorem
Linear algebra
Arthur Cayley and William Hamilton
Charles's law
Thermodynamics
Jacques Charles
Chandrasekhar limit
Astrophysics
Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar
Church–Turing thesis
Computer science
Alonzo Church and Alan Turing
Coulomb's law
Physics
Charles Augustin de Coulomb
Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac (frequently called Charles's law)
Thermodynamics
Jacques Charles and Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Clifford's theoremClifford's circle theorems
Algebraic geometry, Geometry
William Kingdon Clifford
Curie's law
Physics
Pierre Curie
Curie–Weiss law
Physics
Pierre Curie and Pierre-Ernest Weiss
D'Alembert's paradox D'Alembert's principle
Fluid dynamics, Physics
Jean le Rond d'Alembert
Dalton's law of partial pressure
Thermodynamics
John Dalton
Darcy's law
Fluid mechanics
Henry Darcy
De Bruijn–Erdős theorem
Mathematics
Nicolaas Govert de Bruijn and Paul Erdős
De Morgan's law
Logic
Augustus De Morgan
Dermott's law
Celestial mechanics
Stanley Dermott
Descartes's theorem
Geometry
René Descartes
Dirac equationDirac delta functionDirac combDirac spinorDirac operator See also: List of things named after Paul Dirac
Mathematics, Physics
Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac
Drake equation
Cosmology
Frank Drake
Doppler effect
Physics
Christian Doppler
Ehrenfest's theorem
Quantum mechanics
Paul Ehrenfest
Einstein's general theory of relativityEinstein's special theory of relativity See also: List of things named after Albert Einstein
Physics
Albert Einstein
El-Sayed rule
Physical chemistry
Mostafa El-Sayed
Erdős–Anning theorem See also: List of things named after Paul Erdős
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and Norman H. Anning
Erdős–Beck theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and József Beck
Erdős–Gallai theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and Tibor Gallai
Erdős–Kac theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and Mark Kac
Erdős–Ko–Rado theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős, Ke Zhao, and Richard Rado
Erdős–Nagy theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and Béla Szőkefalvi-Nagy
Erdős–Rado theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and Richard Rado
Erdős–Stone theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and Arthur Harold Stone
Erdős–Szekeres theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and George Szekeres
Erdős–Szemerédi theorem
Mathematics
Paul Erdős and Endre Szemerédi
Euclid's theorem
Number theory
Euclid
Euler's theorem See also: List of things named after Leonhard Euler
Number theory
Leonhard Euler
Faraday's law of inductionFaraday's law of electrolysis
ElectromagnetismChemistry
Michael Faraday
Faxén's law
Fluid dynamics
Hilding Faxén
Fermat's principleFermat's Last TheoremFermat's little theorem
OpticsNumber theoryNumber theory
Pierre de Fermat
Fermi paradoxFermi's golden ruleFermi accelerationFermi holeFermionic fieldFermi level See also: List of things named after Enrico Fermi
Cosmology, Physics
Enrico Fermi
Fick's law of diffusion
Thermodynamics
Adolf Fick
Fitts's law
Ergonomics
Paul Fitts
Fourier's law
Thermodynamics
Jean Baptiste Joseph Fourier
Gauss's lawGauss's law for magnetismGauss's principle of least constraintGauss's digamma theoremGauss's hypergeometric theoremGaussian function See also: List of things named after Carl Friedrich Gauss
Mathematics, Physics
Johann Carl Friedrich Gauss
Gay-Lussac's law
Chemistry
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
Gibbs–Helmholtz equation
Thermodynamics
Josiah Willard Gibbs, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand von Helmholtz
Gödel's incompleteness theorems
Mathematics
Kurt Gödel
Graham's law
Thermodynamics
Thomas Graham
Green's law
Fluid dynamics
George Green
Grimm's law
Linguistics
Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm
Gustafson's law
Computer science
John L. Gustafson
Heisenberg's uncertainty principle
Theoretical physics
Werner Heisenberg
Heaps' law
Linguistics
Harold Stanley Heaps
Hellmann–Feynman theorem
Physics
Hans Hellmann, Richard Feynman
Henry's law
Thermodynamics
William Henry
Hertz observations
Electromagnetism
Heinrich Hertz
Hess's law
Thermodynamics
Germain Henri Hess
Hilbert's basis theoremHilbert's axiomsHilbert functionHilbert's irreducibility theoremHilbert's syzygy theoremHilbert's Theorem 90Hilbert's theorem
Mathematics
David Hilbert
Hohenberg–Kohn theorem
Quantum mechanics
Pierre Hohenberg and Walter Kohn
Helmholtz's theoremsHelmholtz theoremHelmholtz free energyHelmholtz decompositionHelmholtz equationHelmholtz resonance
ThermodynamicsPhysics
Hermann von Helmholtz
Hollomon's law
Physics
John Herbert Hollomon
Hooke's law
Physics
Robert Hooke
Hopkinson's law
Electromagnetism
John Hopkinson
Hubble's law
Cosmology
Edwin Hubble
Hund's rules
Atomic physics
Friedrich Hund
Huygens–Fresnel principle
Optics
Christiaan Huygens and Augustin-Jean Fresnel
Joule's laws
Physics
James Joule
Jurin's law
Physics
James Jurin
Kasha's rule
Photochemistry
Michael Kasha
Kepler's laws of planetary motion
Astrophysics
Johannes Kepler
Kirchhoff's laws
Electronics, thermodynamics
Gustav Kirchhoff
Kopp's law
Thermodynamics
Hermann Franz Moritz Kopp
Larmor formula
Physics
Joseph Larmor
Leidenfrost effect
Physics
Johann Gottlob Leidenfrost
Lagrangian pointLagrange reversion theoremLagrange polynomialLagrange's four-square theoremLagrange's theoremLagrange's theorem (group theory)Lagrange invariantLagrange multiplier See also: List of things named after Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Mathematics, Astrophysics
Joseph-Louis Lagrange
Lambert's cosine law
Physics
Johann Heinrich Lambert
Lamm equation
Chemistry, Biophysics
Ole Lamm
Langmuir equation
Surface Chemistry
Irving Langmuir
Laplace transformLaplace's equationLaplace operatorLaplace distributionLaplace invariantLaplace expansionLaplace principleLaplace limit See also: List of things named after Pierre-Simon Laplace
MathematicsPhysicsProbability TheoryStatistical mechanics
Pierre-Simon Laplace
Le Chatelier's principle
Chemistry
Henri Louis le Chatelier
Leibniz's law
Ontology
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
Lenz's law
Physics
Heinrich Lenz
Leonard–Merritt mass estimator
Astrophysics
Peter Leonard, David Merritt
l'Hôpital's rule
Mathematics
Guillaume de l'Hôpital
Llinás's law
Neuroscience
Rodolfo Llinás
Ludwik's law
Physics
P. Ludwik
Mach principleMach reflection
Physics
Ernst Mach
Marconi's law
Radio technology
Guglielmo Marconi
Markovnikov's rule
Organic chemistry
Vladimir Markovnikov
Maupertuis's principle
Mathematics
Pierre Louis Maupertuis
Maxwell's equations Maxwell relations
Electrodynamics Thermodynamics
James Clerk Maxwell
McCulloch's Iron Laws of Conferences
Education
Alistair McCulloch
Mendelian inheritance/Mendel's laws
Genetics
Gregor Mendel
Metcalfe's law
Network theory
Robert Metcalfe
Mikheyev–Smirnov–Wolfenstein effect
Particle physics
Stanislav Mikheyev, Alexei Smirnov, and Lincoln Wolfenstein
Milner–Rado paradox
Mathematical logic
Eric Charles Milner and Richard Rado
Minkowski's theorem
Number theory
Hermann Minkowski
Mitscherlich's law
CrystallographyCondensed matter physics
Eilhard Mitscherlich
Moore's law
Computing
Gordon Moore
Nash embedding theoremNash equilibrium
TopologyGame Theory
John Forbes Nash
Nernst equation
Electrochemistry
Walther Nernst
Newton's law of coolingNewton's law of universal gravitationNewton's laws of motion See also: List of things named after Isaac Newton
ThermodynamicsAstrophysicsMechanics
Isaac Newton
Niven's theorem
Mathematics
Ivan Niven
Noether's theorem
Theoretical physics
Emmy Noether
Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
Information theory
Harry Nyquist, Claude Elwood Shannon
Occam's razor
Philosophy of science
William of Ockham
Ohm's law
Electronics
Georg Ohm
Osipkov–Merritt model
Astrophysics
Leonid Osipkov, David Merritt
Ostwald dilution law
Physical chemistry
Wilhelm Ostwald
Paley–Wiener theorem
Mathematics
Raymond Paley and Norbert Wiener
Pareto distributionPareto efficiencyPareto indexPareto principle
Economics
Vilfredo Pareto
Pascal's lawPascal's theorem
PhysicsGeometry
Blaise Pascal
Pauli exclusion principle
Quantum mechanics
Wolfgang Pauli
Peano axioms
Foundational mathematics
Giuseppe Peano
Planck's law
Electromagnetism
Max Planck
Poincaré–Bendixson theorem
Mathematics
Henri Poincaré and Ivar Otto Bendixson
Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem
Mathematics
Henri Poincaré, George David Birkhoff, and Ernst Witt
Poincaré–Hopf theorem
Mathematics
Henri Poincaré and Heinz Hopf
Poincaré recurrence theoremPoincaré conjecture Poincaré lemma See also: List of things named after Henri Poincaré
Mathematics
Henri Poincaré
Poiseuille's law
Fluidics
Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille
Poisson distribution Poisson's equation See also: List of things named after Siméon Denis Poisson
Statistics Calculus
Siméon Denis Poisson
Price's theorem
Natural selection
George R. Price
Ptolemy's theorem
Geometry
Ptolemy
Pythagorean theorem
Geometry
Pythagoras
Raman scattering
Physics
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
Rado's theorem
Discrete mathematics
Richard Rado
Ramanujan–Nagell equation See also: List of things named after Srinivasa Ramanujan
Mathematics
Srinivasa Ramanujan and Trygve Nagell
Raoult's law
Physical chemistry
François-Marie Raoult
Riemann zeta functionRiemann hypothesisRiemann integralRiemann lemmaRiemannian manifoldRiemann sphereRiemann theta function See also: List of things named after Bernhard Riemann
Number theory, analysis, geometry
Bernhard Riemann
Rolle's theorem
Differential calculus
Michel Rolle
Saha ionization equation
Plasma physics
Meghnad Saha
Schrödinger equation
Physics
Erwin Schrödinger
Seebeck effect
Physics, Electronincs
Thomas Johann Seebeck
Sérsic's law
Astrophysics
José Luis Sérsic
Snell's law
Optics
Willebrord van Roijen Snell
Sokolov–Ternov effect
Particle Physics
Arsenij Sokolov and Igor Ternov
Sommerfeld–Kossel displacement law
Spectroscopy
Arnold Sommerfeld and Walther Kossel
Stefan–Boltzmann law
Thermodynamics
Jožef Stefan and Ludwig Boltzmann
Stokes' law
Fluid mechanics
George Gabriel Stokes
Stoletov's law
Photoelectric effect
Aleksandr Stoletov
Swift's law
Physics
H. W. Swift
Tarski's undefinability theoremTarski's axioms See also: List of things named after Alfred Tarski
Mathematical logic, Geometry
Alfred Tarski
Thales's theorem
Geometry
Thales
Titius–Bode law
Astrophysics
Johann Daniel Titius and Johann Elert Bode
Torricelli's law
Physics
Evangelista Torricelli
Umov effect
Physics
Nikolay Umov
Van der Waals equation
Chemistry
Johannes Diderik van der Waals
Vlasov equation
Plasma physics
Anatoly Vlasov
Voce's law
Physics
E. Voce
Von Neumann bicommutant theoremVon Neumann entropyvon Neumann paradoxVon Neumann ergodic theoremVon Neumann universeVon Neumann neighborhoodVon Neumann's trace inequality See also: List of things named after John von Neumann
Mathematics, Quantum mechanics
John von Neumann
Weinberg–Witten theorem
Quantum Gravity
Steven Weinberg and Edward Witten
Weyl character formula See also: List of things named after Hermann Weyl
Mathematics
Hermann Weyl
Wien's law
Physics
Wilhelm Wien
Wiener–Khinchin theorem
Mathematics
Norbert Wiener and Aleksandr Khinchin
Young–Laplace equation
Fluid dynamics
Thomas Young and Pierre-Simon Laplace
Zener-Hollomon law
Physics
Clarence Zener and John Herbert Hollomon
Zipf's law
Linguistics
George Kingsley Zipf
See also
Eponym
Fields of science
List of eponymous laws (overlaps with this list but includes non-scientific laws such as Murphy's law)
List of legislation named for a person
List of laws in science
Lists of etymologies
Scientific constants named after people
Scientific phenomena named after people
Stigler's law of eponymy
Further reading
Ballentyne, D. W. G.; Lovett, D. R. (1980). A dictionary of named effects and laws in chemistry, physics, and mathematics (4th ed.). Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-22380-8. | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"List of scientific laws named after people"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chapman and Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_and_Hall"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-412-22380-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-22380-8"}],"text":"Ballentyne, D. W. G.; Lovett, D. R. (1980). A dictionary of named effects and laws in chemistry, physics, and mathematics (4th ed.). Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-22380-8.","title":"Further reading"}] | [] | [{"title":"Eponym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eponym"},{"title":"Fields of science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fields_of_science"},{"title":"List of eponymous laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_eponymous_laws"},{"title":"Murphy's law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy%27s_law"},{"title":"List of legislation named for a person","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_legislation_named_for_a_person"},{"title":"List of laws in science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_laws_in_science"},{"title":"Lists of etymologies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_etymologies"},{"title":"Scientific constants named after people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_constants_named_after_people"},{"title":"Scientific phenomena named after people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientific_phenomena_named_after_people"},{"title":"Stigler's law of eponymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigler%27s_law_of_eponymy"}] | [{"reference":"Ballentyne, D. W. G.; Lovett, D. R. (1980). A dictionary of named effects and laws in chemistry, physics, and mathematics (4th ed.). Chapman and Hall. ISBN 978-0-412-22380-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapman_and_Hall","url_text":"Chapman and Hall"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-412-22380-8","url_text":"978-0-412-22380-8"}]}] | [] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickham_Market | Wickham Market | ["1 Wickham Mill","2 Wickham Market Hoard","3 Notable residents","4 References","5 External links"] | Coordinates: 52°09′00″N 1°22′01″E / 52.15°N 1.367°E / 52.15; 1.367
Human settlement in EnglandWickham MarketVillage centre with All Saints Church in the backgroundWickham MarketLocation within SuffolkArea4.81 km2 (1.86 sq mi)Population2,156 (2011)• Density448/km2 (1,160/sq mi)OS grid referenceTM3056Civil parishWickham MarketDistrictEast SuffolkShire countySuffolkRegionEastCountryEnglandSovereign stateUnited KingdomPost townWoodbridgePostcode districtIP13Dialling code01728UK ParliamentCentral Suffolk and North Ipswich
List of places
UK
England
Suffolk
52°09′00″N 1°22′01″E / 52.15°N 1.367°E / 52.15; 1.367
Whitmore and Binyon horizontal condensing steam-engine, installed at the water-powered flour mill in 1893
Wickham Market is a large village and electoral ward in the River Deben valley, Suffolk, England, within the Suffolk Coastal heritage area.
It is on the A12 trunk road 13 miles (21 km) north-east of the county town of Ipswich, 5 miles (8.0 km) north-east of Woodbridge. Its railway station is 2 miles (3.2 km) east at Campsea Ashe. The population at the 2011 Census was 2,156.
All Saints Church is over 700 years old and its octagonal tower and lead spire (137.5 feet tall) dominate the skyline and make it visible for miles over the surrounding countryside. The exterior of the church is stone and flintwork. Inside there are four stained glass windows, a 600-year-old font, a carved pulpit and an altar table with a painted reredos. There are six bells in the tower and a Sanctus Bell in the cote. Nearby attractions include: Valley Farm Equestrian Visitor Centre, Easton Farm Park, Glevering Hall, the Snape Maltings, Framlingham Castle and Sutton Hoo.
Wickham Mill
Main article: Deben Mill
Deben Mill, also known as Wickham Mill is a grade II* listed watermill dating from the 18th century. The machinery is complete and in working order. In 1893, mill owner Reuben Rackham purchased a Whitmore and Binyon horizontal condensing steam-engine for his mill, priced at £25,000, to drive the entire plant. The engine was installed in July 1893 and the entire plant was operational by October of the same year. The engine was last worked in 1957 and was subsequently moved to Museum of East Anglian Life in Stowmarket as a gift of Edward and Robert Rackham, Rueben Rackham's sons.
Wickham Market Hoard
Main article: Wickham Market Hoard
In 2008, one of the largest Iron Age coin finds was discovered at a site near Wickham Market.
The hoard of Iron Age gold staters was found in a field at Dallinghoo near the village, by car mechanic, Michael Dark using a metal detector. After excavation of the site, a total of 825 coins were found, and by the time the hoard was declared a treasure trove, 840 coins had been discovered.
The hoard was described as "the largest hoard of British Iron Age gold coins to be studied in its entirety", and was also significant in providing "a lot of new information about the Iron Age, and particularly East Anglia in the late Iron Age". It was the largest hoard of staters to be found since the Whaddon Chase Iron Age hoard in 1849.
The coins dated from 40 BC–15 AD and, at the time, would have been worth between £500,000–£1,000,000 to the Iceni tribes who inhabited the area.
Notable residents
Charles Emeny (1846–1924), an early photographer was born here
Francis Lucas (1850–1918), businessman and Conservative Member of Parliament for Lowestoft 1900–1906
Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy MBE (1952–2012), Royal Portrait painter best known for her many studies of famous people, the portrait for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II and her innovative techniques.
Flora Sandes (1876–1956), the only British female soldier to officially serve in World War I.
References
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wickham Market.
^ "Civil Parish population 2011". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 August 2016.
^ Historic England. "WICKHAM MILL (1198526)". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
^ BBC (17 January 2009). "Huge Iron Age haul of coins found". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2009.
^ Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1901. London: Dean & Son. 1901. p. 93. Retrieved 12 October 2010.
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Windmills | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1893_Whitmore_and_Binyon_engine.JPG"},{"link_name":"steam-engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam-engine"},{"link_name":"electoral ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wards_and_electoral_divisions_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"River Deben","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Deben"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"A12 trunk road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A12_road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Ipswich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ipswich"},{"link_name":"Woodbridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbridge,_Suffolk"},{"link_name":"railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wickham_Market_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Campsea Ashe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campsea_Ashe"},{"link_name":"lead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lead"},{"link_name":"flintwork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flint"},{"link_name":"stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"font","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baptismal_font"},{"link_name":"pulpit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulpit"},{"link_name":"reredos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reredos"},{"link_name":"Easton Farm Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Easton_Farm_Park&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Glevering Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glevering_Hall"},{"link_name":"Snape Maltings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snape_Maltings"},{"link_name":"Framlingham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framlingham_Castle"},{"link_name":"Sutton Hoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutton_Hoo"}],"text":"Human settlement in EnglandWhitmore and Binyon horizontal condensing steam-engine, installed at the water-powered flour mill in 1893Wickham Market is a large village and electoral ward in the River Deben valley, Suffolk, England, within the Suffolk Coastal heritage area.It is on the A12 trunk road 13 miles (21 km) north-east of the county town of Ipswich, 5 miles (8.0 km) north-east of Woodbridge. Its railway station is 2 miles (3.2 km) east at Campsea Ashe. The population at the 2011 Census was 2,156.All Saints Church is over 700 years old and its octagonal tower and lead spire (137.5 feet tall) dominate the skyline and make it visible for miles over the surrounding countryside. The exterior of the church is stone and flintwork. Inside there are four stained glass windows, a 600-year-old font, a carved pulpit and an altar table with a painted reredos. There are six bells in the tower and a Sanctus Bell in the cote. Nearby attractions include: Valley Farm Equestrian Visitor Centre, Easton Farm Park, Glevering Hall, the Snape Maltings, Framlingham Castle and Sutton Hoo.","title":"Wickham Market"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"listed watermill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listed_building"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"steam-engine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steam-engine"},{"link_name":"Museum of East Anglian Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_East_Anglian_Life"},{"link_name":"Stowmarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stowmarket"}],"text":"Deben Mill, also known as Wickham Mill is a grade II* listed watermill dating from the 18th century. The machinery is complete and in working order.[2] In 1893, mill owner Reuben Rackham purchased a Whitmore and Binyon horizontal condensing steam-engine for his mill, priced at £25,000, to drive the entire plant. The engine was installed in July 1893 and the entire plant was operational by October of the same year. The engine was last worked in 1957 and was subsequently moved to Museum of East Anglian Life in Stowmarket as a gift of Edward and Robert Rackham, Rueben Rackham's sons.","title":"Wickham Mill"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoard"},{"link_name":"Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"staters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stater"},{"link_name":"Dallinghoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallinghoo"},{"link_name":"car mechanic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto_mechanic"},{"link_name":"metal detector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal_detector"},{"link_name":"excavation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)"},{"link_name":"treasure trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_trove"},{"link_name":"British Iron Age","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Iron_Age"},{"link_name":"East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"Whaddon Chase Iron Age hoard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milton_Keynes_Hoard#Other_hoards_from_Milton_Keynes_and_surrounding_area"},{"link_name":"Iceni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceni"}],"text":"In 2008, one of the largest Iron Age coin finds was discovered at a site near Wickham Market.[3]The hoard of Iron Age gold staters was found in a field at Dallinghoo near the village, by car mechanic, Michael Dark using a metal detector. After excavation of the site, a total of 825 coins were found, and by the time the hoard was declared a treasure trove, 840 coins had been discovered.The hoard was described as \"the largest hoard of British Iron Age gold coins to be studied in its entirety\", and was also significant in providing \"a lot of new information about the Iron Age, and particularly East Anglia in the late Iron Age\". It was the largest hoard of staters to be found since the Whaddon Chase Iron Age hoard in 1849.The coins dated from 40 BC–15 AD and, at the time, would have been worth between £500,000–£1,000,000 to the Iceni tribes who inhabited the area.","title":"Wickham Market Hoard"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Emeny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Emeny"},{"link_name":"Francis Lucas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Lucas_(English_politician)"},{"link_name":"Lowestoft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowestoft_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-debrett-1901-4"},{"link_name":"Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinwe_Chukwuogo-Roy"},{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Most_Excellent_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"Flora Sandes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flora_Sandes"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"}],"text":"Charles Emeny (1846–1924), an early photographer was born here\nFrancis Lucas (1850–1918), businessman and Conservative Member of Parliament for Lowestoft 1900–1906[4]Chinwe Chukwuogo-Roy MBE (1952–2012), Royal Portrait painter best known for her many studies of famous people, the portrait for the Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II and her innovative techniques.\nFlora Sandes (1876–1956), the only British female soldier to officially serve in World War I.","title":"Notable residents"}] | [{"image_text":"Whitmore and Binyon horizontal condensing steam-engine, installed at the water-powered flour mill in 1893","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/1893_Whitmore_and_Binyon_engine.JPG/240px-1893_Whitmore_and_Binyon_engine.JPG"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\". Neighbourhood Statistics. Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 30 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130631&c=Wickham+Market&d=16&e=62&g=6467293&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1472554678063&enc=1","url_text":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""}]},{"reference":"Historic England. \"WICKHAM MILL (1198526)\". National Heritage List for England. Retrieved 3 April 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_England","url_text":"Historic England"},{"url":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1198526","url_text":"\"WICKHAM MILL (1198526)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Heritage_List_for_England","url_text":"National Heritage List for England"}]},{"reference":"BBC (17 January 2009). \"Huge Iron Age haul of coins found\". BBC News. Retrieved 24 January 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/suffolk/7835228.stm","url_text":"\"Huge Iron Age haul of coins found\""}]},{"reference":"Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1901. London: Dean & Son. 1901. p. 93. Retrieved 12 October 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1901londuoft#page/n138/mode/1up","url_text":"Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1901"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wickham_Market¶ms=52.15_N_1.367_E_region:GB_type:city(2156)","external_links_name":"52°09′00″N 1°22′01″E / 52.15°N 1.367°E / 52.15; 1.367"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wickham_Market¶ms=52.154240_N_1.360836_E_region:GB_scale:25000&title=Wickham+Market","external_links_name":"TM3056"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Wickham_Market¶ms=52.15_N_1.367_E_region:GB_type:city(2156)","external_links_name":"52°09′00″N 1°22′01″E / 52.15°N 1.367°E / 52.15; 1.367"},{"Link":"http://www.neighbourhood.statistics.gov.uk/dissemination/LeadKeyFigures.do?a=7&b=11130631&c=Wickham+Market&d=16&e=62&g=6467293&i=1001x1003x1032x1004&o=362&m=0&r=1&s=1472554678063&enc=1","external_links_name":"\"Civil Parish population 2011\""},{"Link":"https://historicengland.org.uk/listing/the-list/list-entry/1198526","external_links_name":"\"WICKHAM MILL (1198526)\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/suffolk/7835228.stm","external_links_name":"\"Huge Iron Age haul of coins found\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/stream/debrettshouseo1901londuoft#page/n138/mode/1up","external_links_name":"Debrett's House of Commons and the Judicial Bench 1901"},{"Link":"http://www.wickham-market.org.uk/","external_links_name":"Village website"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_President_of_Seychelles | Vice-President of Seychelles | ["1 List of officeholders","2 Timeline","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Vice-President of theRepublic of SeychellesCoat of arms of SeychellesIncumbentAhmed Afifsince 27 October 2020ResidenceState House, Victoria, MahéInaugural holderJames MichelFormationAugust 1996SalaryR35,000 monthly
Politics of Seychelles
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Ahmed Afif
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vte
The vice-president of Seychelles is the second highest political office in the Seychelles. The position was created in 1996.
List of officeholders
Political parties
Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) → People's Party (PP) → United Seychelles (US)
Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS)
No.
Portrait
Name(Birth–Death)
Elected
Term of office
Political party
Took office
Left office
Time in office
1
James Michel(born 1944)
19982001
18 August 1996
14 July 2004(Became president)
7 years, 331 days
SPPF
2
Joseph Belmont(1947–2022)
2006
14 July 2004
30 June 2010(Retired)
5 years, 351 days
SPPFuntil 2009 renamed toPP
3
Danny Faure(born 1962)
20112015
1 July 2010
16 October 2016(Became president)
6 years, 107 days
PP
4
Vincent Meriton(born 1959)
—
28 October 2016
27 October 2020
3 years, 364 days
PPuntil 2018 renamed toUS
5
Ahmed Afif(born 1967)
2020
27 October 2020
Incumbent
3 years, 234 days
LDS
Notes
^ Succeeded René as President.
^ Succeeded Michel as President.
Timeline
See also
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References
^ Dorall, Cheryl (May 29, 2004). Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book 2003. Commonwealth Secretariat. ISBN 9780850927931 – via Google Books.
^ "Vice-Presidential Emoluments Act | Seychelles Legal Information Institute". seylii.org.
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OutlineIndex
Category
vtePresidents, Prime Ministers and Vice-Presidents of the SeychellesPresidents
James Mancham
France-Albert René
James Michel
Danny Faure
Wavel Ramkalawan
Prime Ministers
James Mancham
France-Albert René
post abolished 1977
Vice-Presidents
post created 1996
James Michel
Joseph Belmont
Danny Faure
Vincent Meriton
Ahmed Afif | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"}],"text":"The vice-president of Seychelles is the second highest political office in the Seychelles. The position was created in 1996.","title":"Vice-President of Seychelles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Seychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) → People's Party (PP) → United Seychelles (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"Linyon Demokratik Seselwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linyon_Demokratik_Seselwa"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Seychelles"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Seychelles"}],"text":"Political partiesSeychelles People's Progressive Front (SPPF) → People's Party (PP) → United Seychelles (US)Linyon Demokratik Seselwa (LDS)Notes^ Succeeded René as President.\n\n^ Succeeded Michel as President.","title":"List of officeholders"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Timeline"}] | [] | [{"title":"Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seychelles"},{"title":"Politics of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Seychelles"},{"title":"List of colonial governors of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Seychelles"},{"title":"List of presidents of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Seychelles"},{"title":"Prime Minister of Seychelles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Seychelles"},{"title":"Lists of office-holders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_office-holders"}] | [{"reference":"Dorall, Cheryl (May 29, 2004). Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book 2003. Commonwealth Secretariat. ISBN 9780850927931 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mVgDL1j3TgQC","url_text":"Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book 2003"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780850927931","url_text":"9780850927931"}]},{"reference":"\"Vice-Presidential Emoluments Act | Seychelles Legal Information Institute\". seylii.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://seylii.org/sc/legislation/act/1998/11","url_text":"\"Vice-Presidential Emoluments Act | Seychelles Legal Information Institute\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=mVgDL1j3TgQC","external_links_name":"Commonwealth Ministers Reference Book 2003"},{"Link":"https://seylii.org/sc/legislation/act/1998/11","external_links_name":"\"Vice-Presidential Emoluments Act | Seychelles Legal Information Institute\""},{"Link":"http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Seychelles.html","external_links_name":"World Statesmen – Seychelles"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_Grant_Trophy | Michigan State–Penn State football rivalry | ["1 Series history","2 Game results","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | American college football rivalry
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Michigan State–Penn State football rivalry" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Michigan State–Penn State football rivalry
Michigan State Spartans
Penn State Nittany Lions
First meetingNovember 13, 1914Michigan Agricultural, 6–3Latest meetingNovember 24, 2023Penn State, 42–0Next meeting2025TrophyLand Grant TrophyStatisticsMeetings total37All-time seriesPenn State leads, 19–18–1Trophy seriesPenn State leads, 18–10Largest victoryPenn State, 61–7 (2002)Longest win streakMichigan State, 5 (1949–1966)Longest unbeaten streakMichigan State, 8 (1945–1966)Current win streakPenn State, 2 (2022–present)
200km125miles
Penn State
Michigan State Locations of Michigan State and Penn State
The Michigan State–Penn State football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Michigan State Spartans and Penn State Nittany Lions. The Land Grant Trophy is presented to the winner of the game. Penn State leads 18–10 since joining the Big Ten. Penn State leads the series 19–18–1, with Penn State winning the most recent matchup in 2023.
Series history
When Penn State joined the Big Ten Conference in 1993, the Nittany Lions and Spartans were designated as permanent rivals until 2023, and had met each other for the trophy in the last week of conference play. The trophy, designed by former Michigan State coach George Perles, features pictures of Penn State's Old Main and Michigan State's Beaumont Tower, as well as figurines of The Spartan and Nittany Lion Shrine statues.
On September 24, 2005, during Michigan week, a couple of Penn State students brazenly defaced the newly installed bronze Sparty statue. “It happened during broad daylight, with people all around” according to MSU police Sgt. Randy Holton. The statue was splattered with blue paint and the base tagged with the letters PSU. The perpetrators were able to evade capture despite the incident occurring in the middle of the day, during the traditional period of time when the statue is guarded by MSU student employees and Spartan Marching Band members, in what is called Sparty Watch.
In 2011, Nebraska joined the Big Ten, and the conference split into two divisions. Michigan State was in the Legends division and Penn State was in the Leaders division, so they no longer played each other annually. Instead, Indiana and Nebraska were designated as Michigan State and Penn State's permanent rivals, respectively. Under this setup, Penn State and Michigan State would compete on average two out of every five years, but the two teams did not play against each other during the three years that this system was in effect (2011–13).
In 2014, when Maryland and Rutgers joined the Big Ten, the conference was realigned into two geographically based divisions, East and West. Michigan State and Penn State are both in the East division, and thus resumed a yearly series.
United States Postal Service commemorative stamp
Michigan State University followed by Penn State University are the nation's oldest land-grant universities, hence the name for the trophy. In 1955 on the 100th anniversary of the founding of the land grant system, Michigan State and Penn State were commemorated on a U.S. postage stamp honoring the "First of the Land-Grant Colleges". These two universities were the first ever universities to be placed on a U.S. postage stamp.
Fellow Big Ten members Illinois, Minnesota, Ohio State, Purdue and Wisconsin are also land-grant schools.
Game results
Michigan State victoriesPenn State victoriesTie gamesNo.DateLocationWinning teamLosing team1 November 13, 1914 State College, PA Michigan Agricultural 6 Penn State 32 October 24, 1925 State College, PA Penn State 13 Michigan State 63 November 17, 1945 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 33 Penn State 04 October 19, 1946 State College, PA Michigan State 19 #12 Penn State 165 October 23, 1948 State College, PA Tie14Tie146 October 22, 1949 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 24 Penn State 07 October 20, 1951 State College, PA #3 Michigan State 32 Penn State 218 October 25, 1952 East Lansing, MI #1 Michigan State 34 Penn State 79 September 25, 1965 State College, PA Michigan State 23 Penn State 010 September 24, 1966 East Lansing, MI #1 Michigan State 42 Penn State 811 November 27, 1993 East Lansing, MI #14 Penn State 38 #25 Michigan State 3712 November 26, 1994 State College, PA #2 Penn State 59 Michigan State 3113 November 25, 1995 East Lansing, MI #14 Penn State 25 Michigan State 2014 November 23, 1996 State College, PA #7 Penn State 32 Michigan State 2915 November 29, 1997 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 49 #4 Penn State 1416 November 28, 1998 State College, PA #23 Penn State 51 Michigan State 2817 November 20, 1999 East Lansing, MI #15 Michigan State 35 #13 Penn State 2818 November 18, 2000 State College, PA Penn State 42 Michigan State 2319 November 24, 2001 East Lansing, MI Penn State 42 Michigan State 3720 November 23, 2002 State College, PA #16 Penn State 61 Michigan State 7No.DateLocationWinning teamLosing team21 November 22, 2003 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 41 Penn State 1022 November 20, 2004 State College, PA Penn State 37 Michigan State 1323 November 19, 2005 East Lansing, MI #5 Penn State 31 Michigan State 2224 November 18, 2006 State College, PA Penn State 17 Michigan State 1325 November 17, 2007 East Lansing, MI Michigan State 35 Penn State 3126 November 22, 2008 State College, PA #8 Penn State 49 #15 Michigan State 1827 November 21, 2009 East Lansing, MI #14 Penn State 42 Michigan State 1428 November 27, 2010 State College, PA #10 Michigan State 28 Penn State 2229 November 29, 2014 State College, PA #10 Michigan State 34 Penn State 1030 November 28, 2015 East Lansing, MI #6 Michigan State 55 Penn State 1631 November 26, 2016 State College, PA #7 Penn State 45 Michigan State 1232 November 4, 2017 East Lansing, MI #24 Michigan State 27 #7 Penn State 2433 October 13, 2018 State College, PA Michigan State 21 #8 Penn State 1734 October 26, 2019 East Lansing, MI #6 Penn State 28 Michigan State 735 December 12, 2020 State College, PA Penn State 39 Michigan State 2436 November 27, 2021 East Lansing, MI #12 Michigan State30 Penn State 2737 November 26, 2022 State College, PA #11 Penn State 35 Michigan State 1638 November 24, 2023 Detroit, MI #11 Penn State42 Michigan State 0Series: Penn State leads 19–18–1
See also
List of NCAA college football rivalry games
References
^ a b "Winsipedia – Michigan State Spartans vs. Penn State Nittany Lions football series history". Winsipedia.
^ "Big Ten reveals new football schedules for 2024–28 seasons". ESPN. Retrieved October 5, 2023.
^ "Rivalry week: MSU Vs. U-M, 5 days until kickoff". The State News. Retrieved November 22, 2016.
^ "Big Ten Schools to Play Nine Conference Games Beginning With 2017 Season" Archived August 22, 2011, at the Wayback Machine, Big Ten, August 4, 2011. Retrieved November 22, 2015.
External links
"Land Grant Trophy: a case of envy", Frantz, Jeff, The Daily Collegian, November 23, 2002
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Washington–Washington State (from 2024) | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/5/41.75/-81.1/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/6/41.75/-81.1/en"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"rivalry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_rivalry"},{"link_name":"Michigan State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"Spartans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_Spartans_football"},{"link_name":"Penn State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University"}],"text":"200km125miles\nPenn State\n\nMichigan State Locations of Michigan State and Penn StateThe Michigan State–Penn State football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Michigan State Spartans and Penn State Nittany Lions. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioan_Mo%C8%9Ba | Ioan Moța | ["1 Biography","2 Journalistic works","3 See also","4 References"] | Ioan MoțaIoan Moța in the mid-1930s.Born(1868-12-15)15 December 1868Nojag, Austria-HungaryDied20 November 1940(1940-11-20) (aged 71)Bucharest, RomaniaCitizenshipAustria-Hungary, Romania
Not to be confused with Ion Moța, his son.
Ioan Moța (Romanian pronunciation: ; Nojag, Hunedoara County, 15 December 1868 - Bucharest, 20 November 1940) was a Romanian Orthodox priest, nationalist politician, and journalist, as well as father to prominent Iron Guard personality Ion Moța.
Biography
Ioan Moța was born in Nojag, Austria-Hungary (today Certeju de Sus, Hunedoara County, Romania), on 15 December 1868, although some sources list his date of birth as 31 December. His father was a priest.
Moța attended school in Nojag, Brad, and Brașov. After completing secondary school, he attended a theological seminary in Sibiu. He was ordained a priest in 1899.
While in Sibiu, he became interested in journalism, and founded the journal Foaia Poporului ("The People's Paper"). He also became involved in Romanian nationalist politics, seeking the unification of Transylvania with Romania. After moving to Oraștie in 1899, he wrote for the newspapers Bunul Econom ("The Good Economist") and Libertatea ("Freedom"), the latter of which was edited alongside several prominent Romanian nationalist figures. Ownership and editorship of Libertatea was later transferred to Moța. Facing suppression of the newspaper in Austria-Hungary, Moța relocated to Bucharest, where he continued his journalistic activity.
In 1902, Moța and his wife Maria had a son, Ion Moța, who would later become a prominent member of the far-right, antisemitic Iron Guard.
He enlisted in the Romanian Army during the First World War. During this period, he also collaborated with the newspaper Epoca ("The Epoch", edited by Nicolae Filipescu), writing for a column titled "Ardealul vorbește" ("Ardeal speaks") alongside figures like Octavian Goga and Octavian Codru Tăslăuanu. In March 1917, Moța was a member of a group of exiled Romanian Habsburg subjects who were sent as a delegation to the United States to agitate for the Romanian cause, during which he continued to publish Libertatea out of Cleveland, Ohio.
Moța returned to Transylvania after the unification of Romania, and became protopope of Oraștie. He also became politically-involved, running in a series of Romanian elections. He was elected senate representative for Hunedoara County in 1931, as a candidate for Uniunea Națională ("The National Union"). He would later become associated with the National Peasants' Party, and was briefly arrested for his political activity in 1933.
In 1937, after his son Ion was killed when fighting as a Nationalist volunteer in the Spanish Civil War, Ioan Moța gave him a memorial editorship role at Libertatea. The deceased Ion Moța was listed as "Director sufletesc" ("Soul director" or "Spiritual director") of the newspaper from March 1937 onwards.
After suffering from pulmonary edema, Moța died on 20 November 1940 at Sf. Elena Hospital in Bucharest. His death was attended by several prominent Iron Guard members, including Ilie Gârneața and Elena Codreanu (the widow of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu). A state funeral service was held on 22 November at Sf. Ilie-Gorgani Church, after which he was transported via Bucharest's Gara de Nord to be buried in Oraștie. His funeral was elaborately coordinated, and was attended by representatives of the royal family and of Germany, Spain, Japan, and Italy, as well as members of government and representatives from the Romanian Academy. His body was followed to Oraștie by an honour guard of Legionnaires.
Journalistic works
"Foaia Poporului", Sibiu (1893–1895).
"Revista Orăștiei", Orăștie (1895–1898).
"Telegraful Român" (1898–1899).
"Bunul Econom", Orăștie (1899–1901).
"Libertatea", Orăștie (1902–1915, 1919–1933), Cleveland, Ohio (1917).
"Foaia Interesantă", Cleveland, Ohio (1917).
See also
Ion Moța, his son; prominent member of the Iron Guard.
References
^ a b c d e f g h i "A murit preotul Moţa". Universul. 23 November 1940. p. 9.
^ Stoica, Vasile (1926). În America pentru cauza românească. Bucharest: Tip. Societății Anonime "Universul". pp. 7–11.
^ a b "Părintele Ion Moţa a murit". Curentul. 22 November 1940. p. 5.
^ "Rezultatul alegerilor dela Senat". Epoca. 6 June 1931. p. 3.
^ "Candidatul dr. Ilie Lazăr arestat şi târât în loc necunoscut". Dreptatea. 16 December 1933. p. 3.
^ "Eliberarea Părintelui Moța". Patria. 20 January 1934. p. 3.
^ "Title page". Libertatea. 11 March 1937. p. 1. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
^ "Programul fanerariilor naţionale ale protopopului Ion Moţa". Universul. 24 November 1940. p. 8.
^ "Transportarea rămăşiţelor pământeşti ale părintelui protopop Ion Moţa în gara de Nord". Universul. 25 November 1940. p. 9.
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National
Germany
Israel | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ion Moța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"[iˈo̯an ˈmot͡sa]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian"},{"link_name":"Nojag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certeju_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Hunedoara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunedoara_County"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Romanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Orthodox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Orthodox_Church"},{"link_name":"nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"Iron Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard"},{"link_name":"Ion Moța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Ion Moța, his son.Ioan Moța (Romanian pronunciation: [iˈo̯an ˈmot͡sa]; Nojag, Hunedoara County, 15 December 1868 - Bucharest, 20 November 1940) was a Romanian Orthodox priest, nationalist politician, and journalist, as well as father to prominent Iron Guard personality Ion Moța.","title":"Ioan Moța"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nojag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certeju_de_Sus"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hunedoara County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunedoara_County"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Brad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad,_Hunedoara"},{"link_name":"Brașov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C8%99ov"},{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Romanian nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_nationalism"},{"link_name":"unification of Transylvania with Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ion Moța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"far-right","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Far-right_politics"},{"link_name":"antisemitic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"Iron Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard"},{"link_name":"Romanian Army during the First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Nicolae Filipescu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae_Filipescu"},{"link_name":"Ardeal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Octavian Goga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian_Goga"},{"link_name":"Octavian Codru Tăslăuanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Octavian_Codru_T%C4%83sl%C4%83uanu"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"unification of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Romania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"protopope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protopope"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"National Peasants' Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Peasants%27_Party"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"was killed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funerals_of_Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba_and_Vasile_Marin"},{"link_name":"Nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationalist_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"Spanish Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Ion Moța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"pulmonary edema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulmonary_edema"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Ilie Gârneața","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilie_G%C3%A2rnea%C8%9B%C4%83"},{"link_name":"Corneliu Zelea Codreanu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corneliu_Zelea_Codreanu"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"state funeral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_funeral"},{"link_name":"Sf. Ilie-Gorgani Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Elijah%E2%80%93Gorgani_Church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Gara de Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest_North_railway_station"},{"link_name":"the royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_Romania"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francoist_Spain"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922%E2%80%931943)"},{"link_name":"Romanian Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_Academy"},{"link_name":"Legionnaires","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Ioan Moța was born in Nojag, Austria-Hungary (today Certeju de Sus, Hunedoara County, Romania),[1] on 15 December 1868, although some sources list his date of birth as 31 December.[1] His father was a priest.Moța attended school in Nojag, Brad, and Brașov. After completing secondary school, he attended a theological seminary in Sibiu. He was ordained a priest in 1899.[1]While in Sibiu, he became interested in journalism, and founded the journal Foaia Poporului (\"The People's Paper\"). He also became involved in Romanian nationalist politics, seeking the unification of Transylvania with Romania. After moving to Oraștie in 1899, he wrote for the newspapers Bunul Econom (\"The Good Economist\") and Libertatea (\"Freedom\"), the latter of which was edited alongside several prominent Romanian nationalist figures. Ownership and editorship of Libertatea was later transferred to Moța. Facing suppression of the newspaper in Austria-Hungary, Moța relocated to Bucharest, where he continued his journalistic activity.[1]In 1902, Moța and his wife Maria had a son, Ion Moța, who would later become a prominent member of the far-right, antisemitic Iron Guard.He enlisted in the Romanian Army during the First World War.[1] During this period, he also collaborated with the newspaper Epoca (\"The Epoch\", edited by Nicolae Filipescu), writing for a column titled \"Ardealul vorbește\" (\"Ardeal speaks\") alongside figures like Octavian Goga and Octavian Codru Tăslăuanu. In March 1917, Moța was a member of a group of exiled Romanian Habsburg subjects who were sent as a delegation to the United States to agitate for the Romanian cause,[2] during which he continued to publish Libertatea out of Cleveland, Ohio.[1]Moța returned to Transylvania after the unification of Romania,[1] and became protopope of Oraștie.[3] He also became politically-involved, running in a series of Romanian elections. He was elected senate representative for Hunedoara County in 1931, as a candidate for Uniunea Națională (\"The National Union\").[4] He would later become associated with the National Peasants' Party, and was briefly arrested for his political activity in 1933.[5][6]In 1937, after his son Ion was killed when fighting as a Nationalist volunteer in the Spanish Civil War, Ioan Moța gave him a memorial editorship role at Libertatea. The deceased Ion Moța was listed as \"Director sufletesc\" (\"Soul director\" or \"Spiritual director\") of the newspaper from March 1937 onwards.[7]After suffering from pulmonary edema,[1] Moța died on 20 November 1940 at Sf. Elena Hospital in Bucharest. His death was attended by several prominent Iron Guard members, including Ilie Gârneața and Elena Codreanu (the widow of Corneliu Zelea Codreanu).[3] A state funeral service was held on 22 November at Sf. Ilie-Gorgani Church,[1] after which he was transported via Bucharest's Gara de Nord to be buried in Oraștie. His funeral was elaborately coordinated, and was attended by representatives of the royal family and of Germany, Spain, Japan, and Italy, as well as members of government and representatives from the Romanian Academy. His body was followed to Oraștie by an honour guard of Legionnaires.[8][9]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sibiu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sibiu"},{"link_name":"Orăștie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C4%83%C8%99tie"},{"link_name":"Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ohio"}],"text":"\"Foaia Poporului\", Sibiu (1893–1895).\n\"Revista Orăștiei\", Orăștie (1895–1898).\n\"Telegraful Român\" (1898–1899).\n\"Bunul Econom\", Orăștie (1899–1901).\n\"Libertatea\", Orăștie (1902–1915, 1919–1933), Cleveland, Ohio (1917).\n\"Foaia Interesantă\", Cleveland, Ohio (1917).","title":"Journalistic works"}] | [] | [{"title":"Ion Moța","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_Mo%C8%9Ba"},{"title":"Iron Guard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Guard"}] | [{"reference":"\"A murit preotul Moţa\". Universul. 23 November 1940. p. 9.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stoica, Vasile (1926). În America pentru cauza românească. Bucharest: Tip. Societății Anonime \"Universul\". pp. 7–11.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Părintele Ion Moţa a murit\". Curentul. 22 November 1940. p. 5.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Rezultatul alegerilor dela Senat\". Epoca. 6 June 1931. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Candidatul dr. Ilie Lazăr arestat şi târât în loc necunoscut\". Dreptatea. 16 December 1933. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Eliberarea Părintelui Moța\". Patria. 20 January 1934. p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Title page\". Libertatea. 11 March 1937. p. 1. Retrieved 22 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/libertatea-anul-34-nr.-11-11-martie-1937/","url_text":"\"Title page\""}]},{"reference":"\"Programul fanerariilor naţionale ale protopopului Ion Moţa\". Universul. 24 November 1940. p. 8.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Transportarea rămăşiţelor pământeşti ale părintelui protopop Ion Moţa în gara de Nord\". Universul. 25 November 1940. p. 9.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/libertatea-anul-34-nr.-11-11-martie-1937/","external_links_name":"\"Title page\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/13365646","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/128579633","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987011296217205171","external_links_name":"Israel"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_box_retailers | Big-box store | ["1 Big-box stores in various countries","1.1 Australia","1.2 Canada","1.3 China","1.4 France","1.5 Hong Kong","1.6 India","1.7 Republic of Ireland","1.8 New Zealand","1.9 United Kingdom","1.10 United States","2 Typical architectural characteristics","3 Criticism","3.1 Labor","3.2 Urban planning","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"] | Physically large retail establishment
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Walmart, a general merchandise big-box storeBarnes & Noble, a specialty big-box store
A big-box store (also hyperstore, supercenter, superstore, or megastore) is a physically large retail establishment, usually part of a chain of stores. The term sometimes also refers, by extension, to the company that operates the store. The term "big-box" references the typical appearance of buildings occupied by such stores.
Commercially, big-box stores can be broken down into two categories: general merchandise (examples include Walmart, Target, and Kmart), and specialty stores (such as The Home Depot, Barnes & Noble, or Best Buy), which specialize in goods within a specific range, such as hardware, books, or consumer electronics, respectively. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many traditional retailers and supermarket chains that typically operate in smaller buildings, such as Tesco and Praktiker, opened stores in the big-box-store format in an effort to compete with big-box chains, which are expanding internationally as their home markets reach maturity.
The store may sell general dry goods, in which case it is a general merchandise retailer (however, traditional department stores, as the predecessor format, are generally not classified as "big box"), or may be limited to a particular specialty (such establishments are often called "category killers"), or may also sell groceries, in which case some countries (mostly in Europe) use the term hypermarket. In the U.S., there is no specific term for general merchandisers who also sell groceries. Both Target and Walmart offer groceries in most branches in the U.S.
Big-box stores are often clustered in shopping centers, which are typically called retail parks in the United Kingdom. In the United States, when they range in size from 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) to 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2), they are often referred to as power centers.
Big-box stores in various countries
Australia
Interior of Mitre 10 MEGA, a big-box hardware store in Australia
In Australia the retail category is known as “large format retail”, encompasses bulky goods showrooms and more specialised retail categories within service or Highway commercial type land use zones.
In 1969, Kmart Australia opened its first 5 Big-box type stores across Australia. The first opened in Burwood East, Melbourne in April, followed by Blacktown in Greater Western Sydney, two stores in suburban Adelaide and a store in suburban Perth. IKEA began operation in Australia in 1975. Bunnings followed in 1995 and Mitre 10 adopted the model with the "Mitre 10 Mega" stores first opening at Beenleigh, Queensland in 2004. Costco has since expanded across Australia since opening its first store in 2009.
Canada
Apart from major American big-box stores such as Walmart Canada and briefly now-defunct Target Canada, there are many retail chains operating exclusively in Canada. These include stores such as (followed after each slash by the owner) Hudson's Bay, Loblaws/Real Canadian Superstore, Rona, Winners/HomeSense, Canadian Tire/Mark's/Sport Chek, Shoppers Drug Mart, Chapters/Indigo Books and Music, Sobeys, and many others. The indigenous Loblaw Companies Limited has expanded and multiplied its Real Canadian Superstore (and Maxi & Cie in Quebec) branded outlets to try to fill any genuine big-box market and fend off the damaging competition that a large Walmart penetration would inflict on Canadian-based retailers.
In the early 21st century, commercial developers in Canada such as RioCan chose to build big-box stores (often grouped together in so-called "power centres") in lieu of traditional shopping malls. Examples include Deerfoot Meadows (Calgary), Stonegate Shopping Centre and Preston Crossing (Saskatoon), South Edmonton Common (Edmonton), and Heartland Town Centre (Mississauga).
There are currently more than 300 power centers, which usually contain multiple big-box stores, located throughout Canada.
China
Most large grocery stores in China are of the big-box variety, selling big screen TVs, computers, mobile phones, bicycles, and clothing. Many foreign names appear, such as Carrefour, Auchan, Tesco, Lotte Mart, and Walmart, as well as dozens of Chinese chains. Most stores are three stories with moving sidewalk-style escalators. Some stores are so large as to have 60 checkout terminals and their own fleet of buses to bring customers to the store at no charge.
France
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Many configurations exist: the hypermarket that sells many kinds of goods under one roof (like French chains Carrefour, Auchan, and E.Leclerc), most of which are integrated within a shopping mall; the supermarket that is a smaller version of a hypermarket; the market located in city centres; the department store, which first appeared in Paris, then opened in other parts of the world; the "category killer" superstore that mainly sells goods in a particular domain (automotive, electronics, home furniture, etc.); and the warehouse store, like Metro Cash and Carry (for professionals only) and Costco, who opened its first store in June, 2017.
Hong Kong
A superstore in Hong Kong
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To contend against Carrefour, PARKnSHOP opened the first superstore in 1996 based on the concept of a wet market. Most superstores in Hong Kong emphasizes one-stop shopping, such as providing car park services. Today, PARKnSHOP has more than 50 superstores and megastores, making it the largest superstore network in Hong Kong. The first Wellcome superstore opened in 2000 and it has only 17 superstores. In addition, CRC has four superstores in Hong Kong.
Because Hong Kong is a very densely populated city, the sizes of superstores are considerably smaller than those in other countries. Some superstores are running at deficit, such as Chelsea Heights which therefore has stopped selling fresh fish. Furthermore, some PARKnSHOP superstores and megastores, such as Fortress World, belong to the same corporation, Hutchison Whampoa.
India
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India has been going through a retail revolution since the late 1990s, following the introduction of Big Bazaar in 2001. However, even before that, large retail stores were not uncommon in India. Spencer's, a popular hypermart, traces its history as far back as 1863. Likewise Saravana Stores operating as a large independent showroom format since 1969, continue to grow in a mammoth manner. Saravana Stores operating format is said to be the inspiration for Big Bazaar's Kishore Biyani.
Similarly, conglomerates, such as Raheja's, Future Group, Bharti, Godrej, Reliance, and TATA, have over the last decade ventured into large-format retail chains. However, most of the stores opened in large malls and not as independent big-box format stores, even though small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still account for the majority of the daily consumer transaction needs. However, the most successful consumer retail chain that took the market and penetrated also to tier 2 and tier 3 cities was D Mart, owned by Avenue Supermarkets Limited.
An attempt was made to allow international large format retailers such as Walmart into the country. However, it was successfully opposed by small retailers citing job elimination due to increased efficiency and lowered prices due to fewer losses and lower costs.
Big-box format stores in India were opened by IKEA in the city of Hyderabad, and subsequently, in the city of Navi Mumbai.
Republic of Ireland
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In Ireland, large merchandise stores in the style of U.S. superstores were not a part of the retail sector until the late 20th century. Dunnes Stores have traditionally had a supermarket-plus-household-and-clothes model and now have some large stores. Tesco Ireland now runs upwards of 19 hypermarkets across the country.
New Zealand
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The big-box phenomenon hit New Zealand in the late 1980s, with the introduction of Kmart Australia and later the "Warehouse" superstore, a local company. Mitre 10 New Zealand opened their first Mega in 2004 at Hastings, New Zealand six months before the Australian Mega store; it opened to great success with 20 more stores opening within two years. Australian-owned Bunnings Warehouse opened its first store in New Zealand in 2006.
United Kingdom
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In the United Kingdom, Makro and Costco membership-only warehouse club stores have been around for 4 decades. General merchandise shops along the lines of U.S. superstores are not a large part of the retail sector, but this has been changing in recent years, with the creation of extra-large supermarkets such as Tesco and Asda selling a broader range of non-food goods, typically in out-of-town shopping centres or retail parks. As in the US, such large shops are sometimes called anchor tenants. The growth of online retail and budget retail has led to these chains moving away from the large out-of-town supermarkets which have waned in popularity.
The term "big-box store" is not used in the UK. "Superstore" is sometimes used, but with a slightly different meaning: on road signs it means "large supermarket"; in self-service shop names it denotes an outlet larger than that particular chain's usual size.
United States
Exterior of a SuperTarget in McDonough, Georgia
Interior of a Lowe's big-box hardware store in Brooklyn
In the United States, some big-box stores may specialize in categories of merchandise ("category killer"), such as Best Buy in electronics and appliances and Kohl's, Burlington, and Nordstrom Rack in apparel and home furnishings.
Big-box general merchandise retailers such as Target and Walmart are similar to the global concept of a hypermarket, although they do not always have a grocery section, and the term "hypermarket" is not in common use in the United States. "Discount store," "megastore," and "superstore" are sometimes used in addition to the industry term "general merchandise retailer." The category began in 1931, when Fred G. Meyer opened what he called a "one-stop shopping center" in Northeast Portland, Oregon. Meyer's format was imitated by Meijer in 1962 and later by Walmart, Kmart, Target (the discount brand of Dayton department store), and Woolco (the discount brand of the Woolworth department store) all opened. These were called "discount stores" — still an industry term for this type of store — and which between the 1960s and 1980s started to open larger-format stores called "megastores." These stores served the newly enlarged population of customers with cars, being located in suburbs and surrounded by ample parking lots. They were enabled by the decline of laws which prevented large retailers from getting bulk discounts.
Warehouse club stores are another category of big-box general merchandise stores, such as Sam's Club, Costco, and BJ's Wholesale Club. They require membership to purchase and often require purchasing larger quantities of goods at once.
Typical architectural characteristics
Rimi hypermarket in Lilleküla, Tallinn, Estonia
Large, free-standing, shoebox, generally single-floor structure built on a concrete slab. The flat roof and ceiling trusses are generally made of steel, and the walls are concrete block clad in metal or masonry siding.
The structure typically sits in the middle of a large, paved parking lot. The exterior is designed primarily for access by motor vehicles, rather than by pedestrians.
Floor space several times greater than traditional retailers in the sector, providing for a large amount of merchandise; in North America, generally more than 50,000 square feet (4,650 m2), sometimes approaching 200,000 square feet (18,600 m2), though varying by sector and market. In countries where rentable space is at a premium, such as the United Kingdom, the relevant numbers are smaller and stores are more likely to have two or more floors.
Criticism
Labor
Big-box development has at times been opposed by labor unions because the employees of such stores are usually not unionized. Unions such as the United Food and Commercial Workers Local 770 and the Joint Labor Management Committee of the Retail Food Industry have expressed concern about the grocery market because stores such as Kmart, Target, and Walmart now sell groceries. Unions and cities sometimes attempt to use land-use ordinances to restrict these businesses.
Urban planning
2011 photo of a Sears big box store with subway station in Rego Park, Queens, New York City, New York. This location closed in 2017 and was afterwards occupied by an IKEA store, which closed in 2022.
Because it is generally inaccessible to pedestrians and often can only be reached by motor vehicles, the big-box store has been criticized as unsustainable and a failure of urban planning.
See also
List of superstores
List of hypermarkets
Supplier convergence
Types of retail outlets
References
^ Hayes, Adam (September 16, 2021). "Big-Box Retailer: Definition, Examples, Vs. Small-Box Stores". Investopedia. Retrieved December 15, 2022.
^ CQ Researcher: Big-Box Stores. September 10, 2004.
^ ""U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics," International Council of Shopping Centers" (PDF).
^ "Coles History 1969". Retrieved October 17, 2021.
^ Joseph, Lawrence (2014). An Empirical Mega-Analysis of Retail Locations: Value Platforms, Real-Estate Maturity, and Deployment Decisions. Fred Neeson. ISBN 978-0-9960626-0-2.
^ Leeson, Fred (May 2013). My-Te-Fine Merchant: Fred Meyer's Retail Revolution. Arizona State University. S2CID 168399700.
^ a b c Linda Wertheimer (November 19, 2012). "The Past And Future Of America's Biggest Retailers". NPR.
^ "| Ad Age". adage.com. March 19, 2012.
^ Kelbaugh, Douglas (2002). Repairing the American Metropolis. USA: University of Washington Press. p. 165. ISBN 0295982047.
^ "'BIG-BOX' RETAILERS UNDER FIRE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF TWO WAL-MARTS FOUGHT BY GROCERY UNIONS". thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2015.
^ "City Council Passes Big-Box Ordinance". Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2009.
^ Dunham-Jones, Ellen (2011). Retrofitting Suburbia. New York, NY, US: John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. ISBN 978-1118027677.
^ Yin, Jordan (2012). Urban Planning For Dummies. New York, NY, US: John Wiley & Sons. p. 220. ISBN 978-1118101681.
External links
Howard, Theresa, "Big-box stores squeeze into Big Apple," USA Today, October 18, 2004
"Big box retailers versus boutique shops" by TV3 (New Zealand)
Business Essentials: "Big-Box Retailers" by Adam Hayes at Investopedia, 25 September 2021
Big Box Sprawl PDF from the National Trust for Historic Preservation
bigboxreuse.com Re-use of big box store buildings | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Superstore (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superstore_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Walmart_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BarnsAndNoble_AnnArbor_MI.jpg"},{"link_name":"Barnes & Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble"},{"link_name":"chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chain_store"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"merchandise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merchandising"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart"},{"link_name":"The Home Depot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Home_Depot"},{"link_name":"Barnes & Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"},{"link_name":"hardware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardware_store"},{"link_name":"books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Books"},{"link_name":"consumer electronics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consumer_electronics"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"Praktiker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praktiker"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"dry goods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dry_goods"},{"link_name":"department stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"category killers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_killer"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"hypermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermarket"},{"link_name":"retail parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail_parks"},{"link_name":"power centers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_center_(retail)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"\"Superstore\" redirects here. For other uses, see Superstore (disambiguation).Walmart, a general merchandise big-box storeBarnes & Noble, a specialty big-box storeA big-box store (also hyperstore, supercenter, superstore, or megastore) is a physically large retail establishment, usually part of a chain of stores. The term sometimes also refers, by extension, to the company that operates the store. The term \"big-box\" references the typical appearance of buildings occupied by such stores.[1]Commercially, big-box stores can be broken down into two categories: general merchandise (examples include Walmart, Target, and Kmart), and specialty stores (such as The Home Depot, Barnes & Noble, or Best Buy), which specialize in goods within a specific range, such as hardware, books, or consumer electronics, respectively. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, many traditional retailers and supermarket chains that typically operate in smaller buildings, such as Tesco and Praktiker, opened stores in the big-box-store format in an effort to compete with big-box chains, which are expanding internationally as their home markets reach maturity.[2]The store may sell general dry goods, in which case it is a general merchandise retailer (however, traditional department stores, as the predecessor format, are generally not classified as \"big box\"), or may be limited to a particular specialty (such establishments are often called \"category killers\"), or may also sell groceries, in which case some countries (mostly in Europe) use the term hypermarket. In the U.S., there is no specific term for general merchandisers who also sell groceries. Both Target and Walmart offer groceries in most branches in the U.S.Big-box stores are often clustered in shopping centers, which are typically called retail parks in the United Kingdom. In the United States, when they range in size from 250,000 square feet (23,000 m2) to 600,000 square feet (56,000 m2), they are often referred to as power centers.[3]","title":"Big-box store"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PknMitre10MEGAinterior.JPG"},{"link_name":"Kmart Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_Australia"},{"link_name":"Burwood East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burwood_East"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Blacktown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blacktown"},{"link_name":"Greater Western Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Western_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Adelaide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide"},{"link_name":"Perth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perth"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"IKEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA"},{"link_name":"Bunnings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunnings"},{"link_name":"Mitre 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mitre_10"},{"link_name":"Beenleigh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beenleigh"},{"link_name":"Queensland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland"},{"link_name":"Costco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco"}],"sub_title":"Australia","text":"Interior of Mitre 10 MEGA, a big-box hardware store in AustraliaIn Australia the retail category is known as “large format retail”, encompasses bulky goods showrooms and more specialised retail categories within service or Highway commercial type land use zones.In 1969, Kmart Australia opened its first 5 Big-box type stores across Australia. The first opened in Burwood East, Melbourne in April, followed by Blacktown in Greater Western Sydney, two stores in suburban Adelaide and a store in suburban Perth.[4] IKEA began operation in Australia in 1975. Bunnings followed in 1995 and Mitre 10 adopted the model with the \"Mitre 10 Mega\" stores first opening at Beenleigh, Queensland in 2004. Costco has since expanded across Australia since opening its first store in 2009.","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Walmart Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart_Canada"},{"link_name":"Target Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Canada"},{"link_name":"Hudson's Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_(retailer)"},{"link_name":"Loblaws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loblaws"},{"link_name":"Real Canadian Superstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Canadian_Superstore"},{"link_name":"Rona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rona,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Winners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winners"},{"link_name":"HomeSense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomeSense"},{"link_name":"Canadian Tire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Tire"},{"link_name":"Mark's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%27s"},{"link_name":"Sport Chek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sport_Chek"},{"link_name":"Shoppers Drug Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoppers_Drug_Mart"},{"link_name":"Chapters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chapters_(bookstore)"},{"link_name":"Indigo Books and Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigo_Books_and_Music"},{"link_name":"Sobeys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobeys"},{"link_name":"Loblaw Companies Limited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loblaw_Companies"},{"link_name":"Real Canadian Superstore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Canadian_Superstore"},{"link_name":"Maxi & Cie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxi_(Canadian_supermarket)"},{"link_name":"RioCan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RioCan"},{"link_name":"power centres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_center_(retail)"},{"link_name":"shopping malls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Preston Crossing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston_Crossing"},{"link_name":"Saskatoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatoon"},{"link_name":"South Edmonton Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Edmonton_Common"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Heartland Town Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heartland_Town_Centre"},{"link_name":"Mississauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mississauga"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Canada","text":"Apart from major American big-box stores such as Walmart Canada and briefly now-defunct Target Canada, there are many retail chains operating exclusively in Canada. These include stores such as (followed after each slash by the owner) Hudson's Bay, Loblaws/Real Canadian Superstore, Rona, Winners/HomeSense, Canadian Tire/Mark's/Sport Chek, Shoppers Drug Mart, Chapters/Indigo Books and Music, Sobeys, and many others. The indigenous Loblaw Companies Limited has expanded and multiplied its Real Canadian Superstore (and Maxi & Cie in Quebec) branded outlets to try to fill any genuine big-box market and fend off the damaging competition that a large Walmart penetration would inflict on Canadian-based retailers.In the early 21st century, commercial developers in Canada such as RioCan chose to build big-box stores (often grouped together in so-called \"power centres\") in lieu of traditional shopping malls. Examples include Deerfoot Meadows (Calgary), Stonegate Shopping Centre and Preston Crossing (Saskatoon), South Edmonton Common (Edmonton), and Heartland Town Centre (Mississauga).There are currently more than 300 power centers, which usually contain multiple big-box stores, located throughout Canada.[citation needed]","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Carrefour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour"},{"link_name":"Auchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchan"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"Lotte Mart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lotte_Mart"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"}],"sub_title":"China","text":"Most large grocery stores in China are of the big-box variety, selling big screen TVs, computers, mobile phones, bicycles, and clothing. Many foreign names appear, such as Carrefour, Auchan, Tesco, Lotte Mart, and Walmart, as well as dozens of Chinese chains. Most stores are three stories with moving sidewalk-style escalators. Some stores are so large as to have 60 checkout terminals and their own fleet of buses to bring customers to the store at no charge.","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hypermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermarket"},{"link_name":"Carrefour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour"},{"link_name":"Auchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auchan"},{"link_name":"E.Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E.Leclerc"},{"link_name":"shopping mall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shopping_mall"},{"link_name":"supermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket"},{"link_name":"department store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_store"},{"link_name":"warehouse store","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_store"},{"link_name":"Metro Cash and Carry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Cash_and_Carry"},{"link_name":"Costco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"Many configurations exist: the hypermarket that sells many kinds of goods under one roof (like French chains Carrefour, Auchan, and E.Leclerc), most of which are integrated within a shopping mall; the supermarket that is a smaller version of a hypermarket; the market located in city centres; the department store, which first appeared in Paris, then opened in other parts of the world; the \"category killer\" superstore that mainly sells goods in a particular domain (automotive, electronics, home furniture, etc.); and the warehouse store, like Metro Cash and Carry (for professionals only) and Costco, who opened its first store in June, 2017.","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParknShop_in_Tai_Po_Mega_Mall.JPG"},{"link_name":"Carrefour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour"},{"link_name":"PARKnSHOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PARKnSHOP"},{"link_name":"wet market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_market"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Wellcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome"},{"link_name":"CRC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Resources"},{"link_name":"fish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish"},{"link_name":"Hutchison Whampoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hutchison_Whampoa"}],"sub_title":"Hong Kong","text":"A superstore in Hong KongTo contend against Carrefour, PARKnSHOP opened the first superstore in 1996 based on the concept of a wet market. Most superstores in Hong Kong emphasizes one-stop shopping, such as providing car park services. Today, PARKnSHOP has more than 50 superstores and megastores, making it the largest superstore network in Hong Kong. The first Wellcome superstore opened in 2000 and it has only 17 superstores. In addition, CRC has four superstores in Hong Kong.Because Hong Kong is a very densely populated city, the sizes of superstores are considerably smaller than those in other countries. Some superstores are running at deficit, such as Chelsea Heights which therefore has stopped selling fresh fish. Furthermore, some PARKnSHOP superstores and megastores, such as Fortress World, belong to the same corporation, Hutchison Whampoa.","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Big Bazaar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bazaar"},{"link_name":"Saravana Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saravana_Stores"},{"link_name":"IKEA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKEA"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"India","text":"India has been going through a retail revolution since the late 1990s, following the introduction of Big Bazaar in 2001. However, even before that, large retail stores were not uncommon in India. Spencer's, a popular hypermart, traces its history as far back as 1863. Likewise Saravana Stores operating as a large independent showroom format since 1969, continue to grow in a mammoth manner. Saravana Stores operating format is said to be the inspiration for Big Bazaar's Kishore Biyani.Similarly, conglomerates, such as Raheja's, Future Group, Bharti, Godrej, Reliance, and TATA, have over the last decade ventured into large-format retail chains. However, most of the stores opened in large malls and not as independent big-box format stores, even though small and medium enterprises (SMEs) still account for the majority of the daily consumer transaction needs. However, the most successful consumer retail chain that took the market and penetrated also to tier 2 and tier 3 cities was D Mart, owned by Avenue Supermarkets Limited.An attempt was made to allow international large format retailers such as Walmart into the country. However, it was successfully opposed by small retailers citing job elimination due to increased efficiency and lowered prices due to fewer losses and lower costs.Big-box format stores in India were opened by IKEA in the city of Hyderabad, and subsequently, in the city of Navi Mumbai.[citation needed]","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dunnes Stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunnes_Stores"},{"link_name":"Tesco Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco_Ireland"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Republic of Ireland","text":"In Ireland, large merchandise stores in the style of U.S. superstores were not a part of the retail sector until the late 20th century. Dunnes Stores have traditionally had a supermarket-plus-household-and-clothes model and now have some large stores. Tesco Ireland now runs upwards of 19 hypermarkets across the country.[citation needed]","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Kmart Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_Australia"},{"link_name":"Warehouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Warehouse_Group"},{"link_name":"Hastings, New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hastings,_New_Zealand"}],"sub_title":"New Zealand","text":"The big-box phenomenon hit New Zealand in the late 1980s, with the introduction of Kmart Australia and later the \"Warehouse\" superstore, a local company. Mitre 10 New Zealand opened their first Mega in 2004 at Hastings, New Zealand six months before the Australian Mega store; it opened to great success with 20 more stores opening within two years. Australian-owned Bunnings Warehouse opened its first store in New Zealand in 2006.","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"Makro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makro"},{"link_name":"Costco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco"},{"link_name":"Tesco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tesco"},{"link_name":"Asda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asda"},{"link_name":"anchor tenants","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anchor_tenant"}],"sub_title":"United Kingdom","text":"In the United Kingdom, Makro and Costco membership-only warehouse club stores have been around for 4 decades. General merchandise shops along the lines of U.S. superstores are not a large part of the retail sector, but this has been changing in recent years, with the creation of extra-large supermarkets such as Tesco and Asda selling a broader range of non-food goods, typically in out-of-town shopping centres or retail parks. As in the US, such large shops are sometimes called anchor tenants. The growth of online retail and budget retail has led to these chains moving away from the large out-of-town supermarkets which have waned in popularity.The term \"big-box store\" is not used in the UK. \"Superstore\" is sometimes used, but with a slightly different meaning: on road signs it means \"large supermarket\"; in self-service shop names it denotes an outlet larger than that particular chain's usual size.","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Super_Target,_McDonough.JPG"},{"link_name":"McDonough, Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McDonough,_Georgia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lowes_Gowanus_interior_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lowe's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowe%27s"},{"link_name":"Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"category killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category_killer"},{"link_name":"Best Buy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best_Buy"},{"link_name":"Kohl's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohl%27s"},{"link_name":"Burlington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burlington_(department_store)"},{"link_name":"Nordstrom Rack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordstrom_Rack"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"hypermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermarket"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Fred G. Meyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fred_G._Meyer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Meijer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meijer"},{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Woolco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolco"},{"link_name":"Woolworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F._W._Woolworth_Company"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wertheimer-7"},{"link_name":"discount stores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discount_store"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wertheimer-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Wertheimer-7"},{"link_name":"Warehouse club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warehouse_club"},{"link_name":"Sam's Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam%27s_Club"},{"link_name":"Costco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costco"},{"link_name":"BJ's Wholesale Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BJ%27s_Wholesale_Club"}],"sub_title":"United States","text":"Exterior of a SuperTarget in McDonough, GeorgiaInterior of a Lowe's big-box hardware store in BrooklynIn the United States, some big-box stores may specialize in categories of merchandise (\"category killer\"), such as Best Buy in electronics and appliances and Kohl's, Burlington, and Nordstrom Rack in apparel and home furnishings.Big-box general merchandise retailers such as Target and Walmart are similar to the global concept of a hypermarket, although they do not always have a grocery section, and the term \"hypermarket\" is not in common use in the United States. \"Discount store,\" \"megastore,\" and \"superstore\" are sometimes used in addition to the industry term \"general merchandise retailer.\"[5] The category began in 1931, when Fred G. Meyer opened what he called a \"one-stop shopping center\" in Northeast Portland, Oregon.[6] Meyer's format was imitated by Meijer in 1962 and later by Walmart, Kmart, Target (the discount brand of Dayton department store), and Woolco (the discount brand of the Woolworth department store) all opened.[7] These were called \"discount stores\" — still an industry term for this type of store — and which between the 1960s and 1980s started to open larger-format stores called \"megastores.\"[8] These stores served the newly enlarged population of customers with cars, being located in suburbs and surrounded by ample parking lots.[7] They were enabled by the decline of laws which prevented large retailers from getting bulk discounts.[7]Warehouse club stores are another category of big-box general merchandise stores, such as Sam's Club, Costco, and BJ's Wholesale Club. They require membership to purchase and often require purchasing larger quantities of goods at once.","title":"Big-box stores in various countries"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rimi_hypermarket.IMG_2587.JPG"},{"link_name":"Rimi hypermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rimi_Baltic"},{"link_name":"Lilleküla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lillek%C3%BCla"},{"link_name":"Tallinn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tallinn"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"shoebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shoebox_style"},{"link_name":"metal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metal"},{"link_name":"masonry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Floor space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floor_space"},{"link_name":"North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"}],"text":"Rimi hypermarket in Lilleküla, Tallinn, EstoniaLarge, free-standing, shoebox, generally single-floor structure built on a concrete slab. The flat roof and ceiling trusses are generally made of steel, and the walls are concrete block clad in metal or masonry siding.\nThe structure typically sits in the middle of a large, paved parking lot. The exterior is designed primarily for access by motor vehicles, rather than by pedestrians.[9]\nFloor space several times greater than traditional retailers in the sector, providing for a large amount of merchandise; in North America, generally more than 50,000 square feet (4,650 m2), sometimes approaching 200,000 square feet (18,600 m2), though varying by sector and market. In countries where rentable space is at a premium, such as the United Kingdom, the relevant numbers are smaller and stores are more likely to have two or more floors.","title":"Typical architectural characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kmart_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Target","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Target_Corporation"},{"link_name":"Walmart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walmart"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"sub_title":"Labor","text":"Big-box development has at times been opposed by labor unions because the employees of such stores are usually not unionized. Unions such as the United Food and Commercial Workers Local 770 and the Joint Labor Management Committee of the Retail Food Industry have expressed concern about the grocery market because stores such as Kmart, Target, and Walmart now sell groceries.[10] Unions and cities sometimes attempt to use land-use ordinances to restrict these businesses.[11]","title":"Criticism"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sears_Marshalls_63d_Rd_Rego_Pk_jeh.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sears"},{"link_name":"Rego Park, Queens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rego_Park,_Queens"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"unsustainable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unsustainable"},{"link_name":"urban planning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_planning"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Urban planning","text":"2011 photo of a Sears big box store with subway station in Rego Park, Queens, New York City, New York. This location closed in 2017 and was afterwards occupied by an IKEA store, which closed in 2022.Because it is generally inaccessible to pedestrians and often can only be reached by motor vehicles, the big-box store has been criticized as unsustainable and a failure of urban planning.[12][13]","title":"Criticism"}] | [{"image_text":"Interior of Mitre 10 MEGA, a big-box hardware store in Australia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/PknMitre10MEGAinterior.JPG/140px-PknMitre10MEGAinterior.JPG"},{"image_text":"A superstore in Hong Kong","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/ParknShop_in_Tai_Po_Mega_Mall.JPG/220px-ParknShop_in_Tai_Po_Mega_Mall.JPG"},{"image_text":"Exterior of a SuperTarget in McDonough, Georgia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Super_Target%2C_McDonough.JPG/200px-Super_Target%2C_McDonough.JPG"},{"image_text":"Interior of a Lowe's big-box hardware store in Brooklyn","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lowes_Gowanus_interior_jeh.jpg/200px-Lowes_Gowanus_interior_jeh.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rimi hypermarket in Lilleküla, Tallinn, Estonia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Rimi_hypermarket.IMG_2587.JPG/220px-Rimi_hypermarket.IMG_2587.JPG"},{"image_text":"2011 photo of a Sears big box store with subway station in Rego Park, Queens, New York City, New York. This location closed in 2017 and was afterwards occupied by an IKEA store, which closed in 2022.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Sears_Marshalls_63d_Rd_Rego_Pk_jeh.jpg/220px-Sears_Marshalls_63d_Rd_Rego_Pk_jeh.jpg"}] | [{"title":"List of superstores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_superstores"},{"title":"List of hypermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_hypermarkets"},{"title":"Supplier convergence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supplier_convergence"},{"title":"Types of retail outlets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retail#Types_of_retail_outlets"}] | [{"reference":"Hayes, Adam (September 16, 2021). \"Big-Box Retailer: Definition, Examples, Vs. Small-Box Stores\". Investopedia. Retrieved December 15, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/big_box_retailer.asp","url_text":"\"Big-Box Retailer: Definition, Examples, Vs. Small-Box Stores\""}]},{"reference":"\"\"U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics,\" International Council of Shopping Centers\" (PDF).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.icsc.com/uploads/research/general/US_CENTER_CLASSIFICATION.pdf","url_text":"\"\"U.S. Shopping-Center Classification and Characteristics,\" International Council of Shopping Centers\""}]},{"reference":"\"Coles History 1969\". Retrieved October 17, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://cedric.slv.vic.gov.au/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=4001482&custom_att_2=direct","url_text":"\"Coles History 1969\""}]},{"reference":"Joseph, Lawrence (2014). An Empirical Mega-Analysis of Retail Locations: Value Platforms, Real-Estate Maturity, and Deployment Decisions. Fred Neeson. ISBN 978-0-9960626-0-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9960626-0-2","url_text":"978-0-9960626-0-2"}]},{"reference":"Leeson, Fred (May 2013). My-Te-Fine Merchant: Fred Meyer's Retail Revolution. Arizona State University. S2CID 168399700.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:168399700","url_text":"168399700"}]},{"reference":"Linda Wertheimer (November 19, 2012). \"The Past And Future Of America's Biggest Retailers\". NPR.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Wertheimer","url_text":"Linda Wertheimer"},{"url":"https://www.npr.org/2012/11/19/165295840/the-past-and-future-of-americas-biggest-retailers","url_text":"\"The Past And Future Of America's Biggest Retailers\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NPR","url_text":"NPR"}]},{"reference":"\"| Ad Age\". adage.com. March 19, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://adage.com/article/news/walmart-target-kmart-kohl-s-lead-retail-revolution/233379","url_text":"\"| Ad Age\""}]},{"reference":"Kelbaugh, Douglas (2002). Repairing the American Metropolis. USA: University of Washington Press. p. 165. ISBN 0295982047.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bKqIxIyQk6EC&q=suburbia+parking+lot+sea+of+asphalt&pg=PA165","url_text":"Repairing the American Metropolis"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0295982047","url_text":"0295982047"}]},{"reference":"\"'BIG-BOX' RETAILERS UNDER FIRE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF TWO WAL-MARTS FOUGHT BY GROCERY UNIONS\". thefreelibrary.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2017. Retrieved August 20, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170715225600/https://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27BIG-BOX%27+RETAILERS+UNDER+FIRE+PROPOSED+CONSTRUCTION+OF+TWO+WAL-MARTS...-a083420614","url_text":"\"'BIG-BOX' RETAILERS UNDER FIRE PROPOSED CONSTRUCTION OF TWO WAL-MARTS FOUGHT BY GROCERY UNIONS\""},{"url":"http://www.thefreelibrary.com/%27BIG-BOX%27+RETAILERS+UNDER+FIRE+PROPOSED+CONSTRUCTION+OF+TWO+WAL-MARTS...-a083420614","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"City Council Passes Big-Box Ordinance\". Archived from the original on October 25, 2011. Retrieved October 9, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111025151721/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3501187","url_text":"\"City Council Passes Big-Box Ordinance\""},{"url":"http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/3501187","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Dunham-Jones, Ellen (2011). Retrofitting Suburbia. New York, NY, US: John Wiley & Sons. p. 51. ISBN 978-1118027677.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1xH4b4pQzOkC&q=parking+lot+big+box+store+failure+urban+planning","url_text":"Retrofitting Suburbia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118027677","url_text":"978-1118027677"}]},{"reference":"Yin, Jordan (2012). Urban Planning For Dummies. New York, NY, US: John Wiley & Sons. p. 220. ISBN 978-1118101681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118101681","url_text":"978-1118101681"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Big-box+store%22","external_links_name":"\"Big-box store\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Big-box+store%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Big-box+store%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Big-box+store%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Big-box+store%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Big-box+store%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Big-box_store&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve it"},{"Link":"https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/big_box_retailer.asp","external_links_name":"\"Big-Box Retailer: Definition, Examples, Vs. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hail_the_Artist | Hail the Artist | ["1 Cast","2 References","3 External links"] | 1973 film
Hail the ArtistFrench posterDirected byYves RobertWritten byJean-Loup DabadieYves RobertStarringMarcello MastroianniCinematographyJean PenzerEdited byGhislaine DesjonquèresMusic byVladimir CosmaRelease date
6 December 1973 (1973-12-06)
Running time96 minutesCountriesFranceItalyLanguageFrenchBox office$4.3 million
Hail the Artist (French: Salut l'artiste, Italian: L'idolo della città) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy film directed by Yves Robert.
Cast
Marcello Mastroianni as Nicolas Montei
Françoise Fabian as Peggy
Jean Rochefort as Clément
Carla Gravina as Elisabeth Montei
Evelyne Buyle as Bérénice
Henri-Jacques Huet as The director
Lise Delamare as Lady Rosemond
Sylvie Joly as The photographer's wife
Hélène Vallier as The script
Simone Paris as The theater director
Maurice Barrier as Al Capone
Dominique De Keuchel as Rodrigue
Gérard Jugnot as The camera operator (uncredited)
Bernadette Robert
Betty Beckers
Claire Nadeau
Lucienne Legrand
Elizabeth Teissier (as Elisabeth Teissier)
References
^ "Hail the Artist". JP Box Office. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
^ "NY Times: Hail the Artist". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2009.
External links
Hail the Artist at IMDb
This article related to a French film of the 1970s is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This film article about a 1970s comedy film is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"French","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_language"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"comedy film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedy_film"},{"link_name":"Yves Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yves_Robert"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NY_Times.com-2"}],"text":"Hail the Artist (French: Salut l'artiste, Italian: L'idolo della città) is a 1973 French-Italian comedy film directed by Yves Robert.[2]","title":"Hail the Artist"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcello Mastroianni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello_Mastroianni"},{"link_name":"Françoise Fabian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise_Fabian"},{"link_name":"Jean Rochefort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Rochefort"},{"link_name":"Carla Gravina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carla_Gravina"},{"link_name":"Evelyne Buyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evelyne_Buyle"},{"link_name":"Henri-Jacques Huet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Henri-Jacques_Huet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lise Delamare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lise_Delamare"},{"link_name":"Sylvie Joly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sylvie_Joly"},{"link_name":"Hélène Vallier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_Vallier"},{"link_name":"Simone Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simone_Paris"},{"link_name":"Maurice Barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Barrier"},{"link_name":"Dominique De Keuchel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dominique_De_Keuchel&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gérard Jugnot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Jugnot"},{"link_name":"Bernadette Robert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernadette_Robert&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Betty Beckers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Beckers"},{"link_name":"Claire Nadeau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claire_Nadeau"},{"link_name":"Lucienne Legrand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lucienne_Legrand_(actress,_born_1920)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth Teissier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Teissier"}],"text":"Marcello Mastroianni as Nicolas Montei\nFrançoise Fabian as Peggy\nJean Rochefort as Clément\nCarla Gravina as Elisabeth Montei\nEvelyne Buyle as Bérénice\nHenri-Jacques Huet as The director\nLise Delamare as Lady Rosemond\nSylvie Joly as The photographer's wife\nHélène Vallier as The script\nSimone Paris as The theater director\nMaurice Barrier as Al Capone\nDominique De Keuchel as Rodrigue\nGérard Jugnot as The camera operator (uncredited)\nBernadette Robert\nBetty Beckers\nClaire Nadeau\nLucienne Legrand\nElizabeth Teissier (as Elisabeth Teissier)","title":"Cast"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Hail the Artist\". JP Box Office. Retrieved 2 August 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=8579","url_text":"\"Hail the Artist\""}]},{"reference":"\"NY Times: Hail the Artist\". Movies & TV Dept. The New York Times. 2012. Archived from the original on 21 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021012205/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/42677/Salut-l-artiste/details","url_text":"\"NY Times: Hail the Artist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/42677/Salut-l-artiste/details","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.jpbox-office.com/fichfilm.php?id=8579","external_links_name":"\"Hail the Artist\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121021012205/http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/42677/Salut-l-artiste/details","external_links_name":"\"NY Times: Hail the Artist\""},{"Link":"https://movies.nytimes.com/movie/42677/Salut-l-artiste/details","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0070625/","external_links_name":"Hail the Artist"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hail_the_Artist&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hail_the_Artist&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanovo_Selo | Ivanovo Selo | ["1 Demographics","2 References"] | Coordinates: 45°40′N 17°15′E / 45.667°N 17.250°E / 45.667; 17.250Village in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, CroatiaIvanovo SeloVillageIvanovo SeloCoordinates: 45°40′N 17°15′E / 45.667°N 17.250°E / 45.667; 17.250Country CroatiaCounty Bjelovar-Bilogora CountyMunicipalityGrubišno PoljeArea • Total2.4 sq mi (6.3 km2)Population (2021) • Total215 • Density88/sq mi (34/km2)Time zoneUTC+1 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)
Ivanovo Selo is a village in Croatia.
Demographics
According to the 2021 census, its population was 215. It was 264 in 2011.
References
^ Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia. Wikidata Q119585703.
^ a b "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements" (xlsx). Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.
^ "Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Ivanovo Selo". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.
vteSettlements of Grubišno Polje
Dapčevački Brđani
Dijakovac
Donja Rašenica
Gornja Rašenica
Grbavac
Grubišno Polje
Ivanovo Selo
Lončarica
Mala Barna
Mala Dapčevica
Mala Jasenovača
Mala Peratovica
Mali Zdenci
Munije
Orlovac Zdenački
Poljani
Rastovac
Treglava
Turčević Polje
Velika Barna
Velika Dapčevica
Velika Jasenovača
Velika Peratovica
Veliki Zdenci
Authority control databases: National
Czech Republic
This Bjelovar-Bilogora County geography article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"village","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"}],"text":"Village in Bjelovar-Bilogora County, CroatiaIvanovo Selo is a village in Croatia.","title":"Ivanovo Selo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census_2021-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dzs2011-3"}],"text":"According to the 2021 census, its population was 215.[2] It was 264 in 2011.[3]","title":"Demographics"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia. Wikidata Q119585703.","urls":[{"url":"https://dgu.gov.hr/registar-prostornih-jedinica-172/172","url_text":"Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)","url_text":"Wikidata"},{"url":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q119585703","url_text":"Q119585703"}]},{"reference":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements\" (xlsx). Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in 2021. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://podaci.dzs.hr/media/rqybclnx/popis_2021-stanovnistvo_po_naseljima.xlsx","url_text":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Croatian Bureau of Statistics"}]},{"reference":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Ivanovo Selo\". Census of Population, Households and Dwellings 2011. Zagreb: Croatian Bureau of Statistics. December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/E01_01_01/e01_01_01_zup07_1392.html","url_text":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Ivanovo Selo\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatian_Bureau_of_Statistics","url_text":"Croatian Bureau of Statistics"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ivanovo_Selo¶ms=45_40_N_17_15_E_region:HR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"45°40′N 17°15′E / 45.667°N 17.250°E / 45.667; 17.250"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Ivanovo_Selo¶ms=45_40_N_17_15_E_region:HR_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki","external_links_name":"45°40′N 17°15′E / 45.667°N 17.250°E / 45.667; 17.250"},{"Link":"https://dgu.gov.hr/registar-prostornih-jedinica-172/172","external_links_name":"Register of spatial units of the State Geodetic Administration of the Republic of Croatia"},{"Link":"https://podaci.dzs.hr/media/rqybclnx/popis_2021-stanovnistvo_po_naseljima.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements\""},{"Link":"http://web.dzs.hr/Eng/censuses/census2011/results/htm/E01_01_01/e01_01_01_zup07_1392.html","external_links_name":"\"Population by Age and Sex, by Settlements, 2011 Census: Ivanovo Selo\""},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge736229&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivanovo_Selo&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1058_in_England | 1050s in England | ["1 Incumbents","2 Events","3 Births","4 Deaths","5 References"] | 1050s in England
Other decades
1030s | 1040s | 1050s | 1060s | 1070s
Events from the 1050s in England.
Incumbents
Monarch – Edward the Confessor
Events
1050
29 June – first Bishop of Exeter, Leofric, consecrated, uniting the former episcopal sees of Crediton and Cornwall.
Sweyn Godwinson pardoned for murdering his cousin.
1051
29 June – the Norman bishop Robert of Jumièges is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, having been appointed to the vacant seat by the king. He refuses to consecrate Spearhafoc as his successor as the Bishop of London, and William the Norman is appointed instead. Spearhafoc vanishes with the gold and jewels he had been given to make the royal crown and is never seen again.
September – following a rebellion, King Edward the Confessor exiles Godwin, Earl of Wessex, to Flanders.
Heregeld is abolished in England by King Edward the Confessor.
1052
Prince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Wales raids Herefordshire.
14 September – Godwin, Earl of Wessex returns to England from exile. He sails a large fleet into London forcing King Edward to reinstate him.
Three bishops appointed by King Edward – Robert of Jumièges; Ulfus Normanus, Bishop of Dorchester, and William the Norman, Bishop of London – flee the country.
Stigand enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.
William, Duke of Normandy, visits King Edward and may have been promised the throne after Edward's death.
1053
15 April – Godwin dies at Winchester and is succeeded by his son Harold Godwinson as Earl of Wessex.
1054
27 July – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland to support Malcolm Canmore against King Macbeth.
1055
Siward dies; Tostig Godwinson becomes Earl of Northumbria.
24 October – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn and Ælfgar, exiled son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, raid England, and sack Hereford.
Harold Godwinson makes peace with Ælfgar, who returns from exile.
1056
17 June – Battle of Glasbury: Gruffydd ap Llywelyn raids England again, and kills Leofgar of Hereford. Gruffydd's forces burn down Hereford Cathedral.
1057
Edward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, returns to England, but dies shortly after.
Leofric, Earl of Mercia dies, and his son Ælfgar is again exiled for treason.
1058
Ælfgar, supported by the Welsh and Norwegians, unsuccessfully attacks the English coast; he is nonetheless re-instated as Earl of Mercia.
1059
Malcolm III of Scotland pays homage to King Edward.
Births
1050
Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria (died 1076)
1051
Edgar Ætheling, uncrowned King of England (died c. 1126)
Deaths
1050
29 October – Eadsige, Archbishop of Canterbury
1051
22 January – Ælfric Puttoc, archbishop of York
1052
6 March – Emma of Normandy, consort of Æthelred and Cnut (born c. 985)
1053
15 April – Godwin, Earl of Wessex (born c. 1001)
1056
10 February – Æthelstan, Bishop of Hereford
16 June – Leofgar of Hereford, Bishop of Hereford
(latest probable date) – Godgifu (Goda of England), princess (born 1004)
1057
19 April – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England (born 1016)
31 August – Leofric, Earl of Mercia (born 968)
1058
Alfwold, Bishop of Sherborne
References
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 51–52. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.
^ Cowdrey, H. E. J. (2004). "Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055)". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23717. Retrieved 2012-04-02. (subscription or UK public library membership required)
^ Dodwell, C. R. (1982). Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective. Manchester University Press. pp. 46–7. ISBN 978-0-7190-0926-6.
^ a b c d Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 109–111. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.
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2025 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"text":"Events from the 1050s in England.","title":"1050s in England"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_monarch"},{"link_name":"Edward the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"}],"text":"Monarch – Edward the Confessor","title":"Incumbents"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bishop of Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Exeter"},{"link_name":"Leofric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofric_(bishop)"},{"link_name":"episcopal sees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Episcopal_see"},{"link_name":"Crediton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crediton"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Sweyn Godwinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweyn_Godwinson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normans"},{"link_name":"Robert of Jumièges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_of_Jumi%C3%A8ges"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Spearhafoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearhafoc"},{"link_name":"Bishop of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_London"},{"link_name":"William the Norman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Norman"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Edward the Confessor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Confessor"},{"link_name":"Godwin, Earl of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"Flanders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flanders"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Heregeld","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxation_in_medieval_England"},{"link_name":"Gruffydd ap Llywelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn"},{"link_name":"Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exile"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Ulfus Normanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulfus_Normanus"},{"link_name":"Bishop of Dorchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop_of_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Stigand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stigand"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"William, Duke of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_the_Conqueror"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-4"},{"link_name":"Winchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester"},{"link_name":"Harold Godwinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson"},{"link_name":"Earl of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-4"},{"link_name":"Siward, Earl of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siward,_Earl_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Malcolm Canmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Malcolm_III_of_Scaotland&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Macbeth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macbeth,_King_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-4"},{"link_name":"Tostig Godwinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson"},{"link_name":"Earl of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Ælfgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfgar,_Earl_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Leofric, Earl of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Harold Godwinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Godwinson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Glasbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasbury"},{"link_name":"Gruffydd ap Llywelyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruffydd_ap_Llywelyn"},{"link_name":"Leofgar of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofgar_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cassell's_Chronology-4"},{"link_name":"Hereford Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hereford_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Edward the Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Exile"},{"link_name":"Edmund Ironside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ironside"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Leofric, Earl of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Norwegians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Earl of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"},{"link_name":"Malcolm III of Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_III_of_Scotland"},{"link_name":"homage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homage_(feudal)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CBH-1"}],"text":"1050\n29 June – first Bishop of Exeter, Leofric, consecrated, uniting the former episcopal sees of Crediton and Cornwall.[1]\nSweyn Godwinson pardoned for murdering his cousin.[1]\n1051\n29 June – the Norman bishop Robert of Jumièges is enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury, having been appointed to the vacant seat by the king.[2] He refuses to consecrate Spearhafoc as his successor as the Bishop of London, and William the Norman is appointed instead. Spearhafoc vanishes with the gold and jewels he had been given to make the royal crown and is never seen again.[3]\nSeptember – following a rebellion, King Edward the Confessor exiles Godwin, Earl of Wessex, to Flanders.[1]\nHeregeld is abolished in England by King Edward the Confessor.\n1052\nPrince Gruffydd ap Llywelyn of Wales raids Herefordshire.[1]\n14 September – Godwin, Earl of Wessex returns to England from exile. He sails a large fleet into London forcing King Edward to reinstate him.[1]\nThree bishops appointed by King Edward – Robert of Jumièges; Ulfus Normanus, Bishop of Dorchester, and William the Norman, Bishop of London – flee the country.[1]\nStigand enthroned as Archbishop of Canterbury.[1]\nWilliam, Duke of Normandy, visits King Edward and may have been promised the throne after Edward's death.[4]\n1053\n15 April – Godwin dies at Winchester and is succeeded by his son Harold Godwinson as Earl of Wessex.[4]\n1054\n27 July – Siward, Earl of Northumbria, invades Scotland to support Malcolm Canmore against King Macbeth.[4]\n1055\nSiward dies; Tostig Godwinson becomes Earl of Northumbria.[1]\n24 October – Gruffydd ap Llywelyn and Ælfgar, exiled son of Leofric, Earl of Mercia, raid England, and sack Hereford.[1]\nHarold Godwinson makes peace with Ælfgar, who returns from exile.[1]\n1056\n17 June – Battle of Glasbury: Gruffydd ap Llywelyn raids England again, and kills Leofgar of Hereford.[4] Gruffydd's forces burn down Hereford Cathedral.\n1057\nEdward the Exile, son of Edmund Ironside, returns to England, but dies shortly after.[1]\nLeofric, Earl of Mercia dies, and his son Ælfgar is again exiled for treason.[1]\n1058\nÆlfgar, supported by the Welsh and Norwegians, unsuccessfully attacks the English coast; he is nonetheless re-instated as Earl of Mercia.[1]\n1059\nMalcolm III of Scotland pays homage to King Edward.[1]","title":"Events"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waltheof II, Earl of Northumbria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltheof,_Earl_of_Northumbria"},{"link_name":"1076","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1070s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Edgar Ætheling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_%C3%86theling"},{"link_name":"1126","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1120s_in_England"}],"text":"1050\nWaltheof II, Earl of Northumbria (died 1076)\n1051\nEdgar Ætheling, uncrowned King of England (died c. 1126)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Eadsige","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eadsige"},{"link_name":"Ælfric Puttoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfric_Puttoc"},{"link_name":"Emma of Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_of_Normandy"},{"link_name":"Æthelred","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"Cnut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cnut"},{"link_name":"985","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_century_in_England"},{"link_name":"Godwin, Earl of Wessex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godwin,_Earl_of_Wessex"},{"link_name":"1001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Æthelstan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelstan_(bishop_of_Hereford)"},{"link_name":"Leofgar of Hereford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofgar_of_Hereford"},{"link_name":"Godgifu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godgifu,_daughter_of_%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"1004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1000s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Edward the Exile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_the_Exile"},{"link_name":"Edmund II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Ironside"},{"link_name":"1016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1010s_in_England"},{"link_name":"Leofric, Earl of Mercia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leofric,_Earl_of_Mercia"},{"link_name":"968","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_century_in_England"},{"link_name":"Alfwold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86lfwold_II_(Bishop_of_Sherborne)"}],"text":"1050\n29 October – Eadsige, Archbishop of Canterbury\n1051\n22 January – Ælfric Puttoc, archbishop of York\n1052\n6 March – Emma of Normandy, consort of Æthelred and Cnut (born c. 985)\n1053\n15 April – Godwin, Earl of Wessex (born c. 1001)\n1056\n10 February – Æthelstan, Bishop of Hereford\n16 June – Leofgar of Hereford, Bishop of Hereford\n(latest probable date) – Godgifu (Goda of England), princess (born 1004)\n1057\n19 April – Edward the Exile, son of Edmund II of England (born 1016)\n31 August – Leofric, Earl of Mercia (born 968)\n1058\nAlfwold, Bishop of Sherborne","title":"Deaths"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Palmer, Alan; Palmer, Veronica (1992). The Chronology of British History. London: Century Ltd. pp. 51–52. ISBN 0-7126-5616-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7126-5616-2","url_text":"0-7126-5616-2"}]},{"reference":"Cowdrey, H. E. J. (2004). \"Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055)\". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/23717. Retrieved 2012-04-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._E._J._Cowdrey","url_text":"Cowdrey, H. E. J."},{"url":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23717","url_text":"\"Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography","url_text":"Oxford Dictionary of National Biography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23717","url_text":"10.1093/ref:odnb/23717"}]},{"reference":"Dodwell, C. R. (1982). Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective. Manchester University Press. pp. 46–7. ISBN 978-0-7190-0926-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonartnew00dodw","url_text":"Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonartnew00dodw/page/46","url_text":"46–7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-0926-6","url_text":"978-0-7190-0926-6"}]},{"reference":"Williams, Hywel (2005). Cassell's Chronology of World History. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 109–111. ISBN 0-304-35730-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/109","url_text":"Cassell's Chronology of World History"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/109","url_text":"109–111"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-35730-8","url_text":"0-304-35730-8"}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23717","external_links_name":"\"Robert of Jumièges (d. 1052/1055)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F23717","external_links_name":"10.1093/ref:odnb/23717"},{"Link":"https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public","external_links_name":"UK public library membership"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonartnew00dodw","external_links_name":"Anglo-Saxon Art: A New Perspective"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonartnew00dodw/page/46","external_links_name":"46–7"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/109","external_links_name":"Cassell's Chronology of World History"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/cassellschronolo0000will/page/109","external_links_name":"109–111"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhirkot_Municipality | Bhirkot Municipality | ["1 Background","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 28°2′12″N 83°47′58″E / 28.03667°N 83.79944°E / 28.03667; 83.79944Municipality in Western Region, NepalBheerkot Municipality
भीरकोट नगरपालिकाMunicipality
Phedikhola
Arjunchaupari
Kaligandaki
Bhirkot
Waling
Galyang
Harinas
Biruwa
Chapakot
Putalibazar
Aandhikhola
Bheerkot in Syangja DistrictBheerkot MunicipalityLocation in Gandaki PradeshShow map of Gandaki ProvinceBheerkot MunicipalityBheerkot Municipality (Nepal)Show map of NepalCoordinates (Bheerkot): 28°2′12″N 83°47′58″E / 28.03667°N 83.79944°E / 28.03667; 83.79944Country NepalRegionWestern RegionZoneGandaki ZoneDistrictSyangja DistrictEstablished18 September 2015Government • MayorGovinda Kumar Karmacharya • Deputy MayorBhagawati Regmi AryalArea • Total78.23 km2 (30.20 sq mi)Population (2011 Nepal census) • Total18,134 • Density230/km2 (600/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+5:45 (NST)Area code063Websitehttp://bheerkotmun.gov.np/
Bheerkot is a municipality in Syangja District of Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. The new municipality was formed by merging four existing villages—Banethok Deurali, Darsing Dahathum, Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang and Khilung Deurali—on 18 September 2015. It has 9 wards. The office of the municipality is that of the former Darsing Dahathum village development committee's Bayarghari Bazaar.
Bheerkot is formed by merging four village development committee: Banethok Deurali, Darsing Dahathum, Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang and Khilung Deurali & the total population of these four places is 18,134.
Background
Bheerkot was named by the locals of Banethok Deurali, Darsing Dahathum, Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang-phoxing and Khilung Deurali.It is a famous historical place.
References
^ "26 new Municipalities announced". The Rising Nepal. 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ "Govt adds 26 municipalities". Setopati. 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.
^ "Syangja VDC Level Report" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-26.
External links
District Development Committee, Syangja
vteSyangja DistrictHeadquarters: PutalibazarGaunpalika
Aandhikhola
Arjun Chaupari
Biruwa
Phedikhola
Harinas
Kaligandaki
Municipalities
Bhirkot
Chapakot
Galyang
Putalibazar
Waling
This article about a location in Syangja District, Nepal is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality"},{"link_name":"Syangja District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syangja_District"},{"link_name":"Gandaki Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandaki_Zone"},{"link_name":"Nepal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nepal"},{"link_name":"Banethok Deurali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banethok_Deurali"},{"link_name":"Darsing Dahathum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darsing_Dahathum"},{"link_name":"Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhapuk_Simal_Bhanjyang"},{"link_name":"Khilung Deurali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilung_Deurali"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26_new_Municipalities_announced-1"},{"link_name":"Darsing Dahathum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darsing_Dahathum"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Govt_adds_26_municipalities-2"},{"link_name":"Banethok Deurali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banethok_Deurali"},{"link_name":"Darsing Dahathum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darsing_Dahathum"},{"link_name":"Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhapuk_Simal_Bhanjyang"},{"link_name":"Khilung Deurali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilung_Deurali"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Municipality in Western Region, NepalBheerkot is a municipality in Syangja District of Gandaki Zone of central Nepal. The new municipality was formed by merging four existing villages—Banethok Deurali, Darsing Dahathum, Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang and Khilung Deurali—on 18 September 2015.[1] It has 9 wards. The office of the municipality is that of the former Darsing Dahathum village development committee's Bayarghari Bazaar.[2]Bheerkot is formed by merging four village development committee: Banethok Deurali, Darsing Dahathum, Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang and Khilung Deurali & the total population of these four places is 18,134.[3]","title":"Bhirkot Municipality"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Banethok Deurali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banethok_Deurali"},{"link_name":"Darsing Dahathum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darsing_Dahathum"},{"link_name":"Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang-phoxing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dhapuk_Simal_Bhanjyang-phoxing&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Khilung Deurali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khilung_Deurali"}],"text":"Bheerkot was named by the locals of Banethok Deurali, Darsing Dahathum, Dhapuk Simal Bhanjyang-phoxing and Khilung Deurali.It is a famous historical place.","title":"Background"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"26 new Municipalities announced\". The Rising Nepal. 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927235504/http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/6587","url_text":"\"26 new Municipalities announced\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rising_Nepal","url_text":"The Rising Nepal"},{"url":"http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/6587","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Govt adds 26 municipalities\". Setopati. 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 20 September 2015. Retrieved 18 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150920174448/http://setopati.net/politics/9315","url_text":"\"Govt adds 26 municipalities\""},{"url":"http://setopati.net/politics/9315/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Syangja VDC Level Report\" (PDF). Central Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-10-26.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026134818/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/39%20Syangja_VDCLevelReport.pdf","url_text":"\"Syangja VDC Level Report\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Bureau_of_Statistics_(Nepal)","url_text":"Central Bureau of Statistics"},{"url":"http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/39%20Syangja_VDCLevelReport.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhirkot_Municipality¶ms=28_2_12_N_83_47_58_E_type:city_region:NP","external_links_name":"28°2′12″N 83°47′58″E / 28.03667°N 83.79944°E / 28.03667; 83.79944"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bhirkot_Municipality¶ms=28_2_12_N_83_47_58_E_type:city_region:NP","external_links_name":"28°2′12″N 83°47′58″E / 28.03667°N 83.79944°E / 28.03667; 83.79944"},{"Link":"http://bheerkotmun.gov.np/","external_links_name":"http://bheerkotmun.gov.np/"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150927235504/http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/6587","external_links_name":"\"26 new Municipalities announced\""},{"Link":"http://therisingnepal.org.np/news/6587","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150920174448/http://setopati.net/politics/9315","external_links_name":"\"Govt adds 26 municipalities\""},{"Link":"http://setopati.net/politics/9315/","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141026134818/http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/39%20Syangja_VDCLevelReport.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Syangja VDC Level Report\""},{"Link":"http://cbs.gov.np/image/data/Population/VDC-Municipality%20in%20detail/39%20Syangja_VDCLevelReport.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://ddcsyangja.gov.np/","external_links_name":"District Development Committee, Syangja"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhirkot_Municipality&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_Wash_Their_Faces | The Angels Wash Their Faces | ["1 Plot","2 Cast","2.1 The Dead End Kids","2.2 Additional cast","3 Production","4 Reception","5 Home media","6 References","7 External links"] | 1939 film by Ray Enright
The Angels Wash Their FacesTheatrical release posterDirected byRay EnrightWritten byMichael FessierNiven BuschRobert BucknerProduced byMax SiegelStarringAnn SheridanBilly HalopBernard PunslyLeo GorceyHuntz HallGabriel DellBobby JordanRonald ReaganBonita GranvilleFrankie ThomasHenry O'NeillEduardo CiannelliCinematographyArthur L. ToddEdited byJames GibsonMusic byAdolph DeutschDistributed byWarner Bros. PicturesRelease date
August 26, 1939 (1939-08-26)
Running time86 minutesLanguageEnglish
The Angels Wash Their Faces is a 1939 Warner Bros. film directed by Ray Enright and starring Ann Sheridan, Ronald Reagan and the Dead End Kids.
Plot
Gabe Ryan is released from reform school and is taken to a new house by his sister Joy to start a new life where no one knows of his past. However, Gabe immediately joins the Beale Street Termites gang, and meets gangster William Kroner, who accuses Gabe of starting a fire at one Kroner's his properties. Alfred Martino, the actual arsonist, uses the opportunity to frame Gabe for other fires. He torches one of his apartment complexes so that he can collect the insurance money, but one of the kids named Sleepy is killed in the fire.
Patrick Remson, the assistant district attorney, tries to prove Gabe's innocence. His motives are not only to prove Gabe's innocence but also to get closer to Gabe's sister. Joy has devoted her life to helping Gabe and neglects her other interests such as rallying against city-government corruption, which pleases Martino. However, Gabe is found guilty and sentenced to prison.
The other boys, led by Billy, try to help Gabe. Billy runs for mayor and wins. He has Kroner arrested for a small infraction and sends him to jail. Billy and the rest of the gang interrogate Kroner and try to force him to admit that Gabe is innocent, but Kroner does not budge until he is shown proof that his accomplices, Martino and the fire chief, are planning to leave the country. He confesses and Martino and the chief are arrested and sent to prison.
Cast
The Dead End Kids
Billy Halop as Billy Shafter
Bobby Jordan as Bernie Smith
Leo Gorcey as Leo Finnegan
Gabriel Dell as Luigi Batteran
Huntz Hall as Huntz Gartman
Bernard Punsly as Luke 'Sleepy' Arkelian
Additional cast
Ann Sheridan as Joy Ryan
Ronald Reagan as Patrick Remson
Bonita Granville as Peggy Finnegan
Frankie Thomas as Gabe Ryan
Margaret Hamilton as Miss Hannaberry
Marjorie Main as Mrs. Arkelian
Grady Sutton as Gildersleeve (mayor's secretary)
Aldrich Bowker as Turnkey
Cy Kendell as Hynes
Henry O'Neil as Ramson Sr.
Eduardo Ciannelli as Martino
Burton Churchill as Mayor Dooley
Minor Watson as Maloney
Jackie Searle as Alfred Goonplatz
Bernard Nedell as Kramer
Dick Rich as Shuffle
William Hopper as Photographer (uncredited)
Production
The Angels Wash Their Faces was filmed under the title The Battle of the City Hall. It was changed to reference the title of the unrelated film Angels with Dirty Faces, which also starred Ann Sheridan and the Dead End Kids along with James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart and had been released the previous year.
Reception
Variety wrote that although Ray Enright sacrificed "plausibility for action," he had "directed with an eye for the spectacular, including a thrilling fire scene and a dramatic courtroom sequence" and never let "the swift pace ease" while the "screenplay holds no voids in the rapid-fire plot tempo."
Home media
The film was released on DVD by Warner Bros. on November 10, 2010.
References
^ a b "Angels Wash Their Faces". Variety. September 1939: 14.
^ Hayes, David and Brent Walker (1984). The Films of The Bowery Boys. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press.
External links
The Angels Wash Their Faces at IMDb
The Angels Wash Their Faces at the TCM Movie Database
vteThe Dead End Kids
Gabriel Dell
Leo Gorcey
Huntz Hall
Billy Halop
Bobby Jordan
Bernard Punsly
Play
Dead End
Short film
Swingtime in the Movies
Films
Dead End
Crime School
Angels with Dirty Faces
They Made Me a Criminal
Hell's Kitchen
The Angels Wash Their Faces
On Dress Parade
vteFilms directed by Ray Enright
Tracked by the Police (1927)
Jaws of Steel (1927)
The Girl from Chicago (1927)
Land of the Silver Fox (1928)
The Little Wildcat (1928)
Domestic Troubles (1928)
Stolen Kisses (1929)
Skin Deep (1929)
Song of the West (1930)
Golden Dawn (1930)
Dancing Sweeties (1930)
Scarlet Pages (1930)
Play Girl (1932)
The Tenderfoot (1932)
Blondie Johnson (1933)
Tomorrow at Seven (1933)
The Silk Express (1933)
Havana Widows (1933)
I've Got Your Number (1934)
Twenty Million Sweethearts (1934)
The Circus Clown (1934)
Dames (1934)
The St. Louis Kid (1934)
While the Patient Slept (1935)
Traveling Saleslady (1935)
Alibi Ike (1935)
We're in the Money (1935)
Miss Pacific Fleet (1935)
Snowed Under (1935)
Earthworm Tractors (1936)
China Clipper (1936)
Sing Me a Love Song (1937)
Ready, Willing, and Able (1937)
Slim (1937)
The Singing Marine (1937)
Back in Circulation (1937)
Swing Your Lady (1938)
Gold Diggers in Paris (1938)
Hard to Get (1938)
Going Places (1938)
The Angels Wash Their Faces (1939)
On Your Toes (1939)
Brother Rat and a Baby (1940)
Teddy, the Rough Rider (1940)
An Angel from Texas (1940)
River's End (1940)
The Wagons Roll at Night (1941)
Thieves Fall Out (1941)
Bad Men of Missouri (1941)
Law of the Tropics (1941)
Wild Bill Hickok Rides (1942)
The Spoilers (1942)
Men of Texas (1942)
Sin Town (1942)
Good Luck, Mr. Yates (1943)
The Iron Major (1943)
Gung Ho! (1943)
China Sky (1945)
Man Alive (1945)
One Way to Love (1946)
Trail Street (1947)
Albuquerque (1948)
Coroner Creek (1948)
Return of the Bad Men (1948)
South of St. Louis (1949)
Montana (1950)
Kansas Raiders (1950)
Flaming Feather (1952)
The Man from Cairo (1953) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Bros.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Bros."},{"link_name":"Ray Enright","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Enright"},{"link_name":"Ann Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Dead End Kids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dead_End_Kids"}],"text":"The Angels Wash Their Faces is a 1939 Warner Bros. film directed by Ray Enright and starring Ann Sheridan, Ronald Reagan and the Dead End Kids.","title":"The Angels Wash Their Faces"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gabe Ryan is released from reform school and is taken to a new house by his sister Joy to start a new life where no one knows of his past. However, Gabe immediately joins the Beale Street Termites gang, and meets gangster William Kroner, who accuses Gabe of starting a fire at one Kroner's his properties. Alfred Martino, the actual arsonist, uses the opportunity to frame Gabe for other fires. He torches one of his apartment complexes so that he can collect the insurance money, but one of the kids named Sleepy is killed in the fire.Patrick Remson, the assistant district attorney, tries to prove Gabe's innocence. His motives are not only to prove Gabe's innocence but also to get closer to Gabe's sister. Joy has devoted her life to helping Gabe and neglects her other interests such as rallying against city-government corruption, which pleases Martino. However, Gabe is found guilty and sentenced to prison.The other boys, led by Billy, try to help Gabe. Billy runs for mayor and wins. He has Kroner arrested for a small infraction and sends him to jail. Billy and the rest of the gang interrogate Kroner and try to force him to admit that Gabe is innocent, but Kroner does not budge until he is shown proof that his accomplices, Martino and the fire chief, are planning to leave the country. He confesses and Martino and the chief are arrested and sent to prison.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Billy Halop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billy_Halop"},{"link_name":"Bobby Jordan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Jordan"},{"link_name":"Leo Gorcey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Gorcey"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Dell"},{"link_name":"Huntz Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huntz_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bernard Punsly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Punsly"}],"sub_title":"The Dead End Kids","text":"Billy Halop as Billy Shafter\nBobby Jordan as Bernie Smith\nLeo Gorcey as Leo Finnegan\nGabriel Dell as Luigi Batteran\nHuntz Hall as Huntz Gartman\nBernard Punsly as Luke 'Sleepy' Arkelian","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ann Sheridan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ann_Sheridan"},{"link_name":"Ronald Reagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Reagan"},{"link_name":"Bonita Granville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonita_Granville"},{"link_name":"Frankie Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankie_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Margaret Hamilton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(actress)"},{"link_name":"Marjorie Main","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marjorie_Main"},{"link_name":"Grady Sutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grady_Sutton"},{"link_name":"Aldrich Bowker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldrich_Bowker"},{"link_name":"Cy Kendell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cy_Kendall"},{"link_name":"Henry O'Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Eduardo Ciannelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduardo_Ciannelli"},{"link_name":"Burton Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berton_Churchill"},{"link_name":"Minor Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Watson"},{"link_name":"Jackie Searle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Searl"},{"link_name":"Bernard Nedell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Nedell"},{"link_name":"William Hopper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hopper"}],"sub_title":"Additional cast","text":"Ann Sheridan as Joy Ryan\nRonald Reagan as Patrick Remson\nBonita Granville as Peggy Finnegan\nFrankie Thomas as Gabe Ryan\nMargaret Hamilton as Miss Hannaberry\nMarjorie Main as Mrs. Arkelian\nGrady Sutton as Gildersleeve (mayor's secretary)\nAldrich Bowker as Turnkey\nCy Kendell as Hynes\nHenry O'Neil as Ramson Sr.\nEduardo Ciannelli as Martino\nBurton Churchill as Mayor Dooley\nMinor Watson as Maloney\nJackie Searle as Alfred Goonplatz\nBernard Nedell as Kramer\nDick Rich as Shuffle\nWilliam Hopper as Photographer (uncredited)","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Angels with Dirty Faces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels_with_Dirty_Faces"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"James Cagney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Cagney"},{"link_name":"Humphrey Bogart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_Bogart"}],"text":"The Angels Wash Their Faces was filmed under the title The Battle of the City Hall.[1] It was changed to reference the title of the unrelated film Angels with Dirty Faces,[2] which also starred Ann Sheridan and the Dead End Kids along with James Cagney and Humphrey Bogart and had been released the previous year.","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"Variety wrote that although Ray Enright sacrificed \"plausibility for action,\" he had \"directed with an eye for the spectacular, including a thrilling fire scene and a dramatic courtroom sequence\" and never let \"the swift pace ease\" while the \"screenplay holds no voids in the rapid-fire plot tempo.\"[1]","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The film was released on DVD by Warner Bros. on November 10, 2010.","title":"Home media"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Angels Wash Their Faces\". Variety. September 1939: 14.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/variety135-1939-09/page/n13","url_text":"\"Angels Wash Their Faces\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/variety135-1939-09/page/n13","external_links_name":"\"Angels Wash Their Faces\""},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0031045/","external_links_name":"The Angels Wash Their Faces"},{"Link":"https://www.tcm.com/tcmdb/title/2867/enwp","external_links_name":"The Angels Wash Their Faces"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hockey_League_(1999%E2%80%932007) | National Women's Hockey League (1999–2007) | ["1 History","2 Structure","3 NWHL Franchises","3.1 Eastern Division","3.2 Western (1998–2002), Central (2002–07) Division","3.3 Western Division (2002–04, 2006–07)","4 Championship","5 Scoring champions","6 Goal-scoring champions","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"] | North American women's hockey league
This article is about the defunct league. Not to be confused with the league formerly branded as the NWHL between 2015-21, the Premier Hockey Federation.
National Women's Hockey League (1999–2007)SportIce hockeyFounded1999Ceased2007CountriesCanadaUnited States
The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) was a women's ice hockey league established in Canada in service from 1999 to 2007. In its final season the league was run by the Ontario Women's Hockey Association.
History
The NWHL superseded the old Central Ontario Women's Hockey League in 1998–99. After the old COWHL dropped down to three teams in 1997–98, the new league expanded to Brampton, Ottawa and the Montreal area (Montreal, Bonaventure and Laval) in 1998–99. The league was officially renamed the National Women's Hockey League on February 16, 1999 with Susan Fennell as the league's first president/Commissioner. In the inaugural season, the Beatrice Aeros won the West Division while the Bonaventure Wingstar won the East Division.
Under Commissioner Fennell, the NWHL transformed to independent owners with the League negotiating to have cross Canada live television broadcast for the finals. Michael Charbon (MAC Productions) worked with the Commissioner to secure broadcast times with WTN. Games were played in Brampton's Powerade Centre (now called "The CAA Centre"), coinciding with the Brampton Canadettes worlds largest hockey tournament, which brought together teams from all ages and from across North America to compete. A special highlight was attending the Championship Cup games of the NWHL.
Michael Charbon designed the NWHL Logo in the same colors of the NHL logo. Commissioner Fennell sought the approval from Gary Bettman, the NHL Commissioner, and it was granted.
Commissioner Fennell was instrumental in having the Championship Cup purchased and engraved annually with the Champion Team players names, coaches, and even volunteers.
During the NHL strike there was talk that the women should be able to play for the Stanley Cup. Instead, Commissioner Fennell initiated talks with Governor General Adrianne Clarkson and requested consideration to rename the Championship Cup the "Clarkson Cup" as the late Governor General Lord Stanley had done for the NHL years before.
The NWHL league lasted nine years before it disbanded one year after Commissioner Fennell retired 2006 after balancing Mayoral duties and growing a professional sports league. Mayor Fennell signed over all legal instruments for the NWHL to the Ontario Women's Hockey Association (OWHA) to lead the next steps. However, one season later, following the 2006–07 season, all existing owners quit and it appeared there would be no league.
In 2007–08, players from the old NWHL joined new teams in similar markets in the newly formed Canadian Women's Hockey League.
Structure
From the 1998–99 to the 2001–02 seasons, the NWHL consisted of two divisions: the Eastern Division with Quebec-based teams, and the Western Division with Ontario-based teams.
For the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons, the league had three divisions: the Eastern Division with Quebec-based teams, a renamed Central Division with Ontario-based teams, and a new Western Division with teams in Alberta (both seasons) and British Columbia (2002–03 only). The high travel costs for the two Alberta teams caused them to leave the NWHL to form the Western Women's Hockey League, reducing the NWHL to the Eastern and Central Divisions for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons.
The WWHL had five teams, in Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Minnesota, for its own 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons. The WWHL agreed to merge with the NWHL for the 2006–07 NWHL season. The NWHL reverted to three divisions: Eastern Division with Quebec-based teams, the Central Division with Ontario-based teams, and a renewed Western Division with teams Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchwean and Minnesota. The Eastern and Central Division teams scheduled a 35-game unbalanced but interlocking schedule, while the Western Division would only play within itself for the regular season - saving travel costs for all three divisions. The merger broke down midseason, with the WWHL teams treating it as the 2006–07 WWHL season and the remaining NWHL teams handling their playoffs with all four teams from the Central Division and the top two teams from the Eastern Division qualifying for the postseason. In the NWHL playoffs, teams played a best-of-three series to determine the Eastern and Central Division champions, who then met for the NWHL championship. By the end of the 2006–07 NWHL season, the league had fallen into disarray, season records are incomplete, and the league folded shortly after the Central Division's Brampton Thunder defeated the Eastern Division's Montreal Axion to win the last ever NWHL Championship.
NWHL Franchises
The following is list of franchises which existed in all three divisions of the now defunct National Women's Hockey League.
Eastern Division
Montreal Axion, Montreal, Quebec (2003–07)
Montreal Wingstar (1999–2003)
Bonaventure Wingstar (1998–99)
Montreal Jofa Titan, Montreal, Quebec (1998–99)
Ottawa Raiders, Ottawa, Ontario (1999–2007)
National Capital Raiders (1998–99)
note: to CWHL as Ottawa Capital Canucks
Quebec Avalanche, Laval, Quebec (2002–07)
Metropol Le Cheyenne (2001–02)
Sainte-Julie Pantheres (1999–2001)
Laval Le Mistral, Laval, Québec (1998–2001)
Western (1998–2002), Central (2002–07) Division
Brampton Thunder, Brampton, Ontario (1998–2007)
note: to CWHL as Brampton Canadette Thunder
Oakville Ice, Oakville, Ontario (2003–07)
Mississauga Ice Bears (2000–2003)
Mississauga Chiefs (1998–2000)
note: to CWHL as Mississauga Chiefs
Etobicoke Dolphins, Toronto, Ontario (2006–07)
Telus Lightning (2001–06)
Clearnet Lightning (1999–2001)
note: to CWHL as Vaughan Flames
Mississauga Aeros, Mississauga, Ontario (2006–07)
Toronto Aeros (2003–06)
Beatrice Aeros (1998–2003)
Toronto Sting (2000–01)
Scarborough Sting (1998–2000)
Western Division (2002–04, 2006–07)
Vancouver Griffins (2002–03)
Calgary Oval X-Treme, Calgary, Alberta (2002–04, partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)
Edmonton Chimos, Edmonton, Alberta (2002–04, partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)
British Columbia Breakers, Langley, British Columbia (partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)
Strathmore Rockies, Strathmore, Alberta (partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)
Saskatchewan Prairie Ice, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)
Minnesota Whitecaps, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota (partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)
Championship
During its inaugural 1998–99 season, a playoff tournament was held over three consecutive days, resulting in the presentation of a gold, silver and bronze medal.
For the next six seasons, the playoff champion was awarded the NWHL Champions Cup.
For its final two seasons, the championship winner was awarded the Clarkson Cup. Though the NWHL and the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) were considered merged for the 2006–07 season, the WWHL teams did not compete for the Clarkson Cup, instead playing for the WWHL Champions Cup.
After the 2007 disbanding of the NWHL, the Clarkson Cup was presented to the winner of a playoff between WWHL and Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) teams, then solely to the CWHL champion after the WWHL merged with that league.
A list of NWHL Championship winners and the team they met in the final:
Season
Champion
Finalist
Place
1998–99
Brampton Thunder
Bonaventure Wingstar
Brampton
1999–2000
Beatrice Aeros
Sainte-Julie Pantheres
Brampton
2000–01
Beatrice Aeros
Sainte-Julie Pantheres
Brampton
2001–02
Beatrice Aeros
Brampton Thunder
Brampton
2002–03
Calgary Oval X-Treme
Beatrice Aeros
Brampton
2003–04
Calgary Oval X-Treme
Brampton Thunder
Brampton
2004–05
Toronto Aeros
Montreal Axion
Brampton
2005–06
Montreal Axion
Brampton Thunder
Brampton
2006–07
Brampton Thunder
Montreal Axion
Brampton
Scoring champions
2006–07 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
2005–06 – Sommer West, Toronto Aeros
2004–05 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
2003–04 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
2002–03 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
2001–02 – Amy Turek, Beatrice Aeros
2000–01 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder & Amy Turek, Beatrice Aeros
1999–00 – Karen Nystrom, Brampton Thunder
1998–99 – Stephanie Boyd, Brampton Thunder
Goal-scoring champions
2006–07 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
2005–06 – Sommer West, Toronto Aeros
2004–05 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
2003–04 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
2002–03 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
2001–02 – Amy Turek, Beatrice Aeros
2000–01 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder
1999–00 – Karen Nystrom, Brampton Thunder
1998–99 – Angela James, Beatrice Aeros
See also
Canadian Women's Hockey League
Western Women's Hockey League
References
^ "Women's hockey leagues in trademark dispute over rights to 'NWHL'". Globe and Mail. 27 April 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2017.
^ Women's hockey leagues bury hatchet, merge – from Canadian Association for the Advancement of Women and Sport and Physical Activity
^ "Montreal Wingstar 2000 Preview". Canoe.ca. 2000-09-15. Archived from the original on July 22, 2012. Retrieved 2016-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Ottawa Raiders 2000 Preview". Canoe.ca. 2000-09-15. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved 2016-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Laval Le Mistral 2000 Preview". Canoe.ca. 2000-09-15. Archived from the original on July 21, 2012. Retrieved 2016-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Vancouver Griffins 2000 Preview". Canoe.ca. 2000-09-15. Archived from the original on August 1, 2012. Retrieved 2016-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "NWHL Finals". Dgp.toronto.edu. 2000-03-19. Archived from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
^ "Beatrice (North York) Aeros 2000 Preview". Canoe.ca. 2000-09-15. Archived from the original on January 15, 2013. Retrieved 2016-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Sainte-Julie Pantheres 2000 Preview". Canoe.ca. 2000-09-15. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved 2016-12-02.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
^ "Brampton Thunder News: NWHL Championship Eludes Thunder". Archived from the original on 2008-05-03. Retrieved 2010-02-21.
External links
NWHL/COWHL website for 2000–01
Gazette (daily newspaper) Sharing the hockey dream December 16, 2006.
vteNational Women's Hockey League (1999–2007)
Canadian Women's Hockey League
Clarkson Cup
Teams
Toronto Aeros
Quebec Avalanche
Montreal Axion
British Columbia Breakers
Edmonton Chimos
Etobicoke Dolphins
Vancouver Griffins
Oakville Ice
Laval Le Mistral
Calgary Oval X-Treme
Saskatchewan Prairie Ice
Ottawa Raiders
Strathmore Rockies
Scarborough Sting
Toronto Sting
Brampton Thunder
Montreal Jofa Titan
Minnesota Whitecaps
Bonaventure Wingstar
Montreal Wingstar
Seasons
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
2003–04
2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
Category
vteProfessional women's hockey seasonsNWHL
1998–99
1999–2000
2000–01
2001–02
2002–03
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2004–05
2005–06
2006–07
WWHL
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Isobel Cup
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vteTop-level women's ice hockey leagues
International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF)
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Defunct leagues
CWHL (2007–2019)
Interliga (2003–04)
NWHL (1999–2007)
PHF (2015–2023)
Western Canada (2004–2011)
Defunct tournaments
IIHF European Women's Champions Cup
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vteMajor women's sport leagues in North America Leaguesby sportBasketball
WNBA
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U Sports
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Lacrosse | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Premier Hockey Federation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premier_Hockey_Federation"},{"link_name":"women's ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Ontario Women's Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Women%27s_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"This article is about the defunct league. Not to be confused with the league formerly branded as the NWHL between 2015-21, the Premier Hockey Federation.The National Women's Hockey League (NWHL) was a women's ice hockey league established in Canada in service from 1999 to 2007. In its final season the league was run by the Ontario Women's Hockey Association.[1]","title":"National Women's Hockey League (1999–2007)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Central Ontario Women's Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Ontario_Women%27s_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Beatrice Aeros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto_Aeros"},{"link_name":"Bonaventure Wingstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Axion"},{"link_name":"Powerade Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powerade_Centre"},{"link_name":"Ontario Women's Hockey Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario_Women%27s_Hockey_Association"},{"link_name":"Canadian Women's Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League"}],"text":"The NWHL superseded the old Central Ontario Women's Hockey League in 1998–99. After the old COWHL dropped down to three teams in 1997–98, the new league expanded to Brampton, Ottawa and the Montreal area (Montreal, Bonaventure and Laval) in 1998–99. The league was officially renamed the National Women's Hockey League on February 16, 1999 with Susan Fennell as the league's first president/Commissioner. In the inaugural season, the Beatrice Aeros won the West Division while the Bonaventure Wingstar won the East Division. \nUnder Commissioner Fennell, the NWHL transformed to independent owners with the League negotiating to have cross Canada live television broadcast for the finals. Michael Charbon (MAC Productions) worked with the Commissioner to secure broadcast times with WTN. Games were played in Brampton's Powerade Centre (now called \"The CAA Centre\"), coinciding with the Brampton Canadettes worlds largest hockey tournament, which brought together teams from all ages and from across North America to compete. A special highlight was attending the Championship Cup games of the NWHL.Michael Charbon designed the NWHL Logo in the same colors of the NHL logo. Commissioner Fennell sought the approval from Gary Bettman, the NHL Commissioner, and it was granted.Commissioner Fennell was instrumental in having the Championship Cup purchased and engraved annually with the Champion Team players names, coaches, and even volunteers.During the NHL strike there was talk that the women should be able to play for the Stanley Cup. Instead, Commissioner Fennell initiated talks with Governor General Adrianne Clarkson and requested consideration to rename the Championship Cup the \"Clarkson Cup\" as the late Governor General Lord Stanley had done for the NHL years before.The NWHL league lasted nine years before it disbanded one year after Commissioner Fennell retired 2006 after balancing Mayoral duties and growing a professional sports league. Mayor Fennell signed over all legal instruments for the NWHL to the Ontario Women's Hockey Association (OWHA) to lead the next steps. However, one season later, following the 2006–07 season, all existing owners quit and it appeared there would be no league.In 2007–08, players from the old NWHL joined new teams in similar markets in the newly formed Canadian Women's Hockey League.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998–99","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NWHL_season"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001-02_NWHL_season"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"2002–03","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002-03_NWHL_season"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003-04_NWHL_season"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Western Women's Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Women%27s_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004-05_NWHL_season"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005-06_NWHL_season"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_WWHL_season"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_WWHL_season"},{"link_name":"2006–07 NWHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_NWHL_season"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"2006–07 WWHL season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006%E2%80%9307_WWHL_season"},{"link_name":"Brampton Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Montreal Axion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Axion"}],"text":"From the 1998–99 to the 2001–02 seasons, the NWHL consisted of two divisions: the Eastern Division with Quebec-based teams, and the Western Division with Ontario-based teams.For the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons, the league had three divisions: the Eastern Division with Quebec-based teams, a renamed Central Division with Ontario-based teams, and a new Western Division with teams in Alberta (both seasons) and British Columbia (2002–03 only). The high travel costs for the two Alberta teams caused them to leave the NWHL to form the Western Women's Hockey League, reducing the NWHL to the Eastern and Central Divisions for the 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons.The WWHL had five teams, in Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchewan and Minnesota, for its own 2004–05 and 2005–06 seasons. The WWHL agreed to merge with the NWHL for the 2006–07 NWHL season.[2] The NWHL reverted to three divisions: Eastern Division with Quebec-based teams, the Central Division with Ontario-based teams, and a renewed Western Division with teams Alberta, British Columbia, Saskatchwean and Minnesota. The Eastern and Central Division teams scheduled a 35-game unbalanced but interlocking schedule, while the Western Division would only play within itself for the regular season - saving travel costs for all three divisions. The merger broke down midseason, with the WWHL teams treating it as the 2006–07 WWHL season and the remaining NWHL teams handling their playoffs with all four teams from the Central Division and the top two teams from the Eastern Division qualifying for the postseason. In the NWHL playoffs, teams played a best-of-three series to determine the Eastern and Central Division champions, who then met for the NWHL championship. By the end of the 2006–07 NWHL season, the league had fallen into disarray, season records are incomplete, and the league folded shortly after the Central Division's Brampton Thunder defeated the Eastern Division's Montreal Axion to win the last ever NWHL Championship.","title":"Structure"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The following is list of franchises which existed in all three divisions of the now defunct National Women's Hockey League.","title":"NWHL Franchises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Montreal Axion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Axion"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Montreal Wingstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Axion"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Bonaventure Wingstar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Axion"},{"link_name":"Montreal Jofa Titan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Jofa_Titan"},{"link_name":"Ottawa Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa_Senators_(CWHL)"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CWHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Quebec Avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"Laval, Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Quebec"},{"link_name":"Metropol Le Cheyenne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"Sainte-Julie Pantheres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Avalanche"},{"link_name":"Laval Le Mistral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval_Le_Mistral"},{"link_name":"Laval, Québec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laval,_Qu%C3%A9bec"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Eastern Division","text":"Montreal Axion, Montreal, Quebec (2003–07)\nMontreal Wingstar (1999–2003)[3]\nBonaventure Wingstar (1998–99)\nMontreal Jofa Titan, Montreal, Quebec (1998–99)\nOttawa Raiders, Ottawa, Ontario (1999–2007)[4]\nNational Capital Raiders (1998–99)\nnote: to CWHL as Ottawa Capital Canucks\nQuebec Avalanche, Laval, Quebec (2002–07)\nMetropol Le Cheyenne (2001–02)\nSainte-Julie Pantheres (1999–2001)\nLaval Le Mistral, Laval, Québec (1998–2001)[5]","title":"NWHL Franchises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brampton Thunder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton_Thunder"},{"link_name":"Brampton, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brampton,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"CWHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Oakville 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Flames\nMississauga Aeros, Mississauga, Ontario (2006–07)\nToronto Aeros (2003–06)\nBeatrice Aeros (1998–2003)\nToronto Sting (2000–01)\nScarborough Sting (1998–2000)","title":"NWHL Franchises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vancouver Griffins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Griffins"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Calgary Oval X-Treme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary_Oval_X-Treme"},{"link_name":"Calgary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"WWHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Women%27s_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Edmonton Chimos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton_Chimos"},{"link_name":"Edmonton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmonton"},{"link_name":"Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alberta"},{"link_name":"British Columbia 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Edmonton, Alberta (2002–04, partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)\nBritish Columbia Breakers, Langley, British Columbia (partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)\nStrathmore Rockies, Strathmore, Alberta (partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)\nSaskatchewan Prairie Ice, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan (partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)\nMinnesota Whitecaps, Brooklyn Center, Minnesota (partial 2006–07 season, reverted to WWHL)","title":"NWHL Franchises"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"1998–99 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1998%E2%80%9399_NWHL_season"},{"link_name":"Clarkson Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarkson_Cup"},{"link_name":"Western Women's Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Women%27s_Hockey_League"},{"link_name":"Canadian Women's Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League"}],"text":"During its inaugural 1998–99 season, a playoff tournament was held over three consecutive days, resulting in the presentation of a gold, silver and bronze medal.For the next six seasons, the playoff champion was awarded the NWHL Champions Cup.For its final two seasons, the championship winner was awarded the Clarkson Cup. Though the NWHL and the Western Women's Hockey League (WWHL) were considered merged for the 2006–07 season, the WWHL teams did not compete for the Clarkson Cup, instead playing for the WWHL Champions Cup.After the 2007 disbanding of the NWHL, the Clarkson Cup was presented to the winner of a playoff between WWHL and Canadian Women's Hockey League (CWHL) teams, then solely to the CWHL champion after the WWHL merged with that league.A list of NWHL Championship winners and the team they met in the final:","title":"Championship"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayna Hefford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayna_Hefford"},{"link_name":"Sommer West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer_West"},{"link_name":"Karen Nystrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Nystrom"}],"text":"2006–07 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n2005–06 – Sommer West, Toronto Aeros\n2004–05 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n2003–04 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n2002–03 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n2001–02 – Amy Turek, Beatrice Aeros\n2000–01 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder & Amy Turek, Beatrice Aeros\n1999–00 – Karen Nystrom, Brampton Thunder\n1998–99 – Stephanie Boyd, Brampton Thunder","title":"Scoring champions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jayna Hefford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayna_Hefford"},{"link_name":"Sommer West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sommer_West"},{"link_name":"Karen Nystrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_Nystrom"},{"link_name":"Angela James","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_James"}],"text":"2006–07 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n2005–06 – Sommer West, Toronto Aeros\n2004–05 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n2003–04 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n2002–03 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n2001–02 – Amy Turek, Beatrice Aeros\n2000–01 – Jayna Hefford, Brampton Thunder\n1999–00 – Karen Nystrom, Brampton Thunder\n1998–99 – Angela James, Beatrice Aeros","title":"Goal-scoring champions"}] | [] | [{"title":"Canadian Women's Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Women%27s_Hockey_League"},{"title":"Western Women's Hockey League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Women%27s_Hockey_League"}] | [{"reference":"\"Women's hockey leagues in trademark dispute over rights to 'NWHL'\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dmitri_Ilyich_Kozlov | Dmitri Kozlov (engineer) | ["1 Early life","2 Military career","3 Further education","4 Work","5 Awards and accolades","6 See also","7 Literature","8 References"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dmitri Kozlov" engineer – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Dr.Dmitry KozlovДмитрий Ильич КозловBronze monument in memory of D. I. Kozlov (Samara, Russia)BornDmitry Ilyich KozlovCitizenshipSoviet UnionOccupations
Scientist
Engineer
Known forscientist in aerospace engineeringTitle
Doctor of Science
Professor
Signature
Dmitry Ilyich Kozlov (1 October 1919, Tikhoretsk – 7 March 2009, Samara) was a Russian aerospace engineer who founded the Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center.
Kozlov fought the Nazis in the Second World War, losing his left arm. In the 1950s he worked under Sergey Korolyov and was in charge of designing the R-7 missile. As a leading designer of intercontinental ballistic missiles Kozlov was awarded a Lenin Prize (1957), two USSR State Prizes (1976, 1983), a Russian Federation State Prize (1994) and was named a Hero of Socialist Labour on two occasions (1961, 1979).
Early life
Kozlov was born on October 1, 1919, in the village of Tikhoretskaya in the Caucasian Department of the Kuban Region (now Tikhoretsk, Krasnodar Krai, Russia). His father worked in railway transport so he moved schools frequently. He studied in Vladikavkaz, Grozny, Novorossiyk and finally graduating from high school in Pyatigorsk in 1937. He'd hoped to be a sailor, but was not accepted into naval school due to his poor eyesight. In 1937 he enrolled the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute until his fifth year when he enrolled in the Leningrad People's Militia in 1941 on the outbreak of World War II.
Military career
While in the Leningrad Peoples Militia, he was wounded in August 1941 in the battles near Luha. After recovering from his wounds, he enlisted in the Red Army's 165th Construction Battalion of the 2nd Shock Army on the Volkhov Front. He became a second lieutenant in November 1943 and by the end of 1943, he was the platoon commander of the 71st Separate Marine Rifle Brigade. During the Leningrad-Novgorod offensive operation (January–February 1944), he was seriously wounded for a second time. During the Vyborg offensive operation on July 12, 1944, he lost his left arm. In September 1944, he was finally demobilized for his disabilities, so he returned to his education.
Further education
After Dmitri returned to the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, he graduated in December 1945. In 1946, he studied at a special course at the Moscow Higher Technical School. In June 1946, he worked as part of a technical commission to study the captured rocket technology from Germany when he met Sergey Korolyov.
Work
In May 1946, he worked at Plant No. 88 of the Ministry of Armament of the USSR in Kaliningrad on the development of long-range guided ballistic missiles. Starting in June 1951, he worked at OKB-1 of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Defense Equipment in Kaliningrad where he became the lead designer of the R-5 ballistic missile and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile: the R-7. In April 1958, he became the Deputy Chief Designer of OKB-1 responsible for the mass production of the R-7 missile in Kuibyshev. In January 1961, Kozlov led the design of the first two stages of what would become the launch vehicle of the Vostok spacecraft, which enabled Yuri Gagarin to make the world's first human flight to outer space. After 1967, Dmitri led the development of a number of Soviet satellites that studied ecology, mapping and space research. From 1983, he was the Central Specialized Design Bureau head and general designer. In 1996, he was the General Designer of the Progress program. He retired in 2003.
Awards and accolades
Four Orders of Lenin (April 20, 1956, July 29, 1960, June 17, 1961, and July 26, 1979)
Orders of the October Revolution (April 26, 1971)
Patriotic War of the 1st Degree (March 11, 1985)
Red Star (April 7, 1944)
Russian Order "For Merit to the Fatherland", 2nd Degree (November 11, 1994)
Gold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1996)
Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1957)
Two USSR State Prizes (1976, 1983)
State Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of Science and Technology (1994)
Honored Worker of Industry of the USSR (1989)
Honored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation (1992)
A bronze bust of Kozlov was installed in the city of Tikhoretsk
In Samara, a memorial plaque was installed on the house that he lived.
See also
List of Russian inventors
Literature
"Rockets and people" – B. E. Chertok, M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 (in Russian);
A.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2.
"S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity" - edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014 ISBN 978-5-906674-04-3
References
^ "Скончался бывший генконструктор "ЦСКБ-Прогресс" Дмитрий Козлов". Gazeta.ru. 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-04-01.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah "Козлов Дмитрий Ильич". www.warheroes.ru. Retrieved 2020-05-15.
^ a b "Russian scientist Dmitry Kozlov (1917-2009) - collectSPACE: Messages". www.collectspace.com. Retrieved 2021-09-05.
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VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tikhoretsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhoretsk"},{"link_name":"Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara,_Russia"},{"link_name":"aerospace engineer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerospace_engineer"},{"link_name":"Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_State_Research_and_Production_Rocket_Space_Center"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gazeta-1"},{"link_name":"Nazis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Sergey Korolyov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Korolyov"},{"link_name":"R-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka"},{"link_name":"intercontinental ballistic missiles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile"},{"link_name":"Lenin Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Prize"},{"link_name":"USSR State Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"Russian Federation State Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Federation_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"Hero of Socialist Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Dmitry Ilyich Kozlov (1 October 1919, Tikhoretsk – 7 March 2009, Samara) was a Russian aerospace engineer who founded the Progress State Research and Production Rocket Space Center.[1]Kozlov fought the Nazis in the Second World War, losing his left arm.[2] In the 1950s he worked under Sergey Korolyov and was in charge of designing the R-7 missile. As a leading designer of intercontinental ballistic missiles Kozlov was awarded a Lenin Prize (1957), two USSR State Prizes (1976, 1983), a Russian Federation State Prize (1994) and was named a Hero of Socialist Labour on two occasions (1961, 1979).[2]","title":"Dmitri Kozlov (engineer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tikhoretsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhoretsk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Vladikavkaz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladikavkaz"},{"link_name":"Grozny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grozny"},{"link_name":"Pyatigorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyatigorsk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Leningrad People's Militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_People%27s_Militia_Army"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Kozlov was born on October 1, 1919, in the village of Tikhoretskaya in the Caucasian Department of the Kuban Region (now Tikhoretsk, Krasnodar Krai, Russia).[2] His father worked in railway transport so he moved schools frequently. He studied in Vladikavkaz, Grozny, Novorossiyk and finally graduating from high school in Pyatigorsk in 1937.[2] He'd hoped to be a sailor, but was not accepted into naval school due to his poor eyesight.[2] In 1937 he enrolled the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute until his fifth year when he enrolled in the Leningrad People's Militia in 1941 on the outbreak of World War II.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Red Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Army"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"While in the Leningrad Peoples Militia, he was wounded in August 1941 in the battles near Luha.[2] After recovering from his wounds, he enlisted in the Red Army's 165th Construction Battalion of the 2nd Shock Army on the Volkhov Front.[2] He became a second lieutenant in November 1943 and by the end of 1943, he was the platoon commander of the 71st Separate Marine Rifle Brigade.[2] During the Leningrad-Novgorod offensive operation (January–February 1944), he was seriously wounded for a second time.[2] During the Vyborg offensive operation on July 12, 1944, he lost his left arm.[2] In September 1944, he was finally demobilized for his disabilities, so he returned to his education.[2]","title":"Military career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Moscow Higher Technical School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bauman_Moscow_State_Technical_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"After Dmitri returned to the Leningrad Military Mechanical Institute, he graduated in December 1945.[2] In 1946, he studied at a special course at the Moscow Higher Technical School.[2] In June 1946, he worked as part of a technical commission to study the captured rocket technology from Germany when he met Sergey Korolyov.[2]","title":"Further education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kaliningrad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaliningrad"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"R-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-5_Pobeda"},{"link_name":"R-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R-7_Semyorka"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Kuibyshev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Vostok spacecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vostok_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"Yuri Gagarin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuri_Gagarin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"Progress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progress_(spacecraft)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"In May 1946, he worked at Plant No. 88 of the Ministry of Armament of the USSR in Kaliningrad on the development of long-range guided ballistic missiles.[2] Starting in June 1951, he worked at OKB-1 of the State Committee of the Council of Ministers of the USSR for Defense Equipment in Kaliningrad where he became the lead designer of the R-5 ballistic missile and the world's first intercontinental ballistic missile: the R-7.[2] In April 1958, he became the Deputy Chief Designer of OKB-1 responsible for the mass production of the R-7 missile in Kuibyshev.[2] In January 1961, Kozlov led the design of the first two stages of what would become the launch vehicle of the Vostok spacecraft, which enabled Yuri Gagarin to make the world's first human flight to outer space.[2] After 1967, Dmitri led the development of a number of Soviet satellites that studied ecology, mapping and space research.[2] From 1983, he was the Central Specialized Design Bureau head and general designer.[3] In 1996, he was the General Designer of the Progress program.[3] He retired in 2003.[2]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orders of Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Lenin"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Orders of the October Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_October_Revolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"USSR State Prizes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USSR_State_Prize"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Tikhoretsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikhoretsk"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Samara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samara"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"}],"text":"Four Orders of Lenin (April 20, 1956, July 29, 1960, June 17, 1961, and July 26, 1979)[2]\nOrders of the October Revolution (April 26, 1971)[2]\nPatriotic War of the 1st Degree (March 11, 1985)[2]\nRed Star (April 7, 1944)[2]\nRussian Order \"For Merit to the Fatherland\", 2nd Degree (November 11, 1994)[2]\nGold Medal of the Russian Academy of Sciences (1996)[2]\nLaureate of the Lenin Prize (1957)[2]\nTwo USSR State Prizes (1976, 1983)[2]\nState Prize of the Russian Federation in the field of Science and Technology (1994)[2]\nHonored Worker of Industry of the USSR (1989)[2]\nHonored Worker of Science and Technology of the Russian Federation (1992)[2]\nA bronze bust of Kozlov was installed in the city of Tikhoretsk[2]\nIn Samara, a memorial plaque was installed on the house that he lived.[2]","title":"Awards and accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Rockets and people\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html"},{"link_name":"B. E. Chertok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Chertok"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"5-217-02942-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-217-02942-0"},{"link_name":"A.I. Ostashev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkady_Ostashev"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-8135-0510-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-8135-0510-2"},{"link_name":"RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S.P._Korolev_Rocket_and_Space_Corporation_Energia"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-5-906674-04-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-906674-04-3"}],"text":"\"Rockets and people\" – B. E. Chertok, M: \"mechanical engineering\", 1999. ISBN 5-217-02942-0 (in Russian);\nA.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Genius of the 20th Century — 2010 M. of Public Educational Institution of Higher Professional Training MGUL ISBN 978-5-8135-0510-2.\n\"S. P. Korolev. Encyclopedia of life and creativity\" - edited by C. A. Lopota, RSC Energia. S. P. Korolev, 2014 ISBN 978-5-906674-04-3","title":"Literature"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of Russian inventors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Russian_inventors"}] | [{"reference":"\"Скончался бывший генконструктор \"ЦСКБ-Прогресс\" Дмитрий Козлов\". Gazeta.ru. 2009-03-07. Retrieved 2009-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2009/03/07/n_1338582.shtml","url_text":"\"Скончался бывший генконструктор \"ЦСКБ-Прогресс\" Дмитрий Козлов\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazeta.ru","url_text":"Gazeta.ru"}]},{"reference":"\"Козлов Дмитрий Ильич\". www.warheroes.ru. Retrieved 2020-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10441","url_text":"\"Козлов Дмитрий Ильич\""}]},{"reference":"\"Russian scientist Dmitry Kozlov (1917-2009) - collectSPACE: Messages\". www.collectspace.com. Retrieved 2021-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum38/HTML/000977.html","url_text":"\"Russian scientist Dmitry Kozlov (1917-2009) - collectSPACE: Messages\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Dmitri+Kozlov%22+engineer","external_links_name":"\"Dmitri Kozlov\" engineer"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Dmitri+Kozlov%22+engineer+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Dmitri+Kozlov%22+engineer&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Dmitri+Kozlov%22+engineer+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Dmitri+Kozlov%22+engineer","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Dmitri+Kozlov%22+engineer&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"http://epizodsspace.airbase.ru/bibl/chertok/kniga-1/01.html","external_links_name":"\"Rockets and people\""},{"Link":"http://www.gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2009/03/07/n_1338582.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Скончался бывший генконструктор \"ЦСКБ-Прогресс\" Дмитрий Козлов\""},{"Link":"http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=10441","external_links_name":"\"Козлов Дмитрий Ильич\""},{"Link":"http://www.collectspace.com/ubb/Forum38/HTML/000977.html","external_links_name":"\"Russian scientist Dmitry Kozlov (1917-2009) - collectSPACE: Messages\""},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4065160668295503560005","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n98061209","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mauro_E._Mujica | John Tanton | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Political advocacy","3.1 Promotion of eugenics","3.2 Opposition to immigration","3.3 Resignation from U.S. English","3.4 Funding of FAIR","3.5 Southern Poverty Law Center criticism","4 Personal life","5 References","6 External links"] | American white nationalist and anti-immigration activist (1934–2019)
John TantonTanton in October 2004Born(1934-02-23)February 23, 1934Detroit, Michigan, U.S.DiedJuly 16, 2019(2019-07-16) (aged 85)Petoskey, Michigan, U.S.Alma materMichigan State University (BS)University of Michigan (MS, MD)Occupation(s)Ophthalmologist, activistSpouseMary Lou Tanton
John Hamilton Tanton (February 23, 1934 – July 16, 2019) was an American ophthalmologist, and anti-immigration activist. He was the founder and first chairman of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), an anti-immigration organization. He was the co-founder of the Center for Immigration Studies, an anti-immigration think tank; and NumbersUSA, an anti-immigration lobbying group. He was chairman of U.S. English and ProEnglish. He was briefly President of Zero Population Growth. He was the founder of The Social Contract Press, which published a quarterly journal of nativist and white nationalist writers called The Social Contract until the fall of 2019. He founded the pro-eugenics organization Society for Genetic Education.
Early life
Tanton was born in 1934 in Detroit. In 1945, he moved with his family to a farm northeast of Bay City, Michigan, on which his mother had been raised and on which he worked.
Tanton graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Michigan State University in 1956, received an M.D. from the University of Michigan in 1960, and received an M.S. in ophthalmology from the University of Michigan in 1964.
Career
Tanton ran an ophthalmology practice in Petoskey, Michigan.
Political advocacy
Tanton was an anti-immigration activist. He was the founder and patron of many anti-immigration non-profit organizations, including ProEnglish.
Earlier in his advocacy career, he founded the Petoskey chapter of the Sierra Club, helped found the northern Michigan chapter of Planned Parenthood, and became an active member and then president of Zero Population Growth from 1975 to 1977. Unable to secure support from colleagues in groups such as Planned Parenthood and the Sierra Club to limit immigration, in 1979 he founded the non-profit Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) with early support from Warren Buffett and Eugene McCarthy, with the promise that it would be "centrist/liberal in political orientation". In 1983, he co-founded U.S. English with former United States Senator S. I. Hayakawa to advocate for making English the official language of the United States.
Additionally, Tanton co-founded and was heavily involved in the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS), Numbers USA, the American Immigration Control Foundation, American Patrol/Voices of Citizens Together, Californians for Population Stabilization, and ProjectUSA. Donations flow through U.S. Inc., which also supports Scenic Michigan, the International Dark-Sky Association, the Foreign Policy Association's Great Decisions Series, and the Harbor Springs chapter of the North Country Trail Association. Tanton served on the Board of Population-Environment Balance.
Tanton founded the Social Contract Press in 1990. He served as its publisher. Additionally, he was the editor-in-chief of its journal, The Social Contract, since 1998. He co-authored the book The Immigrant Invasion with Wayne Lutton, which was published by the Social Contract Press in 1994.
Promotion of eugenics
According to CNN, Tanton "has openly embraced eugenics, the science of improving the genetic quality of the human population by encouraging selective breeding and at times, advocating for the sterilization of genetically undesirable groups." Tanton wrote a paper in 1975 arguing for "passive eugenics" whereby child-bearing would be restricted to those between the ages of 20 and 35. He also founded the pro-eugenics organization, the Society for Genetic Education (SAGE).
Opposition to immigration
In the words of Rafael Bernal of the Hill, Tanton's opposition to immigration was "on the grounds of population reduction and protection of an ethnic white majority". According to the New York Times, Tanton over time increasingly made his case against immigration in "racial terms". According to the New York Times, Tanton also said "One of my prime concerns is about the decline of folks who look like you and me ... for European-American society and culture to persist requires a European-American majority, and a clear one at that."
Resignation from U.S. English
In 1988, shortly before a referendum in Arizona to make English the state's official language, a memo written by Tanton in 1986 was leaked to the media. After the memo was published in various newspapers including the Arizona Republic, executive director Linda Chavez resigned,. Former supporters of the group, including Walter Cronkite, Saul Bellow, and Gore Vidal, also ended their association, and Tanton resigned from his position as chairman.
Tanton complained that he had been smeared as a racist.
Funding of FAIR
Under Tanton's leadership FAIR was criticized for taking funding for many years from the Pioneer Fund, a non-profit foundation dedicated to "improving the character of the American people" by, among other things, promoting the practice of eugenics, or selective breeding. FAIR responded to this criticism by asserting that the Pioneer Fund clearly states that it supports equal opportunity for all Americans, regardless of race, religion, national origin, or ethnicity; that other major organizations, including universities in the United States and other countries, have also accepted grants from the Fund; and that the Pioneer Fund's contributions to FAIR were used only for the general operation of the organization.
Southern Poverty Law Center criticism
Both FAIR and Social Contract Press are designated as hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). In 2001, the SPLC included these groups, and Tanton, in a list of inter-connected network of anti-immigration groups which espouse bigotry, either openly, or thinly disguised.
In February 2009, the SPLC again described his views as racist. Tanton's environmentalist and anti-immigration activities are well-documented in 15 file boxes of archives he donated to the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan. Another 10 file boxes are sealed until 2035. A February 2009 Southern Poverty Law Center report examined Tanton's written correspondence highlighted alleged connections between Tanton's anti-immigration efforts and white supremacist, neo-Nazi and pro-eugenics leaders.
The introduction to the report read:
FAIR, CIS and NumbersUSA are all part of a network of restrictionist organizations conceived and created by John Tanton, the "puppeteer" of the nativist movement and a man with deep racist roots. As the first article in this report shows, Tanton has for decades been at the heart of the white nationalist scene. He has met with leading white supremacists and associated closely with the leaders of a eugenicist foundation once described by a leading newspaper as a "neo-Nazi organization." He has made a series of racist statements about Latinos and worried that they were outbreeding whites. At one point, he wrote candidly that to maintain American culture, "a European-American majority" is required.
Tanton rejected the Southern Poverty Law Center's accusations of being a racist and eugenicist in a 2010 article, "SPLC’s MO: Audacter calumniare semper aliquid haeret (slander boldly, something always sticks)".
Personal life
Tanton was married to Mary Lou Tanton. She chairs the U.S. Immigration Reform PAC. She also co-founded Scenic Michigan.
Tanton had Parkinson's disease for his last 16 years. He died in Petoskey on July 16, 2019.
References
^ a b Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019). "John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2020.
^ a b "Anti-immigrant leader Dr. John Tanton of Michigan dies at 85". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
^ "The Social Contract Publishes its Last Tract". Southern Poverty Law Center. April 23, 2020.
^ Gonzalez, Josue M. (June 5, 2008). Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781452265964. Retrieved March 1, 2019 – via Google Books.
^ a b "John Tanton Papers 1960-2007: Biography". Bentley Historical Library. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ "Sustainable Agriculture?" (PDF). The Social Contract Press.
^ a b c DeParle, Jason (April 17, 2011). "The Anti-Immigration Crusader". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2016.
^ a b c d Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019). "John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Pear, Robert (July 15, 2007). "Little-Known Group Claims a Win on Immigration". New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2008. Numbers USA is one of many organizations fostered by John H. Tanton, an ophthalmologist from Michigan who has also championed efforts to protect the environment, limit population growth and promote English as an official language.
^ "John Tanton's Network". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Summer 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
^ a b Díez, Beatriz (December 3, 2019). "'English Only': The movement to limit Spanish speaking in US". BBC News. Retrieved March 13, 2022.
^ a b Hayes, Christopher (April 24, 2006). "Keeping America Empty – In These Times". In These Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Portes, Alejandro (Spring 2002). "English-only triumphs, but the costs are high". Contexts. 1: 10–15. doi:10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10. S2CID 62565233. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Woods, Joshua; Manning, Jason; Matz, Jacob (October 2, 2015). "The Impression Management Tactics of an Immigration Think Tank". Sociological Focus. 48 (4): 354–372. doi:10.1080/00380237.2015.1064852. ISSN 0038-0237. S2CID 157399186.
^ Ellis, Emma (January 14, 2017). "Fake Think Tanks Fuel Fake News". Wired. Retrieved March 13, 2018.
^ Sherman, Amy (March 22, 2017). "Is the Center for Immigration Studies a 'hate group' ?". PolitiFact Florida. Retrieved April 6, 2018.
^ "The organized anti-immigration 'movement,' increasingly in bed with racist hate groups, is dominated by one man, John Tanton". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Summer 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
^ "The Puppeteer". Hate in the News. Tolerance.org. June 18, 2002. Archived from the original on August 10, 2002.
^ "The Network". Hate in the News. Tolerance.org. June 18, 2002. Archived from the original on December 26, 2002.
^ "The Social Contract Journal". Social Contract Press.
^ Lutton, Wayne; Tanton, John (1994). The Immigrant Invasion. Petoskey: Social Contract Press. ISBN 1881780015. OCLC 476592586.
^ Santana, Maria (April 12, 2017). "Hard-line anti-illegal immigration advocates hired at 2 federal agencies". CNN.com. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
^ a b "Ties Between Anti-Immigrant Movement and Eugenics". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
^ Master, Cyra (April 12, 2017). "DHS hires incense immigration supporters". TheHill. Retrieved April 13, 2017.
^ a b Deparle, Jason (April 17, 2011). "The Anti-Immigration Crusader". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2017.
^ Kuang, Brian (September 18, 2018). "John Tanton, the nativist next door". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ "'WITAN Memo' III: Addressed to attendees of Tanton's exclusive retreats, where colleagues met to discuss the future of immigration, this memo is the most explicit, discussing Latinos and others in derogatory terms". The Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2023.
^ Chavez, Linda (August 9, 2019). "When Humans Are Seen As Pollutants". The Bulwark. Retrieved August 9, 2019.
^ a b Potok, Mark, Intelligence Report, Spring 2004, pp. 59–63.
^ Tanton, John (October 30, 1988). "U.S. English – it's being victimized by the 'Big Lie'". Houston Chronicle. p. 5.
^ "Pioneer Fund Grants, Part VI". Institute for the Study of Academic Racism. Ferris State University. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2009.
^ "Response to the Southern Poverty Law Center". Federation for American Immigration Reform. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012.
^ "Federation for American Immigration Reform". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
^ "The Social Contract Press". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
^ "Anti-Immigration Groups". Intelligence Report (101). Southern Poverty Law Center. Spring 2001. Retrieved December 4, 2018.
^ "John Tanton". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 30, 2017.
^ a b Beirich, Heidi (February 26, 2009). "SPLC: The Nativist Lobby: Three Faces of Intolerance" (PDF). Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
^ a b "John Tanton's files". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
^ "The Social Contract Journal", Volume 20, Number 3 (Spring 2010)
Issue theme: "The Southern Poverty Law Center – A Special Report". cf. https://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/tsc_20_3/tsc_20_3_tanton.shtml
^ Bulkeley, Deborah (February 25, 2006). "Foe of immigrant tuition denies supremacist links". Deseret News. pp. B.01. ISSN 0745-4724.
^ "Mary Lou Tanton". Michigan 4-H Foundation.
^ Slagter, Martin (July 18, 2019). "Michigan founder of anti-immigration movement John Tanton dead at 85". mlive.com. Retrieved July 18, 2019.
External links
"The Puppeteer Replies", by John Tanton – John Tanton's reply to the Southern Poverty Law Center Puppeteer article
"Father of Anti-Immigration Movement Awaits History's Judgment", by Jonathan Tilove, The Grand Rapids Press (April 23, 2006). (© Newhouse News) (Profile of Tanton)
Common Sense on Mass Immigration, published by John Tanton's The Social Contract, is an introductory collection of mini-essays in a 40-page softcover pocket-sized booklet.
The Ethics of Immigration Policy, published by John Tanton's The Social Contract is a downloadable collection of mini-essays, also published in a 40-page softcover pocket-sized booklet.
Authority control databases International
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Other
SNAC | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"ophthalmologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmologist"},{"link_name":"anti-immigration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-immigration"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFPObit-2"},{"link_name":"Federation for American Immigration Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform"},{"link_name":"Center for Immigration Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies"},{"link_name":"NumbersUSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NumbersUSA"},{"link_name":"ProEnglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProEnglish"},{"link_name":"Zero Population Growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Population_Growth"},{"link_name":"The Social Contract Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contract_Press"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-last_tract-3"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"}],"text":"John Hamilton Tanton[1] (February 23, 1934 – July 16, 2019) was an American ophthalmologist, and anti-immigration activist.[2] He was the founder and first chairman of the Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR), an anti-immigration organization. He was the co-founder of the Center for Immigration Studies, an anti-immigration think tank; and NumbersUSA, an anti-immigration lobbying group. He was chairman of U.S. English and ProEnglish. He was briefly President of Zero Population Growth. He was the founder of The Social Contract Press, which published a quarterly journal of nativist and white nationalist writers called The Social Contract until the fall of 2019.[3] He founded the pro-eugenics organization Society for Genetic Education.","title":"John Tanton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-univmichiganjohntanton-5"},{"link_name":"Bay City, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_City,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Michigan State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-univmichiganjohntanton-5"}],"text":"Tanton was born in 1934 in Detroit.[4][5] In 1945, he moved with his family to a farm northeast of Bay City, Michigan, on which his mother had been raised and on which he worked.[6]Tanton graduated with a bachelor's degree in chemistry from Michigan State University in 1956, received an M.D. from the University of Michigan in 1960, and received an M.S. in ophthalmology from the University of Michigan in 1964.[5]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ophthalmology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ophthalmology"},{"link_name":"Petoskey, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theantiimmigrationcrusader-7"}],"text":"Tanton ran an ophthalmology practice in Petoskey, Michigan.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theantiimmigrationcrusader-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schudel_2019-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt_littleknown-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"ProEnglish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProEnglish"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C3%ADez_2019-11"},{"link_name":"Petoskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Sierra Club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Club"},{"link_name":"Planned Parenthood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planned_Parenthood"},{"link_name":"Zero Population Growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero_Population_Growth"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schudel_2019-8"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes_2004-12"},{"link_name":"Federation for American Immigration Reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform"},{"link_name":"Warren Buffett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett"},{"link_name":"Eugene McCarthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_McCarthy"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theantiimmigrationcrusader-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hayes_2004-12"},{"link_name":"S. I. Hayakawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._I._Hayakawa"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schudel_2019-8"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-D%C3%ADez_2019-11"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Portes_2002-13"},{"link_name":"Center for Immigration Studies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies"},{"link_name":"American Immigration Control Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Immigration_Control_Foundation"},{"link_name":"Voices of Citizens Together","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Voices_of_Citizens_Together&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Californians for Population Stabilization","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Californians_for_Population_Stabilization"},{"link_name":"ProjectUSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ProjectUSA&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woods-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wired-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Scenic Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_America"},{"link_name":"International Dark-Sky Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Dark-Sky_Association"},{"link_name":"Foreign Policy Association's Great Decisions Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Policy_Association#Great_Decisions_Television_Series"},{"link_name":"Harbor Springs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harbor_Springs"},{"link_name":"North Country Trail Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Country_Trail"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Social Contract Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Contract_Press"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Wayne Lutton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wayne_Lutton&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lutton_Tanton_1994-21"}],"text":"Tanton was an anti-immigration activist.[7][8] He was the founder and patron of many anti-immigration non-profit organizations,[9][10] including ProEnglish.[11]Earlier in his advocacy career, he founded the Petoskey chapter of the Sierra Club, helped found the northern Michigan chapter of Planned Parenthood, and became an active member and then president of Zero Population Growth from 1975 to 1977.[8][12] Unable to secure support from colleagues in groups such as Planned Parenthood and the Sierra Club to limit immigration, in 1979 he founded the non-profit Federation for American Immigration Reform (FAIR) with early support from Warren Buffett and Eugene McCarthy, with the promise that it would be \"centrist/liberal in political orientation\".[7][12] In 1983, he co-founded U.S. English with former United States Senator S. I. Hayakawa[8][11] to advocate for making English the official language of the United States.[13]Additionally, Tanton co-founded and was heavily involved in the Center for Immigration Studies (CIS), Numbers USA, the American Immigration Control Foundation, American Patrol/Voices of Citizens Together, Californians for Population Stabilization, and ProjectUSA.[14][15][16] Donations flow through U.S. Inc.,[17][18] which also supports Scenic Michigan, the International Dark-Sky Association, the Foreign Policy Association's Great Decisions Series, and the Harbor Springs chapter of the North Country Trail Association. Tanton served on the Board of Population-Environment Balance.[19]Tanton founded the Social Contract Press in 1990. He served as its publisher. Additionally, he was the editor-in-chief of its journal, The Social Contract, since 1998.[20] He co-authored the book The Immigrant Invasion with Wayne Lutton, which was published by the Social Contract Press in 1994.[21]","title":"Political advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CNN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-23"}],"sub_title":"Promotion of eugenics","text":"According to CNN, Tanton \"has openly embraced eugenics, the science of improving the genetic quality of the human population by encouraging selective breeding and at times, advocating for the sterilization of genetically undesirable groups.\"[22] Tanton wrote a paper in 1975 arguing for \"passive eugenics\" whereby child-bearing would be restricted to those between the ages of 20 and 35.[23] He also founded the pro-eugenics organization, the Society for Genetic Education (SAGE).[23]","title":"Political advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"},{"link_name":"New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-25"}],"sub_title":"Opposition to immigration","text":"In the words of Rafael Bernal of the Hill, Tanton's opposition to immigration was \"on the grounds of population reduction and protection of an ethnic white majority\".[24] According to the New York Times, Tanton over time increasingly made his case against immigration in \"racial terms\".[25] According to the New York Times, Tanton also said \"One of my prime concerns is about the decline of folks who look like you and me ... for European-American society and culture to persist requires a European-American majority, and a clear one at that.\"[25]","title":"Political advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kuang_2018-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Arizona Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Republic"},{"link_name":"Linda Chavez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Chavez"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Walter Cronkite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Cronkite"},{"link_name":"Saul Bellow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saul_Bellow"},{"link_name":"Gore Vidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gore_Vidal"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Schudel_2019-8"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potok,_Mark_2004,_pp._59-63-29"},{"link_name":"smeared","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smear_campaign"},{"link_name":"racist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racist"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Resignation from U.S. English","text":"In 1988, shortly before a referendum in Arizona to make English the state's official language, a memo written by Tanton in 1986 was leaked to the media.[26][27] After the memo was published in various newspapers including the Arizona Republic, executive director Linda Chavez resigned,.[28] Former supporters of the group, including Walter Cronkite, Saul Bellow, and Gore Vidal, also ended their association, and Tanton resigned from his position as chairman.[8][29]Tanton complained that he had been smeared as a racist.[30]","title":"Political advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pioneer Fund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_Fund"},{"link_name":"non-profit foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_foundation"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Potok,_Mark_2004,_pp._59-63-29"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-response_to_splc-32"}],"sub_title":"Funding of FAIR","text":"Under Tanton's leadership FAIR was criticized for taking funding for many years from the Pioneer Fund, a non-profit foundation dedicated to \"improving the character of the American people\" by, among other things, promoting the practice of eugenics, or selective breeding.[29] FAIR responded to this criticism by asserting that the Pioneer Fund clearly states that it supports equal opportunity for all Americans, regardless of race, religion, national origin, or ethnicity; that other major organizations, including universities in the United States and other countries, have also accepted grants from the Fund;[31] and that the Pioneer Fund's contributions to FAIR were used only for the general operation of the organization.[32]","title":"Political advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hate groups","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hate_group"},{"link_name":"Southern Poverty Law Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"University of Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nativistlobby_022009-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umich-bhl-861056-38"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-umich-bhl-861056-38"},{"link_name":"white supremacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_supremacist"},{"link_name":"neo-Nazi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Nazi"},{"link_name":"eugenics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugenics"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nativistlobby_022009-37"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"}],"sub_title":"Southern Poverty Law Center criticism","text":"Both FAIR and Social Contract Press are designated as hate groups by the Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC).[33][34] In 2001, the SPLC included these groups, and Tanton, in a list of inter-connected network of anti-immigration groups which espouse bigotry, either openly, or thinly disguised.[35]In February 2009, the SPLC again described his views as racist.[36] Tanton's environmentalist and anti-immigration activities are well-documented in 15 file boxes of archives he donated to the Bentley Historical Library at the University of Michigan. Another 10 file boxes are sealed until 2035.[37][38] A February 2009 Southern Poverty Law Center report examined Tanton's written correspondence[38] highlighted alleged connections between Tanton's anti-immigration efforts and white supremacist, neo-Nazi and pro-eugenics leaders.\nThe introduction to the report read:FAIR, CIS and NumbersUSA are all part of a network of restrictionist organizations conceived and created by John Tanton, the \"puppeteer\" of the nativist movement and a man with deep racist roots. As the first article in this report shows, Tanton has for decades been at the heart of the white nationalist scene. He has met with leading white supremacists and associated closely with the leaders of a eugenicist foundation once described by a leading newspaper as a \"neo-Nazi organization.\" He has made a series of racist statements about Latinos and worried that they were outbreeding whites. At one point, he wrote candidly that to maintain American culture, \"a European-American majority\" is required.[37]Tanton rejected the Southern Poverty Law Center's accusations of being a racist and eugenicist in a 2010 article, \"SPLC’s MO: Audacter calumniare semper aliquid haeret (slander boldly, something always sticks)\".[39]","title":"Political advocacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Scenic Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scenic_America"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Parkinson's disease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-1"},{"link_name":"Petoskey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petoskey,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFPObit-2"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"}],"text":"Tanton was married to Mary Lou Tanton. She chairs the U.S. Immigration Reform PAC.[40] She also co-founded Scenic Michigan.[41]Tanton had Parkinson's disease for his last 16 years.[1] He died in Petoskey on July 16, 2019.[2][42]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019). \"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85\". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 20, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-tanton-architect-of-anti-immigration-and-english-only-efforts-dies-at-85/2019/07/21/2301f728-aa3f-11e9-86dd-d7f0e60391e9_story.html","url_text":"\"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anti-immigrant leader Dr. John Tanton of Michigan dies at 85\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved July 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/07/18/anti-immigrant-john-tanton-dies/1764377001/","url_text":"\"Anti-immigrant leader Dr. John Tanton of Michigan dies at 85\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Social Contract Publishes its Last Tract\". Southern Poverty Law Center. April 23, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/04/23/social-contract-publishes-its-last-tract","url_text":"\"The Social Contract Publishes its Last Tract\""}]},{"reference":"Gonzalez, Josue M. (June 5, 2008). Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education. SAGE Publications. ISBN 9781452265964. Retrieved March 1, 2019 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=c_5yAwAAQBAJ&q=John+H.+Tanton+%28born+1934%29&pg=PT853","url_text":"Encyclopedia of Bilingual Education"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781452265964","url_text":"9781452265964"}]},{"reference":"\"John Tanton Papers 1960-2007: Biography\". Bentley Historical Library. University of Michigan. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://quod.lib.umich.edu/b/bhlead/umich-bhl-861056?byte=43896196;focusrgn=bioghist;subview=standard;view=reslist","url_text":"\"John Tanton Papers 1960-2007: Biography\""}]},{"reference":"\"Sustainable Agriculture?\" (PDF). The Social Contract Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesocialcontract.com/pdf/eighteen-one/tsc_18_1_tanton.pdf","url_text":"\"Sustainable Agriculture?\""}]},{"reference":"DeParle, Jason (April 17, 2011). \"The Anti-Immigration Crusader\". The New York Times. Retrieved February 22, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/us/17immig.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0","url_text":"\"The Anti-Immigration Crusader\""}]},{"reference":"Schudel, Matt (July 21, 2019). \"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85\". The Washington Post. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-tanton-architect-of-anti-immigration-and-english-only-efforts-dies-at-85/2019/07/21/2301f728-aa3f-11e9-86dd-d7f0e60391e9_story.html","url_text":"\"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"Pear, Robert (July 15, 2007). \"Little-Known Group Claims a Win on Immigration\". New York Times. Retrieved August 22, 2008. Numbers USA is one of many organizations fostered by John H. Tanton, an ophthalmologist from Michigan who has also championed efforts to protect the environment, limit population growth and promote English as an official language.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/15/us/politics/15immig.html","url_text":"\"Little-Known Group Claims a Win on Immigration\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Tanton's Network\". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Summer 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/john-tantons-network","url_text":"\"John Tanton's Network\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center","url_text":"Southern Poverty Law Center"}]},{"reference":"Díez, Beatriz (December 3, 2019). \"'English Only': The movement to limit Spanish speaking in US\". BBC News. Retrieved March 13, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-50550742","url_text":"\"'English Only': The movement to limit Spanish speaking in US\""}]},{"reference":"Hayes, Christopher (April 24, 2006). \"Keeping America Empty – In These Times\". In These Times. Archived from the original on July 28, 2012. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120728143605/http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/2608/","url_text":"\"Keeping America Empty – In These Times\""},{"url":"http://www.inthesetimes.com/article/2608/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Portes, Alejandro (Spring 2002). \"English-only triumphs, but the costs are high\". Contexts. 1: 10–15. doi:10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10. S2CID 62565233. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10","url_text":"\"English-only triumphs, but the costs are high\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contexts","url_text":"Contexts"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1525%2Fctx.2002.1.1.10","url_text":"10.1525/ctx.2002.1.1.10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62565233","url_text":"62565233"}]},{"reference":"Woods, Joshua; Manning, Jason; Matz, Jacob (October 2, 2015). \"The Impression Management Tactics of an Immigration Think Tank\". Sociological Focus. 48 (4): 354–372. doi:10.1080/00380237.2015.1064852. ISSN 0038-0237. S2CID 157399186.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00380237.2015.1064852","url_text":"10.1080/00380237.2015.1064852"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0038-0237","url_text":"0038-0237"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157399186","url_text":"157399186"}]},{"reference":"Ellis, Emma (January 14, 2017). \"Fake Think Tanks Fuel Fake News\". Wired. Retrieved March 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wired.com/2017/01/fake-think-tanks-fuel-fake-news-presidents-tweets/","url_text":"\"Fake Think Tanks Fuel Fake News\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wired_(magazine)","url_text":"Wired"}]},{"reference":"Sherman, Amy (March 22, 2017). \"Is the Center for Immigration Studies a 'hate group' ?\". PolitiFact Florida. Retrieved April 6, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.politifact.com/florida/article/2017/mar/22/center-immigration-studies-hate-group-southern-pov/","url_text":"\"Is the Center for Immigration Studies a 'hate group' ?\""}]},{"reference":"\"The organized anti-immigration 'movement,' increasingly in bed with racist hate groups, is dominated by one man, John Tanton\". Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Summer 2002. Retrieved August 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2002/john-tanton-mastermind-behind-organized-anti-immigration-movement","url_text":"\"The organized anti-immigration 'movement,' increasingly in bed with racist hate groups, is dominated by one man, John Tanton\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Puppeteer\". Hate in the News. Tolerance.org. June 18, 2002. Archived from the original on August 10, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020810041904/https://www.tolerance.org/news/article_print.jsp?id=554","url_text":"\"The Puppeteer\""},{"url":"http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_print.jsp?id=554","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Network\". Hate in the News. Tolerance.org. June 18, 2002. Archived from the original on December 26, 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20021226123810/https://www.tolerance.org/news/article_hate.jsp?id=557","url_text":"\"The Network\""},{"url":"http://www.tolerance.org/news/article_hate.jsp?id=557","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Social Contract Journal\". Social Contract Press.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thesocialcontract.com/artman2/publish/","url_text":"\"The Social Contract Journal\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Contract_Press","url_text":"Social Contract Press"}]},{"reference":"Lutton, Wayne; Tanton, John (1994). The Immigrant Invasion. Petoskey: Social Contract Press. ISBN 1881780015. OCLC 476592586.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/immigrationinvas00lutt","url_text":"The Immigrant Invasion"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881780015","url_text":"1881780015"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/476592586","url_text":"476592586"}]},{"reference":"Santana, Maria (April 12, 2017). \"Hard-line anti-illegal immigration advocates hired at 2 federal agencies\". CNN.com. Retrieved April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cnn.com/2017/04/11/politics/trump-administration-immigration-advisers/index.html","url_text":"\"Hard-line anti-illegal immigration advocates hired at 2 federal agencies\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ties Between Anti-Immigrant Movement and Eugenics\". Anti-Defamation League. Retrieved April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adl.org/news/article/ties-between-anti-immigrant-movement-and-eugenics","url_text":"\"Ties Between Anti-Immigrant Movement and Eugenics\""}]},{"reference":"Master, Cyra (April 12, 2017). \"DHS hires incense immigration supporters\". TheHill. Retrieved April 13, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://thehill.com/latino/328571-dhs-hires-incense-immigration-supporters/","url_text":"\"DHS hires incense immigration supporters\""}]},{"reference":"Deparle, Jason (April 17, 2011). \"The Anti-Immigration Crusader\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 12, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/17/us/17immig.html","url_text":"\"The Anti-Immigration Crusader\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"Kuang, Brian (September 18, 2018). \"John Tanton, the nativist next door\". The Michigan Daily. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.michigandaily.com/statement/john-tanton-nativist-next-door/","url_text":"\"John Tanton, the nativist next door\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Michigan_Daily","url_text":"The Michigan Daily"}]},{"reference":"\"'WITAN Memo' III: Addressed to attendees of Tanton's exclusive retreats, where colleagues met to discuss the future of immigration, this memo is the most explicit, discussing Latinos and others in derogatory terms\". The Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. 2015. Retrieved February 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2015/witan-memo-iii","url_text":"\"'WITAN Memo' III: Addressed to attendees of Tanton's exclusive retreats, where colleagues met to discuss the future of immigration, this memo is the most explicit, discussing Latinos and others in derogatory terms\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Intelligence_Report","url_text":"The Intelligence Report"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center","url_text":"Southern Poverty Law Center"}]},{"reference":"Chavez, Linda (August 9, 2019). \"When Humans Are Seen As Pollutants\". The Bulwark. Retrieved August 9, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://thebulwark.com/when-humans-are-seen-as-pollutants/","url_text":"\"When Humans Are Seen As Pollutants\""}]},{"reference":"Tanton, John (October 30, 1988). \"U.S. English – it's being victimized by the 'Big Lie'\". Houston Chronicle. p. 5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Chronicle","url_text":"Houston Chronicle"}]},{"reference":"\"Pioneer Fund Grants, Part VI\". Institute for the Study of Academic Racism. Ferris State University. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved April 5, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185539/http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/Institut/pioneer/pfspread/pfp6.htm","url_text":"\"Pioneer Fund Grants, Part VI\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_for_the_Study_of_Academic_Racism","url_text":"Institute for the Study of Academic Racism"},{"url":"http://www.ferris.edu/ISAR/Institut/pioneer/pfspread/pfp6.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Response to the Southern Poverty Law Center\". Federation for American Immigration Reform. Archived from the original on February 17, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120217022733/http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_splcresponse","url_text":"\"Response to the Southern Poverty Law Center\""},{"url":"http://www.fairus.org/site/PageServer?pagename=about_splcresponse","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Federation for American Immigration Reform\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved December 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/federation-american-immigration-reform","url_text":"\"Federation for American Immigration Reform\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Social Contract Press\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved December 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/group/social-contract-press","url_text":"\"The Social Contract Press\""}]},{"reference":"\"Anti-Immigration Groups\". Intelligence Report (101). Southern Poverty Law Center. Spring 2001. Retrieved December 4, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.splcenter.org/get-informed/intelligence-report/browse-all-issues/2001/spring/blood-on-the-border/anti-immigration-","url_text":"\"Anti-Immigration Groups\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center","url_text":"Southern Poverty Law Center"}]},{"reference":"\"John Tanton\". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved August 30, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/extremist-files/individual/john-tanton","url_text":"\"John Tanton\""}]},{"reference":"Beirich, Heidi (February 26, 2009). \"SPLC: The Nativist Lobby: Three Faces of Intolerance\" (PDF). Intelligence Report. Southern Poverty Law Center. Archived from the original (PDF) on October 14, 2014. Retrieved April 29, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141014153514/http://www.splcenter.org/pdf/static/splc_nativistlobby_022009.pdf","url_text":"\"SPLC: The Nativist Lobby: Three Faces of Intolerance\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Poverty_Law_Center","url_text":"Southern Poverty Law Center"},{"url":"http://www.splcenter.org/pdf/static/splc_nativistlobby_022009.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"John Tanton's files\". Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.","urls":[{"url":"http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/f/findaid/findaid-idx?c=bhlead&idno=umich-bhl-861056","url_text":"\"John Tanton's files\""}]},{"reference":"Bulkeley, Deborah (February 25, 2006). \"Foe of immigrant tuition denies supremacist links\". Deseret News. pp. B.01. ISSN 0745-4724.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0745-4724","url_text":"0745-4724"}]},{"reference":"\"Mary Lou Tanton\". Michigan 4-H Foundation.","urls":[{"url":"https://mi4hfdtn.org/ecs/mary-lou-tanton","url_text":"\"Mary Lou Tanton\""}]},{"reference":"Slagter, Martin (July 18, 2019). \"Michigan founder of anti-immigration movement John Tanton dead at 85\". mlive.com. Retrieved July 18, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mlive.com/news/ann-arbor/2019/07/michigan-founder-of-anti-immigration-movement-john-tanton-dead-at-85.html","url_text":"\"Michigan founder of anti-immigration movement John Tanton dead at 85\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/john-tanton-architect-of-anti-immigration-and-english-only-efforts-dies-at-85/2019/07/21/2301f728-aa3f-11e9-86dd-d7f0e60391e9_story.html","external_links_name":"\"John Tanton, architect of anti-immigration and English-only efforts, dies at 85\""},{"Link":"https://www.freep.com/story/news/local/michigan/2019/07/18/anti-immigrant-john-tanton-dies/1764377001/","external_links_name":"\"Anti-immigrant leader Dr. John Tanton of Michigan dies at 85\""},{"Link":"https://www.splcenter.org/hatewatch/2020/04/23/social-contract-publishes-its-last-tract","external_links_name":"\"The Social Contract Publishes its Last 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupinus_sericatus | Lupinus sericatus | ["1 References","2 External links"] | Species of legume
Lupinus sericatus
Conservation status
Imperiled (NatureServe)
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
Clade:
Tracheophytes
Clade:
Angiosperms
Clade:
Eudicots
Clade:
Rosids
Order:
Fabales
Family:
Fabaceae
Subfamily:
Faboideae
Genus:
Lupinus
Species:
L. sericatus
Binomial name
Lupinus sericatusKellogg
Lupinus sericatus is a species of lupine known by the common name Cobb Mountain lupine. It is endemic to the North Coast Ranges of California north of the San Francisco Bay Area, where it grows in the forest, woodlands, and chaparral of the slopes and canyons. It easily colonizes disturbed habitat as well. This is a perennial herb growing up to half a meter tall. Each palmate leaf is made up of 4 to 7 distinctive wide spoon-shaped leaflets each 3 to 5 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a raceme of several whorls of purple flowers, each flower between 1 and 2 centimeters long. The fruit is a hairy legume pod 2 or 3 centimeters long.
References
^ "NatureServe Explorer 2.0".
External links
Jepson Manual Treatment
Photo gallery
Taxon identifiersLupinus sericatus
Wikidata: Q6704787
Wikispecies: Lupinus sericatus
Calflora: 5210
CoL: 3WFN9
CNPS: 1041
EoL: 641026
GBIF: 2964424
iNaturalist: 77889
IPNI: 505070-1
IRMNG: 11047422
ITIS: 26111
NatureServe: 2.139294
Open Tree of Life: 3923421
Plant List: ild-20856
PLANTS: LUSE3
POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:505070-1
Tropicos: 13037106
WFO: wfo-0000174759
This Lupinus-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lupine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lupin"},{"link_name":"endemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemism"},{"link_name":"North Coast Ranges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Coast_Ranges"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"San Francisco Bay Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Francisco_Bay_Area"},{"link_name":"chaparral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaparral"},{"link_name":"inflorescence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflorescence"},{"link_name":"raceme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raceme"},{"link_name":"legume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legume"}],"text":"Lupinus sericatus is a species of lupine known by the common name Cobb Mountain lupine. It is endemic to the North Coast Ranges of California north of the San Francisco Bay Area, where it grows in the forest, woodlands, and chaparral of the slopes and canyons. It easily colonizes disturbed habitat as well. This is a perennial herb growing up to half a meter tall. Each palmate leaf is made up of 4 to 7 distinctive wide spoon-shaped leaflets each 3 to 5 centimeters long. The inflorescence is a raceme of several whorls of purple flowers, each flower between 1 and 2 centimeters long. The fruit is a hairy legume pod 2 or 3 centimeters long.","title":"Lupinus sericatus"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0\".","urls":[{"url":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.139294","url_text":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.139294","external_links_name":"\"NatureServe Explorer 2.0\""},{"Link":"http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?3691,4023,4126","external_links_name":"Jepson Manual Treatment"},{"Link":"http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Lupinus+sericatus","external_links_name":"Photo gallery"},{"Link":"https://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=5210","external_links_name":"5210"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3WFN9","external_links_name":"3WFN9"},{"Link":"https://rareplants.cnps.org/Plants/ODetails/1041","external_links_name":"1041"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/641026","external_links_name":"641026"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2964424","external_links_name":"2964424"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/77889","external_links_name":"77889"},{"Link":"https://www.ipni.org/n/505070-1","external_links_name":"505070-1"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11047422","external_links_name":"11047422"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=26111","external_links_name":"26111"},{"Link":"https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.139294/","external_links_name":"2.139294"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3923421","external_links_name":"3923421"},{"Link":"http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-20856","external_links_name":"ild-20856"},{"Link":"https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/home/plantProfile?symbol=LUSE3","external_links_name":"LUSE3"},{"Link":"https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn%3Alsid%3Aipni.org%3Anames%3A505070-1","external_links_name":"urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:505070-1"},{"Link":"http://legacy.tropicos.org/Name/13037106","external_links_name":"13037106"},{"Link":"https://list.worldfloraonline.org/wfo-0000174759","external_links_name":"wfo-0000174759"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lupinus_sericatus&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Affordable_Refinance_Program | Home Affordable Refinance Program | ["1 Background","2 Program","2.1 Qualifying criteria","2.2 HARP 2.0 and PMI","2.3 Occupancy type","2.4 Appraisal waiver","2.5 HARP 3.0","2.6 Deadline","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | The Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP) is a federal program of the United States, set up by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in March 2009, to help underwater and near-underwater homeowners refinance their mortgages. Unlike the Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP), which assists homeowners who are in danger of foreclosure, this program benefits homeowners whose mortgage payments are current, but who cannot refinance due to dropping home prices in the wake of the U.S. housing market correction.
Background
Millions of borrowers found themselves in a difficult predicament after the U.S. housing bubble burst in 2008. As inventories soared nationwide, home prices plummeted. Many new homeowners saw the value of their homes drop below the balance of their mortgages, or nearly so. Later, these same homeowners were prevented from taking advantage of lower interest rates through refinancing, since banks traditionally require a loan-to-value ratio (LTV) of 80% or less to qualify for refinancing without private mortgage insurance (PMI).
Take for example a house that was purchased for $160,000 but is now worth $100,000 due to the market decline. Further, assume the homeowner owes $120,000 on the mortgage. In this scenario, the loan-to-value ratio would be 120%, and if the homeowner chose to refinance, he would also have to pay for private mortgage insurance. If the homeowner were not already paying for PMI, the added cost could nullify much of the benefit of refinancing, so the homeowner could be effectively prohibited from refinancing.
Program
The Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP) was created by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in March 2009 to allow those with a loan-to-value ratio exceeding 80% to refinance without also paying for mortgage insurance. Originally, only those with an LTV of 105% could qualify. Later that same year, the program was expanded to include those with an LTV up to 125%. This meant that if someone owed $125,000 on a property that is currently worth $100,000, he would still be able to refinance and lock in a lower interest rate.
In December 2011, the rule was changed yet again, creating what is referred to as "HARP 2.0"; there would no longer be any limit on negative equity for mortgages up to 30 years – so even those owing more than 125% of their home value could refinance without PMI. Also, the program was expanded to accept homeowners with PMI on their loan. Finally, any new mortgage lender was guaranteed not to be held responsible for fraud committed on the original loan. This greatly expanded the willingness of lenders to participate in the program.
Qualifying criteria
Certain criteria must be met to qualify for HARP. While there may be additional criteria imposed by the mortgage servicer, the government requirements are as follows:
The mortgage must be owned or guaranteed by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. Many homeowners are unaware that their mortgages are linked to one of these organizations, since neither Freddie Mac nor Fannie Mae deals directly with the public.
The mortgage must have been acquired by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae on or before May 31, 2009.
The homeowner must not have a previous HARP refinance of the mortgage, unless it is a Fannie Mae loan that was refinanced under HARP during March–May 2009.
The homeowner must be current on their mortgage payments, with no (30-day) late payments in the last six months and no more than one late payment in the last twelve months.
The current loan-to-value ratio (LTV) of the property must be greater than 80%.
The homeowner must benefit from the loan by either lower monthly payments or movement to a more stable product (such as going from an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) to a fixed-rate mortgage).
HARP 2.0 and PMI
Many people who purchased their home with a down payment of less than 20% of the purchase price were required to have private mortgage insurance (PMI). This is common practice with Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae loans. Having PMI attached to a loan made that loan easier to sell on the Wall Street secondary market as a "whole loan". PMI hedged the risk brought by the high loan-to-value ratio by offering insurance against foreclosure for whoever owned the "whole loan".
Although HARP 2.0 allows homeowners with PMI to apply through the Making Home Affordable Refinance Program, many homeowners have faced difficulty refinancing with their original lender. HARP requires the new loan to provide the same level of mortgage insurance coverage as the original loan. This can be difficult and time-consuming, especially in the case of lender-paid private mortgage insurance (LPMI). As a result, many lenders are reluctant to refinance a PMI mortgage.
Fortunately, HARP 2.0 enables homeowners to go to any lender to refinance, so the mortgage holder is not stymied if the original bank is unwilling to pursue a HARP refinance.
Occupancy type
HARP 2.0 refinancing is allowed on all occupancy types: primary residence (owner-occupied), second home, or investment (rental) property. However, HARP 2.0 refinancing of investment properties by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac has higher mortgage rates than for owner-occupied properties.
Appraisal waiver
Another feature of HARP is that applicants can forgo a home appraisal if a reliable automated valuation model is available in the area. This can save the borrower time and money, but is subject to the discretion of the mortgage servicer.
HARP 3.0
As part of the 2012 State of the Union Address, President Barack Obama referenced a plan to give "every responsible homeowner the chance to save about $3,000 a year on their mortgage". Within the mortgage industry, this plan is being referred to as HARP 3.0. The plan has not passed. HARP 3.0 is expected to expand HARP's eligibility requirements to homeowners with non-Fannie Mae and non-Freddie Mac mortgages, including homeowners with jumbo mortgages and Alt-A mortgages, those whose original mortgages were stated income, stated asset, or both.
Deadline
Although the HARP program was originally scheduled to end on December 31, 2016, the Federal Housing Agency announced in August 2016 that it would be extended though September 2017. The program was extended again on August 17, 2017 through December 2018.
See also
Loan modification in the United States
United States housing market correction
Home Affordable Modification Program (HAMP)
References
^ "The basics of private mortgage insurance (PMI)". Bankrate.com. 1 June 2001. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ Lerner, Michele (6 October 2010). "9 Things To Know Before You Refinance Your Mortgage". Investopedia.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ Desmond, Maurna (1 July 2009). "Fannie And Freddie To Expand Mortgage Rescue". Forbes. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ a b Sichelman, Lew (18 November 2011). "HARP 2.0 rules, and who will benefit". MarketWatch. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ Glink, Ilyce. What HARP 2.0 can -- and can't -- do for you, CBS MoneyWatch, August 13, 2012.
^ "Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP)". Making Home Affordable.gov. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ "FHFA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Announce HARP Changes to Reach More Borrowers (news release)" (PDF). Federal Housing Finance Agency. 24 October 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 January 2012. Retrieved 13 December 2011.
^ "We all stand to benefit by simplifying refinancing". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2014 – via National Archives.
^ Tompor, Susan. "Homeowners get more time for HARP refinancing". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2 September 2016.
^ "FHFA Announces Modifications to High LTV Streamlined Refinance Program and Extension of HARP Through December 2018". FHFA. Retrieved 17 August 2017.
External links
Making Home Affordable.gov
Fannie Mae loan lookup tool, Fannie Mae website.
Freddie Mac loan lookup tool, Freddie Mac website.
http://www.fhfa.gov/Media/PublicAffairs/Pages/Prepared-Remarks-FHFA-Director-at-Greenlining-Institute-22nd-Annual-Economic-Summit.aspx
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YIMBY movement | [{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Home Affordable Refinance Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. housing bubble burst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_housing_bubble"},{"link_name":"interest rates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interest_rate"},{"link_name":"loan-to-value ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan-to-value_ratio"},{"link_name":"private mortgage insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenders_mortgage_insurance"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Millions of borrowers found themselves in a difficult predicament after the U.S. housing bubble burst in 2008. As inventories soared nationwide, home prices plummeted. Many new homeowners saw the value of their homes drop below the balance of their mortgages, or nearly so. Later, these same homeowners were prevented from taking advantage of lower interest rates through refinancing, since banks traditionally require a loan-to-value ratio (LTV) of 80% or less to qualify for refinancing without private mortgage insurance (PMI).[1]Take for example a house that was purchased for $160,000 but is now worth $100,000 due to the market decline. Further, assume the homeowner owes $120,000 on the mortgage. In this scenario, the loan-to-value ratio would be 120%, and if the homeowner chose to refinance, he would also have to pay for private mortgage insurance. If the homeowner were not already paying for PMI, the added cost could nullify much of the benefit of refinancing, so the homeowner could be effectively prohibited from refinancing.[2]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal Housing Finance Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Agency"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"negative equity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_equity"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marketwatch-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP) was created by the Federal Housing Finance Agency in March 2009 to allow those with a loan-to-value ratio exceeding 80% to refinance without also paying for mortgage insurance. Originally, only those with an LTV of 105% could qualify. Later that same year, the program was expanded to include those with an LTV up to 125%.[3] This meant that if someone owed $125,000 on a property that is currently worth $100,000, he would still be able to refinance and lock in a lower interest rate.In December 2011, the rule was changed yet again, creating what is referred to as \"HARP 2.0\"; there would no longer be any limit on negative equity for mortgages up to 30 years – so even those owing more than 125% of their home value could refinance without PMI.[4] Also, the program was expanded to accept homeowners with PMI on their loan. Finally, any new mortgage lender was guaranteed not to be held responsible for fraud committed on the original loan. This greatly expanded the willingness of lenders to participate in the program.[5]","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mortgage servicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_servicer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-harp-6"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marketwatch-4"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mac"},{"link_name":"Fannie Mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Mae"},{"link_name":"loan-to-value ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan-to-value_ratio"},{"link_name":"adjustable-rate mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjustable-rate_mortgage"},{"link_name":"fixed-rate mortgage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fixed-rate_mortgage"}],"sub_title":"Qualifying criteria","text":"Certain criteria must be met to qualify for HARP. While there may be additional criteria imposed by the mortgage servicer, the government requirements are as follows:[6][4]The mortgage must be owned or guaranteed by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae. Many homeowners are unaware that their mortgages are linked to one of these organizations, since neither Freddie Mac nor Fannie Mae deals directly with the public.\nThe mortgage must have been acquired by Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae on or before May 31, 2009.\nThe homeowner must not have a previous HARP refinance of the mortgage, unless it is a Fannie Mae loan that was refinanced under HARP during March–May 2009.\nThe homeowner must be current on their mortgage payments, with no (30-day) late payments in the last six months and no more than one late payment in the last twelve months.\nThe current loan-to-value ratio (LTV) of the property must be greater than 80%.\nThe homeowner must benefit from the loan by either lower monthly payments or movement to a more stable product (such as going from an adjustable-rate mortgage (ARM) to a fixed-rate mortgage).","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"down payment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_payment"},{"link_name":"private mortgage insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_mortgage_insurance"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mac"},{"link_name":"Fannie Mae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fannie_Mae"},{"link_name":"loan-to-value ratio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan-to-value_ratio"},{"link_name":"lender-paid private mortgage insurance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lender-paid_private_mortgage_insurance"}],"sub_title":"HARP 2.0 and PMI","text":"Many people who purchased their home with a down payment of less than 20% of the purchase price were required to have private mortgage insurance (PMI). This is common practice with Freddie Mac or Fannie Mae loans. Having PMI attached to a loan made that loan easier to sell on the Wall Street secondary market as a \"whole loan\". PMI hedged the risk brought by the high loan-to-value ratio by offering insurance against foreclosure for whoever owned the \"whole loan\".Although HARP 2.0 allows homeowners with PMI to apply through the Making Home Affordable Refinance Program, many homeowners have faced difficulty refinancing with their original lender. HARP requires the new loan to provide the same level of mortgage insurance coverage as the original loan. This can be difficult and time-consuming, especially in the case of lender-paid private mortgage insurance (LPMI). As a result, many lenders are reluctant to refinance a PMI mortgage.Fortunately, HARP 2.0 enables homeowners to go to any lender to refinance, so the mortgage holder is not stymied if the original bank is unwilling to pursue a HARP refinance.","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Occupancy type","text":"HARP 2.0 refinancing is allowed on all occupancy types: primary residence (owner-occupied), second home, or investment (rental) property. However, HARP 2.0 refinancing of investment properties by Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac has higher mortgage rates than for owner-occupied properties.","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"home appraisal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_estate_appraisal"},{"link_name":"automated valuation model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automated_valuation_model"},{"link_name":"mortgage servicer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgage_servicer"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fhfa-7"}],"sub_title":"Appraisal waiver","text":"Another feature of HARP is that applicants can forgo a home appraisal if a reliable automated valuation model is available in the area. This can save the borrower time and money, but is subject to the discretion of the mortgage servicer.[7]","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2012 State of the Union Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_State_of_the_Union_Address"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"HARP 3.0","text":"As part of the 2012 State of the Union Address, President Barack Obama referenced a plan to give \"every responsible homeowner the chance to save about $3,000 a year on their mortgage\". Within the mortgage industry, this plan is being referred to as HARP 3.0. The plan has not passed. HARP 3.0 is expected to expand HARP's eligibility requirements to homeowners with non-Fannie Mae and non-Freddie Mac mortgages, including homeowners with jumbo mortgages and Alt-A mortgages, those whose original mortgages were stated income, stated asset, or both.[8]","title":"Program"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Deadline","text":"Although the HARP program was originally scheduled to end on December 31, 2016, the Federal Housing Agency announced in August 2016 that it would be extended though September 2017.[9] The program was extended again on August 17, 2017 through December 2018.[10]","title":"Program"}] | [] | [{"title":"Loan modification in the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_modification_in_the_United_States"},{"title":"United States housing market correction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_housing_market_correction"},{"title":"Home Affordable Modification Program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Home_Affordable_Modification_Program"}] | [{"reference":"\"The basics of private mortgage insurance (PMI)\". Bankrate.com. 1 June 2001. Retrieved 13 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.bankrate.com/finance/mortgages/the-basics-of-private-mortgage-insurance-pmi.aspx","url_text":"\"The basics of private mortgage insurance (PMI)\""}]},{"reference":"Lerner, Michele (6 October 2010). \"9 Things To Know Before You Refinance Your Mortgage\". Investopedia.com. Archived from the original on 3 December 2011. 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Retrieved 13 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/01/fannie-freddie-mortgages-business-housing-refinance.html","url_text":"\"Fannie And Freddie To Expand Mortgage Rescue\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes","url_text":"Forbes"}]},{"reference":"Sichelman, Lew (18 November 2011). \"HARP 2.0 rules, and who will benefit\". MarketWatch. Retrieved 13 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/harp-20-rules-and-who-will-benefit-2011-11-18","url_text":"\"HARP 2.0 rules, and who will benefit\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MarketWatch","url_text":"MarketWatch"}]},{"reference":"\"Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP)\". Making Home Affordable.gov. 22 November 2011. Archived from the original on 16 February 2011. 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Retrieved 13 December 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111193528/http://www.fhfa.gov/webfiles/22721/HARP_release_102411_Final.pdf","url_text":"\"FHFA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Announce HARP Changes to Reach More Borrowers (news release)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Housing_Finance_Agency","url_text":"Federal Housing Finance Agency"},{"url":"http://www.fhfa.gov/webfiles/22721/HARP_release_102411_Final.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"We all stand to benefit by simplifying refinancing\". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 21 January 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2014 – via National Archives.","urls":[{"url":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/refi","url_text":"\"We all stand to benefit by simplifying refinancing\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehouse.gov","url_text":"whitehouse.gov"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121001639/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/refi","url_text":"Archived"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NARA","url_text":"National Archives"}]},{"reference":"Tompor, Susan. \"Homeowners get more time for HARP refinancing\". Detroit Free Press. Retrieved 2 September 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.freep.com/story/money/personal-finance/susan-tompor/2016/08/25/harp-extension-underwater-mortgages/89333978/","url_text":"\"Homeowners get more time for HARP refinancing\""}]},{"reference":"\"FHFA Announces Modifications to High LTV Streamlined Refinance Program and Extension of HARP Through December 2018\". FHFA. Retrieved 17 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.fhfa.gov/Media/PublicAffairs/Pages/FHFA-Announces-Modifications-to-High-LTV-Streamlined-Refi-Program-and-Extension-of-HARP-Thru-12-2018.aspx","url_text":"\"FHFA Announces Modifications to High LTV Streamlined Refinance Program and Extension of HARP Through December 2018\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.bankrate.com/finance/mortgages/the-basics-of-private-mortgage-insurance-pmi.aspx","external_links_name":"\"The basics of private mortgage insurance (PMI)\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111203211908/http://financialedge.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1010/9-Things-To-Know-Before-You-Refinance-Your-Mortgage.aspx#axzz1fms8Iiqa","external_links_name":"\"9 Things To Know Before You Refinance Your Mortgage\""},{"Link":"http://financialedge.investopedia.com/financial-edge/1010/9-Things-To-Know-Before-You-Refinance-Your-Mortgage.aspx#axzz1fms8Iiqa","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.forbes.com/2009/07/01/fannie-freddie-mortgages-business-housing-refinance.html","external_links_name":"\"Fannie And Freddie To Expand Mortgage Rescue\""},{"Link":"http://www.marketwatch.com/story/harp-20-rules-and-who-will-benefit-2011-11-18","external_links_name":"\"HARP 2.0 rules, and who will benefit\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505145_162-57437412/what-harp-2.0-can-and-cant-do-for-you/","external_links_name":"What HARP 2.0 can -- and can't -- do for you"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110216070552/http://www.makinghomeaffordable.gov/programs/lower-rates/Pages/harp.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Home Affordable Refinance Program (HARP)\""},{"Link":"http://www.makinghomeaffordable.gov/programs/lower-rates/Pages/harp.aspx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120111193528/http://www.fhfa.gov/webfiles/22721/HARP_release_102411_Final.pdf","external_links_name":"\"FHFA, Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac Announce HARP Changes to Reach More Borrowers (news release)\""},{"Link":"http://www.fhfa.gov/webfiles/22721/HARP_release_102411_Final.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/refi","external_links_name":"\"We all stand to benefit by simplifying refinancing\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170121001639/https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/refi","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.freep.com/story/money/personal-finance/susan-tompor/2016/08/25/harp-extension-underwater-mortgages/89333978/","external_links_name":"\"Homeowners get more time for HARP refinancing\""},{"Link":"https://www.fhfa.gov/Media/PublicAffairs/Pages/FHFA-Announces-Modifications-to-High-LTV-Streamlined-Refi-Program-and-Extension-of-HARP-Thru-12-2018.aspx","external_links_name":"\"FHFA Announces Modifications to High LTV Streamlined Refinance Program and Extension of HARP Through December 2018\""},{"Link":"http://www.makinghomeaffordable.gov/","external_links_name":"Making Home Affordable.gov"},{"Link":"http://www.fanniemae.com/loanlookup/","external_links_name":"Fannie Mae loan lookup tool"},{"Link":"https://ww3.freddiemac.com/corporate/","external_links_name":"Freddie Mac loan lookup tool"},{"Link":"http://www.fhfa.gov/Media/PublicAffairs/Pages/Prepared-Remarks-FHFA-Director-at-Greenlining-Institute-22nd-Annual-Economic-Summit.aspx","external_links_name":"http://www.fhfa.gov/Media/PublicAffairs/Pages/Prepared-Remarks-FHFA-Director-at-Greenlining-Institute-22nd-Annual-Economic-Summit.aspx"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_Institute_of_Marine_Biology | Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology | ["1 History","2 Geography","3 Habitat","4 Programs","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | Coordinates: 21°25′58″N 157°47′16″W / 21.4327°N 157.7877°W / 21.4327; -157.7877Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, located on Coconut Island in Kāneʻohe Bay
The Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB) is a marine biology laboratory located on the state-owned Coconut Island in Kāneʻohe Bay.
History
The institute was established in 1912. It began as a wooden structure on the shores of Waikiki and originally functioned in conjunction with the Waikiki Aquarium until 1919 when both operations became part of the University of Hawai‘i. In 1947 a group of wealthy oil tycoons, including Edwin W. Pauley, bought Coconut Island. Pauley donated a part of the island to the university for use as a marine laboratory for the study of the marine sciences.
In 1993, the Pauley family donated the remaining private part of Coconut Island for the construction of a world-class marine laboratory.
In 2008, the institute was seeking 57 million dollars through state-issued bonds for the construction of a 24,000-square-foot (2,200 m2) marine research facility. The site is on the southeast side of the island. This is part of the master plan approved by the University of Hawaii's Board of Regents in 1998, which includes the addition of several research buildings, laboratories, and conference facilities. These will be funded on a case-by-case basis. The intent is to turn Coconut Island into the world's premier coral reef research facility.
Geography
Coconut Island is approximately 29 acres (120,000 m2), including 6 acres (24,000 m2) of enclosed lagoons used to keep organisms being studied in captivity. Surrounding it are 64 acres (260,000 m2) of coral reef, designated by the state of Hawai‘i as the Hawai‘i Marine Laboratory Refuge. It is part of the University of Hawaii at Manoa. It is the only research facility in the world built on a coral reef.
The boundaries of the Hawaii Marine Laboratory Refuge surrounding the island start at the high-water mark on the island and go to twenty-five feet beyond the outer edges of the reefs, including sand and seawall shoreline, where coral and sand calcium carbonate reef flats are exposed at low tides. High coral and macro-algae flourish at shallow-depth zones while the deep habitats are characterized by sediment with low coral cover and colonized by slumping from upper reef zones. Within Kaneohe Bay are sheltered areas. Man-made impacts in the area include dredging, sewage release and freshwater flooding. The shores of the bay are characterized by coastal development.
Habitat
The HIMB research facilities are used to explore deep-sea habitats where new species may be discovered and documented, as well as shallow reefs which are rich habitats likely to contain undiscovered species.
Programs
Hawai‘i Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP) is located at HIMB. It established a statewide network of more than 30 long-term coral reef monitoring sites with associated data collection systems. It went on to include rapid quantitative research and habitat mapping, which are tools new used to understand the ecology of the Hawaiian coral reefs in relation to surrounding geographic areas.
One study of the HIMB research projects is on the effects of sound on dolphins.
Another is the study of chemicals in Enchanted Lake.
In 2015, the institute was testing a new form of coral resistant to coral bleaching. The institute also spoke publicly to argue in favor of banning sunscreens with chemicals, as they majorly contribute to coral bleaching.
See also
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
Hawaii Marine Laboratory Refuge
References
^ a b "HIMB - A Brief History of Coconut Island". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
^ Kalani, Nanea (February 24, 2008). "$57 million in bonds would fund Coconut Island facility". bizjournals.com. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
^ a b Aguiar, Eloise (August 1, 2002). "Coconut Island impact study under way - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper". The Honolulu Advertiser. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
^ "Coconut Island – Hawai'i Marine Laboratory Refuge". Hawai'i Department of Land and Natural Resources. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
^ "Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology". www.hawaii.edu. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
^ "Site Profile - Moku-o-loe Island (Coconut Island)". www3.mpa.gov. Archived from the original on December 20, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
^ "National Marine Sanctuary Field Study". www.ngsednet.org. Archived from the original on August 12, 2007. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
^ "Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment & Monitoring Program (CRAMP) Home". cramp.wcc.hawaii.edu. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
^ Kakesako, Gregg K. (September 3, 2007). "UH tests sonar on sea mammals". Honolulu Star-Bulletin. Archived from the original on 2013-02-03. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
^ "NOAA Scientists Continue Nationwide Lecture Series on Human Noise Impact to Marine Mammals". www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov. June 4, 2004. Archived from the original on September 17, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
^
"Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology". Kailua Bay Advisory Council Contractor (KBAC). Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.
^ "Scientists attempt to breed 'super coral' to save threatened reefs". Theguardian.com. November 5, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
^ Gregory, Katherine (May 4, 2018). "Hawaii bans sunscreens with chemicals that damage coral reefs, but Australia reluctant to follow". Radio Australia. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2021.
External links
Official website
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
vteUniversity of Hawaiʻi at MānoaLocated in: Honolulu, HawaiiAcademics
Business
Law
Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources
Facilities
Aloha Stadium
Clarence T. C. Ching Athletics Complex
East–West Center
The Fourth Sign
Hamilton Library
Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology
John Young Museum of Art
Les Murakami Stadium
Lyon Arboretum
Stan Sheriff Center
Waikīkī Aquarium
Waipiʻo Peninsula Soccer Stadium
Organizations
Associated Students of the University of Hawaii
Media
Asian–Pacific Law & Policy Journal
Ka Leo O Hawaiʻi
KTUH
Men's athletics
Baseball
Basketball
Football
Volleyball
Women's athletics
Basketball
Beach volleyball
Softball
Volleyball
People
Alumni
Faculty
Related
Hawaii Ocean Time-series
University of Hawaiʻi System
University of Hawaii Marching Band
Founded: 1907
Students: 20,435
Endowment: US$280.2 million
21°25′58″N 157°47′16″W / 21.4327°N 157.7877°W / 21.4327; -157.7877 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Starr_060228-8947_Aerial_photograph_of_Hawaii.jpg"},{"link_name":"Coconut Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Island_(Oahu_Island)"},{"link_name":"Kāneʻohe Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81ne%CA%BBohe_Bay"}],"text":"Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, located on Coconut Island in Kāneʻohe BayThe Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology (HIMB) is a marine biology laboratory located on the state-owned Coconut Island in Kāneʻohe Bay.","title":"Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Waikiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikiki"},{"link_name":"Waikiki Aquarium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waikiki_Aquarium"},{"link_name":"Edwin W. 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Pauley donated a part of the island to the university for use as a marine laboratory for the study of the marine sciences.[1]\nIn 1993, the Pauley family donated the remaining private part of Coconut Island for the construction of a world-class marine laboratory.[1]In 2008, the institute was seeking 57 million dollars through state-issued bonds for the construction of a 24,000-square-foot (2,200 m2) marine research facility. The site is on the southeast side of the island. This is part of the master plan approved by the University of Hawaii's Board of Regents in 1998, which includes the addition of several research buildings, laboratories, and conference facilities. 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Surrounding it are 64 acres (260,000 m2) of coral reef, designated by the state of Hawai‘i as the Hawai‘i Marine Laboratory Refuge.[4] It is part of the University of Hawaii at Manoa.[5] It is the only research facility in the world built on a coral reef.[3]The boundaries of the Hawaii Marine Laboratory Refuge surrounding the island start at the high-water mark on the island and go to twenty-five feet beyond the outer edges of the reefs, including sand and seawall shoreline, where coral and sand calcium carbonate reef flats are exposed at low tides. High coral and macro-algae flourish at shallow-depth zones while the deep habitats are characterized by sediment with low coral cover and colonized by slumping from upper reef zones. Within Kaneohe Bay are sheltered areas. Man-made impacts in the area include dredging, sewage release and freshwater flooding. The shores of the bay are characterized by coastal development.[6]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nationalmarine-7"}],"text":"The HIMB research facilities are used to explore deep-sea habitats where new species may be discovered and documented, as well as shallow reefs which are rich habitats likely to contain undiscovered species.[7]","title":"Habitat"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"quantitative research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_research"},{"link_name":"habitat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habitat"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolphin"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Enchanted Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enchanted_Lake"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"coral bleaching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_bleaching"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Hawai‘i Coral Reef Assessment and Monitoring Program (CRAMP) is located at HIMB. It established a statewide network of more than 30 long-term coral reef monitoring sites with associated data collection systems. It went on to include rapid quantitative research and habitat mapping, which are tools new used to understand the ecology of the Hawaiian coral reefs in relation to surrounding geographic areas.[8]One study of the HIMB research projects is on the effects of sound on dolphins.[9][10]\nAnother is the study of chemicals in Enchanted Lake.[11]In 2015, the institute was testing a new form of coral resistant to coral bleaching.[12] The institute also spoke publicly to argue in favor of banning sunscreens with chemicals, as they majorly contribute to coral bleaching.[13]","title":"Programs"}] | [{"image_text":"Hawaiʻi Institute of Marine Biology, located on Coconut Island in Kāneʻohe Bay","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Starr_060228-8947_Aerial_photograph_of_Hawaii.jpg/220px-Starr_060228-8947_Aerial_photograph_of_Hawaii.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands_Humpback_Whale_National_Marine_Sanctuary"},{"title":"Hawaii Marine Laboratory Refuge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hawaii_Marine_Laboratory_Refuge&action=edit&redlink=1"}] | [{"reference":"\"HIMB - A Brief History of Coconut Island\". www.hawaii.edu. 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Retrieved April 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917164821/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2004/jun04/noaa04-r155.html","url_text":"\"NOAA Scientists Continue Nationwide Lecture Series on Human Noise Impact to Marine Mammals\""},{"url":"http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2004/jun04/noaa04-r155.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology\". Kailua Bay Advisory Council Contractor (KBAC). Archived from the original on May 9, 2008. Retrieved April 6, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072830/http://www.kbac-hi.org/contractors/himb.htm","url_text":"\"Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology\""},{"url":"http://www.kbac-hi.org/contractors/himb.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Scientists attempt to breed 'super coral' to save threatened reefs\". Theguardian.com. November 5, 2015. Retrieved May 22, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/05/scientists-attempt-to-breed-super-coral-to-save-threatened-reefs","url_text":"\"Scientists attempt to breed 'super coral' to save threatened reefs\""}]},{"reference":"Gregory, Katherine (May 4, 2018). \"Hawaii bans sunscreens with chemicals that damage coral reefs, but Australia reluctant to follow\". Radio Australia. Archived from the original on May 15, 2018. Retrieved August 18, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515100959/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2018-05-04/hawaii-bans-sunscreens-with-chemicals-that-damage-coral-reefs-but-australia-reluctant-to-follow/1754154","url_text":"\"Hawaii bans sunscreens with chemicals that damage coral reefs, but Australia reluctant to follow\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Australia","url_text":"Radio Australia"},{"url":"http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2018-05-04/hawaii-bans-sunscreens-with-chemicals-that-damage-coral-reefs-but-australia-reluctant-to-follow/1754154","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawai%CA%BBi_Institute_of_Marine_Biology¶ms=21.4327_N_157.7877_W_type:landmark_region:US-HI","external_links_name":"21°25′58″N 157°47′16″W / 21.4327°N 157.7877°W / 21.4327; -157.7877"},{"Link":"http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/UHMEnergy/Campus%20Energy%20Projects/Coconut%20Island.html","external_links_name":"\"HIMB - A Brief History of Coconut Island\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/pacific/stories/2008/02/25/focus3.html?jst=pn_pn_lk","external_links_name":"\"$57 million in bonds would fund Coconut Island facility\""},{"Link":"http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2002/Aug/01/ln/ln34a.html","external_links_name":"\"Coconut Island impact study under way - The Honolulu Advertiser - Hawaii's Newspaper\""},{"Link":"http://dlnr.hawaii.gov/dar/regulated-areas/coconut-island-hawaii-marine-laboratory-refuge/","external_links_name":"\"Coconut Island – Hawai'i Marine Laboratory Refuge\""},{"Link":"http://www.himb.hawaii.edu/","external_links_name":"\"Hawai'i Institute of Marine Biology\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071220172810/http://www3.mpa.gov/exploreinv/SiteProfile4.aspx?SiteID=HI22","external_links_name":"\"Site Profile - Moku-o-loe Island (Coconut Island)\""},{"Link":"http://www3.mpa.gov/exploreinv/SiteProfile4.aspx?SiteID=HI22","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070812215812/http://www.ngsednet.org/workshop_details.cfm?w_id=27","external_links_name":"\"National Marine Sanctuary Field Study\""},{"Link":"http://www.ngsednet.org/workshop_details.cfm?w_id=27","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://cramp.wcc.hawaii.edu/","external_links_name":"\"Hawaii Coral Reef Assessment & Monitoring Program (CRAMP) Home\""},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20130203055302/http://archives.starbulletin.com/2007/09/03/news/story04.html","external_links_name":"\"UH tests sonar on sea mammals\""},{"Link":"http://starbulletin.com/2007/09/03/news/story04.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080917164821/http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2004/jun04/noaa04-r155.html","external_links_name":"\"NOAA Scientists Continue Nationwide Lecture Series on Human Noise Impact to Marine Mammals\""},{"Link":"http://www.publicaffairs.noaa.gov/releases2004/jun04/noaa04-r155.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080509072830/http://www.kbac-hi.org/contractors/himb.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology\""},{"Link":"http://www.kbac-hi.org/contractors/himb.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2015/nov/05/scientists-attempt-to-breed-super-coral-to-save-threatened-reefs","external_links_name":"\"Scientists attempt to breed 'super coral' to save threatened reefs\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180515100959/http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2018-05-04/hawaii-bans-sunscreens-with-chemicals-that-damage-coral-reefs-but-australia-reluctant-to-follow/1754154","external_links_name":"\"Hawaii bans sunscreens with chemicals that damage coral reefs, but Australia reluctant to follow\""},{"Link":"http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/international/2018-05-04/hawaii-bans-sunscreens-with-chemicals-that-damage-coral-reefs-but-australia-reluctant-to-follow/1754154","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.himb.hawaii.edu/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"http://hawaiihumpbackwhale.noaa.gov/whalewatching/whalewatching.html","external_links_name":"Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Hawai%CA%BBi_Institute_of_Marine_Biology¶ms=21.4327_N_157.7877_W_type:landmark_region:US-HI","external_links_name":"21°25′58″N 157°47′16″W / 21.4327°N 157.7877°W / 21.4327; -157.7877"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sampson_Hele | Sampson Hele | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","3.1 Descendants","4 References"] | English politician
Sampson HeleMember of Parliament for TavistockIn office1624–1624Serving with John PymPreceded bySir Baptist HicksSir Francis GlanvilleSucceeded byJohn PymSir Francis GlanvilleMember of Parliament for Plympton ErleIn office1614–1614Serving with Warwick HelePreceded byWarwick HeleSir William StrodeSucceeded byWarwick HeleSir William Strode
Personal detailsBornc. 1582Diedc. 1655SpouseJoan GlanvilleRelationsJuliana Osborne, Duchess of Leeds (granddaughter)Parent(s)Walter HeleElizabeth StrodeAlma materBroadgates Hall, Oxford
Sampson Hele (c. 1582 – c. 1655) of Gnaton and of Halwell, Devon, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1614 and 1624.
Early life
Hele was born c. 1582 into the junior line of a minor gentry family which had settled in Devon since at least the twelfth century. He was the son of Walter Hele of Lewston, Devon and the former Elizabeth Strode, daughter of William Strode of Newnham, Devon. He matriculated at Broadgates Hall, Oxford on 6 May 1597, aged 15.
Career
Upon his father's death in 1609, he inherited around 850 acres, including three manors, most of which was located in the south-west of the county, near Plymouth and Plympton. In 1614, he was elected Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle on the interest of his cousin Sir Warwick Hele. A Royalist during the Civil War, he was appointed Sheriff of Devon for 1621, and then elected MP for Tavistock in 1624 on the interest of his brother-in-law, Sir Francis Glanville.
Personal life
Hele married Joan Glanville, eldest daughter of Sir John Glanville of Killworthy, Devon. Together, they were the parents of eight sons (two who died young) and five daughters, including:
Roger Hele, who married Juliana Prestwood. After his death, she married Sir Thomas Putt, 2nd Baronet.
Hele died before 4 December 1655 when his will, made on 10 October 1653, was proved. In it, he bequeathed more than £6,000 to his wife and children, in addition to lands he had already bestowed on them.
Descendants
Through his son Roger, he was a grandfather of Juliana Osborne, Duchess of Leeds, the third wife of Peregrine Osborne, 3rd Duke of Leeds, and later the wife of Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore.
References
^ a b c "HELE, Sampson (c.1582-c.1655), of Gnaton, Newton Ferrers, Devon". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
^ Burke, John. History of the Extinct and Dormant Baronetcies of England Ireland and Scotland. p. 252. Google Books
^ a b 'Alumni Oxonienses, 1500–1714: Hawten-Hider', Alumni Oxonienses 1500–1714: Abannan-Kyte (1891), pp. 679–705. Date accessed: 21 November 2011
^ The Peerage of England, Scotland, and Ireland, Vol II: The Peerage of Scotland, London: Owen, Davis, and Debrett, 1790, p.155.
^ L. G. Pine, The New Extinct Peerage 1884-1971: Containing Extinct, Abeyant, Dormant and Suspended Peerages With Genealogies and Arms (London, U.K.: Heraldry Today, 1972), p. 174.
Parliament of England
Preceded byWarwick HeleSir William Strode
Member of Parliament for Plympton Erle 1614 With: Warwick Hele
Succeeded byWarwick HeleSir William Strode
Preceded bySir Baptist HicksSir Francis Glanville
Member of Parliament for Tavistock 1624 With: John Pym
Succeeded byJohn PymSir Francis Glanville | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_England"}],"text":"Sampson Hele (c. 1582 – c. 1655) of Gnaton and of Halwell, Devon, was an English politician who sat in the House of Commons in 1614 and 1624.","title":"Sampson Hele"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Broadgates Hall, Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadgates_Hall,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SHhop-1"}],"text":"Hele was born c. 1582 into the junior line of a minor gentry family which had settled in Devon since at least the twelfth century. He was the son of Walter Hele of Lewston, Devon and the former Elizabeth Strode, daughter of William Strode of Newnham, Devon. 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After his death, she married Sir Thomas Putt, 2nd Baronet.[4]Hele died before 4 December 1655 when his will, made on 10 October 1653, was proved. In it, he bequeathed more than £6,000 to his wife and children, in addition to lands he had already bestowed on them.[3]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Juliana Osborne, Duchess of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliana_Osborne,_Duchess_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Peregrine Osborne, 3rd Duke of Leeds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peregrine_Osborne,_3rd_Duke_of_Leeds"},{"link_name":"Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Colyear,_2nd_Earl_of_Portmore"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Descendants","text":"Through his son Roger, he was a grandfather of Juliana Osborne, Duchess of Leeds, the third wife of Peregrine Osborne, 3rd Duke of Leeds, and later the wife of Charles Colyear, 2nd Earl of Portmore.[5]","title":"Personal life"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"HELE, Sampson (c.1582-c.1655), of Gnaton, Newton Ferrers, Devon\". www.historyofparliamentonline.org. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(given_name) | Salome (given name) | ["1 Variants","2 People with the given name","2.1 Variants","3 Fictional characters","4 Notes"] | SalomeA Russian icon of the two Marys and Salome at Jesus Christ's empty grave following the resurrection. Salome is a Christian saint.GenderfemaleOriginWord/nameHebrewMeaningpeace
Salome is a feminine name derived from the Hebrew word shalom, meaning "peace".
There are two origins of the name Salome. Salome is the name of a Christian disciple, who was one of the women who witnessed the resurrection of Jesus Christ along with the two Marys (Mark 15:40–16:8). Another Salome (c. early 1st century CE) was the daughter of Herodias, and nemesis of John the Baptist (Mark 6:17–29 and Matt 14:3–11).
The name is currently among the top 10 names given to newborn girls in 2011 in the countries of Georgia and Colombia. It is ranked among the top 100 names for girls in France. It is less popular in the United States, where it does not rank among the top 1,000 names; just 82 newborn girls there were given the name in 2010.
Salome, an 1897 Art Nouveau illustration by Alfons Mucha.
Variants
Salomé, French, Portuguese, Spanish
Salomè, Italian
Salomea, Polish
Salomėja, Lithuanian
Salomena, Czech
Саломея, Russian
Соломія (Solomiia, Solomiya, or Solomia), Ukrainian
ሰሎሜ, Amharic
სალომე, Georgian
سالومه, Persian
People with the given name
Salomé Afonso (born 1997), Portuguese runner
Salome Alt (1568–1633), Austrian mistress to the reigning Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg
Salomè Antonazzoni (fl. 1619 – fl. 1642), Italian stage actress
Salomé Báncora (born 1993), Argentine alpine skier
Salomé de Bahia (born 1945), Brazilian vocalist in France
Salomé Barojas (born 1957), Mexican baseball player
Salome Bey (1933–2020), American-born Canadian singer-songwriter, composer, and actress
Salomé Breziner, Belgian-born American film director and screenwriter
Salome Chachua (born 1990), Georgian ballroom and Latin dancer and choreographer
Salome Chepchumba (born 1982), Kenyan middle-distance runner
Salome Clausen, Swiss pop music artist
Salome Dadiani (1849–1913), Georgian princes
Salome Dell (born 1993), athlete from Papua New Guinea
Salome Devidze (born 1986), Georgian tennis player
Salome Hocking (1859–1927), Cornish novelist
Salomé de Gélieu (1742–1820), Swiss educator and governess
Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch (1907–2007), German-born U.S. geneticist
Salome Halldorson (1887–1970), Canadian politician in Manitoba
Salomé Haller (born 1975), French operatic and concert soprano
Salomé Herrera, Mexican pianist
Salomé di Iorio (born 1980), Argentine lawyer and football referee
Salome Jens (born 1935), American actress who appeared in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine
Salome Kammer (born 1959), German actress, singer and cellist
Salome Khubuluri (born 1988), Georgian footballer
Salomé Kora (born 1994), Swiss sprinter
Salome Lang (born 1997), Swiss athlete who competes in the high jump
Salomé Leclerc (born 1986), Canadian singer-songwriter
Salome Maswime, South African clinician and global health expert
Salome Melia, Georgian chess player
Salomé Moiane (born 1951), Mozambican politician
Salome Mulugeta, Ethiopian and Eritrean-American filmmaker and actor
Salomėja Nėris (1904 – 1945), Lithuanian poet
Salome Nyirarukundo (born 1997), Rwandan long-distance runner
Salome Pazhava (born 1997), Georgian individual rhythmic gymnast
Salome Reischer (1899–1980), Austrian chess player
Salome Samadashvili (born 1976), Georgian politician and former diplomat
Salome Sellers (1800–1909), American centenarian who was the last known person born in the 18th century
Salomé Stampfli (born 2005), Liechtensteiner footballer
Salome Tabuatalei, Fijian athlete and canoeist
Salome Tanuvasa, New Zealand artist
Salome Thorkelsdottir (Þorkelsdóttir) (born 1927), Icelandic politician
Salomé Ureña (1847–1897), poet and teacher from the Dominican Republic
Salome Zurabishvili, President of the Republic of Georgia
Variants
Solomiia Bobrovska (born 1989), Ukrainian politician and civic activist
Solomiya Brateyko (born 1999), Ukrainian table tennis player
Solomiya Krushelnytska (1872–1952), Ukrainian soprano opera star
Solomiia Pavlychko (1958–1999), Ukrainian literary critic, philosopher and translator
Solomiia Vynnyk, Ukrainian freestyle wrestler
Fictional characters
Salome, a character in the novel The Promise
Salome Otterbourne, a character in Death on the Nile by Agatha Christie
Notes
^ a b Campbell, Mike. "Meaning, origin and history of the name Salome". Behind the Name.
^ "Სახელმწიფო სერვისების განვითარების სააგენტო".
^ "Registraduría Nacional Del Estado Civil (COLOMBIA): Santiago, Juan David, Mariana y María José fueron los nombres más comunes de los niños colombianos inscritos en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento en 2011". February 3, 2012.
^ "Popular Baby Names". www.ssa.gov.
Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
Authority control databases: National
Germany | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"shalom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shalom"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"a Christian disciple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_(disciple)"},{"link_name":"Jesus Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_Christ"},{"link_name":"Herodias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodias"},{"link_name":"John the Baptist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_the_Baptist"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(country)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-auto-1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mucha-Salome-1897.jpg"},{"link_name":"Art Nouveau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Nouveau"},{"link_name":"Alfons Mucha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfons_Mucha"}],"text":"Salome is a feminine name derived from the Hebrew word shalom, meaning \"peace\".[1]There are two origins of the name Salome. Salome is the name of a Christian disciple, who was one of the women who witnessed the resurrection of Jesus Christ along with the two Marys (Mark 15:40–16:8). Another Salome (c. early 1st century CE) was the daughter of Herodias, and nemesis of John the Baptist (Mark 6:17–29 and Matt 14:3–11).The name is currently among the top 10 names given to newborn girls in 2011 in the countries of Georgia[2] and Colombia.[3] It is ranked among the top 100 names for girls in France.[1] It is less popular in the United States, where it does not rank among the top 1,000 names; just 82 newborn girls there were given the name in 2010.[4]Salome, an 1897 Art Nouveau illustration by Alfons Mucha.","title":"Salome (given 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French, Portuguese, Spanish\nSalomè, Italian\nSalomea, Polish\nSalomėja, Lithuanian\nSalomena, Czech\nСаломея, Russian\nСоломія (Solomiia, Solomiya, or Solomia), Ukrainian\nሰሎሜ, Amharic\nსალომე, Georgian\nسالومه, Persian","title":"Variants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Salomé Afonso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Afonso"},{"link_name":"Salome Alt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Alt"},{"link_name":"Salomè Antonazzoni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A8_Antonazzoni"},{"link_name":"Salomé Báncora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_B%C3%A1ncora"},{"link_name":"Salomé de Bahia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_de_Bahia"},{"link_name":"Salomé Barojas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Barojas"},{"link_name":"Salome Bey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Bey"},{"link_name":"Salomé Breziner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Breziner"},{"link_name":"Salome Chachua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Chachua"},{"link_name":"Salome Chepchumba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Chepchumba"},{"link_name":"Salome Clausen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Clausen"},{"link_name":"Salome Dadiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Dadiani"},{"link_name":"Salome Dell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Dell"},{"link_name":"Salome Devidze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Devidze"},{"link_name":"Salome Hocking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Hocking"},{"link_name":"Salomé de Gélieu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_de_G%C3%A9lieu"},{"link_name":"Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Gluecksohn-Waelsch"},{"link_name":"Salome Halldorson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Halldorson"},{"link_name":"Salomé Haller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Haller"},{"link_name":"Salomé Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Herrera"},{"link_name":"Salomé di Iorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_di_Iorio"},{"link_name":"Salome Jens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Jens"},{"link_name":"Salome Kammer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Kammer"},{"link_name":"Salome Khubuluri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Khubuluri"},{"link_name":"Salomé Kora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Kora"},{"link_name":"Salome Lang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Lang"},{"link_name":"Salomé Leclerc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Leclerc"},{"link_name":"Salome Maswime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Maswime"},{"link_name":"Salome Melia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Melia"},{"link_name":"Salomé Moiane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Moiane"},{"link_name":"Salome Mulugeta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Mulugeta"},{"link_name":"Salomėja Nėris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C4%97ja_N%C4%97ris"},{"link_name":"Salome Nyirarukundo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Nyirarukundo"},{"link_name":"Salome Pazhava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Pazhava"},{"link_name":"Salome Reischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Reischer"},{"link_name":"Salome Samadashvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Samadashvili"},{"link_name":"Salome Sellers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Sellers"},{"link_name":"Salomé Stampfli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Stampfli"},{"link_name":"Salome Tabuatalei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Tabuatalei"},{"link_name":"Salome Tanuvasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Tanuvasa"},{"link_name":"Salome Thorkelsdottir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Thorkelsdottir"},{"link_name":"Salomé Ureña","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salom%C3%A9_Ure%C3%B1a"},{"link_name":"Salome Zurabishvili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili"}],"text":"Salomé Afonso (born 1997), Portuguese runner\nSalome Alt (1568–1633), Austrian mistress to the reigning Prince-Archbishop of Salzburg\nSalomè Antonazzoni (fl. 1619 – fl. 1642), Italian stage actress\nSalomé Báncora (born 1993), Argentine alpine skier\nSalomé de Bahia (born 1945), Brazilian vocalist in France\nSalomé Barojas (born 1957), Mexican baseball player\nSalome Bey (1933–2020), American-born Canadian singer-songwriter, composer, and actress\nSalomé Breziner, Belgian-born American film director and screenwriter\nSalome Chachua (born 1990), Georgian ballroom and Latin dancer and choreographer\nSalome Chepchumba (born 1982), Kenyan middle-distance runner\nSalome Clausen, Swiss pop music artist\nSalome Dadiani (1849–1913), Georgian princes\nSalome Dell (born 1993), athlete from Papua New Guinea\nSalome Devidze (born 1986), Georgian tennis player\nSalome Hocking (1859–1927), Cornish novelist\nSalomé de Gélieu (1742–1820), Swiss educator and governess\nSalome Gluecksohn-Waelsch (1907–2007), German-born U.S. geneticist\nSalome Halldorson (1887–1970), Canadian politician in Manitoba\nSalomé Haller (born 1975), French operatic and concert soprano\nSalomé Herrera, Mexican pianist\nSalomé di Iorio (born 1980), Argentine lawyer and football referee\nSalome Jens (born 1935), American actress who appeared in Star Trek: Deep Space Nine\nSalome Kammer (born 1959), German actress, singer and cellist\nSalome Khubuluri (born 1988), Georgian footballer\nSalomé Kora (born 1994), Swiss sprinter\nSalome Lang (born 1997), Swiss athlete who competes in the high jump\nSalomé Leclerc (born 1986), Canadian singer-songwriter\nSalome Maswime, South African clinician and global health expert\nSalome Melia, Georgian chess player\nSalomé Moiane (born 1951), Mozambican politician\nSalome Mulugeta, Ethiopian and Eritrean-American filmmaker and actor\nSalomėja Nėris (1904 – 1945), Lithuanian poet\nSalome Nyirarukundo (born 1997), Rwandan long-distance runner\nSalome Pazhava (born 1997), Georgian individual rhythmic gymnast\nSalome Reischer (1899–1980), Austrian chess player\nSalome Samadashvili (born 1976), Georgian politician and former diplomat\nSalome Sellers (1800–1909), American centenarian who was the last known person born in the 18th century\nSalomé Stampfli (born 2005), Liechtensteiner footballer\nSalome Tabuatalei, Fijian athlete and canoeist\nSalome Tanuvasa, New Zealand artist\nSalome Thorkelsdottir (Þorkelsdóttir) (born 1927), Icelandic politician\nSalomé Ureña (1847–1897), poet and teacher from the Dominican Republic\nSalome Zurabishvili, President of the Republic of Georgia","title":"People with the given name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Solomiia Bobrovska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomiia_Bobrovska"},{"link_name":"Solomiya Brateyko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomiya_Brateyko"},{"link_name":"Solomiya Krushelnytska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomiya_Krushelnytska"},{"link_name":"Solomiia Pavlychko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomiia_Pavlychko"},{"link_name":"Solomiia Vynnyk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solomiia_Vynnyk"}],"sub_title":"Variants","text":"Solomiia Bobrovska (born 1989), Ukrainian politician and civic activist\nSolomiya Brateyko (born 1999), Ukrainian table tennis player\nSolomiya Krushelnytska (1872–1952), Ukrainian soprano opera star\nSolomiia Pavlychko (1958–1999), Ukrainian literary critic, philosopher and translator\nSolomiia Vynnyk, Ukrainian freestyle wrestler","title":"People with the given name"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Promise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Promise_(Galgut_novel)"},{"link_name":"Death on the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death_on_the_Nile"},{"link_name":"Agatha Christie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agatha_Christie"}],"text":"Salome, a character in the novel The Promise\nSalome Otterbourne, a character in Death on the Nile by Agatha Christie","title":"Fictional characters"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-auto_1-1"},{"link_name":"\"Meaning, origin and history of the name Salome\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.behindthename.com/name/salome"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Სახელმწიფო სერვისების განვითარების სააგენტო\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cra.gov.ge/index.php?lang_id=ENG&sec_id=49&info_id=1894"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Registraduría Nacional Del Estado Civil (COLOMBIA): Santiago, Juan David, Mariana y María José fueron los nombres más comunes de los niños colombianos inscritos en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento en 2011\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//rneccolombia.blogspot.com/2012/02/santiago-juan-david-mariana-y-maria.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Popular Baby Names\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.ssa.gov/oact/babynames/"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Salome_(given_name)&namespace=0"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q379029#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4498074-7"}],"text":"^ a b Campbell, Mike. \"Meaning, origin and history of the name Salome\". Behind the Name.\n\n^ \"Სახელმწიფო სერვისების განვითარების სააგენტო\".\n\n^ \"Registraduría Nacional Del Estado Civil (COLOMBIA): Santiago, Juan David, Mariana y María José fueron los nombres más comunes de los niños colombianos inscritos en el Registro Civil de Nacimiento en 2011\". February 3, 2012.\n\n^ \"Popular Baby Names\". www.ssa.gov.Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.Authority control databases: National \nGermany","title":"Notes"}] | [{"image_text":"Salome, an 1897 Art Nouveau illustration by Alfons Mucha.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Mucha-Salome-1897.jpg/220px-Mucha-Salome-1897.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Campbell, Mike. \"Meaning, origin and history of the name Salome\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CoCo_(toys) | Lego clone | ["1 Legal challenges","2 Brands","3 See also","4 References"] | Children's Lego-style construction blocks
For Lego Clone Wars-related subjects, see Lego Star Wars.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Lego clone" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Mega Bloks building block (above) and Lego building brick (below)
A Lego clone is a line or brand of children's construction blocks which is mechanically compatible with Lego brand blocks, but is produced by another manufacturer. The blocks were originally patented by The Lego Group in 1961 as "toy building bricks", and the company has since remained dominant in this market. Some competitors have moved to take advantage of Lego brand recognition by advertising their own products as compatible with Lego, with statements such as "compatible with leading building bricks".
The last underlying patents of the brick design expired in 1978, opening the field to rivals.
Legal challenges
At least two of the largest clone manufacturers have been challenged in court by Lego. The lawsuits have been mostly unsuccessful, for courts have generally found the functional design of the basic brick to be a matter of patent rather than trademark law, and all relevant Lego patents have expired.
Lego itself originally copied their bricks from British psychologist and inventor Hilary Page in the late 1940s.
Lego and Tyco Industries fought in US courts over Tyco's line of interlocking bricks in the 1980s with Tyco prevailing. On August 31, 1987, the US District Court ruled that Tyco could continue making Super Blocks, its Lego clone bricks, but ordered Tyco to stop using the Lego trademark and not to state that they were "Lego, but only cheaper". In Lego's Hong Kong suit against Tyco Super Blocks, Lego received an injunction forcing Tyco to stop cloning Lego bricks designed after 1973. Tyco was also being sued at the time by Lego in Austria, Italy and Canada.
Lego sued the Canadian company Mega Bloks on the grounds that its use of the "studs and tubes" interlocking brick system was a violation of trademarks held by Lego. On November 17, 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld Mega Bloks' right to continue selling the product in Canada. A similar decision was reached by the European Union's Court of First Instance on November 12, 2008, upholding an EU regulatory agency's reversal of opinion following an objection by Mega Bloks against a trademark awarded to Lego in 1999. Mega Bloks won a case at the EU's top court in 2010 against Lego's trademark registration of a red toy building brick. On September 14, 2010, the European Court of Justice ruled that the 8-peg design of the original Lego brick "merely performs a technical function cannot be registered as a trademark."
Best-Lock and Lego bricks compared. Left to right; alternating Best-Lock then Lego in pairs.
The English company Best-Lock Construction Toys sued Lego in German courts in 2004 and 2009. The German Federal Court denied Lego trademark protection for the shape of its bricks in the latter case.
The Lego Group did score a success in 2002, when its Swiss subsidiary Interlego AG sued the Tianjin CoCo Toy Co., Ltd. company for copyright infringement. A claims court found many CoCo sets to be infringing; CoCo was ordered to cease manufacture of the infringing sets, publish a formal apology in the Beijing Daily, and pay a small fee in damages to Interlego. On appeal, the Beijing High People's Court upheld the trial court's ruling.
In 2000, Lego filed a three-dimensional trademark for its mini-figures, which Best Lock had duplicated since 1998. In 2012, Best Lock sued to get the trademark revoked. On June 16, 2015, European Court of Justice upheld Lego's figure trademark. Lego had in 2009 filed its copyright claims into a U.S. Customs database that led to the seizure of Best-Lock shipments coming in from Asia. In October 2011, Lego filed in US District Court in Hartford filed against Best-Lock over the mini-figure trademark.
In 2011, Lego sued Guangdong Jumbo Grand Plastic Moulding Industrial over its BanBao brand's copycat packaging. The two companies settled their case out of court with Guangdong agreeing to create unique packaging and a new figure, ToBees.
In 2016, Lego announced that it would be taking legal action against the Chinese company Guangdong Loongon, which manufactures the brand Lepin, for selling exact replicas of existing Lego products (including box-art).
In 2019, Lego sued Lakeshore Learning Materials for violating its minifigure trademark.
In 2020, Lego was successful in blocking Zuru from selling its own version of minifigures, the court finding that Zuru infringed upon Lego's trademark.
Brands
Name
years
manufacturer
refs
ATC
1970s
Asahi Toy Company, from Japan
BanBao
2010–present
Guangdong Jumbo Grand Plastic Moulding Industrial Co., Ltd.
Bikku
2018–present
Keak Japan Co., Ltd.
Built to Rule
2003–2005
Hasbro
Best-Lock
1997–present
Best-Lock Group
CaDA
2007–present
Double Eagle Toys Industry Co. Ltd.
Cobi
1995–present
Best-Lock Group
CoCo
Tianjin COCO Toy Co., Ltd.
Kre-O
2011–present
Hasbro
Lakeshore Learning Company
Laser Pegs
Laser Pegs Ventures
Lepin
Guangdong Loongon
Ligao (立高)
1999–
Wange Toys Industrial Company
Lite Brix
2013~
Cra-Z-Art (LaRose Industries)
Make-it Blocks
proprietary brand of Dollar Tree
Mega Bloks
1991–present
Mega Brands (Mattel)
Mirabloco
1980s
CMiranda scholar equipment, from Portugal
Nifeliz
2020–present
Nifeliz
N&B Block
1968-1972
Nintendo
Oxford
1996~
Oxford
Qman (formerly Enlighten)
1994–present
Guangdong Qman Industry Toys Co., Ltd.
Sluban
2004–present
Sluban
Tyco Super Blocks
1984–1990
Tyco Toys/Mattel
Wilko Blox
Wilko
Xingbao
2016
subsidiary of Lepin, Guangdong Loongon
Zuru MAX (Build More)
Zuru
K'Nex sets have included compatible bricks since 2008.
Ramagon, by Discovery Toys, has some panels with compatible studs
See also
Interlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc
References
^ US patent 3005282, Christiansen, Godtfred Kirk, "Toy Building Brick", issued 1961-10-24, assigned to Interlego A.G.
^ Joffe-Walt, Chana (2012-12-13). "Why Legos Are So Expensive — And So Popular". NPR. Retrieved 2019-10-14. Lego has about 70 percent of the construction-toy market
^ Gardner, Tracy (14 August 2015). "Laser Pegs Hands-On Review - Light Up Construction Bricks". techagekids.com. Retrieved 1 April 2017.
^ a b Austen, Ian (February 2, 2005). "Building a Legal Case, Block by Block". New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ a b Lee, Mara (January 29, 2012). "Blocking And Tackling: A Nasty LEGO Copyright Battle". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 8 October 2018.
^ Seay, Gregory (January 30, 2012). "Lego locked in domestic copyright fight". Hartford Business Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ a b Mayer, Caroline E. (September 1, 1987). "Lego, Tyco Each Declare Victory in Battle of the Bricks". Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ "2005 SCC 65". CanLII. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
^ "Lego loses trademark ruling in EU". The New York Times. October 12, 2008.
^ "Montreal's Mega Brands triumphant after Lego loses trademark challenge". Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2011.
^ "Forty-year Monopolistic LEGO-Doctrine Ruling Reversed as Best-Lock Europe LTD Wins Patent and Trademark Case". CCNMatthews Newswire. 2005-03-28. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016.
^ von RA Dennis Breuer (2012-04-19). "Pressemitteilung des BGH Nr. 158/2009: Legostein als Marke gelöscht | markenmagazin:recht". Markenmagazin.de. Retrieved 2012-10-09.
^ "Pressemitteilung Nr. 147/04 vom 3.12.2004". Juris.bundesgerichtshof.de. Retrieved 2015-03-09.
^ a b "Lego defeats the Chinese pirates". BBC News. 21 January 2003. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ Butler, Sarah (June 16, 2015). "Lego blocks legal bid to remove trademark protection for its mini-figures". the Guardian. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ "EU court rules Lego figurines are protected trademark". 2015-06-16.
^ a b Sauer, Abe (September 24, 2012). "China Watch: Banbao Blames Lego For Not Letting Banbao Copy Lego". Brandchannel. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ a b "Fierce copyright battle mars Lego's push in China". cphpost.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2017-02-08.
^ "The LEGO Group sues Lakeshore Learning Materials for copyright infringement". 12 June 2019.
^ "LEGO Blocks Out ZURU in Copyright Dispute Over Minifigures | Incontestable Blog". Finnegan | Leading Intellectual Property Law Firm.
^ a b c Lennihan, Mark (February 12, 2011). "Hasbro pushes into Lego's land with new blocks". USA Today. AP. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
^ Cada Klemmbausteine, accessed: 2021-02-28
^ Kuchera, Ben (July 20, 2011). "Playing with Hasbro's Kre-O Transformer kits: don't call them Lego". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 12, 2018.
^ a b Lagzial, Ashley (June 30, 2013). "Patent Fight Short Circuits 'Laser Peg' Toy Plan". CNBC. Retrieved October 8, 2018.
^ Pasick, Adam (3 October 2013). "Lego looks to expand in China, the land of Lego knock-offs". Quartz.
^ Ness, Daniel (July 25, 2021). Block Parties: Identifying Emergent STEAM Thinking Through Play. Routledge. ISBN 9781000406221 – via Google Books. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lego Star Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego_Star_Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mega_Bloks_vs._LEGO.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego"},{"link_name":"construction blocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Construction_set"},{"link_name":"Lego","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lego"},{"link_name":"The Lego Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lego_Group"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"}],"text":"For Lego Clone Wars-related subjects, see Lego Star Wars.Mega Bloks building block (above) and Lego building brick (below)A Lego clone is a line or brand of children's construction blocks which is mechanically compatible with Lego brand blocks, but is produced by another manufacturer. The blocks were originally patented by The Lego Group in 1961 as \"toy building bricks\",[1] and the company has since remained dominant in this market.[2] Some competitors have moved to take advantage of Lego brand recognition by advertising their own products as compatible with Lego, with statements such as \"compatible with leading building bricks\".[3]The last underlying patents of the brick design expired in 1978, opening the field to rivals.[4]","title":"Lego clone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"patent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patent"},{"link_name":"trademark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trademark"},{"link_name":"Hilary Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilary_Fisher_Page"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hfb-6"},{"link_name":"Tyco Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyco_Toys"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nyt-4"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp-7"},{"link_name":"Mega Bloks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mega_Bloks"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"Court of First Instance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Court_of_First_Instance"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Best-Lock_and_Lego-bricks_compared_by_color.jpg"},{"link_name":"Best-Lock Construction Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Best-Lock_Construction_Toys"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aktiengesellschaft"},{"link_name":"copyright infringement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copyright_infringement"},{"link_name":"Beijing Daily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing_Daily"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bbc-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gdn-15"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hc-5"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bch-17"},{"link_name":"Guangdong Loongon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangdong_Loongon"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cph-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bf-19"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fin-20"}],"text":"At least two of the largest clone manufacturers have been challenged in court by Lego. The lawsuits have been mostly unsuccessful, for courts have generally found the functional design of the basic brick to be a matter of patent rather than trademark law, and all relevant Lego patents have expired.Lego itself originally copied their bricks from British psychologist and inventor Hilary Page in the late 1940s.[5][6]Lego and Tyco Industries fought in US courts over Tyco's line of interlocking bricks in the 1980s with Tyco prevailing.[4] On August 31, 1987, the US District Court ruled that Tyco could continue making Super Blocks, its Lego clone bricks, but ordered Tyco to stop using the Lego trademark and not to state that they were \"Lego, but only cheaper\". In Lego's Hong Kong suit against Tyco Super Blocks, Lego received an injunction forcing Tyco to stop cloning Lego bricks designed after 1973. Tyco was also being sued at the time by Lego in Austria, Italy and Canada.[7]Lego sued the Canadian company Mega Bloks on the grounds that its use of the \"studs and tubes\" interlocking brick system was a violation of trademarks held by Lego. On November 17, 2005, the Supreme Court of Canada upheld Mega Bloks' right to continue selling the product in Canada.[8] A similar decision was reached by the European Union's Court of First Instance on November 12, 2008, upholding an EU regulatory agency's reversal of opinion following an objection by Mega Bloks against a trademark awarded to Lego in 1999.[9] Mega Bloks won a case at the EU's top court in 2010 against Lego's trademark registration of a red toy building brick. On September 14, 2010, the European Court of Justice ruled that the 8-peg design of the original Lego brick \"merely performs a technical function [and] cannot be registered as a trademark.\"[10]Best-Lock and Lego bricks compared. Left to right; alternating Best-Lock then Lego in pairs.The English company Best-Lock Construction Toys sued Lego in German courts in 2004[11] and 2009.[12] The German Federal Court denied Lego trademark protection for the shape of its bricks in the latter case.[13]The Lego Group did score a success in 2002, when its Swiss subsidiary Interlego AG sued the Tianjin CoCo Toy Co., Ltd. company for copyright infringement. A claims court found many CoCo sets to be infringing; CoCo was ordered to cease manufacture of the infringing sets, publish a formal apology in the Beijing Daily, and pay a small fee in damages to Interlego. On appeal, the Beijing High People's Court upheld the trial court's ruling.[14]In 2000, Lego filed a three-dimensional trademark for its mini-figures, which Best Lock had duplicated since 1998. In 2012, Best Lock sued to get the trademark revoked. On June 16, 2015, European Court of Justice upheld Lego's figure trademark.[15] Lego had in 2009 filed its copyright claims into a U.S. Customs database that led to the seizure of Best-Lock shipments coming in from Asia. In October 2011, Lego filed in US District Court in Hartford filed against Best-Lock over the mini-figure trademark.[5][16]In 2011, Lego sued Guangdong Jumbo Grand Plastic Moulding Industrial over its BanBao brand's copycat packaging. The two companies settled their case out of court with Guangdong agreeing to create unique packaging and a new figure, ToBees.[17]In 2016, Lego announced that it would be taking legal action against the Chinese company Guangdong Loongon, which manufactures the brand Lepin, for selling exact replicas of existing Lego products (including box-art).[18]In 2019, Lego sued Lakeshore Learning Materials for violating its minifigure trademark.[19][better source needed]In 2020, Lego was successful in blocking Zuru from selling its own version of minifigures, the court finding that Zuru infringed upon Lego's trademark.[20]","title":"Legal challenges"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K'Nex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%27Nex"},{"link_name":"Discovery Toys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_Toys"}],"text":"K'Nex sets have included compatible bricks since 2008.\nRamagon, by Discovery Toys, has some panels with compatible studs","title":"Brands"}] | [{"image_text":"Mega Bloks building block (above) and Lego building brick (below)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Mega_Bloks_vs._LEGO.JPG"},{"image_text":"Best-Lock and Lego bricks compared. Left to right; alternating Best-Lock then Lego in pairs.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Best-Lock_and_Lego-bricks_compared_by_color.jpg/220px-Best-Lock_and_Lego-bricks_compared_by_color.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Interlego AG v Tyco Industries Inc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interlego_AG_v_Tyco_Industries_Inc"}] | [{"reference":"Joffe-Walt, Chana (2012-12-13). \"Why Legos Are So Expensive — And So Popular\". NPR. Retrieved 2019-10-14. Lego has about 70 percent of the construction-toy market","urls":[{"url":"https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2012/12/13/167055503/why-legos-are-so-expensive-and-so-popular","url_text":"\"Why Legos Are So Expensive — And So Popular\""}]},{"reference":"Gardner, Tracy (14 August 2015). \"Laser Pegs Hands-On Review - Light Up Construction Bricks\". techagekids.com. Retrieved 1 April 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techagekids.com/2015/08/laser-pegs-hands-on-review-light-up.html","url_text":"\"Laser Pegs Hands-On Review - Light Up Construction Bricks\""}]},{"reference":"Austen, Ian (February 2, 2005). \"Building a Legal Case, Block by Block\". New York Times. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/02/business/worldbusiness/building-a-legal-case-block-by-block.html","url_text":"\"Building a Legal Case, Block by Block\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Mara (January 29, 2012). \"Blocking And Tackling: A Nasty LEGO Copyright Battle\". Hartford Courant. Retrieved 8 October 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.courant.com/2012-01-29/business/hc-lego-patent-fight-20120129_1_lego-men-lego-toys-lock","url_text":"\"Blocking And Tackling: A Nasty LEGO Copyright Battle\""}]},{"reference":"Seay, Gregory (January 30, 2012). \"Lego locked in domestic copyright fight\". Hartford Business Journal. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/20120130/PRINTEDITION/301309998/lego-locked-in-domestic-copyright-fight","url_text":"\"Lego locked in domestic copyright fight\""}]},{"reference":"Mayer, Caroline E. (September 1, 1987). \"Lego, Tyco Each Declare Victory in Battle of the Bricks\". Washington Post. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1987/09/01/lego-tyco-each-declare-victory-in-battle-of-the-bricks/0d3f7283-37d7-4687-8f3e-ec5cb14d173b/?noredirect=on","url_text":"\"Lego, Tyco Each Declare Victory in Battle of the Bricks\""}]},{"reference":"\"2005 SCC 65\". CanLII. Retrieved 2015-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2005/2005scc65/2005scc65.html","url_text":"\"2005 SCC 65\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lego loses trademark ruling in EU\". The New York Times. October 12, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/12/business/lego.php","url_text":"\"Lego loses trademark ruling in EU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montreal's Mega Brands triumphant after Lego loses trademark challenge\". Archived from the original on September 19, 2010. Retrieved December 31, 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919154713/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/Mega%2BBrands%2Btriumphant%2Bafter%2BLego%2Bloses%2Btrademark%2Bchallenge/3527508/story.html","url_text":"\"Montreal's Mega Brands triumphant after Lego loses trademark challenge\""},{"url":"https://montrealgazette.com/business/Mega+Brands+triumphant+after+Lego+loses+trademark+challenge/3527508/story.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Forty-year Monopolistic LEGO-Doctrine Ruling Reversed as Best-Lock Europe LTD Wins Patent and Trademark Case\". CCNMatthews Newswire. 2005-03-28. Archived from the original on 25 February 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160225064546/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13691552.html","url_text":"\"Forty-year Monopolistic LEGO-Doctrine Ruling Reversed as Best-Lock Europe LTD Wins Patent and Trademark Case\""},{"url":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13691552.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"von RA Dennis Breuer (2012-04-19). \"Pressemitteilung des BGH Nr. 158/2009: Legostein als Marke gelöscht | markenmagazin:recht\". Markenmagazin.de. Retrieved 2012-10-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.markenmagazin.de/pressemitteilung-des-bgh-nr-1582009-legostein-als-marke-geloescht/","url_text":"\"Pressemitteilung des BGH Nr. 158/2009: Legostein als Marke gelöscht | markenmagazin:recht\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pressemitteilung Nr. 147/04 vom 3.12.2004\". Juris.bundesgerichtshof.de. Retrieved 2015-03-09.","urls":[{"url":"http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&Datum=Aktuell&nr=32168&linked=pm","url_text":"\"Pressemitteilung Nr. 147/04 vom 3.12.2004\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lego defeats the Chinese pirates\". BBC News. 21 January 2003. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2679811.stm","url_text":"\"Lego defeats the Chinese pirates\""}]},{"reference":"Butler, Sarah (June 16, 2015). \"Lego blocks legal bid to remove trademark protection for its mini-figures\". the Guardian. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jun/16/lego-trademark-protection-mini-figures-european-court-justice-best-lock","url_text":"\"Lego blocks legal bid to remove trademark protection for its mini-figures\""}]},{"reference":"\"EU court rules Lego figurines are protected trademark\". 2015-06-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/11678285/EU-court-rules-Lego-figurines-are-protected-trademark.html","url_text":"\"EU court rules Lego figurines are protected trademark\""}]},{"reference":"Sauer, Abe (September 24, 2012). \"China Watch: Banbao Blames Lego For Not Letting Banbao Copy Lego\". Brandchannel. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brandchannel.com/2012/09/24/china-watch-banbao-blames-lego-for-not-letting-banbao-copy-lego/","url_text":"\"China Watch: Banbao Blames Lego For Not Letting Banbao Copy Lego\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fierce copyright battle mars Lego's push in China\". cphpost.dk (in Danish). Retrieved 2017-02-08.","urls":[{"url":"http://cphpost.dk/news/business/fierce-copyright-battle-mars-legos-push-in-china.html","url_text":"\"Fierce copyright battle mars Lego's push in China\""}]},{"reference":"\"The LEGO Group sues Lakeshore Learning Materials for copyright infringement\". 12 June 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.brickfanatics.com/the-lego-group-sues-lakeshore-learning-materials-for-copyright-infringement/","url_text":"\"The LEGO Group sues Lakeshore Learning Materials for copyright infringement\""}]},{"reference":"\"LEGO Blocks Out ZURU in Copyright Dispute Over Minifigures | Incontestable Blog\". Finnegan | Leading Intellectual Property Law Firm.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.finnegan.com/en/insights/blogs/incontestable/lego-blocks-out-zuru-in-copyright-dispute-over-minifigures.html","url_text":"\"LEGO Blocks Out ZURU in Copyright Dispute Over Minifigures | Incontestable Blog\""}]},{"reference":"Lennihan, Mark (February 12, 2011). \"Hasbro pushes into Lego's land with new blocks\". USA Today. AP. Retrieved September 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/2011-02-12-hasbro-transformers_N.htm","url_text":"\"Hasbro pushes into Lego's land with new blocks\""}]},{"reference":"Kuchera, Ben (July 20, 2011). \"Playing with Hasbro's Kre-O Transformer kits: don't call them Lego\". Ars Technica. Retrieved September 12, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2011/07/playing-with-hasbros-kre-o-transformer-kits-dont-call-them-lego/","url_text":"\"Playing with Hasbro's Kre-O Transformer kits: don't call them Lego\""}]},{"reference":"Lagzial, Ashley (June 30, 2013). \"Patent Fight Short Circuits 'Laser Peg' Toy Plan\". CNBC. Retrieved October 8, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/100739918","url_text":"\"Patent Fight Short Circuits 'Laser Peg' Toy Plan\""}]},{"reference":"Pasick, Adam (3 October 2013). \"Lego looks to expand in China, the land of Lego knock-offs\". Quartz.","urls":[{"url":"https://qz.com/131355/lego-looks-to-expand-in-china-the-land-of-lego-knock-offs/","url_text":"\"Lego looks to expand in China, the land of Lego knock-offs\""}]},{"reference":"Ness, Daniel (July 25, 2021). Block Parties: Identifying Emergent STEAM Thinking Through Play. Routledge. ISBN 9781000406221 – via Google Books.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hxswEAAAQBAJ&dq=wange+ligao&pg=PT78","url_text":"Block Parties: Identifying Emergent STEAM Thinking Through Play"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781000406221","url_text":"9781000406221"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Lego+clone%22","external_links_name":"\"Lego clone\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Lego+clone%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Lego+clone%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Lego+clone%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Lego+clone%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Lego+clone%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://worldwide.espacenet.com/textdoc?DB=EPODOC&IDX=US3005282","external_links_name":"US patent 3005282"},{"Link":"https://www.npr.org/sections/money/2012/12/13/167055503/why-legos-are-so-expensive-and-so-popular","external_links_name":"\"Why Legos Are So Expensive — And So Popular\""},{"Link":"http://www.techagekids.com/2015/08/laser-pegs-hands-on-review-light-up.html","external_links_name":"\"Laser Pegs Hands-On Review - Light Up Construction Bricks\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/2005/02/02/business/worldbusiness/building-a-legal-case-block-by-block.html","external_links_name":"\"Building a Legal Case, Block by Block\""},{"Link":"http://articles.courant.com/2012-01-29/business/hc-lego-patent-fight-20120129_1_lego-men-lego-toys-lock","external_links_name":"\"Blocking And Tackling: A Nasty LEGO Copyright Battle\""},{"Link":"http://www.hartfordbusiness.com/article/20120130/PRINTEDITION/301309998/lego-locked-in-domestic-copyright-fight","external_links_name":"\"Lego locked in domestic copyright fight\""},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1987/09/01/lego-tyco-each-declare-victory-in-battle-of-the-bricks/0d3f7283-37d7-4687-8f3e-ec5cb14d173b/?noredirect=on","external_links_name":"\"Lego, Tyco Each Declare Victory in Battle of the Bricks\""},{"Link":"http://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2005/2005scc65/2005scc65.html","external_links_name":"\"2005 SCC 65\""},{"Link":"http://www.iht.com/articles/2008/11/12/business/lego.php","external_links_name":"\"Lego loses trademark ruling in EU\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100919154713/http://www.montrealgazette.com/business/Mega%2BBrands%2Btriumphant%2Bafter%2BLego%2Bloses%2Btrademark%2Bchallenge/3527508/story.html","external_links_name":"\"Montreal's Mega Brands triumphant after Lego loses trademark challenge\""},{"Link":"https://montrealgazette.com/business/Mega+Brands+triumphant+after+Lego+loses+trademark+challenge/3527508/story.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160225064546/https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13691552.html","external_links_name":"\"Forty-year Monopolistic LEGO-Doctrine Ruling Reversed as Best-Lock Europe LTD Wins Patent and Trademark Case\""},{"Link":"https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-13691552.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.markenmagazin.de/pressemitteilung-des-bgh-nr-1582009-legostein-als-marke-geloescht/","external_links_name":"\"Pressemitteilung des BGH Nr. 158/2009: Legostein als Marke gelöscht | markenmagazin:recht\""},{"Link":"http://juris.bundesgerichtshof.de/cgi-bin/rechtsprechung/document.py?Gericht=bgh&Art=en&Datum=Aktuell&nr=32168&linked=pm","external_links_name":"\"Pressemitteilung Nr. 147/04 vom 3.12.2004\""},{"Link":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/2679811.stm","external_links_name":"\"Lego defeats the Chinese pirates\""},{"Link":"https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2015/jun/16/lego-trademark-protection-mini-figures-european-court-justice-best-lock","external_links_name":"\"Lego blocks legal bid to remove trademark protection for its mini-figures\""},{"Link":"https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/11678285/EU-court-rules-Lego-figurines-are-protected-trademark.html","external_links_name":"\"EU court rules Lego figurines are protected trademark\""},{"Link":"https://www.brandchannel.com/2012/09/24/china-watch-banbao-blames-lego-for-not-letting-banbao-copy-lego/","external_links_name":"\"China Watch: Banbao Blames Lego For Not Letting Banbao Copy Lego\""},{"Link":"http://cphpost.dk/news/business/fierce-copyright-battle-mars-legos-push-in-china.html","external_links_name":"\"Fierce copyright battle mars Lego's push in China\""},{"Link":"https://www.brickfanatics.com/the-lego-group-sues-lakeshore-learning-materials-for-copyright-infringement/","external_links_name":"\"The LEGO Group sues Lakeshore Learning Materials for copyright infringement\""},{"Link":"https://www.finnegan.com/en/insights/blogs/incontestable/lego-blocks-out-zuru-in-copyright-dispute-over-minifigures.html","external_links_name":"\"LEGO Blocks Out ZURU in Copyright Dispute Over Minifigures | Incontestable Blog\""},{"Link":"https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/money/companies/2011-02-12-hasbro-transformers_N.htm","external_links_name":"\"Hasbro pushes into Lego's land with new blocks\""},{"Link":"https://spielzeugblog.net/hersteller/cada/","external_links_name":"Cada Klemmbausteine"},{"Link":"https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2011/07/playing-with-hasbros-kre-o-transformer-kits-dont-call-them-lego/","external_links_name":"\"Playing with Hasbro's Kre-O Transformer kits: don't call them Lego\""},{"Link":"https://www.cnbc.com/id/100739918","external_links_name":"\"Patent Fight Short Circuits 'Laser Peg' Toy Plan\""},{"Link":"https://qz.com/131355/lego-looks-to-expand-in-china-the-land-of-lego-knock-offs/","external_links_name":"\"Lego looks to expand in China, the land of Lego knock-offs\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=hxswEAAAQBAJ&dq=wange+ligao&pg=PT78","external_links_name":"Block Parties: Identifying Emergent STEAM Thinking Through Play"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_classification_(data_management) | Data classification (data management) | ["1 How to start process of data classification?","2 Basic criteria for semi-structured or poly-structured data classification","3 Basic criteria for relational or Tabular data classification","4 Benefits of data classification","5 Business data classification approaches","5.1 Paper-Based Classification Policy","5.2 Automated Classification Policy","5.3 User-Driven Classification Policy","6 See also","7 References"] | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
This article's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (March 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Data classification is the process of organizing data into categories based on its attributes, e.g. file type, contents, other metadata. The data is then assigned class labels that describe a set of attributes that hold true for the corresponding data sets. The goal is to provide meaningful class attributes to raw unstructured information.
Big data analytics has demonstrated the importance of data classification in organizations today. In the field of data management, data classification as a part of the Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) process can be defined as a tool for categorization of data to enable/help organizations to effectively answer the following questions:
What data types are available?
What level of sensitivity is needed?
Where is the data currently stored?
What access levels are implemented?
What protection level is implemented and does it adhere to compliance regulations?
Typically, data classification is viewed as a multitude of label that are used to define the type of data, especially on confidentiality and integrity issues. When implemented, it provides a bridge between IT professionals and process or application owners. IT staff are informed about the value of data, and management (usually application owners) better understand which part of the data center needs investment to keep operations running effectively. This can be particularly important in risk management, legal discovery, and compliance with government regulations. Data classification is typically a manual process; however, there are many tools from different vendors that can help gather information about the data.
Data classification needs to take into account the following:
Regulatory requirements
Strategic or proprietary worth
Organization specific policies
Ethical and privacy considerations
Contractual agreements
Data sensitivity levels must be considered.
How to start process of data classification?
This section's tone or style may not reflect the encyclopedic tone used on Wikipedia. See Wikipedia's guide to writing better articles for suggestions. (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Note that this classification structure is written from a Data Management perspective and therefore has a focus on text and text convertible binary data sources. Images, videos, and audio files are highly structured formats built for industry standard API's and do not readily fit within the classification scheme outlined below.
Evaluation and a division of the various data applications and data into their respective categories is needed to start the data classification process. For example, the process may look like:
Relational or Tabular data (around 15% of non audio/video data)
Generally describes proprietary data which can be accessible only through application or application programming interfaces (API).
Applications that produce structured data are usually database applications.
This type of data often brings complex procedures of data evaluation and migration between the storage tiers.
To ensure adequate quality standards, the classification process has to be monitored by subject-matter experts.
Semi-structured or Poly-structured data (all other non-audio/video data that does not conform to a system or platform defined Relational or Tabular form).
Typically describes data files that have a dynamic or non-relational semantic structure (e.g., documents, XML, JSON, Device or System Log output, Sensor Output, etc.).
Relatively simple process of data classification is criteria assignment.
Simple process of data migration between assigned segments of predefined storage tiers.
There are different types of data classification used. Please note that this designation is entirely orthogonal to the application-centric designation outlined above. Regardless of structure inherited from the application, data may be of a certain type, such as:
1. Geographical
2. Chronological
3. Qualitative
4. Quantitative
It should also be evaluated across three dimensions:
Identifiability: how easily can this data be used to identify an individual?
Sensitivity: how much damage could be done if this data reached the wrong hands?
Scarcity: how readily available is this data?
Basic criteria for semi-structured or poly-structured data classification
Time criteria are the simplest and most commonly used, where different types of data are evaluated by time of creation, time of access, time of update, etc.
Metadata criteria as type, name, owner, location, and so on can be used to create more advanced classification policy.
Content criteria which involve usage of advanced content classification algorithms are the most advanced forms of unstructured data classification.
Note that any of these criteria may also apply to Tabular or Relational data as "Basic Criteria.” These criteria are application specific, rather than inherent aspects of the form in which the data is presented.
Basic criteria for relational or Tabular data classification
These criteria are usually initiated by application requirements, such as:
Disaster recovery and Business Continuity rules
Data center resources optimization and consolidation
Hardware performance limitations and possible improvements by reorganization
Note that any of these criteria may also apply to semi/poly structured data as "Basic Criteria.” These criteria are application specific, rather than inherent aspects of the form in which the data is presented.
Benefits of data classification
Benefits of effective implementation of appropriate data classification can significantly improve ILM process and save data center storage resources. If implemented systemically, it can generate improvements in data center performance and utilization. Data classification can also reduce costs and administration overhead. “Good enough” data classification can produce these results:
Data compliance and easier risk management. Data are located where expected on predefined storage tier and "point in time”
Simplification of data encryption because all data need not be encrypted. This saves valuable processor cycles and all related tasks.
Data indexing to improve user access times
Data protection is redefined, where RTO (Recovery Time Objective) is improved.
Business data classification approaches
There are three different approaches to data classification within a business environment, each of these techniques – paper-based classification, automated classification and user-driven (or user-applied) classification — has its own benefits and pitfalls.
Paper-Based Classification Policy
A corporate data classification policy will set out how employees are required to treat the different types of data they handle, aligned with the organization's overall data security policy and strategy. A well-written policy will enable users to make fast and intuitive decisions about the value of a piece of information, and what the appropriate handling rules are, for example; who can access the data, and should a rights' management template be invoked. The challenge, without any supporting technology, is ensuring that everyone is aware of the policy and implements it correctly.
Automated Classification Policy
This technique bypasses the users’ involvement, enforcing a classification policy to be consistently applied across all touchpoints, without the need for major communication and education programs.
Classifications are applied by solutions that use software algorithms based on keywords or phrases in the content to analyze and classify it. This approach comes into its own where certain types of data are created with no user involvement – for example, reports generated by ERP systems, or where the data includes specific personal information which is easily identified, such as credit card details.
However, automated solutions do not understand context and are therefore susceptible to inaccuracies, giving false positive results that can frustrate users and impede business processes, as well as false negative errors that expose organizations to sensitive data loss.
User-Driven Classification Policy
The data classification process can be completely automated, but it is most effective when the user is placed in the driving seat.
The user-driven classification technique makes employees themselves responsible for deciding which label is appropriate, and attaching it using a software tool at the point of creating, editing, sending, or saving. The advantage of involving the user in the process is that their insight into the context, business value and sensitivity of a piece of data enables them to make informed and accurate decisions about which label to apply. User-driven classification is an additional security layer often used to complement automated classification.
Involving users in classification also leads to other organizational benefits including increased security awareness, an improved culture and the ability to monitor user behavior, which aids reporting and provides the ability to demonstrate compliance. Furthermore, managers can use this behavioral data to identify a possible insider threat, and address any concerns by providing additional guidance to users as appropriate, for example through additional training or by tightening up policy.
See also
Data classification (business intelligence)
References
^ Grover, Purva; Kar, Arpan Kumar (2017-06-13). "Big Data Analytics: A Review on Theoretical Contributions and Tools Used in Literature". Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. 18 (3): 203–229. doi:10.1007/s40171-017-0159-3. ISSN 0972-2696.
^ Knight, Michelle (2021-08-26). "What Are Data Regulations?". DATAVERSITY. Retrieved 2022-10-26.
^ Bar-Sinai, Michael; Sweeney, Latanya; Crosas, Merce (May 2016). "DataTags, Data Handling Policy Spaces and the Tags Language". 2016 IEEE Security and Privacy Workshops (SPW). IEEE. pp. 1–8. doi:10.1109/spw.2016.11. ISBN 978-1-5090-3690-5.
^ a b "What is Data Classification? | Best Practices & Data Types | Imperva". Learning Center. Retrieved 2024-02-03.
^ "Get the scoop on data classification and GDPR before you're too late - LightsOnData". LightsOnData. 2018-05-23. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
^ Khatibloo, Fatemeh (May 2017). "How Dirty Is Your Data? Strategic Plan: The Customer Trust And Privacy Playbook". The Customer Trust and Privacy Playbook for 2018.
^ "What Is Data Classification And What Can It Do For My Business? | Boldon James". www.boldonjames.com. Retrieved 2019-03-05. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"data management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_management"},{"link_name":"Information Lifecycle Management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Information_Lifecycle_Management"},{"link_name":"data types","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_type"},{"link_name":"sensitivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.imperva.com/learn/data-security/data-classification/"},{"link_name":"access levels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_level"},{"link_name":"compliance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compliance_(regulation)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"Data classification is the process of organizing data into categories based on its attributes, e.g. file type, contents, other metadata. The data is then assigned class labels that describe a set of attributes that hold true for the corresponding data sets. The goal is to provide meaningful class attributes to raw unstructured information.Big data analytics has demonstrated the importance of data classification in organizations today.[1] In the field of data management, data classification as a part of the Information Lifecycle Management (ILM) process can be defined as a tool for categorization of data to enable/help organizations to effectively answer the following questions:What data types are available?\nWhat level of sensitivity is needed?\nWhere is the data currently stored?\nWhat access levels are implemented?\nWhat protection level is implemented and does it adhere to compliance regulations?[2]Typically, data classification is viewed as a multitude of label that are used to define the type of data, especially on confidentiality and integrity issues.[3] When implemented, it provides a bridge between IT professionals and process or application owners. IT staff are informed about the value of data, and management (usually application owners) better understand which part of the data center needs investment to keep operations running effectively. This can be particularly important in risk management, legal discovery, and compliance with government regulations. Data classification is typically a manual process; however, there are many tools from different vendors that can help gather information about the data.[4]Data classification needs to take into account the following:Regulatory requirements\nStrategic or proprietary worth\nOrganization specific policies\nEthical and privacy considerations\nContractual agreements[5]Data sensitivity levels must be considered.[4]","title":"Data classification (data management)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"application programming interfaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfaces"},{"link_name":"JSON","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSON"},{"link_name":"data migration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_migration"},{"link_name":"orthogonal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing"},{"link_name":"Geographical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geographical"},{"link_name":"Chronological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronological"},{"link_name":"Qualitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualitative_data"},{"link_name":"Quantitative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_data"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Note that this classification structure is written from a Data Management perspective and therefore has a focus on text and text convertible binary data sources. Images, videos, and audio files are highly structured formats built for industry standard API's and do not readily fit within the classification scheme outlined below.Evaluation and a division of the various data applications and data into their respective categories is needed to start the data classification process. For example, the process may look like:Relational or Tabular data (around 15% of non audio/video data)\nGenerally describes proprietary data which can be accessible only through application or application programming interfaces (API).\nApplications that produce structured data are usually database applications.\nThis type of data often brings complex procedures of data evaluation and migration between the storage tiers.\nTo ensure adequate quality standards, the classification process has to be monitored by subject-matter experts.\nSemi-structured or Poly-structured data (all other non-audio/video data that does not conform to a system or platform defined Relational or Tabular form).\nTypically describes data files that have a dynamic or non-relational semantic structure (e.g., documents, XML, JSON, Device or System Log output, Sensor Output, etc.).\nRelatively simple process of data classification is criteria assignment.\nSimple process of data migration between assigned segments of predefined storage tiers.There are different types of data classification used. Please note that this designation is entirely orthogonal to the application-centric designation outlined above. Regardless of structure inherited from the application, data may be of a certain type, such as:1. Geographical2. Chronological3. Qualitative4. QuantitativeIt should also be evaluated across three dimensions:Identifiability: how easily can this data be used to identify an individual?\nSensitivity: how much damage could be done if this data reached the wrong hands?\nScarcity: how readily available is this data?[6]","title":"How to start process of data classification?"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"unstructured data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unstructured_data"}],"text":"Time criteria are the simplest and most commonly used, where different types of data are evaluated by time of creation, time of access, time of update, etc.\nMetadata criteria as type, name, owner, location, and so on can be used to create more advanced classification policy.\nContent criteria which involve usage of advanced content classification algorithms are the most advanced forms of unstructured data classification.Note that any of these criteria may also apply to Tabular or Relational data as \"Basic Criteria.” These criteria are application specific, rather than inherent aspects of the form in which the data is presented.","title":"Basic criteria for semi-structured or poly-structured data classification"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"These criteria are usually initiated by application requirements, such as:Disaster recovery and Business Continuity rules\nData center resources optimization and consolidation\nHardware performance limitations and possible improvements by reorganizationNote that any of these criteria may also apply to semi/poly structured data as \"Basic Criteria.” These criteria are application specific, rather than inherent aspects of the form in which the data is presented.","title":"Basic criteria for relational or Tabular data classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"risk management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risk_management"},{"link_name":"Recovery Time Objective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_Time_Objective"}],"text":"Benefits of effective implementation of appropriate data classification can significantly improve ILM process and save data center storage resources. If implemented systemically, it can generate improvements in data center performance and utilization. Data classification can also reduce costs and administration overhead. “Good enough” data classification can produce these results:Data compliance and easier risk management. Data are located where expected on predefined storage tier and \"point in time”\nSimplification of data encryption because all data need not be encrypted. This saves valuable processor cycles and all related tasks.\nData indexing to improve user access times\nData protection is redefined, where RTO (Recovery Time Objective) is improved.","title":"Benefits of data classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"There are three different approaches to data classification within a business environment, each of these techniques – paper-based classification, automated classification and user-driven (or user-applied) classification[7] — has its own benefits and pitfalls.","title":"Business data classification approaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Paper-Based Classification Policy","text":"A corporate data classification policy will set out how employees are required to treat the different types of data they handle, aligned with the organization's overall data security policy and strategy. A well-written policy will enable users to make fast and intuitive decisions about the value of a piece of information, and what the appropriate handling rules are, for example; who can access the data, and should a rights' management template be invoked. The challenge, without any supporting technology, is ensuring that everyone is aware of the policy and implements it correctly.","title":"Business data classification approaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Automated Classification Policy","text":"This technique bypasses the users’ involvement, enforcing a classification policy to be consistently applied across all touchpoints, without the need for major communication and education programs.Classifications are applied by solutions that use software algorithms based on keywords or phrases in the content to analyze and classify it. This approach comes into its own where certain types of data are created with no user involvement – for example, reports generated by ERP systems, or where the data includes specific personal information which is easily identified, such as credit card details.However, automated solutions do not understand context and are therefore susceptible to inaccuracies, giving false positive results that can frustrate users and impede business processes, as well as false negative errors that expose organizations to sensitive data loss.","title":"Business data classification approaches"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"User-Driven Classification Policy","text":"The data classification process can be completely automated, but it is most effective when the user is placed in the driving seat.The user-driven classification technique makes employees themselves responsible for deciding which label is appropriate, and attaching it using a software tool at the point of creating, editing, sending, or saving. The advantage of involving the user in the process is that their insight into the context, business value and sensitivity of a piece of data enables them to make informed and accurate decisions about which label to apply. User-driven classification is an additional security layer often used to complement automated classification.Involving users in classification also leads to other organizational benefits including increased security awareness, an improved culture and the ability to monitor user behavior, which aids reporting and provides the ability to demonstrate compliance. Furthermore, managers can use this behavioral data to identify a possible insider threat, and address any concerns by providing additional guidance to users as appropriate, for example through additional training or by tightening up policy.","title":"Business data classification approaches"}] | [] | [{"title":"Data classification (business intelligence)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data_classification_(business_intelligence)"}] | [{"reference":"Grover, Purva; Kar, Arpan Kumar (2017-06-13). \"Big Data Analytics: A Review on Theoretical Contributions and Tools Used in Literature\". Global Journal of Flexible Systems Management. 18 (3): 203–229. doi:10.1007/s40171-017-0159-3. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trungpa_tulku | Trungpa tülkus | ["1 Line of the Trungpa tulkus","2 Chökyi Nyinche","3 References","3.1 Works cited"] | This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Trungpa tülkus" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023)
Trungpa tülkuTibetan nameTibetan དྲུང་པ་སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་ TranscriptionsWyliedrung pa sprul sku
The Trungpa tülkus are a line of incarnate Tibetan lamas who traditionally head Surmang monastery complex in Kham, now Surmang. There have been twelve such Trungpa tulkus. They are members of the Karma Kagyu tradition as well as the Nyingma tradition.
Line of the Trungpa tulkus
Künga Gyaltsen (15th century), student of Trungmase
Künga Sangpo (born 1464)
Künga Öser (15th and 16th centuries)
Künga Namgyal (1567–1629)
Tenpa Namgyal (1633–1712)
Tendzin Chökyi Gyatso (1715–1761)
Jampal Chökyi Gyatso (1763–1768)
Gyurme Thenphel (born 1771)
Tenpa Rabgye (19th century)
Chökyi Nyinche (1879–1939)
Chögyam Trungpa (Chökyi Gyamtso, 1940–1987) was one of the most influential teachers of Buddhism in the West. He founded Shambhala Buddhism.
Choseng Trungpa (Chökyi Sengye, born February 6, 1989) is the present Trungpa tülku.
Chökyi Nyinche
According to Fabrice Midal, the tenth Trungpa tulku rejected his role as fundraiser for the Surmang monasteries and preferred to live as a disciplined meditation practitioner. At one point, to escape his duties as the figurehead of the monastery complex, he ran away on foot to study with Jamgon Kongtrul. He studied with Kongtrul Rinpoche for many years before returning to Surmang, and at that point had the reputation of a realized teacher. Dilgo Khyentse and the second Jamgon Kongtrul of Sechen studied with him. They later became the direct teachers of the eleventh Trungpa tulku.
References
^ Midal (2004), p. 40.
Works cited
Midal, Fabrice (2004). Chögyam Trungpa: His Life and Vision. ISBN 1-59030-098-X.
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Religion portal | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tibetan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibet"},{"link_name":"lamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lama"},{"link_name":"Kham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kham"},{"link_name":"Surmang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surmang"},{"link_name":"tulkus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulku"},{"link_name":"Karma Kagyu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma_Kagyu"},{"link_name":"Nyingma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyingma"}],"text":"The Trungpa tülkus are a line of incarnate Tibetan lamas who traditionally head Surmang monastery complex in Kham, now Surmang. There have been twelve such Trungpa tulkus. They are members of the Karma Kagyu tradition as well as the Nyingma tradition.","title":"Trungpa tülkus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chögyam Trungpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%B6gyam_Trungpa"},{"link_name":"Buddhism in the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West"},{"link_name":"Shambhala Buddhism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shambhala_Buddhism"},{"link_name":"Choseng Trungpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choseng_Trungpa"}],"text":"Künga Gyaltsen (15th century), student of Trungmase\nKünga Sangpo (born 1464)\nKünga Öser (15th and 16th centuries)\nKünga Namgyal (1567–1629)\nTenpa Namgyal (1633–1712)\nTendzin Chökyi Gyatso (1715–1761)\nJampal Chökyi Gyatso (1763–1768)\nGyurme Thenphel (born 1771)\nTenpa Rabgye (19th century)\nChökyi Nyinche (1879–1939)\nChögyam Trungpa (Chökyi Gyamtso, 1940–1987) was one of the most influential teachers of Buddhism in the West. He founded Shambhala Buddhism.\nChoseng Trungpa (Chökyi Sengye, born February 6, 1989) is the present Trungpa tülku.","title":"Line of the Trungpa tulkus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamgon Kongtrul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamgon_Kongtrul"},{"link_name":"Dilgo Khyentse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilgo_Khyentse"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMidal200440-1"}],"text":"According to Fabrice Midal, the tenth Trungpa tulku rejected his role as fundraiser for the Surmang monasteries and preferred to live as a disciplined meditation practitioner. At one point, to escape his duties as the figurehead of the monastery complex, he ran away on foot to study with Jamgon Kongtrul. He studied with Kongtrul Rinpoche for many years before returning to Surmang, and at that point had the reputation of a realized teacher. Dilgo Khyentse and the second Jamgon Kongtrul of Sechen studied with him. They later became the direct teachers of the eleventh Trungpa tulku.[1]","title":"Chökyi Nyinche"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Midal, Fabrice (2004). Chögyam Trungpa: His Life and Vision. ISBN 1-59030-098-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59030-098-X","url_text":"1-59030-098-X"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trungpa_t%C3%BClkus&action=edit","external_links_name":"improve this article"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Trungpa+t%C3%BClkus%22","external_links_name":"\"Trungpa tülkus\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Trungpa+t%C3%BClkus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Trungpa+t%C3%BClkus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Trungpa+t%C3%BClkus%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Trungpa+t%C3%BClkus%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Trungpa+t%C3%BClkus%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Chronicle_and_Echo | Northampton Chronicle & Echo | ["1 Origin","2 Related media","3 Staff","4 Sponsorship","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"] | This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Northampton Chronicle & Echo" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message)Newspaper in Northhampton, England
Northampton Chronicle & EchoTypeLocal newspaperFormatTabloidOwner(s)National WorldEditorDavid SummersLanguageEnglishHeadquartersAlbert HouseVictoria StreetNorthamptonNN1 3NRCirculation4,380 (as of 2023)Websitenorthamptonchron.co.uk
The Northampton Chronicle & Echo (known locally as "The Chron") is a local newspaper serving Northampton, England, and the surrounding towns and villages. It was published daily from Monday-Saturday until 26 May 2012 at a price. It then began to publish one edition per week each Thursday. The paper is owned by National World.
Origin
The title was the result of a 1931 merger of two dailies: the Northampton Daily Chronicle and Evening Herald (founded 1880) and the Daily Echo (founded in 1885 and retitled as the Northampton Daily Echo in 1908), which occupied a striking art deco office building overlooking Northampton's famous market square. This was demolished in the late 1970s to make way for a shopping development. A blue plaque marks the spot where the Daily Echo was published for almost a century. The Chronicle & Echo and its associated titles moved to new quarters at Upper Mounts. Printing in Northampton ceased at the time of the weekly change in 2012 and is now done at the Johnson Press location in Peterborough.
Related media
A glossy monthly, the Northampton Town and County Independent, edited by Bernard Holloway and the local author-editor Lou Warwick, was also published by the same company, which was once part of the United Newspapers group headed by Lord Barnetson. One of the Chronicle's sister papers in those days was the Yorkshire Post.
The Chron's main competitor is the weekly Northampton Herald & Post (circulation 45,582) which is free and delivered throughout the town and surrounding areas but in comparison is lighter on news and heavy on advertising. Until 2015, the Chron issued a free version of the weekly Northampton Mercury with a circulation of 44,000 to compete with its rival.
Staff
Among the Chronicle & Echo's most notable journalists were author Michael Green, who wrote The Art of Coarse Rugby, scriptwriter Alistair Foot, the Guardian's readers' editor Ian Mayes, chairman of the Sportswriters Association Barry Newcombe, former Boxing Board of Control general secretary John Morris, theatre historian Lou Warwick, and author and editor John Marquis (formerly of Reuters and Thomson Newspapers), whose books about the Sir Harry Oakes murder case and the Haitian tyrant Papa Doc have found an international audience. Valentine Low, a journalist on the Times, columnists Yvonne Roberts and Matthew Engel also worked on what is known locally as "The Chron". Helen Blaby writes a general interest column.
Michael Green's novel Don't Print My Name Upside Down was based largely on his experiences at the Chronicle & Echo. The paper's chief sub-editor Stanley Worker kept a copy in his desk and, during rare dull moments, would proudly peek at references to himself. Green's book The Art of Coarse Acting was based on his experiences as an amateur actor at Northampton's amateur drama group the Masque Theatre.
Green, Foot, Marquis and Warwick were all at different times editor of the Chronicle's long-running daily 'chat' page, called Town Talk and County Gossip by Hamtune. Three went on to become authors and the fourth (Foot) a playwright. Mayes has also published compilations of his 'corrections and clarifications' columns in The Guardian. Two went on to become editors: Lou Warwick of the Northampton Town and County Independent, John Marquis of the Packet Newspapers group in Cornwall and The Tribune (a morning newspaper) in the Bahamas.
Both John Morris and John Marquis were also London Sports Editors and Chief Boxing Correspondents of major newspaper groups—Morris of United Newspapers (Yorkshire Post, Lancashire Evening Post and Chronicle & Echo) and Marquis of Thomson Regional Newspapers (The Scotsman, the Western Mail, the Press and Journal and The Journal).
Among the Chronicle & Echo's editors were W Cowper Barrons, John Barrons, Vincent Halton, Gerald Freeman, Philip Green and Mark Edwards. One of the company's most notable figures was L W Dickens, long-serving editor of The Mercury and Herald, in its heyday the 'bible' of Northamptonshire farmers. Another of the company's characters was the photographer Roland Holloway, who worked on the Chronicle, Mercury and Independent for half a century. He was born in 1905, the same year his father William Henry Holloway launched the Independent. During a career running from the 1920s to the 1970s, Roland took more than 80,000 photographs and attended 28,000 assignments. A collection of his work was published in book form in 1985. It was called Roland Holloway's Northamptonshire, Fifty Years of Photographs 1924–1974, published by Northamptonshire Libraries.
Sponsorship
In the 1994–95 English football season the company sponsored local team Northampton Town F.C.
See also
List of newspapers in the United Kingdom
Northamptonshire Evening Telegraph
References
^ Northampton Chronicle & Echo editorial, page 24, January 2011
^ "Contact Us". Northants Chronicle. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
^ "Northampton Chronicle & Echo". Audit Bureau of Circulations (UK). 19 February 2024. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
^ "Northampton Chronicle & Echo". British Newspapers Online. 9 July 2013. Archived from the original on 14 September 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
^ Press Gazette: Full breakdown for all titles 29 February 2012, accessed 19 June 2012
^ Turvill, William (7 October 2015). "295-year-old Northampton newspaper, once named as ninth oldest in the world, closed by Johnston Press". PressGazette. Archived from the original on 5 November 2016. Retrieved 5 November 2016.
External links
Northampton Chronicle & Echo | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton"},{"link_name":"National World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_World"}],"text":"Newspaper in Northhampton, EnglandThe Northampton Chronicle & Echo (known locally as \"The Chron\") is a local newspaper serving Northampton, England, and the surrounding towns and villages. It was published daily from Monday-Saturday until 26 May 2012 at a price. It then began to publish one edition per week each Thursday. The paper is owned by National World.","title":"Northampton Chronicle & Echo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art deco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_deco"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BNOCE2013-4"},{"link_name":"Peterborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peterborough"}],"text":"The title was the result of a 1931 merger of two dailies: the Northampton Daily Chronicle and Evening Herald (founded 1880) and the Daily Echo (founded in 1885 and retitled as the Northampton Daily Echo in 1908), which occupied a striking art deco office building overlooking Northampton's famous market square.[4] This was demolished in the late 1970s to make way for a shopping development. A blue plaque marks the spot where the Daily Echo was published for almost a century. The Chronicle & Echo and its associated titles moved to new quarters at Upper Mounts. Printing in Northampton ceased at the time of the weekly change in 2012 and is now done at the Johnson Press location in Peterborough.","title":"Origin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"Lord Barnetson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Denholm_Barnetson"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_Post"},{"link_name":"Northampton Herald & Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Herald_%26_Post"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Press_Gazette2-5"},{"link_name":"Northampton Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Mercury"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Turvill2015-6"}],"text":"A glossy monthly, the Northampton Town and County Independent, edited by Bernard Holloway and the local author-editor Lou Warwick, was also published by the same company, which was once part of the United Newspapers group headed by Lord Barnetson. One of the Chronicle's sister papers in those days was the Yorkshire Post.The Chron's main competitor is the weekly Northampton Herald & Post (circulation 45,582)[5] which is free and delivered throughout the town and surrounding areas but in comparison is lighter on news and heavy on advertising. Until 2015, the Chron issued a free version of the weekly Northampton Mercury with a circulation of 44,000 to compete with its rival.[6]","title":"Related media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Green_(humourist)"},{"link_name":"Reuters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters"},{"link_name":"Thomson Newspapers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomson_Newspapers"},{"link_name":"Haitian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haiti"},{"link_name":"Papa Doc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papa_Doc"},{"link_name":"Yvonne Roberts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvonne_Roberts"},{"link_name":"Matthew Engel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_Engel"},{"link_name":"Helen Blaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helen_Blaby"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"Bahamas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahamas"},{"link_name":"The Scotsman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scotsman"},{"link_name":"Western Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Mail_(Wales)"}],"text":"Among the Chronicle & Echo's most notable journalists were author Michael Green, who wrote The Art of Coarse Rugby, scriptwriter Alistair Foot, the Guardian's readers' editor Ian Mayes, chairman of the Sportswriters Association Barry Newcombe, former Boxing Board of Control general secretary John Morris, theatre historian Lou Warwick, and author and editor John Marquis (formerly of Reuters and Thomson Newspapers), whose books about the Sir Harry Oakes murder case and the Haitian tyrant Papa Doc have found an international audience. Valentine Low, a journalist on the Times, columnists Yvonne Roberts and Matthew Engel also worked on what is known locally as \"The Chron\". Helen Blaby writes a general interest column.Michael Green's novel Don't Print My Name Upside Down was based largely on his experiences at the Chronicle & Echo. The paper's chief sub-editor Stanley Worker kept a copy in his desk and, during rare dull moments, would proudly peek at references to himself. Green's book The Art of Coarse Acting was based on his experiences as an amateur actor at Northampton's amateur drama group the Masque Theatre.Green, Foot, Marquis and Warwick were all at different times editor of the Chronicle's long-running daily 'chat' page, called Town Talk and County Gossip by Hamtune. Three went on to become authors and the fourth (Foot) a playwright. Mayes has also published compilations of his 'corrections and clarifications' columns in The Guardian. Two went on to become editors: Lou Warwick of the Northampton Town and County Independent, John Marquis of the Packet Newspapers group in Cornwall and The Tribune (a morning newspaper) in the Bahamas.Both John Morris and John Marquis were also London Sports Editors and Chief Boxing Correspondents of major newspaper groups—Morris of United Newspapers (Yorkshire Post, Lancashire Evening Post and Chronicle & Echo) and Marquis of Thomson Regional Newspapers (The Scotsman, the Western Mail, the Press and Journal and The Journal).Among the Chronicle & Echo's editors were W Cowper Barrons, John Barrons, Vincent Halton, Gerald Freeman, Philip Green and Mark Edwards. One of the company's most notable figures was L W Dickens, long-serving editor of The Mercury and Herald, in its heyday the 'bible' of Northamptonshire farmers. Another of the company's characters was the photographer Roland Holloway, who worked on the Chronicle, Mercury and Independent for half a century. He was born in 1905, the same year his father William Henry Holloway launched the Independent. During a career running from the 1920s to the 1970s, Roland took more than 80,000 photographs and attended 28,000 assignments. A collection of his work was published in book form in 1985. It was called Roland Holloway's Northamptonshire, Fifty Years of Photographs 1924–1974, published by Northamptonshire Libraries.","title":"Staff"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Northampton Town F.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northampton_Town_F.C."}],"text":"In the 1994–95 English football season the company sponsored local team Northampton Town F.C.","title":"Sponsorship"}] | [] | [{"title":"List of newspapers in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Northamptonshire Evening Telegraph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northamptonshire_Evening_Telegraph"}] | [{"reference":"\"Contact Us\". Northants Chronicle. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batea_(mythology) | Batea (mythology) | ["1 Notes","2 References"] | Name in Greek mythology
Greek deitiesseries
Primordial deities
Titans and Olympians
Water deities
Chthonic deities
Personified concepts
Nymphs
Alseid
Anthousai
Auloniad
Aurae
Crinaeae
Daphnaie
Dryads
Eleionomae
Epimeliads
Hamadryads
Hesperides
Hyades
Lampads
Leimakids
Leuce
Limnades
Meliae
Melinoë
Minthe
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vteIn Greek mythology, the name Batea or Bateia (/bəˈtiːə/ bə-TEE-ə; Ancient Greek: Βάτεια) refers to the following individuals:
Batea, daughter of King Teucer of the Teucrians.
Batea, a Naiad, who married King Oebalus of Sparta. Their sons were Hippocoon, Tyndareus and Icarius. She also becomes somewhat relevant in Plato's dialogues. Plato implies Batea is her name given by the Gods and Myrina the one called by mortals in Cratylus (dialogue).
Notes
Ancient Greece portalMyths portal
^ Apollodorus, 3.12.1
^ Apollodorus, 3.10.4
References
Apollodorus, The Library with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes, Cambridge, MA, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1921. ISBN 0-674-99135-4. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. Greek text available from the same website.
This article includes a list of Greek mythological figures with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific Greek mythology article referred you to this page, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended Greek mythology article, if one exists. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Greek mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_mythology"},{"link_name":"/bəˈtiːə/","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English"},{"link_name":"bə-TEE-ə","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key"},{"link_name":"Ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language"},{"link_name":"Batea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batea_(daughter_of_Teucer)"},{"link_name":"Teucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teucer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Apollodorus,_''Bibliotheca'',_3._12._1-1"},{"link_name":"Naiad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naiad"},{"link_name":"Oebalus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oebalus"},{"link_name":"Sparta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sparta"},{"link_name":"Hippocoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hippocoon"},{"link_name":"Tyndareus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyndareus"},{"link_name":"Icarius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icarius"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"Myrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myrina_(mythology)"},{"link_name":"Cratylus (dialogue)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cratylus_(dialogue)"}],"text":"In Greek mythology, the name Batea or Bateia (/bəˈtiːə/ bə-TEE-ə; Ancient Greek: Βάτεια) refers to the following individuals:Batea, daughter of King Teucer of the Teucrians.[1]\nBatea, a Naiad, who married King Oebalus of Sparta. Their sons were Hippocoon, Tyndareus and Icarius.[2] She also becomes somewhat relevant in Plato's dialogues. Plato implies Batea is her name given by the Gods and Myrina the one called by mortals in Cratylus (dialogue).","title":"Batea (mythology)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ancient Greece portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece"},{"link_name":"Myths portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Myths"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Apollodorus,_''Bibliotheca'',_3._12._1_1-0"},{"link_name":"Apollodorus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliotheca_(Pseudo-Apollodorus)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"}],"text":"Ancient Greece portalMyths portal^ Apollodorus, 3.12.1\n\n^ Apollodorus, 3.10.4","title":"Notes"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0022","external_links_name":"Online version at the Perseus Digital Library."},{"Link":"http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0021","external_links_name":"Greek text available from the same website"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Whatlinkshere/Batea_(mythology)&namespace=0","external_links_name":"internal link"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dolan_Twins | Dolan Twins | ["1 Early life and career","2 Work outside of YouTube","3 Awards and nominations","4 References"] | American comedy duo
Dolan TwinsThe Dolan Twins in 2017Personal informationBornEthan DolanGrayson Dolan (1999-12-16) December 16, 1999 (age 24)NationalityAmericanOccupationComedianYouTube informationChannel
Dolan Twins
Years active2014–2021Subscribers9.84 millionTotal views1.88 billionAssociated acts
Emma Chamberlain
James Charles
Creator Awards100,000 subscribers1,000,000 subscribers10,000,000 subscribers
Last updated: March 19, 2024
Ethan and Grayson Dolan (born December 16, 1999), collectively known as the Dolan Twins, are an American comedy duo who rose to prominence in May 2013 on the video sharing application Vine.
Early life and career
The twins are from the Long Valley region of Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey.
Since their beginnings, the duo has accumulated over 6.4 million followers on Vine and 11 million subscribers on YouTube, and embarked on a world tour titled the "4OU" Tour in 2016. The duo was also involved in a Twitter ad campaign for the social network's new stickers feature. At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards, the duo won the awards for Choice Web Star: Male and Choice YouTuber.
On March 27, 2018, the two announced a hiatus from YouTube through a video on their channel entitled Bye For Now. In the video, they stated that they wanted to re-evaluate themselves creatively and focus on their lives outside of the platform. They later announced their return on May 1, 2018.
In June 2018, the twins formed The Sister Squad with fellow YouTubers James Charles and Emma Chamberlain. The four uploaded simultaneous videos on their YouTube channels on June 19, August 28, October 31, and December 25, 2018, and were featured prominently in YouTube Rewind 2018. The Sister Squad was nominated for a 2019 YouTube Ensemble Shorty Award.
Their father, Sean Dolan, died from cancer on January 19, 2019. He was fifty years old.
On October 8, 2019, they uploaded a sixty-minute video titled It's Time To Move On.... They explained the stress of their father's death, and that they intend to change the content of their channel and to a more flexible schedule.
On January 14, 2021, they uploaded a podcast titled We're Moving On From YouTube, onto their podcast channel Deeper with the Dolan Twins.
Work outside of YouTube
MTV's Total Request Live reboot added the Dolan Twins to the show's lineup as correspondents, and to provide on-air hosting duties across platforms. It was announced in August 2018 that the twins had directed a music video for the Australian alt-pop group Cub Sport.
In February 2020, the Dolan Twins launched a weekly podcast, Deeper with the Dolan Twins, produced by Cadence13. It lasted until May 2021.
Awards and nominations
Year
Nominated
Award
Result
2016
Teen Choice Awards
Choice Web Star: Male
Won
Choice YouTuber
Won
2017
Choice Comedian
Won
Choice Web Star: Male
Nominated
Choice YouTuber
Nominated
Choice Comedy Web Star
Nominated
2018
Choice Web Star: Male
Won
Choice Comedian
Won
2019
Choice Male Web Star
Nominated
Choice Comedy Web Star
Won
References
^ a b "About Dolan Twins". YouTube.
^ "The Dolan Twins Talk YouTube Videos, Tour and More". Extra. May 25, 2016. Archived from the original on May 28, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Nickoloff, Anne (January 11, 2019). "Youtube sensations Dolan Twins perform short show at House Of Blues". Cleveland.com. Archived from the original on June 29, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Orfanides, Effie (September 26, 2017). "Dolan Twins: 5 Fast Facts You Need to Know". Heavy.com. Archived from the original on April 6, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ Whitehouse, Beth (June 8, 2016). "YouTube's Dolan Twins: 10 things you need to know". Newsday. Archived from the original on June 8, 2016. Retrieved June 10, 2020. 'We're from a country town called Long Valley,' Ethan says of New Jersey.
^ Weiss, Geoff (April 19, 2016). "16-Year-Old Dolan Twins Will Kick Off Worldwide '4OU' Tour This Summer". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on April 22, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Weiss, Geoff (July 28, 2016). "Twitter Teams With Dolan Twins, Andrea Russett, And Todrick Hall For Video Ad Campaign". Tubefilter. Archived from the original on July 29, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Shilliday, Beth (July 31, 2016). "Dolan Twins Brought To Tears Over Teen Choice Win — So Sweet". Hollywood Life. Archived from the original on August 2, 2016. Retrieved August 1, 2016.
^ Dolan Twins (March 27, 2018). "Bye For Now". YouTube. Archived from the original on March 27, 2018. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
^ Gemmill, Allie (March 28, 2018). "The Dolan Twins Are Taking a Break from YouTube". Teen Vogue. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
^ Dolan Twins (May 1, 2018). "WE'RE BACK!". YouTube. Archived from the original on May 1, 2018. Retrieved February 4, 2019.
^ Dzurillay, Julia (May 15, 2019). "Who Is in James Charles's Sister Squad?". Showbiz Cheat Sheet. Archived from the original on August 23, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ Smith, Dave (December 15, 2018). "'YouTube Rewind 2018' is officially the most disliked video in YouTube history — here's why". Business Insider. Archived from the original on December 8, 2018. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ Del Rosario, Alexandra (January 28, 2019). "Lady Gaga, Harry Styles, Weezer & More Land 2019 Shorty Awards Nominations". Billboard. Archived from the original on January 31, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ Kim, Yerin (January 24, 2019). "The Dolan Twins Ask Fans Not to Attend Their Dad's Funeral". Seventeen. Archived from the original on January 26, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ Rearick, Lauren (October 9, 2019). "The Dolan Twins Announced They're No Longer Posting Weekly YouTube Videos". Teen Vogue. Archived from the original on November 4, 2019. Retrieved June 10, 2020.
^ "Deeper with The Dolan Twins: We're Moving On From YouTube on Apple Podcasts". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
^ Stanhope, Kate (September 22, 2017). "MTV's 'TRL' Taps YouTube Stars the Dolan Twins as Correspondents (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 21, 2018.
^ Booth, Ali (August 27, 2018). "The Dolan Twins to Direct Upcoming Music Video". Tiger Beat. Retrieved August 28, 2018.
^ Spangler, Todd (February 18, 2020). "Dolan Twins to Launch Their First Podcast (EXCLUSIVE)". Variety. Retrieved April 17, 2020.
vteStreamy Awards winners – Audience ChoiceShow
The Guild (2009)
Agents of Cracked (2010)
SourceFed (2013)
Enchufe.tv (2014)
fouseyTUBE (2015)
The Philip DeFranco Show (2016)
Sugar Pine 7 (2017)
The Try Guys (2018)
Good Mythical Morning (2019)
Instant Influencer (2020)
30 Days With: Bretman Rock (2021)
Good Mythical Morning (2022)
Challenge Accepted (2023)
Creator
Grace Helbig (2013)
Tyler Oakley (2014)
Cameron Dallas (2015)
Yousef Erakat (2016)
The Dolan Twins (2017)
Shane Dawson (2018)
Tana Mongeau (2019)
MrBeast (2020)
MrBeast (2021)
MrBeast (2022)
MrBeast (2023) | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cleveland-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-heavy-4"},{"link_name":"Vine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vine_(service)"}],"text":"American comedy duoEthan and Grayson Dolan[2] (born December 16, 1999[3]), collectively known as the Dolan Twins, are an American comedy duo who rose to prominence in May 2013[4] on the video sharing application Vine.","title":"Dolan Twins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Long Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Valley,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Township,_Morris_County,_New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tubefilter1-6"},{"link_name":"Twitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twitter"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"2016 Teen Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_Teen_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"YouTuber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTuber"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"James Charles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Charles_(internet_personality)"},{"link_name":"Emma Chamberlain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emma_Chamberlain"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"YouTube Rewind 2018","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube_Rewind_2018:_Everyone_Controls_Rewind"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Shorty Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorty_Awards"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The twins are from the Long Valley region of Washington Township, Morris County, New Jersey.[5]Since their beginnings, the duo has accumulated over 6.4 million followers on Vine and 11 million subscribers on YouTube, and embarked on a world tour titled the \"4OU\" Tour in 2016.[6] The duo was also involved in a Twitter ad campaign for the social network's new stickers feature.[7] At the 2016 Teen Choice Awards, the duo won the awards for Choice Web Star: Male[8] and Choice YouTuber.On March 27, 2018, the two announced a hiatus from YouTube through a video on their channel entitled Bye For Now.[9] In the video, they stated that they wanted to re-evaluate themselves creatively and focus on their lives outside of the platform.[10] They later announced their return on May 1, 2018.[11]In June 2018, the twins formed The Sister Squad with fellow YouTubers James Charles and Emma Chamberlain.[12] The four uploaded simultaneous videos on their YouTube channels on June 19, August 28, October 31, and December 25, 2018, and were featured prominently in YouTube Rewind 2018.[13] The Sister Squad was nominated for a 2019 YouTube Ensemble Shorty Award.[14]Their father, Sean Dolan, died from cancer on January 19, 2019. He was fifty years old.[15]On October 8, 2019, they uploaded a sixty-minute video titled It's Time To Move On.... They explained the stress of their father's death, and that they intend to change the content of their channel and to a more flexible schedule.[16]On January 14, 2021, they uploaded a podcast titled We're Moving On From YouTube, onto their podcast channel Deeper with the Dolan Twins.[17]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MTV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MTV"},{"link_name":"Total Request Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Total_Request_Live"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"alt-pop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_rock"},{"link_name":"Cub Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cub_Sport"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Cadence13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadence13"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spangler-20"}],"text":"MTV's Total Request Live reboot added the Dolan Twins to the show's lineup as correspondents, and to provide on-air hosting duties across platforms.[18] It was announced in August 2018 that the twins had directed a music video for the Australian alt-pop group Cub Sport.[19]In February 2020, the Dolan Twins launched a weekly podcast, Deeper with the Dolan Twins, produced by Cadence13. 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Retrieved June 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.teenvogue.com/story/dolan-twins-break-weekly-youtube-videos/","url_text":"\"The Dolan Twins Announced They're No Longer Posting Weekly YouTube Videos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teen_Vogue","url_text":"Teen Vogue"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20191104021757/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/dolan-twins-break-weekly-youtube-videos","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Deeper with The Dolan Twins: We're Moving On From YouTube on Apple Podcasts\". Apple Podcasts. Retrieved January 23, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://podcasts.apple.com/us/podcast/were-moving-on-from-youtube/id1498831711?i=1000505325606","url_text":"\"Deeper with The Dolan Twins: We're Moving On From YouTube on Apple Podcasts\""}]},{"reference":"Stanhope, Kate (September 22, 2017). \"MTV's 'TRL' Taps YouTube Stars the Dolan Twins as Correspondents (Exclusive)\". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved April 21, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/dolan-twins-join-mtvs-trl-1042373","url_text":"\"MTV's 'TRL' Taps YouTube Stars the Dolan Twins as Correspondents (Exclusive)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"Booth, Ali (August 27, 2018). \"The Dolan Twins to Direct Upcoming Music Video\". Tiger Beat. Retrieved August 28, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://tigerbeat.com/2018/08/dolan-twins-directors/","url_text":"\"The Dolan Twins to Direct Upcoming Music Video\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Beat","url_text":"Tiger Beat"}]},{"reference":"Spangler, Todd (February 18, 2020). \"Dolan Twins to Launch Their First Podcast (EXCLUSIVE)\". Variety. Retrieved April 17, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/dolan-twins-first-podcast-1203505958/","url_text":"\"Dolan Twins to Launch Their First Podcast (EXCLUSIVE)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/TheDolanTwins","external_links_name":"Dolan Twins"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/user/TheDolanTwins/about","external_links_name":"\"About Dolan Twins\""},{"Link":"https://extratv.com/2016/05/25/the-dolan-twins-talk-youtube-videos-tour-and-more/","external_links_name":"\"The Dolan Twins Talk YouTube Videos, Tour and More\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160528010012/http://extratv.com:80/2016/05/25/the-dolan-twins-talk-youtube-videos-tour-and-more/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2016/06/youtube_sensations_dolan_twins.html","external_links_name":"\"Youtube sensations Dolan Twins perform short show at 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know\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160608133531/http://www.newsday.com/lifestyle/family/youtube-s-dolan-twins-10-things-you-need-to-know-1.11885974","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tubefilter.com/2016/04/19/16-year-old-dolan-twins-set-to-kick-off-worldwide-4ou-tour-this-summer/","external_links_name":"\"16-Year-Old Dolan Twins Will Kick Off Worldwide '4OU' Tour This Summer\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160422014647/http://www.tubefilter.com:80/2016/04/19/16-year-old-dolan-twins-set-to-kick-off-worldwide-4ou-tour-this-summer/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.tubefilter.com/2016/07/28/twitter-dolan-twins-andrea-russett-todrick-hall/","external_links_name":"\"Twitter Teams With Dolan Twins, Andrea Russett, And Todrick Hall For Video Ad 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YouTube\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQJzboTXjDc","external_links_name":"\"WE'RE BACK!\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180501210306/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oQJzboTXjDc&gl=US&hl=en","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/who-is-in-james-charless-sister-squad.html/","external_links_name":"\"Who Is in James Charles's Sister Squad?\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190823030415/https://www.cheatsheet.com/entertainment/who-is-in-james-charless-sister-squad.html/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-rewind-video-2018-every-celebrity-spotted-2018-12","external_links_name":"\"'YouTube Rewind 2018' is officially the most disliked video in YouTube history — here's 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_House | Pub | ["1 History","1.1 Origins","1.2 Inns","1.3 Advent of the modern pub","1.4 Tied house system","1.5 Decline in Britain","2 Licensing laws","2.1 Lock-in","3 Smoking bans","4 Architecture","4.1 Saloon or lounge","4.2 Public bar","4.3 Snug","4.4 Counter","4.5 Beer engine","5 Companies","5.1 Brewery tap","6 Types","6.1 Gastropub","6.2 Country pub","6.3 Roadhouse","6.4 Theme pub","6.5 Micropubs","6.6 Other","7 Pub signs","8 Names","9 Entertainment","10 Food","11 Listed","12 Records","12.1 Highest and remotest","12.2 Smallest","12.3 Largest","12.4 Oldest","12.5 Longest and shortest name","13 Statistics","14 Cultural associations","14.1 London","14.2 Oxford and Cambridge","15 Outside Great Britain","16 In fiction","17 See also","18 References","19 Bibliography","20 Further reading","21 External links"] | For other uses, see Pub (disambiguation).
"Public house" redirects here. Not to be confused with Public housing.
"Ye olde pub" redirects here. For the plane flown by Charles Brown in WWII, see Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident.
Establishment that serves alcoholic drinks
A thatched country pub, the Williams Arms, near Braunton, Devon, England
A city pub, the World's End, Camden Town, London
The Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by Henry Singleton)
A pub (short for public house) is a drinking establishment licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises. The term first appeared in the late 17th century, to differentiate private houses from those open to the public as alehouses, taverns and inns. Today, there is no strict definition, but CAMRA states a pub has four characteristics:
is open to the public without membership or residency
serves draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed
has at least one indoor area not laid out for meals
allows drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e., not only table service)
The history of pubs can be traced to taverns in Roman Britain, and through Anglo-Saxon alehouses, but it was not until the early 19th century that pubs, as they are today, first began to appear. The model also became popular in countries and regions of British influence, where pubs are often still considered to be an important aspect of their culture. In many places, especially in villages, pubs are the focal point of local communities. In his 17th-century diary, Samuel Pepys described the pub as "the heart of England".
Although the drinks traditionally served include draught beer and cider, most also sell wine, spirits, tea, coffee, and soft drinks. Many pubs offer meals and snacks, and so-called gastro-pubs serve food in a manner akin to a restaurant.
A licence is required to operate a pub and the licensee is known as the landlord or landlady, or the publican. Often colloquially referred to as their "local" by regular customers, pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, good food, social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of pub games such as darts, pool, or snooker. Pubs often screen sporting events, such as rugby, cricket and football. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s.
History
Origins
1899 map showing number of public houses in a district of central London
Ale was a native British drink before the arrival of the Roman Empire in the first century, but it was with the construction of the Roman road network that the first pubs, called tabernae, began to appear. The word survives in Modern English as "tavern".
After the departure of Roman authority in the fifth century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that may have grown out of domestic dwellings, first attested in the 10th century. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. The Wantage law code of Æthelred the Unready prescribes fines for breaching the peace at meetings held in alehouses.
Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, which once held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England
A traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders. A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people.
Inns
Main article: Inn
Peasants before an Inn by Dutch artist Jan Steen c. 1653
Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago. Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.
In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation, if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach.
Famous London inns include the George, Southwark and the Tabard. There is, however, no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use "Inn" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word "in", as in the Welcome Inn, the name of many pubs in Scotland.
The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments. Hotels, lodges, and motels focus more on lodging customers than on other services but usually provide meals. Pubs are primarily alcohol-serving establishments. Restaurants and taverns serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word "inn" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.
The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.
Advent of the modern pub
Goldfinger Tavern, Highworth, an example of a mid-20th-century pub
Pubs as we know them today first appeared in the 19th century. Before this time alehouses were largely indistinguishable from private houses and the poor standard of rural roads meant that, away from the larger towns, the only beer available was often brewed by the publican himself. With the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, many areas of the United Kingdom were transformed by a surge in industrial activity and rapid population growth. There was huge demand for beer and for venues where the public could engage in social interaction, but there was also intense competition for customers.
Gin houses and palaces became increasingly popular, while the Beerhouse Act of 1830 caused a proliferation of beerhouses. By the mid-19th century, pubs were widely purpose-built so their owners could incorporate architectural features that distinguished them from private houses to make them stand out from the competition. Many existing public houses were also redeveloped at this time, borrowing features from other building types and gradually developing the characteristics that make pubs instantly recognisable today. In particular, and contrary to the intentions of the Beerhouse Act, many drew inspiration from the gin houses and palaces.
Bar counters had been an early adoption, but ornate mirrors, etched glass, polished brass fittings and lavishly tiled surfaces were all features that had first made their appearance in gin houses. Innovations such as the introduction of hand pumps (or beer engines) allowed a greater number of people to be served in less time, while technological advances in the brewing industry and improved transportation links made it possible for breweries to deliver their products far away from where they were produced.
Tied house system
See also: Pub chain and Tied house
The latter half of the 19th century saw increased competition within the brewing industry and, in an attempt to secure markets for their own products, breweries began rapidly buying local pubs and directly employing publicans to run them. Although some tied houses had existed in larger British towns since the 17th century, this represented a fundamental shift in the way that many pubs were operated and the period is now widely regarded as the birth of the tied house system.
Decreasing numbers of free houses and difficulties in obtaining new licences meant a continual expansion of their tied estates was the only feasible way for breweries to generate new trade. By the end of the century more than 90 per cent of public houses in England were owned by breweries and the only practical way brewers could now grow their tied estates was to turn on each other. Buy-outs and amalgamations became commonplace and by the end of the 1980s there were only six large brewers left in the UK, collectively known as the Big Six; Allied, Bass, Courage, Grand Metropolitan, Scottish & Newcastle and Whitbread.
In an attempt to increase the number of free houses, by forcing the big breweries to sell their tied houses, the Government introduced the Beer Orders in 1989. The result, however, was that the Big Six melted away into other sectors; selling their brewing assets and spinning off their tied houses, largely into the hands of branded pub chains, called pubcos. As these were not brewers, they were not governed by the Beer Orders and tens of thousands of pubs remain tied, much in the same way that they had been previously. In reality, government interference did very little to improve Britain's tied house system and all its large breweries are now in the hands of foreign or multi-national companies.
Decline in Britain
The Red Lion, a pub in Nottingham, being demolished in 2008
The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982. Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements. Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline. Changes in demographics may be an additional factor. In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants. The Lost Pubs Project listed 42,519 closed English pubs on 6 August 2023, with photographs of over 29,000. In the fifteen years to 2017 a quarter of London's pubs had closed. The closures have been ascribed to factors such as changing tastes and a rise in the cost of beer due to applied taxes. Some London boroughs where there has been an increase in British Muslim population have seen a high amount of closures.
The industry suffered a major decline from 2020, due to reduced trade during the Covid pandemic, followed by the wave of inflation that increased costs. By June 2022, pub numbers in England and Wales had fallen to a record low of 39,970, a loss of 7,000 in 10 years. Pubs also found it difficult to hire enough staff, with 142,000 jobs unfilled in the accommodation and food services sector by 2023. Figures published in 2023 showed that the rate of pub loss, equivalent to two closures a day, was increasing and that 39,404 pubs in England and Wales remained open at the end of June.
Licensing laws
The interior of a typical British pub
There was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, "against vagabonds and beggers" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, "to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions."
The Beerhouse Act of 1830 is widely considered to be a milestone in the history of public houses. Gin was popularised in England in the late 17th century, largely because it provided an alternative to French brandy at a time of political and religious conflict between Britain and France. Because of its cheapness, gin became popular with the poor, eventually leading to a period of drunkenness and lawlessness, known as the Gin Craze.
In the early 19th century, encouraged by a reduction of duties, gin consumption again began to rise and gin houses and gin palaces (an evolution of gin shops) began to spread from London to most towns and cities in Britain. Alarmed at the prospect of a return to the Gin Craze, the government attempted to counter the threat, and encourage the consumption of a more wholesome beverage, by introducing the Beerhouse Act of 1830. The Act introduced a new lower, and largely deregulated, tier of premises called "the beerhouse".
A Victorian beerhouse, now a public house, in Rotherhithe, Greater London
Under the act any householder, upon payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £237 today), was permitted to brew and sell beer or cider in their own home. Beerhouses were not allowed to open on Sundays, or sell spirits and fortified wines; and any beerhouse discovered to be breaking these rules was closed down and the owner heavily fined.
Within eight years 46,000 new beerhouses opened and, because operating costs were so low, huge profits were often made. The combination of increasing competition and high profits eventually led to what has been described as a golden age of pub building when many landlords extended or redeveloped their properties, adopting many features modern pubs still have.
Authorities attempted to check the growth from 1869 on by introducing magisterial control and new licensing laws. These aimed to make it harder to obtain a licence, and control drunkenness, prostitution, and other undesirable conduct on licensed premises.
In the United Kingdom, restrictions were tightened considerably following the advent of the First World War. The Defence of the Realm Act, along with introducing rationing and censorship of the press, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police. There was also a special case established under the State Management Scheme where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state, most notably in Carlisle.
Lock-in
A "lock-in" is when a pub owner allows patrons to continue drinking in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. From then until the start of the 21st century, UK licensing laws changed very little, retaining these comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of the Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins. Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.
Smoking bans
Concerns about the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation first surfaced in the 1950s and ultimately led many countries to ban or restrict smoking in specific settings, such as pubs and restaurants. Early in 2004, Ireland became the first country in the world to ban smoking in all enclosed public areas. Scotland was the first UK nation to introduce a ban on indoor smoking in March 2006, followed by the rest of the UK in 2007. Australia introduced a similar ban in 2006 and now has some of the world's toughest anti-smoking laws, with some territories having also banned smoking in outside public areas.
Some publicans raised concerns, prior to the implementation of restrictions, that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales. The impact of the ban was mixed with some pubs suffering declining sales, and others seeing an increase, particularly in food sales.
Architecture
Saloon or lounge
The Eagle, City Road, Islington, London, displaying the nursery rhyme line about the pub's predecessor
The Clock, Birmingham – an example of a mock Tudor pub, now demolished to make way for the expansion of Birmingham Airport
See also: Book cafe, Piano bar, and Oyster saloon
By the end of the 18th century, a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr. Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks. More common, however, was a card room or a billiards room. The saloon was a room where, for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama, or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table. From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.
A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in the Eagle, City Road, referenced by name in the 18th-century nursery rhyme: "Up and down the City Road / In and out the Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel." This meant that the customer had spent all his money at the Eagle, and needed to pawn his "weasel" to get some more. The meaning of the "weasel" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).
A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however, juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.
Public bar
The public bar, or tap room, was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink. It had unfurnished floorboards, sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as "spit and sawdust"), bare bench seats and stools. Drinks were generally lower-quality beers and liquors. Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men; strictly enforced social etiquettes barred women from entering public bars (some pubs did not lift this rule until the 1980s). In the Manchester area, the public bar was known as the "vault", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. The vault was a men-only bar, meant for working men in their dirty working clothes.
This style was in marked contrast to the adjacent saloon or lounge bar which, by the early 20th century, was where male or accompanied female middle-class drinkers would drink. It had carpeted floors, upholstered seats, and a wider selection of better quality drinks that cost a penny or two more than those served in the public bar.
By the mid-20th century, the standard of the public bar had generally improved. Many were built between the world wars as part of the "improved" pub movement and as "roadhouse" inns—with large car parks to attract passing trade. Pub patrons only had to choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age: a jukebox or dartboard). By the 1970s, divisions between saloons and public bars were being phased out, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition. While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises. Most present day pubs now comprise one large room, although with the advent of gastropubs, some establishments have returned to maintaining distinct rooms or areas.
Snug
The "snug" was a small private room or area, typically with access to the bar and a frosted glass window above head height. Customers in the snug paid a higher price for beer and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. Not only did wealthy visitors use these rooms, but also patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies often enjoyed a private drink in the snug in a time when many frowned on women visiting a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.
Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.
Counter
The pub took the concept of the bar counter to serve the beer from gin palaces in the 18th century. Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and some other drinking establishments in Germany. A bar might be provided for the manager or publican to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, and the term "bar" applied to the publican's office where one was built, but beer would be tapped directly from a cask or barrel sat on a table, or kept in a separate taproom and brought out in jugs.
When purpose built Victorian pubs were built after the Beerhouse Act 1830, the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. A number of pubs in the Midlands or the North still retain this set up, though now customers fetches the beer themselves from the taproom or public bar. One of these is the Vine, known locally as the Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff. By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room as breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.
Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.
Beer engine
Main article: Beer engine
A "beer engine" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.
The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (born Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.
The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:
"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London."
"Their Majesties" referred to were William III of England and Mary II of England, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs.
A further engine was invented in the late 18th century by the locksmith and hydraulic engineer Joseph Bramah (1748–1814).
Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.
Companies
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Main articles: Tied house and Pub chain
In the 18th century, after the development of the large London Porter breweries, a trend grew for pubs to become tied houses that only sold beer from a single brewery. (A pub not 'tied' in this way was called a free house.) The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the brewery owned the pub but rented it out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.
In the late 20th century, breweries increasingly ran their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case, they are a manager of a managed house—or a self-employed tenant under a lease agreement with a brewery that obligates (trade tie) them to purchase only that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders, passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.
Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery. In 2016, a number of the largest PubCo's were regulated, and tied tenants in England and Wales got new statutory rights to go free of tie or to have disputes heard by the Pubs Code Adjudicator.
Pubs within a chain usually have items in common—such as fittings, promotions, ambience, and food and drink menu. A pub chain positions itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries that then close down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.
In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies.
Brewery tap
Main article: Craft beer § Brewpub
A brewery tap, also called a brewpub or taproom, is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to a nearby pub.
Types
A pub has no strict definition, but CAMRA states that a pub has four characteristics:
Open to the public without membership / residency
Serve draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed
Have at least one indoor area not laid out for meals
Allow drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e. not only table service)
Together these characteristics differentiate pubs from restaurants and hotel bars, although some pubs also serve as restaurants or hotels.
Gastropub
Main article: Gastropub
A gastropub is a hybrid pub and restaurant, notable for serving good quality beer, wine and food. The name is a portmanteau of "gastronomy" and "public house", and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over the Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London. The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining, though it has also attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.
In 2011, The Good Food Guide suggested that the term has become irrelevant such is its commonality these days.
Country pub
The Crown Inn, Chiddingfold
A "country pub" is simply a rural drinking establishment, though the term has acquired a romantic image typically of thatched roofs and whitewashed stone walls. As with urban pubs, the country pub can function as a social and recreational centre, providing opportunities for people to meet, exchange news, and cooperate on local charitable events. However, that culture of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community started to diminish in the latter part of the 20th century, as many country pubs either closed down, or were converted to restaurants or gastropubs. Those country pubs located on main routes may once have been coaching inns, providing accommodation or refreshment for travellers before the advent of motorised transport.
Roadhouse
The Dutch House (now closed), a typical 1930s roadhouse on the busy A20 road in Eltham, Greater London.
Main article: Roadhouse (facility)
The term roadhouse was originally applied to a coaching inn, but with the advent of popular travel by motor car in the 1920s and 1930s in the United Kingdom, a new type of roadhouse emerged, often located on the newly constructed arterial roads and bypasses. They were large establishments offering meals and refreshment and accommodation to motorists and parties travelling by charabanc. The largest roadhouses boasted facilities such as tennis courts and swimming pools. Their popularity ended with the outbreak of the Second World War when recreational road travel became impossible, and the advent of post-war drunk driving legislation prevented their full recovery. Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets.
Theme pub
A theme pub is a pub that aligns itself to a specific culture, style or activity; often with the intention of attracting a niche clientele. Many are decorated and furnished accordingly, with the theme sometimes dictating the style of food or drink on offer too. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker bars, Goth pubs, strip clubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.
Micropubs
Main article: Micropub
In Britain, a micropub is a very small, modern, one-room pub founded on principles set up by Martyn Hillier, the creator of the first micropub, the Butchers Arms in Herne, Kent, in 2005. Micropubs are "based upon good ale and lively banter", commonly with a strong focus on local cask ale. It became easier to start a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005.
Other
A "nolo" or "no lo" pub serves only non-alcoholic and low-alcoholic beverages. A temperance bar serves no alcohol at all.
Pub signs
The pub sign of the George, Southwark in south London, depicting St George slaying a dragon
In 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.
Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population were illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.
The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as suns, stars and crosses were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g., the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.
Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate had for some years an image of a crow with gates as wings. A British Pathé News film of 1956 shows artist Michael Farrar-Bell at work producing inn signs.
Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.
Names
Main article: Pub names
Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create "brand awareness", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.
As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.
Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the "Marquis of Granby". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th-century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him. All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George, after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation.
Some names for pubs that seem absurd or whimsical have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as the Bag o'Nails (Bacchanals), the Goat and Compasses (God Encompasseth Us), the Cat and the Fiddle (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and the Bull and Bush, which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at "Boulogne Bouche" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.
Entertainment
See also: Pub games
Indoor Quoits being played at a pub in Parkend, Gloucestershire.
Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts, skittles, dominoes, cards and bar billiards, to the more obscure Aunt Sally, nine men's morris and ringing the bull. In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker or table football becoming common.
Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny and Bat and trap were also popular in pubs south of London.
Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term "Sunday League Football". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team plays matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.
Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called pub rock that was a precursor to punk music.
Food
Further information: English cuisine
Pub grub – a pie, along with a pint of beer
Some pubs have a long tradition of serving food, dating back to their historic usage as inns and hotels where travellers would stay.
Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and "bar snacks", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts. These all helped to increase beer sales. In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors of cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell them during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets.
In the 1950s, some British pubs would offer "a pie and a pint", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours. The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s, as did the convenient "chicken in a basket", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin in a wicker basket.
Family chain pubs that serve food in the evening gained popularity in the 1970s, and included Berni Inn and Beefeater.
Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and frozen food. "Pub grub" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, chicken tikka masala, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served. Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.
Since the 1990s, food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.
Listed
CAMRA maintains a "National Inventory" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs. The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and the Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
Records
The Sun Inn, Herefordshire. One of the few remaining parlour pubs
The Crooked House, Himley, was known for the extreme lean of the building, caused by subsidence produced by mining
Ye Olde Man & Scythe, Bolton
Highest and remotest
The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, North Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is the Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing.
Smallest
Contenders for the smallest public house in the UK include:
The Nutshell – Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk
The Lakeside Inn – Southport, Merseyside
The Little Gem – Aylesford, Kent
The Smiths Arms – Godmanstone, Dorset
The Signal Box Inn – Cleethorpes, Lincolnshire
The list includes a small number of parlour pubs, one of which is the Sun Inn in Leintwardine, Herefordshire.
The smallest public house in Wales is claimed by Y Goron Fach (the Little Crown) in Denbigh, with a single bar of 15 square metres (160 sq ft).
Largest
The largest pub in the UK is the Royal Victoria Pavilion, in Ramsgate, Kent. The venue was previously a casino and before that a theatre.
Oldest
A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that were used for purposes other than as a pub previously in their history. Some notable claims include:
Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England for many years, as it is an 11th-century structure on an eighth-century site—however, the record was withdrawn in 2000 after review, and the category was deemed impossible to verify.
Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham has been claimed to be the "oldest inn in England" with a founding date of 1189, but this relies on the fact it is constructed on the site of Nottingham Castle's former brewhouse; the present building actually dates from around 1650.
The Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire, only dates back to the 16th century, but an (inaccurate) claim is still frequently made that a pub on the site was mentioned in the Domesday Book.
There is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of the Old Ferry Boat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560, but definitive dating evidence of the main building has yet to be established.
The Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD, but the current building only dates from the 18th century.
Ye Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War.
The Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral.
Ye Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Greater Manchester, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.
Longest and shortest name
The town of Stalybridge in Greater Manchester is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom – The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn, both operating as of 2019 (the Rifleman reopening in new premises, moving from Astley Street to premises two doors away from the Q Inn in Market Street in 2019, after being closed for three years). The original Rifleman building retains a pub sign, and a blue plaque from 1995 recording the recognition of the name in the Guinness Book of Records.
Statistics
The most expensive place to get a pint of beer is in Doha, Qatar, where prices average £10.30 (2019).
The average retail price of a pint of beer in the UK is £4.12 (2019).
The cheapest place to get a beer in the UK is Preston, where a pint costs on average £3.06 (2019).
In 2018, British people drank 7.75 billion pints of beer: 21.2 million pints a day.
As of 2019, there are 40,683 pubs in England, 2,901 in Wales and 3,612 in Scotland.
Pubs are closing at a rate of one every 12 hours (as of February 2019).
Cultural associations
See also: List of pubs in the United Kingdom
Inns and taverns feature throughout English literature and poetry, from the Tabard Inn in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales onwards.
Jamaica Inn in Cornwall inspired a novel and a film.
The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base. Jamaica Inn near Bolventor in Cornwall gave its name to a 1936 novel by Daphne du Maurier and a 1939 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931). During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham, in Blair's home constituency. There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.
London
See also: List of real London pubs in literature
Many of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.
The Fitzroy Tavern is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, the Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.
The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Houses of Parliament and is frequented by Members of Parliament (MPs) and political journalists.
The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and Members of Parliament (MPs). The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims.
Jack Straw's Castle was a pub named after Jack Straw, one of the three leaders of Peasants' Revolt, the pub was active since the 14th century until its destruction by the Blitz during the Second World War.
In 1966 the Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray. The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from the Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead, the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as the Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903.
The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the Great North Road, the main route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of Rights of Man (1791). It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank.
Oxford and Cambridge
The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had "discovered the secret of life" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA. The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix. and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.
Outside Great Britain
See also: Irish pub and Australian pub
U Medvídků, one of the oldest pubs in Europe
Although "British" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of "true" pubs may be found around the world.
Pub Pikilinna, an Irish-style public house in the Tammela district of the city of Tampere, Finland.
In Scandinavia, especially Denmark, a number of pubs that eschew "theming" have opened. They instead focus on providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment not unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.
In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or "craic". In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne ("tavernhouse") or teach óil ("drinkinghouse"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of the Troubles was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the "English style" in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs.
Pubs have a long history in Canada, with some still operating after 200 years, like the Olde Angel Inn in Niagara-on-the-Lake. An "English-looking" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, often run by corporate pub firms. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs that are central to student life—serving food and drink as well as hosting social events. Often these pubs are run by the student's union and at some universities, a budget is reserved for course pub nights. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. Aside from pubs, the term "bar" can refer to themed drinking establishments, sports bars, or cocktail bars, or to the physical counter in a pub. Tavern was previously a popular term, though it has become somewhat antiquated.
In South Africa pubs and taverns have had a particularly long and notable presence in the city of Cape Town. Prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Cape Town was a major trading port between Europe and Asia and hosted a very large number of drinking establishments earning the city the moniker Tavern of the Seas. The oldest currently operating pub in South Africa, and one of the last drinking establishments left from the Tavern of the Seas era, is the Perseverance Tavern opened in 1808.
In fiction
See also: List of fictional bars and pubs
The fictitious Queen Victoria pub, EastEnders, London
Pubs are a common setting for fictional works, including novels, stories, films, video games, and other works. In many cases, authors and other creators develop imaginary pubs for their works, some of which have become notable fictional places. Notable fictional pubs include The Admiral Benbow Inn in the Treasure Island pirate story, the Garrison in the 1920s crime TV drama Peaky Blinders, the Golden Perch, the Prancing Pony, and the Green Dragon in the high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, the Leaky Cauldron and the Hog's Head in the Harry Potter fantasy series, Moe's Tavern, a working-class venue in The Simpsons, and the Oak and Crosier in the video game The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion.
The major soap operas on British television each feature a fictional pub, and these pubs have become household names in Britain. The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers, the Queen Vic, or the Woolpack to be offered a drink.
The Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers is an important meeting point.
See also
Tavern
Bar
Flat-roofed pub
Campaign for Real Ale
Pub crawl
SpåraKoff
Public houses in Ireland
Public houses in Australia
List of award-winning pubs in London
List of microbreweries
List of public house topics
List of public houses in Australia
Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom
Licensing Act 1904
Alcohol licensing laws of Ireland
References
^ Cooper, Stephen. "Origins of the English pub" (PDF). chivalryandwar.co.uk.
^ a b Wickham, Melisa; Cominetti, Nye (2017). Closing time: London's public houses (PDF). Greater London Authority. ISBN 978-1-84781-654-2.
^ "History of the pub". Beer and Pub Association. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010.
^ a b "Great British Pub". Archived from the original on 14 February 2012.
^ "Public House". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 July 2021.
^ Cronin, Michael; O'Connor, Barbara (2003). Barbara O'Connor (ed.). Irish Tourism: image, culture, and identity. Tourism and Cultural Change. Vol. 1. Channel View Publications. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-873150-53-5. Retrieved 27 March 2011.
^ Australian Drinking Culture Archived 9 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine Convict Creations. Retrieved 24 April 2011.
^ "Editorial | In praise of ... pubs". The Guardian. 10 December 2016. Archived from the original on 21 December 2016.
^ Brown, Pete (18 August 2016). The Pub: A Cultural Institution. Jacqui Small LLP. p. 29. ISBN 9781911127017.
^ Stenton, Frank (1970). Anglo Saxon England. ISBN 9780198217169.
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Bibliography
Christy, Miller (1887). "Trade Signs of Essex: a popular account of the origin and meanings of the public house and other signs now or formerly found in the county of Essex". Chelmsford: Edmund Durrant & Co. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2009.
Cornell, Martyn (2003). Beer: the story of the pint. London: Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-1165-1.
Haydon, Peter (2001). Beer and Britannia: an inebriated history of Britain. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2748-2.
Jackson, Michael & Smyth, Frank (1976). The English Pub. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-216210-5.
www.breweryartists.co.uk A history of the Brewery Artists Inn Sign studio
Further reading
Kelner, Simon (7 August 2019). "Pubs can be bizarre and peculiar, but they're worth saving as a focal point of a community". i News.
Burke, Thomas (1927). The Book of the Inn: being two hundred pictures of the English inn from the earliest times to the coming of the railway hotel; selected and edited by Thomas Burke. London: Constable.
Burke, Thomas (1930). The English Inn. (English Heritage.) London: Herbert Jenkins.
Burke, Thomas (1947). The English Inn (Revised ed.). (The Country Books.) London: Herbert Jenkins.
Clark, Peter (1983). The English Alehouse: a social history, 1200–1830. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50835-5.
Clark, Peter (1978). "The Alehouse and the Alternative Society", in: Puritans and Revolutionaries: essays in seventeenth-century history presented to Christopher Hill; ed. D. H. Pennington & Keith Thomas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978; pp. 47–72.
Douch, H. L. (1966). Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social history of the County. Truro: D. Bradford Barton.
Everitt, Alan. "The English Urban Inn 1560–1760." Perspectives in English urban history (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1973) pp. 91–137. (The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (ed. David Hey), 1996, describes this as "the starting point for modern studies "; Everitt described most of the previous literature on the topic as "a wretched farrago of romantic legends, facetious humour and irritating errors".)
Gutzke, David W. Pubs and Progressives: Reinventing the Public House in England, 1896–1960(Northern Illinois University Press, 2006).
Hackwood, Frederick W. (1910). Inns, Ales and Drinking Customs of Old England. London: T. Fisher Unwin.
Reissued: London: Bracken Books, 1985. ISBN 0-946495-25-4.
Hailwood, Mark. Alehouses and Good Fellowship in Early Modern England (Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2014).
Jennings, Paul. "Liquor licensing and the local historian: the 1904 Licensing Act and its administration" xxx (2009).
Jennings, Paul. A History of Drink and the English, 1500-2000 (Routledge, 2016).
Jennings, Paul. The local: A history of the English pub (The History Press, 2021).
Jennings, Paul. "Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian: The Victorian Public House." Local Historian 41 (2011): 121–137.
Martin, John (1993). Stanley Chew's Pub Signs: a celebration of the art and heritage of British pub signs. Worcester: John Martin. ISBN 1-85421-225-7.
Monson-Fitzjohn, G. J. (1926) Quaint Signs of Olde Inns. London: Herbert Jenkins (reissued by Senate, London, 1994 ISBN 1-85958-028-9).
Mutch, Alistair. "Improving the public house in Britain, 1920–40: Sir Sydney Nevile and 'social work'." Business history 52.4 (2010): 517–535.
Nicholls, James. "Alcohol licensing in Scotland: a historical overview." Addiction 107.8 (2012): 1397–1403.
Nicholls, James. The politics of alcohol: A history of the drink question in England. (Manchester University Press, 2013). pp 142–151.
Richardson, A. E. (1934). The Old Inns of England. London: B. T. Batsford.
Yeomans, Henry. Alcohol and moral regulation: Public attitudes, spirited measures and Victorian hangovers (Bristol University Press, 2014) online
Yokoe, Ryosuke. "Alcohol and politics in twentieth-century Britain." The Historical Journal 62.1 (2019): 267-287. online
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pubs.
Look up pub in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Pubs at Curlie
Lost Pubs Project – archive of closed English pubs
"Public House" . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.
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Japan | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pub (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Public housing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_housing"},{"link_name":"Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlie_Brown_and_Franz_Stigler_incident"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"link_name":"thatched","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thatching"},{"link_name":"Braunton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braunton"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PubCamdenTown.jpg"},{"link_name":"the World's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_End,_Camden"},{"link_name":"Camden Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Town"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg"},{"link_name":"Henry Singleton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Singleton_(painter)"},{"link_name":"drinking establishment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drinking_establishment"},{"link_name":"alcoholic drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholic_drink"},{"link_name":"on the premises","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom#On-licence"},{"link_name":"taverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inn"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"CAMRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMRA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"},{"link_name":"taverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"Roman Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-History_of_the_pub-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_British_Pub-4"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon"},{"link_name":"culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EB-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"draught beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Draught_beer"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"spirits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor"},{"link_name":"tea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tea"},{"link_name":"coffee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coffee"},{"link_name":"soft drinks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_drinks"},{"link_name":"meals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meal"},{"link_name":"snacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snacks"},{"link_name":"gastro-pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropub"},{"link_name":"licence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquor_license"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"pub games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_games"},{"link_name":"darts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darts"},{"link_name":"pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pool_(cue_sports)"},{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"link_name":"rugby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_football"},{"link_name":"cricket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cricket"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"pub quiz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_quiz"}],"text":"For other uses, see Pub (disambiguation).\"Public house\" redirects here. Not to be confused with Public housing.\"Ye olde pub\" redirects here. For the plane flown by Charles Brown in WWII, see Charlie Brown and Franz Stigler incident.Establishment that serves alcoholic drinksA thatched country pub, the Williams Arms, near Braunton, Devon, EnglandA city pub, the World's End, Camden Town, LondonThe Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by Henry Singleton)A pub (short for public house) is a drinking establishment licensed to serve alcoholic drinks for consumption on the premises. The term first appeared in the late 17th century, to differentiate private houses from those open to the public as alehouses, taverns and inns.[1] Today, there is no strict definition, but CAMRA states a pub has four characteristics:is open to the public without membership or residency\nserves draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed\nhas at least one indoor area not laid out for meals\nallows drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e., not only table service)[2]The history of pubs can be traced to taverns in Roman Britain,[3][4] and through Anglo-Saxon alehouses, but it was not until the early 19th century that pubs, as they are today, first began to appear. The model also became popular in countries and regions of British influence, where pubs are often still considered to be an important aspect of their culture.[5][6][7] In many places, especially in villages, pubs are the focal point of local communities. In his 17th-century diary, Samuel Pepys described the pub as \"the heart of England\".[8]Although the drinks traditionally served include draught beer and cider, most also sell wine, spirits, tea, coffee, and soft drinks. Many pubs offer meals and snacks, and so-called gastro-pubs serve food in a manner akin to a restaurant.A licence is required to operate a pub and the licensee is known as the landlord or landlady, or the publican. Often colloquially referred to as their \"local\" by regular customers,[9] pubs are typically chosen for their proximity to home or work, good food, social atmosphere, the presence of friends and acquaintances, and the availability of pub games such as darts, pool, or snooker. Pubs often screen sporting events, such as rugby, cricket and football. The pub quiz was established in the UK in the 1970s.","title":"Pub"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Rowntree,_Public_Houses_in_Central_London,_1899,_Cornell,_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Roman road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"tabernae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taberna"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Great_British_Pub-4"},{"link_name":"Romano-British kingdoms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-Roman_Britain"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Saxons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxons"},{"link_name":"Æthelred the Unready","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86thelred_the_Unready"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_(2).JPG"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Fighting Cocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"pilgrimages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"Worshipful Company of Innholders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Innholders"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Origins","text":"1899 map showing number of public houses in a district of central LondonAle was a native British drink before the arrival of the Roman Empire in the first century, but it was with the construction of the Roman road network that the first pubs, called tabernae, began to appear. The word survives in Modern English as \"tavern\".[4]After the departure of Roman authority in the fifth century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that may have grown out of domestic dwellings, first attested in the 10th century. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. The Wantage law code of Æthelred the Unready prescribes fines for breaching the peace at meetings held in alehouses.[10]Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, which once held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in EnglandA traveller in the early Middle Ages could obtain overnight accommodation in monasteries, but later a demand for hostelries grew with the popularity of pilgrimages and travel. The Hostellers of London were granted guild status in 1446 and in 1514 the guild became the Worshipful Company of Innholders.[11] A survey in 1577 of drinking establishment in England and Wales for taxation purposes[12] recorded 14,202 alehouses, 1,631 inns, and 329 taverns, representing one pub for every 187 people.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jan Steen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Steen"},{"link_name":"lodging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodging"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Rome"},{"link_name":"roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_road"},{"link_name":"millennia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millennia"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"taverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"link_name":"stabling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stable"},{"link_name":"fodder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fodder"},{"link_name":"mail coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mail_coach"},{"link_name":"the George, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"the Tabard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tabard"},{"link_name":"coaching inns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inn"},{"link_name":"pun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pun"},{"link_name":"motels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motel"},{"link_name":"Holiday Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holiday_Inn"},{"link_name":"Inns of Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Court"},{"link_name":"Inns of Chancery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inns_of_Chancery"},{"link_name":"barristers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrister"},{"link_name":"legal profession","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_profession"},{"link_name":"England and Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_and_Wales"}],"sub_title":"Inns","text":"Peasants before an Inn by Dutch artist Jan Steen c. 1653Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[14] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.In Europe, it is the provision of accommodation,[15] if anything, that now distinguishes inns from taverns, alehouses and pubs. The latter tend to provide alcohol (and, in the UK, soft drinks and often food), but less commonly accommodation. Inns tend to be older and grander establishments: historically they provided not only food and lodging, but also stabling and fodder for the traveller's horse(s) and on some roads fresh horses for the mail coach.Famous London inns include the George, Southwark and the Tabard. There is, however, no longer a formal distinction between an inn and other kinds of establishment. Many pubs use \"Inn\" in their name, either because they are long established former coaching inns, or to summon up a particular kind of image, or in many cases simply as a pun on the word \"in\", as in the Welcome Inn, the name of many pubs in Scotland.The original services of an inn are now also available at other establishments. Hotels, lodges, and motels focus more on lodging customers than on other services but usually provide meals. Pubs are primarily alcohol-serving establishments. Restaurants and taverns serve food and drink. In North America, the lodging aspect of the word \"inn\" lives on in hotel brand names like Holiday Inn, and in some state laws that refer to lodging operators as innkeepers.The Inns of Court and Inns of Chancery in London started as ordinary inns where barristers met to do business, but became institutions of the legal profession in England and Wales.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goldfinger_Tavern,_Newburgh_Place,_Highworth_(geograph_2306704).jpg"},{"link_name":"Highworth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highworth"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Industrial Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_Revolution"},{"link_name":"Beerhouse Act of 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830"},{"link_name":"beer engines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_engines"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Advent of the modern pub","text":"Goldfinger Tavern, Highworth, an example of a mid-20th-century pubPubs as we know them today first appeared in the 19th century.[16] Before this time alehouses were largely indistinguishable from private houses and the poor standard of rural roads meant that, away from the larger towns, the only beer available was often brewed by the publican himself.[17] With the arrival of the Industrial Revolution, many areas of the United Kingdom were transformed by a surge in industrial activity and rapid population growth. There was huge demand for beer and for venues where the public could engage in social interaction, but there was also intense competition for customers.Gin houses and palaces became increasingly popular, while the Beerhouse Act of 1830 caused a proliferation of beerhouses. By the mid-19th century, pubs were widely purpose-built so their owners could incorporate architectural features that distinguished them from private houses to make them stand out from the competition. Many existing public houses were also redeveloped at this time, borrowing features from other building types and gradually developing the characteristics that make pubs instantly recognisable today. In particular, and contrary to the intentions of the Beerhouse Act, many drew inspiration from the gin houses and palaces.Bar counters had been an early adoption, but ornate mirrors, etched glass, polished brass fittings and lavishly tiled surfaces were all features that had first made their appearance in gin houses. Innovations such as the introduction of hand pumps (or beer engines) allowed a greater number of people to be served in less time, while technological advances in the brewing industry and improved transportation links made it possible for breweries to deliver their products far away from where they were produced.[18]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pub chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_chain"},{"link_name":"Tied house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied_house"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allied_Breweries"},{"link_name":"Bass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Courage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courage_Brewery"},{"link_name":"Grand Metropolitan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Metropolitan"},{"link_name":"Scottish & Newcastle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_%26_Newcastle"},{"link_name":"Whitbread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitbread"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"the Beer Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beer_Orders"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"sub_title":"Tied house system","text":"See also: Pub chain and Tied houseThe latter half of the 19th century saw increased competition within the brewing industry and, in an attempt to secure markets for their own products, breweries began rapidly buying local pubs and directly employing publicans to run them. Although some tied houses had existed in larger British towns since the 17th century, this represented a fundamental shift in the way that many pubs were operated and the period is now widely regarded as the birth of the tied house system.[19]Decreasing numbers of free houses and difficulties in obtaining new licences meant a continual expansion of their tied estates was the only feasible way for breweries to generate new trade. By the end of the century more than 90 per cent of public houses in England were owned by breweries and the only practical way brewers could now grow their tied estates was to turn on each other.[20] Buy-outs and amalgamations became commonplace and by the end of the 1980s there were only six large brewers left in the UK, collectively known as the Big Six; Allied, Bass, Courage, Grand Metropolitan, Scottish & Newcastle and Whitbread.[21]In an attempt to increase the number of free houses, by forcing the big breweries to sell their tied houses, the Government introduced the Beer Orders in 1989. The result, however, was that the Big Six melted away into other sectors; selling their brewing assets and spinning off their tied houses, largely into the hands of branded pub chains, called pubcos. As these were not brewers, they were not governed by the Beer Orders and tens of thousands of pubs remain tied, much in the same way that they had been previously. In reality, government interference did very little to improve Britain's tied house system and all its large breweries are now in the hands of foreign or multi-national companies.\n[22]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BBPA-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"British Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Muslim"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Covid pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covid_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"}],"sub_title":"Decline in Britain","text":"The Red Lion, a pub in Nottingham, being demolished in 2008The number of pubs in the UK has declined year on year, at least since 1982.[23] Various reasons are put forward for this, such as the failure of some establishments to keep up with customer requirements.[24] Others claim the smoking ban of 2007, intense competition from gastro-pubs, the availability of cheap alcohol in supermarkets or the general economic climate are either to blame, or are factors in the decline.[25] Changes in demographics may be an additional factor.[26] In 2015 the rate of pub closures came under the scrutiny of Parliament in the UK, with a promise of legislation to improve relations between owners and tenants.[27] The Lost Pubs Project listed 42,519 closed English pubs on 6 August 2023, with photographs of over 29,000.[28] In the fifteen years to 2017 a quarter of London's pubs had closed. The closures have been ascribed to factors such as changing tastes and a rise in the cost of beer due to applied taxes. Some London boroughs where there has been an increase in British Muslim population have seen a high amount of closures.[29]The industry suffered a major decline from 2020, due to reduced trade during the Covid pandemic, followed by the wave of inflation that increased costs. By June 2022, pub numbers in England and Wales had fallen to a record low of 39,970, a loss of 7,000 in 10 years.[30] Pubs also found it difficult to hire enough staff, with 142,000 jobs unfilled in the accommodation and food services sector by 2023.[31] Figures published in 2023 showed that the rate of pub loss, equivalent to two closures a day, was increasing and that 39,404 pubs in England and Wales remained open at the end of June.[32]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pubbsm.jpg"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"Beerhouse Act of 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830"},{"link_name":"brandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brandy"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Phillips-34"},{"link_name":"Gin Craze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_Craze"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"gin palaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_palace"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AMLWCH-37"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rotherhithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotherhithe"},{"link_name":"Greater London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London"},{"link_name":"guineas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineas"},{"link_name":"cider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cider"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-UK_Hist-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archives-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"Defence of the Realm Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_of_the_Realm_Act"},{"link_name":"rationing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rationing"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"State Management Scheme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Management_Scheme"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"Carlisle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlisle"}],"text":"The interior of a typical British pubThere was regulation of public drinking spaces in England from at least the 15th century. In 1496, under, Henry VII, an act was passed, \"against vagabonds and beggers\" (11 Hen. VII c2), that included a clause empowering two justices of the peace, \"to rejecte and put awey comen ale-selling in tounes and places where they shall think convenyent, and to take suertie of the keepers of ale-houses in their gode behavyng by the discrecion of the seid justices, and in the same to be avysed and aggreed at the tyme of their sessions.\"[33]The Beerhouse Act of 1830 is widely considered to be a milestone in the history of public houses. Gin was popularised in England in the late 17th century, largely because it provided an alternative to French brandy at a time of political and religious conflict between Britain and France.[34] Because of its cheapness, gin became popular with the poor, eventually leading to a period of drunkenness and lawlessness, known as the Gin Craze.[35][36]In the early 19th century, encouraged by a reduction of duties, gin consumption again began to rise and gin houses and gin palaces (an evolution of gin shops) began to spread from London to most towns and cities in Britain. Alarmed at the prospect of a return to the Gin Craze, the government attempted to counter the threat, and encourage the consumption of a more wholesome beverage, by introducing the Beerhouse Act of 1830. The Act introduced a new lower, and largely deregulated, tier of premises called \"the beerhouse\".[37]A Victorian beerhouse, now a public house, in Rotherhithe, Greater LondonUnder the act any householder, upon payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £237 today), was permitted to brew and sell beer or cider in their own home. Beerhouses were not allowed to open on Sundays, or sell spirits and fortified wines; and any beerhouse discovered to be breaking these rules was closed down and the owner heavily fined.[38]Within eight years 46,000 new beerhouses opened[39] and, because operating costs were so low, huge profits were often made. The combination of increasing competition and high profits eventually led to what has been described as a golden age of pub building when many landlords extended or redeveloped their properties, adopting many features modern pubs still have.Authorities attempted to check the growth from 1869 on by introducing magisterial control and new licensing laws. These aimed to make it harder to obtain a licence, and control drunkenness, prostitution, and other undesirable conduct on licensed premises.[40][41][42][43]In the United Kingdom, restrictions were tightened considerably following the advent of the First World War.[44] The Defence of the Realm Act, along with introducing rationing and censorship of the press, restricted pubs' opening hours to 12 noon–2:30 pm and 6:30 pm–9:30 pm. Opening for the full licensed hours was compulsory, and closing time was equally firmly enforced by the police.[45][46] There was also a special case established under the State Management Scheme[47] where the brewery and licensed premises were bought and run by the state, most notably in Carlisle.","title":"Licensing laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Licensing Act 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"smoking ban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ban#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Lock-in","text":"A \"lock-in\" is when a pub owner allows patrons to continue drinking in the pub after the legal closing time, on the theory that once the doors are locked, it becomes a private party rather than a pub. Patrons may put money behind the bar before official closing time, and redeem their drinks during the lock-in so no drinks are technically sold after closing time. The origin of the British lock-in was a reaction to 1915 changes in the licensing laws in England and Wales, which curtailed opening hours to stop factory workers from turning up drunk and harming the war effort. From then until the start of the 21st century, UK licensing laws changed very little, retaining these comparatively early closing times. The tradition of the lock-in therefore remained. Since the implementation of the Licensing Act 2003, premises in England and Wales may apply to extend their opening hours beyond 11 pm, allowing round-the-clock drinking and removing much of the need for lock-ins.[48] Since the smoking ban, some establishments operated a lock-in during which the remaining patrons could smoke without repercussions but, unlike drinking lock-ins, allowing smoking in a pub was still a prosecutable offence.[49]","title":"Licensing laws"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"ban on indoor smoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoking_ban#United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"Concerns about the effects of cigarette smoke inhalation first surfaced in the 1950s and ultimately led many countries to ban or restrict smoking in specific settings, such as pubs and restaurants. Early in 2004, Ireland became the first country in the world to ban smoking in all enclosed public areas. Scotland was the first UK nation to introduce a ban on indoor smoking in March 2006, followed by the rest of the UK in 2007.[50] Australia introduced a similar ban in 2006 and now has some of the world's toughest anti-smoking laws, with some territories having also banned smoking in outside public areas.[51]Some publicans raised concerns, prior to the implementation of restrictions, that a smoking ban would have a negative impact on sales.[52] The impact of the ban was mixed with some pubs suffering declining sales, and others seeing an increase, particularly in food sales.[53][54]","title":"Smoking bans"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg"},{"link_name":"City Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Road"},{"link_name":"Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London_Borough_of_Islington"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weasel-55"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Clock,_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg"},{"link_name":"mock Tudor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudor_Revival_architecture"},{"link_name":"Book cafe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_cafe"},{"link_name":"Piano bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_bar"},{"link_name":"Oyster saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster_saloon"},{"link_name":"duck pond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_pond"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"billiards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billiards"},{"link_name":"music hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_hall"},{"link_name":"City Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Road"},{"link_name":"nursery rhyme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nursery_rhyme"},{"link_name":"Pop goes the weasel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pop_goes_the_weasel"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAG-57"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-weasel-55"},{"link_name":"pawn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pawnbroker"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EAG-57"},{"link_name":"rhyming slang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyming_slang"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"cabaret","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabaret"},{"link_name":"striptease","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striptease"},{"link_name":"juke boxes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juke_box"},{"link_name":"karaoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke"}],"sub_title":"Saloon or lounge","text":"The Eagle, City Road, Islington, London, displaying the nursery rhyme line about the pub's predecessor[55]The Clock, Birmingham – an example of a mock Tudor pub, now demolished to make way for the expansion of Birmingham AirportSee also: Book cafe, Piano bar, and Oyster saloonBy the end of the 18th century, a new room in the pub was established: the saloon. Beer establishments had always provided entertainment of some sort—singing, gaming or sport. Balls Pond Road in Islington was named after an establishment run by a Mr. Ball that had a duck pond at the rear, where drinkers could, for a fee, go out and take a potshot at the ducks.[56] More common, however, was a card room or a billiards room. The saloon was a room where, for an admission fee or a higher price of drinks, singing, dancing, drama, or comedy was performed and drinks would be served at the table. From this came the popular music hall form of entertainment—a show consisting of a variety of acts.A most famous London saloon was the Grecian Saloon in the Eagle, City Road, referenced by name in the 18th-century nursery rhyme: \"Up and down the City Road / In and out the Eagle / That's the way the money goes / Pop goes the weasel.\"[57][55] This meant that the customer had spent all his money at the Eagle, and needed to pawn his \"weasel\" to get some more.[57] The meaning of the \"weasel\" is unclear but the two most likely definitions are: a flat iron used for finishing clothing; or rhyming slang for a coat (weasel and stoat).[58]A few pubs have stage performances such as serious drama, stand-up comedy, musical bands, cabaret or striptease; however, juke boxes, karaoke and other forms of pre-recorded music have otherwise replaced the musical tradition of a piano or guitar and singing.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"social etiquettes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_etiquette"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"car parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_parks"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"jukebox","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jukebox"},{"link_name":"dartboard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartboard"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"gastropubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropub"}],"sub_title":"Public bar","text":"The public bar, or tap room, was where the working class were expected to congregate and drink. It had unfurnished floorboards, sometimes covered with sawdust to absorb the spitting and spillages (known as \"spit and sawdust\"), bare bench seats and stools. Drinks were generally lower-quality beers and liquors.[59] Public bars were seen as exclusive areas for only men; strictly enforced social etiquettes barred women from entering public bars (some pubs did not lift this rule until the 1980s).[60] In the Manchester area, the public bar was known as the \"vault\", other rooms being the lounge and snug as usual elsewhere. The vault was a men-only bar, meant for working men in their dirty working clothes.This style was in marked contrast to the adjacent saloon or lounge bar which, by the early 20th century, was where male or accompanied female middle-class drinkers would drink. It had carpeted floors, upholstered seats, and a wider selection of better quality drinks that cost a penny or two more than those served in the public bar.By the mid-20th century, the standard of the public bar had generally improved. Many were built between the world wars as part of the \"improved\" pub movement and as \"roadhouse\" inns—with large car parks to attract passing trade.[61] Pub patrons only had to choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age: a jukebox or dartboard). By the 1970s, divisions between saloons and public bars were being phased out, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition. While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises.[62] Most present day pubs now comprise one large room, although with the advent of gastropubs, some establishments have returned to maintaining distinct rooms or areas.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Campaign for Real Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snug-63"}],"sub_title":"Snug","text":"The \"snug\" was a small private room or area, typically with access to the bar and a frosted glass window above head height. Customers in the snug paid a higher price for beer and nobody could look in and see the drinkers. Not only did wealthy visitors use these rooms, but also patrons who preferred not to be seen in the public bar. Ladies often enjoyed a private drink in the snug in a time when many frowned on women visiting a pub. The local police officer might nip in for a quiet pint, the parish priest for his evening whisky, or lovers for a rendezvous.Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA) have surveyed the 50,000 pubs in Britain and they believe that there are very few pubs that still have classic snugs. These are on a historic interiors list in order that they can be preserved.[63]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gin palaces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gin_palace"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"beer gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_garden"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"Beerhouse Act 1830","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beerhouse_Act_1830"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"Brierley Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brierley_Hill"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"Isambard Kingdom Brunel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isambard_Kingdom_Brunel"},{"link_name":"Swindon station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swindon_station"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"}],"sub_title":"Counter","text":"The pub took the concept of the bar counter to serve the beer from gin palaces in the 18th century.[64] Until that time beer establishments used to bring the beer out to the table or benches, as remains the practice in (for example) beer gardens and some other drinking establishments in Germany.[65] A bar might be provided for the manager or publican to do paperwork while keeping an eye on his or her customers, and the term \"bar\" applied to the publican's office where one was built,[66] but beer would be tapped directly from a cask or barrel sat on a table, or kept in a separate taproom and brought out in jugs.[67]When purpose built Victorian pubs were built after the Beerhouse Act 1830,[68] the main room was the public room with a large serving bar copied from the gin houses, the idea being to serve the maximum number of people in the shortest possible time. The other, more private, rooms had no serving bar—they had the beer brought to them from the public bar. A number of pubs in the Midlands or the North still retain this set up, though now customers fetches the beer themselves from the taproom or public bar. One of these is the Vine, known locally as the Bull and Bladder, in Brierley Hill near Birmingham, another the Cock at Broom, Bedfordshire a series of small rooms served drinks and food by waiting staff.[69] By the early 1970s there was a tendency to change to one large drinking room as breweries were eager to invest in interior design and theming.[70]Isambard Kingdom Brunel, the British engineer and railway builder, introduced the idea of a circular bar into the Swindon station pub in order that customers were served quickly and did not delay his trains. These island bars became popular as they also allowed staff to serve customers in several different rooms surrounding the bar.[71][72]","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pumping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pump"},{"link_name":"cask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cask"},{"link_name":"William III of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_III_of_England"},{"link_name":"Mary II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"locksmith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locksmith"},{"link_name":"hydraulic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic"},{"link_name":"Joseph Bramah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Bramah"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"}],"sub_title":"Beer engine","text":"A \"beer engine\" is a device for pumping beer, originally manually operated and typically used to dispense beer from a cask or container in a pub's basement or cellar.The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (born Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.The London Gazette of 17 March 1691 published a patent in favour of John Lofting for a fire engine, but remarked upon and recommended another invention of his, for a beer pump:\"Whereas their Majesties have been Graciously Pleased to grant Letters patent to John Lofting of London Merchant for a New Invented Engine for Extinguishing Fires which said Engine have found every great encouragement. The said Patentee hath also projected a Very Useful Engine for starting of beer and other liquors which will deliver from 20 to 30 barrels an hour which are completely fixed with Brass Joints and Screws at Reasonable Rates. Any Person that hath occasion for the said Engines may apply themselves to the Patentee at his house near St Thomas Apostle London or to Mr. Nicholas Wall at the Workshoppe near Saddlers Wells at Islington or to Mr. William Tillcar, Turner, his agent at his house in Woodtree next door to the Sun Tavern London.\"\"Their Majesties\" referred to were William III of England and Mary II of England, who had recently arrived from the Netherlands and had been appointed joint monarchs.A further engine was invented in the late 18th century by the locksmith and hydraulic engineer Joseph Bramah (1748–1814).Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used.[73] When manually powered, the term \"handpump\" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.","title":"Architecture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Porter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porter_(beer)"},{"link_name":"tied houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tied_house"},{"link_name":"freehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freehold_(English_law)"},{"link_name":"leasehold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leasehold"},{"link_name":"regional brewery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regional_brewery"},{"link_name":"Shepherd Neame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd_Neame"},{"link_name":"Young's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young%27s"},{"link_name":"Fuller's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuller,_Smith_%26_Turner"},{"link_name":"Greene King","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greene_King"},{"link_name":"The Beer Orders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beer_Orders"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"guest beer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guest_beer"},{"link_name":"Wetherspoons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetherspoons"},{"link_name":"Punch Taverns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punch_Taverns"},{"link_name":"Pub chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_chain"},{"link_name":"regulated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pubs_Code_Regulations_2016"},{"link_name":"traditional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"}],"text":"In the 18th century, after the development of the large London Porter breweries, a trend grew for pubs to become tied houses that only sold beer from a single brewery. (A pub not 'tied' in this way was called a free house.) The usual arrangement for a tied house was that the brewery owned the pub but rented it out to a private individual (landlord) who ran it as a separate business (even though contracted to buy the beer from the brewery). Another common arrangement was (and is) for the landlord to own the premises (whether freehold or leasehold) independently of the brewer, but then to take a mortgage loan from a brewery, either to finance the purchase of the pub initially, or to refurbish it, and be required as a term of the loan to observe the solus tie.In the late 20th century, breweries increasingly ran their pubs directly, using managers rather than tenants. Most such breweries, such as the regional brewery Shepherd Neame in Kent and Young's and Fuller's in London, control hundreds of pubs in a particular region of the UK, while a few, such as Greene King, are spread nationally. The landlord of a tied pub may be an employee of the brewery—in which case, they are a manager of a managed house—or a self-employed tenant under a lease agreement with a brewery that obligates (trade tie) them to purchase only that brewery's beer. The beer selection is mainly limited to beers brewed by that particular company. The Beer Orders,[74] passed in 1989, were aimed at getting tied houses to offer at least one alternative beer, known as a guest beer, from another brewery. This law has now been repealed but while in force it dramatically altered the industry. Some pubs still offer a regularly changing selection of guest beers.Organisations such as Wetherspoons, Punch Taverns and O'Neill's were formed in the UK in the wake of the Beer Orders. A PubCo is a company involved in the retailing but not the manufacture of beverages, while a Pub chain may be run either by a PubCo or by a brewery. In 2016, a number of the largest PubCo's were regulated, and tied tenants in England and Wales got new statutory rights to go free of tie or to have disputes heard by the Pubs Code Adjudicator.Pubs within a chain usually have items in common—such as fittings, promotions, ambience, and food and drink menu. A pub chain positions itself in the marketplace for a target audience. One company may run several pub chains aimed at different segments of the market. Pubs for use in a chain are bought and sold in large units, often from regional breweries that then close down. Newly acquired pubs are often renamed by the new owners, and many people resent the loss of traditional names, especially if their favourite regional beer disappears at the same time.In 2009 about half of Britain's pubs were owned by large pub companies.[75]","title":"Companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"brewery tap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craft_beer#Brewpub"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Brewery tap","text":"A brewery tap, also called a brewpub or taproom, is the nearest outlet for a brewery's beers. It is usually a room or bar in the brewery itself, although the name may be applied to a nearby pub.[citation needed]","title":"Companies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CAMRA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAMRA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-2"}],"text":"A pub has no strict definition, but CAMRA states that a pub has four characteristics:[2]Open to the public without membership / residency\nServe draught beer or cider without requiring food be consumed\nHave at least one indoor area not laid out for meals\nAllow drinks to be bought at a bar (i.e. not only table service)Together these characteristics differentiate pubs from restaurants and hotel bars, although some pubs also serve as restaurants or hotels.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"restaurant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restaurant"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"portmanteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portmanteau"},{"link_name":"gastronomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastronomy"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-culinaire-78"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"The Good Food Guide","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Food_Guide"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"}],"sub_title":"Gastropub","text":"A gastropub is a hybrid pub and restaurant, notable for serving good quality beer, wine and food.[76] The name is a portmanteau of \"gastronomy\" and \"public house\", and was coined in 1991 when David Eyre and Mike Belben took over the Eagle pub in Clerkenwell, London.[77] The concept of a restaurant in a pub reinvigorated both pub culture and British dining,[78] though it has also attracted criticism for potentially removing the character of traditional pubs.[79]In 2011, The Good Food Guide suggested that the term has become irrelevant such is its commonality these days.[80]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chiddingfold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiddingfold"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-82"},{"link_name":"gastropubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastropub"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"}],"sub_title":"Country pub","text":"The Crown Inn, ChiddingfoldA \"country pub\" is simply a rural drinking establishment, though the term has acquired a romantic image typically of thatched roofs and whitewashed stone walls.[81] As with urban pubs, the country pub can function as a social and recreational centre, providing opportunities for people to meet, exchange news, and cooperate on local charitable events.[82] However, that culture of functioning as a social centre for a village and rural community started to diminish in the latter part of the 20th century, as many country pubs either closed down, or were converted to restaurants or gastropubs.[83] Those country pubs located on main routes may once have been coaching inns, providing accommodation or refreshment for travellers before the advent of motorised transport.[84]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg"},{"link_name":"roadhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roadhouse_(facility)"},{"link_name":"A20 road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A20_road_(England)"},{"link_name":"Eltham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eltham"},{"link_name":"motor car","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Motor_car"},{"link_name":"arterial roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_road"},{"link_name":"bypasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bypass_(road)"},{"link_name":"charabanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charabanc"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"drunk driving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drunk_driving"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Roadhouse","text":"The Dutch House (now closed), a typical 1930s roadhouse on the busy A20 road in Eltham, Greater London.The term roadhouse was originally applied to a coaching inn, but with the advent of popular travel by motor car in the 1920s and 1930s in the United Kingdom, a new type of roadhouse emerged, often located on the newly constructed arterial roads and bypasses. They were large establishments offering meals and refreshment and accommodation to motorists and parties travelling by charabanc. The largest roadhouses boasted facilities such as tennis courts and swimming pools. Their popularity ended with the outbreak of the Second World War when recreational road travel became impossible, and the advent of post-war drunk driving legislation prevented their full recovery.[85] Many of these establishments are now operated as pub restaurants or fast food outlets.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_and_roll"},{"link_name":"biker bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biker_bar"},{"link_name":"strip clubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strip_club"},{"link_name":"karaoke bars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke_bar"},{"link_name":"Irish pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pub"}],"sub_title":"Theme pub","text":"A theme pub is a pub that aligns itself to a specific culture, style or activity; often with the intention of attracting a niche clientele. Many are decorated and furnished accordingly, with the theme sometimes dictating the style of food or drink on offer too. Examples of theme pubs include sports bars, rock pubs, biker bars, Goth pubs, strip clubs, karaoke bars and Irish pubs.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Herne, Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herne,_Kent"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy_Micropubs-87"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Butchers-88"},{"link_name":"[89]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"2003 Licensing Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_2003"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indy_Micropubs-87"}],"sub_title":"Micropubs","text":"In Britain, a micropub is a very small, modern, one-room pub founded on principles set up by Martyn Hillier, the creator of the first micropub, the Butchers Arms in Herne, Kent, in 2005.[86][87] Micropubs are \"based upon good ale and lively banter\",[88] commonly with a strong focus on local cask ale.[89] It became easier to start a small pub after the passing of the 2003 Licensing Act, which became effective in 2005.[87]","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-92"},{"link_name":"temperance bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperance_bar"}],"sub_title":"Other","text":"A \"nolo\" or \"no lo\" pub serves only non-alcoholic and low-alcoholic beverages.[90][91][92] A temperance bar serves no alcohol at all.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg"},{"link_name":"the George, Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"St George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_George"},{"link_name":"dragon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon"},{"link_name":"Richard II of England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_II_of_England"},{"link_name":"signs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signboards"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sign-93"},{"link_name":"borough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borough"},{"link_name":"ale tasters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ale_taster"},{"link_name":"William Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"John Shakespeare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Shakespeare"},{"link_name":"Middle Ages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages"},{"link_name":"illiterate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illiterate"},{"link_name":"paraphernalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphernalia"},{"link_name":"heraldry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heraldry"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Trafalgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar"},{"link_name":"royal family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Royal_Family"},{"link_name":"rebus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebus"},{"link_name":"Crowborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crowborough"},{"link_name":"British Pathé News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Path%C3%A9_News"},{"link_name":"Michael Farrar-Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Farrar-Bell"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-94"}],"text":"The pub sign of the George, Southwark in south London, depicting St George slaying a dragonIn 1393, King Richard II of England compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated \"Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale.\"[93] This law was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.Another important factor was that during the Middle Ages a large proportion of the population were illiterate and so pictures on a sign were more useful than words as a means of identifying a public house. For this reason there was often no reason to write the establishment's name on the sign and inns opened without a formal written name, the name being derived later from the illustration on the pub's sign.The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as suns, stars and crosses were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g., the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.Other subjects that lent themselves to visual depiction included the name of battles (e.g. Trafalgar), explorers, local notables, discoveries, sporting heroes and members of the royal family. Some pub signs are in the form of a pictorial pun or rebus. For example, a pub in Crowborough, East Sussex called The Crow and Gate had for some years an image of a crow with gates as wings. A British Pathé News film of 1956 shows artist Michael Farrar-Bell at work producing inn signs.[94]Most British pubs still have decorated signs hanging over their doors, and these retain their original function of enabling the identification of the pub. Today's pub signs almost always bear the name of the pub, both in words and in pictorial representation. The more remote country pubs often have stand-alone signs directing potential customers to their door.","title":"Pub signs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"pub chain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_chain"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-95"},{"link_name":"[96]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"John Manners, Marquess of Granby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Manners,_Marquess_of_Granby"},{"link_name":"John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Manners,_3rd_Duke_of_Rutland"},{"link_name":"British Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Army"},{"link_name":"[97]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"[98]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98"},{"link_name":"King George III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_George_III"},{"link_name":"[99]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"Henry VIII","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_VIII"},{"link_name":"Boulogne-sur-Mer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer"},{"link_name":"[100]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-101"}],"text":"Pub names are used to identify and differentiate each pub. Modern names are sometimes a marketing ploy or attempt to create \"brand awareness\", frequently using a comic theme thought to be memorable, Slug and Lettuce for a pub chain being an example. Interesting origins are not confined to old or traditional names, however. Names and their origins can be broken up into a relatively small number of categories.[95]As many pubs are centuries old, many of their early customers were unable to read, and pictorial signs could be readily recognised when lettering and words could not be read.[96]Pubs often have traditional names. A common name is the \"Marquis of Granby\". These pubs were named after John Manners, Marquess of Granby, who was the son of John Manners, 3rd Duke of Rutland and a general in the 18th-century British Army. He showed a great concern for the welfare of his men, and on their retirement, provided funds for many of them to establish taverns, which were subsequently named after him.[97] All pubs granted their licence in 1780 were called the Royal George,[98] after King George III, and the twentieth anniversary of his coronation.Some names for pubs that seem absurd or whimsical have come from corruptions of old slogans or phrases, such as the Bag o'Nails (Bacchanals), the Goat and Compasses (God Encompasseth Us),[99] the Cat and the Fiddle (Chaton Fidèle: Faithful Kitten) and the Bull and Bush, which purportedly celebrates the victory of Henry VIII at \"Boulogne Bouche\" or Boulogne-sur-Mer Harbour.[100][101]","title":"Names"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pub games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_games"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Indoor_Quoits.jpg"},{"link_name":"Parkend","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parkend"},{"link_name":"Gloucestershire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloucestershire"},{"link_name":"[102]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"},{"link_name":"skittles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skittles_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[103]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-103"},{"link_name":"dominoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominoes"},{"link_name":"[104]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-104"},{"link_name":"cards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Card_games"},{"link_name":"bar billiards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_billiards"},{"link_name":"[105]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-105"},{"link_name":"Aunt Sally","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunt_Sally"},{"link_name":"[106]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-106"},{"link_name":"nine men's morris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nine_men%27s_morris"},{"link_name":"[107]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-107"},{"link_name":"ringing the bull","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringing_the_bull"},{"link_name":"[108]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-108"},{"link_name":"cribbage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cribbage"},{"link_name":"pool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackball_(pool)"},{"link_name":"[109]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-109"},{"link_name":"snooker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snooker"},{"link_name":"[110]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-110"},{"link_name":"table football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_football"},{"link_name":"slot machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_machine"},{"link_name":"tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tournament"},{"link_name":"karaoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karaoke"},{"link_name":"pub quizzes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_quiz"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"Shove ha'penny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shove_ha%27penny"},{"link_name":"[111]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-111"},{"link_name":"Bat and trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat_and_trap"},{"link_name":"[112]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-112"},{"link_name":"Sunday League Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_League_Football"},{"link_name":"Bowling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowls"},{"link_name":"pub songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_song"},{"link_name":"Kilburn and the High Roads","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilburn_and_the_High_Roads"},{"link_name":"Dr. Feelgood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._Feelgood_(band)"},{"link_name":"the Kursaal Flyers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Kursaal_Flyers"},{"link_name":"pub rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_rock_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"punk music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_music"}],"text":"See also: Pub gamesIndoor Quoits being played at a pub in Parkend, Gloucestershire.Traditional games are played in pubs, ranging from the well-known darts,[102] skittles,[103] dominoes,[104] cards and bar billiards,[105] to the more obscure Aunt Sally,[106] nine men's morris[107] and ringing the bull.[108] In the UK betting is legally limited to certain games such as cribbage or dominoes, played for small stakes. In recent decades the game of pool[109] (both the British and American versions) has increased in popularity as well as other table based games such as snooker[110] or table football becoming common.Increasingly, more modern games such as video games and slot machines are provided. Pubs hold special events, from tournaments of the aforementioned games to karaoke nights to pub quizzes. Some play pop music and hip-hop (dance bar), or show football and rugby union on big screen televisions (sports bar). Shove ha'penny[111] and Bat and trap[112] were also popular in pubs south of London.Some pubs in the UK also have football teams composed of regular customers. Many of these teams are in leagues that play matches on Sundays, hence the term \"Sunday League Football\". Bowling is found in association with pubs in some parts of the country and the local team plays matches against teams invited from elsewhere on the pub's bowling green.Pubs may be venues for pub songs and live music. During the 1970s pubs provided an outlet for a number of bands, such as Kilburn and the High Roads, Dr. Feelgood and the Kursaal Flyers, who formed a musical genre called pub rock that was a precursor to punk music.","title":"Entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English cuisine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_cuisine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pub_grub.jpg"},{"link_name":"pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pie"},{"link_name":"bar snacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snack_food"},{"link_name":"pork scratchings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pork_scratchings"},{"link_name":"pickled eggs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pickled_egg"},{"link_name":"crisps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crisps"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"South East England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_East_England"},{"link_name":"cockles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockle_(bivalve)"},{"link_name":"whelks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whelk"},{"link_name":"mussels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mussel"},{"link_name":"shellfish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shellfish"},{"link_name":"London's East End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%27s_East_End"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"ploughman's lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"Berni Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berni_Inn"},{"link_name":"Beefeater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beefeater_(restaurant)"},{"link_name":"[113]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-rememberwhen.gazettelive.co.uk-113"},{"link_name":"microwave ovens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave_oven"},{"link_name":"frozen food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frozen_food"},{"link_name":"steak and ale pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meat_pie"},{"link_name":"shepherd's pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shepherd%27s_pie"},{"link_name":"fish and chips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish_and_chips"},{"link_name":"bangers and mash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangers_and_mash"},{"link_name":"Sunday roast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_roast"},{"link_name":"ploughman's lunch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploughman%27s_lunch"},{"link_name":"chicken tikka masala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicken_tikka_masala"},{"link_name":"pasties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasty"},{"link_name":"burgers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburger"},{"link_name":"chicken wings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffalo_wing"},{"link_name":"lasagne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasagne"},{"link_name":"chilli con carne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chilli_con_carne"},{"link_name":"[114]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-114"},{"link_name":"[115]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-115"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Further information: English cuisinePub grub – a pie, along with a pint of beerSome pubs have a long tradition of serving food, dating back to their historic usage as inns and hotels where travellers would stay.Many pubs were drinking establishments, and little emphasis was placed on the serving of food, other than sandwiches and \"bar snacks\", such as pork scratchings, pickled eggs, salted crisps and peanuts. These all helped to increase beer sales.[113] In South East England (especially London) it was common until recent times for vendors of cockles, whelks, mussels, and other shellfish to sell them during the evening and at closing time. Many mobile shellfish stalls would set up near pubs, a practice that continues in London's East End. Otherwise, pickled cockles and mussels may be offered by the pub in jars or packets.In the 1950s, some British pubs would offer \"a pie and a pint\", with hot individual steak and ale pies made easily on the premises by the proprietor's wife during the lunchtime opening hours.[113] The ploughman's lunch became popular in the late 1960s,[113] as did the convenient \"chicken in a basket\", a portion of roast chicken with chips, served on a napkin in a wicker basket.[113]Family chain pubs that serve food in the evening gained popularity in the 1970s, and included Berni Inn and Beefeater.[113]Quality dropped but variety increased with the introduction of microwave ovens and frozen food. \"Pub grub\" expanded to include British food items such as steak and ale pie, shepherd's pie, fish and chips, bangers and mash, Sunday roast, ploughman's lunch, chicken tikka masala, and pasties. In addition, dishes such as burgers, chicken wings, lasagne and chilli con carne are often served.[114][115] Some pubs offer elaborate hot and cold snacks free to customers at Sunday lunchtimes, to prevent them getting hungry and leaving for their lunch at home.Since the 1990s, food has become a more important part of a pub's trade, and today most pubs serve lunches and dinners at the table in addition to (or instead of) snacks consumed at the bar. They may have a separate dining room. Some pubs serve meals to a higher standard, to match good restaurant standards; these are sometimes termed gastropubs.[citation needed]","title":"Food"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[116]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-116"},{"link_name":"National Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Trust"},{"link_name":"George Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_George_Inn,_Southwark"},{"link_name":"Southwark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southwark"},{"link_name":"the Crown Liquor Saloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown_Liquor_Saloon"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"[117]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-117"},{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge-118"}],"text":"CAMRA maintains a \"National Inventory\" of historical notability and of architecturally and decoratively notable pubs.[116] The National Trust owns thirty-six public houses of historic interest including the George Inn, Southwark, London and the Crown Liquor Saloon, Belfast, Northern Ireland.[117][118]","title":"Listed"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sun_Inn,_Leintwardine_(Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Crooked_House,_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Crooked House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crooked_House"},{"link_name":"Himley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himley"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe,_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Man & Scythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe"}],"text":"The Sun Inn, Herefordshire. One of the few remaining parlour pubsThe Crooked House, Himley, was known for the extreme lean of the building, caused by subsidence produced by miningYe Olde Man & Scythe, Bolton","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tan Hill Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Hill_Inn"},{"link_name":"North Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Hill,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Inverie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverie"},{"link_name":"Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochaber"},{"link_name":"[119]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-119"}],"sub_title":"Highest and remotest","text":"The highest pub in the United Kingdom is the Tan Hill Inn, North Yorkshire, at 1,732 feet (528 m) above sea level. The remotest pub on the British mainland is the Old Forge in the village of Inverie, Lochaber, Scotland. There is no road access and it may only be reached by an 18-mile (29 km) walk over mountains, or a 7-mile (11 km) sea crossing.[119]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[118]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CAMRA-BeerKnowledge-118"},{"link_name":"The Nutshell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Nutshell"},{"link_name":"Bury St Edmunds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds"},{"link_name":"Suffolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suffolk"},{"link_name":"Southport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southport"},{"link_name":"Merseyside","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merseyside"},{"link_name":"Aylesford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylesford"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Godmanstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godmanstone"},{"link_name":"Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorset"},{"link_name":"The Signal Box Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Signal_Box_Inn"},{"link_name":"[120]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-120"},{"link_name":"Cleethorpes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cleethorpes"},{"link_name":"Lincolnshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincolnshire"},{"link_name":"Sun Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Inn"},{"link_name":"Leintwardine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leintwardine"},{"link_name":"Herefordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herefordshire"}],"sub_title":"Smallest","text":"Contenders for the smallest public house in the UK include:[118]The Nutshell – Bury St Edmunds, Suffolk\nThe Lakeside Inn – Southport, Merseyside\nThe Little Gem – Aylesford, Kent\nThe Smiths Arms – Godmanstone, Dorset\nThe Signal Box Inn[120] – Cleethorpes, LincolnshireThe list includes a small number of parlour pubs, one of which is the Sun Inn in Leintwardine, Herefordshire.The smallest public house in Wales is claimed by Y Goron Fach (the Little Crown) in Denbigh, with a single bar of 15 square metres (160 sq ft).","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casino"},{"link_name":"[121]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-121"}],"sub_title":"Largest","text":"The largest pub in the UK is the Royal Victoria Pavilion, in Ramsgate, Kent. The venue was previously a casino and before that a theatre.[121]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ye Olde Fighting Cocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks"},{"link_name":"St Albans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Albans"},{"link_name":"Hertfordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hertfordshire"},{"link_name":"Guinness World Record","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Record"},{"link_name":"[122]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-122"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Trip to Jerusalem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Trip_to_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"Nottingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham"},{"link_name":"Nottingham Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nottingham_Castle"},{"link_name":"[123]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-123"},{"link_name":"Burntwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burntwood"},{"link_name":"Staffordshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staffordshire"},{"link_name":"Domesday Book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesday_Book"},{"link_name":"[124]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-124"},{"link_name":"the Old Ferry Boat Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Old_Ferry_Boat_Inn"},{"link_name":"Holywell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holywell,_Cambridgeshire"},{"link_name":"[125]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-125"},{"link_name":"The Bingley Arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Bingley_Arms"},{"link_name":"Bardsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bardsey,_West_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Salutation Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Salutation_Inn"},{"link_name":"English Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Adam and Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_and_Eve,_Norwich"},{"link_name":"Norwich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich"},{"link_name":"Norwich Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwich_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"[126]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-126"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Man & Scythe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe"},{"link_name":"Bolton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolton"}],"sub_title":"Oldest","text":"A number of pubs claim to be the oldest surviving establishment in the United Kingdom, although in several cases original buildings have been demolished and replaced on the same site. Others are ancient buildings that were used for purposes other than as a pub previously in their history. Some notable claims include:Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England for many years, as it is an 11th-century structure on an eighth-century site—however, the record was withdrawn in 2000 after review, and the category was deemed impossible to verify.[122]\nYe Olde Trip to Jerusalem in Nottingham has been claimed to be the \"oldest inn in England\" with a founding date of 1189, but this relies on the fact it is constructed on the site of Nottingham Castle's former brewhouse; the present building actually dates from around 1650.[123]\nThe Nags Head in Burntwood, Staffordshire, only dates back to the 16th century, but an (inaccurate) claim is still frequently made that a pub on the site was mentioned in the Domesday Book.[124]\nThere is archaeological evidence that parts of the foundations of the Old Ferry Boat Inn in Holywell may date to AD 460, and there is evidence of ale being served as early as AD 560, but definitive dating evidence of the main building has yet to be established.[125]\nThe Bingley Arms, Bardsey, Yorkshire, is claimed to date to 905 AD, but the current building only dates from the 18th century.\nYe Olde Salutation Inn in Nottingham dates from 1240, although the building served as a tannery and a private residence before becoming an inn sometime before the English Civil War.\nThe Adam and Eve in Norwich was first recorded in 1249, when it was an alehouse for the workers constructing nearby Norwich Cathedral.[126]\nYe Olde Man & Scythe in Bolton, Greater Manchester, is mentioned by name in a charter of 1251, but the current building is dated 1631. Its cellars are the only surviving part of the older structure.","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stalybridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stalybridge"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pub&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[127]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-127"},{"link_name":"[128]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-128"},{"link_name":"[129]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-129"}],"sub_title":"Longest and shortest name","text":"The town of Stalybridge in Greater Manchester is thought to have the pubs with both the longest and shortest names in the United Kingdom – The Old Thirteenth Cheshire Astley Volunteer Rifleman Corps Inn and the Q Inn, both operating as of 2019[update] (the Rifleman reopening in new premises, moving from Astley Street to premises two doors away from the Q Inn in Market Street in 2019, after being closed for three years).[127][128] The original Rifleman building retains a pub sign, and a blue plaque from 1995 recording the recognition of the name in the Guinness Book of Records.[129]","title":"Records"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-130"},{"link_name":"[130]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-130"},{"link_name":"[131]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-131"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-132"},{"link_name":"[132]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-132"}],"text":"The most expensive place to get a pint of beer is in Doha, Qatar, where prices average £10.30 (2019).[130]\nThe average retail price of a pint of beer in the UK is £4.12 (2019).[130]\nThe cheapest place to get a beer in the UK is Preston, where a pint costs on average £3.06 (2019).[130]\nIn 2018, British people drank 7.75 billion pints of beer: 21.2 million pints a day.[131]\nAs of 2019, there are 40,683 pubs in England, 2,901 in Wales and 3,612 in Scotland.[132]\nPubs are closing at a rate of one every 12 hours (as of February 2019).[132]","title":"Statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of pubs in the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pubs_in_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"the Tabard Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Tabard_Inn"},{"link_name":"Chaucer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaucer"},{"link_name":"Canterbury Tales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury_Tales"},{"link_name":"[133]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-133"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn"},{"link_name":"Dick Turpin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dick_Turpin"},{"link_name":"Woughton-on-the-Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woughton-on-the-Green"},{"link_name":"[134]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-134"},{"link_name":"Jamaica Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn"},{"link_name":"Bolventor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolventor"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"1936 novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Daphne du Maurier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daphne_du_Maurier"},{"link_name":"1939 film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(film)"},{"link_name":"Alfred Hitchcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Hitchcock"},{"link_name":"[135]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-135"},{"link_name":"John Fothergill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Fothergill_(innkeeper)"},{"link_name":"Thame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thame"},{"link_name":"[136]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-136"},{"link_name":"H. G. Wells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._G._Wells"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"Dun Cow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dun_Cow"},{"link_name":"Sedgefield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgefield"},{"link_name":"Blair's home constituency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedgefield_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[137]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-137"},{"link_name":"[138]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-British_Beer_and_Pub_Association-138"},{"link_name":"[139]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-139"}],"text":"See also: List of pubs in the United KingdomInns and taverns feature throughout English literature and poetry, from the Tabard Inn in Chaucer's Canterbury Tales onwards.[133]Jamaica Inn in Cornwall inspired a novel and a film.The highwayman Dick Turpin used the Swan Inn at Woughton-on-the-Green in Buckinghamshire as his base.[134] Jamaica Inn near Bolventor in Cornwall gave its name to a 1936 novel by Daphne du Maurier and a 1939 film directed by Alfred Hitchcock.[135] In the 1920s John Fothergill (1876–1957) was the innkeeper of the Spread Eagle in Thame, Berkshire, and published his autobiography: An Innkeeper's Diary (London: Chatto & Windus, 1931).[136] During his idiosyncratic occupancy many famous people came to stay, such as H. G. Wells. United States president George W. Bush fulfilled his lifetime ambition of visiting a 'genuine British pub' during his November 2003 state visit to the UK when he had lunch and a pint of non-alcoholic lager (Bush being a teetotaler) with British Prime Minister Tony Blair at the Dun Cow pub in Sedgefield, County Durham, in Blair's home constituency.[137] There were approximately 53,500 public houses in 2009 in the United Kingdom.[138] This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller villages no longer have a local pub.[139]","title":"Cultural associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of real London pubs in literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_real_London_pubs_in_literature"},{"link_name":"Samuel Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Johnson"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Cheshire_Cheese"},{"link_name":"Charles Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Dickens"},{"link_name":"Prospect of Whitby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_of_Whitby"},{"link_name":"Ye Olde Cock Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye_Olde_Cock_Tavern"},{"link_name":"Samuel Pepys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Pepys"},{"link_name":"Fitzroy Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzroy_Tavern"},{"link_name":"[140]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-140"},{"link_name":"Charlotte Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charlotte_Street"},{"link_name":"Fitzrovia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitzrovia"},{"link_name":"intellectuals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectual"},{"link_name":"bohemians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bohemianism"},{"link_name":"Dylan Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dylan_Thomas"},{"link_name":"Augustus John","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_John"},{"link_name":"George Orwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Orwell"},{"link_name":"Soho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho"},{"link_name":"Pillars of Hercules","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pillars_of_Hercules_(pub)"},{"link_name":"the Colony Room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Colony_Room"},{"link_name":"Coach and Horses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coach_and_Horses,_Soho"},{"link_name":"Canonbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canonbury"},{"link_name":"The Moon Under Water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Red_Lion,_Whitehall,_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Houses of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houses_of_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Red Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Lion,_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Whitehall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitehall"},{"link_name":"Palace of Westminster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palace_of_Westminster"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Division bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Division_bell"},{"link_name":"[141]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-141"},{"link_name":"The Punch Bowl, Mayfair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Punch_Bowl,_Mayfair"},{"link_name":"Madonna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madonna"},{"link_name":"Guy Ritchie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy_Ritchie"},{"link_name":"[142]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Telegraph-142"},{"link_name":"Coleherne public house","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coleherne_public_house"},{"link_name":"Earls Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earls_Court"},{"link_name":"Freddie Mercury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freddie_Mercury"},{"link_name":"Kenny Everett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenny_Everett"},{"link_name":"Rudolph Nureyev","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Nureyev"},{"link_name":"Colin Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw's Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw%27s_Castle,_Hampstead"},{"link_name":"Jack Straw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Straw_(rebel_leader)"},{"link_name":"Peasants' Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peasants%27_Revolt"},{"link_name":"the Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blitz"},{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"the Blind Beggar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Blind_Beggar"},{"link_name":"Whitechapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitechapel"},{"link_name":"Ronnie Kray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronnie_Kray"},{"link_name":"[143]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-143"},{"link_name":"Ten Bells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten_Bells"},{"link_name":"Jack the Ripper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_the_Ripper"},{"link_name":"Ruth Ellis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruth_Ellis"},{"link_name":"South Hill Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Hill_Park_(London_street)"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[144]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-144"},{"link_name":"Vladimir Lenin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin"},{"link_name":"Joseph Stalin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Stalin"},{"link_name":"Clerkenwell Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clerkenwell_Green"},{"link_name":"[145]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-145"},{"link_name":"The Angel, Islington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Angel,_Islington"},{"link_name":"coaching inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaching_inn"},{"link_name":"Great North Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_North_Road_(Great_Britain)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Paine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paine"},{"link_name":"Rights of Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rights_of_Man"},{"link_name":"Lyons Corner House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyons_Corner_House"},{"link_name":"Co-operative Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank"}],"sub_title":"London","text":"See also: List of real London pubs in literatureMany of London's pubs are known to have been used by famous people, but in some cases, such as the association between Samuel Johnson and Ye Olde Cheshire Cheese, this is speculative, based on little more than the fact that the person is known to have lived nearby. However, Charles Dickens is known to have visited the Cheshire Cheese, the Prospect of Whitby, Ye Olde Cock Tavern and many others. Samuel Pepys is also associated with the Prospect of Whitby and the Cock Tavern.The Fitzroy Tavern[140] is a pub situated at 16 Charlotte Street in the Fitzrovia district, to which it gives its name. It became famous (or according to others, infamous) during a period spanning the 1920s to the mid-1950s as a meeting place for many of London's artists, intellectuals and bohemians such as Dylan Thomas, Augustus John, and George Orwell. Several establishments in Soho, London, have associations with well-known, post-war literary and artistic figures, including the Pillars of Hercules, the Colony Room and the Coach and Horses. The Canonbury Tavern, Canonbury, was the prototype for Orwell's ideal English pub, The Moon Under Water.The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Houses of Parliament and is frequented by Members of Parliament (MPs) and political journalists.The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and Members of Parliament (MPs). The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote.[141] The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie.[142] The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims.Jack Straw's Castle was a pub named after Jack Straw, one of the three leaders of Peasants' Revolt, the pub was active since the 14th century until its destruction by the Blitz during the Second World War.In 1966 the Blind Beggar in Whitechapel became infamous as the scene of a murder committed by gangster Ronnie Kray.[143] The Ten Bells is associated with several of the victims of Jack the Ripper. In 1955, Ruth Ellis, the last woman executed in the United Kingdom, shot David Blakely as he emerged from the Magdala in South Hill Park, Hampstead,[144] the bullet holes can still be seen in the walls outside. It is said that Vladimir Lenin and a young Joseph Stalin met in the Crown and Anchor pub (now known as the Crown Tavern) on Clerkenwell Green when the latter was visiting London in 1903.[145]The Angel, Islington was formerly a coaching inn, the first on the Great North Road, the main route northwards out of London, where Thomas Paine is believed to have written much of Rights of Man (1791). It was mentioned by Charles Dickens, became a Lyons Corner House, and is now a Co-operative Bank.","title":"Cultural associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Eagle and Child","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_and_Child"},{"link_name":"Lamb and Flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamb_%26_Flag_(Oxford)"},{"link_name":"Inklings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inklings"},{"link_name":"J. R. R. Tolkien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien"},{"link_name":"C. S. Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._S._Lewis"},{"link_name":"The Eagle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Eagle_(pub)"},{"link_name":"Francis Crick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Crick"},{"link_name":"James Watson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Watson"},{"link_name":"DNA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA"},{"link_name":"[146]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-146"},{"link_name":"The Double Helix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Helix"},{"link_name":"[147]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-147"}],"sub_title":"Oxford and Cambridge","text":"The Eagle and Child and the Lamb and Flag, Oxford, were regular meeting places of the Inklings, a writers' group that included J. R. R. Tolkien and C. S. Lewis. The Eagle in Cambridge is where Francis Crick interrupted patrons' lunchtime on 28 February 1953 to announce that he and James Watson had \"discovered the secret of life\" after they had come up with their proposal for the structure of DNA.[146] The anecdote is related in Watson's book The Double Helix.[147] and commemorated with a blue plaque on the outside wall.","title":"Cultural associations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Irish pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_pub"},{"link_name":"Australian pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_pub"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5,_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg"},{"link_name":"U Medvídků","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF"},{"link_name":"Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Britain"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Irish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland"},{"link_name":"Tammela district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tammela,_Tampere"},{"link_name":"Tampere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampere"},{"link_name":"Finland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland"},{"link_name":"Copenhagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copenhagen"},{"link_name":"craic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Craic"},{"link_name":"[148]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-148"},{"link_name":"Northern Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Republic of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"the Troubles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Troubles"},{"link_name":"[149]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-149"},{"link_name":"the Olde Angel Inn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Olde_Angel_Inn"},{"link_name":"Niagara-on-the-Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niagara-on-the-Lake"},{"link_name":"student's union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_union"},{"link_name":"Cape Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Town"},{"link_name":"Suez Canal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suez_Canal"},{"link_name":"[150]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-150"},{"link_name":"[151]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-151"},{"link_name":"Perseverance Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perseverance_Tavern"},{"link_name":"[152]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-news24-152"}],"text":"See also: Irish pub and Australian pubU Medvídků, one of the oldest pubs in EuropeAlthough \"British\" pubs found outside of Britain and its former colonies are often themed bars owing little to the original British pub, a number of \"true\" pubs may be found around the world.Pub Pikilinna, an Irish-style public house in the Tammela district of the city of Tampere, Finland.In Scandinavia, especially Denmark, a number of pubs that eschew \"theming\" have opened. They instead focus on providing carefully conditioned beer, often independent of any particular brewery or chain, in an environment not unfamiliar to a British pub-goer. Some import British cask ale, rather than beer in kegs, to provide the full British real ale experience to their customers. This newly established Danish interest in British cask beer and the British pub tradition is reflected by the fact that some 56 British cask beers were available at the 2008 European Beer Festival in Copenhagen, which was attended by more than 20,000 people.In Ireland, pubs are known for their atmosphere or \"craic\".[148] In Irish, a pub is referred to as teach tábhairne (\"tavernhouse\") or teach óil (\"drinkinghouse\"). Live music, either sessions of traditional Irish music or varieties of modern popular music, is frequently featured in the pubs of Ireland. Pubs in Northern Ireland are largely identical to their counterparts in the Republic of Ireland except for the lack of spirit grocers. A side effect of the Troubles was that the lack of a tourist industry meant that a higher proportion of traditional bars have survived the wholesale refitting of Irish pub interiors in the \"English style\" in the 1950s and 1960s. New Zealand sports a number of Irish pubs.[149]Pubs have a long history in Canada, with some still operating after 200 years, like the Olde Angel Inn in Niagara-on-the-Lake. An \"English-looking\" pub trend started in the 1990s, built into existing storefronts, often run by corporate pub firms. Most universities in Canada have campus pubs that are central to student life—serving food and drink as well as hosting social events. Often these pubs are run by the student's union and at some universities, a budget is reserved for course pub nights. The gastropub concept has caught on, as traditional British influences are to be found in many Canadian dishes. Aside from pubs, the term \"bar\" can refer to themed drinking establishments, sports bars, or cocktail bars, or to the physical counter in a pub. Tavern was previously a popular term, though it has become somewhat antiquated.In South Africa pubs and taverns have had a particularly long and notable presence in the city of Cape Town. Prior to the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, Cape Town was a major trading port between Europe and Asia and hosted a very large number of drinking establishments earning the city the moniker Tavern of the Seas.[150][151] The oldest currently operating pub in South Africa, and one of the last drinking establishments left from the Tavern of the Seas era, is the Perseverance Tavern opened in 1808.[152]","title":"Outside Great Britain"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of fictional bars and pubs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_fictional_bars_and_pubs"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Queen_Vic.jpg"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Treasure Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treasure_Island"},{"link_name":"Peaky Blinders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peaky_Blinders_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"high fantasy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_fantasy"},{"link_name":"The Lord of the Rings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings"},{"link_name":"the Leaky Cauldron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Leaky_Cauldron_(pub)"},{"link_name":"the Hog's Head","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hog%27s_Head"},{"link_name":"Harry Potter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Potter"},{"link_name":"The Simpsons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Simpsons"},{"link_name":"The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Elder_Scrolls_IV:_Oblivion"},{"link_name":"soap operas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soap_opera"},{"link_name":"[153]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-153"},{"link_name":"Rovers Return","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovers_Return"},{"link_name":"Coronation Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronation_Street"},{"link_name":"ITV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"Queen Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Vic"},{"link_name":"Queen Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Victoria"},{"link_name":"EastEnders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EastEnders"},{"link_name":"Woolpack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woolpack"},{"link_name":"Emmerdale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmerdale"},{"link_name":"Queen Elizabeth II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II"},{"link_name":"[154]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-154"},{"link_name":"[155]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-155"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_4"},{"link_name":"The Archers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Archers"}],"text":"See also: List of fictional bars and pubsThe fictitious Queen Victoria pub, EastEnders, LondonPubs are a common setting for fictional works, including novels, stories, films, video games, and other works. In many cases, authors and other creators develop imaginary pubs for their works, some of which have become notable fictional places. Notable fictional pubs include The Admiral Benbow Inn in the Treasure Island pirate story, the Garrison in the 1920s crime TV drama Peaky Blinders, the Golden Perch, the Prancing Pony, and the Green Dragon in the high fantasy novel The Lord of the Rings, the Leaky Cauldron and the Hog's Head in the Harry Potter fantasy series, Moe's Tavern, a working-class venue in The Simpsons, and the Oak and Crosier in the video game The Elder Scrolls IV: Oblivion.The major soap operas on British television each feature a fictional pub, and these pubs have become household names in Britain.[153] The Rovers Return is the pub in Coronation Street, the British soap broadcast on ITV. The Queen Vic (short for the Queen Victoria) is the pub in EastEnders, the major soap on BBC One and the Woolpack in ITV's Emmerdale. The sets of each of the three major television soap operas have been visited by some of the members of the royal family, including Queen Elizabeth II. The centrepiece of each visit was a trip into the Rovers,[154] the Queen Vic,[155] or the Woolpack to be offered a drink.\nThe Bull in the BBC Radio 4 soap opera The Archers is an important meeting point.","title":"In fiction"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Trade Signs of Essex: a popular account of the origin and meanings of the public house and other signs now or formerly found in the county of Essex\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20120220083643/http://www.essex-family-history.co.uk/pubsigns.htm"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.essex-family-history.co.uk/pubsigns.htm"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7553-1165-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7553-1165-1"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-7509-2748-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7509-2748-2"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-00-216210-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-00-216210-5"},{"link_name":"www.breweryartists.co.uk A history of the Brewery Artists Inn Sign studio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.breweryartists.co.uk/"}],"text":"Christy, Miller (1887). \"Trade Signs of Essex: a popular account of the origin and meanings of the public house and other signs now or formerly found in the county of Essex\". Chelmsford: Edmund Durrant & Co. Archived from the original on 20 February 2012. Retrieved 13 March 2009.\nCornell, Martyn (2003). Beer: the story of the pint. London: Headline. ISBN 978-0-7553-1165-1.\nHaydon, Peter (2001). Beer and Britannia: an inebriated history of Britain. Stroud: Sutton. ISBN 978-0-7509-2748-2.\nJackson, Michael & Smyth, Frank (1976). The English Pub. London: Collins. ISBN 0-00-216210-5.\nwww.breweryartists.co.uk A history of the Brewery Artists Inn Sign studio","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Pubs can be bizarre and peculiar, but they're worth saving as a focal point of a community\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//inews.co.uk/opinion/pubs-can-be-bizarre-but-theyre-worth-saving-as-a-focal-point-of-a-community/"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-582-50835-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-50835-5"},{"link_name":"Christopher Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hill_(historian)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-946495-25-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946495-25-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85421-225-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85421-225-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1-85958-028-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85958-028-9"},{"link_name":"Richardson, A. E.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Richardson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//0-www-jstor-org.avalon.searchmobius.org/stable/j.ctt1t6p769"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/138161/3/Ryo%20HJ%20historiographical%20review%20draft.pdf"}],"text":"Kelner, Simon (7 August 2019). \"Pubs can be bizarre and peculiar, but they're worth saving as a focal point of a community\". i News.\nBurke, Thomas (1927). The Book of the Inn: being two hundred pictures of the English inn from the earliest times to the coming of the railway hotel; selected and edited by Thomas Burke. London: Constable.\nBurke, Thomas (1930). The English Inn. (English Heritage.) London: Herbert Jenkins.\nBurke, Thomas (1947). The English Inn (Revised ed.). (The Country Books.) London: Herbert Jenkins.\nClark, Peter (1983). The English Alehouse: a social history, 1200–1830. Harlow: Longman. ISBN 0-582-50835-5.\nClark, Peter (1978). \"The Alehouse and the Alternative Society\", in: Puritans and Revolutionaries: essays in seventeenth-century history presented to Christopher Hill; ed. D. H. Pennington & Keith Thomas. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1978; pp. 47–72.\nDouch, H. L. (1966). Old Cornish Inns and their place in the social history of the County. Truro: D. Bradford Barton.\nEveritt, Alan. \"The English Urban Inn 1560–1760.\" Perspectives in English urban history (Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1973) pp. 91–137. (The Oxford Companion to Local and Family History (ed. David Hey), 1996, describes this as \"the starting point for modern studies [of inns]\"; Everitt described most of the previous literature on the topic as \"a wretched farrago of romantic legends, facetious humour and irritating errors\".)\nGutzke, David W. Pubs and Progressives: Reinventing the Public House in England, 1896–1960(Northern Illinois University Press, 2006).\nHackwood, Frederick W. (1910). Inns, Ales and Drinking Customs of Old England. London: T. Fisher Unwin.\nReissued: London: Bracken Books, 1985. ISBN 0-946495-25-4.\nHailwood, Mark. Alehouses and Good Fellowship in Early Modern England (Boydell & Brewer Ltd, 2014).\nJennings, Paul. \"Liquor licensing and the local historian: the 1904 Licensing Act and its administration\" xxx (2009).\nJennings, Paul. A History of Drink and the English, 1500-2000 (Routledge, 2016).\nJennings, Paul. The local: A history of the English pub (The History Press, 2021).\nJennings, Paul. \"Liquor Licensing and the Local Historian: The Victorian Public House.\" Local Historian 41 (2011): 121–137.\nMartin, John (1993). Stanley Chew's Pub Signs: a celebration of the art and heritage of British pub signs. Worcester: John Martin. ISBN 1-85421-225-7.\nMonson-Fitzjohn, G. J. (1926) Quaint Signs of Olde Inns. London: Herbert Jenkins (reissued by Senate, London, 1994 ISBN 1-85958-028-9).\nMutch, Alistair. \"Improving the public house in Britain, 1920–40: Sir Sydney Nevile and 'social work'.\" Business history 52.4 (2010): 517–535.\nNicholls, James. \"Alcohol licensing in Scotland: a historical overview.\" Addiction 107.8 (2012): 1397–1403.\nNicholls, James. The politics of alcohol: A history of the drink question in England. (Manchester University Press, 2013). pp 142–151.Richardson, A. E. (1934). The Old Inns of England. London: B. T. Batsford.\nYeomans, Henry. Alcohol and moral regulation: Public attitudes, spirited measures and Victorian hangovers (Bristol University Press, 2014) onlineYokoe, Ryosuke. \"Alcohol and politics in twentieth-century Britain.\" The Historical Journal 62.1 (2019): 267-287. online","title":"Further reading"}] | [{"image_text":"A thatched country pub, the Williams Arms, near Braunton, Devon, England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg/220px-Pub.williams.arp.750pix.jpg"},{"image_text":"A city pub, the World's End, Camden Town, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/PubCamdenTown.jpg/220px-PubCamdenTown.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Ale-House Door (painting of c. 1790 by Henry Singleton)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg/220px-Henry_Singleton_The_Ale-House_Door_c._1790.jpg"},{"image_text":"1899 map showing number of public houses in a district of central London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg/220px-Joseph_Rowntree%2C_Public_Houses_in_Central_London%2C_1899%2C_Cornell%2C_CUL_PJM_1134_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ye Olde Fighting Cocks in St Albans, Hertfordshire, which once held the Guinness World Record for the oldest pub in England","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG/220px-Ye_Olde_Fighting_Cocks_%282%29.JPG"},{"image_text":"Peasants before an Inn by Dutch artist Jan Steen c. 1653","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg/220px-Jan_Steen_Peasants_before_an_Inn.jpg"},{"image_text":"Goldfinger Tavern, Highworth, an example of a mid-20th-century pub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg/220px-Goldfinger_Tavern%2C_Newburgh_Place%2C_Highworth_%28geograph_2306704%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Red Lion, a pub in Nottingham, being demolished in 2008","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg/220px-The_Red_Lion_being_demolished_-_geograph.org.uk_-_900911.jpg"},{"image_text":"The interior of a typical British pub","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Pubbsm.jpg/220px-Pubbsm.jpg"},{"image_text":"A Victorian beerhouse, now a public house, in Rotherhithe, Greater London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg/220px-Farriers_Arms_pub_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1466879.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Eagle, City Road, Islington, London, displaying the nursery rhyme line about the pub's predecessor[55]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg/220px-Eagle_City_Road_London_2005.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Clock, Birmingham – an example of a mock Tudor pub, now demolished to make way for the expansion of Birmingham Airport","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg/220px-The_Clock%2C_Birmingham_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1468943.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Crown Inn, Chiddingfold","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg/220px-The_Crown_Inn_Chiddingfold_DSC_2319.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Dutch House (now closed), a typical 1930s roadhouse on the busy A20 road in Eltham, Greater London.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg/220px-The_Dutch_House_-_geograph.org.uk_-_20457.jpg"},{"image_text":"The pub sign of the George, Southwark in south London, depicting St George slaying a dragon","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg/240px-Thegeorgesouthwarksign.jpg"},{"image_text":"Indoor Quoits being played at a pub in Parkend, Gloucestershire.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Indoor_Quoits.jpg/220px-Indoor_Quoits.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pub grub – a pie, along with a pint of beer","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Pub_grub.jpg/220px-Pub_grub.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Sun Inn, Herefordshire. One of the few remaining parlour pubs","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg/220px-Sun_Inn%2C_Leintwardine_%28Geograph_383027_by_Peter_Evans%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Crooked House, Himley, was known for the extreme lean of the building, caused by subsidence produced by mining","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg/220px-The_Crooked_House%2C_Dudley_-_geograph.org.uk_-_96790.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ye Olde Man & Scythe, Bolton","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg/220px-Ye_Olde_Man_%26_Scythe%2C_Bolton_-_geograph.org.uk_-_498745.jpg"},{"image_text":"Jamaica Inn in Cornwall inspired a novel and a film.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg/220px-Jamaica_Inn_-_geograph.org.uk_-_308879.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Red Lion in Whitehall is close to the Houses of Parliament and is frequented by Members of Parliament (MPs) and political journalists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg/220px-The_Red_Lion%2C_Whitehall%2C_London_SW1_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1419086.jpg"},{"image_text":"U Medvídků, one of the oldest pubs in Europe","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg/220px-Na_Per%C5%A1t%C3%BDn%C4%9B_5%2C_U_Medv%C3%ADdk%C5%AF.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pub Pikilinna, an Irish-style public house in the Tammela district of the city of Tampere, Finland.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg/220px-Pub_Pikilinna_in_Tampere_Aug2009_001.jpg"},{"image_text":"The fictitious Queen Victoria pub, EastEnders, London","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/The_Queen_Vic.jpg/220px-The_Queen_Vic.jpg"}] | [{"title":"Tavern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavern"},{"title":"Bar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_(establishment)"},{"title":"Flat-roofed pub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat-roofed_pub"},{"title":"Campaign for Real Ale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campaign_for_Real_Ale"},{"title":"Pub crawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pub_crawl"},{"title":"SpåraKoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sp%C3%A5raKoff"},{"title":"Public houses in Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_houses_in_Ireland"},{"title":"Public houses in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_houses_in_Australia"},{"title":"List of award-winning pubs in London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_award-winning_pubs_in_London"},{"title":"List of microbreweries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_microbreweries"},{"title":"List of public house topics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_house_topics"},{"title":"List of public houses in Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_public_houses_in_Australia"},{"title":"Alcohol licensing laws of the United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"title":"Licensing Act 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Licensing_Act_1904"},{"title":"Alcohol licensing laws of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcohol_licensing_laws_of_Ireland"}] | [{"reference":"Cooper, Stephen. \"Origins of the English pub\" (PDF). chivalryandwar.co.uk.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.chivalryandwar.co.uk/Resource/ORIGINS%20OF%20THE%20ENGLISH%20PUB.pdf","url_text":"\"Origins of the English pub\""}]},{"reference":"Wickham, Melisa; Cominetti, Nye (2017). Closing time: London's public houses (PDF). Greater London Authority. ISBN 978-1-84781-654-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/closing-time-pubs-final.pdf","url_text":"Closing time: London's public houses"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_London_Authority","url_text":"Greater London Authority"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84781-654-2","url_text":"978-1-84781-654-2"}]},{"reference":"\"History of the pub\". Beer and Pub Association. Archived from the original on 13 July 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100713152634/http://www.beerandpub.com/pub_history.aspx","url_text":"\"History of the pub\""},{"url":"http://www.beerandpub.com/pub_history.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Great British Pub\". Archived from the original on 14 February 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.historic-uk.com/cultureUk/greatBritishpub.htm","url_text":"\"Great British Pub\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120214164923/http://www.historic-uk.com/CultureUK/GreatBritishPub.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Public House\". Encyclopædia Britannica. 22 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482410/public-house","url_text":"\"Public House\""}]},{"reference":"Cronin, Michael; O'Connor, Barbara (2003). Barbara O'Connor (ed.). Irish Tourism: image, culture, and identity. Tourism and Cultural Change. Vol. 1. Channel View Publications. p. 83. ISBN 978-1-873150-53-5. 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ISBN 9781911127017.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Brown","url_text":"Brown, Pete"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=1v_pDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT29","url_text":"The Pub: A Cultural Institution"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911127017","url_text":"9781911127017"}]},{"reference":"Stenton, Frank (1970). Anglo Saxon England. ISBN 9780198217169.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/anglosaxonenglan0000sten","url_text":"Anglo Saxon England"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198217169","url_text":"9780198217169"}]},{"reference":"\"Company History\". Innholders Company. Archived from the original on 19 March 2022. 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London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 152–164. ISBN 9780230298576.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan","url_text":"Palgrave Macmillan"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230298576","url_text":"9780230298576"}]},{"reference":"\"UK Beer Market\". Archived from the original on 24 November 2014. Retrieved 24 November 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.beerandpub.com/statistics","url_text":"\"UK Beer Market\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20141124133934/http://www.beerandpub.com/statistics","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"4000 pubs stuck in the 1980s\". 29 August 2013. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phil_Rose | Phil Rose | ["1 Theatre","2 Pantomime","3 Television","4 Film","5 References","6 External links"] | English actor (born 1952)
For other people named Philip Rose, see Philip Rose (disambiguation).
This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Phil Rose" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
Phil RoseBorn (1952-05-02) 2 May 1952 (age 72)Manchester, EnglandNationalityEnglishOccupationActorKnown forRole as Friar Tuck in Robin of Sherwood
Phil Rose (born 2 May 1952) is an English actor, best known for his role as Friar Tuck in the 1980s TV series Robin of Sherwood.
Theatre
Rose was born in Manchester, and established himself as a theatre actor playing Sir Toby Belch in Twelfth Night and The Gangster in Kiss Me, Kate at Bristol Old Vic. Numerous touring appearances followed, including the Ludlow Festival, Dundee Repertory Theatre and Colwyn Bay.
In the West End, Rose appeared as Durdles in The Mystery of Edwin Drood.
In the 1980s and 1990s, he devoted his time mainly to touring theatre productions. In 1996, in a company that he co-founded with Ian Dickens, he appeared in a touring production of There's a Girl in My Soup with Jack Smethurst, Deborah McAndrew and Tony Scannell.
Pantomime
Rose is well known for appearing in pantomime as the Dame and has more than 20 years' experience of this.
Television
In addition to his role in Robin of Sherwood, Rose played the part of a doctor from the regional health authority in the 1984 BBC nuclear-war drama Threads.
In 2007, Rose played the science-fiction writer A.K. 'Bunny' Cheesewight in the second story in BBC7's Scarifyers series, "The Devil of Denge Marsh". He reprised the role in 2010 in "The Secret Weapon of Doom".
Over the years, Rose has appeared in Minder, Gaskin, Jemima Shore Investigates as well as a spell in EastEnders.
Film
In 1984, Rose appeared with Peter Ustinov playing his nephew in the movie Memed My Hawk.
References
^ "Friar Tuck's home at last" by Tom Norton, Nottingham Evening Post (5 Aug, 2015) Retrieved from ProQuest 1701625424
^ "Enjoy a merry week with our favourite man of the forest" Retford, Gainsborough & Worksop Times (6 Aug, 2015) Retrieved from ProQuest 1702008203
^ "Spotlight on..." by Liam Rudden, Evening News (6 Jan, 2011) Retrieved from ProQuest 822557596
^ Memed My Hawk (1984) - Synopsis & Cast & Credits at bfi.org.uk
External links
Phil Rose Fan Club
Phil Rose at IMDb
Birmingham Theatre School
This article about an English actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Philip Rose (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Rose_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Friar Tuck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar_Tuck"},{"link_name":"Robin of Sherwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_of_Sherwood"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"For other people named Philip Rose, see Philip Rose (disambiguation).Phil Rose (born 2 May 1952) is an English actor, best known for his role as Friar Tuck in the 1980s TV series Robin of Sherwood.[1][2]","title":"Phil Rose"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"Twelfth Night","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twelfth_Night"},{"link_name":"Kiss Me, Kate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiss_Me,_Kate"},{"link_name":"Bristol Old Vic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Old_Vic"},{"link_name":"West End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_End_theatre"},{"link_name":"The Mystery of Edwin Drood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drood"},{"link_name":"Ian Dickens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Dickens"},{"link_name":"There's a Girl in My Soup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/There%27s_a_Girl_in_My_Soup_(play)"},{"link_name":"Jack Smethurst","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Smethurst"},{"link_name":"Tony Scannell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Scannell"}],"text":"Rose was born in Manchester, and established himself as a theatre actor playing Sir Toby Belch in Twelfth Night and The Gangster in Kiss Me, Kate at Bristol Old Vic. 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'Bunny' Cheesewight in the second story in BBC7's Scarifyers series, \"The Devil of Denge Marsh\". He reprised the role in 2010 in \"The Secret Weapon of Doom\".[3]Over the years, Rose has appeared in Minder, Gaskin, Jemima Shore Investigates as well as a spell in EastEnders.","title":"Television"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Peter Ustinov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Ustinov"},{"link_name":"Memed My Hawk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memed_My_Hawk"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In 1984, Rose appeared with Peter Ustinov playing his nephew in the movie Memed My Hawk.[4]","title":"Film"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Phil+Rose%22","external_links_name":"\"Phil Rose\""},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Phil+Rose%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Phil+Rose%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Phil+Rose%22+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Phil+Rose%22","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Phil+Rose%22&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1701625424","external_links_name":"1701625424"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1702008203","external_links_name":"1702008203"},{"Link":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/822557596","external_links_name":"822557596"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181007204504/http://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b742f0e86","external_links_name":"Memed My Hawk (1984) - Synopsis & Cast & Credits"},{"Link":"https://www.facebook.com/pages/Phil-Rose-Friar-Tuck/147001612058842?fref=ts","external_links_name":"Phil Rose Fan Club"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0741613/","external_links_name":"Phil Rose"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110412082201/http://www.birminghamtheatreschool.co.uk/index.php?page=about-us","external_links_name":"Birmingham Theatre School"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phil_Rose&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goma_people | Goma people | ["1 History","2 Political Organization","3 Religion and Culture","4 References","5 Sources"] | Ethnic group from Kigoma Region of Tanzania
The Goma (Swahili: Wagoma, Kigoma: Bahoma, Mbembe: Bakyobha), who also refer to themselves as Al ghamawiyyun in Arabic, are a tribe in the Kigoma Region in western Tanzania. They are a contingent of the Bantu tribe who are more commonly found in Tanzania and present-day Democratic Republic of Congo who migrated from the western shore of the Lake Tanganyika in Democratic Republic of Congo with origins from Sudan. They are the first group of the Bantu tribe to ever cross the Lake Tanganyika and also the first group to reside in the Urban District of Kigoma as its inhabitants. Following the Wagoma were Niakaramba (Kwalumona) from Cape Karamba and then Wabwari from Ubwari peninsula. The Kwalumona merged within Wabwari, identified themselves as Bwaris and settled north of Wagoma in Kigoma before resettling in Ujiji and its environs, where they formed a tribal Confederacy in Ujiji known as Wamanyema. The Wagoma crossed the lake early due to their invention of dug-out canoes mitumbwi ya mti mmoja curved from Mivule trees of Ugoma mountains from western shore of the Lake.
History
In Goma history the villages and hamlets were many before the emigration and wars and the traditional states comprised several number of them before the immigration of bembe people with significant numbers of chiefdoms or sultanates sometimes under the suzerainty of Uguhha Kingdom the southernmost goma state under the Bakwamamba Dynasty in modern Kalemie in Tanganyika district of Katanga Region in Democratic Republic of Congo.
Political Organization
Politically Bahoma arrived in north-western shores of Lake Tanganyika in D.R.C with their centralized political institutions that had based on the recognition of autonomous rulers of their village groups with both temporal and spiritual powers vested on single individuals who had the power of life and death over their subjects.
The traditional title of Bahoma Sultans and other related tribes is Kolo.
Religion and Culture
About all Goma people are Muslims due to the influence of Arabs and their hegemony around the Tanganyika lakist communities.
Wagoma community mosque at Kitongoni ward, Ujiji town.
In Tanzania prior and during colonialism the Gomas were politically included with other Manyemas mainly by indirect rule under the local authority of the Arab-Swahili Liwalis of Ujiji with local representatives to the town council with their old dynasties being disregarded and remained active ritually within their respective clans. Until recently in 2017 that the old Bene Mbonwe dynasty was restored at Ujiji by its senior members of the royal clan in Agnatic succession as the Mwene Mbonwean Sultanate of Ujiji and became the first Goma and Manyema traditional authority to have Ujiji as its royal seat.
References
^ Burton 1860, p. 373.
^ Kigoma Development Association (Tanzania) 1994, p. 51.
Sources
Burton, Richard F. (1860). The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration, Volume 1. Harper & Brothers Publishers: New York.
Kigoma Development Association (Tanzania) (1994). The Baha and the related peoples of the Kigoma region. | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swahili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swahili_language"},{"link_name":"Kigoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigoma"},{"link_name":"Mbembe:","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bembe_language_(Ibembe)"},{"link_name":"Kigoma Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigoma_Region"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Bantu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantu_peoples"},{"link_name":"Tanzania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanzania"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"Lake Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika"},{"link_name":"Sudan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudan"},{"link_name":"Lake Tanganyika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Tanganyika"},{"link_name":"Kigoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kigoma"},{"link_name":"Wagoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagoma"},{"link_name":"Cape Karamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cape_Karamba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Wabwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wabwari&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ubwari peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ubwari_peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ujiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujiji"},{"link_name":"Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confederation"},{"link_name":"Ujiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujiji"},{"link_name":"Wamanyema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wamanyema"},{"link_name":"Ugoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ugoma&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton1860373-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKigoma_Development_Association_(Tanzania)199451-2"}],"text":"The Goma (Swahili: Wagoma, Kigoma: Bahoma, Mbembe: Bakyobha), who also refer to themselves as Al ghamawiyyun in Arabic, are a tribe in the Kigoma Region in western Tanzania. They are a contingent of the Bantu tribe who are more commonly found in Tanzania and present-day Democratic Republic of Congo who migrated from the western shore of the Lake Tanganyika in Democratic Republic of Congo with origins from Sudan. They are the first group of the Bantu tribe to ever cross the Lake Tanganyika and also the first group to reside in the Urban District of Kigoma as its inhabitants. Following the Wagoma were Niakaramba (Kwalumona) from Cape Karamba and then Wabwari from Ubwari peninsula. The Kwalumona merged within Wabwari, identified themselves as Bwaris and settled north of Wagoma in Kigoma before resettling in Ujiji and its environs, where they formed a tribal Confederacy in Ujiji known as Wamanyema. The Wagoma crossed the lake early due to their invention of dug-out canoes mitumbwi ya mti mmoja curved from Mivule trees of Ugoma mountains from western shore of the Lake.[1][2]","title":"Goma people"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"In Goma history the villages and hamlets were many before the emigration and wars and the traditional states comprised several number of them before the immigration of bembe people with significant numbers of chiefdoms or sultanates sometimes under the suzerainty of Uguhha Kingdom the southernmost goma state under the Bakwamamba Dynasty in modern Kalemie in Tanganyika district of Katanga Region in Democratic Republic of Congo.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kolo_(title)&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Politically Bahoma arrived in north-western shores of Lake Tanganyika in D.R.C with their centralized political institutions that had based on the recognition of autonomous rulers of their village groups with both temporal and spiritual powers vested on single individuals who had the power of life and death over their subjects.\nThe traditional title of Bahoma Sultans and other related tribes is Kolo.","title":"Political Organization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Masjid_in_Kitongoni_Ward,_Ujiji.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mwene Mbonwean Sultanate of Ujiji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwene_Mbonwean_Sultanate_of_Ujiji"}],"text":"About all Goma people are Muslims due to the influence of Arabs and their hegemony around the Tanganyika lakist communities.Wagoma community mosque at Kitongoni ward, Ujiji town.In Tanzania prior and during colonialism the Gomas were politically included with other Manyemas mainly by indirect rule under the local authority of the Arab-Swahili Liwalis of Ujiji with local representatives to the town council with their old dynasties being disregarded and remained active ritually within their respective clans. Until recently in 2017 that the old Bene Mbonwe dynasty was restored at Ujiji by its senior members of the royal clan in Agnatic succession as the Mwene Mbonwean Sultanate of Ujiji and became the first Goma and Manyema traditional authority to have Ujiji as its royal seat.","title":"Religion and Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration, Volume 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=bMwcAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"The Baha and the related peoples of the Kigoma region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=g8dLAQAAIAAJ"}],"text":"Burton, Richard F. (1860). The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration, Volume 1. Harper & Brothers Publishers: New York.Kigoma Development Association (Tanzania) (1994). The Baha and the related peoples of the Kigoma region.","title":"Sources"}] | [{"image_text":"Wagoma community mosque at Kitongoni ward, Ujiji town.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Masjid_in_Kitongoni_Ward%2C_Ujiji.jpg/280px-Masjid_in_Kitongoni_Ward%2C_Ujiji.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Burton, Richard F. (1860). The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration, Volume 1. Harper & Brothers Publishers: New York.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bMwcAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration, Volume 1"}]},{"reference":"Kigoma Development Association (Tanzania) (1994). The Baha and the related peoples of the Kigoma region.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g8dLAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Baha and the related peoples of the Kigoma region"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=bMwcAAAAMAAJ","external_links_name":"The Lake Regions of Central Africa: A Picture of Exploration, Volume 1"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=g8dLAQAAIAAJ","external_links_name":"The Baha and the related peoples of the Kigoma region"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Warwick_Thompson | Paul Thompson (administrator) | ["1 References","2 External links"] | DrPaul ThompsonCBE FRSAChair of the British CouncilIncumbentAssumed office January 2024Vice-Chancellor of the Royal College of ArtIn officeSeptember 2009 – April 2024Preceded bySir Christopher Frayling
Personal detailsBorn (1959-08-09) 9 August 1959 (age 64)Oxford, Oxfordshire, England, UKAlma materUniversity of BristolUniversity of East Anglia
Paul Warwick Thompson CBE FRSA (born 9 August 1959) is the current Chair of the British Council. He was rector of the Royal College of Art from 2009 to 2014.
Thompson was educated at Bryanston School, the University of Bristol (BA) and the University of East Anglia (MA, PhD).
Thompson worked as a scriptwriter and researcher for the Design Council 1987–88. He then joined the Design Museum as curator of contemporary design and from 1993 to 2001 was its director.
During 2001–09, Thompson was director of the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York City, USA. In 2009, he took up his current post at the Royal College of Art. He is a trustee of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and on the board of visitors of the Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford. He is a member of the Wellcome Collection Programme Advisory Committee at the Wellcome Trust, London. He is an adjunct professor at Imperial College's Institute for Global Health Innovation. He co-directs the Helix Centre with Professor Lord Ara Darzi. The Helix Centre is a design research centre based in St Mary's Hospital, London.
References
^ Dr Paul Thompson appointed British Council Chair, 05 Sep 2023
^ a b Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt Director to Step Down in '09, Washington Post, 22 Nov 2008
^ a b Paul Warwick Thompson, Director Smithsonian’s Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum Archived 2007-06-11 at the Wayback Machine, Smithsonian Institution, October 2001
External links
Dr Paul Thompson web page
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
France
BnF data
United States
Artists
ULAN
Other
IdRef
This biography article of a United Kingdom academic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"CBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"FRSA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"British Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"rector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rector_(academia)#England"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp2009-2"},{"link_name":"Bryanston School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bryanston_School"},{"link_name":"University of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"University of East Anglia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_East_Anglia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si2001-3"},{"link_name":"scriptwriter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriptwriter"},{"link_name":"Design Council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Council"},{"link_name":"Design Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_Museum"},{"link_name":"design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-si2001-3"},{"link_name":"Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cooper_Hewitt,_Smithsonian_Design_Museum"},{"link_name":"New York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Royal College of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_College_of_Art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wp2009-2"},{"link_name":"Victoria and Albert Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Ashmolean Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum"},{"link_name":"University of Oxford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Collection","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Collection"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"Imperial College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_College"},{"link_name":"Institute for Global Health Innovation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Institute_for_Global_Health_Innovation&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Helix Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helix_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ara Darzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Darzi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"St Mary's Hospital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Hospital,_London"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Paul Warwick Thompson CBE FRSA (born 9 August 1959) is the current Chair of the British Council.[1] He was rector of the Royal College of Art from 2009 to 2014.[2]Thompson was educated at Bryanston School, the University of Bristol (BA) and the University of East Anglia (MA, PhD).[3]Thompson worked as a scriptwriter and researcher for the Design Council 1987–88. He then joined the Design Museum as curator of contemporary design and from 1993 to 2001 was its director.[3]During 2001–09, Thompson was director of the Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design Museum in New York City, USA. In 2009, he took up his current post at the Royal College of Art.[2] He is a trustee of the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, and on the board of visitors of the Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford. He is a member of the Wellcome Collection Programme Advisory Committee at the Wellcome Trust, London. He is an adjunct professor at Imperial College's Institute for Global Health Innovation. He co-directs the Helix Centre with Professor Lord Ara Darzi.[citation needed] The Helix Centre is a design research centre based in St Mary's Hospital, London.[citation needed]","title":"Paul Thompson (administrator)"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.britishcouncil.org/about/press/dr-paul-thompson-appointed-british-council-chair","external_links_name":"[1]"},{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/11/21/AR2008112103326.html","external_links_name":"Smithsonian's Cooper-Hewitt Director to Step Down in '09"},{"Link":"http://newsdesk.si.edu/admin/bios/thompson.pdf","external_links_name":"Paul Warwick Thompson, Director Smithsonian’s Cooper-Hewitt, National Design Museum"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070611134202/http://newsdesk.si.edu/admin/bios/thompson.pdf","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://www.rca.ac.uk/more/staff/dr-paul-thompson/","external_links_name":"Dr Paul Thompson web page"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000121329794","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/51849719","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8Jp44Y8x7MgGMg4MpT3","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13527421m","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13527421m","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nb2011022206","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500263606","external_links_name":"ULAN"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/061672084","external_links_name":"IdRef"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paul_Thompson_(administrator)&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Towers_Middle_School | Enlarged City School District of Middletown | ["1 External links"] | School district in the U.S. state of New York
The Enlarged City School District of Middletown serves the City of Middletown, Orange County, New York, and adjacent areas.
It operates six schools:
Presidential Park Elementary School - Grades K-5
Maple Hill Elementary School - Grades K-5
William A. Carter Elementary School - Grades K-5
Monhagen Middle School - Grades 6-8
Twin Towers Middle School - Grades 6-8
Middletown High School - Grades 9-12
External links
District Website
Authority control databases International
VIAF
National
United States | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"School District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/School_District"},{"link_name":"City of Middletown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown,_Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Twin Towers Middle School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_Towers_Middle_School"},{"link_name":"Middletown High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown_High_School_(New_York)"}],"text":"The Enlarged City School District of Middletown serves the City of Middletown, Orange County, New York, and adjacent areas.It operates six schools:Presidential Park Elementary School - Grades K-5\nMaple Hill Elementary School - Grades K-5\nWilliam A. Carter Elementary School - Grades K-5\nMonhagen Middle School - Grades 6-8\nTwin Towers Middle School - Grades 6-8\nMiddletown High School - Grades 9-12","title":"Enlarged City School District of Middletown"}] | [] | null | [] | [{"Link":"http://www.middletowncityschools.org/","external_links_name":"District Website"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/7482154741661153110009","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2019002026","external_links_name":"United States"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Andros_Airport | San Andros Airport | ["1 Facilities","2 Airlines and destinations","3 References","4 External links"] | Coordinates: 25°03′14″N 078°02′56″W / 25.05389°N 78.04889°W / 25.05389; -78.04889Airport in The Bahamas
San Andros AirportIATA: SAQICAO: MYANSummaryAirport typePublicServesNicholls Town, Andros Island, BahamasHub forPassenger
Western Air
Elevation AMSL5 ft / 2 mCoordinates25°03′14″N 078°02′56″W / 25.05389°N 78.04889°W / 25.05389; -78.04889MapMYANLocation in The BahamasRunways
Direction
Length
Surface
m
ft
12/30
1,524
5,000
Bitumen
Source: DAFIF
San Andros Airport (IATA: SAQ, ICAO: MYAN) is an airport near Nicholls Town on Andros Island in The Bahamas.
Facilities
The airport resides at an elevation of 5 ft (1.5 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 12/30 with a bitumen surface measuring 1,524 m × 23 m (5,000 ft × 75 ft).
The airport has services from Westernair, Bahamasair, Lynx (from Fort Lauderdale) and other small twin engine charter planes that run between the islands.
Since November 2006, the airport has Av Gas and Jet A available from Westernair. The newly built Western Executive Jet Center has big screen TV, executive style bathrooms, conference rooms, pilot lounges, passenger area, delicatessen, and a VIP lounge. They also have a maintenance hangar for their aircraft and executive planes and a terminal for domestic flights.
Airlines and destinations
Scheduled passenger service from this airport is provided by the following airlines:
AirlinesDestinations Western Air Nassau
References
^ a b "Airport information for MYAN". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) Data current as of October 2006. Source: DAFIF.
^ a b Airport information for SAQ at Great Circle Mapper. Source: DAFIF (effective October 2006).
External links
Westernair, official site
Airport information for MYAN at AirNav
Accident history for SAQ at Aviation Safety Network
This article about a Caribbean airport is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article about a Bahamian building or structure related topic is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"IATA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IATA_airport_code"},{"link_name":"ICAO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICAO_airport_code"},{"link_name":"Nicholls Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholls_Town"},{"link_name":"Andros Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andros_Island"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GCM-2"}],"text":"Airport in The BahamasSan Andros Airport (IATA: SAQ, ICAO: MYAN) is an airport near Nicholls Town on Andros Island in The Bahamas.[2]","title":"San Andros Airport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mean sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mean_sea_level"},{"link_name":"runway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runway"},{"link_name":"bitumen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitumen"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WAD-1"},{"link_name":"delicatessen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delicatessen"}],"text":"The airport resides at an elevation of 5 ft (1.5 m) above mean sea level. It has one runway designated 12/30 with a bitumen surface measuring 1,524 m × 23 m (5,000 ft × 75 ft).[1]The airport has services from Westernair, Bahamasair, Lynx (from Fort Lauderdale) and other small twin engine charter planes that run between the islands.Since November 2006, the airport has Av Gas and Jet A available from Westernair. The newly built Western Executive Jet Center has big screen TV, executive style bathrooms, conference rooms, pilot lounges, passenger area, delicatessen, and a VIP lounge. They also have a maintenance hangar for their aircraft and executive planes and a terminal for domestic flights.","title":"Facilities"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Scheduled passenger service from this airport is provided by the following airlines:","title":"Airlines and destinations"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Airport information for MYAN\". World Aero Data. Archived from the original on 5 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143444/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=MYAN","url_text":"\"Airport information for MYAN\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Andros_Airport¶ms=25_03_14_N_078_02_56_W_region:BS_type:airport","external_links_name":"25°03′14″N 078°02′56″W / 25.05389°N 78.04889°W / 25.05389; -78.04889"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=San_Andros_Airport¶ms=25_03_14_N_078_02_56_W_region:BS_type:airport","external_links_name":"25°03′14″N 078°02′56″W / 25.05389°N 78.04889°W / 25.05389; -78.04889"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190305143444/http://worldaerodata.com/wad.cgi?airport=MYAN","external_links_name":"\"Airport information for MYAN\""},{"Link":"http://www.gcmap.com/airport/SAQ","external_links_name":"Airport information for SAQ"},{"Link":"http://www.westernairbahamas.com/","external_links_name":"Westernair"},{"Link":"https://www.airnav.com/airport/MYAN","external_links_name":"Airport information for MYAN"},{"Link":"https://aviation-safety.net/database/airport/airport.php?id=SAQ","external_links_name":"Accident history for SAQ"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andros_Airport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=San_Andros_Airport&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiheliang_Underwater_Museum | Baiheliang Underwater Museum | ["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"] | Coordinates: 29°42′44″N 107°23′33″E / 29.712182°N 107.392419°E / 29.712182; 107.392419For the rock ledge, see Baiheliang.
View of Baiheliang Underwater Museum building.
Escalator shafts down to the Baiheliang rock ledge in the Yangtze River at the museum.
Underwater view at the museum.
A Qing dynasty carved fish (not one of the original Tang dynasty carvings), previously placed on White Crane Ridge, and now displayed in the museum.
The Baiheliang Underwater Museum or White Crane Ridge Underwater Museum (simplified Chinese: 白鹤梁水下博物馆; traditional Chinese: 白鶴梁水下博物館) is an underwater museum built around the White Crane Ridge of Fuling District, Chongqing. It is China's first underwater museum.
The museum is located on the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges area, near the Three Gorges Dam; it opened on May 18, 2009. The construction of the museum began in 2002 and has cost around US$28 million. The main architect was Ge Xiurun of the Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
Baiheliang (literally meaning the "White Crane Ridge") is an archeological site in northern Fuling District that has since been submerged underwater due to the building of the Three Gorges Dam. The museum displays centuries-old inscriptions recording changes in the water level of the Yangtze River for around 1,200 years. The site consists of a stone ridge that is 1,600 meters by 15 meters in size. It is now submerged under 43 meters of water.
Before the Three Gorges Dam was built, the rock ridge was only submerged during the summer and fall. Every 3–5 years, when the water level of the Yangtze dropped during the winter, the ridge and the carvings on it were exposed and visible. The stone fish figures and inscriptions recording water-levels and other information from the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) onwards could be viewed by visitors. The carvings include 18 fish carvings, poems written calligraphically, three Bodhisattva carvings, and a crane.
From 1994, China's government departments involved with the protection of Chinese cultural heritage undertook research on the conservation of the stone inscriptions at Baiheliang. After a number of proposals, it was decided to make the site into an underwater museum.
The stone ridge has now been enclosed in an arch-shaped glass covering that is filled with purified water to ensure that pressure on both sides of the arch is the same. Two underwater channels with long escalators have been installed from the riverbank, allowing museum visitors to descend and view the stone carvings and inscriptions.
Some carvings from White Crane Ridge are also on display in the Three Gorges Museum in the city center of Chongqing.
See also
Baiheliang rock ledge
References
^ "White Crane Ridge Underwater Museum". www.meiyatravel.com. Meiya Travel. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
^ Hessler, Peter (March 2013). "Fuling, China: Return to River Town". National Geographic. Archived from the original on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
^ a b "Chongqing: The First Underwater Museum in China has Been Built and Opened". www.chinahush.com. Chinahush. 21 May 2009. Archived from the original on 28 July 2012. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ "Under-Water Museum of White Crane Ridge Inscription In Chongqing". www.epeanchina.com. Epean China. Archived from the original on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
^ a b "The Baiheliang Underwater Museum, Fuling, Chongqing Municipality, China". UNESCO. Retrieved 23 August 2014.
^ Zhao Lixia, ed. (29 September 2009). "Three Gorges Museum, Largest Thematic Museum in China". english.cri.cn. China: CRI.cn. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved 24 September 2014.
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29°42′44″N 107°23′33″E / 29.712182°N 107.392419°E / 29.712182; 107.392419 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Baiheliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiheliang"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Baiheliang_Underwater_Museum.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Escalator_shafts_in_the_Yangtze_River_for_the_Baiheliang_Underwater_Museum.JPG"},{"link_name":"Baiheliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiheliang"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E9%95%BF%E6%B1%9F%E5%9C%B0%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%A4%E6%A2%81.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E7%99%BD%E9%B9%A4%E6%A2%81%E7%9F%B3%E9%B1%BC.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"simplified Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"traditional Chinese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"Fuling District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuling_District"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Chongqing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chongqing"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinahush-3"},{"link_name":"museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Yangtze River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze_River"},{"link_name":"Three Gorges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges"},{"link_name":"Three Gorges Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chinahush-3"},{"link_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-5"},{"link_name":"Baiheliang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiheliang"},{"link_name":"Fuling District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuling_District"},{"link_name":"Three Gorges Dam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unesco-5"},{"link_name":"inscriptions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inscription"},{"link_name":"Tang dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty"},{"link_name":"calligraphically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calligraphy"},{"link_name":"Bodhisattva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodhisattva"},{"link_name":"crane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crane_(bird)"},{"link_name":"cultural heritage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"purified water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purified_water"},{"link_name":"escalators","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escalator"},{"link_name":"stone carvings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stone_carving"},{"link_name":"Three Gorges Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Gorges_Museum"},{"link_name":"city center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_center"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"For the rock ledge, see Baiheliang.View of Baiheliang Underwater Museum building.Escalator shafts down to the Baiheliang rock ledge in the Yangtze River at the museum.Underwater view at the museum.A Qing dynasty carved fish (not one of the original Tang dynasty carvings), previously placed on White Crane Ridge, and now displayed in the museum.The Baiheliang Underwater Museum or White Crane Ridge Underwater Museum[1] (simplified Chinese: 白鹤梁水下博物馆; traditional Chinese: 白鶴梁水下博物館) is an underwater museum built around the White Crane Ridge of Fuling District,[2] Chongqing.[3] It is China's first underwater museum.[4]The museum is located on the Yangtze River in the Three Gorges area, near the Three Gorges Dam; it opened on May 18, 2009.[3] The construction of the museum began in 2002 and has cost around US$28 million. The main architect was Ge Xiurun of the Institute of Rock and Soil Mechanics and the Chinese Academy of Sciences.[5]Baiheliang (literally meaning the \"White Crane Ridge\") is an archeological site in northern Fuling District that has since been submerged underwater due to the building of the Three Gorges Dam.[5] The museum displays centuries-old inscriptions recording changes in the water level of the Yangtze River for around 1,200 years. The site consists of a stone ridge that is 1,600 meters by 15 meters in size. It is now submerged under 43 meters of water.Before the Three Gorges Dam was built, the rock ridge was only submerged during the summer and fall. Every 3–5 years, when the water level of the Yangtze dropped during the winter, the ridge and the carvings on it were exposed and visible. The stone fish figures and inscriptions recording water-levels and other information from the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD) onwards could be viewed by visitors. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marques_(filmmaker) | André Marques (filmmaker) | ["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Filmography","4 Discography","5 External links","6 References"] | Portuguese film director and screenwriter
For other people named André Marques, see André Marques (disambiguation).
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André MarquesBorn1984 (age 39–40)Setúbal, PortugalOccupation(s)Film director, screenwriter, musicianMusical artist
André Marques (b. Setúbal, 1984) is a Portuguese film director, screenwriter and a musician. He currently lives in Portugal, having previously lived and worked in London and Bucharest.
Early life
Marques was born in Setúbal in 1984. Marques is a graduate from Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema, class of 2006, where he studied Screenwriting and Film Production.
Career
His first experimental short film Going Blind was selected for DVD-Project and has toured around the world in art galleries and festivals.
His first fiction film João e o Cão (John and the Dog) was made with a low budget and with the collaboration of a young crew, some still in University. It premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2008, and subsequently won the "Cacho Pallero Award" and a "Special Mention" for Chandra Malatitch at the Huesca International Film Festival, in Spain, and "Best New Director Award" at the Entre Todos Human Rights Short Film Festival, in Brazil, among other awards.
In 2008, Marques finished two short films. His second experimental short film, Boris Ghost Dog, was originally shot in the summer of 2004 using a Hi8 camera and is a study of a summer day with his dog Boris.O Lago (The Lake) is Marques' second fiction short film. With a running time of just above 30 minutes, it is somewhat of a road movie about two teenager friends who are going from world music summer festival to a hidden lake in south Portugal. O Lago had its international premiere at CineFest - International Festival of Young Filmmakers, in October 2009 in Hungary, followed by several other festivals, including Fantasporto IFF.
Going Blind, João e o Cão and O Lago have their soundtrack composed by the Belgo-Peruvian experimental musician jozefaleksanderpedro.
Boris Ghost Dog has music from Magudesi and Rafael Toral.
Schogetten is the conclusion of the unplanned "Kids" trilogy, after João e o Cão (John and the Dog) and O Lago (The Lake). It premiered at Anonimul International Film Festival, in Romania, and it went to screen in several other festivals.
Luminita, his fourth short fiction film, premiered in Portuguese theaters on 31 July 2014, after winning the AUDIENCE AWARD at the 21st Curtas Vila do Conde Film Festival, the SPECIAL JURY PRIZE & BEST SCRIPT AWARD at the 52nd International Film Festival Cinema de Gijón, in Spain, and the GRAND PRIX at the 20th Drama International Short Film Festival, in Greece, among others. Luminita was also the recipient for the SOPHIA AWARD for the Best Portuguese Short Film given by the Portuguese Cinema Academy.
In 2014 he made a music video for Gareth Dickson (Cara, in competition at MUVI Lisbon), O Avô (Grandpa) a one-minute short film that won PEOPLE'S CHOICE AWARD & CINEUROPA FILMINUTE AUDIENCE AWARD & JURY COMMENDATION PRIZE at the biggest festival of its kind, Filminute, and wrote the film project The Drunk that selected for the Biennale College Cinema 2015 of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival.
From 2015 to 2018, Marques has shot 3 more music videos (Lazy Faithful - Frosted Glass, Gareth Dickson - Snag with the Language, Vaiapraia e as Rainhas do Baile - Snifa Cola/Kate Winslet), two new short fictions (Yulya, Câmara Nova/New Camera) and one short experimental documentary (Brother).
In 2019, two new short films were premiered: Look No Further and A Friend, the first being a portuguese-french co-production between Primeira Idade and Offshore with support from ICA/CNC and Fundação GDA, and the latter a no-budget short film with non-actors. Marques also served as producer and writer for the shorts, plus composing the soundtrack for Look No Further.
In 2022, Marques served as Producer and did additional editing for The End Before Me, a short doc directed by first time director Inês Luís, which premiered at Indielisboa International Film Festival the same year. Marques also directed his fifth music video for Rabu Mazda's track Domingo.
In 2023, Marques premiered two new films.
Minimum Speed Not Respected is the third film of the André Marques' Phantom Presence trilogy, after You Suck Me Dry (2012) and Brother (2016). It premiered in November 2023 at the 29th Caminhos do Cinema Português, part of the Outros Olhares competition.
The Drunk (original title: O Bêbado), André Marques' first feature length film, premiered in October 2023 at the 52nd Kyiv International Film Festival "Molodist".
Marques wrote the first draft of The Drunk in 2012 and the script was later developed with the assistance of Venice's Biennale College Cinema in 2014, and the Plot Script Lab (Portugal) in 2015. In 2019, the project won ICA's (Portuguese Cinema Institute) First Feature fund. The production ultimately had a budget of 300K euros. The pandemic pushed the shooting forward to 2021 and the film was finally finished in 2023.
The Drunk features first time actors Vítor Roriz and Ina Esanu in the main roles, supported by a cast of experienced actors and non-actors. The crew was quite a young one, the average age was about 25 years old. The music soundtrack is quite an eclectic one, with a mixture of new avant-garde American composers such as The Winged Victory for the Sullen and Elm (Jon Porras), British ambient folk musician Gareth Dickson and some vintage Portuguese artists. The Drunk has won the FIPRESCI Prize at the 29th Caminhos do Cinema Português. The film was released in the Portuguese cinemas on 30th of May 2024.
Marques has also worked in advertising and has done directing work for Nike, EMI, Burberry, Abbey Road Studios, Steidl Mack and Hit+Run, among others.
Filmography
2006 - Going Blind (short exp)
2007 - João e o Cão (short fiction)
2008 - O Lago (short fiction)
2008 - Boris Ghost Dog (short exp)
2010 - Schogetten (short fiction)
2012 - You Suck Me Dry (short exp)
2013 - Luminita (short fiction)
2014 - O Avô (one minute short fiction)
2014 - Gareth Dickson - Cara (music video)
2015 - Yulya (short fiction)
2015 - Lazy Faithful - Frosted Glass (music video)
2016 - Brother (short exp/doc)
2016 - Gareth Dickson - Snag with the Language (music video)
2017 - Câmara Nova (short fiction)
2017 - Vaiapraia e as Rainhas do Baile - Snifa Cola/Kate Winslet (music video)
2019 - O Amigo (short fiction)
2019 - Look No Further (short fiction)
2022 - Rabu Mazda - Domingo (music video)
2023 - Minimum Speed Not Respected (short exp)
2023 - O Bêbado (The Drunk) (feature film)
Discography
2009 - Songs for Tomorrow
External links
André Marques at the Internet Movie Database
André Marques at Bandcamp
André Marques' Vimeo page
André Marques' Instagram page
References
^ "Berlin Film Festival: João e o Cão". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
^ "Huesca: João e o Cão". huesca-filmfestival.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
^ "EntreTodos: João e o Cão". entretodos.com.br. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
^ "CineFest: O Lago". cinefest.hu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
^ "Fantasporto: O Lago". fantasporto.pt. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
^ "Anonimul: Schogetten". festival-anonimul.ro. Retrieved 2012-07-25.
^ https://molodist.com/en/film/panica
^ "FIPRESCI Prize: The Drunk". fipresci.org.
^ "Review by JLO at Jornal O Público". | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"André Marques (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Marques_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"}],"text":"For other people named André Marques, see André Marques (disambiguation).Musical artistAndré Marques (b. Setúbal, 1984) is a Portuguese film director, screenwriter and a musician. He currently lives in Portugal, having previously lived and worked in London and Bucharest.","title":"André Marques (filmmaker)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Setúbal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set%C3%BAbal"},{"link_name":"Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escola_Superior_de_Teatro_e_Cinema"}],"text":"Marques was born in Setúbal in 1984. Marques is a graduate from Escola Superior de Teatro e Cinema, class of 2006, where he studied Screenwriting and Film Production.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"DVD-Project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=DVD-Project&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-berlin-2008-1"},{"link_name":"Chandra Malatitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chandra_Malatitch&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Huesca International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Huesca_International_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Huesca-2008-2"},{"link_name":"Entre Todos Human Rights Short Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Entre_Todos_Human_Rights_Short_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EntreTodos-2008-3"},{"link_name":"Hi8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi8"},{"link_name":"road movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_movie"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"CineFest - International Festival of Young Filmmakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=CineFest_-_International_Festival_of_Young_Filmmakers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CineFest-2009-4"},{"link_name":"Fantasporto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fantasporto"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fantasporto-2010-5"},{"link_name":"Magudesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Magudesi&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rafael Toral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rafael_Toral&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Anonimul International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anonimul_International_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anonimul-2010-6"},{"link_name":"Curtas Vila do Conde Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Curtas_Vila_do_Conde_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"International Film Festival Cinema de Gijón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=International_Film_Festival_Cinema_de_Gij%C3%B3n&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Drama International Short Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drama_International_Short_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"SOPHIA AWARD","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SOPHIA_AWARD&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Portuguese Cinema Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portuguese_Cinema_Academy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gareth Dickson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gareth_Dickson&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"MUVI Lisbon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MUVI_Lisbon&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Filminute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filminute"},{"link_name":"Biennale College Cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biennale_College_Cinema&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Primeira Idade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primeira_Idade"},{"link_name":"Inês Luís","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In%C3%AAs_Lu%C3%ADs&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Indielisboa International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indielisboa_International_Film_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rabu Mazda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rabu_Mazda&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Caminhos do Cinema Português","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caminhos_do_Cinema_Portugu%C3%AAs"},{"link_name":"Kyiv International Film Festival \"Molodist\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_International_Film_Festival_%22Molodist%22"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Caminhos do Cinema Português","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caminhos_do_Cinema_Portugu%C3%AAs"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Nike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nike,_Inc."},{"link_name":"EMI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EMI"},{"link_name":"Burberry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burberry"},{"link_name":"Abbey Road Studios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_Studios"},{"link_name":"Steidl Mack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steidl_Mack&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hit+Run","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hit%2BRun&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"His first experimental short film Going Blind was selected for DVD-Project and has toured around the world in art galleries and festivals.His first fiction film João e o Cão (John and the Dog) was made with a low budget and with the collaboration of a young crew, some still in University. It premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival[1] in 2008, and subsequently won the \"Cacho Pallero Award\" and a \"Special Mention\" for Chandra Malatitch at the Huesca International Film Festival,[2] in Spain, and \"Best New Director Award\" at the Entre Todos Human Rights Short Film Festival,[3] in Brazil, among other awards.In 2008, Marques finished two short films. His second experimental short film, Boris Ghost Dog, was originally shot in the summer of 2004 using a Hi8 camera and is a study of a summer day with his dog Boris.O Lago (The Lake) is Marques' second fiction short film. With a running time of just above 30 minutes, it is somewhat of a road movie about two teenager friends who are going from world music summer festival to a hidden lake in south Portugal. O Lago had its international premiere at CineFest - International Festival of Young Filmmakers,[4] in October 2009 in Hungary, followed by several other festivals, including Fantasporto IFF.[5]Going Blind, João e o Cão and O Lago have their soundtrack composed by the Belgo-Peruvian experimental musician jozefaleksanderpedro.\nBoris Ghost Dog has music from Magudesi and Rafael Toral.Schogetten is the conclusion of the unplanned \"Kids\" trilogy, after João e o Cão (John and the Dog) and O Lago (The Lake). It premiered at Anonimul International Film Festival,[6] in Romania, and it went to screen in several other festivals.Luminita, his fourth short fiction film, premiered in Portuguese theaters on 31 July 2014, after winning the AUDIENCE AWARD at the 21st Curtas Vila do Conde Film Festival, the SPECIAL JURY PRIZE & BEST SCRIPT AWARD at the 52nd International Film Festival Cinema de Gijón, in Spain, and the GRAND PRIX at the 20th Drama International Short Film Festival, in Greece, among others. Luminita was also the recipient for the SOPHIA AWARD for the Best Portuguese Short Film given by the Portuguese Cinema Academy.In 2014 he made a music video for Gareth Dickson (Cara, in competition at MUVI Lisbon), O Avô (Grandpa) a one-minute short film that won PEOPLE'S CHOICE AWARD & CINEUROPA FILMINUTE AUDIENCE AWARD & JURY COMMENDATION PRIZE at the biggest festival of its kind, Filminute, and wrote the film project The Drunk that selected for the Biennale College Cinema 2015 of the 72nd Venice International Film Festival.From 2015 to 2018, Marques has shot 3 more music videos (Lazy Faithful - Frosted Glass, Gareth Dickson - Snag with the Language, Vaiapraia e as Rainhas do Baile - Snifa Cola/Kate Winslet), two new short fictions (Yulya, Câmara Nova/New Camera) and one short experimental documentary (Brother).In 2019, two new short films were premiered: Look No Further and A Friend, the first being a portuguese-french co-production between Primeira Idade and Offshore with support from ICA/CNC and Fundação GDA, and the latter a no-budget short film with non-actors. Marques also served as producer and writer for the shorts, plus composing the soundtrack for Look No Further.In 2022, Marques served as Producer and did additional editing for The End Before Me, a short doc directed by first time director Inês Luís, which premiered at Indielisboa International Film Festival the same year. Marques also directed his fifth music video for Rabu Mazda's track Domingo.In 2023, Marques premiered two new films.Minimum Speed Not Respected is the third film of the André Marques' Phantom Presence trilogy, after You Suck Me Dry (2012) and Brother (2016). It premiered in November 2023 at the 29th Caminhos do Cinema Português, part of the Outros Olhares competition.The Drunk (original title: O Bêbado), André Marques' first feature length film, premiered in October 2023 at the 52nd Kyiv International Film Festival \"Molodist\".[7]\nMarques wrote the first draft of The Drunk in 2012 and the script was later developed with the assistance of Venice's Biennale College Cinema in 2014, and the Plot Script Lab (Portugal) in 2015. In 2019, the project won ICA's (Portuguese Cinema Institute) First Feature fund. The production ultimately had a budget of 300K euros. The pandemic pushed the shooting forward to 2021 and the film was finally finished in 2023.\nThe Drunk features first time actors Vítor Roriz and Ina Esanu in the main roles, supported by a cast of experienced actors and non-actors. The crew was quite a young one, the average age was about 25 years old. The music soundtrack is quite an eclectic one, with a mixture of new avant-garde American composers such as The Winged Victory for the Sullen and Elm (Jon Porras), British ambient folk musician Gareth Dickson and some vintage Portuguese artists. The Drunk has won the FIPRESCI Prize[8] at the 29th Caminhos do Cinema Português. The film was released in the Portuguese cinemas on 30th of May 2024.[9]Marques has also worked in advertising and has done directing work for Nike, EMI, Burberry, Abbey Road Studios, Steidl Mack and Hit+Run, among others.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2006 - Going Blind (short exp)\n2007 - João e o Cão (short fiction)\n2008 - O Lago (short fiction)\n2008 - Boris Ghost Dog (short exp)\n2010 - Schogetten (short fiction)\n2012 - You Suck Me Dry (short exp)\n2013 - Luminita (short fiction)\n2014 - O Avô (one minute short fiction)\n2014 - Gareth Dickson - Cara (music video)\n2015 - Yulya (short fiction)\n2015 - Lazy Faithful - Frosted Glass (music video)\n2016 - Brother (short exp/doc)\n2016 - Gareth Dickson - Snag with the Language (music video)\n2017 - Câmara Nova (short fiction)\n2017 - Vaiapraia e as Rainhas do Baile - Snifa Cola/Kate Winslet (music video)\n2019 - O Amigo (short fiction)\n2019 - Look No Further (short fiction)\n2022 - Rabu Mazda - Domingo (music video)\n2023 - Minimum Speed Not Respected (short exp)\n2023 - O Bêbado (The Drunk) (feature film)","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"2009 - Songs for Tomorrow","title":"Discography"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Berlin Film Festival: João e o Cão\". berlinale.de. Retrieved 2012-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2008/02_programm_2008/02_Filmdatenblatt_2008_20081245.php","url_text":"\"Berlin Film Festival: João e o Cão\""}]},{"reference":"\"Huesca: João e o Cão\". huesca-filmfestival.com. Archived from the original on 2012-02-20. Retrieved 2012-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120220102327/http://www.huesca-filmfestival.com/cine/contenidos/Pelificha.asp?id=4625","url_text":"\"Huesca: João e o Cão\""},{"url":"http://www.huesca-filmfestival.com/cine/contenidos/Pelificha.asp?id=4625","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"EntreTodos: João e o Cão\". entretodos.com.br. Retrieved 2012-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.entretodos.com.br/edicoesanteriores_et2.html","url_text":"\"EntreTodos: João e o Cão\""}]},{"reference":"\"CineFest: O Lago\". cinefest.hu. Archived from the original on 2012-03-01. Retrieved 2012-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301135814/http://www.cinefest.hu/eng/versenyfilmek_eng.html#","url_text":"\"CineFest: O Lago\""},{"url":"http://www.cinefest.hu/eng/versenyfilmek_eng.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Fantasporto: O Lago\". fantasporto.pt. Archived from the original on 2011-05-20. Retrieved 2012-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520080005/http://fantasporto.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=185%3Alista-de-filmes-provisoria-fantasporto-2010&catid=33%3Anoticias&Itemid=66","url_text":"\"Fantasporto: O Lago\""},{"url":"http://www.fantasporto.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=185:lista-de-filmes-provisoria-fantasporto-2010&catid=33:noticias&Itemid=66","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Anonimul: Schogetten\". festival-anonimul.ro. Retrieved 2012-07-25.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.festival-anonimul.ro/2010_filme_en","url_text":"\"Anonimul: Schogetten\""}]},{"reference":"\"FIPRESCI Prize: The Drunk\". fipresci.org.","urls":[{"url":"https://fipresci.org/festival/coimbra-2023/","url_text":"\"FIPRESCI Prize: The Drunk\""}]},{"reference":"\"Review by JLO at Jornal O Público\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publico.pt/2024/05/29/culturaipsilon/critica/noite-romena-setubal-bebado-promissora-longa-estreia-andre-marques-2092131","url_text":"\"Review by JLO at Jornal O Público\""}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Andr%C3%A9+Marques%22+filmmaker","external_links_name":"\"André Marques\" filmmaker"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Andr%C3%A9+Marques%22+filmmaker+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1","external_links_name":"news"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Andr%C3%A9+Marques%22+filmmaker&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks","external_links_name":"newspapers"},{"Link":"https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Andr%C3%A9+Marques%22+filmmaker+-wikipedia","external_links_name":"books"},{"Link":"https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Andr%C3%A9+Marques%22+filmmaker","external_links_name":"scholar"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Andr%C3%A9+Marques%22+filmmaker&acc=on&wc=on","external_links_name":"JSTOR"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/name/nm2710091/","external_links_name":"André Marques"},{"Link":"http://andremarques.bandcamp.com/","external_links_name":"André Marques"},{"Link":"https://www.vimeo.com/andremarques","external_links_name":"André Marques' Vimeo page"},{"Link":"https://www.instagram.com/andremarques.film/","external_links_name":"André Marques' Instagram page"},{"Link":"http://www.berlinale.de/en/archiv/jahresarchive/2008/02_programm_2008/02_Filmdatenblatt_2008_20081245.php","external_links_name":"\"Berlin Film Festival: João e o Cão\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120220102327/http://www.huesca-filmfestival.com/cine/contenidos/Pelificha.asp?id=4625","external_links_name":"\"Huesca: João e o Cão\""},{"Link":"http://www.huesca-filmfestival.com/cine/contenidos/Pelificha.asp?id=4625","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.entretodos.com.br/edicoesanteriores_et2.html","external_links_name":"\"EntreTodos: João e o Cão\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120301135814/http://www.cinefest.hu/eng/versenyfilmek_eng.html#","external_links_name":"\"CineFest: O Lago\""},{"Link":"http://www.cinefest.hu/eng/versenyfilmek_eng.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110520080005/http://fantasporto.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=185%3Alista-de-filmes-provisoria-fantasporto-2010&catid=33%3Anoticias&Itemid=66","external_links_name":"\"Fantasporto: O Lago\""},{"Link":"http://www.fantasporto.pt/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=185:lista-de-filmes-provisoria-fantasporto-2010&catid=33:noticias&Itemid=66","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://www.festival-anonimul.ro/2010_filme_en","external_links_name":"\"Anonimul: Schogetten\""},{"Link":"https://molodist.com/en/film/panica","external_links_name":"https://molodist.com/en/film/panica"},{"Link":"https://fipresci.org/festival/coimbra-2023/","external_links_name":"\"FIPRESCI Prize: The Drunk\""},{"Link":"https://www.publico.pt/2024/05/29/culturaipsilon/critica/noite-romena-setubal-bebado-promissora-longa-estreia-andre-marques-2092131","external_links_name":"\"Review by JLO at Jornal O Público\""}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Series_of_Beer_Pong | World Series of Beer Pong | ["1 History","1.1 WSOBP I","1.2 WSOBP II","1.3 WSOBP III","1.4 WSOBP IV","1.5 WSOBP V","1.6 WSOBP VI","1.7 WSOBP VII","1.8 WSOBP VIII","1.9 WSOBP IX","1.10 WSOBP X","1.11 WSOBP XI","1.12 WSOBP XII","1.13 WSOBP XIII","1.14 WSOBP XIV","1.15 Format","1.16 Equipment","1.17 Rules","2 Satellite Tournaments","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"] | Players compete in Day 2 Preliminary rounds at The World Series of Beer Pong III, Jan 1-5, 2008, South Point Casino, Las Vegas, NV.
The World Series of Beer Pong (WSOBP) is the largest beer pong tournament in the world in number of participants and cash prizes offered. It has been held in the Las Vegas area since January 2006.
History
WSOBP I
WSOBP I, originally known only as “The World Series of Beer Pong”, was held at the Oasis Hotel and Casino in Mesquite, NV from January 2 through January 6, 2006. Approximately 80 teams from the United States and Canada competed for the $10,000 grand prize.
The two teammates met while competing as athletes at the University of Michigan. Nick Velissaris was a member of the school's varsity wrestling team, while Jason Coben was a diver on the school's varsity swimming and diving team. Jason won the 2003 NCAA Championship in Platform Diving.
Winners - Team France
2nd - Slippery Fetus
WSOBP II
The World Series of Beer Pong II, or WSOBP II, was again held at the Oasis Hotel and Casino in Mesquite, NV, from January 1 through January 5, 2007. The grand prize was doubled from the previous year to $20,000. The increased prize, along with increased public awareness of the event, helped draw 246 teams. The grand prize was won by Antonio “Tone” Vassilatos and Aniello “Neil” Guerriero of “We Own Your Face”. This team had competed in WSOBP I, going undefeated during the preliminary rounds, but dropping out early in the finals.
A documentary entitled “Last Cup: Road to the World Series of Beer Pong” was produced leading up to and at the event. The film focused on four characters and their preparations of WSOBP II: Jamie “The Champ” Clouser, Scott “Iceman” Reck, Sean Foster, and one of the eventual tournament winners, Antonio “Tone” Vassilatos. The documentary premiered at Cinevegas 2008.
Winners - We own Your Face
2nd - PWNTrain
WSOBP III
The World Series of Beer Pong III, or WSOBP III, was the first World Series of Beer Pong to be held within the limits of Las Vegas, NV. The tournament was held at the South Point Hotel and Casino from January 1 through January 5, 2008. 296 Teams competed for a $50,000 grand prize. The event was won by Jeremy Hughes and Mike Orr of the team “Chauffeuring the Fat Kid”. The final match proved to be high drama, as Chauffeuring the Fat Kid was forced to sink four consecutive cups to stay alive. They were able to do this, forcing overtime, and were able to defeat their opponents from Albany, NY - Chris Baker and Mike Hulse of “The Iron Wizard Coalition”, for the title.
Winners - Chauffeuring the Fat Kid
2nd - The Iron Wizard Coalition
WSOBP IV
The World Series of Beer Pong IV was held January 1 through 5, 2009 at the Flamingo Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The tournament paid out a $50,000 grand prize, and was sponsored by Pabst Blue Ribbon.
The final match was announced by veteran UFC announcer Bruce Buffer
Winners - Smashing Time
2nd - Getcha Popcorn Ready
WSOBP V
In 2010 The World Series of Beer Pong again broke its size record, with a field of 483 teams, including international competitors hailing from as far as Ireland and Japan. The event saw an unprecedented level of media and celebrity attention, with crews on hand to cover the event from Maxim, G4 and the Jay Leno Show. Bruce Buffer again returned to announce the final game, and DJ Whoo Kid, celebrity DJ to 50 Cent's G-Unit, was signed to DJ the event.
Winners - Smashing Time
2nd - Since Sliced Bread
WSOBP VI
This year's event in 2011 – the largest in WSOBP history – drew 507 teams from 48 U.S. states, six Canadian provinces and nine countries, as well as more than a thousand spectators. Some players were skilled winners of the more than 200 Satellite™ Tournaments; others simply paid the entry fee, and played for the fun and camaraderie. All had a chance at the prize money with a guaranteed 12 games over two days and the chance to advance to the finals on day three. In addition to the main competition, several side events were held at The Flamingo and O’Sheas Casino, including East vs. West, Singles, Ladies, International and Co-Ed tournaments, with prize money totaling $65,000.
Winners - Standing Ovation
2nd - Unstoppable Since Inception
WSOBP VII
This year's event drew 480 teams from 48 U.S. states and 14 countries, as well as more than a thousand spectators who received free samples from event sponsors NüVo Condoms and Twang Beer Salt. Some players were skilled winners of the more than 200 satellite qualifiers; others simply paid the entry fee to enjoy the fun, camaraderie and sportsmanship. All had a chance at the prize money with a guaranteed 12 games over two days and the chance to advance to the finals on day three. In addition to the main competition, several side events were held, including East vs. West, Men's and Women's Singles, Co-Ed, International and Random Draw tournaments, with prize money totalling $65,000.
Winners - Seek N Destroy
2nd - Boozingear.com Presents ‘Who is Bobby Williams'
WSOBP VIII
WSOBP VIII was held at The Flamingo Las Vegas Casino and Hotel on January 1–5, 2013. There was a $50,000 Grand Prize and a $5,000 costume prize.
Winner: Drinkin Smokin Straight West Coastin
2nd Place: Smashing Time
WSOBP IX
Winner: Jurrasic Pong
2nd Place: Blitzkrieg
WSOBP X
Winner: Pity The Fool
2nd Place: Wetback Wasted
WSOBP XI
Winner: History in the Making
2nd Place: Blitzkrieg
WSOBP XII
Winner: Blitzkrieg
2nd Place: White Girl Wasted
WSOBP XIII
Winner: Troop Unchained
2nd Place: Brewtality
WSOBP XIV
Winner: Troop Unchained
2nd Place: Hugh Janus
Format
WSOBP IV was structured as a three-day event, with tournament matches scheduled for January 2, 3, and 4. The first two days are preliminary rounds, with each team playing 6 games per day, for a total of 12 games. The 128 highest ranked teams from preliminaries qualified for finals on day 3. The final day filtered the 128 teams down to 64 teams who were then entered into a double-elimination bracket for the championships. Smashing time won this event making them 2X champs.
Equipment
All games at the WSOBP and all WSOBP Satellite Tournaments are played using 8Ft. Beer Pong Tables, 16 oz. cups, and 40mm 3-star Beer Pong balls, all manufactured and sold by BPONG.COM.
Rules
According to BPONG.COM, The World Series of Beer Pong official rules were designed with three purposes in mind:
Fairness to all players
Efficiency in running a maximum number of games simultaneously
Minimization of possible disputes between participants.
Satellite Tournaments
While entrance to the WSOBP can be purchased, many teams gain entrance to the World Series of Beer Pong by winning a WSOBP Satellite Tournament. WSOBP Satellite Tournaments are smaller regional tournaments held by local bars and Beer Pong leagues that offer entrance into the WSOBP as the grand prize. These events are operated in accordance with WSOBP standard rules, and use the official equipment (cups, balls, and tables) of the World Series of Beer Pong.
See also
Beer portalDrink portalGames portal
Marathon du Médoc
List of drinking games
Long-distance race involving alcohol
References
^ Coben wins NCAA title in a squeaker March 31, 2003
^ Beer Pong - eCollege times November 7, 2007
^ The World Series of Beer Pong Champions from CollegeHumor February 8, 2007
^ CineVegas Film Festival 2008 July, 2008
^ San Diego Reader - We love Beer Pong May 21, 2008
^ WSOBP IV Information
^ Bottoms up! Beer pong world champions net $50,000 at the Flamingo
^ Official Rules of the WSOBP
^ WSOBP Satellites
External links
BPONG.COM
The World Series of Beer Pong | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"beer pong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beer_pong"},{"link_name":"Las Vegas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Las_Vegas,_NV"}],"text":"The World Series of Beer Pong (WSOBP) is the largest beer pong tournament in the world in number of participants and cash prizes offered. It has been held in the Las Vegas area since January 2006.","title":"World Series of Beer Pong"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesquite, NV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesquite,_NV"},{"link_name":"diver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diving_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Coben-Wins-NCAAs-1"}],"sub_title":"WSOBP I","text":"WSOBP I, originally known only as “The World Series of Beer Pong”, was held at the Oasis Hotel and Casino in Mesquite, NV from January 2 through January 6, 2006. Approximately 80 teams from the United States and Canada competed for the $10,000 grand prize.The two teammates met while competing as athletes at the University of Michigan. Nick Velissaris was a member of the school's varsity wrestling team, while Jason Coben was a diver on the school's varsity swimming and diving team. Jason won the 2003 NCAA Championship in Platform Diving.[1]Winners - Team France\n2nd - Slippery Fetus","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BeerPongecollege-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-collegehumorwsobp-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CineVegas-4"}],"sub_title":"WSOBP II","text":"The World Series of Beer Pong II, or WSOBP II, was again held at the Oasis Hotel and Casino in Mesquite, NV, from January 1 through January 5, 2007. The grand prize was doubled from the previous year to $20,000. The increased prize, along with increased public awareness of the event, helped draw 246 teams.[2] The grand prize was won by Antonio “Tone” Vassilatos and Aniello “Neil” Guerriero of “We Own Your Face”.[3] This team had competed in WSOBP I, going undefeated during the preliminary rounds, but dropping out early in the finals.A documentary entitled “Last Cup: Road to the World Series of Beer Pong” was produced leading up to and at the event. The film focused on four characters and their preparations of WSOBP II: Jamie “The Champ” Clouser, Scott “Iceman” Reck, Sean Foster, and one of the eventual tournament winners, Antonio “Tone” Vassilatos. The documentary premiered at Cinevegas 2008.[4]Winners - We own Your Face\n2nd - PWNTrain","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"South Point Hotel and Casino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Point_Hotel,_Casino_%26_Spa"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sdreader-5"}],"sub_title":"WSOBP III","text":"The World Series of Beer Pong III, or WSOBP III, was the first World Series of Beer Pong to be held within the limits of Las Vegas, NV. The tournament was held at the South Point Hotel and Casino from January 1 through January 5, 2008. 296 Teams competed for a $50,000 grand prize. The event was won by Jeremy Hughes and Mike Orr of the team “Chauffeuring the Fat Kid”.[5] The final match proved to be high drama, as Chauffeuring the Fat Kid was forced to sink four consecutive cups to stay alive. They were able to do this, forcing overtime, and were able to defeat their opponents from Albany, NY - Chris Baker and Mike Hulse of “The Iron Wizard Coalition”, for the title.Winners - Chauffeuring the Fat Kid\n2nd - The Iron Wizard Coalition","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsobpmain-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"WSOBP IV","text":"The World Series of Beer Pong IV was held January 1 through 5, 2009 at the Flamingo Hotel and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip. The tournament paid out a $50,000 grand prize, and was sponsored by Pabst Blue Ribbon.[6]The final match was announced by veteran UFC announcer Bruce Buffer[7]Winners - Smashing Time\n2nd - Getcha Popcorn Ready","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP V","text":"In 2010 The World Series of Beer Pong again broke its size record, with a field of 483 teams, including international competitors hailing from as far as Ireland and Japan. The event saw an unprecedented level of media and celebrity attention, with crews on hand to cover the event from Maxim, G4 and the Jay Leno Show. Bruce Buffer again returned to announce the final game, and DJ Whoo Kid, celebrity DJ to 50 Cent's G-Unit, was signed to DJ the event.Winners - Smashing Time\n2nd - Since Sliced Bread","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP VI","text":"This year's event in 2011 – the largest in WSOBP history – drew 507 teams from 48 U.S. states, six Canadian provinces and nine countries, as well as more than a thousand spectators. Some players were skilled winners of the more than 200 Satellite™ Tournaments; others simply paid the entry fee, and played for the fun and camaraderie. All had a chance at the prize money with a guaranteed 12 games over two days and the chance to advance to the finals on day three. In addition to the main competition, several side events were held at The Flamingo and O’Sheas Casino, including East vs. West, Singles, Ladies, International and Co-Ed tournaments, with prize money totaling $65,000.Winners - Standing Ovation\n2nd - Unstoppable Since Inception","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP VII","text":"This year's event drew 480 teams from 48 U.S. states and 14 countries, as well as more than a thousand spectators who received free samples from event sponsors NüVo Condoms and Twang Beer Salt. Some players were skilled winners of the more than 200 satellite qualifiers; others simply paid the entry fee to enjoy the fun, camaraderie and sportsmanship. All had a chance at the prize money with a guaranteed 12 games over two days and the chance to advance to the finals on day three. In addition to the main competition, several side events were held, including East vs. West, Men's and Women's Singles, Co-Ed, International and Random Draw tournaments, with prize money totalling $65,000.Winners - Seek N Destroy\n2nd - Boozingear.com Presents ‘Who is Bobby Williams'","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP VIII","text":"WSOBP VIII was held at The Flamingo Las Vegas Casino and Hotel on January 1–5, 2013. There was a $50,000 Grand Prize and a $5,000 costume prize.Winner: Drinkin Smokin Straight West Coastin\n2nd Place: Smashing Time","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP IX","text":"Winner: Jurrasic Pong\n2nd Place: Blitzkrieg","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP X","text":"Winner: Pity The Fool\n2nd Place: Wetback Wasted","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP XI","text":"Winner: History in the Making\n2nd Place: Blitzkrieg","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP XII","text":"Winner: Blitzkrieg\n2nd Place: White Girl Wasted","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP XIII","text":"Winner: Troop Unchained\n2nd Place: Brewtality","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"WSOBP XIV","text":"Winner: Troop Unchained\n2nd Place: Hugh Janus","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsobprules-8"}],"sub_title":"Format","text":"WSOBP IV was structured as a three-day event, with tournament matches scheduled for January 2, 3, and 4. The first two days are preliminary rounds, with each team playing 6 games per day, for a total of 12 games. The 128 highest ranked teams from preliminaries qualified for finals on day 3. The final day filtered the 128 teams down to 64 teams who were then entered into a double-elimination bracket for the championships. Smashing time won this event making them 2X champs.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Equipment","text":"All games at the WSOBP and all WSOBP Satellite Tournaments are played using 8Ft. Beer Pong Tables, 16 oz. cups, and 40mm 3-star Beer Pong balls, all manufactured and sold by BPONG.COM.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Rules","text":"According to BPONG.COM, The World Series of Beer Pong official rules were designed with three purposes in mind:Fairness to all players\nEfficiency in running a maximum number of games simultaneously\nMinimization of possible disputes between participants.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wsobpsatellites-9"}],"text":"While entrance to the WSOBP can be purchased, many teams gain entrance to the World Series of Beer Pong by winning a WSOBP Satellite Tournament. WSOBP Satellite Tournaments are smaller regional tournaments held by local bars and Beer Pong leagues that offer entrance into the WSOBP as the grand prize. These events are operated in accordance with WSOBP standard rules, and use the official equipment (cups, balls, and tables) of the World Series of Beer Pong.[9]","title":"Satellite Tournaments"}] | [{"image_text":"Players compete in Day 2 Preliminary rounds at The World Series of Beer Pong III, Jan 1-5, 2008, South Point Casino, Las Vegas, NV.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/World_Series_of_Beer_Pong_2008_%281314%29.jpg/300px-World_Series_of_Beer_Pong_2008_%281314%29.jpg"}] | [{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Projet_bi%C3%A8re_logo_v2.png"},{"title":"Beer portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Beer"},{"title":"Drink portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Drink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kbackgammon.png"},{"title":"Games portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Games"},{"title":"Marathon du Médoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathon_du_M%C3%A9doc"},{"title":"List of drinking games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_drinking_games"},{"title":"Long-distance race involving alcohol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long-distance_race_involving_alcohol"}] | [] | [{"Link":"https://www.michigandaily.com/content/coben-wins-ncaa-title-squeaker","external_links_name":"Coben wins NCAA title in a squeaker"},{"Link":"http://www.ecollegetimes.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticlePrinterFriendly&uStory_id=128435e7-6cee-48d6-8291-abbc8bf9b437","external_links_name":"Beer Pong - eCollege times"},{"Link":"http://www.collegehumor.com/article:1718172","external_links_name":"The World Series of Beer Pong Champions from CollegeHumor"},{"Link":"http://cinevegas.bside.com/2008/films/lastcuproadtotheworldseriesofbeerpong_cinevegas2008","external_links_name":"CineVegas Film Festival 2008"},{"Link":"http://www.sandiegoreader.com/news/2008/may/21/we-love-game-beer-pong","external_links_name":"San Diego Reader - We love Beer Pong"},{"Link":"http://www.bpong.com/wsobp","external_links_name":"WSOBP IV Information"},{"Link":"http://www.vegasdeluxe.com/blogs/luxe-life/2009/jan/06/bottoms-beer-pong-world-champions-net-50000-flamin/","external_links_name":"Bottoms up! Beer pong world champions net $50,000 at the Flamingo"},{"Link":"http://www.bpong.com/wsobp/official-rules-of-the-world-series-of-beer-pong","external_links_name":"Official Rules of the WSOBP"},{"Link":"http://www.bpong.com/wsobp/world-series-of-beer-pong-satellite-tournaments","external_links_name":"WSOBP Satellites"},{"Link":"http://www.bpong.com/","external_links_name":"BPONG.COM"},{"Link":"http://www.bpong.com/wsobp","external_links_name":"The World Series of Beer Pong"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Margaret_Moses | St Margaret Moses | ["1 History","2 References"] | Church in London, EnglandSt Margaret MosesCurrent photo of siteLocationLondonCountryUnited KingdomDenominationAnglicanHistoryFounded12th centuryArchitectureDemolished1666
The church of St Margaret Moses was a parish church which stood on the east side of Friday Street in the Bread Street ward of the City of London. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666 and not rebuilt; instead the parish was united with that of St Mildred Bread Street.
History
The church's name is thought to come from an early benefactor named Moses or Moyses. In 1105 Fitzwalter Robert Fitzwalter gave the patronage of the church to the Priory of St. Faith, which he had founded in Horsham St Faith in Norfolk. In the late 14th century, the Crown seized St Faith's on the pretext of it being an alien priory, and thus became the patron of the church. The church was repaired and improved in 1627 at the expense of the parishioners.
In 1550 the incumbent was the Protestant martyr John Rogers.
The church was not rebuilt following its destruction in the Great Fire of London in 1666; instead its parish was united with that of St Mildred, Bread Street. Part of the site was sold to the City for the widening of Pissing Alley, (later decorously renamed Little Friday Street) which ran between Friday Street and Bread Street, while the remainder was retained to serve as a graveyard for the parishioners.
References
^ a b c d e f Newcourt, Ric. (1708). Repetorium Ecclesiasticum Parochiale Londinense. Vol. 1. London. p. 403--1.
^ White, J.G. (1901). The Churches and Chapels of Old London. London. pp. 152–8.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Borer,M.I.C. (1978). The City of London: A History. New York,D.McKay Co. ISBN 0-09-461880-1.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ Harben, H. (1918). A Dictionary of London. London: Herbert Jenkins.
vteChurches in the City of Londonextantchurches
All Hallows-by-the-Tower
All Hallows-on-the-Wall
City Temple
Dutch Church, Austin Friars
St Andrew-by-the-Wardrobe
St Andrew, Holborn
St Andrew Undershaft
St Anne and St Agnes
St Bartholomew-the-Great
St Bartholomew-the-Less
St Benet, Paul's Wharf
St Botolph, Aldersgate
St Botolph, Aldgate
St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate
St Bride, Fleet Street
St Clement, Eastcheap
St Dunstan-in-the-West
St Edmund, King and Martyr
St Ethelburga, Bishopsgate
St Giles, Cripplegate
St Helen, Bishopsgate
St James, Garlickhythe
St Katharine Cree
St Lawrence Jewry
St Magnus the Martyr
St Margaret Lothbury
St Margaret Pattens
St Martin, Ludgate
St Mary Abchurch
St Mary Aldermary
St Mary Moorfields
St Mary Woolnoth
St Mary-at-Hill
St Mary-le-Bow
St Michael, Cornhill
St Michael, Paternoster Royal
St Nicholas, Cole Abbey
St Olave, Hart Street
St Paul's Cathedral
St Peter upon Cornhill
St Sepulchre-without-Newgate
St Stephen Walbrook
St Vedast alias Foster
Temple Church
churches ofwhich only thetower remains
All Hallows Staining
Christ Church, Greyfriars
St Alban, Wood Street
St Alphage London Wall
St Augustine, Watling Street
St Dunstan-in-the-East
St Martin Orgar
St Mary Somerset
St Olave, Old Jewry
churchesrebuilt afterthe Great Firebut sincedemolished
All Hallows Bread Street
All Hallows Lombard Street
All-Hallows-the-Great
St Antholin, Budge Row
St Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange
St Benet Fink
St Benet Gracechurch
St Christopher le Stocks
St Dionis Backchurch
St George Botolph Lane
St Katherine Coleman
St Mary Aldermanbury
St Mary Magdalen, Old Fish Street
St Matthew Friday Street
St Michael Bassishaw
St Michael, Crooked Lane
St Michael Queenhithe
St Michael Wood Street
St Mildred, Bread Street
St Mildred, Poultry
St Stephen Coleman Street
St Swithin, London Stone
churchesdestroyed inthe Great Fireand notrebuilt
All Hallows Honey Lane
All-Hallows-the-Less
Holy Trinity the Less
St Andrew Hubbard
St Ann Blackfriars
St Benet Sherehog
St Botolph Billingsgate
St Faith under St Paul's
St Gabriel Fenchurch
St Gregory by St Paul's
St John the Baptist upon Walbrook
St John the Evangelist Friday Street
St John Zachary
St Laurence Pountney
St Leonard, Eastcheap
St Leonard, Foster Lane
St Margaret Moses
St Margaret, New Fish Street
St Martin Pomary
St Martin Vintry
St Mary Bothaw
St Mary Colechurch
St Mary Magdalen Milk Street
St Mary Mounthaw
St Mary Staining
St Mary Woolchurch Haw
St Michael-le-Querne
St Nicholas Acons
St Nicholas Olave
St Olave, Silver Street
St Pancras, Soper Lane
St Peter, Paul's Wharf
St Peter, Westcheap
St Thomas the Apostle
other formerchurches
College of Minor Canons
Holy Trinity Gough Square
Holy Trinity Priory, Aldgate
Hospital of St Thomas of Acre
Old St Paul's Cathedral
St Audoen within Newgate
St Augustine Papey
St James Duke's Place
St Martin Outwich
St Mary Axe
St Nicholas Shambles
St Peter le Poer
This article about a church or other Christian place of worship in London is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
This article on a British Anglican church is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Great Fire of London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London"},{"link_name":"St Mildred Bread Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mildred_Bread_Street"}],"text":"Church in London, EnglandThe church of St Margaret Moses was a parish church which stood on the east side of Friday Street in the Bread Street ward of the City of London. It was destroyed in the Great Fire of London of 1666 and not rebuilt; instead the parish was united with that of St Mildred Bread Street.","title":"St Margaret Moses"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ric-1"},{"link_name":"Priory of St. Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham_St._Faith_Priory"},{"link_name":"Horsham St Faith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horsham_St_Faith"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-white-2"},{"link_name":"alien priory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alien_priory"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ric-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ric-1"},{"link_name":"incumbent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicar"},{"link_name":"Protestant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protestant"},{"link_name":"martyr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyr"},{"link_name":"John Rogers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Rogers_(c.1500%E2%80%931555)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"St Mildred, Bread Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Mildred,_Bread_Street"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ric-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ric-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ric-1"}],"text":"The church's name is thought to come from an early benefactor named Moses or Moyses.[1] In 1105 Fitzwalter Robert Fitzwalter gave the patronage of the church to the Priory of St. Faith, which he had founded in Horsham St Faith in Norfolk.[2] In the late 14th century, the Crown seized St Faith's on the pretext of it being an alien priory, and thus became the patron of the church.[1] The church was repaired and improved in 1627 at the expense of the parishioners.[1]In 1550 the incumbent was the Protestant martyr John Rogers.[3]The church was not rebuilt following its destruction in the Great Fire of London in 1666; instead its parish was united with that of St Mildred, Bread Street. Part of the site was sold to the City for the widening of Pissing Alley,[1] (later decorously renamed Little Friday Street)[4] which ran between Friday Street and Bread Street,[1] while the remainder was retained to serve as a graveyard for the parishioners.[1]","title":"History"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Newcourt, Ric. (1708). Repetorium Ecclesiasticum Parochiale Londinense. Vol. 1. London. p. 403--1.","urls":[]},{"reference":"White, J.G. (1901). The Churches and Chapels of Old London. London. pp. 152–8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/churcheschapelso00whituoft","url_text":"The Churches and Chapels of Old London"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/churcheschapelso00whituoft/page/152","url_text":"152"}]},{"reference":"Borer,M.I.C. (1978). The City of London: A History. New York,D.McKay Co. ISBN 0-09-461880-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-09-461880-1","url_text":"0-09-461880-1"}]},{"reference":"Harben, H. (1918). A Dictionary of London. London: Herbert Jenkins.","urls":[]}] | [{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/churcheschapelso00whituoft","external_links_name":"The Churches and Chapels of Old London"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/churcheschapelso00whituoft/page/152","external_links_name":"152"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Margaret_Moses&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St_Margaret_Moses&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nocticron | Nocticron | ["1 Market position","2 Description","2.1 Image stabilisation","3 Gallery","4 Comparison","5 External links","6 References"] | Photographic lens
Panasonic Leica DG Nocticron 1:1.2/42.5 Aspheric / Power O.I.S.MakerPanasonicLens mount(s)Micro Four ThirdsTechnical dataTypetele primeFocus drivestepperFocal length42.5 mmFocal length (35mm equiv.)85 mmCrop factor2Aperture (max/min)f/1.2 / f/16Close focus distance0.5 mMax. magnification0.1Diaphragm blades9, circularConstruction14 elements in 11 groupsFeaturesUltrasonic motor YesWeather-sealing NoLens-based stabilization YesMacro capable NoUnique featuresaspheric / dual image stabilisationApplicationportrait / night shotsPhysicalMax. length77 mmDiameter74 mmWeight425 gFilter diameter67 mmAccessoriesLens hoodincludedCaseincludedHistoryIntroduction2014
Cutaway of a Leica Nocticron 42,5 mm f/1.2
Nocticron („Night-time“ from latin nox, noctis „night“ and ancient Greek kronos „time“) is the brand name of Leica lenses with an extreme speed of f/1.2. Because of the large aperture size and its image stabilisation system it is possible to take images with relatively short exposure time especially in available light situations. Together with the high number of nine diaphragm blades the lens creates a strong and pleasant bokeh.
Market position
Nocticron lenses are slower than Noctilux lenses (f/0,95 or f/1,0) and faster than the Leica-lenses with the brand name Summilux (f/1,4), Summicron (f/2,0) and Elmarit (f/2,8).
Description
Nocticron prime lenses are offered as exchangeable lenses for the Micro Four Thirds system (MFT). At photokina 2012 the model Lumix Leica DG Nocticron 1:1,2/42.5 mm ASPH was announced, and it is available since 2014.
Leica lenses with the model name attribute DG are made by Panasonic under license.
The lens has a smooth focusing ring as well as a clicked aperture ring. It is relatively large and heavy, and is not water or dust proof.
The anti-reflective coating of the telephoto lens with 1.7 times normal focal length has 14 lenses in 11 groups, two of them aspheric and another with extremely low dispersion. The front lens is made of extremely high refracting glass. The Nocticron has an excellent image quality.
The Nocticron lenses allow a fast lens-body communication for autofocusing with its rather silent stepper motor, due to the large aperture size also at low light conditions.
Minimum and maximum aperture
Minimum aperture of the Noctricron 42.5 mm (F-number 16)
Maximum aperture of the Noctricron 42.5 mm (F-number 1,2)
Image stabilisation
As of March 2023, while there are other f/1.2 autofocus lenses, it is still the fastest lens with both image stabilisation and autofocus.
The optical image stabilisation of the lens can even be combined with the opto-mechanical image stabilisation systems of some camera bodies of the system (Dual Image Stabilisation = Dual I.S.). The ‘’Dual I.S.’’ mode can be used only if the firmware of the Nocticron has version 1.2 or higher.
Gallery
The following images show some extraordinary capabilities of the Nocticron such as at low light, at high speed, for strong bokeh or with image stabilisation.
Images taken with a Nocticron, focal length = 42.5 mm, F-number = 1.2
Still life with parchment and book in candle light, ISO speed = 200, exposure time = 1.3 s, exposure value = -1. The illuminance level on the parchment was below 1 lux.
Rose with water drops in sun light, ISO speed = 200, exposure time = 1/8000 s, exposure value = 12.5.
Wheat field in strong wind with bokeh, ISO speed = 200, exposure time = 1/4000 s, exposure value = 11.5.
Free-hand taken museum shot of a historic universal theodolite in a display case with transparent glass taken with a polarizing filter, ISO speed = 800, exposure time = 1/8 s, exposure value = 0.5.
Comparison
Compared to other camera systems with differing normal focal lengths, and therefore different image sensor sizes, the following equivalent values apply to lenses with appropriate properties as the Nocticron 42,5 mm 1,2 within the Micro-Four-Thirds system (MFT). With the parameters given in the table in all camera systems the photographer will get the same angle of view, depth of field, diffraction limitation and motion blur:
Image sensor format
Focal lengths at thesame angle of view(diagonal angle ≈ 29°)
F-number at thesame depth of field anddiffraction limitation
ISO speed at thesame exposure time
Nikon CX
31 mm
0.85
100
MFT
42.5 mm
1.2
200
APS-C
57 mm
1.6
360
Full frame
85 mm
2.4
800
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nocticron.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Taken with Nocticron 42.5mm.
LEICA DG NOCTICRON 42.5mm / F1.2 Aspheric Power O.I.S.
References
^ Howard Cornelsen : New Leica Lens for Micro 4/3, The online Photographer, 2 August 2013, retrieved 23 October 2015
^ Panasonic formally launches Leica DG Nocticron 42.5mm F1.2 ASPH, dpreview.com, 6 January 2014, retrieved 23 October 2015
^ a b William Brawley: Panasonic 42.5mm f/1.2 ASPH POWER OIS LEICA DG NOCTICRON (Tested), SLRgear Review, 16 January 2014, retrieved 23 October 2015
^ Gordon Laing: Leica Nocticron 42.5mm f1.2 review, cameralabs.com, January 2014, retrieved 12 November 2016
^ "Shop Camera Lenses: Zuiko Lenses & Lens Kits | Olympus Cameras, Audio & Binoculars".
^ Gordon Laing: Leica Nocticron 42.5mm f1.2 - verdict and scores, cameralabs.com, January 2014, retrieved 23 October 2015
^ Panasonic issues lens firmware updates to enable Dual I.S. with Lumix DMC-GX8, dpreview.com, 10 August 2015, retrieved 23 October 2015
^ Update Contents for H-NS043, support.panasonic.com, 5 August 2015, retrieved 23 October 2015 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leica_Nocticron_cutaway.jpg"},{"link_name":"latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"ancient Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lens_speed"},{"link_name":"aperture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aperture"},{"link_name":"exposure time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_time"},{"link_name":"available light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Available_light"},{"link_name":"diaphragm blades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaphragm_(optics)"},{"link_name":"bokeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh"}],"text":"Photographic lensCutaway of a Leica Nocticron 42,5 mm f/1.2Nocticron („Night-time“ from latin nox, noctis „night“ and ancient Greek kronos „time“[1]) is the brand name of Leica lenses with an extreme speed of f/1.2. 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At photokina 2012 the model Lumix Leica DG Nocticron 1:1,2/42.5 mm ASPH[2] was announced, and it is available since 2014.Leica lenses with the model name attribute DG are made by Panasonic under license.The lens has a smooth focusing ring as well as a clicked aperture ring. It is relatively large and heavy, and is not water or dust proof.The anti-reflective coating of the telephoto lens with 1.7 times normal focal length has 14 lenses in 11 groups, two of them aspheric and another with extremely low dispersion. The front lens is made of extremely high refracting glass. The Nocticron has an excellent image quality.[3]The Nocticron lenses allow a fast lens-body communication for autofocusing with its rather silent stepper motor, due to the large aperture size also at low light conditions.[4]Minimum and maximum aperture\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMinimum aperture of the Noctricron 42.5 mm (F-number 16)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMaximum aperture of the Noctricron 42.5 mm (F-number 1,2)","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"autofocus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autofocus"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"image stabilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilisation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SLRgear-3"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Image stabilisation","text":"As of March 2023, while there are other f/1.2 autofocus lenses,[5] it is still the fastest lens with both image stabilisation and autofocus.[3]The optical image stabilisation of the lens can even be combined with the opto-mechanical image stabilisation systems of some camera bodies of the system (Dual Image Stabilisation = Dual I.S.).[6] The ‘’Dual I.S.’’ mode can be used only if the firmware of the Nocticron has version 1.2 or higher.[7][8]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"low light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Night_photography"},{"link_name":"high speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-speed_photography"},{"link_name":"bokeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh"},{"link_name":"image stabilisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image_stabilisation"},{"link_name":"focal length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Focal_length"},{"link_name":"F-number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-number"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Stillleben.Nocticron.jpg"},{"link_name":"Still life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Still_life"},{"link_name":"ISO speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_speed"},{"link_name":"exposure time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_time"},{"link_name":"exposure value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_value"},{"link_name":"illuminance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminance"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rose.mit.Wassertropfen.jpg"},{"link_name":"ISO speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_speed"},{"link_name":"exposure time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_time"},{"link_name":"exposure value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_value"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kornfeld.im.starken.Wind.mit.Bokeh.JPG"},{"link_name":"bokeh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bokeh"},{"link_name":"ISO speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_speed"},{"link_name":"exposure time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_time"},{"link_name":"exposure value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_value"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Universaltheodolit.14Zoll.Pistor%26Martins.Berlin.1851.jpg"},{"link_name":"theodolite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodolite"},{"link_name":"display case","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Display_case"},{"link_name":"polarizing filter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarizing_filter"},{"link_name":"ISO speed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISO_speed"},{"link_name":"exposure time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_time"},{"link_name":"exposure value","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposure_value"}],"text":"The following images show some extraordinary capabilities of the Nocticron such as at low light, at high speed, for strong bokeh or with image stabilisation.Images taken with a Nocticron, focal length = 42.5 mm, F-number = 1.2\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStill life with parchment and book in candle light, ISO speed = 200, exposure time = 1.3 s, exposure value = -1. 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With the parameters given in the table in all camera systems the photographer will get the same angle of view, depth of field, diffraction limitation and motion blur:","title":"Comparison"}] | [{"image_text":"Cutaway of a Leica Nocticron 42,5 mm f/1.2","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Leica_Nocticron_cutaway.jpg/220px-Leica_Nocticron_cutaway.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"\"Shop Camera Lenses: Zuiko Lenses & Lens Kits | Olympus Cameras, Audio & Binoculars\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.getolympus.com/us/en/lenses.html?lens_features_filter=625","url_text":"\"Shop Camera Lenses: Zuiko Lenses & Lens Kits | Olympus Cameras, Audio & Binoculars\""}]}] | [{"Link":"http://www.panasonic.com/uk/consumer/cameras-camcorders/lumix-g-lenses/h-ns043e.html","external_links_name":"LEICA DG NOCTICRON 42.5mm / F1.2 Aspheric Power O.I.S."},{"Link":"http://theonlinephotographer.typepad.com/the_online_photographer/2013/08/new-leica-lens-for-micro-43.html","external_links_name":"New Leica Lens for Micro 4/3"},{"Link":"http://www.dpreview.com/articles/8568637392/panasonic-formally-launches-leica-dg-nocticron-42-5mm-f1-2-asph","external_links_name":"Panasonic formally launches Leica DG Nocticron 42.5mm F1.2 ASPH"},{"Link":"http://slrgear.com/reviews/showproduct.php/product/1675/cat/all","external_links_name":"Panasonic 42.5mm f/1.2 ASPH POWER OIS LEICA DG NOCTICRON (Tested)"},{"Link":"http://www.cameralabs.com/reviews/Panasonic_Leica_DG_Nocticron_42-5mm_f1-2_H-NS043E/","external_links_name":"Leica Nocticron 42.5mm f1.2 review"},{"Link":"http://www.getolympus.com/us/en/lenses.html?lens_features_filter=625","external_links_name":"\"Shop Camera Lenses: Zuiko Lenses & Lens Kits | Olympus Cameras, Audio & Binoculars\""},{"Link":"http://www.cameralabs.com/reviews/Panasonic_Leica_DG_Nocticron_42-5mm_f1-2_H-NS043E/verdict.shtml","external_links_name":"Leica Nocticron 42.5mm f1.2 - verdict and scores"},{"Link":"http://www.dpreview.com/articles/3339650904/panasonic-issues-lens-firmware-updates-to-enable-dual-i-s-with-lumix-dmc-gx8","external_links_name":"Panasonic issues lens firmware updates to enable Dual I.S. with Lumix DMC-GX8"},{"Link":"http://av.jpn.support.panasonic.com/support/global/cs/dsc/download/fts/dl/ns043.html","external_links_name":"Update Contents for H-NS043"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ADl%E2%80%99at_es-Subeibeh | Nimrod Castle | ["1 History","1.1 Ancient (Hellenistic?) period","1.2 Crusader period","1.3 Ayyubids and Mongols","1.4 Mamluk period","1.5 Ottoman period","2 Description","3 Current condition","4 Gallery","5 References","6 External links"] | Medieval fortress situated in the Golan Heights
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Nimrod Fortressقلعة الصبيبةמבצר נמרודGolan Heights Nimrod FortressCoordinates33°15′10″N 35°42′53″E / 33.252778°N 35.714722°E / 33.252778; 35.714722TypeCastleSite informationOpen tothe publicApril–September: 8 a.m. – 5 p.m.October–March: 8 a.m. – 4 p.m.Site historyBuiltEarly structure : Hellenistic period (up to 30 AD)/Byzantine period (4th to 7th century AD) Late structure : Ayyubid period (12th and 13th century
Between 1229 and 1290Built byEarly structure : Unknown Late structure :Al-Aziz Uthman
Nimrod Fortress
The Nimrod Fortress or Nimrod Castle (Arabic: قلعة الصبيبة Qal'at al-Subeiba, "Castle of the Large Cliff", later Qal'at Namrud, "Nimrod's Castle"; Hebrew: מבצר נמרוד, Mivtzar Nimrod, "Nimrod's Fortress") is a castle built by the Ayyubids and hugely enlarged by the Mamluks, situated on the southern slopes of Mount Hermon, on a ridge rising about 800 m (2600 feet) above sea level. It overlooks the Golan Heights and was built with the purpose of guarding a major access route to Damascus against armies coming from the west.
Alternative forms and spellings include: Kal'at instead of Qal'at, the prefix as- instead of al-, and Subayba, Subaybah and Subeibeh in place of Subeiba. The association of the fortress with the biblical king, mighty warrior and hunter Nimrod, who entered post-koranic Islamic interpretive literature as Nimrud, came from the Druze, who only settled in the area in the 19th century.
The area is under Israeli occupation and administration since 1967 together with the adjacent Golan Heights. The international community sees the area as Syrian territory.
History
Ancient (Hellenistic?) period
Based on archaeological findings (so-called "Massive masonry style" and other typical Hellenistic elements, followed by Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk masonry styles) and the study of the effect of seismic events on the masonry, correlated with historical knowledge about the major regional earthquakes, researchers reached the conclusion that a first castle was probably built at the site by the ancient Greco-Syrians, i.e. during the Hellenistic period (after 332 BCE), but not by the Herodians or Romans (ruling the region from the 1st century BCE onward). The Phoenicians were also mentioned as a possibility by Edward Robinson in 1856. The earthquake which damaged the oldest masonry was identified as the catastrophic 749 event. Who the builders of the first castle exactly were must yet be archaeologically investigated.
Crusader period
Based on masonry and building style, first and foremost including the cross-shaped rib vaults of the Eastern Hall in the castle's inner section (a shape never utilised by the Muslims), Alon Margalit considers a Crusader building phase as firmly proven. The Crusader masonry shows signs of a different type of seismic damage, dated to the 1202 earthquake and absent from the later, Ayyubid and Mamluk masonry.
Ayyubids and Mongols
The fortress was rebuilt around 1228 by Al-Aziz Uthman, the son of Saladin's brother al-'Adil, to preempt an attack on Damascus by the armies of the Sixth Crusade. It was named Qal'at al-Subeiba, "Castle of the Large Cliff" in Arabic. The fortress was further expanded to contain the whole ridge by 1230. In 1260 the Mongols captured the castle, dismantled some of its defenses and left their ally, the son of Al-Aziz 'Uthman, in charge of it and the nearby town of Banias.
Mamluk period
After the subsequent Mamluk victory over the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut, Sultan Baibars strengthened the castle and added larger towers. The fortress was given to Baibars's second-in-command, Bilik. The new governor started the broad construction activities. When the construction was finished, Bilik memorialized his work and glorified the name of the sultan in a 1275 inscription. After the death of Baibars, his son arranged for Bilik to be murdered, apparently because he feared his power.
At the end of the 13th century, following the Muslim conquest of the port city of Acre (Akko) and the end of Crusader rule in the Holy Land, the fortress lost its strategic value and fell into disrepair.
Ottoman period
The Ottoman Turks conquered the land in 1517 and used the fortress as a luxury prison for Ottoman nobles. The fortress was abandoned later in the 16th century and local shepherds and their flocks were the sole guests within its walls.
The fortress was significantly damaged by an earthquake in 1759 that hit the region.
Druze who came to the region during the 1860 conflict between themselves and the Maronites began calling it Qal'at Namrud (Nimrod's Castle).
Description
The entire fortress complex is 420 m (1350 feet) in length and 150 m (500 feet) in width, and is built of large, carefully squared stones. Along the walls are numerous rectangular and semi-circular towers, roofed with pointed cross-arches.
Overlooking the high, eastern edge of the fortress stood a large keep, measuring 65 by 45 metres (200 by 150 feet) and protected by massive rectangular towers. Remains of several luxurious halls, water pools, rooms, suggest that this might have been the residence of the governor as well.
The fortress overlooks the deep, narrow valley that separates Mount Hermon from the rest of the Golan Heights, the road linking the Galilee with Damascus, and the former Crusader town of Banias.
A panoramic photograph of Nimrod's Fortress, looking West.
Current condition
The site is managed by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, and visitors can explore the excavated and restored portions of the fortress.
The fortress entrance is from the west, and the first section contains "secret corridors"—winding staircases and underground water cisterns with some of the original plaster still visible. There are many examples of "loopholes" in fortress—special windows that are narrow on the outside but wide on the inside. They were designed specifically for shooting bows and arrows or crossbows, giving the defender inside the fortress plenty of room but the attacker only a narrow slit as a target. The central part, which is accessible by a path within the fortress, contains the remains of a keep surrounded by large rectangular towers. In the western section, there are the remains of a fortress within a fortress, which was protected by its own moat and drawbridge. This is the oldest part of the castle, which was built the first.
The park entrance is located on Route 989 between Kiryat Shmona and Mount Hermon, about twenty minutes east of Kiryat Shmona.
Nimrod, an Israeli settlement, is located nearby.
In the Israeli film Beaufort, the castle substituted for Beaufort Castle, which is located in southern Lebanon.
Gallery
Plan from the 1871-77 PEF Survey of Palestine
Nimrod Fortress - view towards the keep
Nimrod Fortress - cistern
Nimrod Fortress - cistern
Nimrod Fortress - room with door, loophole
Nimrod Fortress - room with loophole
References
^ Devir, Ori, Off the Beaten Track in Israel, Adama Books (New York, 1989), p. 16 ISBN 0-915361-28-0.
^ Jonathan Klawans. "Site-Seeing: Nimrod: A Golan fortress fit for a giant", Bible History Daily, 14 November 2018. Washington DC: Biblical Archaeology Society (BAS). Accessed 26 March 2024.
^ a b c d e f g Margalit, Alon. "Differential earthquake footprints on the masonry styles at Qal’at al-Subayba (Nimrod fortress) support the theory of its ancient origin". In Heritage Science 6: 62, 29 October 2018, doi:10.1186/s40494-018-0227-9?. Re-accessed 26 March 2024.
^ Ronnie Ellenblum (1989). "Who Built Qalʿat al-Ṣubayba?". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 43: 103–112. doi:10.2307/1291606. JSTOR 1291606.
^ Reuven Amitai (1989). "Notes on the Ayyūbid Inscriptions at al-Ṣubayba (Qalʿat Nimrūd)". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 43: 113–119. doi:10.2307/1291607. JSTOR 1291607.
^ Reuven Amitai-Preiss (2005). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780521522908. Retrieved 3 April 2015.
^ "Nimrod Fortress". Beinharim Tourism Services. Beinharim Tourism Servic. Retrieved 15 October 2021.
^ Sharon, Moshe (1999). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae: B v. 1 (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Hardcover ed.). Brill Publishers. p. 59. ISBN 90-04-11083-6.
^ "Nimrod Fortress". Madain Project. Retrieved 14 December 2018.
Kennedy, Hugh (2000). Crusader Castles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79913-9.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nimrod Fortress.
Nimrod Fortress park at Israel Nature and Parks Authority (in English)
Nimrod Fortress park at Israel Nature and Parks Authority (in Hebrew)
Pictorial compendium of Nimrod Fortress
vteNational parks in the Israeli-occupied territoriesEast Jerusalem
Jerusalem Walls National Park
Emek Tzurim
Golan Heights
Hermon
Hexagon Pool
Kursi
Nimrod Fortress
Hippos
West Bank
Canada Park
Herodium
Qumran
Samaria
Tomb of Samuel
See also: National parks of Israel
vteIsmaili castles
Abu Qubays, Syria
Alamut Castle
Atashgah Castle
Chehel Dokhtar Castle, Qaen
Chimarud castle
Estanavand Naruheh castle
Furg Citadel
Gahur Castle
Gerdkuh
Ispahbudhan castle
Kafar Qaleh, Mehdishahr
Khanik castle
Khawabi
Kol Hassan Sabbah castle
Kuh Qaen castle
Kuh Zardan castle
Lambsar Castle
Mansur Kuh castle
Masyaf Castle
Maymun-Diz
Nimrod Castle
Qal'eh Dokhtar, Ferdows
Qal'eh Dokhtar, Kuhsorkh
Qal'eh Kuh of Ferdows
Qala Castle, Mud
Qala Castle, Nowzad
Qala Castle, Sarayan
Rudkhan Castle
Al-Rusafa, Syria
Saru Castles
Shahdiz
Category
vte Castles in Syria
Abu Qubays
Aleika Castle
Castle of al-Al
Al-Sheikh Deeb Castle
Areimeh Castle
Bani Qahtan Castle
Bourzey castle
Burj al-Sabi
Chastel Blanc
Chastel Rouge
Krak des Chevaliers
Citadel of Aleppo
Citadel of Damascus
Citadel of Homs
Hama Castle
Al-Kahf Castle
Khariba Castle
Khawabi
Maniqa Castle
Margat
Masyaf Castle
Montferrand
Nimrod Castle
Palmyra Castle
Qal'at Ja'bar
Qal'at Najm
Qalaat al-Madiq
Qasr al-Hayr al-Gharbi
Qasr al-Hayr al-Sharqi
Qasr Ibn Wardan
Qulay'ah Castle
Al-Rahba
Sahyun Castle
Shaizar
Shmemis
Shughr-Bakas
Qal'at Sukkara
Citadel of Tartus
Also See: Castles in Syria
Authority control databases: National
Israel
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golan_024_Nimrod.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arabic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_language"},{"link_name":"Hebrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_language"},{"link_name":"castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle"},{"link_name":"Ayyubids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Mamluks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Mount Hermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hermon"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"Qal'at","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qal%27at"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Israeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel"},{"link_name":"since 1967","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six-Day_War"},{"link_name":"Syrian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syria"}],"text":"Medieval fortress situated in the Golan HeightsNimrod FortressThe Nimrod Fortress or Nimrod Castle (Arabic: قلعة الصبيبة Qal'at al-Subeiba, \"Castle of the Large Cliff\", later Qal'at Namrud, \"Nimrod's Castle\"; Hebrew: מבצר נמרוד, Mivtzar Nimrod, \"Nimrod's Fortress\") is a castle built by the Ayyubids and hugely enlarged by the Mamluks, situated on the southern slopes of Mount Hermon, on a ridge rising about 800 m (2600 feet) above sea level. It overlooks the Golan Heights and was built with the purpose of guarding a major access route to Damascus against armies coming from the west.Alternative forms and spellings include: Kal'at instead of Qal'at, the prefix as- instead of al-, and Subayba, Subaybah and Subeibeh in place of Subeiba. The association of the fortress with the biblical king, mighty warrior and hunter Nimrod, who entered post-koranic Islamic interpretive literature as Nimrud, came from the Druze, who only settled in the area in the 19th century.[2]The area is under Israeli occupation and administration since 1967 together with the adjacent Golan Heights. The international community sees the area as Syrian territory.","title":"Nimrod Castle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hellenistic period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hellenistic_period"},{"link_name":"Herodians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herodian_Dynasty"},{"link_name":"Romans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Palestine_region#Roman_period"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margalit-3"},{"link_name":"Phoenicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoenicians"},{"link_name":"Edward Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Robinson_(scholar)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margalit-3"},{"link_name":"749 event","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/749_Galilee_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margalit-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margalit-3"}],"sub_title":"Ancient (Hellenistic?) period","text":"Based on archaeological findings (so-called \"Massive masonry style\" and other typical Hellenistic elements, followed by Crusader, Ayyubid, and Mamluk masonry styles) and the study of the effect of seismic events on the masonry, correlated with historical knowledge about the major regional earthquakes, researchers reached the conclusion that a first castle was probably built at the site by the ancient Greco-Syrians, i.e. during the Hellenistic period (after 332 BCE), but not by the Herodians or Romans (ruling the region from the 1st century BCE onward).[3] The Phoenicians were also mentioned as a possibility by Edward Robinson in 1856.[3] The earthquake which damaged the oldest masonry was identified as the catastrophic 749 event.[3] Who the builders of the first castle exactly were must yet be archaeologically investigated.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rib vaults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rib_vault"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margalit-3"},{"link_name":"1202 earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1202_Syria_earthquake"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margalit-3"}],"sub_title":"Crusader period","text":"Based on masonry and building style, first and foremost including the cross-shaped rib vaults of the Eastern Hall in the castle's inner section (a shape never utilised by the Muslims), Alon Margalit considers a Crusader building phase as firmly proven.[3] The Crusader masonry shows signs of a different type of seismic damage, dated to the 1202 earthquake and absent from the later, Ayyubid and Mamluk masonry.[3]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Margalit-3"},{"link_name":"Al-Aziz Uthman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Aziz_Uthman_ibn_al-Adil"},{"link_name":"Saladin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saladin"},{"link_name":"al-'Adil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al-Adil_I"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Sixth Crusade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sixth_Crusade"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Mongols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongol"},{"link_name":"Banias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banias"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RAP05-6"}],"sub_title":"Ayyubids and Mongols","text":"The fortress was rebuilt[3] around 1228 by Al-Aziz Uthman, the son of Saladin's brother al-'Adil, to preempt an attack on Damascus by the armies of the Sixth Crusade.[4][5] It was named Qal'at al-Subeiba, \"Castle of the Large Cliff\" in Arabic. The fortress was further expanded to contain the whole ridge by 1230. In 1260 the Mongols captured the castle, dismantled some of its defenses and left their ally, the son of Al-Aziz 'Uthman, in charge of it and the nearby town of Banias.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mamluk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamluk_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ain Jalut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut"},{"link_name":"Baibars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars"},{"link_name":"Bilik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Badr_ad-Din_Bilik_al-Khaznadar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sultan"},{"link_name":"Akko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusades"},{"link_name":"Holy Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Land"}],"sub_title":"Mamluk period","text":"After the subsequent Mamluk victory over the Mongols at the Battle of Ain Jalut, Sultan Baibars strengthened the castle and added larger towers. The fortress was given to Baibars's second-in-command, Bilik. The new governor started the broad construction activities. When the construction was finished, Bilik memorialized his work and glorified the name of the sultan in a 1275 inscription. After the death of Baibars, his son arranged for Bilik to be murdered, apparently because he feared his power.At the end of the 13th century, following the Muslim conquest of the port city of Acre (Akko) and the end of Crusader rule in the Holy Land, the fortress lost its strategic value and fell into disrepair.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ottoman Turks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Turks"},{"link_name":"earthquake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earthquake"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Druze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druze"},{"link_name":"1860 conflict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1860_Lebanon_conflict"},{"link_name":"Maronites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maronites"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Ottoman period","text":"The Ottoman Turks conquered the land in 1517 and used the fortress as a luxury prison for Ottoman nobles. The fortress was abandoned later in the 16th century and local shepherds and their flocks were the sole guests within its walls.The fortress was significantly damaged by an earthquake in 1759 that hit the region.[7]Druze who came to the region during the 1860 conflict between themselves and the Maronites began calling it Qal'at Namrud (Nimrod's Castle).[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"keep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Mount Hermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hermon"},{"link_name":"Golan Heights","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"Galilee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galilee"},{"link_name":"Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damascus"},{"link_name":"Crusader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusader_states"},{"link_name":"Banias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banias"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nimrod_Fortress_Looking_West.jpg"}],"text":"The entire fortress complex is 420 m (1350 feet) in length and 150 m (500 feet) in width, and is built of large, carefully squared stones. Along the walls are numerous rectangular and semi-circular towers, roofed with pointed cross-arches.Overlooking the high, eastern edge of the fortress stood a large keep, measuring 65 by 45 metres (200 by 150 feet) and protected by massive rectangular towers. Remains of several luxurious halls, water pools, rooms, suggest that this might have been the residence of the governor as well.[9]The fortress overlooks the deep, narrow valley that separates Mount Hermon from the rest of the Golan Heights, the road linking the Galilee with Damascus, and the former Crusader town of Banias.A panoramic photograph of Nimrod's Fortress, looking West.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Israel Nature and Parks Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Nature_and_Parks_Authority"},{"link_name":"keep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keep"},{"link_name":"Kiryat Shmona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiryat_Shmona"},{"link_name":"Mount Hermon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Hermon"},{"link_name":"Nimrod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimrod,_Golan_Heights"},{"link_name":"Israeli settlement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_settlement"},{"link_name":"Beaufort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_(film)"},{"link_name":"Beaufort Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Castle,_Lebanon"}],"text":"The site is managed by the Israel Nature and Parks Authority, and visitors can explore the excavated and restored portions of the fortress.The fortress entrance is from the west, and the first section contains \"secret corridors\"—winding staircases and underground water cisterns with some of the original plaster still visible. There are many examples of \"loopholes\" in fortress—special windows that are narrow on the outside but wide on the inside. They were designed specifically for shooting bows and arrows or crossbows, giving the defender inside the fortress plenty of room but the attacker only a narrow slit as a target. The central part, which is accessible by a path within the fortress, contains the remains of a keep surrounded by large rectangular towers. In the western section, there are the remains of a fortress within a fortress, which was protected by its own moat and drawbridge. This is the oldest part of the castle, which was built the first.The park entrance is located on Route 989 between Kiryat Shmona and Mount Hermon, about twenty minutes east of Kiryat Shmona.Nimrod, an Israeli settlement, is located nearby.In the Israeli film Beaufort, the castle substituted for Beaufort Castle, which is located in southern Lebanon.","title":"Current condition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Banias_from_the_1871-77_Palestine_Exploration_Fund_Survey_of_Palestine.jpg"},{"link_name":"PEF Survey of Palestine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PEF_Survey_of_Palestine"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nimrod_Fortress_3408813155).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nimrod_Fortress_3408805611).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Golan_Heights-_fortress_cistern_(4714152066).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nimrod_-_fortress_room_(4713514013).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nimrod_-_fortress_inner_window_(4713513417).jpg"}],"text":"Plan from the 1871-77 PEF Survey of Palestine\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNimrod Fortress - view towards the keep\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNimrod Fortress - cistern\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNimrod Fortress - cistern\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNimrod Fortress - room with door, loophole\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tNimrod Fortress - room with loophole","title":"Gallery"}] | [{"image_text":"Nimrod Fortress","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Golan_024_Nimrod.jpg/250px-Golan_024_Nimrod.jpg"},{"image_text":"A panoramic photograph of Nimrod's Fortress, looking West.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Nimrod_Fortress_Looking_West.jpg/800px-Nimrod_Fortress_Looking_West.jpg"}] | null | [{"reference":"Ronnie Ellenblum (1989). \"Who Built Qalʿat al-Ṣubayba?\". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 43: 103–112. doi:10.2307/1291606. JSTOR 1291606.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291606","url_text":"10.2307/1291606"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291606","url_text":"1291606"}]},{"reference":"Reuven Amitai (1989). \"Notes on the Ayyūbid Inscriptions at al-Ṣubayba (Qalʿat Nimrūd)\". Dumbarton Oaks Papers. 43: 113–119. doi:10.2307/1291607. JSTOR 1291607.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291607","url_text":"10.2307/1291607"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291607","url_text":"1291607"}]},{"reference":"Reuven Amitai-Preiss (2005). Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN 9780521522908. Retrieved 3 April 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DFO-eV9cQ0sC&q=mongol+subayba&pg=PA32","url_text":"Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521522908","url_text":"9780521522908"}]},{"reference":"\"Nimrod Fortress\". Beinharim Tourism Services. Beinharim Tourism Servic. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.beinharimtours.com/nimrod-fortress/","url_text":"\"Nimrod Fortress\""}]},{"reference":"Sharon, Moshe (1999). Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae: B v. 1 (Handbook of Oriental Studies) (Hardcover ed.). Brill Publishers. p. 59. ISBN 90-04-11083-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moshe_Sharon","url_text":"Sharon, Moshe"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA59","url_text":"Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae: B v. 1 (Handbook of Oriental Studies)"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA59","url_text":"59"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-11083-6","url_text":"90-04-11083-6"}]},{"reference":"\"Nimrod Fortress\". Madain Project. Retrieved 14 December 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://madainproject.com/nimrod_fortress","url_text":"\"Nimrod Fortress\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Hugh (2000). Crusader Castles. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-79913-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-79913-9","url_text":"0-521-79913-9"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://deepl.com/","external_links_name":"DeepL"},{"Link":"https://translate.google.com/","external_links_name":"Google Translate"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Nimrod_Castle¶ms=33.252778_N_35.714722_E_type:landmark","external_links_name":"33°15′10″N 35°42′53″E / 33.252778°N 35.714722°E / 33.252778; 35.714722"},{"Link":"https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/biblical-topics/post-biblical-period/nimrod/","external_links_name":"\"Site-Seeing: Nimrod: A Golan fortress fit for a giant\""},{"Link":"https://heritagesciencejournal.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40494-018-0227-9","external_links_name":"\"Differential earthquake footprints on the masonry styles at Qal’at al-Subayba (Nimrod fortress) support the theory of its ancient origin\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40494-018-0227-9%3F","external_links_name":"10.1186/s40494-018-0227-9?"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291606","external_links_name":"10.2307/1291606"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291606","external_links_name":"1291606"},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1291607","external_links_name":"10.2307/1291607"},{"Link":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291607","external_links_name":"1291607"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DFO-eV9cQ0sC&q=mongol+subayba&pg=PA32","external_links_name":"Mongols and Mamluks: The Mamluk-Ilkhanid War, 1260–1281"},{"Link":"https://www.beinharimtours.com/nimrod-fortress/","external_links_name":"\"Nimrod Fortress\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicarum Palaestinae: B v. 1 (Handbook of Oriental Studies)"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EPFDU8POrXIC&pg=PA59","external_links_name":"59"},{"Link":"https://madainproject.com/nimrod_fortress","external_links_name":"\"Nimrod Fortress\""},{"Link":"https://en.parks.org.il/ParksAndReserves/mvzerNmrod/Pages/default.aspx/","external_links_name":"Nimrod Fortress park"},{"Link":"https://www.parks.org.il/reserve-park/%D7%92%D7%9F-%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99-%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%A8-%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93-%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%AA-%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93/","external_links_name":"Nimrod Fortress park"},{"Link":"https://madainproject.com/nimrod_fortress","external_links_name":"Pictorial compendium of Nimrod Fortress"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007400225405171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007395710505171","external_links_name":"2"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georg_Kn%C3%B6pfle | Georg Knöpfle | ["1 Honours","2 References","3 External links"] | German footballer (1904–1987)
Georg Knöpfle
Personal informationDate of birth
15 May 1904Place of birth
Schramberg, GermanyDate of death
14 December 1987(1987-12-14) (aged 83)Place of death
Hamburg, West GermanyPosition(s)
DefenderYouth career1913–1926
SpVgg Schramberg 08Senior career*Years
Team
Apps
(Gls)1926–1928
SpVgg Fürth
1928–1934
FSV Frankfurt
International career1928–1933
Germany
23
(0)Managerial career1937–1948
Eintracht Braunschweig1948–1949
Arminia Hannover1949–1954
Hamburger SV1954
Bayern Munich1955–1958
Alemannia Aachen1958–1963
Werder Bremen1963–1966
1. FC Köln1969–1970
Hamburger SV
*Club domestic league appearances and goals
Georg "Schorsch" Knöpfle (15 May 1904 – 14 December 1987) was a German football player and coach. As a player, he received 23 international caps and was part of the German squad at the 1928 Summer Olympics.
Honours
1. FC Köln
Bundesliga: 1963–64; runner-up 1964–65
Werder Bremen
DFB-Pokal: 1961
References
^ "Georg Knöpfle". Olympedia. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
^ Arnhold, Matthias (2 February 2017). "Georg Knöpfle – International Appearances". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 8 February 2017.
^ "Georg Knöpfle". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013.
External links
Georg Knöpfle at fussballdaten.de (in German)
Georg Knöpfle at National-Football-Teams.com
vteGermany football squad – 1928 Summer Olympics
GK Gehlhaar
GK Stuhlfauth
GK Wentorf
DF Beier
DF Heidkamp
DF Kutterer
DF Weber
MF Gruber
MF Kalb
MF Knöpfle
MF Leinberger
MF Müller
MF Nagelschmitz
MF Reinmann
FW Albrecht
FW L. Hofmann
FW R. Hofmann
FW Horn
FW Hornauer
FW Kuzorra
FW Pöttinger
FW Schmitt
Coach: Nerz
vteBundesliga winning managersGerman football championship era
1903: Unknown
1904: None
1905: Unknown
1906: Unknown
1907: Unknown
1908: Unknown
1909: Beier
1910: Townley
1911: Unknown
1912: Unknown
1913: Unknown
1914: Townley
1920: Unknown
1921: Kürschner
1922: None
1923: Turner
1924: Unknown
1925: Unknown
1926: Townley
1927: Spiksley
1928: Agte
1929: Krauß
1930: Girulatis
1931: Girulatis
1932: Kohn
1933: Körner
1934: Schmidt
1935: Schmidt
1936: Michalke
1937: Schmidt
1938: Fuchs
1939: Faist
1940: Faist
1941: Nitsch
1942: Faist
1943: Köhler
1944: Köhler
1948: Riemke
1949: Schmidt
1950: Wurzer
1951: R. Schneider
1952: Wurzer
1953: R. Schneider
1954: Kronsbein
1955: Szepan
1956: H. Schneider
1957: H. Schneider
1958: Frühwirth
1959: Oßwald
1960: Mahlmann
1961: Widmayer
1962: Čajkovski
1963: Eppenhoff
Bundesliga era
1964: Knöpfle
1965: Multhaup
1966: Merkel
1967: Johannsen
1968: Merkel
1969: Zebec
1970: Weisweiler
1971: Weisweiler
1972: Lattek
1973: Lattek
1974: Lattek
1975: Weisweiler
1976: Lattek
1977: Lattek
1978: Weisweiler
1979: Zebec
1980: Csernai
1981: Csernai
1982: Happel
1983: Happel
1984: Benthaus
1985: Lattek
1986: Lattek
1987: Lattek
1988: Rehhagel
1989: Heynckes
1990: Heynckes
1991: Feldkamp
1992: Daum
1993: Rehhagel
1994: Beckenbauer
1995: Hitzfeld
1996: Hitzfeld
1997: Trapattoni
1998: Rehhagel
1999: Hitzfeld
2000: Hitzfeld
2001: Hitzfeld
2002: Sammer
2003: Hitzfeld
2004: Schaaf
2005: Magath
2006: Magath
2007: Veh
2008: Hitzfeld
2009: Magath
2010: Van Gaal
2011: Klopp
2012: Klopp
2013: Heynckes
2014: Guardiola
2015: Guardiola
2016: Guardiola
2017: Ancelotti
2018: Heynckes
2019: Kovač
2020: Flick
2021: Flick
2022: Nagelsmann
2023: Tuchel
2024: Alonso
vteDFB-Pokal winning managers
1935: Michalke
1936: Pfaff
1937: Schmidt
1938: Nitsch
1939: Riemke
1940: Köhler
1941: Köhler
1942: Schäfer
1943: Gschweidl
1953: Hohmann
1954: Wurzer
1955: Patek
1956: Janda
1957: Hahn
1958: Wurzer
1959: Wendlandt
1960: Oles
1961: Knöpfle
1962: Widmayer
1963: Wilke
1964: Merkel
1965: Eppenhoff
1966: Čajkovski
1967: Čajkovski
1968: Multhaup
1969: Zebec
1970: Schreiner
1971: Lattek
1972: Horvat
1973: Weisweiler
1974: Weise
1975: Weise
1976: Klötzer
1977: Weisweiler
1978: Weisweiler
1979: Tippenhauer
1980: Rehhagel
1981: Buchmann
1982: Csernai
1983: Michels
1984: Lattek
1985: Feldkamp
1986: Lattek
1987: Happel
1988: Feldkamp
1989: Köppel
1990: Feldkamp
1991: Rehhagel
1992: Lorkowski
1993: Stepanović
1994: Rehhagel
1995: Krauss
1996: Krautzun
1997: Löw
1998: Trapattoni
1999: Schaaf
2000: Hitzfeld
2001: Stevens
2002: Stevens
2003: Hitzfeld
2004: Schaaf
2005: Magath
2006: Magath
2007: Meyer
2008: Hitzfeld
2009: Schaaf
2010: Van Gaal
2011: Rangnick
2012: Klopp
2013: Heynckes
2014: Guardiola
2015: Hecking
2016: Guardiola
2017: Tuchel
2018: Kovač
2019: Kovač
2020: Flick
2021: Terzić
2022: Tedesco
2023: Rose
2024: Alonso
Managerial positions
vteEintracht Braunschweig – managers
Fabra (1933–?)
Knöpfle (1937–48)
Gerschler (1948–49)
Vogel (1949–52)
Conen (1952–56)
Baluses (1956–60)
Lindemann (1960–61)
Vogel (1961–63)
Johannsen (1963–70)
Knefler (1970–74)
Zebec (1974–78)
Olk (1978–79)
Patzig (1979)
Lucas (1979)
Maslo (1979–83)
Patzig (1983)
Ristić (1983–85)
Patzig (1985)
Kremer (1985–86)
Patzig (1986)
Roggensack (1986–87)
Reinders (1987–90)
Streich (1990–91)
Fuchs (1991–92)
Maslo (1992–93)
Krause (1993–94)
Olsson (1994–95)
Scheil (1995)
Möhlmann (1995–97)
Lorkowski (1997–98)
Holdorf (1998)
Sandhowe (1998–99)
Hain (1999)
Fanz (1999–2001)
Hain (2001)
Vollmann (2001–02)
Reinders (2002–04)
Loos (2004)
Krüger (2004–06)
Kronhardt (2006)
Vasić (2006)
Reimann (2006–07)
Demuth (2007)
Möhlmann (2007–08)
Lieberknecht (2008–18)
Pedersen (2018)
Schubert (2018–19)
Flüthmann (2019)
Antwerpen (2019–20)
Meyer (2020–21)
Schiele (2021–23)
Härtel (2023)
Pfitzner (2023)
Scherning (2023–)
vteHamburger SV – managers
Agte (1919–20)
A.W. Turner (1920–21)
Girulatis (1921)
Bányai (1922)
A.W. Turner (1922–23)
Townley (1923)
Agte (1923–25)
Burton (1925)
A.W. Turner (1925–26)
Riebe (1926–27)
Agte (1927–29)
Moß/ Lütkenhaus (1929)
Mattheides (1929–30)
H. Hermenau (1930)
Kertész (1931–32)
A.W. Turner (1932–33)
Halvorsen (1933)
Timm (1933–34)
Hochgesang (1934)
Mattheides (1934–35)
Lang (1935–39)
Teufel (1939)
Schulz (1939–42)
Rohwedder (1942–43)
Höger (1943)
Rohwedder (1943–44)
Höger (1944–45)
Tauchert (1945–49)
Knöpfle (1949–54)
Wilke & Mahlmann (1954–67)
Mahlmann (1956–62)
Wilke (1962–64)
Gawliczek (1964–66)
Schneider (1966–67)
Koch (1967–69)
Knöpfle (1969–70)
Ochs (1970–73)
Klötzer (1973–77)
Gutendorf (1977)
Özcan (1977–78)
Zebec (1978–80)
Ristić (1981)
Happel (1981–87)
Skoblar (1987)
Reimann (1987–90)
Schock (1990–92)
Coordes (1992)
Möhlmann (1992–95)
Magath (1995–97)
Schehr (a.i.) (1997)
Pagelsdorf (1997–2001)
Hieronymus (a.i.) (2001)
Jara (2001–03)
Toppmöller (2003–04)
Doll (2004–07)
Stevens (2007–08)
Jol (2008–09)
Labbadia (2009–10)
Moniz (a.i.) (2010)
Veh (2010–11)
Oenning (2011)
Cardoso (a.i.) (2011)
Arnesen (a.i.) (2011)
Fink (2011–13)
Cardoso (a.i.) (2013)
Van Marwijk (2013–14)
Slomka (2014)
Zinnbauer (2014–15)
Knäbel (a.i.) (2015)
Labbadia (2015–16)
Gisdol (2016–18)
Hollerbach (2018)
Titz (2018)
Wolf (2018–19)
Hecking (2019–20)
Thioune (2020–21)
Hrubesch (a.i.) (2021)
Walter (2021–24)
Polzin (a.i.) (2024)
Baumgart (2024–)
vteFC Bayern Munich – managers
Hesselink (1903–?)
Taylor (1907–?)
Hoer (1909–11)
Taylor (1911)
Griffiths (1911–12)
Townley (1914)
Kreisel (1915)
Baumann (1916–17)
Kirstner (1917–18)
Storch (1918–19)
Townley (1919–21)
Schmid (1921–24)
McPherson (1924–27)
Weisz (1927–28)
Konrád (1928–30)
Kohn (1931–33)
Tauchert (1933–34)
Hofmann (1934–35)
Michalke (1935–37)
Körner (1937–38)
Goldbrunner (1938–43)
Heidkamp (1943–45)
Högg (1945–46)
Pöttinger (1946–47)
Riemke (1947)
Dietl (1947–48)
Riemke (1948–50)
Davison (1950)
Riemke (1951)
Schäfer (1951–53)
Bayerer (1953–54)
Knöpfle (1954)
Streitle (1954–55)
Moll (1954–56)
Hahn (1956–58)
Moll (1958)
Patek (1958–61)
Schneider (1961–63)
Čajkovski (1963–68)
Zebec (1968–70)
Lattek (1970–75)
Cramer (1975–77)
Lóránt (1977–78)
Csernai (1978–83)
Saftigc (1983)
Lattek (1983–87)
Heynckes (1987–91)
Lerby (1991–92)
Ribbeck (1992–93)
Beckenbauer (1994)
Trapattoni (1994–95)
Rehhagel (1995–96)
Beckenbauerc (1996)
Trapattoni (1996–98)
Hitzfeld (1998–2004)
Magath (2004–07)
Hitzfeld (2007–08)
Klinsmann (2008–09)
Heynckesc (2009)
Van Gaal (2009–11)
Jonkerc (2011)
Heynckes (2011–13)
Guardiola (2013–16)
Ancelotti (2016–17)
Sagnolc (2017)
Heynckes (2017–18)
Kovač (2018–19)
Flick (2019–21)
Nagelsmann (2021–23)
Tuchel (2023–24)
Kompany (2024–)
(c) = caretaker manager
vteAlemannia Aachen – managers
Emunds (1920–21)
Pekarna (1921)
Rottenberger (1921–22)
Schmitz, J. Pelzer & Emunds (1922–23)
Knappe (1924)
Baumgartner (1925)
Rumbold (1926–27)
Emunds (1927–28)
Berninger & Jennes (1928)
Jennes (1928)
Zolper (1929–30)
Weisz (1930–31)
Melcher (1931–33)
Halpern (1933)
Rumbold (1933–34)
Münzenberg (1934–36)
Frauenkron (1936–37)
Wieder (1937–39)
Flink (1939–40)
Schrenk (1940–42)
Emunds & van Heiß (1942–43)
Hymnen (1943–44)
Flink (1946–47)
Havlicek (1947–48)
Kratz (1948–49)
Goffart, Gruber, Kölling & Münzenberg (1949)
Pölsterl (1949–50)
Kölling & Münzenberg (1950)
Melcher (1950–51)
Lindemann (1951–55)
Knöpfle (1955–58)
Schütt (1958)
Sárosi (1958–59)
Kronsbein (1959–62)
Pfau (1962–65)
Weth (1965–66)
Hoffmann (1966–67)
Pfeiffer (1967–69)
Stollenwerk (1969)
Weth (1969–70)
Lindemann (1970)
Kottmann & Schütt (1970–71)
Baumann (1971–72)
Schütt (1972)
Thomas (1972–73)
Pfeiffer (1973–74)
Prokop (1974)
Witzler (1974–76)
Prokop (1976–78)
Haag (1978)
Ahmann (1978–81)
Habig (1981)
Martinelli (1981)
Buhtz (1981–82)
Čendić (1982–83)
Ahmann (1983–84)
Grünther (1984)
Fuchs (1984–87)
Ferner (1987)
Neururer (1987–89)
Grünther (1989)
Denizli (1989–90)
Krautzun (1990)
Wagner (1990–91)
Schleiden (1991)
Hannes (1991–94)
Graf (1994)
vom Bruch (1994–96)
Fuchs (1996–99)
Winkhold (1999)
Hach (1999–2001)
Berger (2001–04)
Hecking (2004–06)
Bremser (2006)
Frontzeck (2006–07)
Buchwald (2007)
Schmadtke (2007)
Seeberger (2008–09)
Kronhardt (2009)
Krüger (2009–10)
Hyballa (2010–11)
Aussem (2011)
Funkel (2011–12)
Aussem (2012)
Van Eck (2012–13)
Schubert (2013–15)
Benbennek (2015)
Schaffrath & Demai (2015)
Kılıç (2015–20)
Vollmerhausen (2020–21)
Andersen (2021)
Helmes (2021)
Kılıç (2021–22)
Hohl (2022–23)
Backhaus (2023–)
vteSV Werder Bremen – managers
Kónya (1922–24)
Feldmann (1924–26)
Höger (1947–48)
Scharmann (1948–49)
Schütz (1949–XX)
Scharmann (19XX–50)
Schuller (1950–51)
Kretschmann (1951–53)
Schulz (1953–58)
Knöpfle (1958–63)
Multhaup (1963–65)
Brocker (1965–67)
Langner (1967–69)
Rebell (1969–70)
Tilkowski (1970)
Gebhardt (1970–71)
Multhaup (1971)
Piontek (1971–75)
Langner (1972)
Burdenski (1975–76)
Rehhagel (1976)
Tilkowski (1976–77)
Assauer & Schulz (1978–79)
Weber (1978–80)
Assauer & Langner (1980)
Klötzer (1980–81)
Rehhagel (1981–95)
De Mos (1995–96)
Dörner (1996–97)
Sidka (1997–98)
Magath (1998–99)
Schaaf (1999–2013)
Rolff (2013)
Dutt (2013–14)
Skrypnyk (2014–16)
Nouri (2016–17)
Kohfeldt (2017–21)
Schaaf (2021)
Anfang (2021)
Zenković (2021)
Werner (2021–)
vte1. FC Köln – managers
Flink (1948)
Schneider (1952–53)
Winkler (1953–54)
Baluses (1954–55)
Weisweiler (1955–58)
Szabó (1958–59)
Pfau (1959–61)
Čajkovski (1961–63)
Knöpfle (1963–64)
Multhaup (1966–68)
Merkle (1968–70)
Ocwirk (1970–71)
Lóránt (1971–72)
Herings (1972)
Schlott (1972–73)
Čajkovski (1973–75)
Stollenwerk (1976)
Weisweiler (1976–80)
Heddergott (1980)
Herings (1980)
Michels (1980–83)
Löhr (1983–86)
Keßler (1986)
Daum (1986–90)
Rutemöller (1990–91)
Lattek (1991)
Linßen (1991)
Berger (1991–93)
Jerat (1993)
Olsen (1993–95)
Engels (1995–96)
Neururer (1996–97)
Köstner (1997–98)
Schuster (1998–99)
Lienen (1999–2002)
John (2002)
Funkel (2002–03)
Luhukay (2003)
Koller (2003–04)
Stevens (2004–05)
Rapolder (2005–06)
Latour (2006)
Gehrke (2006)
Daum (2006–09)
Soldo (2009–10)
Schaefer (2010–11)
Finkec (2011)
Solbakken (2011–12)
Schaefer (2012)
Stanislawski (2012–13)
Stöger (2013–17)
Ruthenbeck (2017–18)
Anfang (2018–19)
Pawlakc (2019)
Beierlorzer (2019)
Gisdol (2019–21)
Funkel (2021)
Baumgart (2021–23)
Schultz (2023–)
(c) = caretaker manager
Authority control databases International
ISNI
VIAF
WorldCat
National
Germany
People
Deutsche Biographie
This biographical article related to association football in Germany, about a defender born in the 1900s, is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"1928 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Georg \"Schorsch\" Knöpfle (15 May 1904 – 14 December 1987) was a German football player and coach.[1] As a player, he received 23 international caps[2] and was part of the German squad at the 1928 Summer Olympics.[3]","title":"Georg Knöpfle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bundesliga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1963–64","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1963%E2%80%9364_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"1964–65","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964%E2%80%9365_Bundesliga"},{"link_name":"DFB-Pokal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFB-Pokal"},{"link_name":"1961","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1960%E2%80%9361_DFB-Pokal"}],"text":"1. FC KölnBundesliga: 1963–64; runner-up 1964–65Werder BremenDFB-Pokal: 1961","title":"Honours"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"\"Georg Knöpfle\". Olympedia. Retrieved 12 September 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25448","url_text":"\"Georg Knöpfle\""}]},{"reference":"Arnhold, Matthias (2 February 2017). \"Georg Knöpfle – International Appearances\". Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation. Retrieved 8 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/knoepfle-intl.html","url_text":"\"Georg Knöpfle – International Appearances\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rec.Sport.Soccer_Statistics_Foundation","url_text":"Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation"}]},{"reference":"\"Georg Knöpfle\". Sports-Reference.com. Archived from the original on 16 December 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121216224835/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kn/georg-knopfle-1.html","url_text":"\"Georg Knöpfle\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kn/georg-knopfle-1.html","url_text":"the original"}]}] | [{"Link":"https://www.olympedia.org/athletes/25448","external_links_name":"\"Georg Knöpfle\""},{"Link":"https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/knoepfle-intl.html","external_links_name":"\"Georg Knöpfle – International Appearances\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121216224835/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kn/georg-knopfle-1.html","external_links_name":"\"Georg Knöpfle\""},{"Link":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kn/georg-knopfle-1.html","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.fussballdaten.de/person/knoepflegeorg/","external_links_name":"Georg Knöpfle"},{"Link":"https://www.national-football-teams.com/player/16794.html","external_links_name":"Georg Knöpfle"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000120428520","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/171332584","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJvd4HqmBWdYbFjwPDFMyd","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/1012721280","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd1012721280.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georg_Kn%C3%B6pfle&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}] |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_Textbook_of_Medicine | The Oxford Textbook of Medicine | ["1 Description","2 Online access","3 Editorial team","4 References","5 External links"] | International textbook of medicine
The Oxford Textbook of Medicine AuthorJohn Firth, Christopher Conlon, and Timothy CoxLanguageEnglishSubjectMedicineGenreReferencePublished1983 (First Ed.)2020 (Sixth Ed.)Oxford University PressMedia typeOnline & Hardbound
The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is an international textbook of medicine. First published in 1983, it is now in its sixth edition. It is primarily aimed at mature physicians looking for information outside their area of particular expertise, but widely used as a reference source by medical students and doctors in training, and by others seeking authoritative accounts of the science and clinical practice of medicine.
The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is available in print and online - where its contents are systematically updated.
Description
The Oxford Textbook of Medicine covers the scientific aspects and clinical practice of internal medicine and its subspecialties. It offers practical guidance on clinical management and the prevention of disease.
Throughout the book, basic science and clinical practice are integrated, and the implications of research for medical practice are explained. Traditional specialty areas in clinical medicine are covered, and there are sections on the following; bioterrorism and forensic medicine; medical disorders in pregnancy; travel and expedition medicine; nutrition; the use of stem cells; regenerative medicine; and psychiatry and drug related problems in general medical practice.
The fifth edition of this book is different from previous editions, with each chapter including a chapter summary, and all illustrations and photographs now in full colour.
The 6th edition was published in March 2020.
Online access
The sixth edition of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine is available online from Oxford University Press. The online edition contains the full-text, figures, and illustrations of the print version, as well as links to sources of related and further reading. All figures can be downloaded into PowerPoint.
The online edition of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine will be systematically updated twice a year.
Online access in low and middle income countries is supported by the Wellcome Trust and is made available through the World Health Organisation-led HINARI Access to Research in Health programme.
Editorial team
The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is edited by:
David A. Warrell, Emeritus Professor of Tropical Medicine and Honorary Fellow of St Cross College, University of Oxford, UK
Timothy M. Cox, Professor of Medicine, University of Cambridge; Honorary Consultant Physician, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
John D. Firth, Consultant Physician and Nephrologist, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
In total, there are 750 contributors to the textbook.
References
^ Warrell DA, Cox TM, Firth JD. (2010). The Oxford Textbook of Medicine Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine (5th ed.). Oxford University Press
^ Oxford University Press - Oxford Textbook of Medicine (Print Edition)
^ Oxford University Press - Oxford Textbook of Medicine (Print Edition)
^ Oxford University Press - Oxford Textbook of Medicine (Print Edition)
^ Oxford University Press - Oxford Textbook of Medicine (Print Edition)
^ Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Oxford University Press. 10 March 2020. ISBN 978-0-19-874669-0.
^ Oxford University Press - Oxford Textbook of Medicine (Online Edition)
^ Warrell DA, Cox TM, Firth JD. (2010). The Oxford Textbook of Medicine Archived 2012-03-21 at the Wayback Machine
^ WHO HINARI website
^ Oxford University Press - Oxford Textbook of Medicine (Print Edition)
External links
The Oxford Textbook of Medicine
The catalogue of Oxford University Press | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"textbook of medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medical_literature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The Oxford Textbook of Medicine[1] is an international textbook of medicine. First published in 1983, it is now in its sixth edition.[2] It is primarily aimed at mature physicians looking for information outside their area of particular expertise, but widely used as a reference source by medical students and doctors in training, and by others seeking authoritative accounts of the science and clinical practice of medicine.The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is available in print and online - where its contents are systematically updated.","title":"The Oxford Textbook of Medicine"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"internal medicine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_medicine"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Oxford Textbook of Medicine covers the scientific aspects and clinical practice of internal medicine and its subspecialties. It offers practical guidance on clinical management and the prevention of disease.[3]Throughout the book, basic science and clinical practice are integrated, and the implications of research for medical practice are explained. Traditional specialty areas in clinical medicine are covered, and there are sections on the following; bioterrorism and forensic medicine; medical disorders in pregnancy; travel and expedition medicine; nutrition; the use of stem cells; regenerative medicine; and psychiatry and drug related problems in general medical practice.[4]The fifth edition of this book is different from previous editions, with each chapter including a chapter summary, and all illustrations and photographs now in full colour.[5]The 6th edition was published in March 2020.[6]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Wellcome Trust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wellcome_Trust"},{"link_name":"HINARI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HINARI"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The sixth edition of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine is available online from Oxford University Press. The online edition contains the full-text, figures, and illustrations of the print version, as well as links to sources of related and further reading. All figures can be downloaded into PowerPoint.[7]The online edition of the Oxford Textbook of Medicine will be systematically updated twice a year.[8]Online access in low and middle income countries is supported by the Wellcome Trust and is made available through the World Health Organisation-led HINARI Access to Research in Health programme.[9]","title":"Online access"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The Oxford Textbook of Medicine is edited by:David A. Warrell, Emeritus Professor of Tropical Medicine and Honorary Fellow of St Cross College, University of Oxford, UK\nTimothy M. Cox, Professor of Medicine, University of Cambridge; Honorary Consultant Physician, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK\nJohn D. Firth, Consultant Physician and Nephrologist, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UKIn total, there are 750 contributors to the textbook.[10]","title":"Editorial team"}] | [] | null | [{"reference":"Oxford Textbook of Medicine. Oxford University Press. 10 March 2020. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_sinus_stimulation | Carotid sinus | ["1 Structure","2 Function","3 Clinical significance","3.1 Disease","3.1.1 Carotid sinus hypersensitivity","3.1.2 Carotid sinus syndrome","3.2 Treatment of resistant hypertension","3.3 Massage","3.4 Carotid sinus reflex death","4 In martial arts and self defense","5 See also","6 References","7 Additional images","8 External links"] | Dilated area near internal carotid artery above bifurcation
Carotid sinusArteries of the neck. The carotid sinus is at the origin of the internal carotid artery.DetailsArteryCarotid arteryNerveBranch of glossopharyngeal nerve to carotid sinusIdentifiersLatinsinus caroticusMeSHD002346TA98A12.2.04.008 A12.2.06.003TA24367FMA50094Anatomical terminology
In human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a dilated area at the base of the internal carotid artery just superior to the bifurcation of the internal carotid and external carotid at the level of the superior border of thyroid cartilage. The carotid sinus extends from the bifurcation to the "true" internal carotid artery. The carotid sinus is sensitive to pressure changes in the arterial blood at this level. It is the major baroreception site in humans and most mammals.
Structure
The carotid sinus is the reflex area of the carotid artery, consisting of baroreceptors which monitor blood pressure.
Function
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The carotid sinus contains numerous baroreceptors which function as a "sampling area" for many homeostatic mechanisms for maintaining blood pressure. The carotid sinus baroreceptors are innervated by the carotid sinus nerve, which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX). The neurons which innervate the carotid sinus centrally project to the solitary nucleus in the medulla of the brainstem. The solitary nucleus indirectly modulates the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the medulla and pons through the hypothalamus. These neurons then regulate the autonomic control of the heart and blood vessels. The aortic arch baroreceptors are innervated by the aortic nerve (nerve of Cyon, Ludwig nerve), which combines with CN X (vagus nerve) and travels to the NTS.
Clinical significance
It is a sensitive site of the body because stimulation can drive large-scale reflex effects throughout the body. This can be used therapeutically in treatment of resistant hypertension by baroreflex activation. Physical assault at this point, producing massive baroreflex activation can cause dramatic falls in blood pressure and cerebral ischemia. This is the mechanism of baroreflex activation therapy.
Disease
The carotid sinus often has atherosclerotic plaques because of disturbed hemodynamics (low wall shear stress, flow reversal/recirculation). Since these plaques, if large and unstable, predispose to ischemic strokes and transient ischemic attacks, carotid endarterectomies are frequently done for prophylaxis.
Carotid sinus hypersensitivity
The carotid sinus baroreceptor can be oversensitive to manual stimulation from the pressure applied at the carotid sinus at the carotid bifurcation. It is a condition known as 'carotid sinus hypersensitivity' (CSH), 'carotid sinus syndrome' or 'carotid sinus syncope', in which manual stimulation causes large changes in heart rate and blood pressure, which can result in bradycardia, vasodilation, and hypotension. This classically presents as a patient who has "fainted" (actually a presyncope) on several occasions while shaving, or in some other way coming into contact with their carotid sinus. Denervation is performed as treatment for this.
Usually older patients with syncope and unexplained falls often have coexisting conditions such as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, orthostatic hypotension, and vasovagal syncope.
Carotid sinus syndrome
Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is a temporary loss of consciousness that sometimes accompanies convulsive seizures because of the intensity of the carotid sinus reflex when pressure builds in one or both carotid sinuses.
Treatment of resistant hypertension
Stimulation of baroreceptors at the carotid sinus can be used to treat resistant hypertension via activation of the baroreflex. A pacemaker-like device can be implanted to electrically stimulate the receptors chronically, which is found to lower blood pressure by 15–25 mmHg.
Massage
See also: vagal maneuver and Czermak–Hering test
Massage of the carotid sinus, carotid sinus massage is used to diagnose carotid sinus syncope and is sometimes useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from ventricular tachycardia. Like the valsalva maneuver, it is a treatment for acute SVT. It is less effective than pharmaceutical management of SVT with verapamil or adenosine, but it is still the preferred first line of treatment in a hemodynamically stable patient.
Carotid sinus reflex death
Carotid sinus reflex death is a potential etiology of sudden death in which manual stimulation of the carotid sinus allegedly causes strong glossopharyngeal nerve (Vagus nerve is for aortic arch baroreceptors) impulses leading to terminal cardiac arrest. Carotid sinus reflex death has been pointed out as a possible cause of death in cases of strangulation, hanging and autoerotic strangulation, but such deductions remain controversial. Medical literature examining the use of carotid sinus massage involving brief gentle pressure of the carotid sinus in therapeutic settings as a diagnostic and therapeutic examination tool have reported few potentially fatal complications. A carotid massage can also possibly dislodge a thrombus, or some plaque. This could lead to any number of life-threatening effects, including stroke.
In martial arts and self defense
Stimulation of the carotid sinus via a slap or a strike, to induce (usually temporary, but sometimes lethal) loss of consciousness is a self-defense technique, and is often taught in martial arts such as karate.
See also
Baroreflex
Carotid body
References
^ Pellerito JS, Polak JF (2012). Introduction to vascular ultrasonography. Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 9781437714173. OCLC 797855544.
^ Câmara R, Griessenauer CJ (January 2015). "Chapter 27 - Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve". In Tubbs RS, Rizk E, Shoja MM, Loukas M (eds.). Nerves and Nerve Injuries. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 385–397. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00028-7. ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0.
^ Hermanowicz N (January 2007). "Chapter 13 - Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal) and X (Vagus)". In Goetz CG (ed.). Textbook of Clinical Neurology (Third ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 217–229. doi:10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10013-x. ISBN 978-1-4160-3618-0.
^ a b Scheffers IJ, Kroon AA, Schmidli J, Jordan J, Tordoir JJ, Mohaupt MG, et al. (October 2010). "Novel baroreflex activation therapy in resistant hypertension: results of a European multi-center feasibility study". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 56 (15): 1254–1258. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.089. PMID 20883933.
^ Glagov S, Zarins C, Giddens DP, Ku DN (October 1988). "Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. Insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 112 (10): 1018–1031. PMID 3052352.
^ Kharsa A, Wadhwa R (2024). "Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32644485. Retrieved 2024-03-23.
^ a b Wijetunga MN (2021-10-16). Talavera F, Compton SJ (eds.). "Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology". Medscape.
^ Tan MP, Chadwick TJ, Kerr SR, Parry SW (June 2014). "Symptomatic presentation of carotid sinus hypersensitivity is associated with impaired cerebral autoregulation". Journal of the American Heart Association. 3 (3): e000514. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000514. PMC 4309040. PMID 24947997.
^ Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ (September 2018). "Baroreceptors in the carotid and hypertension-systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 33 (9): 1485–1493. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfx279. PMID 29136223.
^ Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Goh PP, Tan AT (January 1998). "Comparison of treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by Valsalva maneuver and carotid sinus massage". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 31 (1): 30–35. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70277-X. PMID 9437338.
^ Ballo P, Bernabò D, Faraguti SA (August 2004). "Heart rate is a predictor of success in the treatment of adults with symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia". European Heart Journal. 25 (15): 1310–1317. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.05.011. PMID 15288158.
^ Field JM, Ruple J, eds. (2007). "Managing Stable Tachycaradia: the ACLS Tachycardia Algorithm". Advanced Cardiac Life Support Provider Manual. American Heart Association. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-87493-496-0.
^ Greenwood RJ, Dupler DA (August 1962). "Death following carotid sinus pressure". JAMA. 181 (7): 605–609. doi:10.1001/jama.1962.03050330035007. PMID 13901589.
^ Deepak SM, Jenkins NP, Davidson NC, Bennett DH, Mushahwar SS (November 2005). "Ventricular fibrillation induced by carotid sinus massage without preceding bradycardia". Europace. 7 (6): 638–640. doi:10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.006. PMID 16216770.
^ Vilke GM (2007). "Neck Holds". In Ross DL, Chan T (eds.). Sudden Deaths in Custody. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-59745-015-7.
^ Passig K. "Carotid sinus reflex death - a theory and its history". Datenschlag. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2006.
^ Mankikar GD, Clark AN (May 1975). "Cardiac effects of carotid sinus massage in old age". Age and Ageing. 4 (2): 86–94. doi:10.1093/ageing/4.2.86. PMID 1146669.
^ Sensei B (8 November 2013). "Carotid Sinus strike/slap as an effective self defense technique". Full Potential Martial Arts. Retrieved 30 May 2015.
Additional images
Carotid sinus
External links
lesson5 at The Anatomy Lesson by Wesley Norman (Georgetown University) (livingneck)
vteArteries of the torso and chestLungs
Pulmonary artery
Right
Left (Ligamentum arteriosum)
Heart
Coronary circulation
Right coronary:
SA nodal
AV nodal
Atrial
Right marginal
Posterior descending
Left coronary:
Left anterior descending
Left circumflex (Left marginal)
AortaSections
Ascending aorta
Aortic arch
Descending aorta
Thoracic aorta
Abdominal aorta
Aortic body
Aortic archBrachiocephalic
Thyreoidea ima
Right subclavian
Right common carotid
Leftcommon carotid
External carotid
Internal carotid
Carotid body
Carotid sinus
Carotid bifurcation
Leftsubclavian
Internal thoracic: Anterior intercostal
Thymic
Pericardiacophrenic
Perforating branches
terminal (Musculophrenic, superior epigastric)
Costocervical trunk: Highest intercostal (Posterior intercostal 1–2)
Deep cervical
Descendingaorta
visceral: Bronchial
Esophageal
Mediastinal
parietal: Posterior intercostal 3–11
Subcostal
Superior phrenic
vteArteries of the head and neckCCAECAsup. thyroid
superior laryngeal
sternocleidomastoid branch
infrahyoid branch
cricothyroid branch
glandular branches
asc. pharyngeal
posterior meningeal
pharyngeal branches
inferior tympanic
lingual
suprahyoid
dorsal lingual
deep lingual
sublingual
facial
cervical branches (ascending palatine, tonsillar, submental, glandular)
facial branches (inferior labial
superior labial / nasal septum
lateral nasal
angular)
occipital
sternocleidomastoid
meningeal
occipital
auricular
descending
post. auricular
stylomastoid
stapedial
auricular
occipital
supf. temporal
transverse facial
middle temporal (zygomatico-orbital)
anterior auricular
frontal
parietal
maxillary1st part / mandibular
anterior tympanic
deep auricular
middle meningeal (superior tympanic, petrosal)
accessory meningeal
inferior alveolar
2nd part / pterygoid
to muscles of mastication (deep temporal, pterygoid, masseteric)
buccal
3rd part / pterygopalatine
posterior superior alveolar
infraorbital (anterior superior alveolar)
descending palatine (greater palatine, lesser palatine)
artery of the pterygoid canal
sphenopalatine (posterior septal branches, posterior lateral nasal)
pharyngeal
ICAcervical
carotid sinus
petrous
Vidian
caroticotympanic
cavernous/ophthalmic
orbital group:anterior ethmoidal
posterior ethmoidal
lacrimal (lateral palpebral)
medial palpebral
terminal (supraorbital, supratrochlear, dorsal nasal)
ocular group: central retinal
ciliary (short posterior, long posterior, anterior)
Circulus arteriosus major
hypophysial (superior, inferior)
brain
Circle of Willis
ACA (anterior communicating, Recurrent artery of Heubner, Orbitofrontal artery)
MCA (anterolateral central, Prefrontal artery, Superior terminal branch, Inferior terminal branch, Anterior temporal branch)
posterior communicating
anterior choroidal
ScAvertebral artery
meningeal
spinal (posterior, anterior)
basilar: pontine
labyrinthine
cerebellar (AICA, SCA, PICA)
cerebral (PCA)
thyrocervical trunkinferior thyroid
inferior laryngeal
tracheal
esophageal
ascending cervical
pharyngeal
glandular branches
transverse cervical
superficial branch
deep branch / dorsal scapular
scapular anastomosis
suprascapular
acromial branch
scapular anastomosis
costocervical trunk
deep cervical
Supreme Intercostal artery
Authority control databases
Terminologia Anatomica
2 | [{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"human anatomy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_anatomy"},{"link_name":"internal carotid artery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_carotid_artery"},{"link_name":"bifurcation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bifurcation"},{"link_name":"external carotid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/External_carotid"},{"link_name":"thyroid cartilage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thyroid_cartilage"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"arterial blood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arterial_blood"},{"link_name":"baroreception","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreceptor"},{"link_name":"humans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"}],"text":"In human anatomy, the carotid sinus is a dilated area at the base of the internal carotid artery just superior to the bifurcation of the internal carotid and external carotid at the level of the superior border of thyroid cartilage. The carotid sinus extends from the bifurcation to the \"true\" internal carotid artery.[1] The carotid sinus is sensitive to pressure changes in the arterial blood at this level. 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The carotid sinus baroreceptors are innervated by the carotid sinus nerve, which is a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX).[2][3] The neurons which innervate the carotid sinus centrally project to the solitary nucleus in the medulla of the brainstem. The solitary nucleus indirectly modulates the activity of sympathetic and parasympathetic neurons in the medulla and pons through the hypothalamus. These neurons then regulate the autonomic control of the heart and blood vessels. 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Denervation is performed as treatment for this.[6][7]Usually older patients with syncope and unexplained falls often have coexisting conditions such as carotid sinus hypersensitivity, orthostatic hypotension, and vasovagal syncope.[7][8]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"convulsive seizures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convulsion"},{"link_name":"reflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reflex"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"sub_title":"Disease - Carotid sinus syndrome","text":"Carotid sinus syndrome (CSS) is a temporary loss of consciousness that sometimes accompanies convulsive seizures because of the intensity of the carotid sinus reflex when pressure builds in one or both carotid sinuses.[9]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"baroreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreceptor"},{"link_name":"resistant hypertension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertension"},{"link_name":"baroreflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreflex"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-4"}],"sub_title":"Treatment of resistant hypertension","text":"Stimulation of baroreceptors at the carotid sinus can be used to treat resistant hypertension via activation of the baroreflex. A pacemaker-like device can be implanted to electrically stimulate the receptors chronically, which is found to lower blood pressure by 15–25 mmHg.[4]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"vagal maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagal_maneuver"},{"link_name":"Czermak–Hering test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czermak%E2%80%93Hering_test"},{"link_name":"Massage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massage"},{"link_name":"carotid sinus syncope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syncope_(medicine)"},{"link_name":"supraventricular tachycardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supraventricular_tachycardia"},{"link_name":"ventricular tachycardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventricular_tachycardia"},{"link_name":"valsalva maneuver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valsalva_maneuver"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"verapamil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verapamil"},{"link_name":"adenosine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adenosine"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"hemodynamically","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemodynamics"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"sub_title":"Massage","text":"See also: vagal maneuver and Czermak–Hering testMassage of the carotid sinus, carotid sinus massage is used to diagnose carotid sinus syncope and is sometimes useful for differentiating supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) from ventricular tachycardia. Like the valsalva maneuver, it is a treatment for acute SVT.[10] It is less effective than pharmaceutical management of SVT with verapamil or adenosine,[11] but it is still the preferred first line of treatment in a hemodynamically stable patient.[12]","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"etiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etiology"},{"link_name":"death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Death"},{"link_name":"glossopharyngeal nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossopharyngeal_nerve"},{"link_name":"Vagus nerve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagus_nerve"},{"link_name":"aortic arch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortic_arch"},{"link_name":"baroreceptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreceptor"},{"link_name":"cardiac arrest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiac_arrest"},{"link_name":"strangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strangling"},{"link_name":"hanging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanging"},{"link_name":"autoerotic strangulation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erotic_asphyxiation"},{"link_name":"controversial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unproved"},{"link_name":"carotid sinus massage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_sinus_nerve"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vilke_2007-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"thrombus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thrombus"},{"link_name":"plaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clogged_arteries"},{"link_name":"stroke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stroke"}],"sub_title":"Carotid sinus reflex death","text":"Carotid sinus reflex death is a potential etiology of sudden death in which manual stimulation of the carotid sinus allegedly causes strong glossopharyngeal nerve (Vagus nerve is for aortic arch baroreceptors) impulses leading to terminal cardiac arrest. Carotid sinus reflex death has been pointed out as a possible cause of death in cases of strangulation, hanging and autoerotic strangulation, but such deductions remain controversial. Medical literature examining the use of carotid sinus massage involving brief gentle pressure of the carotid sinus in therapeutic settings as a diagnostic and therapeutic examination tool have reported few potentially fatal complications.[13][14][15][16][17] A carotid massage can also possibly dislodge a thrombus, or some plaque. This could lead to any number of life-threatening effects, including stroke.","title":"Clinical significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"self-defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-defense"},{"link_name":"martial arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martial_arts"},{"link_name":"karate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karate"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Stimulation of the carotid sinus via a slap or a strike, to induce (usually temporary, but sometimes lethal) loss of consciousness is a self-defense technique, and is often taught in martial arts such as karate.[18]","title":"In martial arts and self defense"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Slide12hhh.JPG"}],"text":"Carotid sinus","title":"Additional images"}] | [] | [{"title":"Baroreflex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baroreflex"},{"title":"Carotid body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carotid_body"}] | [{"reference":"Pellerito JS, Polak JF (2012). Introduction to vascular ultrasonography. Saunders/Elsevier. ISBN 9781437714173. OCLC 797855544.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781437714173","url_text":"9781437714173"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/797855544","url_text":"797855544"}]},{"reference":"Câmara R, Griessenauer CJ (January 2015). \"Chapter 27 - Anatomy of the Vagus Nerve\". In Tubbs RS, Rizk E, Shoja MM, Loukas M (eds.). Nerves and Nerve Injuries. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 385–397. doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00028-7. ISBN 978-0-12-410390-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-410390-0.00028-7","url_text":"10.1016/b978-0-12-410390-0.00028-7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-410390-0","url_text":"978-0-12-410390-0"}]},{"reference":"Hermanowicz N (January 2007). \"Chapter 13 - Cranial Nerves IX (Glossopharyngeal) and X (Vagus)\". In Goetz CG (ed.). Textbook of Clinical Neurology (Third ed.). Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. pp. 217–229. doi:10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10013-x. ISBN 978-1-4160-3618-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-141603618-0.10013-x","url_text":"10.1016/b978-141603618-0.10013-x"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-3618-0","url_text":"978-1-4160-3618-0"}]},{"reference":"Scheffers IJ, Kroon AA, Schmidli J, Jordan J, Tordoir JJ, Mohaupt MG, et al. (October 2010). \"Novel baroreflex activation therapy in resistant hypertension: results of a European multi-center feasibility study\". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 56 (15): 1254–1258. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.089. PMID 20883933.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2010.03.089","url_text":"\"Novel baroreflex activation therapy in resistant hypertension: results of a European multi-center feasibility study\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jacc.2010.03.089","url_text":"10.1016/j.jacc.2010.03.089"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20883933","url_text":"20883933"}]},{"reference":"Glagov S, Zarins C, Giddens DP, Ku DN (October 1988). \"Hemodynamics and atherosclerosis. Insights and perspectives gained from studies of human arteries\". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 112 (10): 1018–1031. PMID 3052352.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3052352","url_text":"3052352"}]},{"reference":"Kharsa A, Wadhwa R (2024). \"Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity\". StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing. PMID 32644485. Retrieved 2024-03-23.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559059/","url_text":"\"Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32644485","url_text":"32644485"}]},{"reference":"Wijetunga MN (2021-10-16). Talavera F, Compton SJ (eds.). \"Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology\". Medscape.","urls":[{"url":"https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/153312-overview?form=fpf","url_text":"\"Carotid Sinus Hypersensitivity: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology\""}]},{"reference":"Tan MP, Chadwick TJ, Kerr SR, Parry SW (June 2014). \"Symptomatic presentation of carotid sinus hypersensitivity is associated with impaired cerebral autoregulation\". Journal of the American Heart Association. 3 (3): e000514. doi:10.1161/JAHA.113.000514. PMC 4309040. PMID 24947997.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309040","url_text":"\"Symptomatic presentation of carotid sinus hypersensitivity is associated with impaired cerebral autoregulation\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1161%2FJAHA.113.000514","url_text":"10.1161/JAHA.113.000514"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4309040","url_text":"4309040"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24947997","url_text":"24947997"}]},{"reference":"Wallbach M, Koziolek MJ (September 2018). \"Baroreceptors in the carotid and hypertension-systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure\". Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation. 33 (9): 1485–1493. doi:10.1093/ndt/gfx279. PMID 29136223.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfx279","url_text":"\"Baroreceptors in the carotid and hypertension-systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of baroreflex activation therapy on blood pressure\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fndt%2Fgfx279","url_text":"10.1093/ndt/gfx279"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29136223","url_text":"29136223"}]},{"reference":"Lim SH, Anantharaman V, Teo WS, Goh PP, Tan AT (January 1998). \"Comparison of treatment of supraventricular tachycardia by Valsalva maneuver and carotid sinus massage\". Annals of Emergency Medicine. 31 (1): 30–35. doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70277-X. PMID 9437338.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0196-0644%2898%2970277-X","url_text":"10.1016/S0196-0644(98)70277-X"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9437338","url_text":"9437338"}]},{"reference":"Ballo P, Bernabò D, Faraguti SA (August 2004). \"Heart rate is a predictor of success in the treatment of adults with symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia\". European Heart Journal. 25 (15): 1310–1317. doi:10.1016/j.ehj.2004.05.011. PMID 15288158.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ehj.2004.05.011","url_text":"\"Heart rate is a predictor of success in the treatment of adults with symptomatic paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ehj.2004.05.011","url_text":"10.1016/j.ehj.2004.05.011"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15288158","url_text":"15288158"}]},{"reference":"Field JM, Ruple J, eds. (2007). \"Managing Stable Tachycaradia: the ACLS Tachycardia Algorithm\". Advanced Cardiac Life Support Provider Manual. American Heart Association. p. 98. ISBN 978-0-87493-496-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87493-496-0","url_text":"978-0-87493-496-0"}]},{"reference":"Greenwood RJ, Dupler DA (August 1962). \"Death following carotid sinus pressure\". JAMA. 181 (7): 605–609. doi:10.1001/jama.1962.03050330035007. PMID 13901589.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.1962.03050330035007","url_text":"10.1001/jama.1962.03050330035007"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13901589","url_text":"13901589"}]},{"reference":"Deepak SM, Jenkins NP, Davidson NC, Bennett DH, Mushahwar SS (November 2005). \"Ventricular fibrillation induced by carotid sinus massage without preceding bradycardia\". Europace. 7 (6): 638–640. doi:10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.006. PMID 16216770.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eupc.2005.06.006","url_text":"\"Ventricular fibrillation induced by carotid sinus massage without preceding bradycardia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.eupc.2005.06.006","url_text":"10.1016/j.eupc.2005.06.006"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16216770","url_text":"16216770"}]},{"reference":"Vilke GM (2007). \"Neck Holds\". In Ross DL, Chan T (eds.). Sudden Deaths in Custody. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 978-1-59745-015-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=BFl6GGZsqp4C&dq=carotid+sinus+reflex+chokehold&pg=PA28","url_text":"\"Neck Holds\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59745-015-7","url_text":"978-1-59745-015-7"}]},{"reference":"Passig K. \"Carotid sinus reflex death - a theory and its history\". Datenschlag. Archived from the original on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 28 February 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120504044744/http://datenschlag.org/howto/atem/english/csr.html","url_text":"\"Carotid sinus reflex death - a theory and its history\""},{"url":"http://www.datenschlag.org/howto/atem/english/csr.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mankikar GD, Clark AN (May 1975). \"Cardiac effects of carotid sinus massage in old age\". Age and Ageing. 4 (2): 86–94. doi:10.1093/ageing/4.2.86. PMID 1146669.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fageing%2F4.2.86","url_text":"10.1093/ageing/4.2.86"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1146669","url_text":"1146669"}]},{"reference":"Sensei B (8 November 2013). \"Carotid Sinus strike/slap as an effective self defense technique\". Full Potential Martial Arts. 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