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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauty_and_the_Beat_(disambiguation)
Beauty and the Beat
["1 See also"]
Beauty and the Beat may refer to: Beauty and the Beat (The Go-Go's album), 1981 Beauty and the Beat!, a 1959 album by Peggy Lee Beauty and the Beat (Edan album), 2005 Beauty and the Beat (Tarja album), a 2014 musical project by Tarja Turunen and Mike Terrana "Beauty and the Beat", an episode of the TV series Jonas Beauty & the Beat (EP), 2018 the third extended play from South Korean girl group Loona See also "Beauty and a Beat", a 2012 song by Justin Bieber from the album Believe Beauty and the Beast (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Beauty and the Beat.If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/(159367)_1977_OX
List of minor planets: 159001–160000
[]
List of 1000 sequentially numbered minor planets The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 159001 through 160000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's "Small-Body Orbital Elements" and data available from the Minor Planet Center. Critical list information is also provided by the MPC, unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory. A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets. Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.   Near-Earth obj.     MBA (inner)   MBA (outer)   Centaur   Mars-crosser   MBA (middle)     Jupiter trojan    Trans-Neptunian obj.   Unclassified Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code 154,000s 155,000s 156,000s 157,000s 158,000s 159,000s 160,000s 161,000s 162,000s 163,000s 164,000s 159,001… 159,101… 159,201… 159,301… 159,401… 159,501… 159,601… 159,701… 159,801… 159,901… 159001–159100 Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159001 2004 SL41 — September 17, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 660 m MPC · JPL 159002 2004 SJ42 — September 18, 2004 Socorro LINEAR V 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159003 2004 SM50 — September 22, 2004 Socorro LINEAR XIZ 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159004 2004 SR52 — September 21, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159005 2004 SA54 — September 22, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159006 2004 SH54 — September 22, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159007 2004 TL1 — October 4, 2004 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 159008 2004 TC5 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159009 2004 TT7 — October 5, 2004 Haleakala NEAT  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159010 2004 TX7 — October 3, 2004 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159011 Radomyshl 2004 TX13 Radomyshl October 7, 2004 Andrushivka Andrushivka Obs. GER 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159012 2004 TT19 — October 13, 2004 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159013 Kyleturner 2004 TC21 Kyleturner October 15, 2004 Needville D. Wells  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159014 2004 TK24 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159015 2004 TV27 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch AGN 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159016 2004 TQ28 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159017 2004 TY32 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EUP 5.5 km MPC · JPL 159018 2004 TZ35 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch WIT 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159019 2004 TF37 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159020 2004 TN37 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159021 2004 TN40 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159022 2004 TP42 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159023 2004 TN46 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KAR 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159024 2004 TA47 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HYG 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159025 2004 TQ48 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159026 2004 TA54 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159027 2004 TH54 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159028 2004 TP55 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159029 2004 TR55 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAR 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159030 2004 TS60 — October 5, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS HEN 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159031 2004 TW66 — October 5, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159032 2004 TK67 — October 5, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS SAN 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159033 2004 TP68 — October 5, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159034 2004 TW68 — October 5, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS NYS 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159035 2004 TU74 — October 6, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159036 2004 TO76 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR KOR 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159037 2004 TH77 — October 7, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159038 2004 TD85 — October 5, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HEN 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159039 2004 TO93 — October 5, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159040 2004 TB94 — October 5, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HEN 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159041 2004 TO96 — October 5, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159042 2004 TU97 — October 5, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch AST 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159043 2004 TW97 — October 5, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KAR 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159044 2004 TG112 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159045 2004 TU115 — October 13, 2004 Goodricke-Pigott Goodricke-Pigott Obs.  · 5.9 km MPC · JPL 159046 2004 TZ117 — October 5, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159047 2004 TT120 — October 6, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159048 2004 TY123 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159049 2004 TH126 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR EOS 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159050 2004 TO126 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR MRX 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159051 2004 TB127 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159052 2004 TR130 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159053 2004 TQ133 — October 7, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS RAF 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159054 2004 TW139 — October 9, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159055 2004 TU143 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159056 2004 TG144 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159057 2004 TL144 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159058 2004 TW144 — October 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.6 km MPC · JPL 159059 2004 TC146 — October 5, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159060 2004 TQ148 — October 6, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159061 2004 TM151 — October 6, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159062 2004 TO152 — October 6, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159063 2004 TJ168 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159064 2004 TA171 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159065 2004 TF171 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR EOS 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159066 2004 TN177 — October 6, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159067 2004 TH191 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 950 m MPC · JPL 159068 2004 TQ192 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159069 2004 TD193 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HEN 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159070 2004 TC197 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159071 2004 TU197 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159072 2004 TM202 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159073 2004 TP202 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159074 2004 TX204 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159075 2004 TO205 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159076 2004 TT205 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EOS 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159077 2004 TU206 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159078 2004 TM207 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159079 2004 TC210 — October 8, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159080 2004 TG223 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159081 2004 TN224 — October 8, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HOF 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159082 2004 TU237 — October 9, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 159083 2004 TY242 — October 6, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159084 2004 TK250 — October 7, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159085 2004 TO256 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159086 2004 TG275 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159087 2004 TY275 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159088 2004 TD282 — October 12, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS INO 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159089 2004 TO287 — October 9, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159090 2004 TD288 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 159091 2004 TL294 — October 10, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159092 2004 TS294 — October 10, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HEN 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159093 2004 TB296 — October 10, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159094 2004 TL303 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159095 2004 TM317 — October 11, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159096 2004 TO321 — October 11, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159097 2004 TE324 — October 11, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159098 2004 TA333 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159099 2004 TH334 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159100 2004 TU349 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EOS 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159101–159200 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159101 2004 TP351 — October 10, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159102 Sarahflanigan 2004 TU354 Sarahflanigan October 11, 2004 Kitt Peak M. W. Buie TEL 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159103 2004 TR366 — October 9, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159104 2004 UD6 — October 20, 2004 Socorro LINEAR THM 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159105 2004 UA11 — October 23, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159106 2004 VB3 — November 3, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159107 2004 VS3 — November 3, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159108 2004 VA9 — November 3, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159109 2004 VV11 — November 3, 2004 Catalina CSS  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159110 2004 VF15 — November 5, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159111 2004 VG15 — November 5, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159112 2004 VQ16 — November 3, 2004 Palomar NEAT EOS 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159113 2004 VT18 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159114 2004 VY18 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159115 2004 VJ19 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HYG 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159116 2004 VV22 — November 4, 2004 Catalina CSS  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159117 2004 VX23 — November 5, 2004 Campo Imperatore CINEOS  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159118 2004 VA25 — November 4, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS VER 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159119 2004 VE31 — November 3, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159120 2004 VM31 — November 3, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159121 2004 VA36 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch K-2 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159122 2004 VE51 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159123 2004 VL53 — November 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159124 2004 VP62 — November 6, 2004 Socorro LINEAR ALA 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159125 2004 VQ62 — November 6, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159126 2004 VT64 — November 10, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 6.9 km MPC · JPL 159127 2004 VW73 — November 11, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159128 2004 VS76 — November 12, 2004 Catalina CSS  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159129 2004 VV91 — November 3, 2004 Palomar NEAT KOR 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159130 2004 VO109 — November 9, 2004 Mauna Kea C. Veillet  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159131 2004 WF2 — November 17, 2004 Campo Imperatore CINEOS  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159132 2004 WU3 — November 17, 2004 Campo Imperatore CINEOS  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159133 2004 WG5 — November 18, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159134 2004 XR2 — December 2, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159135 2004 XL7 — December 2, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159136 2004 XY8 — December 2, 2004 Catalina CSS  · 6.4 km MPC · JPL 159137 2004 XK9 — December 2, 2004 Catalina CSS  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159138 2004 XT10 — December 3, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159139 2004 XO15 — December 9, 2004 Socorro LINEAR RAF 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159140 2004 XJ21 — December 8, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159141 2004 XM30 — December 10, 2004 Campo Imperatore CINEOS  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159142 2004 XQ33 — December 11, 2004 Campo Imperatore CINEOS THM 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159143 2004 XY39 — December 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159144 2004 XQ40 — December 11, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159145 2004 XZ60 — December 14, 2004 Campo Imperatore CINEOS  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159146 2004 XQ68 — December 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159147 2004 XH73 — December 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159148 2004 XZ76 — December 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159149 2004 XH104 — December 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR KOR 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159150 2004 XG105 — December 11, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159151 2004 XD109 — December 12, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159152 2004 XP130 — December 10, 2004 Calvin-Rehoboth L. A. Molnar  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159153 2004 XP133 — December 15, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159154 2004 XK137 — December 15, 2004 Socorro LINEAR EMA 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159155 2004 XP137 — December 4, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159156 2004 XK166 — December 2, 2004 Catalina CSS  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159157 2004 XM166 — December 2, 2004 Catalina CSS  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159158 2004 XN177 — December 11, 2004 Campo Imperatore CINEOS HYG 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159159 2004 XS178 — December 13, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159160 2004 XU178 — December 13, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159161 2004 YW6 — December 18, 2004 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey TIR · 7.4 km MPC · JPL 159162 2005 AY64 — January 13, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch L5 13 km MPC · JPL 159163 2005 ES129 — March 9, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey L5 10 km MPC · JPL 159164 La Cañada 2005 JC22 La Cañada May 3, 2005 La Cañada J. Lacruz  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159165 2005 QE92 — August 26, 2005 Anderson Mesa LONEOS H 920 m MPC · JPL 159166 2005 RP24 — September 11, 2005 Anderson Mesa LONEOS FLO 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159167 2005 RP25 — September 10, 2005 Kingsnake J. V. McClusky MAR 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159168 2005 SQ5 — September 23, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159169 2005 SP49 — September 24, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159170 2005 SR63 — September 26, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch FLO 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159171 2005 SE73 — September 23, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159172 2005 SQ105 — September 25, 2005 Palomar NEAT  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159173 2005 SB132 — September 29, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159174 2005 SL179 — September 29, 2005 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 970 m MPC · JPL 159175 2005 SU207 — September 30, 2005 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159176 2005 SY213 — September 30, 2005 Catalina CSS H 910 m MPC · JPL 159177 2005 SF225 — September 29, 2005 Palomar NEAT  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159178 2005 TK28 — October 1, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159179 2005 TN47 — October 5, 2005 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159180 2005 TJ152 — October 11, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 980 m MPC · JPL 159181 Berdychiv 2005 US12 Berdychiv October 29, 2005 Andrushivka Andrushivka Obs.  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159182 2005 UB27 — October 23, 2005 Catalina CSS FLO 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159183 2005 UG51 — October 23, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159184 2005 US59 — October 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 980 m MPC · JPL 159185 2005 UZ59 — October 25, 2005 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159186 2005 US80 — October 25, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159187 2005 UY107 — October 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159188 2005 UO120 — October 24, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HEN 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159189 2005 UO131 — October 24, 2005 Palomar NEAT  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159190 2005 UR142 — October 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey MAS 850 m MPC · JPL 159191 2005 UW149 — October 26, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159192 2005 UT156 — October 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159193 2005 US164 — October 24, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159194 2005 UR212 — October 27, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 880 m MPC · JPL 159195 2005 UY215 — October 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159196 2005 UA217 — October 26, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 910 m MPC · JPL 159197 2005 UD218 — October 24, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159198 2005 UB238 — October 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159199 2005 UA248 — October 28, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey NYS 790 m MPC · JPL 159200 2005 UA261 — October 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159201–159300 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159201 2005 UH281 — October 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey NYS 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159202 2005 UB318 — October 27, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159203 2005 UY336 — October 30, 2005 Palomar NEAT H 910 m MPC · JPL 159204 2005 UN345 — October 29, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey NYS 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159205 2005 UY445 — October 31, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 940 m MPC · JPL 159206 2005 UQ453 — October 29, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey KOR 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159207 2005 VO31 — November 4, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159208 2005 VT56 — November 4, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159209 2005 VW70 — November 1, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey NYS 720 m MPC · JPL 159210 2005 WO9 — November 21, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch K-2 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159211 2005 WP23 — November 21, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159212 2005 WF25 — November 21, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159213 2005 WH36 — November 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159214 2005 WT39 — November 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159215 Apan 2005 WS59 Apan November 30, 2005 Suno S. Foglia  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159216 2005 WD72 — November 22, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159217 2005 WQ73 — November 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159218 2005 WU76 — November 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159219 2005 WF86 — November 28, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey MAS 860 m MPC · JPL 159220 2005 WF87 — November 28, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey AST 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159221 2005 WX98 — November 28, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey FLO 860 m MPC · JPL 159222 2005 WS100 — November 29, 2005 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159223 2005 WO114 — November 28, 2005 Socorro LINEAR FLO 920 m MPC · JPL 159224 2005 WU187 — November 29, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159225 2005 WM195 — November 25, 2005 Catalina CSS TIR 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159226 2005 WF203 — November 30, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159227 2005 XU3 — December 1, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey MAS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159228 2005 XD5 — December 1, 2005 Kitami K. Endate  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159229 2005 XQ24 — December 2, 2005 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159230 2005 XW59 — December 3, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MIS 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159231 2005 XF60 — December 3, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 860 m MPC · JPL 159232 2005 XU72 — December 6, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch AGN 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159233 2005 XY80 — December 7, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159234 2005 XK91 — December 10, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159235 2005 YN4 — December 23, 2005 Needville Needville Obs. NYS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159236 2005 YE15 — December 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159237 2005 YR16 — December 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159238 2005 YN30 — December 21, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159239 2005 YP32 — December 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159240 2005 YW33 — December 24, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159241 2005 YW37 — December 21, 2005 Catalina CSS V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159242 2005 YA38 — December 21, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159243 2005 YO43 — December 24, 2005 Palomar NEAT  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159244 2005 YX45 — December 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159245 2005 YL49 — December 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159246 2005 YT52 — December 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159247 2005 YB69 — December 26, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159248 2005 YK90 — December 26, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159249 2005 YC91 — December 26, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159250 2005 YT108 — December 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159251 2005 YK110 — December 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159252 2005 YM116 — December 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch GEF 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159253 2005 YT118 — December 26, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159254 2005 YE124 — December 26, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159255 2005 YS134 — December 26, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HYG 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159256 2005 YA143 — December 28, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159257 2005 YE144 — December 28, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159258 2005 YC145 — December 28, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey THM 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159259 2005 YY165 — December 26, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159260 2005 YK174 — December 29, 2005 Socorro LINEAR HYG 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159261 2005 YC175 — December 30, 2005 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159262 2005 YH177 — December 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159263 2005 YB184 — December 27, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch BRA 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159264 2005 YY185 — December 30, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159265 2005 YA190 — December 30, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159266 2005 YS192 — December 30, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159267 2005 YG198 — December 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159268 2005 YA201 — December 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159269 2005 YP203 — December 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159270 2005 YC209 — December 22, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 159271 2005 YB213 — December 29, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159272 2005 YU215 — December 29, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159273 2005 YH240 — December 29, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159274 2005 YV247 — December 30, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159275 2006 AD4 — January 7, 2006 RAS A. Lowe  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159276 2006 AE5 — January 2, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159277 2006 AL5 — January 2, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159278 2006 AL7 — January 5, 2006 Catalina CSS EUN 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159279 2006 AB13 — January 5, 2006 Anderson Mesa LONEOS NEM 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159280 2006 AG18 — January 5, 2006 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.6 km MPC · JPL 159281 2006 AK19 — January 2, 2006 Catalina CSS EOS 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159282 2006 AC27 — January 5, 2006 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159283 2006 AP27 — January 5, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MRX 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159284 2006 AT32 — January 5, 2006 Catalina CSS TIR 5.8 km MPC · JPL 159285 2006 AG35 — January 4, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159286 2006 AH36 — January 4, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159287 2006 AN40 — January 7, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159288 2006 AL71 — January 6, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HYG 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159289 2006 AY71 — January 6, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159290 2006 AU77 — January 7, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159291 2006 BX — January 20, 2006 Socorro LINEAR EUP 7.9 km MPC · JPL 159292 2006 BE7 — January 20, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159293 2006 BV21 — January 22, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159294 2006 BQ30 — January 20, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159295 2006 BP43 — January 23, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159296 2006 BM44 — January 23, 2006 Junk Bond D. Healy  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159297 2006 BT45 — January 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 6.6 km MPC · JPL 159298 2006 BV46 — January 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey EOS 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159299 2006 BJ50 — January 25, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HEN 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159300 2006 BZ57 — January 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey KOR 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159301–159400 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159301 2006 BD62 — January 22, 2006 Catalina CSS EOS 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159302 2006 BF65 — January 22, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey KOR 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159303 2006 BY66 — January 23, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159304 2006 BK77 — January 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159305 2006 BG79 — January 23, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HYG 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159306 2006 BA81 — January 23, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MRX 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159307 2006 BY89 — January 25, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159308 2006 BV98 — January 25, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159309 2006 BO100 — January 28, 2006 7300 Observatory W. K. Y. Yeung  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159310 2006 BG101 — January 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159311 2006 BV101 — January 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159312 2006 BE149 — January 23, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159313 2006 BF150 — January 24, 2006 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159314 2006 BQ152 — January 25, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159315 2006 BU166 — January 26, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159316 2006 BY185 — January 28, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey HYG 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159317 2006 BK195 — January 30, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159318 2006 BG207 — January 31, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey RAF 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159319 2006 BT220 — January 30, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 159320 2006 BH222 — January 30, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch GEF 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159321 2006 BZ267 — January 26, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159322 2006 BY270 — January 26, 2006 Palomar NEAT  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159323 2006 BH274 — January 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159324 2006 CW11 — February 1, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159325 2006 CN14 — February 1, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159326 2006 CL15 — February 1, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159327 2006 CW26 — February 2, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159328 2006 CF27 — February 2, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159329 2006 CA50 — February 3, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159330 2006 CZ50 — February 4, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159331 2006 DU5 — February 20, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 159332 2006 DM10 — February 20, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EOS 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159333 2006 DL26 — February 20, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey HEN 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159334 2006 DT41 — February 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159335 2006 DE67 — February 22, 2006 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159336 2006 DD79 — February 24, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159337 2006 DQ163 — February 27, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey AGN 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159338 2006 DG198 — February 26, 2006 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 6.8 km MPC · JPL 159339 2006 EE14 — March 2, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch 3:2 6.2 km MPC · JPL 159340 2006 EF14 — March 2, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch L5 13 km MPC · JPL 159341 2006 FX1 — March 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey KOR 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159342 2006 JR — May 2, 2006 Siding Spring SSS L5 27 km MPC · JPL 159343 2006 QP112 — August 23, 2006 Palomar NEAT  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159344 2006 QS142 — August 29, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159345 2006 SV12 — September 16, 2006 Palomar NEAT MAS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159346 2006 SM212 — September 26, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159347 2006 XS15 — December 10, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159348 2007 CJ61 — February 15, 2007 Catalina CSS FLO 880 m MPC · JPL 159349 2007 DL4 — February 16, 2007 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey JUN 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159350 2007 DL100 — February 25, 2007 Catalina CSS  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159351 Leonpascal 2007 EB10 Leonpascal March 10, 2007 Marly P. Kocher  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159352 2007 EZ47 — March 9, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159353 2007 EU88 — March 9, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159354 2007 EL137 — March 11, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EOS 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159355 2007 EA138 — March 11, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159356 2007 ES180 — March 14, 2007 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159357 2007 EF204 — March 10, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159358 2007 FA31 — March 20, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159359 2007 FX35 — March 25, 2007 Catalina CSS  · 6.8 km MPC · JPL 159360 2007 FF39 — March 30, 2007 Palomar NEAT HYG 5.8 km MPC · JPL 159361 2007 GU23 — April 11, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MAS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159362 2007 GX44 — April 14, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159363 2007 HT23 — April 18, 2007 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159364 4854 P-L — September 24, 1960 Palomar PLS  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159365 6752 P-L — September 24, 1960 Palomar PLS THM 4.7 km MPC · JPL 159366 3133 T-2 — September 30, 1973 Palomar PLS  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159367 1977 OX — July 22, 1977 Siding Spring R. H. McNaught 2:1J 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159368 1979 QB — August 22, 1979 Palomar E. F. Helin  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159369 1993 UJ4 — October 20, 1993 La Silla E. W. Elst V 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159370 1994 JA2 — May 1, 1994 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159371 1995 CG8 — February 2, 1995 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159372 1995 YP7 — December 16, 1995 Kitt Peak Spacewatch WIT 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159373 1996 FD18 — March 22, 1996 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159374 1996 RW7 — September 6, 1996 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159375 1996 XQ31 — December 8, 1996 Xinglong SCAP ADE 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159376 1997 GW31 — April 15, 1997 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159377 1997 TO1 — October 3, 1997 Caussols ODAS FLO 920 m MPC · JPL 159378 1997 TS20 — October 4, 1997 Kitt Peak Spacewatch L4 12 km MPC · JPL 159379 1998 AQ5 — January 8, 1998 Caussols ODAS  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159380 1998 CV — February 4, 1998 Kleť M. Tichý, Z. Moravec  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159381 1998 FB — March 16, 1998 Stroncone Santa Lucia Obs.  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159382 1998 FQ110 — March 31, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159383 1998 FC136 — March 28, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159384 1998 HO147 — April 23, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EUN 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159385 1998 KC7 — May 22, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159386 1998 KE58 — May 28, 1998 Xinglong SCAP  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159387 1998 MT18 — June 19, 1998 Caussols ODAS  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159388 1998 OL11 — July 26, 1998 La Silla E. W. Elst  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159389 1998 QW3 — August 22, 1998 Haleakala NEAT  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159390 1998 QJ11 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EUN 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159391 1998 QD28 — August 26, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NAE 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159392 1998 QY35 — August 17, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159393 1998 SR15 — September 16, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159394 1998 SK37 — September 21, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159395 1998 SQ41 — September 25, 1998 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159396 1998 SH70 — September 21, 1998 Socorro LINEAR DOR 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159397 1998 SD90 — September 26, 1998 Socorro LINEAR EOS 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159398 1998 TN38 — October 12, 1998 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159399 1998 UL1 — October 18, 1998 Socorro LINEAR AMO +1km 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159400 1998 VL — November 7, 1998 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159401–159500 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159401 1998 VM22 — November 10, 1998 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.0 km MPC · JPL 159402 1999 AP10 — January 14, 1999 Socorro LINEAR AMO +1km 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159403 1999 CN141 — February 10, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 800 m MPC · JPL 159404 1999 FX34 — March 19, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159405 1999 JG110 — May 13, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159406 1999 KO — May 16, 1999 Catalina CSS  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159407 1999 NW51 — July 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR MIT 6.3 km MPC · JPL 159408 1999 NU53 — July 12, 1999 Socorro LINEAR ADE 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159409 Ratte 1999 OJ Ratte July 16, 1999 Pises Pises Obs. MAR 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159410 1999 RU122 — September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR JUN 5.9 km MPC · JPL 159411 1999 RG126 — September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159412 1999 RZ133 — September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159413 1999 RS145 — September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159414 1999 RN178 — September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159415 1999 RL189 — September 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159416 1999 RV201 — September 8, 1999 Socorro LINEAR JUN 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159417 1999 RM232 — September 9, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 159418 1999 RD233 — September 8, 1999 Anderson Mesa LONEOS ADE 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159419 1999 SQ6 — September 30, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EUN 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159420 1999 SN14 — September 30, 1999 Catalina CSS MRX 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159421 1999 TN10 — October 8, 1999 San Marcello L. Tesi, M. Tombelli  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159422 1999 TL34 — October 3, 1999 Catalina CSS  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159423 1999 TQ75 — October 10, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159424 1999 TD97 — October 2, 1999 Socorro LINEAR DOR 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159425 1999 TY151 — October 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR ADE 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159426 1999 TJ265 — October 3, 1999 Socorro LINEAR MAR 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159427 1999 TG268 — October 3, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EUN 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159428 1999 UH4 — October 31, 1999 Oaxaca J. M. Roe  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159429 1999 UM20 — October 31, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch AST 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159430 1999 UL50 — October 30, 1999 Catalina CSS MRX 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159431 1999 VT18 — November 2, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159432 1999 VW18 — November 2, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159433 1999 VO93 — November 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159434 1999 VQ94 — November 9, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159435 1999 VJ178 — November 6, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159436 1999 VS178 — November 6, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159437 1999 VS208 — November 11, 1999 Kitt Peak Spacewatch TRE 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159438 1999 XM3 — December 4, 1999 Catalina CSS  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159439 1999 XR12 — December 5, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 159440 1999 XL62 — December 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159441 1999 XZ88 — December 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159442 1999 XY152 — December 7, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159443 1999 XD171 — December 10, 1999 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159444 1999 XN209 — December 13, 1999 Socorro LINEAR EUN 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159445 2000 AA25 — January 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR JUN 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159446 2000 AF83 — January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EOS 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159447 2000 AT107 — January 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159448 2000 AH199 — January 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR GEF 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159449 2000 AD224 — January 10, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch WIT 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159450 2000 BK33 — January 30, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 159451 2000 BB38 — January 28, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159452 2000 BC38 — January 28, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159453 2000 BH44 — January 28, 2000 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.5 km MPC · JPL 159454 2000 DJ8 — February 26, 2000 Socorro LINEAR AMO +1km 580 m MPC · JPL 159455 2000 DD32 — February 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR LUT 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159456 2000 ER131 — March 11, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS FLO 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159457 2000 JP38 — May 7, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159458 2000 JW83 — May 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR PHO 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159459 2000 KB — May 22, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS APO +1km 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159460 2000 KP66 — May 28, 2000 Anderson Mesa LONEOS PHO 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159461 2000 OR — July 23, 2000 Reedy Creek J. Broughton  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159462 2000 OO3 — July 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159463 2000 PM7 — August 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159464 2000 PP23 — August 2, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159465 2000 QJ2 — August 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR PHO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159466 2000 QB10 — August 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159467 2000 QK25 — August 26, 2000 Socorro LINEAR AMO 760 m MPC · JPL 159468 2000 QG107 — August 29, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159469 2000 QZ117 — August 25, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159470 2000 QW119 — August 25, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159471 2000 QH122 — August 25, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159472 2000 QA176 — August 31, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159473 2000 RB — September 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR PHO 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159474 2000 RU3 — September 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159475 2000 RU67 — September 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EUN 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159476 2000 RH79 — September 9, 2000 Socorro LINEAR PHO 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159477 2000 SE — September 17, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159478 2000 SZ17 — September 23, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159479 2000 SY33 — September 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159480 2000 SR66 — September 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159481 2000 SX147 — September 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159482 2000 SF166 — September 23, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159483 2000 SO170 — September 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159484 2000 SS232 — September 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR BAR 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159485 2000 SX238 — September 26, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159486 2000 SY252 — September 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159487 2000 SD304 — September 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159488 2000 SB306 — September 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR CIM 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159489 2000 SJ334 — September 26, 2000 Haleakala NEAT  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159490 2000 TM29 — October 3, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159491 2000 TZ29 — October 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR HNS 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159492 2000 TN43 — October 1, 2000 Socorro LINEAR ERI 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159493 2000 UA — October 17, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159494 2000 UT10 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR EUN 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159495 2000 UV16 — October 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR AMO +1km 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159496 2000 UV17 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAR 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159497 2000 UV23 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159498 2000 UJ26 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR KLI 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159499 2000 UH38 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159500 2000 UR46 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR HNS 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159501–159600 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159501 2000 UB54 — October 24, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159502 2000 WW31 — November 20, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159503 2000 WQ44 — November 21, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159504 2000 WO67 — November 27, 2000 Socorro LINEAR APO +1km 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159505 2000 WP77 — November 20, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159506 2000 WU108 — November 20, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159507 2000 WT151 — November 29, 2000 Haleakala NEAT  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159508 2000 XC20 — December 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159509 2000 XX21 — December 4, 2000 Socorro LINEAR MAR · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159510 2000 XJ40 — December 5, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.7 km MPC · JPL 159511 2000 YG30 — December 30, 2000 Haleakala NEAT  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159512 2000 YR106 — December 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.6 km MPC · JPL 159513 2000 YF111 — December 30, 2000 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159514 2001 CS43 — February 3, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 159515 2001 DD39 — February 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159516 2001 DK82 — February 22, 2001 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159517 2001 EK10 — March 2, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.5 km MPC · JPL 159518 2001 FF7 — March 19, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS AMO +1km · critical 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159519 2001 FK13 — March 19, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS HYG 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159520 2001 FM66 — March 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159521 2001 FD69 — March 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159522 2001 FE72 — March 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.4 km MPC · JPL 159523 2001 FS82 — March 23, 2001 Socorro LINEAR EUP 6.7 km MPC · JPL 159524 2001 FO96 — March 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR EOS 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159525 2001 FD117 — March 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR EUP 7.0 km MPC · JPL 159526 2001 FB121 — March 26, 2001 Socorro LINEAR HYG 5.6 km MPC · JPL 159527 2001 FQ172 — March 25, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 7.5 km MPC · JPL 159528 2001 FM175 — March 31, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159529 2001 FO176 — March 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.9 km MPC · JPL 159530 2001 FD189 — March 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159531 2001 HO13 — April 18, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.7 km MPC · JPL 159532 2001 HJ18 — April 21, 2001 Socorro LINEAR EUP 7.5 km MPC · JPL 159533 2001 HH31 — April 25, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS AMO +1km 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159534 2001 HM42 — April 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159535 2001 HA57 — April 25, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159536 2001 OD73 — July 21, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159537 2001 OT84 — July 19, 2001 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159538 2001 OE87 — July 29, 2001 Palomar NEAT  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159539 2001 PL3 — August 5, 2001 Palomar NEAT EUP 9.4 km MPC · JPL 159540 2001 QL55 — August 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159541 2001 QU236 — August 24, 2001 Socorro LINEAR FLO 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159542 2001 QN294 — August 24, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159543 2001 RW63 — September 11, 2001 Desert Eagle W. K. Y. Yeung FLO 920 m MPC · JPL 159544 2001 RP76 — September 10, 2001 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159545 2001 RL121 — September 12, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 890 m MPC · JPL 159546 2001 SK26 — September 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 870 m MPC · JPL 159547 2001 SW65 — September 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159548 2001 SB72 — September 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 990 m MPC · JPL 159549 2001 SN91 — September 20, 2001 Socorro LINEAR V 930 m MPC · JPL 159550 2001 SM127 — September 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR 3:2 7.9 km MPC · JPL 159551 2001 SM176 — September 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159552 2001 SK232 — September 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159553 2001 SB236 — September 19, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159554 2001 SZ257 — September 20, 2001 Socorro LINEAR 3:2 6.8 km MPC · JPL 159555 2001 SJ276 — September 27, 2001 Socorro LINEAR AMO 720 m MPC · JPL 159556 2001 SG350 — September 20, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159557 2001 TF6 — October 10, 2001 Palomar NEAT V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159558 2001 TA23 — October 13, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159559 2001 TF70 — October 13, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159560 2001 TO103 — October 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR AMO +1km 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159561 2001 TP190 — October 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR V 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159562 2001 TS237 — October 10, 2001 Palomar NEAT V 850 m MPC · JPL 159563 2001 TJ240 — October 11, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159564 2001 UJ19 — October 16, 2001 Palomar NEAT V 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159565 2001 UK21 — October 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159566 2001 UU30 — October 16, 2001 Socorro LINEAR V 960 m MPC · JPL 159567 2001 US64 — October 18, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159568 2001 UE107 — October 20, 2001 Socorro LINEAR V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159569 2001 UD163 — October 23, 2001 Socorro LINEAR V · fast? 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159570 2001 UD190 — October 18, 2001 Palomar NEAT  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159571 2001 VM4 — November 9, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159572 2001 VO4 — November 10, 2001 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159573 2001 VB8 — November 9, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159574 2001 VE8 — November 9, 2001 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159575 2001 VZ30 — November 9, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159576 2001 VK40 — November 9, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159577 2001 VE65 — November 10, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159578 2001 VX72 — November 12, 2001 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159579 2001 VM81 — November 13, 2001 Haleakala NEAT  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159580 2001 VF102 — November 12, 2001 Socorro LINEAR V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159581 2001 WO — November 16, 2001 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159582 2001 XE31 — December 11, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159583 2001 XK50 — December 10, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159584 2001 XT63 — December 10, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159585 2001 XK65 — December 10, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159586 2001 XF67 — December 10, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159587 2001 XG73 — December 11, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159588 2001 XC106 — December 10, 2001 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159589 2001 XK115 — December 13, 2001 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159590 2001 XX121 — December 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159591 2001 XD146 — December 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159592 2001 XT164 — December 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159593 2001 XR167 — December 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR MAS · fast? 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159594 2001 XP192 — December 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159595 2001 XF211 — December 11, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159596 2001 XT212 — December 11, 2001 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159597 2001 XV217 — December 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159598 2001 XJ232 — December 15, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159599 2001 XW243 — December 15, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159600 2001 XK252 — December 14, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159601–159700 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159601 2001 YY7 — December 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159602 2001 YM11 — December 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR MAS 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159603 2001 YO15 — December 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159604 2001 YZ29 — December 18, 2001 Socorro LINEAR V 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159605 2001 YB97 — December 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159606 2001 YN105 — December 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159607 2001 YO115 — December 17, 2001 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159608 2002 AC2 — January 6, 2002 Socorro LINEAR AMO +1km 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159609 2002 AQ3 — January 8, 2002 Palomar NEAT AMO +1km 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159610 2002 AJ13 — January 12, 2002 Ametlla de Mar J. Nomen  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159611 2002 AX15 — January 4, 2002 Haleakala NEAT  · 5.6 km MPC · JPL 159612 2002 AV17 — January 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159613 2002 AX18 — January 13, 2002 Oizumi T. Kobayashi GER 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159614 2002 AF37 — January 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159615 2002 AA57 — January 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159616 2002 AR75 — January 8, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159617 2002 AV98 — January 8, 2002 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159618 2002 AM109 — January 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR V 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159619 2002 AU109 — January 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159620 2002 AC118 — January 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159621 2002 AN128 — January 14, 2002 Desert Eagle W. K. Y. Yeung BRU 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159622 2002 AP134 — January 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159623 2002 AD152 — January 14, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159624 2002 AR153 — January 14, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159625 2002 AC184 — January 6, 2002 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159626 2002 BD12 — January 19, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159627 2002 BC29 — January 20, 2002 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159628 2002 BP30 — January 21, 2002 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159629 Brunszvik 2002 BT31 Brunszvik January 16, 2002 Piszkéstető K. Sárneczky, Z. Heiner  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159630 2002 CJ8 — February 4, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159631 2002 CA13 — February 8, 2002 Fountain Hills C. W. Juels, P. R. Holvorcem POS 5.9 km MPC · JPL 159632 2002 CB18 — February 6, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159633 2002 CY21 — February 5, 2002 Palomar NEAT L4 17 km MPC · JPL 159634 2002 CF28 — February 6, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159635 2002 CZ46 — February 11, 2002 Haleakala NEAT AMO +1km 910 m MPC · JPL 159636 2002 CU48 — February 3, 2002 Haleakala NEAT EUN 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159637 2002 CT54 — February 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR NYS · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159638 2002 CO87 — February 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159639 2002 CJ93 — February 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR MAR 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159640 2002 CB96 — February 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159641 2002 CW110 — February 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR MAR 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159642 2002 CN129 — February 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR AER 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159643 2002 CG133 — February 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159644 2002 CC162 — February 8, 2002 Socorro LINEAR ERI 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159645 2002 CT167 — February 8, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159646 2002 CC180 — February 10, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159647 2002 CK188 — February 10, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159648 2002 CC209 — February 10, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159649 2002 CY245 — February 15, 2002 Haleakala NEAT RAF 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159650 2002 CW255 — February 6, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159651 2002 CZ276 — February 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.7 km MPC · JPL 159652 2002 CO291 — February 10, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159653 2002 CK301 — February 11, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159654 2002 DW13 — February 16, 2002 Haleakala NEAT  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159655 2002 DR19 — February 21, 2002 Kvistaberg UDAS GEF 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159656 2002 ES29 — March 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159657 2002 ER46 — March 11, 2002 Haleakala NEAT  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159658 2002 EV56 — March 13, 2002 Socorro LINEAR L4 16 km MPC · JPL 159659 2002 EE84 — March 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159660 2002 EW90 — March 12, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159661 2002 EV99 — March 5, 2002 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159662 2002 EY124 — March 12, 2002 Palomar NEAT MAS 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159663 2002 EY132 — March 13, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159664 2002 EK141 — March 12, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159665 2002 FW35 — March 21, 2002 Socorro LINEAR BAR 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159666 2002 GX14 — April 15, 2002 Socorro LINEAR V 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159667 2002 GT15 — April 15, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159668 2002 GP20 — April 14, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159669 2002 GY73 — April 9, 2002 Anderson Mesa LONEOS HOF 5.2 km MPC · JPL 159670 2002 GX83 — April 10, 2002 Socorro LINEAR GEF 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159671 2002 GU94 — April 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR HOF 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159672 2002 GW109 — April 9, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 159673 2002 GR128 — April 12, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159674 2002 GO152 — April 12, 2002 Palomar NEAT GEF 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159675 2002 GW162 — April 14, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159676 2002 HH3 — April 16, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159677 2002 HQ11 — April 22, 2002 Palomar NEAT APO · critical 470 m MPC · JPL 159678 2002 JA17 — May 7, 2002 Palomar NEAT MRX 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159679 2002 JX24 — May 8, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159680 2002 JY60 — May 11, 2002 Kitt Peak Spacewatch AEO 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159681 2002 JB76 — May 11, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159682 2002 JD122 — May 6, 2002 Anderson Mesa LONEOS ADE 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159683 2002 JJ148 — May 14, 2002 Needville Needville Obs.  · 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159684 2002 KC — May 16, 2002 Fountain Hills Fountain Hills Obs.  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 159685 2002 LP3 — June 5, 2002 Socorro LINEAR H 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159686 2002 LB6 — June 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR APO +1km 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159687 2002 LG53 — June 8, 2002 Socorro LINEAR TIR 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159688 2002 LE58 — June 12, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159689 2002 MZ2 — June 23, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 6.2 km MPC · JPL 159690 2002 NK2 — July 4, 2002 Palomar NEAT THM 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159691 2002 NB9 — July 1, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 159692 2002 OV20 — July 22, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159693 2002 PK4 — August 4, 2002 Palomar NEAT ALA 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159694 2002 PS22 — August 6, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159695 2002 PO43 — August 11, 2002 Socorro LINEAR H 960 m MPC · JPL 159696 2002 PS85 — August 12, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.1 km MPC · JPL 159697 2002 PO94 — August 12, 2002 Haleakala NEAT HYG 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159698 2002 PV106 — August 12, 2002 Socorro LINEAR EOS 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159699 2002 PQ142 — August 12, 2002 Socorro LINEAR APO +1km 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159700 2002 PS160 — August 8, 2002 Palomar S. F. Hönig  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159701–159800 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159701 2002 QD23 — August 27, 2002 Palomar NEAT 7:4 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159702 2002 RY70 — September 4, 2002 Palomar NEAT EOS 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159703 2002 RV109 — September 6, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.2 km MPC · JPL 159704 2002 RA187 — September 12, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 8.5 km MPC · JPL 159705 2002 RU244 — September 15, 2002 Palomar NEAT HYG 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159706 2002 SK50 — September 30, 2002 Haleakala NEAT  · 6.7 km MPC · JPL 159707 2002 TK138 — October 4, 2002 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 7.1 km MPC · JPL 159708 2002 TK179 — October 13, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 8.1 km MPC · JPL 159709 2002 TZ191 — October 5, 2002 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 8.5 km MPC · JPL 159710 2002 TQ285 — October 10, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 9.9 km MPC · JPL 159711 2002 TV300 — October 15, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.9 km MPC · JPL 159712 2002 VN27 — November 5, 2002 Palomar NEAT  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159713 2002 VF54 — November 6, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.9 km MPC · JPL 159714 2002 VS69 — November 7, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 7.4 km MPC · JPL 159715 2002 VD110 — November 12, 2002 Socorro LINEAR H 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159716 2002 YP31 — December 31, 2002 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159717 2003 AO8 — January 5, 2003 Tenagra II P. R. Holvorcem, M. Schwartz  · 880 m MPC · JPL 159718 2003 AD51 — January 5, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159719 2003 AW65 — January 7, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159720 2003 AJ90 — January 5, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159721 2003 BL19 — January 26, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159722 2003 BQ27 — January 26, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS ERI 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159723 2003 BV43 — January 27, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159724 2003 BQ60 — January 27, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159725 2003 BV61 — January 28, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159726 2003 BX83 — January 31, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159727 2003 BY84 — January 31, 2003 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159728 2003 BU86 — January 26, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159729 2003 DW5 — February 21, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159730 2003 DL14 — February 24, 2003 Haleakala NEAT  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159731 2003 DP16 — February 21, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 920 m MPC · JPL 159732 2003 DP22 — February 24, 2003 Bergisch Gladbach W. Bickel V 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159733 2003 EK6 — March 6, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS NYS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159734 2003 EU10 — March 6, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159735 2003 EO11 — March 6, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS NYS 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159736 2003 ER17 — March 5, 2003 Socorro LINEAR ERI 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159737 2003 EH24 — March 6, 2003 Socorro LINEAR NYS 910 m MPC · JPL 159738 2003 EC38 — March 8, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159739 2003 EF44 — March 7, 2003 Socorro LINEAR V 980 m MPC · JPL 159740 2003 EG48 — March 9, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159741 2003 EO49 — March 10, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159742 2003 EQ50 — March 10, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS NYS 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159743 Kluk 2003 FW1 Kluk March 23, 2003 Kleť KLENOT NYS 970 m MPC · JPL 159744 2003 FS15 — March 23, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 1.00 km MPC · JPL 159745 2003 FX18 — March 24, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159746 2003 FD31 — March 23, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159747 2003 FW42 — March 23, 2003 Catalina CSS  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159748 2003 FN52 — March 25, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159749 2003 FV53 — March 25, 2003 Haleakala NEAT MAS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159750 2003 FV57 — March 26, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch FLO 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159751 2003 FH62 — March 26, 2003 Palomar NEAT KLI 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159752 2003 FS68 — March 26, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159753 2003 FC70 — March 26, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159754 2003 FB92 — March 29, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159755 2003 FJ100 — March 31, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159756 2003 FS107 — March 30, 2003 Socorro LINEAR V 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159757 2003 FU116 — March 23, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159758 2003 FZ122 — March 31, 2003 Cerro Tololo DLS V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159759 2003 GK — April 1, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159760 2003 GA1 — April 1, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159761 2003 GF27 — April 6, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159762 2003 GD38 — April 8, 2003 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159763 2003 GW46 — April 8, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159764 2003 GW52 — April 1, 2003 Catalina CSS  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159765 2003 HO2 — April 25, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159766 2003 HN8 — April 25, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159767 2003 HU8 — April 24, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159768 2003 HU10 — April 24, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159769 2003 HB40 — April 29, 2003 Socorro LINEAR NYS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159770 2003 HJ47 — April 28, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 159771 2003 HL47 — April 28, 2003 Haleakala NEAT  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159772 2003 HT52 — April 29, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS MAS 980 m MPC · JPL 159773 2003 JD7 — May 1, 2003 Socorro LINEAR MAS 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159774 2003 JM10 — May 2, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159775 2003 JA15 — May 5, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 900 m MPC · JPL 159776 Eduardoröhl 2003 JR17 Eduardoröhl May 2, 2003 Mérida I. R. Ferrín, C. Leal  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159777 2003 KX — May 21, 2003 Reedy Creek J. Broughton  · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 159778 Bobshelton 2003 MZ1 Bobshelton June 24, 2003 Junk Bond D. Healy NYS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159779 2003 MM3 — June 25, 2003 Socorro LINEAR PHO 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159780 2003 MV6 — June 26, 2003 Haleakala NEAT  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159781 2003 MZ7 — June 28, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159782 2003 MN9 — June 29, 2003 Socorro LINEAR JUL 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159783 2003 MY9 — June 29, 2003 Reedy Creek J. Broughton MIT 6.1 km MPC · JPL 159784 2003 MD11 — June 26, 2003 Socorro LINEAR ADE 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159785 2003 ND6 — July 4, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch JUN 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159786 2003 NL8 — July 14, 2003 Great Shefford P. Birtwhistle  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159787 2003 OH19 — July 30, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159788 2003 OF23 — July 30, 2003 Campo Imperatore CINEOS HEN 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159789 2003 PG1 — August 1, 2003 Haleakala NEAT ADE 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159790 2003 PU11 — August 1, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159791 2003 QQ25 — August 22, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159792 2003 QG63 — August 23, 2003 Socorro LINEAR GAL 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159793 2003 QJ64 — August 23, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159794 2003 QQ96 — August 29, 2003 Haleakala NEAT IAN 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159795 2003 QN105 — August 31, 2003 Haleakala NEAT  · 8.8 km MPC · JPL 159796 2003 QT109 — August 26, 2003 Haleakala NEAT  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159797 2003 QP114 — August 23, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159798 2003 RW3 — September 1, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 159799 Kralice 2003 RF14 Kralice September 15, 2003 Kleť KLENOT  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159800 2003 RQ15 — September 15, 2003 Haleakala NEAT  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159801–159900 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159801 2003 RT16 — September 15, 2003 Palomar NEAT EOS 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159802 2003 RN17 — September 15, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159803 2003 RW21 — September 13, 2003 Haleakala NEAT KOR 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159804 2003 SN13 — September 16, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159805 2003 SG29 — September 18, 2003 Palomar NEAT EOS 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159806 2003 SG51 — September 18, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 6.8 km MPC · JPL 159807 2003 SB52 — September 18, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 4.7 km MPC · JPL 159808 2003 SL71 — September 18, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch ALA 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159809 2003 SQ77 — September 19, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159810 2003 SJ89 — September 18, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159811 2003 SJ148 — September 16, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159812 2003 SG186 — September 22, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 6.1 km MPC · JPL 159813 2003 SY194 — September 20, 2003 Palomar NEAT URS 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159814 Saguaro 2003 SS217 Saguaro September 27, 2003 Kleť KLENOT  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159815 2003 SF220 — September 26, 2003 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker  · 7.5 km MPC · JPL 159816 2003 SJ232 — September 24, 2003 Haleakala NEAT  · 5.8 km MPC · JPL 159817 2003 SE234 — September 25, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159818 2003 SM264 — September 28, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159819 2003 SX284 — September 20, 2003 Socorro LINEAR DOR 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159820 2003 SY286 — September 21, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159821 2003 SS294 — September 28, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159822 2003 SR303 — September 17, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159823 2003 SO310 — September 28, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS VER 5.3 km MPC · JPL 159824 2003 SM315 — September 28, 2003 Haleakala NEAT  · 7.6 km MPC · JPL 159825 2003 SH321 — September 20, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159826 Knapp 2003 SF331 Knapp September 26, 2003 Apache Point SDSS  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159827 Keithmullen 2003 TD2 Keithmullen October 4, 2003 Junk Bond D. Healy HYG 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159828 2003 TS12 — October 15, 2003 Palomar NEAT VIB 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159829 2003 TV57 — October 15, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159830 2003 UL63 — October 16, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159831 2003 UF64 — October 16, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159832 2003 UQ64 — October 16, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS ALA 7.8 km MPC · JPL 159833 2003 UL90 — October 20, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HYG 5.2 km MPC · JPL 159834 2003 UL117 — October 21, 2003 Socorro LINEAR URS 6.9 km MPC · JPL 159835 2003 UA134 — October 20, 2003 Palomar NEAT INA 6.7 km MPC · JPL 159836 2003 UB139 — October 16, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 5.2 km MPC · JPL 159837 2003 UG157 — October 20, 2003 Socorro LINEAR HYG 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159838 2003 UH163 — October 21, 2003 Socorro LINEAR HYG 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159839 2003 UL171 — October 19, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159840 2003 UL247 — October 24, 2003 Haleakala NEAT HYG 6.2 km MPC · JPL 159841 2003 UR263 — October 27, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 6.8 km MPC · JPL 159842 2003 UF282 — October 29, 2003 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 4.9 km MPC · JPL 159843 2003 VA6 — November 15, 2003 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159844 2003 WA12 — November 18, 2003 Palomar NEAT EOS 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159845 2003 WB49 — November 19, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch MEL 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159846 2003 WB65 — November 19, 2003 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159847 2003 WG85 — November 20, 2003 Palomar NEAT  · 7.3 km MPC · JPL 159848 2003 WS153 — November 21, 2003 Palomar NEAT EUP 9.0 km MPC · JPL 159849 2003 XM6 — December 3, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159850 2003 YC35 — December 18, 2003 Haleakala NEAT EOS 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159851 2003 YE111 — December 17, 2003 Needville W. G. Dillon, J. Dellinger HYG 5.7 km MPC · JPL 159852 2003 YF143 — December 28, 2003 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159853 2004 FK4 — March 20, 2004 Tenagra II M. Schwartz, P. R. Holvorcem H 730 m MPC · JPL 159854 2004 FT15 — March 20, 2004 Siding Spring SSS H 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159855 2004 FD147 — March 30, 2004 Socorro LINEAR H 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159856 2004 JW6 — May 13, 2004 Socorro LINEAR AMO +1km 900 m MPC · JPL 159857 2004 LJ1 — June 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR APO +1km · PHA 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159858 2004 LK16 — June 12, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 950 m MPC · JPL 159859 2004 LE23 — June 15, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159860 2004 PS13 — August 7, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159861 2004 PU28 — August 6, 2004 Palomar NEAT V 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159862 2004 PP33 — August 8, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.6 km MPC · JPL 159863 2004 PD50 — August 8, 2004 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159864 2004 PH50 — August 8, 2004 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159865 Silvialonso 2004 PX66 Silvialonso August 12, 2004 Begues J. Manteca  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159866 2004 PM75 — August 8, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159867 2004 PU77 — August 9, 2004 Socorro LINEAR FLO 950 m MPC · JPL 159868 2004 PS91 — August 12, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159869 2004 PF94 — August 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159870 2004 PP103 — August 12, 2004 Socorro LINEAR V 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159871 2004 QF17 — August 23, 2004 Wise Wise Obs.  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159872 2004 RU29 — September 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159873 2004 RE36 — September 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159874 2004 RS53 — September 8, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159875 2004 RZ58 — September 8, 2004 Socorro LINEAR V 990 m MPC · JPL 159876 2004 RN74 — September 8, 2004 Socorro LINEAR V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159877 2004 RY74 — September 8, 2004 Socorro LINEAR NYS 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159878 2004 RG139 — September 8, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159879 2004 RO150 — September 9, 2004 Socorro LINEAR MAS 960 m MPC · JPL 159880 2004 RE156 — September 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR V 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159881 2004 RL254 — September 6, 2004 Palomar NEAT V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159882 2004 RQ289 — September 14, 2004 Goodricke-Pigott R. A. Tucker  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159883 2004 RA310 — September 13, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.0 km MPC · JPL 159884 2004 RU310 — September 13, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159885 2004 SK16 — September 17, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS V 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159886 2004 SP33 — September 17, 2004 Socorro LINEAR 7:4 7.3 km MPC · JPL 159887 2004 SF55 — September 22, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159888 2004 SL59 — September 22, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159889 2004 TR14 — October 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159890 2004 TP15 — October 9, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159891 2004 TD59 — October 5, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch AST 4.2 km MPC · JPL 159892 2004 TC66 — October 5, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159893 2004 TB77 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159894 2004 TO77 — October 7, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159895 2004 TA101 — October 6, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 970 m MPC · JPL 159896 2004 TG119 — October 6, 2004 Socorro LINEAR V 920 m MPC · JPL 159897 2004 TS130 — October 7, 2004 Socorro LINEAR NYS 920 m MPC · JPL 159898 2004 TO216 — October 12, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159899 2004 TB282 — October 12, 2004 Kvistaberg UDAS  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159900 2004 TF283 — October 7, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159901–160000 back to top Designation Discovery Properties Ref Permanent Provisional Citation Date Site Discoverer(s) Category Diam. 159901 2004 TD345 — October 15, 2004 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159902 Gladstone 2004 TY354 Gladstone October 11, 2004 Kitt Peak M. W. Buie  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159903 2004 VS6 — November 3, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159904 2004 VC9 — November 3, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 5.1 km MPC · JPL 159905 2004 VK13 — November 3, 2004 Palomar NEAT  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159906 2004 VH15 — November 5, 2004 Needville J. Dellinger, A. Lowe  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159907 2004 VR16 — November 3, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS RAF 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159908 2004 VO21 — November 4, 2004 Catalina CSS  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159909 2004 VF23 — November 5, 2004 Campo Imperatore CINEOS  · 5.4 km MPC · JPL 159910 2004 VZ37 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159911 2004 VN39 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EOS 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159912 2004 VL50 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159913 2004 VY64 — November 10, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch EOS 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159914 2004 VH70 — November 4, 2004 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 2.5 km MPC · JPL 159915 2004 VA92 — November 4, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.4 km MPC · JPL 159916 2004 WX2 — November 17, 2004 Siding Spring SSS  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159917 2004 XA87 — December 9, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159918 2004 XD144 — December 12, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159919 2004 XU163 — December 15, 2004 Socorro LINEAR AEG 6.6 km MPC · JPL 159920 2004 XM172 — December 10, 2004 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.2 km MPC · JPL 159921 2004 XE185 — December 11, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159922 2004 YS26 — December 19, 2004 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159923 2004 YJ32 — December 19, 2004 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey AMO +1km 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159924 2004 YF36 — December 16, 2004 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.8 km MPC · JPL 159925 2005 AJ32 — January 11, 2005 Socorro LINEAR AER 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159926 2005 AT65 — January 13, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159927 2005 CL57 — February 2, 2005 Socorro LINEAR  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159928 2005 CV69 — February 3, 2005 Palomar NEAT APO +1km 900 m MPC · JPL 159929 2005 UK — October 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch AMO +1km 2.6 km MPC · JPL 159930 2005 UM41 — October 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey H 890 m MPC · JPL 159931 2005 VY5 — November 11, 2005 Socorro LINEAR H 990 m MPC · JPL 159932 2005 VD27 — November 3, 2005 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159933 2005 VE103 — November 2, 2005 Socorro LINEAR JUN 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159934 2005 WZ6 — November 21, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159935 2005 WY59 — November 26, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 6.6 km MPC · JPL 159936 2005 WH71 — November 21, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.0 km MPC · JPL 159937 2005 WK97 — November 26, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey SHU · 3:2 7.8 km MPC · JPL 159938 2005 WP100 — November 29, 2005 Socorro LINEAR MAS 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159939 2005 WT104 — November 28, 2005 Catalina CSS FLO 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159940 2005 WD116 — November 30, 2005 Socorro LINEAR FLO 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159941 2005 WV178 — November 25, 2005 Catalina CSS FLO 840 m MPC · JPL 159942 2005 WK185 — November 29, 2005 Palomar NEAT ADE 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159943 2005 XR13 — December 1, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159944 2005 XY16 — December 1, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159945 2005 XQ55 — December 5, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.00 km MPC · JPL 159946 2005 YT48 — December 22, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch FLO 2.1 km MPC · JPL 159947 2005 YE56 — December 21, 2005 Catalina CSS H 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159948 2005 YU66 — December 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159949 2005 YO82 — December 24, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159950 2005 YM89 — December 26, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159951 2005 YB93 — December 27, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.1 km MPC · JPL 159952 2005 YK109 — December 25, 2005 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159953 2005 YW120 — December 27, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 2.3 km MPC · JPL 159954 2005 YM131 — December 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159955 2005 YO160 — December 27, 2005 Socorro LINEAR  · 1.4 km MPC · JPL 159956 2005 YL186 — December 29, 2005 Catalina CSS  · 4.6 km MPC · JPL 159957 2005 YC200 — December 26, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.2 km MPC · JPL 159958 2005 YE269 — December 25, 2005 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159959 2006 AZ10 — January 4, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159960 2006 AD14 — January 5, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey MAR 1.9 km MPC · JPL 159961 2006 AL74 — January 5, 2006 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159962 2006 AL93 — January 7, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey EOS 3.6 km MPC · JPL 159963 2006 AR93 — January 7, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.5 km MPC · JPL 159964 2006 BD11 — January 20, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch ADE 3.8 km MPC · JPL 159965 2006 BT12 — January 21, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 4.1 km MPC · JPL 159966 2006 BJ26 — January 22, 2006 Anderson Mesa LONEOS HYG 4.5 km MPC · JPL 159967 2006 BZ32 — January 21, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 2.4 km MPC · JPL 159968 2006 BQ44 — January 23, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159969 2006 BJ62 — January 22, 2006 Catalina CSS URS 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159970 2006 BJ63 — January 22, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.8 km MPC · JPL 159971 2006 BE83 — January 24, 2006 Socorro LINEAR  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159972 2006 BS92 — January 26, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 4.4 km MPC · JPL 159973 2006 BN95 — January 26, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch KOR 2.2 km MPC · JPL 159974 Badacsony 2006 BD141 Badacsony January 24, 2006 Piszkéstető K. Sárneczky NYS 780 m MPC · JPL 159975 2006 BP148 — January 22, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 4.8 km MPC · JPL 159976 2006 BC154 — January 25, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch HEN 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159977 2006 BK164 — January 26, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 3.9 km MPC · JPL 159978 2006 BY164 — January 26, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159979 2006 BY174 — January 27, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 1.0 km MPC · JPL 159980 2006 BP179 — January 27, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159981 2006 BZ202 — January 31, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.7 km MPC · JPL 159982 2006 BW207 — January 31, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159983 2006 BE241 — January 31, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch NYS 1.1 km MPC · JPL 159984 2006 CR4 — February 1, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 4.3 km MPC · JPL 159985 2006 CA32 — February 2, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch WIT 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159986 2006 CW51 — February 4, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159987 2006 CT56 — February 4, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey NYS 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159988 2006 DJ5 — February 20, 2006 Catalina CSS PAE 5.0 km MPC · JPL 159989 2006 DT36 — February 20, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch V 1.3 km MPC · JPL 159990 2006 DY38 — February 21, 2006 Catalina CSS 7:4 6.4 km MPC · JPL 159991 2006 DP50 — February 22, 2006 Catalina CSS  · 2.9 km MPC · JPL 159992 2006 DB114 — February 27, 2006 Catalina CSS URS 6.2 km MPC · JPL 159993 2006 DX114 — February 27, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch THM 3.3 km MPC · JPL 159994 2006 DJ140 — February 25, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.5 km MPC · JPL 159995 2006 DD172 — February 27, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 6.0 km MPC · JPL 159996 2006 DN204 — February 25, 2006 Anderson Mesa LONEOS  · 8.7 km MPC · JPL 159997 2006 DU211 — February 24, 2006 Kitt Peak Spacewatch  · 3.0 km MPC · JPL 159998 2006 EA18 — March 2, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey  · 1.7 km MPC · JPL 159999 Michaelgriffin 2006 EZ67 Michaelgriffin March 2, 2006 Kitt Peak M. W. Buie  · 2.6 km MPC · JPL 160000 Lemmon 2006 GN18 Lemmon April 2, 2006 Mount Lemmon Mount Lemmon Survey EMA 4.9 km MPC · JPL back to top See also Meanings of minor planet names: 159001–160000 References ^ "Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023. ^ a b "Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023. ^ "Critical Lists of Asteroids". Lowell Observatory. November 2023. External links Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (155001)–(160000) (IAU Minor Planet Center) vteList of minor planets1–25,000 1–1000 1k 2k 3k 4k 5k 6k 7k 8k 9k 10k 11k 12k 13k 14k 15k 16k 17k 18k 19k 20k 21k 22k 23k 24k 25,001–50,000 25k 26k 27k 28k 29k 30k 31k 32k 33k 34k 35k 36k 37k 38k 39k 40k 41k 42k 43k 44k 45k 46k 47k 48k 49k 50,001–75,000 50k 51k 52k 53k 54k 55k 56k 57k 58k 59k 60k 61k 62k 63k 64k 65k 66k 67k 68k 69k 70k 71k 72k 73k 74k 75,001–100,000 75k 76k 77k 78k 79k 80k 81k 82k 83k 84k 85k 86k 87k 88k 89k 90k 91k 92k 93k 94k 95k 96k 97k 98k 99k 100,001–125,000 100k 101k 102k 103k 104k 105k 106k 107k 108k 109k 110k  111k 112k  113k 114k  115k 116k  117k 118k 119k 120k 121k 122k 123k 124k 125,001–150,000 125k 126k 127k 128k 129k 130k 131k 132k 133k 134k 135k 136k 137k 138k 139k 140k 141k 142k 143k 144k 145k 146k 147k 148k 149k 150,001–175,000 150k 151k 152k 153k 154k 155k 156k 157k 158k 159k 160k 161k 162k 163k 164k 165k 166k 167k 168k 169k 170k 171k 172k 173k 174k 175,001–200,000 175k 176k 177k 178k 179k 180k 181k 182k 183k 184k 185k 186k 187k 188k 189k 190k 191k 192k 193k 194k 195k 196k 197k 198k 199k 200,001–225,000 200k 201k 202k 203k 204k 205k 206k 207k 208k 209k 210k 211k 212k 213k 214k 215k 216k 217k 218k 219k 220k 221k 222k 223k 224k 225,001–250,000 225k 226k 227k 228k 229k 230k 231k 232k 233k 234k 235k 236k 237k 238k 239k 240k 241k 242k 243k 244k 245k 246k 247k 248k 249k 250,001–275,000 250k 251k 252k 253k 254k 255k 256k 257k 258k 259k 260k 261k 262k 263k 264k 265k 266k 267k 268k 269k 270k 271k 272k 273k 274k 275,001–300,000 275k 276k 277k 278k 279k 280k 281k 282k 283k 284k 285k 286k 287k 288k 289k 290k 291k 292k 293k 294k 295k 296k 297k 298k 299k 300,001–325,000 300k 301k 302k 303k 304k 305k 306k 307k 308k 309k 310k 311k 312k 313k 314k 315k 316k 317k 318k 319k 320k 321k 322k 323k 324k 325,001–350,000 325k 326k 327k 328k 329k 330k 331k 332k 333k 334k 335k 336k 337k 338k 339k 340k 341k 342k 343k 344k 345k 346k 347k 348k 349k 350,001–375,000 350k 351k 352k 353k 354k 355k 356k 357k 358k 359k 360k 361k 362k 363k 364k 365k 366k 367k 368k 369k 370k 371k 372k 373k 374k 375,001–400,000 375k 376k 377k 378k 379k 380k 381k 382k 383k 384k 385k 386k 387k 388k 389k 390k 391k 392k 393k 394k 395k 396k 397k 398k 399k 400,001–425,000 400k 401k 402k 403k 404k 405k 406k 407k 408k 409k 410k 411k 412k 413k 414k 415k 416k 417k 418k 419k 420k 421k 422k 423k 424k 425,001–450,000 425k 426k 427k 428k 429k 430k 431k 432k 433k 434k 435k 436k 437k 438k 439k 440k 441k 442k 443k 444k 445k 446k 447k 448k 449k 450,001–475,000 450k 451k 452k 453k 454k 455k 456k 457k 458k 459k 460k 461k 462k 463k 464k 465k 466k 467k 468k 469k 470k 471k 472k 473k 474k 475,001–500,000 475k 476k 477k 478k 479k 480k 481k 482k 483k 484k 485k 486k 487k 488k 489k 490k 491k 492k 493k 494k 495k 496k 497k 498k 499k 500,001–525,000 500k 501k 502k 503k 504k 505k 506k 507k 508k 509k 510k 511k 512k 513k 514k 515k 516k 517k 518k 519k 520k 521k 522k 523k 524k 525,001–550,000 525k 526k 527k 528k 529k 530k 531k 532k 533k 534k 535k 536k 537k 538k 539k 540k 541k 542k 543k 544k 545k 546k 547k 548k 549k 550,001–575,000 550k 551k 552k 553k 554k 555k 556k 557k 558k 559k 560k 561k 562k 563k 564k 565k 566k 567k 568k 569k 570k 571k 572k 573k 574k 575,001–600,000 575k 576k 577k 578k 579k 580k 581k 582k 583k 584k 585k 586k 587k 588k 589k 590k 591k 592k 593k 594k 595k 596k 597k 598k 599k 600,001–625,000 600k 601k 602k 603k 604k 605k 606k 607k 608k 609k 610k 611k 612k 613k 614k 615k 616k 617k 618k 619k 620k 621k 622k 623k 624k 625,001–650,000 625k 626k 627k 628k 629k 630k 631k 632k 633k 634k 635k 636k 637k 638k 639k 640k 641k 642k 643k 644k 645k 646k 647k 648k 649k 650,001–675,000 650k 651k 652k 653k 654k 655k 656k 657k 658k 659k 660k 661k 662k 663k 664k 665k 666k 667k 668k 669k 670k 671k 672k 673k 674k 675,001–700,000 675k 676k 677k 678k 679k 680k 681k 682k 683k 684k 685k 686k 687k 688k 689k 690k 691k 692k 693k 694k 695k 696k 697k 698k 699k
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"list of minor planets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets"},{"link_name":"JPL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JPL"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JPL-sources-1"},{"link_name":"Minor Planet Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Critical list","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Critical-list_minor_planet"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MPC-sources-2"},{"link_name":"Lowell Observatory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LowellCrit-3"},{"link_name":"detailed description","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Description_of_partial_lists"},{"link_name":"list of every page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Main_index"},{"link_name":"statistical break-up","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Diagram-breakup-into-populations"},{"link_name":"dynamical classification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"numerical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(numerical)"},{"link_name":"alphabetical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_named_minor_planets_(alphabetical)"},{"link_name":"naming citations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_159001%E2%80%93160000"},{"link_name":"Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Working_Group_for_Small_Bodies_Nomenclature"},{"link_name":"International Astronomical Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union"},{"link_name":"Index","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#Main_index"},{"link_name":"100K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#100K"},{"link_name":"200K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#200K"},{"link_name":"300K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#300K"},{"link_name":"400K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#400K"},{"link_name":"500K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#500K"},{"link_name":"600K","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LoMP#600K"},{"link_name":"color code","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets#Orbital_groups"},{"link_name":"154,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_154001%E2%80%93155000"},{"link_name":"155,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_155001%E2%80%93156000"},{"link_name":"156,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_156001%E2%80%93157000"},{"link_name":"157,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_157001%E2%80%93158000"},{"link_name":"158,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_158001%E2%80%93159000"},{"link_name":"159,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"160,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_160001%E2%80%93161000"},{"link_name":"161,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_161001%E2%80%93162000"},{"link_name":"162,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_162001%E2%80%93163000"},{"link_name":"163,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_163001%E2%80%93164000"},{"link_name":"164,000s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_minor_planets:_164001%E2%80%93165000"},{"link_name":"159,001…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#001"},{"link_name":"159,101…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#101"},{"link_name":"159,201…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#201"},{"link_name":"159,301…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#301"},{"link_name":"159,401…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#401"},{"link_name":"159,501…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#501"},{"link_name":"159,601…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#601"},{"link_name":"159,701…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#701"},{"link_name":"159,801…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#801"},{"link_name":"159,901…","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#901"}],"text":"The following is a partial list of minor planets, running from minor-planet number 159001 through 160000, inclusive. The primary data for this and other partial lists is based on JPL's \"Small-Body Orbital Elements\"[1] and data available from the Minor Planet Center.[2] Critical list information is also provided by the MPC,[2] unless otherwise specified from Lowell Observatory.[3] A detailed description of the table's columns and additional sources are given on the main page including a complete list of every page in this series, and a statistical break-up on the dynamical classification of minor planets.Also see the summary list of all named bodies in numerical and alphabetical order, and the corresponding naming citations for the number range of this particular list. New namings may only be added to this list after official publication, as the preannouncement of names is condemned by the Working Group for Small Bodies Nomenclature of the International Astronomical Union.Index100K200K300K400K500K600Kcolor code\n\n154,000s\n155,000s\n156,000s\n157,000s\n158,000s\n159,000s\n160,000s\n161,000s\n162,000s\n163,000s\n164,000s\n\n\n159,001…\n159,101…\n159,201…\n159,301…\n159,401…\n159,501…\n159,601…\n159,701…\n159,801…\n159,901…","title":"List of minor planets: 159001–160000"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"159001–159100"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"159101–159200"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"159201–159300"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"159301–159400"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"159401–159500"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"159501–159600"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"159601–159700"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"159701–159800"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to top","title":"159801–159900"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"link_name":"back to top","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#top"}],"text":"back to topback to top","title":"159901–160000"}]
[]
[{"title":"Meanings of minor planet names: 159001–160000","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings_of_minor_planet_names:_159001%E2%80%93160000"}]
[{"reference":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\". NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/?sb_elem","url_text":"\"Small-Body Orbital Elements: Numbered Asteroids, ELEMENTS.NUMBR (64 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_Propulsion_Laboratory","url_text":"Jet Propulsion Laboratory"}]},{"reference":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\". International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://minorplanetcenter.net//data","url_text":"\"Data Available from the Minor Planet Center: Discovery circumstances of the numbered minor planets, NumberedMPs.txt (53 MB)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center","url_text":"Minor Planet Center"}]},{"reference":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\". Lowell Observatory. November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://asteroid.lowell.edu/critlists/legacy/","url_text":"\"Critical Lists of Asteroids\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_Observatory","url_text":"Lowell Observatory"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angus_MacNeil
Angus MacNeil
["1 Early life and education","2 Parliamentary career","2.1 Suspensions from the SNP","2.2 Expulsion from the SNP","3 Personal life","4 References","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Scottish politician This article's subject is standing for re-election to the UK's House of Commons on 4 July, and has not been an MP since Parliament's dissolution on 30 May. The article may be out of date during this period. Please improve it (updates without reliable references will be removed) or discuss changes on the talk page. Angus MacNeilOfficial portrait, 2017Chair of the Energy Security and Net Zero Select CommitteeIncumbentAssumed office 26 April 2023Preceded byCommittee re-establishedIn office18 June 2015 – 13 July 2016Preceded byTim YeoSucceeded byCommittee abolishedChair of the International Trade Select CommitteeIn office13 July 2016 – 26 April 2023Preceded byCommittee establishedSucceeded byCommittee abolishedMember of Parliament for Na h-Eileanan an IarIncumbentAssumed office 5 May 2005Preceded byCalum MacDonaldMajority2,438 (16.9%) Personal detailsBornAngus Brendan MacNeil (1970-07-21) 21 July 1970 (age 53)Barra, ScotlandCitizenshipUnited KingdomRepublic of IrelandPolitical partyIndependentOther politicalaffiliationsScotland United (from 2023)Scottish National Party (until 2023, expelled)Spouse Jane MacNeil ​ ​(m. 1998; sep. 2016)​Alma materUniversity of StrathclydeProfessionCivil engineer, reporter, teacherWebsiteangusmacneilsnp.com Angus Brendan MacNeil (Scottish Gaelic: Aonghas Brianan MacNèill; born 21 July 1970) is a Scottish politician serving as the independent Member of Parliament (MP) for Na h-Eileanan an Iar. He was elected as the Scottish National Party (SNP) candidate in 2005. He was re-elected for the party at the subsequent four elections, but was suspended for one week from the party's Parliamentary group in July 2023, after which he decided not to rejoin, leading to his suspension and later expulsion from the party. Early life and education Angus MacNeil was born on 21 July 1970 in Barra. He was educated at Castlebay Secondary School on the island of Barra and the Nicolson Institute in Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis before attending Strathclyde University where he played shinty and in 1992 gained a degree in civil engineering. After graduation he worked as a civil engineer for Morrison Construction and as a reporter for the Gaelic section of BBC Radio Scotland. After qualifying as a teacher at Jordanhill College in 1996 , he then taught the first Gaelic Medium Class at Salen and Acharacle Primary Schools in Argyll on the Scottish mainland. MacNeil is a Catholic. Parliamentary career At the 2001 general election, MacNeil stood as the SNP candidate in Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber, coming second with 25.6% of the vote behind the incumbent Labour MP David Stewart. MacNeil was elected to Parliament at the 2005 general election as MP for Na h-Eileanan an Iar with 44.9% of the vote and a majority of 1,441. In March 2006, MacNeil came to attention when he lodged a complaint with the Metropolitan Police regarding the Cash for Peerages scandal. In April 2006, he and former MP Martin Bell wrote to the Prime Minister Tony Blair calling for all appointments to the House of Lords to be suspended in the wake of the scandal. In November 2006 he won the Best Scot at Westminster section of the Scottish Politician of the Year awards for instigating the inquiry into possible abuse of the honours system. On 17 November 2006 MacNeil had the highest bill for travel in 2006–07. This is mainly due to the distance of his constituency from London as well as the dispersed geographical nature of the constituency. At the 2010 general election, MacNeil was re-elected as MP for Na h-Eileanan an Iar with an increased vote share of 45.7% and an increased majority of 1,885. He was again re-elected at the 2015 general election with an increased vote share of 54.3% and an increased majority of 4,102. In June 2015 he was appointed chair of the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee; in July 2016, chair of the International Trade Select Committee; in October 2017, a member of the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy; and in April 2023, chair of the Energy Security and Net Zero Select Committee. MacNeil was again re-elected at the snap 2017 general election, with a decreased vote share of 40.6% and a decreased majority of 1,007. In July 2019 MacNeil criticised the then Conservative leadership candidate, Boris Johnson for stating that learning English is essential for immigrants. MacNeil called English a "Germanic import" in contrast to indigenous Celtic languages. MacNeil was again re-elected at the 2019 general election, with an increased vote share of 45.1% and an increased majority of 2,438. Suspensions from the SNP On 5 July 2023, he was suspended from the SNP Westminster group for one week, following an argument with SNP Chief Whip Brendan O'Hara allegedly over MacNeil's missing key votes. A week later, on 12 July MacNeil tweeted that he would sit as an independent until deciding whether to rejoin after the SNP conference in October 2023, and that he would stand in the 2024 United Kingdom general election, though not necessarily for the SNP. As a result, he was informed that day by the SNP National Secretary his refusal to take the whip was in breach of the rules, and the following day his party membership was suspended. Expulsion from the SNP The SNP selection process for all MP candidates, including in seats the party holds, was scheduled to take place before the October conference MacNeil had chosen as a time he would consider re-joining the group. MacNeil said of his suspension to The Times: "It's a bit Stalinist and I'm going to fight this. They can't just resign me from the party. I've been a member since the 1990s at least". MacNeil was subsequently expelled from the SNP on 11 August 2023. He is member of the "Scotland United" group in Parliament along with the Alba Party. In August 2023, MacNeil announced that he would stand as an independent in Na h-Eileanan an Iar at the 2024 general election. Personal life In 1998, MacNeil married Jane Douglas who worked as his parliamentary secretary. In 2007, the Sunday Mail reported MacNeil had "kissed and fondled" two girls aged 17 and 18 in an Orkney hotel room while his wife was in hospital pregnant with their third child. MacNeil said he bitterly regretted the incident and said he was angry it had diverted attention from the "substantial political issues" he had been pursuing. In a statement, MacNeil, then 36, apologised for the "embarrassment and hurt" caused to his family by his actions. In May 2016, MacNeil and his wife announced that they had separated; this followed reports that MacNeil and his colleague Stewart Hosie had both had affairs with Westminster-based journalist Serena Cowdy. In October 2020, he was involved in a collision with a 17 year old motorcyclist and charged with causing serious injury, to which he pleaded not guilty. His trial was delayed until May 2022 where he was found guilty of dangerous driving and fined £1,500. MacNeil is a dual British and Irish citizen. He is a Catholic. References ^ Commons, House of. "House of Commons - The Register of Members' Financial Interests - Part 2: Part 2". ^ "Tobar an Dualchais". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2011. ^ "MacNeil appeals for home support for shinty team". Stornoway Gazette. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015. ^ "Angus MacNeil MP, MP for Na H-Eileanan An Iar". Scottish National Party. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015. ^ a b Ceridwen Lee (27 August 2015). "Fall in number of Catholic MPs in the House of Commons ahead of landmark debate on assisted dying". The Tablet. Retrieved 16 August 2016. ^ "Election Data 2001". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2017. ^ "Election Data 2005". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015. ^ "MacNeil presses Blair over honours". BBC News Online. 15 April 2006. Retrieved 2 June 2015. ^ "The SNP's Angus MacNeil was the Best Scot at Westminster for instigating an inquiry into possible abuse of the honours system.", The Herald ^ Morris, Nigel (26 October 2007). "MPs claim £88m expenses on top of the £60,675 each gets in salary". The Independent. Archived from the original on 7 May 2022. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ "Election Data 2010". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "Election 2010: Na H-Eileanan An Iar (Western Isles)". BBC. ^ "Election Data 2015". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 17 October 2015. Retrieved 17 October 2015. ^ "Comhairle nan Eilean Siar - Election Office (UK Parliamentary Elections)". Cne-siar.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 5 March 2017. Retrieved 31 March 2017. ^ "Winning candidates for select committee Chairs announced". UK Parliament. 18 June 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2015. ^ "Angus Brendan MacNeil MP". UK Parliament. ^ "Statement of Persons Nominated and Notice of Poll" (PDF). UK Parliamentary Election 8 June 2017 Na h-Eileanan an Iar Constituency. Retrieved 11 November 2019. ^ "Boris Johnson mocked by own sister over English language claim". Irish Examiner. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ Barry, Ellen (6 July 2019). "Boris Johnson Says Immigrants to U.K. Should Be Forced to Learn English". The New York Times. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ "Boris Johnson cites Jews, Bangladeshis as immigrants that shaped British culture". The Times of Israel. 6 July 2019. Retrieved 7 July 2019. ^ "Statutory Notices UK Parliamentary General Election - December 2019". Comhairle nan Eilean Siar. Retrieved 15 November 2019. ^ "Na h-Eileanan an Iar (Western Isles) parliamentary constituency - Election 2019". Retrieved 14 December 2019. ^ Cochrane, Angus (5 July 2023). "SNP MP Angus MacNeil suspended following clash with chief whip". BBC News. ^ @AngusMacNeilSNP (12 July 2023). "I shall not now be seeking to re-join the Westminster SNP group until at least October" (Tweet) – via Twitter. ^ Learmonth, Andrew (14 July 2023). "Angus MacNeil has SNP membership suspended". The Herald. ^ Learmouth, Andrew (16 July 2023). "Angus MacNeil set to be expelled from the SNP". The Herald. ^ Andrews, Kieran (14 July 2023). "SNP MP suspended after refusing to rejoin Westminster group". The Times. ^ Fitzpatrick, Tara (11 August 2023). "MP expelled from SNP after saying party 'clueless' about independence". STV News. ^ "Angus MacNeil to work with Alba in 'Scotland United' group at Westminster". The National. 29 October 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024. ^ "Angus MacNeil to stand as an independent following expulsion from the SNP". Yahoo Sports. 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023. ^ "Police probed MP spy allegations". BBC News Online. 10 April 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2010. ^ "SNP MPs Stewart Hosie and Angus MacNeil split from wives over alleged affairs with same woman". The Daily Telegraph. 16 May 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2017. ^ Maclean, Murdo. "Western Isles MP Angus MacNeil's dangerous driving trial delayed". The Press and Journal. Retrieved 15 December 2021. ^ Hutcheon, Paul (18 May 2022). "SNP MP Angus MacNeil found guilty of careless driving and fined £1500". Daily Record. Retrieved 19 May 2022. ^ Bourke, Latika (13 May 2018). "'Utterly absurd': British MPs question Australia's ban on dual citizens". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 14 June 2020. Notes ^ As Chair of the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee from 2015 to 2016. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Angus MacNeil. Profile at Parliament of the United Kingdom Contributions in Parliament at Hansard Voting record at Public Whip Record in Parliament at TheyWorkForYou Personal website SNP profile Guardian articles by Angus MacNeil Parliament of the United Kingdom Preceded byCalum MacDonald Member of Parliament for Na h-Eileanan an Iar 2005–present Incumbent vteCurrent UK Parliamentary committee chairsCommonsDepartmental Byrne Dinenage Quin R. Walker MacNeil Goodwill Kearns Brine Johnson Champion Neill Betts Buckland Clark Wishart Stewart Baldwin Crabb Timms Topical Garnier Dunne Cash C Smith Hillier Wragg McPartland Morden Nokes GeneralNo chairsInternal C. Walker Hodgson Mearns Jenkin Afriyie Bradley Wiggin Bryant Williams Statutory Hoyle Leigh LordsTopical Gilbert of Panteg Taylor of Bolton Blencathra Forsyth of Drumlean Kinnoull Anelay of St Johns Hodgson of Astley Abbotts Patel Private McFall of Alcluith Internal Fowler McFall of Alcluith Touhig JointSelect Thomas of Cwmgiedd Cherry Beckett Morden Statutory Butler-Sloss Lewis vteIndependent MPs in the House of Commons of the United KingdomSuspended from or surrendered party whips: Crispin Blunt Jeremy Corbyn Geraint Davies Jeffrey Donaldson Jonathan Edwards Julian Knight Conor McGinn Rob Roberts William WraggExpelled or resigned from parties: Lucy Allan Andrew Bridgen Nick Brown Angus MacNeil Mark Menzies Claudia Webbe Authority control databases: People UK Parliament
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Scottish Gaelic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Gaelic_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Member of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Na h-Eileanan an Iar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_an_Iar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Scottish National Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"}],"text":"Angus Brendan MacNeil (Scottish Gaelic: Aonghas Brianan MacNèill;[2] born 21 July 1970) is a Scottish politician serving as the independent Member of Parliament (MP) for Na h-Eileanan an Iar. He was elected as the Scottish National Party (SNP) candidate in 2005. He was re-elected for the party at the subsequent four elections, but was suspended for one week from the party's Parliamentary group in July 2023, after which he decided not to rejoin, leading to his suspension and later expulsion from the party.","title":"Angus MacNeil"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barra"},{"link_name":"Castlebay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlebay"},{"link_name":"Barra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barra"},{"link_name":"Nicolson Institute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolson_Institute"},{"link_name":"Stornoway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stornoway"},{"link_name":"Isle of Lewis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isle_of_Lewis"},{"link_name":"Strathclyde University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Strathclyde"},{"link_name":"shinty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shinty"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-snp-profile-5"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Jordanhill College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordanhill_College"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetablet-20150827-6"}],"text":"Angus MacNeil was born on 21 July 1970 in Barra. He was educated at Castlebay Secondary School on the island of Barra and the Nicolson Institute in Stornoway on the Isle of Lewis before attending Strathclyde University where he played shinty[3] and in 1992 gained a degree in civil engineering.[4]After graduation he worked as a civil engineer for Morrison Construction and as a reporter for the Gaelic section of BBC Radio Scotland. After qualifying as a teacher at Jordanhill College in 1996 , he then taught the first Gaelic Medium Class at Salen and Acharacle Primary Schools in Argyll on the Scottish mainland.MacNeil is a Catholic.[5]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2001 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"SNP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party"},{"link_name":"Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness_East,_Nairn_and_Lochaber_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)"},{"link_name":"David Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Stewart_(Scottish_politician)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electoralcalculus2001-7"},{"link_name":"2005 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"Na h-Eileanan an Iar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na_h-Eileanan_an_Iar_(UK_Parliament_constituency)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electoralcalculus2005-8"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Police"},{"link_name":"Cash for Peerages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cash_for_Peerages"},{"link_name":"Martin Bell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Bell"},{"link_name":"Tony Blair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Blair"},{"link_name":"House of Lords","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Lords"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Scottish Politician of the Year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Politician_of_the_Year"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"2010 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electoralcalculus2010-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"2015 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2015_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-electoralcalculus2015-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Energy and Climate Change Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_Climate_Change_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_Committee_on_the_National_Security_Strategy"},{"link_name":"Energy Security and Net Zero Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_Security_and_Net_Zero_Select_Committee"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"2017 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Conservative leadership candidate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Conservative_Party_(UK)_leadership_election"},{"link_name":"Boris Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"2019 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"At the 2001 general election, MacNeil stood as the SNP candidate in Inverness East, Nairn and Lochaber, coming second with 25.6% of the vote behind the incumbent Labour MP David Stewart.[6]MacNeil was elected to Parliament at the 2005 general election as MP for Na h-Eileanan an Iar with 44.9% of the vote and a majority of 1,441.[7]In March 2006, MacNeil came to attention when he lodged a complaint with the Metropolitan Police regarding the Cash for Peerages scandal. In April 2006, he and former MP Martin Bell wrote to the Prime Minister Tony Blair calling for all appointments to the House of Lords to be suspended in the wake of the scandal.[8]In November 2006 he won the Best Scot at Westminster section of the Scottish Politician of the Year awards for instigating the inquiry into possible abuse of the honours system.[9]On 17 November 2006 MacNeil had the highest bill for travel in 2006–07.[10] This is mainly due to the distance of his constituency from London as well as the dispersed geographical nature of the constituency.At the 2010 general election, MacNeil was re-elected as MP for Na h-Eileanan an Iar with an increased vote share of 45.7% and an increased majority of 1,885.[11][12] He was again re-elected at the 2015 general election with an increased vote share of 54.3% and an increased majority of 4,102.[13][14]In June 2015 he was appointed chair of the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee;[15] in July 2016, chair of the International Trade Select Committee; in October 2017, a member of the Joint Committee on the National Security Strategy; and in April 2023, chair of the Energy Security and Net Zero Select Committee.[16]MacNeil was again re-elected at the snap 2017 general election, with a decreased vote share of 40.6% and a decreased majority of 1,007.[17]In July 2019 MacNeil criticised the then Conservative leadership candidate, Boris Johnson for stating that learning English is essential for immigrants. MacNeil called English a \"Germanic import\" in contrast to indigenous Celtic languages.[18][19][20]MacNeil was again re-elected at the 2019 general election, with an increased vote share of 45.1% and an increased majority of 2,438.[21][22]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brendan O'Hara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brendan_O%27Hara"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"2024 United Kingdom general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"}],"sub_title":"Suspensions from the SNP","text":"On 5 July 2023, he was suspended from the SNP Westminster group for one week, following an argument with SNP Chief Whip Brendan O'Hara allegedly over MacNeil's missing key votes.[23] A week later, on 12 July MacNeil tweeted that he would sit as an independent until deciding whether to rejoin after the SNP conference in October 2023, and that he would stand in the 2024 United Kingdom general election, though not necessarily for the SNP.[24] As a result, he was informed that day by the SNP National Secretary his refusal to take the whip was in breach of the rules, and the following day his party membership was suspended.[25]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"The Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TimesSuspended-28"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Scotland United","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland_United"},{"link_name":"Alba Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alba_Party"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"independent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_politician"},{"link_name":"2024 general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Expulsion from the SNP","text":"The SNP selection process for all MP candidates, including in seats the party holds, was scheduled to take place before the October conference MacNeil had chosen as a time he would consider re-joining the group.[26] MacNeil said of his suspension to The Times: \"It's a bit Stalinist and I'm going to fight this. They can't just resign me from the party. I've been a member since the 1990s at least\".[27] MacNeil was subsequently expelled from the SNP on 11 August 2023.[28] He is member of the \"Scotland United\" group in Parliament along with the Alba Party.[29]In August 2023, MacNeil announced that he would stand as an independent in Na h-Eileanan an Iar at the 2024 general election.[30]","title":"Parliamentary career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sunday Mail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunday_Mail_(Scotland)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Stewart Hosie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stewart_Hosie"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thetablet-20150827-6"}],"text":"In 1998, MacNeil married Jane Douglas who worked as his parliamentary secretary.In 2007, the Sunday Mail reported MacNeil had \"kissed and fondled\" two girls aged 17 and 18 in an Orkney hotel room while his wife was in hospital pregnant with their third child.[31] MacNeil said he bitterly regretted the incident and said he was angry it had diverted attention from the \"substantial political issues\" he had been pursuing. In a statement, MacNeil, then 36, apologised for the \"embarrassment and hurt\" caused to his family by his actions.In May 2016, MacNeil and his wife announced that they had separated; this followed reports that MacNeil and his colleague Stewart Hosie had both had affairs with Westminster-based journalist Serena Cowdy.[32]In October 2020, he was involved in a collision with a 17 year old motorcyclist and charged with causing serious injury, to which he pleaded not guilty. His trial was delayed[33] until May 2022 where he was found guilty of dangerous driving and fined £1,500.[34]MacNeil is a dual British and Irish citizen.[35] He is a Catholic.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Energy and Climate Change Select Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Energy_and_Climate_Change_Select_Committee"}],"text":"^ As Chair of the Energy and Climate Change Select Committee from 2015 to 2016.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Commons, House of. \"House of Commons - The Register of Members' Financial Interests - Part 2: Part 2\".","urls":[{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm/cmregmem/110124/part2.htm","url_text":"\"House of Commons - The Register of Members' Financial Interests - Part 2: Part 2\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tobar an Dualchais\". Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 14 October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032301/http://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/gd/person/2649","url_text":"\"Tobar an Dualchais\""},{"url":"http://www.tobarandualchais.co.uk/gd/person/2649","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MacNeil appeals for home support for shinty team\". Stornoway Gazette. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 18 March 2012. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120318085453/http://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/sport/local-sport/macneil_appeals_for_home_support_for_shinty_team_1_1623635","url_text":"\"MacNeil appeals for home support for shinty team\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stornoway_Gazette","url_text":"Stornoway Gazette"},{"url":"http://www.stornowaygazette.co.uk/sport/local-sport/macneil_appeals_for_home_support_for_shinty_team_1_1623635","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Angus MacNeil MP, MP for Na H-Eileanan An Iar\". Scottish National Party. Archived from the original on 26 May 2015. Retrieved 2 June 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150526154241/http://www.snp.org/people/angus-macneil","url_text":"\"Angus MacNeil MP, MP for Na H-Eileanan An Iar\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_National_Party","url_text":"Scottish National Party"},{"url":"http://www.snp.org/people/angus-macneil","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Ceridwen Lee (27 August 2015). \"Fall in number of Catholic MPs in the House of Commons ahead of landmark debate on assisted dying\". The Tablet. Retrieved 16 August 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thetablet.co.uk/news/2380/0/fall-in-number-of-catholic-mps-in-the-house-of-commons-ahead-of-landmark-debate-on-assisted-dying","url_text":"\"Fall in number of Catholic MPs in the House of Commons ahead of landmark debate on assisted dying\""}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2001\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 28 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054450/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2001\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2001ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Election Data 2005\". Electoral Calculus. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 18 October 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111015054249/http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"\"Election Data 2005\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Calculus","url_text":"Electoral Calculus"},{"url":"http://www.electoralcalculus.co.uk/electdata_2005ob.txt","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"MacNeil presses Blair over honours\". BBC News Online. 15 April 2006. 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Yahoo Sports. 12 August 2023. Retrieved 12 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/angus-macneil-stand-independent-following-035500642.html","url_text":"\"Angus MacNeil to stand as an independent following expulsion from the SNP\""}]},{"reference":"\"Police probed MP spy allegations\". BBC News Online. 10 April 2007. Retrieved 28 March 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/highlands_and_islands/6540699.stm","url_text":"\"Police probed MP spy allegations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_News_Online","url_text":"BBC News Online"}]},{"reference":"\"SNP MPs Stewart Hosie and Angus MacNeil split from wives over alleged affairs with same woman\". The Daily Telegraph. 16 May 2016. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flower_Festival_in_Genzano
Flower Festival in Genzano
["1 Background","2 Music","3 See also","4 References"]
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Flower Festival in Genzano" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Hans Beck and Valborg Borchsenius, c. 1900 The Flower Festival in Genzano (Danish: Blomsterfesten i Genzano) is a one-act ballet by Danish choreographer and ballet master August Bournonville (1805–1879). Bournonville created the work for Denmark's Royal Ballet on December 19, 1858, at the Royal Danish Theatre, on the basis of Danes' general enthusiasm for Italy. The libretto, which is adapted from a tale in Impressions de voyage by Alexandre Dumas, tells the story of a pair of young lovers, Rosa and Paolo, which alludes to the festival still celebrated each June in Genzano, Italy. The music is by Edvard Helsted and Holger Simon Paulli. Bournonville was a dancer, choreographer, ballet teacher and director. He was son of the dancer and French ballet master Antoine Bournonville, who was a disciple of the great Noverre. Auguste was born in Copenhagen in 1805, studied with his father, and completed his training in France—with Vestris, the last virtuoso of the French classical style—before becoming a star of the Paris opera. Bournonville's contributions to the development of romantic ballet, in the course of his long reign as head of the Royal Danish Ballet, far outweighed French influence. He created an entire balletic school and style, including a repertoire of more than 50 ballets, most noted for their strong characters, naturalistic (vs. exaggerated) movement, and exotic locales. Background The ballet premiered on 19 December 1858 in Copenhagen and was danced in its entirety by Denmark's Royal Ballet until 1929, when it was dropped from the repertoire. It is considered one of Bournonville's most perfect compositions. It has to be seen in the Festival of Flowers in Genzano which is a transition to naturalism (one of the stages of Auguste's style) and is characterized as a masterpiece of Bournonville's international virtuosity, so that it is a clear example of the Danish style, with a very strong and quite good technique, giving greater importance to the feet. This is why he made use of the vividness and variety of the jumps, the softness of the feet, the speed and brilliance of the small battery. The original ballet disappeared shortly after its premiere, but in 1875, Bournonville made a divertissement, in which he kept the pas de deux he had used in the montage he had already made for the Vienna Festival of Flowers. This remained in the repertoire until 1929 but in 1949 Harald Lander (director of the Royal Ballet) took it to the stage. That is why the entire ballet is lost but the fragment remains. It is considered one of Bournonville's most perfect compositions. It is often performed in ballet finery to show the Bournonville style. Music Bournonville, 1841. The so-called Flower Festival in Genzano pas de deux has become an extremely popular repertory piece with ballet companies and is often utilized in whole or in part by dancers on the ballet competition circuit. The music of this pas de deux is often erroneously credited to Holger Simon Pauli and/or Eduard Helsted in modern theatre programs, films, etc. The true origins of this famous pas de deux stem from an 1842 staging of Bournonville's Napoli for the ballet of the Kärntnertortheater in Vienna. For this production, the danseur Lorenzo Vienna—who performed the principal role of Gennaro in Napoli—created a pas de deux for the third act to new music by the Austrian composer Matthias Strebinger (1807–1874). Bournonville then added the pas de deux to the full-length The Flower Festival in Genzano and the composer of that work, Holger Simon Pauli, adapted Strebinger's music accordingly. For this reason some current companies sometimes insert the pas de deux of Festival de Flores in Genzano in the pas de deux de six of Napoli. Although it is believed that the music of the pas de deux is from the Austrian composer Strebinger, when passing from Napoli it was reorchestrated by Paulli, since he, along with Helsted, had been the authors of the original Genzano Flower Festival, and that is why he continues have attributed to him the authorship of the piece. The entrée of the pas de deux opens with an episode for solo violin, followed by a polka-like section. After the adage follows the male variation—this is set to a waltz taken from Adolphe Adam's score for Joseph Mazilier's 1845 ballet Le Diable à quatre. The series of relatively short, tuneful passages continues and the pas de deux concludes with a characteristic coda. The music is completely representative of ballet music from the period. The decoration was designed by Messrs, Christensen and Lund. Regarding the performance of the work, it should be mentioned that the dancer performs a small gargouillade and her round of petit manège, with four grand jetés in the first arabesque at the end of the solo; also, the repeated series of fast relevés at the tip in his second solo. All this is part of the characteristic Bournonville style that uses few familiar steps. A small circle is performed four times by the couple, with the man holding the woman in a low inclined position and she jumps right while doing fast jambe ronds. There is also a game of flirtation between the couple at the beginning of the coda, a fact that is not found in any other Bournonville choreography. Another element that it is not usual for Bournonville to use it is the fragment where she is held by the dancer arriving at the position of first arabesque, and then turns to the left which rotates in avant arabesque and then she turns again to return to the correct first arabesque, it is not a sequence that usually found in any of the other Bournonville choreographies. In the two solos of the man the soloists perform steps that use the strong rhythms of the music. However, in the man's first solo we observe that he only follows direct lines (performs a diagonal and then moves in parallel) and is very simple in the use of the stage. The man's second solo is perhaps the only part that is totally in Bournonville's best known style. It is not known which dancers performed the first Festival of Flowers in Genzano, but however there are old films in which the rescued pas de deux is shown. See also List of ballets by August Bournonville References Citations ^ Terry, Walter. The King's Ballet Master: A Biography of Denmark's August Bournonville. New York: Dodd, Mead, & Company, 1979. ISBN 0-396-07722-6. Sources "The Flower Festival in Genzano". Bournonville. vteAugust Bournonville Ballets Acclaim to the Graces (1829) Valdemar (1835) La Sylphide (1836) The Toreador (1840) Napoli (1842) Le Conservatoire (1849) Psyche (1850) The Kermesse in Bruges (1851) A Folk Tale (1854) La Ventana (1854) Abdallah (1855) Flower Festival in Genzano (1858) Far from Denmark, or A Costume Ball on Board (1860) The Valkyrie (1861) The White Rose Bouquet Royal (1870) The King's Volunteers Arcona (1875) From Siberia to Moscow (1876) People Antoine Bournonville (father) Charlotte Bournonville (daughter) People Bournonville House
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_Festival_01.jpg"},{"link_name":"Danish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_language"},{"link_name":"ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballet"},{"link_name":"August Bournonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Bournonville"},{"link_name":"Royal Ballet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Ballet"},{"link_name":"Royal Danish Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Danish_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Alexandre Dumas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas"},{"link_name":"Edvard Helsted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edvard_Helsted"},{"link_name":"Holger Simon Paulli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holger_Simon_Paulli"}],"text":"Hans Beck and Valborg Borchsenius, c. 1900The Flower Festival in Genzano (Danish: Blomsterfesten i Genzano) is a one-act ballet by Danish choreographer and ballet master August Bournonville (1805–1879). Bournonville created the work for Denmark's Royal Ballet on December 19, 1858, at the Royal Danish Theatre, on the basis of Danes' general enthusiasm for Italy. The libretto, which is adapted from a tale in Impressions de voyage by Alexandre Dumas, tells the story of a pair of young lovers, Rosa and Paolo, which alludes to the festival still celebrated each June in Genzano, Italy. The music is by Edvard Helsted and Holger Simon Paulli.Bournonville was a dancer, choreographer, ballet teacher and director. He was son of the dancer and French ballet master Antoine Bournonville, who was a disciple of the great Noverre. Auguste was born in Copenhagen in 1805, studied with his father, and completed his training in France—with Vestris, the last virtuoso of the French classical style—before becoming a star of the Paris opera.Bournonville's contributions to the development of romantic ballet, in the course of his long reign as head of the Royal Danish Ballet, far outweighed French influence. He created an entire balletic school and style, including a repertoire of more than 50 ballets, most noted for their strong characters, naturalistic (vs. exaggerated) movement, and exotic locales.","title":"Flower Festival in Genzano"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"divertissement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divertissement"},{"link_name":"pas de deux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas_de_deux"}],"text":"The ballet premiered on 19 December 1858 in Copenhagen and was danced in its entirety by Denmark's Royal Ballet until 1929, when it was dropped from the repertoire. It is considered one of Bournonville's most perfect compositions. It has to be seen in the Festival of Flowers in Genzano which is a transition to naturalism (one of the stages of Auguste's style) and is characterized as a masterpiece of Bournonville's international virtuosity, so that it is a clear example of the Danish style, with a very strong and quite good technique, giving greater importance to the feet. This is why he made use of the vividness and variety of the jumps, the softness of the feet, the speed and brilliance of the small battery. The original ballet disappeared shortly after its premiere, but in 1875, Bournonville made a divertissement, in which he kept the pas de deux he had used in the montage he had already made for the Vienna Festival of Flowers. This remained in the repertoire until 1929 but in 1949 Harald Lander (director of the Royal Ballet) took it to the stage. That is why the entire ballet is lost but the fragment remains. It is considered one of Bournonville's most perfect compositions. It is often performed in ballet finery to show the Bournonville style.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:August_Bournonville.jpg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Napoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napoli_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"Kärntnertortheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theater_am_K%C3%A4rntnertor"},{"link_name":"Lorenzo Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lorenzo_Vienna&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Matthias Strebinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matthias_Strebinger&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"entrée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entr%C3%A9e_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"violin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Violin"},{"link_name":"polka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polka"},{"link_name":"adage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adagio_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"variation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variation_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"waltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waltz"},{"link_name":"Adolphe Adam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Adam"},{"link_name":"Joseph Mazilier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mazilier"},{"link_name":"Le Diable à quatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_diable_%C3%A0_quatre_(ballet)"},{"link_name":"coda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coda_(ballet)"}],"text":"Bournonville, 1841.[1]The so-called Flower Festival in Genzano pas de deux has become an extremely popular repertory piece with ballet companies and is often utilized in whole or in part by dancers on the ballet competition circuit. The music of this pas de deux is often erroneously credited to Holger Simon Pauli and/or Eduard Helsted in modern theatre programs, films, etc. The true origins of this famous pas de deux stem from an 1842 staging of Bournonville's Napoli for the ballet of the Kärntnertortheater in Vienna. For this production, the danseur Lorenzo Vienna—who performed the principal role of Gennaro in Napoli—created a pas de deux for the third act to new music by the Austrian composer Matthias Strebinger (1807–1874). Bournonville then added the pas de deux to the full-length The Flower Festival in Genzano and the composer of that work, Holger Simon Pauli, adapted Strebinger's music accordingly. For this reason some current companies sometimes insert the pas de deux of Festival de Flores in Genzano in the pas de deux de six of Napoli. Although it is believed that the music of the pas de deux is from the Austrian composer Strebinger, when passing from Napoli it was reorchestrated by Paulli, since he, along with Helsted, had been the authors of the original Genzano Flower Festival, and that is why he continues have attributed to him the authorship of the piece.The entrée of the pas de deux opens with an episode for solo violin, followed by a polka-like section. After the adage follows the male variation—this is set to a waltz taken from Adolphe Adam's score for Joseph Mazilier's 1845 ballet Le Diable à quatre. The series of relatively short, tuneful passages continues and the pas de deux concludes with a characteristic coda. The music is completely representative of ballet music from the period. The decoration was designed by Messrs, Christensen and Lund.Regarding the performance of the work, it should be mentioned that the dancer performs a small gargouillade and her round of petit manège, with four grand jetés in the first arabesque at the end of the solo; also, the repeated series of fast relevés at the tip in his second solo. All this is part of the characteristic Bournonville style that uses few familiar steps. A small circle is performed four times by the couple, with the man holding the woman in a low inclined position and she jumps right while doing fast jambe ronds. There is also a game of flirtation between the couple at the beginning of the coda, a fact that is not found in any other Bournonville choreography. Another element that it is not usual for Bournonville to use it is the fragment where she is held by the dancer arriving at the position of first arabesque, and then turns to the left which rotates in avant arabesque and then she turns again to return to the correct first arabesque, it is not a sequence that usually found in any of the other Bournonville choreographies. In the two solos of the man the soloists perform steps that use the strong rhythms of the music. However, in the man's first solo we observe that he only follows direct lines (performs a diagonal and then moves in parallel) and is very simple in the use of the stage. The man's second solo is perhaps the only part that is totally in Bournonville's best known style.\nIt is not known which dancers performed the first Festival of Flowers in Genzano, but however there are old films in which the rescued pas de deux is shown.","title":"Music"}]
[{"image_text":"Hans Beck and Valborg Borchsenius, c. 1900","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flower_Festival_01.jpg/150px-Flower_Festival_01.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bournonville, 1841.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/August_Bournonville.jpg/170px-August_Bournonville.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of ballets by August Bournonville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_ballets_by_August_Bournonville"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Tkachuk
Kevin Tkachuk
["1 References","2 External links"]
Rugby playerKevin Brian TkachukBirth nameKevin Brian TkachukDate of birth (1976-09-11) 11 September 1976 (age 47)Place of birthThompson, Manitoba, CanadaHeight182 cm (6 ft 0 in)Weight116 kg (256 lb)UniversityOxford UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s) PropSenior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2003–20042004–2011 Pertemps BeesGlasgow Warriors 16152 (20)(67)International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2000–2010 Canada 55 (25) Kevin Tkachuk (born September 11, 1976) is a former prop for the Canada national rugby union team and the Glasgow Warriors in Scotland. After completing his studies at Kellogg College, Oxford University, he played rugby for numerous clubs, joining Glasgow in 2004. He has earned 34 caps for Canada including 5 as captain. He is 1.8m tall and weighs 115 kg. Tkachuk has spent the summer playing for Canada, firstly in the Churchill Cup and then in the World Cup qualifiers. Tkachuk joined up at Glasgow in 2004 after completing his studies at Oxford University. He has played for Oxford in the varsity matches from 2001 to 2003, and scored a try for them against Australia. The Canadian international prop joined Glasgow from Pertemps Bees and made a big impact in his first season at Hughenden. He captained Canada five times in 2004 and 2005 and made his debut for the Barbarians in May 2006 in the Murrayfield match against Scotland...... Only a few days before that match he was named Glasgow Warriors’ Player of the Year at the Scottish Rugby Awards Dinner. Later that year he returned to Canada’s team for the 56–7 win against USA in the World Cup qualifying match in St John’s, Newfoundland. His first try for Glasgow was in the Celtic League victory against Ulster at Hughenden in October 2004, and he scored a second in the home win against Connacht two months later. Tkachuk has also played for Campion Grads, Saskatchewan Prairie Fire (Rugby Canada Super League team), the Capilano and Castaway Wanderers clubs in British Columbia, and Henley Hawks in England. Former wrestler, gridiron player and speed skater, Tkachuk was noted for his strength, mobility and commitment. In 2016, Tkachuk became the rugby coach for St. Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Tkachuk became the Football coach and history teacher at The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 2018. References ^ Sport at oxford, Oxford University, Retrieved 2 March 2009 ^ "Glasgow swoop for Tkachuk". BBC Sport. 8 June 2004. Retrieved 7 September 2010. External links Glasgow profile Scrum.Com vteCanada squad – 2003 Rugby World CupForwards Abrams Banks Charron Cooke Cudmore Douglas Jackson James Knaggs Lawson Reid Snow Thiel Tkachuk Van Staveren Yukes Backs Barker Cannon Di Girolamo Fairhurst Fauth Fyffe King Lougheed Pritchard Stanley Ross Smith Williams Witkowski Coach: Clark
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"prop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union_positions"},{"link_name":"Canada national rugby union team","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Glasgow Warriors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors"},{"link_name":"Scotland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scotland"},{"link_name":"Kellogg College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kellogg_College,_Oxford"},{"link_name":"Oxford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SoO-1"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Warriors"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Saskatchewan Prairie Fire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saskatchewan_Prairie_Fire"},{"link_name":"Rugby Canada Super League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Canada_Super_League"},{"link_name":"Capilano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capilano_RFC"},{"link_name":"Castaway Wanderers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castaway_Wanderers"},{"link_name":"Henley Hawks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henley_Hawks"},{"link_name":"St. Joseph's Preparatory School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Preparatory_School"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"}],"text":"Kevin Tkachuk (born September 11, 1976) is a former prop for the Canada national rugby union team and the Glasgow Warriors in Scotland.After completing his studies at Kellogg College, Oxford University,[1] he played rugby for numerous clubs, joining Glasgow in 2004.[2] He has earned 34 caps for Canada including 5 as captain. He is 1.8m tall and weighs 115 kg.Tkachuk has spent the summer playing for Canada, firstly in the Churchill Cup and then in the World Cup qualifiers.\nTkachuk joined up at Glasgow in 2004 after completing his studies at Oxford University. He has played for Oxford in the varsity matches from 2001 to 2003, and scored a try for them against Australia.The Canadian international prop joined Glasgow from Pertemps Bees and made a big impact in his first season at Hughenden. \nHe captained Canada five times in 2004 and 2005 and made his debut for the Barbarians in May 2006 in the Murrayfield match against Scotland......Only a few days before that match he was named Glasgow Warriors’ Player of the Year at the Scottish Rugby Awards Dinner.\nLater that year he returned to Canada’s team for the 56–7 win against USA in the World Cup qualifying match in St John’s, Newfoundland.His first try for Glasgow was in the Celtic League victory against Ulster at Hughenden in October 2004, and he scored a second in the home win against Connacht two months later.Tkachuk has also played for Campion Grads, Saskatchewan Prairie Fire (Rugby Canada Super League team), the Capilano and Castaway Wanderers clubs in British Columbia, and Henley Hawks in England.\nFormer wrestler, gridiron player and speed skater, Tkachuk was noted for his strength, mobility and commitment.In 2016, Tkachuk became the rugby coach for St. Joseph's Preparatory School in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.Tkachuk became the Football coach and history teacher at The Hill School in Pottstown, Pennsylvania in 2018.","title":"Kevin Tkachuk"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordre_Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti
List of churches in Møre
["1 Molde domprosti","2 Søre Sunnmøre prosti","3 Nordre Sunnmøre prosti","4 Indre Romsdal prosti","5 Ytre Nordmøre prosti","6 Indre Nordmøre prosti","7 References"]
The list of churches in Møre is a list of the Church of Norway churches in the Diocese of Møre in Norway. It includes all of the parishes in Møre og Romsdal county. The Diocese is based at the Molde Cathedral in the city of Molde in Molde Municipality. The list is divided into several sections, one for each deanery (prosti; headed by a provost) in the diocese. Administratively within each deanery, the churches within each municipality elects their own church council (fellesråd). Each municipality may have one or more parishes (sokn) within the municipality. Each parish elects their own councils (soknerådet). Each parish has one or more local church. The number and size of the deaneries and parishes has changed over time. Molde domprosti This arch-deanery (Norwegian: domprosti) is home to the Molde Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of the Diocese of Møre. Molde domprosti includes all the parishes in the municipalities of Molde, Aukra, and Hustadvika, all of which surround the town of Molde in Molde Municipality where the deanery is headquartered. The deanery was established in the 19th century when the old Romsdal prosti was divided into Ytre Romsdal prosti (along the coast) and the Indre Romsdal prosti (inland parishes). This deanery was called Ytre Romsdal prosti and it originally included the parishes in Fræna, Molde, Midsund, and Aukra. The Diocese of Møre was established on 18 September 1983 and on that date, the church in Molde became the new seat of the diocese. After this, the Ytre Romsdal prosti was re-named Molde domprosti. On 1 January 2019, the churches in Eide Municipality were transferred from Ytre Nordmøre prosti to Molde domprosti in preparation for a municipal merger on 1 January 2020. On 1 January 2020, the municipality of Molde was enlarged so the parishes in the former Nesset Municipality (from Indre Romsdal prosti) were moved into the Molde domprosti. Municipality Parish (sokn) Church Location Year built Photo Aukra Aukra Aukra Church Aukrasanden 1835 Hustadvika Eide Eide Church Eide 1871 Gaustad Chapel Gaustad 2001 Bud Bud Church Bud 1717 Hustad Hustad Church Hustad 1874 Vågøy ogMyrbostad Myrbostad Church Elnesvågen 1880 Vågøy Church Vågøya 1904 Molde Bolsøy Nordbyen Church Molde 2006 Røbekk Church Røbekk 1898 Eikesdal Eikesdal Church Eikesdalen 1866 Eresfjord Sira Church Eresfjord 1869 Kleive Kleive Church Kleive 1858 Midsund Otrøy Church Uglvik, Otrøya 1878 Nord-Heggdal Chapel Nord-Heggdal 1974 Molde domkirke Molde Cathedral Molde 1957 Nesset Nesset Church Eidsvåg 1878 Røvik og Veøy Røvik Church Røvika 1905 Veøy Church Sølsnes 1907 Old Veøy Church Veøya 1200 Sekken Sekken Church Sekken 1908 Vistdal Vistdal Church Myklebostad 1869 Søre Sunnmøre prosti This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers several municipalities in southwestern part of Møre og Romsdal county. It includes all of the parishes in the municipalities of Hareid, Herøy, Sande, Ulstein, Vanylven, Volda, and Ørsta. The deanery is headquartered at Volda Church in the village of Volda in Volda Municipality. The deanery was established in 1818 when the old Søndmør prosti was divided into Nordre Søndmør prosti and Søndre Søndmør prosti. A royal resolution on 19 May 1922 changed the deanery name from "Søndre Søndmør prosti" to "Søre Sunnmøre prosti". On 1 January 2020, the parish of Hornindal was added to this deanery when Hornindal became a part of Volda Municipality. Municipality Parish (sokn) Church Location Year built Photo Hareid Hareid Hareid Church Hareid 1877 Herøy Herøy Herøy Church Fosnavåg 2003 Indre Herøy Indre Herøy Church Indre Herøy 1916 Leikanger Leikanger Church Leikong 1807 Sande Sande Sande Church Sandsøya 1880 Gursken Gursken Church Gursken 1919 Larsnes Chapel Larsnes 1989 Ulstein Ulstein Ulstein Church Ulsteinvik 1849 Vanylven Syvde Syvde Church Myklebost 1837 Rovde Rovde Church Rovdane 1872 Vanylven Vanylven Church Slagnes 1863 Saint Jetmund Church Åheim 1150 Åram Åram Church Åram 1927 Volda Austefjord Austefjord Church Fyrde 1773 Dalsfjord Dalsfjord Church Dravlaus 1910 Hornindal Hornindal Church Grodås 1856 Kilsfjord Kilsfjord Church Straumshamn 1974 Storfjorden Bjørke Church Bjørke 1919 Volda Volda Church Volda 1932 Ørsta Hjørundfjord Hjørundfjord Church Sæbø 1880 Vartdal Vartdal Church Nordre Vartdal 1876 Ørsta Ørsta Church Ørsta 1864 Nordre Sunnmøre prosti This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers several municipalities in western part of Møre og Romsdal county. It includes all of the parishes in the municipalities of Fjord, Giske, Stranda, Sula, Sykkylven, and Ålesund. The deanery is headquartered in the town of Ålesund in Ålesund Municipality. The deanery was established in 1818 when the old Søndmør prosti was divided into Nordre Søndmør prosti and Søndre Søndmør prosti. In 1863, the eastern part of this deanery was split off to form the new Østre Søndmør prosti (later renamed Austre Sunnmøre prosti). A royal resolution on 19 May 1922 changed the deanery name from "Nordre Søndmør prosti" to "Nordre Sunnmøre prosti". On 1 January 2020, the parishes in Austre Sunnmøre prosti were merged into this deanery. That deanery had covered six municipalities in southern part of Møre og Romsdal county and it was headquartered in the village of Sjøholt in Ørskog Municipality. Municipality Parish (sokn) Church Location Year built Photo Fjord Norddal Norddal Church Norddal 1782 Sylte Church Sylte 1863 Stordal Stordal Church Stordal 1907 Old Stordal Church Stordal 1789 Giske Giske Giske Church Giske 1170 Godøy Chapel Leitebakk 1953 Valderøy Valderøy Church Nordstrand 1961 Vigra Vigra Church Vigra 1894 Stranda Geiranger Geiranger Church Geiranger 1842 Liabygda Liabygda Church Liabygda 1917 Stranda Stranda Church Stranda 1838 Sunnylven Sunnylven Church Hellesylt 1859 Sula Sula Langevåg Church Langevåg 1948 Indre Sula Church Mauseidvåg 1984 Sykkylven Sykkylven Sykkylven Church Aure 1990 Ikornnes Ikornnes Church Ikornnes 1978 Ålesund Borgund Borgund Church Borgund 1130 Brattvåg Brattvåg Church Brattvåg 1977 Hildre Church Hildrestranda 1905 Ellingsøy Ellingsøy Church Ellingsøya 1998 Hamnsund Hamnsund Church near Søvik 1875 Haram og Fjørtoft Fjørtoft Church Fjørtofta 1878 Haram Church Austnes 1838 Lepsøy Chapel Lepsøya 1896 Sandøy Sandøy Church Sandøya 1812 Harøy Church Harøya 1934 Skodje Skodje Church Skodje 1860 Spjelkavik Spjelkavik Church Spjelkavik 1987 Vatne Vatne Church Vatne 1868 Volsdalen Volsdalen Church Nørvøya (in Ålesund city) 1974 Ålesund Ålesund Church Aspøya (in Ålesund city) 1909 Skarbøvik Church Heissa 1995 Ørskog Ørskog Church Sjøholt 1873 Indre Romsdal prosti This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers two municipalities (Vestnes and Rauma) in central part of Møre og Romsdal county. The deanery is headquartered in the town of Åndalsnes in Rauma Municipality. The deanery was established in the 19th century when the old Romsdal prosti was divided into Ytre Romsdal prosti (along the coast) and the Indre Romsdal prosti (inland parishes). This parish originally included the parishes in the modern-day municipalities of Rauma, Vestnes, and Nesset. On 1 January 2020, the parishes in Nesset Municipality were transferred from this deanery to Molde domprosti when it became a part of the new, larger Molde Municipality. Municipality Parish (sokn) Church Location Year built Photo Rauma Eid og Holm Eid Church Eidsbygda 1796 Holm Church Holm 1907 Rødven Church Rødven 1907 Rødven Stave Church Rødven 1200 Grytten Grytten Church Veblungsnes 1829 Hen Hen Church Isfjorden 1831 Kors Kors Church Marstein inRomsdalen 1797 Voll Voll Church Voll 1896 Innfjorden Chapel Innfjorden 1976 Øverdalen Øverdalen Church Verma 1902 Vestnes Fiksdal Fiksdal Church Fiksdal 1866 Tresfjord Tresfjord Church Tresfjord 1828 Vestnes Vestnes Church Vestnes 1872 Vike Vike Church Vikebukt 1970 Vågstranda Vågstranda Church Vågstranda 1870 Ytre Nordmøre prosti This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers four island municipalities in northwestern part of Møre og Romsdal county. It includes all the parishes in the municipalities of Aure, Averøy, Kristiansund, and Smøla. The deanery is headquartered in the town of Kristiansund in Kristiansund Municipality. The deanery was established in 1857 when the old Nordmør prosti was divided into Ytre Nordmør prosti and Indre Nordmør prosti. A royal resolution on 19 May 1922 changed the deanery name from "Ytre Nordmør prosti" to "Ytre Nordmøre prosti". On 1 January 2019, the churches in Eide Municipality were transferred from Ytre Nordmøre prosti to Molde domprosti in preparation for a municipal merger on 1 January 2020. Municipality Parish (sokn) Church Location Year built Photo Aure Aure Aure Church Aure 1924 Stemshaug Stemshaug Church Stemshaug 1908 Tustna Gullstein Church Gullstein 1864 Sør-Tustna Chapel Tømmervåg 1952 Averøy Bremsnes Bremsnes Church Bremsnes 1771 Langøy Chapel Langøy 1935 Kornstad Kornstad Church Kornstad 1871 Kvernes Kvernes Church Kvernes 1893 Kvernes Stave Church Kvernes 1300s Kristiansund Frei Frei Church Nedre Frei 1897 Kristiansund Kirkelandet Church Kirkelandet 1964 Grip Stave Church Grip 1470 Nordlandet Nordlandet Church Nordlandet 1914 Smøla Brattvær Brattvær Church Brattvær 1917 Edøy Edøy Church Edøy 1885 Old Edøy Church Edøya 1190 Hopen Hopen Church Hopen 1892 Indre Nordmøre prosti This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers four municipalities in northeastern part of Møre og Romsdal county. It includes all of the parishes in the municipalities of Gjemnes, Sunndal, Surnadal, and Tingvoll. The deanery is headquartered in the village of Tingvollvågen in Tingvoll Municipality. The deanery was established in 1857 when the old Nordmøre prosti was divided into Ytre Nordmøre prosti and Indre Nordmøre prosti. A royal resolution on 19 May 1922 changed the deanery name from "Indre Nordmør prosti" to "Indre Nordmøre prosti". On 1 January 2020, the parishes in Rindal and Halsa were transferred to the Orkdal prosti in the neighboring Diocese of Nidaros to the north (because the municipalities switched to Trøndelag county). Municipality Parish (sokn) Church Location Year built Photo Gjemnes Gjemnes Gjemnes Church Gjemnes 1893 Øre Øre Church Øre 1865 Osmarka Chapel Heggem 1910 Sunndal Hov Hov Church Sunndalsøra 1887 Romfo Romfo Church Romfo 1821 Gjøra Church Gjøra 1935 Øksendal Øksendal Church Øksendalsøra 1894 Ålvundeid Ålvundeid Church Ålvundeidet 1848 Surnadal Mo Mo Church Mo 1728 Stangvik Stangvik Church Stangvik 1896 Todalen Todalen Church Todalsøra 1861 Øye og Ranes Ranes Church Ranes 1869 Øye Church Skei 1871 Åsskard Åsskard Church Åsskard 1876 Tingvoll Straumsnes Straumsnes Church Straumsnes 1864 Tingvoll Tingvoll Church Tingvollvågen 1180 References ^ "Møre bispedøme" (in Norwegian). Den Norske Kirke. Retrieved 13 December 2010. ^ a b c d e f "Møre bispedømeråd møteprotokoll" (PDF) (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Møre bispedøme. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2023. ^ "Møteprotokoll: 65/20 Endring av namn på Molde sokn" (PDF). Møre bispedømerådet (in Norwegian). 2 November 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2021. ^ a b c d Norsk Lovtidende (in Norwegian). Grøndahl. 1922. p. 195. Retrieved 11 October 2023. vteLists of Church of Norway churches in Norway by diocese Agder og Telemark Bjørgvin Borg Hamar Møre Nidaros Nord-Hålogaland Oslo Stavanger Sør-Hålogaland Tunsberg
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Prostier_i_M%C3%B8re.svg"},{"link_name":"Church of Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Norway"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Møre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_M%C3%B8re"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Møre og Romsdal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal"},{"link_name":"Molde Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Molde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_(town)"},{"link_name":"Molde Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_Municipality"},{"link_name":"deanery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deanery"},{"link_name":"provost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provost_(religion)"},{"link_name":"parishes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish"},{"link_name":"local church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parish_church"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The list of churches in Møre is a list of the Church of Norway churches in the Diocese of Møre in Norway. It includes all of the parishes in Møre og Romsdal county. The Diocese is based at the Molde Cathedral in the city of Molde in Molde Municipality.The list is divided into several sections, one for each deanery (prosti; headed by a provost) in the diocese. Administratively within each deanery, the churches within each municipality elects their own church council (fellesråd). Each municipality may have one or more parishes (sokn) within the municipality. Each parish elects their own councils (soknerådet). Each parish has one or more local church. The number and size of the deaneries and parishes has changed over time.[1]","title":"List of churches in Møre"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Molde Cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_Cathedral"},{"link_name":"Bishop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bishop"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Møre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_M%C3%B8re"},{"link_name":"Molde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_(town)"},{"link_name":"Molde Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Romsdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romsdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"Ytre Romsdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytre_Romsdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"Indre Romsdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_Romsdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Møre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_M%C3%B8re"},{"link_name":"Molde domprosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_domprosti"},{"link_name":"Eide Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eide_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ytre Nordmøre prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytre_Nordm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Nesset Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesset_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Indre Romsdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_Romsdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB2019-2"}],"text":"This arch-deanery (Norwegian: domprosti) is home to the Molde Cathedral, the seat of the Bishop of the Diocese of Møre. Molde domprosti includes all the parishes in the municipalities of Molde, Aukra, and Hustadvika, all of which surround the town of Molde in Molde Municipality where the deanery is headquartered.The deanery was established in the 19th century when the old Romsdal prosti was divided into Ytre Romsdal prosti (along the coast) and the Indre Romsdal prosti (inland parishes). This deanery was called Ytre Romsdal prosti and it originally included the parishes in Fræna, Molde, Midsund, and Aukra. The Diocese of Møre was established on 18 September 1983 and on that date, the church in Molde became the new seat of the diocese. After this, the Ytre Romsdal prosti was re-named Molde domprosti. On 1 January 2019, the churches in Eide Municipality were transferred from Ytre Nordmøre prosti to Molde domprosti in preparation for a municipal merger on 1 January 2020. On 1 January 2020, the municipality of Molde was enlarged so the parishes in the former Nesset Municipality (from Indre Romsdal prosti) were moved into the Molde domprosti.[2]","title":"Molde domprosti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Volda Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volda_Church"},{"link_name":"Volda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volda_(village)"},{"link_name":"Volda Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volda_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Søndmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Nordre Søndmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordre_Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Søndre Søndmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8re_Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NL-4"},{"link_name":"Hornindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hornindal"},{"link_name":"Volda Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volda_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB2019-2"}],"text":"This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers several municipalities in southwestern part of Møre og Romsdal county. It includes all of the parishes in the municipalities of Hareid, Herøy, Sande, Ulstein, Vanylven, Volda, and Ørsta. The deanery is headquartered at Volda Church in the village of Volda in Volda Municipality.The deanery was established in 1818 when the old Søndmør prosti was divided into Nordre Søndmør prosti and Søndre Søndmør prosti. A royal resolution on 19 May 1922 changed the deanery name from \"Søndre Søndmør prosti\" to \"Søre Sunnmøre prosti\".[4] On 1 January 2020, the parish of Hornindal was added to this deanery when Hornindal became a part of Volda Municipality.[2]","title":"Søre Sunnmøre prosti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Ålesund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lesund_(town)"},{"link_name":"Ålesund Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85lesund_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Søndmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Nordre Søndmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordre_Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Søndre Søndmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B8re_Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Østre Søndmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austre_Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NL-4"},{"link_name":"Austre Sunnmøre prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austre_Sunnm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Sjøholt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sj%C3%B8holt"},{"link_name":"Ørskog Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%98rskog_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB2019-2"}],"text":"This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers several municipalities in western part of Møre og Romsdal county. It includes all of the parishes in the municipalities of Fjord, Giske, Stranda, Sula, Sykkylven, and Ålesund. The deanery is headquartered in the town of Ålesund in Ålesund Municipality.The deanery was established in 1818 when the old Søndmør prosti was divided into Nordre Søndmør prosti and Søndre Søndmør prosti. In 1863, the eastern part of this deanery was split off to form the new Østre Søndmør prosti (later renamed Austre Sunnmøre prosti). A royal resolution on 19 May 1922 changed the deanery name from \"Nordre Søndmør prosti\" to \"Nordre Sunnmøre prosti\".[4] On 1 January 2020, the parishes in Austre Sunnmøre prosti were merged into this deanery. That deanery had covered six municipalities in southern part of Møre og Romsdal county and it was headquartered in the village of Sjøholt in Ørskog Municipality.[2]","title":"Nordre Sunnmøre prosti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Åndalsnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%85ndalsnes"},{"link_name":"Rauma Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rauma_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Romsdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romsdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"Ytre Romsdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytre_Romsdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"Indre Romsdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_Romsdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"Nesset Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nesset_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Molde domprosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_domprosti"},{"link_name":"Molde Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_Municipality"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB2019-2"}],"text":"This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers two municipalities (Vestnes and Rauma) in central part of Møre og Romsdal county. The deanery is headquartered in the town of Åndalsnes in Rauma Municipality.The deanery was established in the 19th century when the old Romsdal prosti was divided into Ytre Romsdal prosti (along the coast) and the Indre Romsdal prosti (inland parishes). This parish originally included the parishes in the modern-day municipalities of Rauma, Vestnes, and Nesset. On 1 January 2020, the parishes in Nesset Municipality were transferred from this deanery to Molde domprosti when it became a part of the new, larger Molde Municipality.[2]","title":"Indre Romsdal prosti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Kristiansund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansund_(town)"},{"link_name":"Kristiansund Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristiansund_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Nordmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Ytre Nordmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytre_Nordm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Indre Nordmør prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_Nordm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NL-4"},{"link_name":"Eide Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eide_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Ytre Nordmøre prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytre_Nordm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Molde domprosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molde_domprosti"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB2019-2"}],"text":"This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers four island municipalities in northwestern part of Møre og Romsdal county. It includes all the parishes in the municipalities of Aure, Averøy, Kristiansund, and Smøla. The deanery is headquartered in the town of Kristiansund in Kristiansund Municipality.The deanery was established in 1857 when the old Nordmør prosti was divided into Ytre Nordmør prosti and Indre Nordmør prosti. A royal resolution on 19 May 1922 changed the deanery name from \"Ytre Nordmør prosti\" to \"Ytre Nordmøre prosti\".[4] On 1 January 2019, the churches in Eide Municipality were transferred from Ytre Nordmøre prosti to Molde domprosti in preparation for a municipal merger on 1 January 2020.[2]","title":"Ytre Nordmøre prosti"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norwegian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language"},{"link_name":"Tingvollvågen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingvollv%C3%A5gen"},{"link_name":"Tingvoll Municipality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tingvoll_Municipality"},{"link_name":"Nordmøre prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Ytre Nordmøre prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ytre_Nordm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"Indre Nordmøre prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indre_Nordm%C3%B8re_prosti"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NL-4"},{"link_name":"Rindal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rindal"},{"link_name":"Halsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halsa"},{"link_name":"Orkdal prosti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orkdal_prosti"},{"link_name":"Diocese of Nidaros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diocese_of_Nidaros"},{"link_name":"Trøndelag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MB2019-2"}],"text":"This deanery (Norwegian: prosti) covers four municipalities in northeastern part of Møre og Romsdal county. It includes all of the parishes in the municipalities of Gjemnes, Sunndal, Surnadal, and Tingvoll. The deanery is headquartered in the village of Tingvollvågen in Tingvoll Municipality.The deanery was established in 1857 when the old Nordmøre prosti was divided into Ytre Nordmøre prosti and Indre Nordmøre prosti. A royal resolution on 19 May 1922 changed the deanery name from \"Indre Nordmør prosti\" to \"Indre Nordmøre prosti\".[4] On 1 January 2020, the parishes in Rindal and Halsa were transferred to the Orkdal prosti in the neighboring Diocese of Nidaros to the north (because the municipalities switched to Trøndelag county).[2]","title":"Indre Nordmøre prosti"}]
[{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Prostier_i_M%C3%B8re.svg/650px-Prostier_i_M%C3%B8re.svg.png"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Møre bispedøme\" (in Norwegian). Den Norske Kirke. Retrieved 13 December 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.kirken.no/more/","url_text":"\"Møre bispedøme\""}]},{"reference":"\"Møre bispedømeråd møteprotokoll\" (PDF) (in Norwegian Nynorsk). Møre bispedøme. 3 June 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.kirken.no/globalassets/bispedommer/more/dokument-2019/more-bispedomerad-2019/m%C3%B8teprotokoll%20m%C3%B8re%20bisped%C3%B8merad%20030619.pdf","url_text":"\"Møre bispedømeråd møteprotokoll\""}]},{"reference":"\"Møteprotokoll: 65/20 Endring av namn på Molde sokn\" (PDF). Møre bispedømerådet (in Norwegian). 2 November 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://kirken.no/globalassets/bispedommer/more/dokument%202020/m%C3%B8re%20bisped%C3%B8mer%C3%A5d%202020/saksframlegg%20m%C3%B8te%20m%C3%B8re%20bisped%C3%B8mer%C3%A5d%2004.12.2020.pdf","url_text":"\"Møteprotokoll: 65/20 Endring av namn på Molde sokn\""}]},{"reference":"Norsk Lovtidende (in Norwegian). Grøndahl. 1922. p. 195. Retrieved 11 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nb.no/items/URN:NBN:no-nb_digitidsskrift_2015102381002_001","url_text":"Norsk Lovtidende"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Hermann_Busse
Carl Hermann Busse
["1 Life","2 Works","3 References","4 External links"]
German poet Carl (Hermann) Busse (12 November 1872 – 3 December 1918) was a German lyric poet. He worked as a literary critic and published his own poetry and prose, occasionally under the pseudonym Fritz Döring. Life Carl Busse (Fritz Döring). Etching by Johann Lindner Busse was born in Lindenstadt near Birnbaum (today Międzychód) in the Prussian Province of Posen (Poznań). He received his secondary education in Wągrowiec (German: Wongrowitz). From 1893 he lived in Berlin and received a military education. In 1894 he studied philology, history, and philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin and in 1898 earned a doctorate from the University of Rostock where he wrote a thesis on the poetry of Novalis advised by Wolfgang Golthier. Upon graduation, he was active as a freelance author and literary critic in Berlin. He was an associate editor of the Deutschen Wochenblatt, a journal for politics, art, and literature, and contributed to Leipzig publisher Velhagen & Klasings Monatsheften. Busse was a founding member of the "Cartel of German Lyric Authors". The composer Heinrich Kaspar Schmid included a setting Busse's poem "Schöne Nacht" in his Op. 9 songs of 1903. The song premiered on 18 June 1903 at the Munich Odeon in a concert of students from the Academy of Music in Munich with the composer at the piano. German composer Luise Schulze-Berghof (1889-1970) also set Busse’s text to music. Busse belonged to a circle of writers supported by Ludwig Stollwerck, a Cologne chocolate magnate and entrepreneur. They helped design the Stollwerck firm's series of collectable scrapbooks and print albums, "Stollwerck's Sammel-Album". Other writers included poet "T. Resa" (Theresa Gröhe, née Pauli-Greiffenberg), zoology professor Paul Matschie, author Hans Eschelbach, journalist Julius Rodenberg, author Joseph von Lauff, novelist Gustav Falke, and the poet Anna Ritter. During the World War I in 1916, Busse joined the militia and was decorated with an Iron Cross, Second Class. He died in Berlin, in the 1918 flu pandemic. Busse was buried in the Friedrichswerderscher Friedhof in Berlin's Kreuzberg district. Busse married Paula Sara Jacobsen and had two daughters, Ute and Christine. In 1924, his widow rented the ground floor of their house at 25-6 Heidestrasse in Berlin's Steglitz district to Dora Diamant and Franz Kafka under the name "Dr. Kaesboher". Heidestrasse was named the "Busseallee" in his honor in 1931. In the Nazi period, Paula Busse survived internment at Theresienstadt. Busse's brother, Georg Busse-Palma, was also a writer. Works Gedichte 1892 In junger Sonne 1892 Geschichte einer Jugend 1892 Jugendstürme 1896 Jadwiga 1899 Die Schüler von Polajewo 1901 Das Gymnasium zu Lengowo 1907 (Roman) Geschichte der Weltliteratur zwei Bände, Bielefeld / Leipzig 1909–1912 Sturmvögel 1917 Trittchen(aus dem Tagebuch eines Verwundeten) Der dankbare Heilige und andere Novellen Deutsche Kriegslieder (1914/1915) Heilige Not (Ein Gedichtbuch 1910) Neue Gedichte (1892–1895) Aus verklungenen Stunden (Sketchbook 1919), Jugenderzählungen – collected by Paula Busse Träume 1895 Über Zeit und Dichtung (Aufsätze zur Literatur 1915) Vagabunden (Neue Lieder und Gedichte) Federspiel (westliche und östliche Geschichten) Im polnischen Wind (Ostmärkische Geschichten) Flugbeute (Neue Erzählungen) Annette von Droste Feuerschein (Novellen und Skizzen aus dem Weltkrieg) Klar Schiff (Seekriegslieder 1914/1915) Georg Busse-Palma: Lieder eines Zigeuners (1899), with an introduction by Carl Busse Zwei Bücher Liebe und andere Gedichte (1903) References kauperts directory Berlin street names H.K. Schmidt Archive, private communication from Walter Homolka "Paula Busse" in ghetto-theresienstadt.info "Paula Busse" in the German Dictionary of National Biography (DNB) Mark Harman, "Missing Persons: Two Little Riddles About Kafka and Berlin" Georg Busse-Palma in DNB Detlef Lorenz: "Reklamenkunst um 1900. Künstlerlexikon für Sammelbilder", Reimer-Verlag, 2000. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carl Hermann Busse. Wikisource has original text related to this article: Carl Busse Short biography (German) from Literaturport.de Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic 2 Netherlands Poland Vatican Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other RISM IdRef
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He worked as a literary critic and published his own poetry and prose, occasionally under the pseudonym Fritz Döring.","title":"Carl Hermann Busse"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carl_Busse_(auch_Fritz_D%C3%B6ring)._Radierung_von_Johann_Lindner.jpg"},{"link_name":"Etching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etching"},{"link_name":"Międzychód","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C4%99dzych%C3%B3d"},{"link_name":"Province of Posen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Posen"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Wągrowiec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%85growiec"},{"link_name":"Humboldt University of Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin"},{"link_name":"University of Rostock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Rostock"},{"link_name":"Novalis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novalis"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Kaspar Schmid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Kaspar_Schmid"},{"link_name":"Academy of Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hochschule_f%C3%BCr_Musik_und_Theater_M%C3%BCnchen"},{"link_name":"Luise Schulze-Berghof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luise_Schulze-Berghof"},{"link_name":"Paul Matschie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Matschie"},{"link_name":"Julius Rodenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Rodenberg"},{"link_name":"Gustav Falke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Falke"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"militia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsturm"},{"link_name":"Iron Cross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Cross"},{"link_name":"1918 flu pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1918_flu_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Dora Diamant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dora_Diamant"},{"link_name":"Franz Kafka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Kafka"},{"link_name":"Theresienstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theresienstadt"}],"text":"Carl Busse (Fritz Döring). Etching by Johann LindnerBusse was born in Lindenstadt near Birnbaum (today Międzychód) in the Prussian Province of Posen (Poznań). He received his secondary education in Wągrowiec (German: Wongrowitz). From 1893 he lived in Berlin and received a military education. In 1894 he studied philology, history, and philosophy at the Humboldt University of Berlin and in 1898 earned a doctorate from the University of Rostock where he wrote a thesis on the poetry of Novalis advised by Wolfgang Golthier. Upon graduation, he was active as a freelance author and literary critic in Berlin. He was an associate editor of the Deutschen Wochenblatt, a journal for politics, art, and literature, and contributed to Leipzig publisher Velhagen & Klasings Monatsheften. Busse was a founding member of the \"Cartel of German Lyric Authors\".The composer Heinrich Kaspar Schmid included a setting Busse's poem \"Schöne Nacht\" in his Op. 9 songs of 1903. The song premiered on 18 June 1903 at the Munich Odeon in a concert of students from the Academy of Music in Munich with the composer at the piano. German composer Luise Schulze-Berghof (1889-1970) also set Busse’s text to music.Busse belonged to a circle of writers supported by Ludwig Stollwerck, a Cologne chocolate magnate and entrepreneur. They helped design the Stollwerck firm's series of collectable scrapbooks and print albums, \"Stollwerck's Sammel-Album\". Other writers included poet \"T. Resa\" (Theresa Gröhe, née Pauli-Greiffenberg), zoology professor Paul Matschie, author Hans Eschelbach, journalist Julius Rodenberg, author Joseph von Lauff, novelist Gustav Falke, and the poet Anna Ritter.During the World War I in 1916, Busse joined the militia and was decorated with an Iron Cross, Second Class. He died in Berlin, in the 1918 flu pandemic. Busse was buried in the Friedrichswerderscher Friedhof in Berlin's Kreuzberg district.Busse married Paula Sara Jacobsen and had two daughters, Ute and Christine. In 1924, his widow rented the ground floor of their house at 25-6 Heidestrasse in Berlin's Steglitz district to Dora Diamant and Franz Kafka under the name \"Dr. Kaesboher\". Heidestrasse was named the \"Busseallee\" in his honor in 1931. In the Nazi period, Paula Busse survived internment at Theresienstadt.Busse's brother, Georg Busse-Palma, was also a writer.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Gedichte 1892\nIn junger Sonne 1892\nGeschichte einer Jugend 1892\nJugendstürme 1896\nJadwiga 1899\nDie Schüler von Polajewo 1901\nDas Gymnasium zu Lengowo 1907 (Roman)\nGeschichte der Weltliteratur zwei Bände, Bielefeld / Leipzig 1909–1912\nSturmvögel 1917\nTrittchen(aus dem Tagebuch eines Verwundeten)\nDer dankbare Heilige und andere Novellen\nDeutsche Kriegslieder (1914/1915)\nHeilige Not (Ein Gedichtbuch 1910)\nNeue Gedichte (1892–1895)\nAus verklungenen Stunden (Sketchbook 1919), Jugenderzählungen – collected by Paula Busse\nTräume 1895\nÜber Zeit und Dichtung (Aufsätze zur Literatur 1915)\nVagabunden (Neue Lieder und Gedichte)\nFederspiel (westliche und östliche Geschichten)\nIm polnischen Wind (Ostmärkische Geschichten)\nFlugbeute (Neue Erzählungen)\nAnnette von Droste\nFeuerschein (Novellen und Skizzen aus dem Weltkrieg)\nKlar Schiff (Seekriegslieder 1914/1915)Georg Busse-Palma:Lieder eines Zigeuners (1899), with an introduction by Carl Busse\nZwei Bücher Liebe und andere Gedichte (1903)","title":"Works"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1724_in_architecture
1724 in architecture
["1 Events","2 Buildings and structures","2.1 Buildings completed","3 Awards","4 Births","5 Deaths","6 References"]
Overview of the events of 1724 in architecture List of years in architecture (table) … 1714 1715 1716 1717 1718 1719 1720 1721 1722 1723 1724 1725 1726 1727 1728 1729 1730 1731 1732 1733 1734 … Buildings and structures Art Archaeology Architecture Literature Music Philosophy Science +... The year 1724 in architecture involved some significant architectural events and new buildings. Events Work recommences on the Salon d'Hercule at Versailles under Jacques Gabriel, after a break caused by the death of King Louis XIV of France in 1715. Buildings and structures See also: Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1724 Buildings completed Shire Hall, Monmouth Cannons, a house in Edgware, Middlesex, England, built for James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos with façades designed by James Gibbs. Maids of Honour Row, terraced houses on Richmond Green, Richmond, Surrey, England. Chester Courthouse in Pennsylvania (North America). Shire Hall, Monmouth, Great Britain. Church of St. Edmund, Dudley, England. St. Stephanus, Bork, Germany. Cluj Jesuit Church in Transylvania (Romania). Stavropoleos Monastery in Bucharest, Romania. Rebuilt Sam Poo Kong temple in Semarang, Java. Awards Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Jean-Pierre Le Tailleur de Boncourt. Births June 8 – John Smeaton, English civil engineer (died 1792) October – Hans Næss, Danish architect (died 1795) date unknown – Julien-David Le Roy, French architect and archaeologist (died 1803) Deaths January 24 – William Dickinson, English architect (born c.1670) March 8 – Enrico Zuccalli, Swiss architect working for the Wittelsbach regents of Bavaria and Cologne (born c.1642) date unknown – Pierre Cailleteau, French architect and interior designer (born 1655) References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. ^ "The Shire Hall, Monmouth". Listed Buildings Online - British Listed Buildings. Retrieved 2012-04-12. ^ Sabin Heym: Henrico Zuccalli: der kurbayerische Hofbaumeister. Schnell und Steiner. München/Zürich 1984, ISBN 3-7954-0365-0
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structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Shire_Hall_Monmouth.jpg"},{"link_name":"Shire Hall, Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"Cannons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannons_(house)"},{"link_name":"Edgware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgware"},{"link_name":"Middlesex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middlesex"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Brydges,_1st_Duke_of_Chandos"},{"link_name":"James Gibbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Gibbs"},{"link_name":"Maids of Honour Row","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Richmond_20931.JPG"},{"link_name":"terraced houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terraced_house"},{"link_name":"Richmond Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Green"},{"link_name":"Richmond, Surrey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond,_London"},{"link_name":"Chester Courthouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1724_Chester_Courthouse"},{"link_name":"Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Shire Hall, Monmouth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shire_Hall,_Monmouth"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Church of St. Edmund, Dudley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Edmund,_Dudley"},{"link_name":"St. Stephanus, Bork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Stephanus,_Bork"},{"link_name":"Cluj Jesuit Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cluj-Napoca_Piarists%27_Church"},{"link_name":"Transylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transylvania"},{"link_name":"Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romania"},{"link_name":"Stavropoleos Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavropoleos_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Bucharest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest"},{"link_name":"Sam Poo Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Poo_Kong"},{"link_name":"Semarang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semarang"}],"sub_title":"Buildings completed","text":"Shire Hall, MonmouthCannons, a house in Edgware, Middlesex, England, built for James Brydges, 1st Duke of Chandos with façades designed by James Gibbs.\nMaids of Honour Row, terraced houses on Richmond Green, Richmond, Surrey, England.\nChester Courthouse in Pennsylvania (North America).[1]\nShire Hall, Monmouth, Great Britain.[2]\nChurch of St. Edmund, Dudley, England.\nSt. Stephanus, Bork, Germany.\nCluj Jesuit Church in Transylvania (Romania).\nStavropoleos Monastery in Bucharest, Romania.\nRebuilt Sam Poo Kong temple in Semarang, Java.","title":"Buildings and structures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grand Prix de Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Prix_de_Rome"}],"text":"Grand Prix de Rome, architecture: Jean-Pierre Le Tailleur de Boncourt.","title":"Awards"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Smeaton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Smeaton"},{"link_name":"1792","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1792_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"Hans Næss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_N%C3%A6ss_(architect)"},{"link_name":"1795","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1795_in_architecture"},{"link_name":"Julien-David Le Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julien-David_Le_Roy"},{"link_name":"1803","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1803_in_architecture"}],"text":"June 8 – John Smeaton, English civil engineer (died 1792)\nOctober – Hans Næss, Danish architect (died 1795)\ndate unknown – Julien-David Le Roy, French architect and archaeologist (died 1803)","title":"Births"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"January 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_24"},{"link_name":"William Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Dickinson_(architect)"},{"link_name":"March 8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_8"},{"link_name":"Enrico Zuccalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Zuccalli"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pierre Cailleteau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Cailleteau"},{"link_name":"1655","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1655_in_architecture"}],"text":"January 24 – William Dickinson, English architect (born c.1670)\nMarch 8 – Enrico Zuccalli, Swiss architect working for the Wittelsbach regents of Bavaria and Cologne (born c.1642)[3]\ndate unknown – Pierre Cailleteau, French architect and interior designer (born 1655)","title":"Deaths"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokoenenia
Prokoenenia
["1 Species","2 References"]
Genus of microwhip scorpions Prokoenenia Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Subphylum: Chelicerata Class: Arachnida Order: Palpigradi Family: Prokoeneniidae Genus: ProkoeneniaBörner, 1901 Type species Prokoenenia wheeleri(Rucker, 1901) Species 6, see text Prokoenenia is a genus of Prokoeneniid microwhip scorpions, first described by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner in 1901. Species As of September 2022, the World Palpigradi Catalog accepts the following six species: Prokoenenia asiatica Condé, 1994 – Thailand Prokoenenia californica Silvestri, 1913 – US (California) Prokoenenia celebica Condé, 1994 – Indonesia (Sulawesi) Prokoenenia chilensis (Hansen, 1901) – Chile Prokoenenia javanica Condé, 1990 – Indonesia (Java) Prokoenenia wheeleri (Rucker, 1901) – US (Texas) References ^ Börner, Carl (1901). "Zur äusseren Morphologie von Koenenia mirabilis Grassi". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 24: 537–556. ^ "Prokoenenia Börner, 1901". World Palpigradi Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022. Taxon identifiersProkoenenia Wikidata: Q10639796 Wikispecies: Prokoenenia ADW: Prokoenenia BioLib: 167922 BOLD: 681790 BugGuide: 1082327 CoL: 6WLC EoL: 109638 GBIF: 2181875 iNaturalist: 558823 IRMNG: 1310211 ITIS: 690801 NCBI: 681541 Open Tree of Life: 326119 This arachnid-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prokoeneniid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokoeneniidae"},{"link_name":"Carl Julius Bernhard Börner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Julius_Bernhard_B%C3%B6rner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Prokoenenia is a genus of Prokoeneniid microwhip scorpions, first described by Carl Julius Bernhard Börner in 1901.[1]","title":"Prokoenenia"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokoenenia&action=edit"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Prokoenenia asiatica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokoenenia_asiatica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prokoenenia californica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokoenenia_californica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prokoenenia celebica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokoenenia_celebica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prokoenenia chilensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokoenenia_chilensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prokoenenia javanica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prokoenenia_javanica&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Prokoenenia wheeleri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokoenenia_wheeleri"}],"text":"As of September 2022[update], the World Palpigradi Catalog accepts the following six species:[2]Prokoenenia asiatica Condé, 1994 – Thailand\nProkoenenia californica Silvestri, 1913 – US (California)\nProkoenenia celebica Condé, 1994 – Indonesia (Sulawesi)\nProkoenenia chilensis (Hansen, 1901) – Chile\nProkoenenia javanica Condé, 1990 – Indonesia (Java)\nProkoenenia wheeleri (Rucker, 1901) – US (Texas)","title":"Species"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Börner, Carl (1901). \"Zur äusseren Morphologie von Koenenia mirabilis Grassi\". Zoologischer Anzeiger. 24: 537–556.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Prokoenenia Börner, 1901\". World Palpigradi Catalog. Natural History Museum Bern. 2022. Retrieved 26 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://wac.nmbe.ch/order/palpigradi/species/116","url_text":"\"Prokoenenia Börner, 1901\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posterior_lacrimal_crest
Posterior lacrimal crest
["1 Structure","1.1 Relations","1.2 Variation","2 Function","3 Clinical significance","4 Additional images","5 See also","6 References"]
Bony ridge on the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone Posterior lacrimal crestLeft lacrimal bone. Orbital surface. Enlarged. (Posterior lacrimal crest visible but not labeled.)DetailsPart oflacrimal boneSystemskeletalIdentifiersLatincrista lacrimalis posteriorTA98A02.1.09.002TA2745FMA57609Anatomical terms of bone The posterior lacrimal crest is a vertical bony ridge on the orbital surface of the lacrimal bone. It divides the bone into two parts. It gives origin to the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle. Structure The posterior lacrimal crest is a vertical bony ridge on the orbital (lateral) surface of the lacrimal bone. It divides the lacrimal bone into two parts. It is quite thin and fragile in most people. The lacrimal groove is in front of this crest. The inner margin of it unites with the frontal process of the maxilla to complete the fossa for the lacrimal sac. The portion of the lacrimal bone behind the posterior lacrimal crest is smooth, and forms part of the medial wall of the orbit. The lacrimal crest ends below in the lacrimal hamulus (a small hook-like projection), which articulates with the lacrimal tubercle of the maxilla. Relations The posterior lacrimal crest is just behind the lacrimal sac, and its upper part lodges the lacrimal sac. The lower part lodges the nasolacrimal duct. Horner's muscle, part of the orbicularis oris muscle, inserts between 2 mm and 4 mm from the posterior lacrimal crest. Together with the thicker and more prominent anterior lacrimal crest, it forms the fossa for the lacrimal sac. Variation In most people, the posterior lacrimal crest is fairly prominent. However, in around 20% of people, it is fairly shallow. In contrast, the anterior lacrimal crest is almost always very prominent. Function The posterior lacrimal crest gives origin to the lacrimal part of the orbicularis oculi muscle. It also helps to protect the lacrimal sac. Clinical significance The posterior lacrimal crest may be vulnerable to avulsion fractures. It is generally quite thin and fragile. 25% of such avulsion fractures are related to a Le Fort III skull fracture. Additional images Cranium. Posterior lacrimal crest. Lacrimal bone. See also Anterior lacrimal crest References This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 164 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918) ^ a b c Tao, Hai; Ma, Zhi-zhong; Wu, Hai-Yang; Wang, Peng; Han, Cui (April 2014). "Anatomic study of the lacrimal fossa and lacrimal pathway for bypass surgery with autogenous tissue grafting". Indian Journal of Ophthalmology. 62 (4): 419–423. doi:10.4103/0301-4738.121137. ISSN 0301-4738. PMC 4064215. PMID 24817745. ^ Tomazic, Peter Valentin; Dewart, Nora; Witterick, Ian J. (2021-01-01), Sindwani, Raj (ed.), "6 - Rhinologic Evaluation in Orbital and Lacrimal Disease", Endoscopic Surgery of the Orbit, Philadelphia: Elsevier, pp. 36–40, ISBN 978-0-323-61329-3, retrieved 2021-09-23 ^ a b Merbs, Shannath; DeParis, Sarah (2020-01-01), Dorafshar, Amir H.; Rodriguez, Eduardo D.; Manson, Paul N. (eds.), "3.4 - Ocular Considerations: Ectropion, Entropion, Blink, Ptosis, Epiphora", Facial Trauma Surgery, London: Elsevier, pp. 367–378, ISBN 978-0-323-49755-8, retrieved 2021-09-23 ^ Piniara, Anastasia; Georgalas, Christos (2021-01-01), Sindwani, Raj (ed.), "4 - Surgical Anatomy of the Orbit, Including the Intraconal Space", Endoscopic Surgery of the Orbit, Philadelphia: Elsevier, pp. 18–27, ISBN 978-0-323-61329-3, retrieved 2021-09-23 ^ Kakizaki, Hirohiko; Ichinose, Akihiro; Takahashi, Yasuhiro; Kang, Hyera; Ikeda, Hiroshi; Nakano, Takashi; Asamoto, Ken; Iwaki, Masayoshi (February 2012). "Anatomical Relationship of Horner's Muscle Origin and Posterior Lacrimal Crest". Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 28 (1): 66–68. doi:10.1097/IOP.0b013e318239321d. ISSN 0740-9303. PMID 22186989. S2CID 5145634. ^ a b c Bisaria, K K; Saxena, R C; Bisaria, S D; Lakhtakia, P K; Agarwal, A K; Premsagar, I C (October 1989). "The lacrimal fossa in Indians". Journal of Anatomy. 166: 265–268. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 1256759. PMID 2621144. ^ a b Díaz, Oswaldo J. Gómez; Carreño, Andrés Parra; Serna, Daniel Restrepo (October 2019). "Traumatic Telecanthus and Posterior Lacrimal Crest Avulsion in a Six-Year-Old Child". Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 30 (7): 2224–2226. doi:10.1097/SCS.0000000000005922. ISSN 1049-2275. PMID 31490433. S2CID 201846470. vteThe facial skeleton of the skullMaxillaSurfaces Anterior: fossae (Incisive fossa, Canine fossa) Infraorbital foramen Orbital bones Anterior nasal spine Infratemporal: Alveolar canals Maxillary tuberosity Orbital: Infraorbital groove Infraorbital canal Nasal: Greater palatine canal Processes Zygomatic process Frontal process (Agger nasi, Anterior lacrimal crest) Alveolar process Palatine process (Incisive foramen, Incisive canals, Foramina of Scarpa, Incisive bone, Anterior nasal spine) Other Body of maxilla Maxillary sinus Zygomatic Orbital process (Zygomatico-orbital) Temporal process (Zygomaticotemporal) Lateral process (Zygomaticofacial) PalatineFossae Pterygopalatine fossa Pterygoid fossa Plates Horizontal plate (Posterior nasal spine) Perpendicular plate (Greater palatine canal, Sphenopalatine foramen) Hard palate Processes Pyramidal Orbital Sphenoidal MandibleBody external surface (Chin, Jaw, Mandibular prominence, Mandibular symphysis, Lingual foramen, Mental protuberance, Mental foramen, Mandibular incisive canal) internal surface (Mental spine, Mylohyoid line, Sublingual fovea, Submandibular fovea) Alveolar part Ramus Mylohyoid groove Mandibular canal Lingula Mandibular foramen Angle Coronoid process Mandibular notch Condyloid process Pterygoid fovea Nose Nasal bone Internasal suture Nasal foramina Inferior nasal concha Ethmoidal process Maxillary process Vomer Wing Other Lacrimal Posterior lacrimal crest Lacrimal groove Lacrimal hamulus Prognathism Retromolar space Portal: Anatomy Authority control databases Terminologia Anatomica
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[]
[{"title":"Anterior lacrimal crest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_lacrimal_crest"}]
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Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 28 (1): 66–68. doi:10.1097/IOP.0b013e318239321d. ISSN 0740-9303. PMID 22186989. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloa_(Hawaii)
Hāloa
["1 Birth of the islands","2 Birth of Haloa","3 Haloa chant","4 See also","5 References"]
Haloa (Hawaiian: Hāloa) is a Hawaiian mythological figure who was born of Hawaiian gods, and is the ancestor of the Hawaiian people. The title of a well-known chant about him and the creation of the Hawaiian Islands is also "Haloa". Birth of the islands Papahānaumoku, the mother of Earth, married Wākea, the father of Heaven, and gave birth to the islands of Hawaii, Maui and Kahoʻolawe. While she was away in her native land (Tahiti etc.), Wākea was united with other goddesses and had the islands of Molokai and Lanai with them. Later, Papa returned to Hawaii and was united with another god, and gave birth to the island of Oahu. She then was united with Wākea again, and gave births to the islands of Kauai and Niihau in the far west, thus completing the creation of the Hawaiian Islands, Birth of Haloa Papahānaumoku and Wakea had many children, including a daughter called Hoʻohokukalani. When she turned into a beautiful girl, Wakea was united with her, but their first baby, named Haloa, was still-born. As the baby was buried to the ground, there came out from the ground the taro, which became the important staple food of the Hawaiian people. Their second baby, also called Haloa, grew to become a healthy child, and was the ancestor of the Hawaiian people. Haloa chant The story of the creation of the Hawaiian Islands and the first Hawaiian was told orally from generation to generation for a long time. When the Hawaiian writing system was established in the 18th century, it was put into documents, especially the Kumulipo of the Hawaiian royalty's story of creation and genealogy. The Kumulipo was later opened for public and was translated into English. HĀLOA ʻO Wākea noho lā Papahānaumoku Hānau o Hawaiʻi, he moku Hānau o Maui, he moku Hoi hou o Wā (Hui）kea noho lā Hoʻohokukalani Hānau o Molokaʻi, he moku Hānau o Lānaʻi ka ula, he moku ... HALOA in English Wakea was united with Papahanaumoku Gave birth forth to Hawaii Gave birth to Maui And was united with H'ohokukalani Gave birth forth to Molokai Gave birth to Lanai ... This chant can be recited by one person, or by a group of people with its leader and the other people in responsive reading. A similar chant is also available as "Mele a Pākui". See also Culture of Hawaii Hawaiian religion Polynesian Mythology Hawaiian ethnobiology References ^ The Story of Haloa: A Hawaiian Creation Story (Hokulea.com) ^ (1) Haloa (Hawaiian Mythology) (in Japanese) ^ Mele Koʻihonua - ʻO Wäkea Noho lä Papahänaumoku (Adv. #1) ^ (2) Mele a Pakui(Hawaiian Mythology) (in Japanese)]
[{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Hāloa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Papahānaumoku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papah%C4%81naumoku"},{"link_name":"mother of Earth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mother_goddess"},{"link_name":"Wākea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%81kea"},{"link_name":"father of Heaven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_father"},{"link_name":"Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii_(island)"},{"link_name":"Maui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maui"},{"link_name":"Kahoʻolawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaho%CA%BBolawe"},{"link_name":"Tahiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tahiti"},{"link_name":"Molokai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokai"},{"link_name":"Lanai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanai"},{"link_name":"Oahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oahu"},{"link_name":"Kauai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauai"},{"link_name":"Niihau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ni%CA%BBihau"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands"}],"text":"Papahānaumoku, the mother of Earth, married Wākea, the father of Heaven, and gave birth to the islands of Hawaii, Maui and Kahoʻolawe. While she was away in her native land (Tahiti etc.), Wākea was united with other goddesses and had the islands of Molokai and Lanai with them.Later, Papa returned to Hawaii and was united with another god, and gave birth to the island of Oahu. She then was united with Wākea again, and gave births to the islands of Kauai and Niihau in the far west, thus completing the creation of the Hawaiian Islands,","title":"Birth of the islands"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hoʻohokukalani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%CA%BBohokukalani"},{"link_name":"taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taro"},{"link_name":"staple food","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staple_food"},{"link_name":"Hawaiian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Native_Hawaiians"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Papahānaumoku and Wakea had many children, including a daughter called Hoʻohokukalani. When she turned into a beautiful girl, Wakea was united with her, but their first baby, named Haloa, was still-born. As the baby was buried to the ground, there came out from the ground the taro, which became the important staple food of the Hawaiian people.Their second baby, also called Haloa, grew to become a healthy child, and was the ancestor of the Hawaiian people.[1]","title":"Birth of Haloa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kumulipo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumulipo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"responsive reading","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Responsive_reading"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The story of the creation of the Hawaiian Islands and the first Hawaiian was told orally from generation to generation for a long time. When the Hawaiian writing system was established in the 18th century, it was put into documents, especially the Kumulipo of the Hawaiian royalty's story of creation and genealogy. The Kumulipo was later opened for public and was translated into English.[2]HĀLOA\nʻO Wākea noho lā Papahānaumoku\nHānau o Hawaiʻi, he moku\nHānau o Maui, he moku\nHoi hou o Wā (Hui）kea noho lā Hoʻohokukalani\nHānau o Molokaʻi, he moku\nHānau o Lānaʻi ka ula, he moku ...\n\n\n\n\n\nHALOA in English\nWakea was united with Papahanaumoku\nGave birth forth to Hawaii\nGave birth to Maui\nAnd was united with H'ohokukalani\nGave birth forth to Molokai\nGave birth to Lanai ...This chant can be recited by one person, or by a group of people with its leader and the other people in responsive reading.[3]A similar chant is also available as \"Mele a Pākui\".[4]","title":"Haloa chant"}]
[]
[{"title":"Culture of Hawaii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii"},{"title":"Hawaiian religion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_religion"},{"title":"Polynesian Mythology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polynesian_narrative"},{"title":"Hawaiian ethnobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_ethnobiology"}]
[]
[{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20221127170009/http://www.hokulea.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/The-Story-of-Haloa.pdf","external_links_name":"The Story of Haloa: A Hawaiian Creation Story (Hokulea.com)"},{"Link":"http://www.ishienterprize.co.jp/legend/101.html","external_links_name":"(1) Haloa (Hawaiian Mythology)"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190805191140/https://apps.ksbe.edu/olelo/sites/apps.ksbe.edu.olelo/files/%CA%BBO%20W%C4%81kea%20Noho%20i%C4%81%20Papah%C4%81naumoku%20.pdf","external_links_name":"Mele Koʻihonua - ʻO Wäkea Noho lä Papahänaumoku (Adv. #1)"},{"Link":"http://www.ishienterprize.co.jp/legend/102.html","external_links_name":"(2) Mele a Pakui(Hawaiian Mythology)"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Pierson
Alan Pierson
["1 References","2 External links"]
American conductor Alan Emanuel Pierson Alan Emanuel Pierson (born May 12, 1974, Chicago, Illinois) is an American conductor. His parents are Elaine Pierson and Edward S. Pierson, the latter an engineering professor at Purdue University Calumet. In Chicago Pierson took piano and composition lessons at the People's Music School, graduating high school at Francis W. Parker. Pierson is a 1996 graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology with degrees in music and physics. At MIT, he was a timpanist and an assistant conductor with the MIT Symphony Orchestra, and also a composer. Pierson continued his studies in music at the Eastman School of Music, where he was a co-founder of the new music ensemble Ossia. Subsequently, he was a co-founder of the related new music ensemble Alarm Will Sound, which gave its first concert in 2001. Pierson became the first music director of Alarm Will Sound in the same year, and continues to serve in the post. In January 2011, Pierson was named the artistic director of the former Brooklyn Philharmonic. When the orchestra suspended operations in 2013 his contract was not renewed. Pierson also serves as principal conductor of the Crash Ensemble in Ireland, and has guest conducted with the Los Angeles Philharmonic, Chicago Symphony, Los Angeles Opera, New World Symphony, Orchestra of St. Luke's, Beth Morrison Projects, and Symphoniker Hamburg. Pierson has resided in New York City since 2002. He is currently on faculty at Northwestern University and conducts at Mannes College. In February 2013, Pierson was featured on the Radiolab episode "Speedthoven". References ^ "David Herszenson, Alan Pierson". New York Times. 2010-08-15. Retrieved 2012-02-03. ^ "Once a physicist: Alan Pierson". Physics World (Interview). August 2016. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ "Alumni News and Announcements" (Mailing list). March 2008. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ Lynn Heinemann (1996-05-15). "Alan Pierson leaves musical mark at MIT". MIT News. Retrieved 2012-02-03. ^ Liv Gold (January–February 2012). "Alan Pierson '96". Technology Review. Retrieved 2012-02-03. ^ Daniel J. Wakin (2011-01-20). "Arts, Briefly Brooklyn Philharmonic Hires Artistic Director". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-03. ^ Brian Wise (2018-10-18). "Brooklyn Philharmonic Innovative But Sounding a Troubled Tune". WQXR Blog. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ "Alan Pierson 06E (DMA) Pursuing Endeavors of Passion". Eastman School of Music website. 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ Lawrence A. Johnson (2019-12-03). "Compelling gifts in small packages make for rewarding MusicNOW night". Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ "Alan Pierson, Conductor". OperaBase. 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ David Fleshier (2013-12-03). "Critic's Choice". South Florida Classical Review. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ "The Musical World of Harmonium Mountain: Clifford Ross & The Orchestra of St. Luke's / Jeffrey Zeigler, Andy Akiho & Roger Bonair-Agard". bricartsmedia dot org. Summer 2015. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ "Review: In 'Dog Days,' a Family Clawing for Survival". The New York Times. 2016-01-10. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ Sam Johnstone (2017-10-22). "Unexpected promise Bryce Dessner at the Elbphilharmonie". bachtrack. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ Paul Pelkonen (2011-11-02). "Conductor brings Brooklyn Philharmonic back to life". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2012-02-03. ^ "Alan Pierson Conducting and Ensembles". Northwestern Bienen School of Music. 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ "MACE Mannes American Composers Ensemble Performs Mazzoli and Schoenberg". The New School. 2016-10-14. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-05-30. ^ "Speedthoven". radiolab.org. External links Brooklyn Philharmonic artistic director biography Cantaloupe Music biography "Alarm Will Sound's Alan Pierson Named Artistic Director of Brooklyn Philharmonic". Nonesuch Journal, 19 January 2011 Preceded by(no predecessor) Music Director, Alarm Will Sound 2001–present Succeeded byincumbent Preceded byMichael Christie (music director) Artistic Director, Brooklyn Philharmonic 2011–2012 Succeeded byOrchestra dissolved Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Academics CiNii Artists MusicBrainz This article about an American conductor or bandleader is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"image_text":"Alan Emanuel Pierson","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Alan-pierson.jpg/260px-Alan-pierson.jpg"}]
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Retrieved 2020-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304092501/http://www.fwparker.org/page.aspx?pid=1627","url_text":"\"Alumni News and Announcements\""},{"url":"http://www.fwparker.org/page.aspx?pid=1627","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lynn Heinemann (1996-05-15). \"Alan Pierson leaves musical mark at MIT\". MIT News. Retrieved 2012-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/1996/pierson-0515.html","url_text":"\"Alan Pierson leaves musical mark at MIT\""}]},{"reference":"Liv Gold (January–February 2012). \"Alan Pierson '96\". Technology Review. Retrieved 2012-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.technologyreview.com/computing/39245/","url_text":"\"Alan Pierson '96\""}]},{"reference":"Daniel J. Wakin (2011-01-20). \"Arts, Briefly Brooklyn Philharmonic Hires Artistic Director\". New York Times. 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Retrieved 2020-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://bachtrack.com/review-dessner-glass-labeque-elbphilharmonie-hamburg-october-2017","url_text":"\"Unexpected promise Bryce Dessner at the Elbphilharmonie\""}]},{"reference":"Paul Pelkonen (2011-11-02). \"Conductor brings Brooklyn Philharmonic back to life\". New York Daily News. Retrieved 2012-02-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.nydailynews.com/2011-11-02/news/30352510_1_chamber-orchestra-conductor-concertmaster","url_text":"\"Conductor brings Brooklyn Philharmonic back to life\""}]},{"reference":"\"Alan Pierson Conducting and Ensembles\". Northwestern Bienen School of Music. 2020-05-30. Retrieved 2020-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.music.northwestern.edu/faculty/profile/alan-pierson","url_text":"\"Alan Pierson Conducting and Ensembles\""}]},{"reference":"\"MACE Mannes American Composers Ensemble Performs Mazzoli and Schoenberg\". The New School. 2016-10-14. Archived from the original on 2020-06-03. Retrieved 2020-05-30.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200603153137/https://events.newschool.edu/event/mace_mannes_american_composers_ensemble_concert_2","url_text":"\"MACE Mannes American Composers Ensemble Performs Mazzoli and Schoenberg\""},{"url":"https://events.newschool.edu/event/mace_mannes_american_composers_ensemble_concert_2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Speedthoven\". radiolab.org.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.radiolab.org/story/271345-speedthoven/","url_text":"\"Speedthoven\""}]}]
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Nonesuch Journal, 19 January 2011"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000078414095","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/98521130","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqK7VjCT9myxwCjRxRdwC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14216048q","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14216048q","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/135265843","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007306014105171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no98088046","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=pna20201075700&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA16378918?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4c661cbe-06ff-4c2b-abc4-856705940599","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alan_Pierson&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mason-Dixon_300
Würth 400
["1 History","2 Notable moments","3 Past winners","3.1 Multiple winners (drivers)","3.2 Multiple winners (teams)","3.3 Manufacturer wins","4 References","5 External links"]
NASCAR Cup Series spring race at Dover Motor Speedway For the former fall race at Dover, see Dover 400. "Gander RV 400" redirects here. For the race at Pocono Raceway which also used that name in the 2019 season, see Explore the Pocono Mountains 350. Würth 400NASCAR Cup SeriesVenueDover Motor SpeedwayLocationDover, Delaware, United StatesCorporate sponsorWürthFirst race1969Distance400 miles (643.738 km)Laps400 Stages 1/2: 120 each Final stage: 160Previous namesMason-Dixon 300 (1969–1970) Mason-Dixon 500 (1971–1983) Budweiser 500 (1984–1994) Miller Genuine Draft 500 (1995) Miller 500 (1996–1997) MBNA Platinum 400 (1998–2002) MBNA Armed Forces Family 400 (2003) MBNA America 400 "A Salute To Heroes" (2004) MBNA RacePoints 400 (2005) Neighborhood Excellence 400 (2006) Autism Speaks 400 presented by Visa (2007) Best Buy 400 benefiting Student Clubs for Autism Speaks (2008) Autism Speaks 400 presented by Heluva Good! (2009) Autism Speaks 400 presented by Hershey's Milk & Milkshakes (2010) FedEx 400 benefiting Autism Speaks (2011–2015) AAA 400 Drive for Autism (2016–2018) Gander RV 400 (2019) Drydene 311 (2020) Drydene 400 (2021) DuraMAX Drydene 400 (2022)Most wins (driver)Jimmie Johnson (6)Most wins (team)Hendrick Motorsports (12)Most wins (manufacturer)Chevrolet (22)Circuit informationSurfaceConcreteLength1 mi (1.6 km)Turns4 The Würth 400 is a 400-mile (640 km) NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held annually at Dover Motor Speedway in Dover, Delaware in the spring. History The 2013 FedEx 400, won by Tony Stewart after a late-race penalty took Jimmie Johnson out of contention. The 2020 race was postponed to August due to the COVID-19 pandemic and became a doubleheader with the second race. Both events were named the Drydene 311 as their race lengths were shortened. For 2021, the race length was restored to 400 miles. Alex Bowman won the race in 2021 as part of a historic 1-2-3-4 finish for Hendrick Motorsports. In September 2021, RelaDyne bought the Drydene brand which was the title sponsor of the race. The company added another one of their brands, DuraMAX, to the title sponsor of the race. RelaDyne was also included in the name of the race as a presenting sponsor. As a result, in 2022, the name of the race became the DuraMAX Drydene 400 presented by RelaDyne. In 2023, Würth, which has been a sponsor on Team Penske's NASCAR Cup and Xfinity Series cars for a few races each year since 2012, became the title sponsor of the "Monster Mile" race. Notable moments Eventual race winner Matt Kenseth leads in the closing laps of the 2016 AAA 400 Drive for Autism 2022 DuraMAX Drydene 400 2014: Coming off turn two, A. J. Allmendinger came across Ricky Stenhouse Jr. and got loose. He collected Greg Biffle and both got loose. Biffle went into the wall tail-first, hit Stenhouse, and sent him into the outside wall and headfirst into the inside one on the backstretch. Landon Cassill and Ryan Truex also spun out in Turn 1. This brought out the third caution of the race. The race was then red-flagged, while Justin Allgaier also took damage when he was clipped in the side by Biffle. Kevin Harvick took the lead from Johnson on lap 142 while on lap 157, Jamie McMurray hit a piece on concrete in Turn 2, hit the wall in Turn 3, and brought out the fourth caution. This happened in a similar fashion to Jeff Gordon at Martinsville Speedway in 2004. NASCAR was forced to red flag the race for a second time to fix a hole in the track, while the concrete also damaged the glass covering the crossover bridge that crosses over the top of Turn 2. The race was suspended for 22 minutes, with Harvick holding the lead at the restart. However, just after the restart, Harvick had a tire go down and Matt Kenseth took the lead, Johnson retook the lead on lap 179, and upon completing lap 215, he became the all-time leader in laps led at Dover. Bowman hit the wall for a third time in turn 1 and brought out the fifth caution on lap 218. J. J. Yeley brought out the sixth caution on lap 240 after blowing his engine, while debris brought out the seventh caution with forty laps to go. Casey Mears' right-rear tire came apart and the inner-liner rubber that came off the tire brought out the eighth caution with eight laps to go. Johnson held off a four-lap charge by Brad Keselowski to take his second win of the season – successively, for the 13th time in his career – and 68th of his career. "It is incredible," Johnson said. "This race car was awesome. I just have so much to be thankful for. Chad (crew chief Knaus) told me I'd love the car, and sure enough, from the time we unloaded the car, he was right." Keselowski described his day as "up and down" and that his car did not progress as much as he had liked until the halfway mark of the race. 2015: For the first few laps, Truex Jr. kept Hamlin from getting a big lead, but as the field caught the tail end of the field, Hamlin jumped to a bigger lead. Eventually, Truex Jr. took back the lead on lap 145. The second round of pit stops began on lap 150 when Clint Bowyer hit pit road. Truex Jr. surrendered the lead to pit on lap 158 and gave it to Hamlin. He pitted on lap 160 and handed the lead to teammate Carl Edwards. He pitted on lap 162 and handed the lead to Dale Earnhardt Jr. The second caution flew on lap 163 when Ricky Stenhouse Jr. had a tire blow out and slammed the wall in turn 2. David Gilliland was tagged for speeding on pit road during the green flag stops and was forced to serve a drive-through penalty. Edwards was tagged for taking equipment out of the pit box after the wrench used to adjust the track bar got stuck in the hole and restarted the race from the tail end of the field. The race restarted on lap 169 with Truex Jr. in the lead. The third caution of the race flew on lap 176 for a 3-car wreck on the front stretch. This began when Trevor Bayne while exiting turn 4, was moving up the track and got turned by Michael Annett. He overcorrected, turned down, and hit the inside wall. Annett continued to ride the wall before getting rear-ended by Allgaier. Annett continued on, but Allgaier did not. While Truex opted not to pit, most of the cars on the lead lap behind him did. The race restarted with two laps to go at a scheduled green-white-checkered finish, Johnson shot ahead of teammate Kasey Kahne and held off Harvick to score his tenth career win at Dover. He became the fifth driver to have 10 or more wins at a single track. 2016: The race at Dover moved up two weeks before the All-Star Race at Charlotte, A major multi-car wreck occurred after their restart just past the start/finish line brought out the 11th caution of the race. Johnson's car stalled out, fell backward, and caused an 18-car wreck. Johnson, Truex, Harvick, McMurray, Newman, A. J. Allmendinger, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., Kyle Busch, Joey Logano, Aric Almirola, Hamlin, Biffle, Casey Mears, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Clint Bowyer, Trevor Bayne, Paul Menard, and Michael McDowell were all collected in the wreck. Johnson said afterward that as soon as he "went from second and tried to go into third, I kind of got up into the neutral gate of the transmission and it didn't even want to go to third," Johnson said. "It stopped before it ever went to third. And then I tried fourth and third and eventually, I got hit from behind...I thought maybe I missed a shift, but it wouldn't go into gear. Martin was good and patient with me. He gave me a couple of opportunities to try to find gear but it just locked out and wouldn't go into gear for some reason." The subsequent cleanup forced the red flag to fly. The red flag was lifted after 11 minutes and 22 seconds, The race restarted with 35 laps to go. Despite a hard-fought battle towards the finish with Larson and Chase Elliott, Kenseth – who assumed the lead after the multi-car wreck with 46 laps to go – drove on to score the victory. 2021: For the first time since 1970, the track would only host one race instead of two. Alex Bowman bested his teammate Kyle Larson on pit road to win Dover's lone race of 2021. Bowman's victory capped off Hendrick Motorsports finishing 1-2-3-4. It is just the fourth time this was accomplished, and first since Roush-Fenway Racing did it at Homestead in 2005. While Bowman won and Larson was second, Chase Elliott finished 3rd, and William Byron finished 4th. 2023: The race was postponed from Sunday to Monday due to rain. Ross Chastain made contact with Brennan Poole, who spun and got into Kyle Larson. Martin Truex Jr. held off Chastain on a late-race restart to score his fourth win at Dover and end a 54-race winless streak. Truex also completed a family sweep of the weekend as his brother Ryan Truex won the Xfinity race the Saturday before. Past winners Year Date No. Driver Team Sponsor Manufacturer Race Distance Race Time Average Speed(mph) Report Ref Laps Miles (km) 1969 July 6 43 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises East Tennessee Motors Ford 300 300 (482.803) 2:35:28 115.772 Report 1970 Sept 20 43 Richard Petty Petty Enterprises Southern Chrysler & Plymouth Plymouth 300 300 (482.803) 2:40:34 112.103 Report 1971 June 6 12 Bobby Allison Holman-Moody Coca-Cola Mercury 500 500 (804.672) 4:30:40 123.119 Report 1972 June 4 12 Bobby Allison Richard Howard Coca-Cola Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:12:49 118.019 Report 1973 June 3 21 David Pearson Wood Brothers Racing Purolator Mercury 500 500 (804.672) 4:10:32 119.745 Report 1974 May 19 11 Cale Yarborough Richard Howard Kar-Kare Chevrolet 450* 450 (724.204) 3:54:40 115.057 Report 1975 May 18 21 David Pearson Wood Brothers Racing Purolator Mercury 500 500 (804.672) 4:57:32 100.82 Report 1976 May 16 72 Benny Parsons L.G. DeWitt King's Row Fireplaces Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:19:53 115.436 Report 1977 May 15 11 Cale Yarborough Junior Johnson & Associates Holly Farms Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:03:26 123.327 Report 1978 May 21 21 David Pearson Wood Brothers Racing Purolator Mercury 500 500 (804.672) 4:21:38 114.664 Report 1979 May 20 21 Neil Bonnett Wood Brothers Racing Purolator Mercury 500 500 (804.672) 4:29:37 111.269 Report 1980 May 18 15 Bobby Allison Bud Moore Engineering Mike Curb/Hodgdon Ford 500 500 (804.672) 4:23:28 113.866 Report 1981 May 17 90 Jody Ridley Junie Donlavey Truxmore/Sunny King Ford 500 500 (804.672) 4:17:18 116.595 Report 1982 May 16 88 Bobby Allison DiGard Motorsports Gatorade Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:09:43 120.136 Report 1983 May 15 22 Bobby Allison DiGard Motorsports Miller High Life Buick 500 500 (804.672) 4:21:13 114.847 Report 1984 May 20 43 Richard Petty Curb Racing STP Pontiac 500 500 (804.672) 4:12:42 118.717 Report 1985 May 19 9 Bill Elliott Melling Racing Coors Ford 500 500 (804.672) 4:03:43 123.094 Report 1986 May 18 5 Geoffrey Bodine Hendrick Motorsports Levi Garrett Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:20:51 115.009 Report 1987 May 31 28 Davey Allison Ranier-Lundy Havoline Ford 500 500 (804.672) 4:25:35 112.958 Report 1988 June 5 9 Bill Elliott Melling Racing Coors Ford 500 500 (804.672) 4:12:41 118.726 Report 1989 June 4 3 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Racing GM Goodwrench Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:06:34 121.67 Report 1990 June 3 10 Derrike Cope Whitcomb Racing Purolator Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:02:01 123.96 Report 1991 June 2 25 Ken Schrader Hendrick Motorsports Kodiak Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:09:41 120.152 Report 1992 May 31 33 Harry Gant Leo Jackson Racing Skoal Bandit Oldsmobile 500 500 (804.672) 4:34:05 109.456 Report 1993 June 6 3 Dale Earnhardt Richard Childress Racing GM Goodwrench Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:44:06 105.6 Report 1994 June 5 2 Rusty Wallace Penske Racing Miller Genuine Draft Ford 500 500 (804.672) 4:52:36 102.529 Report 1995 June 4 42 Kyle Petty SABCO Racing Coors Light Pontiac 500 500 (804.672) 4:10:15 119.88 Report 1996 June 2 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports DuPont Chevrolet 500 500 (804.672) 4:04:25 122.741 Report 1997 June 1 10 Ricky Rudd Rudd Performance Motorsports Tide Mountain Spring Ford 500 500 (804.672) 4:21:42 114.635 Report 1998 May 31 88 Dale Jarrett Robert Yates Racing Quality Care/Ford Credit Ford 400 400 (643.737) 3:20:46 119.522 Report 1999 June 6 18 Bobby Labonte Joe Gibbs Racing MBNA/Interstate Batteries Pontiac 400 400 (643.737) 3:19:00 120.603 Report 2000 June 4 20 Tony Stewart Joe Gibbs Racing The Home Depot Pontiac 400 400 (643.737) 3:39:09 109.514 Report 2001 June 3 24 Jeff Gordon Hendrick Motorsports DuPont Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:19:24 120.361 Report 2002 June 2 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:24:10 117.551 Report 2003 June 1 12 Ryan Newman Penske Racing Alltel Dodge 400 400 (643.737) 3:44:31 106.896 Report 2004 June 6 6 Mark Martin Roush Racing Viagra Ford 400 400 (643.737) 4:07:19 97.042 Report 2005 June 5 16 Greg Biffle Roush Racing National Guard/Charter Ford 400 400 (643.737) 3:15:43 122.626 Report 2006 June 4 17 Matt Kenseth Roush Racing DeWalt Ford 400 400 (643.737) 3:38:27 109.865 Report 2007 June 4* 1 Martin Truex Jr. Dale Earnhardt, Inc. Bass Pro Shops/Tracker Boats Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:21:45 118.95 Report 2008 June 1 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing Combos Toyota 400 400 (643.737) 3:18:04 121.171 Report 2009 May 31 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's/Kobalt Tools Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:28:16 115.237 Report 2010 May 16 18 Kyle Busch Joe Gibbs Racing M&M's Toyota 400 400 (643.737) 3:06:21 128.79 Report 2011* May 15 17 Matt Kenseth Roush Fenway Racing Wiley X Sunglasses Ford 400 400 (643.737) 3:11:07 125.578 Report 2012 June 3 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's Build & Grow/Madagascar 3 Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:15:23 122.835 Report 2013 June 2 14 Tony Stewart Stewart-Haas Racing Code 3 Associates Helping Oklahoma/Mobil 1 Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:14:51 123.172 Report 2014 June 1 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's/Kobalt Tools Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:23:52 117.724 Report 2015 May 31 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's Pro Services Chevrolet 405* 405 (651.784) 3:23:16 119.547 Report 2016 May 15 20 Matt Kenseth Joe Gibbs Racing Dollar General Toyota 400 400 (643.737) 3:39:29 109.348 Report 2017 June 4 48 Jimmie Johnson Hendrick Motorsports Lowe's Chevrolet 406* 406 (653.394) 3:52:06 104.955 Report 2018 May 6 4 Kevin Harvick Stewart-Haas Racing Jimmy John's Ford 400 400 (643.737) 3:28:37 115.044 Report 2019 May 6* 19 Martin Truex Jr. Joe Gibbs Racing SiriusXM Toyota 400 400 (643.737) 3:08:37 127.242 Report 2020 August 22* 11 Denny Hamlin Joe Gibbs Racing FedEx Office Toyota 311 311 (500.506) 2:30:03 124.359 Report 2021 May 16 48 Alex Bowman Hendrick Motorsports Ally Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:19:55 120.05 Report 2022 May 1–2* 9 Chase Elliott Hendrick Motorsports NAPA Auto Parts Chevrolet 400 400 (643.737) 3:49:39 104.507 Report 2023 May 1* 19 Martin Truex Jr. Joe Gibbs Racing Bass Pro Shops/Tracker Boats Toyota 400 400 (643.737) 3:27:47 115.505 Report 2024 April 28 11 Denny Hamlin Joe Gibbs Racing Mavis Tire and Brakes Toyota 400 400 (643.737) 3:20:57 119.433 Report 1974: Race shortened due to energy crisis. 2007, 2019, and 2023: Races postponed from Sunday to Monday due to rain. 2015 and 2017: Races extended due to NASCAR overtime. 2020: Race postponed from May 3 and ran as a twin-race event with regularly scheduled fall race on August 23 due to COVID-19 pandemic. Both races shortened to 400 kilometres (248.548 mi). 2022 Race started on Sunday afternoon but finished on Monday afternoon due to rain. Multiple winners (drivers) # Wins Driver Years Won 6 Jimmie Johnson 2002, 2009, 2012, 2014–2015, 2017 5 Bobby Allison 1971–1972, 1980, 1982–1983 3 David Pearson 1973, 1975, 1978 Richard Petty 1969–1970, 1984 Matt Kenseth 2006, 2011, 2016 Martin Truex Jr. 2007, 2019, 2023 2 Cale Yarborough 1974, 1977 Bill Elliott 1985, 1988 Dale Earnhardt 1989, 1993 Jeff Gordon 1996, 2001 Kyle Busch 2008, 2010 Tony Stewart 2000, 2013 Denny Hamlin 2020, 2024 Multiple winners (teams) # Wins Team Years Won 12 Hendrick Motorsports 1986, 1991, 1996, 2001–2002, 2009, 2012, 2014–2015, 2017, 2021–2022 9 Joe Gibbs Racing 1999–2000, 2008, 2010, 2016, 2019–2020, 2023–2024 4 Wood Brothers Racing 1973, 1975, 1978–1979 RFK Racing 2004–2006, 2011 2 Petty Enterprises 1969–1970 Richard Howard 1972, 1974 DiGard Motorsports 1982–1983 Melling Racing 1985, 1988 Richard Childress Racing 1989, 1993 Penske Racing 1994, 2003 Stewart-Haas Racing 2013, 2018 Manufacturer wins # Wins Manufacturer Years Won 22 Chevrolet 1972, 1974, 1976–1977, 1982, 1986, 1989–1991, 1993, 1996, 2001–2002, 2007, 2009, 2012–2015, 2017, 2021–2022 14 Ford 1969, 1980–1981, 1985, 1987–1988, 1994, 1997–1998, 2004–2006, 2011, 2018 7 Toyota 2008, 2010, 2016, 2019–2020, 2023–2024 5 Mercury 1971, 1973, 1975, 1978–1979 4 Pontiac 1984, 1995, 1999–2000 1 Plymouth 1970 Buick 1983 Oldsmobile 1992 Dodge 2003 References ^ "Gander RV to Sponsor May 5 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Race at Dover International Speedway". 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Retrieved May 31, 2015. ^ Walter, Andy (May 15, 2016). "Most race contenders out following 18-car crash". Delaware State News. Dover, Delaware: Independent Newsmedia Inc. Retrieved May 16, 2016. ^ Hembree, Mike (May 15, 2016). "Jimmie Johnson triggers Big One at Dover when gear shift fails". USA Today. Dover, Delaware: Gannett Company. Retrieved May 16, 2016. ^ Pistone, Pete (May 15, 2016). "Huge Crash Red Flags Dover". MRN.com. Motor Racing Network. Archived from the original on May 18, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016. ^ Weaver, Matt (May 15, 2016). "NASCAR: Johnson's transmission failure triggers 18-car crash". Racer.com. Racer Media & Marketing, Inc. Archived from the original on May 19, 2016. Retrieved May 16, 2016. ^ Gelston, Dan (May 15, 2016). "Kenseth holds off Larson for thrilling victory at Dover". Associated Press. Dover, Delaware: AP Sports. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 16, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016. ^ Cain, Holly (May 1, 2023). "Martin Truex Jr. Ends Winless Streak, Seals Family Double at Dover". NASCAR. Archived from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved May 1, 2023. ^ "1969 Mason-Dixon 300". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1970 Mason-Dixon 300". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1971 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1972 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1973 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1974 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1975 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1976 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1977 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1978 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1979 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1980 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1981 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1982 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1983 Mason-Dixon 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1984 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1985 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1986 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1987 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1988 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1989 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1990 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1991 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1992 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1993 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1994 Budweiser 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1995 Miller Genuine Draft 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1996 Miller 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1997 Miller 500". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1998 MBNA Platinum 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "1999 MBNA Platinum 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2000 MBNA Platinum 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2001 MBNA Platinum 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2002 MBNA Platinum 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2003 MBNA Armed Forces Family 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2004 MBNA America 400 "A Salute To Heroes"". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2005 MBNA RacePoints 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2006 Neighborhood Excellence 400 Presented by Bank of America". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2007 Autism Speaks 400 presented by Visa". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2008 Best Buy 400 benefiting Student Clubs for Autism Speaks". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2009 Autism Speaks 400 presented by Heluva Good!". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2010 Autism Speaks 400 Presented by Hershey's". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2011 FedEx 400 Benefitting Autism Speaks". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2012 FedEx 400 Benefiting Autism Speaks". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2013 FedEx 400 Benefiting Autism Speaks". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2014 FedEx 400 Benefiting Autism Speaks". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2015 FedEx 400 Benefiting Autism Speaks". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2016 AAA 400 Drive for Autism". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2017 AAA 400 Drive for Autism". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2018 AAA 400 Drive for Autism". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2019 Gander RV 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2020 Drydene 311 Race 1". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2021 Drydene 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2022 DuraMAX Drydene 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2023 Würth 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ "2024 Würth 400". Racing-Reference. NASCAR Digital Media, LLC. Retrieved April 28, 2024. ^ "The Monster Mile Gets An August NASCAR Doubleheader Weekend". WRDE. July 8, 2020. Retrieved November 25, 2023. ^ Hembree, Mike (May 1, 2022). "NASCAR Notes From A Rainy Day At Dover". Autoweek. Retrieved November 25, 2023. External links Dover Motor Speedway race results at Racing-Reference Previous race:GEICO 500 NASCAR Cup SeriesWürth 400 Next race:AdventHealth 400 vteRaces in the NASCAR Cup SeriesCurrent (2024)Championship Daytona Atlanta Las Vegas Phoenix Bristol Austin Richmond Martinsville Texas Talladega Dover Kansas Darlington Charlotte Gateway Sonoma Iowa New Hampshire Nashville SS Chicago Street Pocono Indianapolis Oval Richmond 2 Michigan Daytona 2 Darlington 2 Playoffs Atlanta 2 Watkins Glen Bristol 2 Kansas 2 Talladega 2 Charlotte RC Las Vegas 2 Homestead Martinsville 2 Phoenix 2 Exhibition Busch Light Clash at The Coliseum Bluegreen Vacations Duel NASCAR All-Star Race FormerChampionship Bristol Dirt California California 2 Charlotte 2 Chicagoland Daytona RC Dover 2 Indianapolis RC Kentucky Michigan 2 Nashville Fairgrounds 1 Nashville Fairgrounds 2 New Hampshire 2 North Carolina 1 North Carolina 2 North Wilkesboro 1 North Wilkesboro 2 Ontario Pocono 2 Riverside 1 Riverside 2 Road America Soldier Field Texas 2 Texas World 1 Texas World 2 Trenton Exhibition Calder Park Motegi Suzuka Note: The Cup Series has multiple events at the same racing venue.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dover 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_400"},{"link_name":"Explore the Pocono Mountains 350","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explore_the_Pocono_Mountains_350"},{"link_name":"NASCAR Cup Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_Cup_Series"},{"link_name":"stock car race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stock_car_racing"},{"link_name":"Dover Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Dover, Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover,_Delaware"}],"text":"For the former fall race at Dover, see Dover 400.\"Gander RV 400\" redirects here. For the race at Pocono Raceway which also used that name in the 2019 season, see Explore the Pocono Mountains 350.The Würth 400 is a 400-mile (640 km) NASCAR Cup Series stock car race held annually at Dover Motor Speedway in Dover, Delaware in the spring.","title":"Würth 400"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2013_FedEx_400_from_turn_3.jpeg"},{"link_name":"2013 FedEx 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_FedEx_400"},{"link_name":"Tony Stewart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Stewart"},{"link_name":"Jimmie Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jimmie_Johnson"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"Drydene 311","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydene_311_(Sunday)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Alex Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bowman"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Würth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%BCrth"},{"link_name":"Team Penske","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR_operations_of_Team_Penske"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 2013 FedEx 400, won by Tony Stewart after a late-race penalty took Jimmie Johnson out of contention.The 2020 race was postponed to August due to the COVID-19 pandemic and became a doubleheader with the second race. Both events were named the Drydene 311 as their race lengths were shortened.[2][3] For 2021, the race length was restored to 400 miles.Alex Bowman won the race in 2021 as part of a historic 1-2-3-4 finish for Hendrick Motorsports.In September 2021, RelaDyne bought the Drydene brand which was the title sponsor of the race. The company added another one of their brands, DuraMAX, to the title sponsor of the race. RelaDyne was also included in the name of the race as a presenting sponsor. As a result, in 2022, the name of the race became the DuraMAX Drydene 400 presented by RelaDyne.[4] In 2023, Würth, which has been a sponsor on Team Penske's NASCAR Cup and Xfinity Series cars for a few races each year since 2012, became the title sponsor of the \"Monster Mile\" race.[5][6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2016_AAA_400_Drive_for_Autism_from_between_turns_3_and_4.jpg"},{"link_name":"Matt Kenseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Kenseth"},{"link_name":"2016 AAA 400 Drive for Autism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_AAA_400_Drive_for_Autism"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2022_DuraMAX_Drydene_400_from_frontstretch.jpeg"},{"link_name":"2022 DuraMAX Drydene 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_DuraMAX_Drydene_400"},{"link_name":"A. J. Allmendinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger"},{"link_name":"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr."},{"link_name":"Greg Biffle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greg_Biffle"},{"link_name":"Landon Cassill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landon_Cassill"},{"link_name":"Ryan Truex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Truex"},{"link_name":"Justin Allgaier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justin_Allgaier"},{"link_name":"Kevin Harvick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Harvick"},{"link_name":"Jamie McMurray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamie_McMurray"},{"link_name":"Jeff Gordon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeff_Gordon"},{"link_name":"Martinsville Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinsville_Speedway"},{"link_name":"Matt Kenseth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matt_Kenseth"},{"link_name":"J. J. Yeley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Yeley"},{"link_name":"Casey Mears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Mears"},{"link_name":"Brad Keselowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brad_Keselowski"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Clint Bowyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Bowyer"},{"link_name":"Carl Edwards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Edwards"},{"link_name":"Dale Earnhardt Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr."},{"link_name":"David Gilliland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Gilliland"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Trevor Bayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Bayne"},{"link_name":"Michael Annett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Annett"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2015_FedEx_400-10"},{"link_name":"green-white-checkered finish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green-white-checker_finish"},{"link_name":"Kasey Kahne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasey_Kahne"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"A. J. Allmendinger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._J._Allmendinger"},{"link_name":"Ricky Stenhouse Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricky_Stenhouse_Jr."},{"link_name":"Kyle Busch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Busch"},{"link_name":"Joey Logano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joey_Logano"},{"link_name":"Aric Almirola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aric_Almirola"},{"link_name":"Casey Mears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casey_Mears"},{"link_name":"Dale Earnhardt Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dale_Earnhardt_Jr."},{"link_name":"Clint Bowyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Bowyer"},{"link_name":"Trevor Bayne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trevor_Bayne"},{"link_name":"Paul Menard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Menard"},{"link_name":"Michael McDowell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_McDowell_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Chase Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Elliott"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Alex Bowman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alex_Bowman"},{"link_name":"Kyle Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Larson"},{"link_name":"Hendrick Motorsports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hendrick_Motorsports"},{"link_name":"Roush-Fenway Racing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roush-Fenway_Racing"},{"link_name":"Chase Elliott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chase_Elliott"},{"link_name":"William Byron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Byron_(racing_driver)"},{"link_name":"Ross Chastain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Chastain"},{"link_name":"Brennan Poole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brennan_Poole"},{"link_name":"Kyle Larson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyle_Larson"},{"link_name":"Martin Truex Jr.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Truex_Jr."},{"link_name":"Ryan Truex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Truex"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Eventual race winner Matt Kenseth leads in the closing laps of the 2016 AAA 400 Drive for Autism2022 DuraMAX Drydene 4002014: Coming off turn two, A. J. Allmendinger came across Ricky Stenhouse Jr. and got loose. He collected Greg Biffle and both got loose. Biffle went into the wall tail-first, hit Stenhouse, and sent him into the outside wall and headfirst into the inside one on the backstretch. Landon Cassill and Ryan Truex also spun out in Turn 1. This brought out the third caution of the race. The race was then red-flagged, while Justin Allgaier also took damage when he was clipped in the side by Biffle. Kevin Harvick took the lead from Johnson on lap 142 while on lap 157, Jamie McMurray hit a piece on concrete in Turn 2, hit the wall in Turn 3, and brought out the fourth caution. This happened in a similar fashion to Jeff Gordon at Martinsville Speedway in 2004. NASCAR was forced to red flag the race for a second time to fix a hole in the track, while the concrete also damaged the glass covering the crossover bridge that crosses over the top of Turn 2. The race was suspended for 22 minutes, with Harvick holding the lead at the restart. However, just after the restart, Harvick had a tire go down and Matt Kenseth took the lead, Johnson retook the lead on lap 179, and upon completing lap 215, he became the all-time leader in laps led at Dover. Bowman hit the wall for a third time in turn 1 and brought out the fifth caution on lap 218. J. J. Yeley brought out the sixth caution on lap 240 after blowing his engine, while debris brought out the seventh caution with forty laps to go. Casey Mears' right-rear tire came apart and the inner-liner rubber that came off the tire brought out the eighth caution with eight laps to go. Johnson held off a four-lap charge by Brad Keselowski to take his second win of the season – successively, for the 13th time in his career – and 68th of his career. \"It is incredible,\" Johnson said. \"This race car was awesome. I just have so much to be thankful for. Chad (crew chief Knaus) told me I'd love the car, and sure enough, from the time we unloaded the car, he was right.\" Keselowski described his day as \"up and down\" and that his car did not progress as much as he had liked until the halfway mark of the race.[7]\n2015: For the first few laps, Truex Jr. kept Hamlin from getting a big lead, but as the field caught the tail end of the field, Hamlin jumped to a bigger lead. Eventually, Truex Jr. took back the lead on lap 145. The second round of pit stops began on lap 150 when Clint Bowyer hit pit road. Truex Jr. surrendered the lead to pit on lap 158 and gave it to Hamlin. He pitted on lap 160 and handed the lead to teammate Carl Edwards. He pitted on lap 162 and handed the lead to Dale Earnhardt Jr. The second caution flew on lap 163 when Ricky Stenhouse Jr. had a tire blow out and slammed the wall in turn 2. David Gilliland was tagged for speeding on pit road during the green flag stops and was forced to serve a drive-through penalty. Edwards was tagged for taking equipment out of the pit box after the wrench used to adjust the track bar got stuck in the hole and restarted the race from the tail end of the field.[8] The race restarted on lap 169 with Truex Jr. in the lead. The third caution of the race flew on lap 176 for a 3-car wreck on the front stretch.[9] This began when Trevor Bayne while exiting turn 4, was moving up the track and got turned by Michael Annett. He overcorrected, turned down, and hit the inside wall. Annett continued to ride the wall before getting rear-ended by Allgaier. Annett continued on, but Allgaier did not. While Truex opted not to pit, most of the cars on the lead lap behind him did.[10] The race restarted with two laps to go at a scheduled green-white-checkered finish, Johnson shot ahead of teammate Kasey Kahne and held off Harvick to score his tenth career win at Dover.[11] He became the fifth driver to have 10 or more wins at a single track.[12]\n2016: The race at Dover moved up two weeks before the All-Star Race at Charlotte, A major multi-car wreck occurred after their restart just past the start/finish line brought out the 11th caution of the race.[13] Johnson's car stalled out, fell backward, and caused an 18-car wreck.[14] Johnson, Truex, Harvick, McMurray, Newman, A. J. Allmendinger, Ricky Stenhouse Jr., Kyle Busch, Joey Logano, Aric Almirola, Hamlin, Biffle, Casey Mears, Dale Earnhardt Jr., Clint Bowyer, Trevor Bayne, Paul Menard, and Michael McDowell were all collected in the wreck.[15] Johnson said afterward that as soon as he \"went from second and tried to go into third, I kind of got up into the neutral gate of the transmission and it didn't even want to go to third,\" Johnson said. \"It stopped before it ever went to third. And then I tried fourth and third and eventually, I got hit from behind...I thought maybe I missed a shift, but it wouldn't go into gear. Martin was good and patient with me. He gave me a couple of opportunities to try to find gear but it just locked out and wouldn't go into gear for some reason.\"[16] The subsequent cleanup forced the red flag to fly. The red flag was lifted after 11 minutes and 22 seconds, The race restarted with 35 laps to go. Despite a hard-fought battle towards the finish with Larson and Chase Elliott, Kenseth – who assumed the lead after the multi-car wreck with 46 laps to go – drove on to score the victory.[17]\n2021: For the first time since 1970, the track would only host one race instead of two. Alex Bowman bested his teammate Kyle Larson on pit road to win Dover's lone race of 2021. Bowman's victory capped off Hendrick Motorsports finishing 1-2-3-4. It is just the fourth time this was accomplished, and first since Roush-Fenway Racing did it at Homestead in 2005. While Bowman won and Larson was second, Chase Elliott finished 3rd, and William Byron finished 4th.\n2023: The race was postponed from Sunday to Monday due to rain. Ross Chastain made contact with Brennan Poole, who spun and got into Kyle Larson. Martin Truex Jr. held off Chastain on a late-race restart to score his fourth win at Dover and end a 54-race winless streak. Truex also completed a family sweep of the weekend as his brother Ryan Truex won the Xfinity race the Saturday before.[18]","title":"Notable moments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"energy crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_oil_crisis"},{"link_name":"NASCAR overtime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%E2%80%93white%E2%80%93checker_finish"},{"link_name":"fall race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_400"},{"link_name":"COVID-19 pandemic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"}],"text":"1974: Race shortened due to energy crisis.\n2007, 2019, and 2023: Races postponed from Sunday to Monday due to rain.\n2015 and 2017: Races extended due to NASCAR overtime.\n2020: Race postponed from May 3 and ran as a twin-race event with regularly scheduled fall race on August 23 due to COVID-19 pandemic. Both races shortened to 400 kilometres (248.548 mi).[75]\n2022 Race started on Sunday afternoon but finished on Monday afternoon due to rain.[76]","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Multiple winners (drivers)","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Multiple winners (teams)","title":"Past winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Manufacturer wins","title":"Past winners"}]
[{"image_text":"The 2013 FedEx 400, won by Tony Stewart after a late-race penalty took Jimmie Johnson out of contention.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/2013_FedEx_400_from_turn_3.jpeg/220px-2013_FedEx_400_from_turn_3.jpeg"},{"image_text":"Eventual race winner Matt Kenseth leads in the closing laps of the 2016 AAA 400 Drive for Autism","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/2016_AAA_400_Drive_for_Autism_from_between_turns_3_and_4.jpg/220px-2016_AAA_400_Drive_for_Autism_from_between_turns_3_and_4.jpg"},{"image_text":"2022 DuraMAX Drydene 400","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/2022_DuraMAX_Drydene_400_from_frontstretch.jpeg/220px-2022_DuraMAX_Drydene_400_from_frontstretch.jpeg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Gander RV to Sponsor May 5 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Race at Dover International Speedway\". Dover International Speedway. April 4, 2019. Archived from the original on May 2, 2019. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190502234446/https://www.doverspeedway.com/news-media/2019/04/04/gander-rv-to-sponsor-may-5-monster-energy-nascar-cup-series-race-at-dover-international-speedway/","url_text":"\"Gander RV to Sponsor May 5 Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series Race at Dover International Speedway\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway","url_text":"Dover International Speedway"},{"url":"https://www.doverspeedway.com/news-media/2019/04/04/gander-rv-to-sponsor-may-5-monster-energy-nascar-cup-series-race-at-dover-international-speedway/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Drydene to sponsor four Cup Series, Xfinity Series races at Dover on Aug. 22-23\". Dover International Speedway. July 10, 2020. Archived from the original on March 4, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210304155604/https://www.doverspeedway.com/news-media/2020/07/10/drydene-to-sponsor-four-cup-series-xfinity-series-races-at-dover-on-aug-22-23/","url_text":"\"Drydene to sponsor four Cup Series, Xfinity Series races at Dover on Aug. 22-23\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dover_International_Speedway","url_text":"Dover International Speedway"},{"url":"https://www.doverspeedway.com/news-media/2020/07/10/drydene-to-sponsor-four-cup-series-xfinity-series-races-at-dover-on-aug-22-23/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dover to host NASCAR Cup Series doubleheader as part of unprecedented six races in three days on Aug. 21-23\". Dover International Speedway. July 10, 2020. Archived from the original on March 7, 2021. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_Romanticism
Romanticism in Poland
["1 History","1.1 Notable Polish Romantic writers and poets","1.2 Other notable figures","2 See also","3 References","4 External links"]
Polish sociocultural movement (c. 1820 - 1864) Part of a series on theCulture of Poland History Middle Ages Renaissance Baroque Enlightenment Romanticism Positivism Young Poland Interbellum World War II Polish People's Republic Modern-day People Poles Ethnic minorities Refugees Crime Education Health care Languages Languages Polish Yiddish German Lithuanian Ruthenian Romani (Baltic Romani North Central Romani Sinte Romani Vlax Romani) Silesian Kashubian Vilamovian Traditions Mythology Cuisine Festivals Religion Art Artists Painters Architecture Literature Comics Authors Poets Music and performing arts Theatre Composers Musicians Media Radio Television Cinema Sport Football Handball Horse Racing Motorsport Volleyball Winter sports Monuments World Heritage Sites Castles Symbols Flag Coat of arms National anthem Poland portalvte Romanticism in Poland, a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822. It ended with the suppression of the January 1863 Uprising against the Russian Empire in 1864. The latter event ushered in a new era in Polish culture known as Positivism. Polish Romanticism, unlike Romanticism in some other parts of Europe, was not limited to literary and artistic concerns. Due to specific Polish historical circumstances, notably the partitions of Poland, it was also an ideological, philosophical, and political movement that expressed the ideals and way of life of a Polish society subjected to foreign rule and to ethnic and religious discrimination. History Polish Romanticism had two distinct periods in terms of its literary forms: 1820–1832, and 1832–1864. In the first period, Polish Romantics were strongly influenced by other European Romantics. Their art featured emotionalism and irrationality, fantasy and imagination, personality cults, folklore and country life, and the propagation of ideals of freedom. The most famous writers of the period were Adam Mickiewicz, Seweryn Goszczyński, Tomasz Zan and Maurycy Mochnacki. In the second period, many of the Polish Romantics worked abroad, often banished from Poland by the occupying powers due to their politically subversive ideas. Their work became increasingly dominated by the ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country's sovereignty. Elements of mysticism became more prominent. There developed the idea of the poeta wieszcz (the prophet). The wieszcz (bard) functioned as spiritual leader to the nation fighting for its independence. The most notable poet so recognized was Adam Mickiewicz. His famous verse epic Pan Tadeusz describes his love for the partitioned homeland and people of his native country: "O Lithuania, my country, thou Art like good health; I never knew till now How precious, till I lost thee. Now I see Thy beauty whole, because I yearn for thee." (— Opening stanza of Pan Tadeusz, Kenneth R. Mackenzie translation) Other notable Polish Romantic writers active abroad included Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński and Cyprian Kamil Norwid. A number of Romantics remained active in divided and occupied Poland, including Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Wincenty Pol, Władysław Syrokomla, and Narcyza Żmichowska. One of Polish Romanticism's unique qualities was its relation to and inspiration from Polish history from before the invasion. Polish Romanticism revived the old "Sarmatic" traditions of Polish nobility, the szlachta. Old traditions and customs were portrayed favourably in the Polish messianic movement and in the leading works of virtually all Polish national poets, most notably in Pan Tadeusz, but also in the epic works of prose writers including Henryk Sienkiewicz's Trylogia. This close connection between Polish Romanticism and the past became one of the defining qualities of the literature of Polish Romantic period, differentiating it from that of other countries who did not suffer the loss of statehood as was the case with Poland. Romantic ideas informed not only literature but also painting and music. Polish Romantic painting is exemplified in the work of Artur Grottger, Henryk Rodakowski, or the equestrian master artist Piotr Michałowski (now at Sukiennice), and Jan Nepomucen Głowacki considered the father of Polish school of landscape painting, as well as the renowned historical painter Leopold Loeffler invited to Kraków by Matejko to teach the future luminaries of the Young Poland movement including Wyspiański, Tetmajer, Malczewski and Weiss among others. The music of Frédéric Chopin and Stanisław Moniuszko inspired the development of Polish Romantic movement in all fields of creative expression. Notable Polish Romantic writers and poets Feliks Bernatowicz (1786–1836) Ryszard Berwiński (1819–1879) Stanisław Bogusławski (?–d. 1870) Kazimierz Brodziński (1791–1835) Antoni Czajkowski (1816–1873) Michał Czajkowski (1804–1886) Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (1770–1861) Jan Czeczot (1796–1846) Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski (1801–1871) Gustaw Ehrenberg (1818–1895) Aleksander Fredro (1791–1876) Antoni Gorecki (1787–1861) Seweryn Goszczyński (1801–1876) Klementyna Hoffmanowa (1798–1845) Teodor Tomasz Jeż (Zygmunt Miłkowski, 1824–1915) Kajetan Koźmian (1771–1856) Zygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859) Józef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887) Teofil Lenartowicz (1822–1893) Jadwiga Łuszczewska (1834–1908) Antoni Malczewski (1793–1826) Adam Mickiewicz (1798–1855) Maurycy Mochnacki (1803–1834) Cyprian Kamil Norwid (1821–1883) Wincenty Pol (1807–1882) Mieczysław Romanowski (1834–1863) Henryk Rzewuski (1791–1866) Lucjan Siemieński (1807–1877) Juliusz Słowacki (1809–1849) Władysław Syrokomla (1823–1862) Kornel Ujejski (1823–1897) Maria Wirtemberska (1768–1854) Józef Bohdan Zaleski (1802–86) Tomasz Zan (1796–1855) Narcyza Żmichowska (1819–1876) Other notable figures Aleksander Borkowski Dunin (1811–1896) Józef Borkowski Dunin (1809–1843) Frédéric Chopin (1810–1849), composer Edward Dembowski (1822–1846), philosopher, journalist and activist Piotr Michałowski (1800–1855), painter Stanisław Moniuszko (1819–1872), composer Stanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), art patron, philosopher and intellectual Andrzej Towiański (1799–1878), philosopher and Messianist religious leader Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki (1807–1879) See also History of philosophy in Poland: Polish Messianism References ^ Czesław Miłosz, The history of Polish literature. IV. Romanticism. Pages 195–280. Google Books. University of California Press, 1983. ISBN 0-520-04477-0. Retrieved October 7, 2011. ^ a b c Andrzej Wasko, "Sarmatism or the Enlightenment: The Dilemma of Polish Culture", The Sarmatian Review XVII.2., 1997 ^ "Romantyzm w sztukach plastycznych". Malarstwo, Architektura, Rzeźba (in Polish). Encyklopedia WIEM. Retrieved November 23, 2012. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Romanticism in Poland. Poland's Unique Take on Romanticism: Why Is It So Different?, Culture.pl vteRomanticismCountries Denmark England (literature) France (literature) Germany Japan Norway Poland Russia (literature) Scotland Spain (literature) Sweden (literature) Movements Ancients Bohemianism Coppet group Counter-Enlightenment Dark Düsseldorf School German historical school Gothic revival Hudson River School Indianism Jena Lake Poets Nationalist Nazarene movement Neo Pre Sturm und Drang Post Purismo Transcendentalism Ukrainian school Ultra Wallenrodism Themes Blue flower British Marine Gesamtkunstwerk Gothic fiction Hero Byronic Romantic Historical fiction Mal du siècle Medievalism Noble savage Nostalgia Ossian Pantheism Rhine Romantic genius Wanderlust Weltschmerz White Mountain art WritersBrazil Abreu Alencar Manuel Antônio de Almeida Alves Assis Azevedo Barreto Dias Guimarães Macedo Magalhães Reis Taunay Varela France Baudelaire Bertrand Chateaubriand Dumas Gautier Hugo Lamartine Mérimée Musset Nerval Nodier Staël Vigny Germany A. v. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Polish culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_culture"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz"},{"link_name":"January 1863 Uprising","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_Uprising"},{"link_name":"Russian Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Positivism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Positivism_in_Poland"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM-1"},{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"literary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"artistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art"},{"link_name":"partitions of Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitions_of_Poland"},{"link_name":"philosophical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland#Polish_Messianism"}],"text":"Romanticism in Poland, a literary, artistic and intellectual period in the evolution of Polish culture, began around 1820, coinciding with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz's first poems in 1822. It ended with the suppression of the January 1863 Uprising against the Russian Empire in 1864. The latter event ushered in a new era in Polish culture known as Positivism.[1]Polish Romanticism, unlike Romanticism in some other parts of Europe, was not limited to literary and artistic concerns. Due to specific Polish historical circumstances, notably the partitions of Poland, it was also an ideological, philosophical, and political movement that expressed the ideals and way of life of a Polish society subjected to foreign rule and to ethnic and religious discrimination.","title":"Romanticism in Poland"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanticism"},{"link_name":"emotionalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emotion"},{"link_name":"irrationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrationality"},{"link_name":"personality cults","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cult_of_personality"},{"link_name":"folklore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folklore"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz"},{"link_name":"Seweryn Goszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweryn_Goszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Zan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Zan"},{"link_name":"Maurycy Mochnacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurycy_Mochnacki"},{"link_name":"sovereignty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereignty"},{"link_name":"poeta wieszcz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three_Bards"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz"},{"link_name":"Pan Tadeusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz"},{"link_name":"Lithuania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania"},{"link_name":"stanza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanza"},{"link_name":"Juliusz Słowacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Krasiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Cyprian Kamil Norwid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_Kamil_Norwid"},{"link_name":"Józef Ignacy Kraszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski"},{"link_name":"Wincenty Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincenty_Pol"},{"link_name":"Władysław Syrokomla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Syrokomla"},{"link_name":"Narcyza Żmichowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcyza_%C5%BBmichowska"},{"link_name":"Polish history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_history"},{"link_name":"Sarmatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarmatism"},{"link_name":"szlachta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szlachta"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-2"},{"link_name":"Polish messianic movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland#Messianism"},{"link_name":"Pan Tadeusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Tadeusz"},{"link_name":"Henryk Sienkiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Sienkiewicz"},{"link_name":"Trylogia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Trilogy"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SR-2"},{"link_name":"literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literature"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WIEM-3"},{"link_name":"Artur Grottger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artur_Grottger"},{"link_name":"Henryk Rodakowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Rodakowski"},{"link_name":"Piotr Michałowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski"},{"link_name":"Sukiennice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukiennice_Museum"},{"link_name":"Jan Nepomucen Głowacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Nepomucen_G%C5%82owacki"},{"link_name":"Leopold Loeffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopold_Loeffler"},{"link_name":"Kraków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Matejko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Matejko"},{"link_name":"Young Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Poland"},{"link_name":"Wyspiański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Wyspia%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Tetmajer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82odzimierz_Tetmajer"},{"link_name":"Malczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacek_Malczewski"},{"link_name":"Weiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wojciech_Weiss"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Moniuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko"}],"text":"Polish Romanticism had two distinct periods in terms of its literary forms: 1820–1832, and 1832–1864. In the first period, Polish Romantics were strongly influenced by other European Romantics. Their art featured emotionalism and irrationality, fantasy and imagination, personality cults, folklore and country life, and the propagation of ideals of freedom. The most famous writers of the period were Adam Mickiewicz, Seweryn Goszczyński, Tomasz Zan and Maurycy Mochnacki.In the second period, many of the Polish Romantics worked abroad, often banished from Poland by the occupying powers due to their politically subversive ideas. Their work became increasingly dominated by the ideals of political struggle for freedom and their country's sovereignty. Elements of mysticism became more prominent. There developed the idea of the poeta wieszcz (the prophet). The wieszcz (bard) functioned as spiritual leader to the nation fighting for its independence. The most notable poet so recognized was Adam Mickiewicz. His famous verse epic Pan Tadeusz describes his love for the partitioned homeland and people of his native country:\"O Lithuania, my country, thou\nArt like good health; I never knew till now\nHow precious, till I lost thee. Now I see\nThy beauty whole, because I yearn for thee.\"\n\n(— Opening stanza of Pan Tadeusz, Kenneth R. Mackenzie translation)Other notable Polish Romantic writers active abroad included Juliusz Słowacki, Zygmunt Krasiński and Cyprian Kamil Norwid. A number of Romantics remained active in divided and occupied Poland, including Józef Ignacy Kraszewski, Wincenty Pol, Władysław Syrokomla, and Narcyza Żmichowska. One of Polish Romanticism's unique qualities was its relation to and inspiration from Polish history from before the invasion. Polish Romanticism revived the old \"Sarmatic\" traditions of Polish nobility, the szlachta.[2] Old traditions and customs were portrayed favourably in the Polish messianic movement and in the leading works of virtually all Polish national poets, most notably in Pan Tadeusz, but also in the epic works of prose writers including Henryk Sienkiewicz's Trylogia.[2] This close connection between Polish Romanticism and the past became one of the defining qualities of the literature of Polish Romantic period, differentiating it from that of other countries who did not suffer the loss of statehood as was the case with Poland.[2]Romantic ideas informed not only literature but also painting and music.[3] Polish Romantic painting is exemplified in the work of Artur Grottger, Henryk Rodakowski, or the equestrian master artist Piotr Michałowski (now at Sukiennice), and Jan Nepomucen Głowacki considered the father of Polish school of landscape painting, as well as the renowned historical painter Leopold Loeffler invited to Kraków by Matejko to teach the future luminaries of the Young Poland movement including Wyspiański, Tetmajer, Malczewski and Weiss among others. The music of Frédéric Chopin and Stanisław Moniuszko inspired the development of Polish Romantic movement in all fields of creative expression.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Feliks Bernatowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feliks_Bernatowicz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ryszard Berwiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryszard_Berwi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Bogusławski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Bogus%C5%82awski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Brodziński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazimierz_Brodzi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Antoni Czajkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Antoni_Czajkowski&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Michał Czajkowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micha%C5%82_Czajkowski"},{"link_name":"Adam Jerzy Czartoryski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Jerzy_Czartoryski"},{"link_name":"Jan Czeczot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Czeczot"},{"link_name":"Franciszek Salezy Dmochowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciszek_Salezy_Dmochowski"},{"link_name":"Gustaw Ehrenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustaw_Ehrenberg"},{"link_name":"Aleksander Fredro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksander_Fredro"},{"link_name":"Antoni Gorecki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Gorecki"},{"link_name":"Seweryn Goszczyński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seweryn_Goszczy%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Klementyna Hoffmanowa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klementyna_Hoffmanowa"},{"link_name":"Teodor Tomasz Jeż","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Mi%C5%82kowski"},{"link_name":"Kajetan Koźmian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kajetan_Ko%C5%BAmian&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Zygmunt Krasiński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zygmunt_Krasi%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Józef Ignacy Kraszewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Ignacy_Kraszewski"},{"link_name":"Teofil Lenartowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teofil_Lenartowicz"},{"link_name":"Jadwiga Łuszczewska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadwiga_%C5%81uszczewska"},{"link_name":"Antoni Malczewski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoni_Malczewski"},{"link_name":"Adam Mickiewicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz"},{"link_name":"Maurycy Mochnacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurycy_Mochnacki"},{"link_name":"Cyprian Kamil Norwid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprian_Kamil_Norwid"},{"link_name":"Wincenty Pol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wincenty_Pol"},{"link_name":"Mieczysław Romanowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mieczys%C5%82aw_Romanowski"},{"link_name":"Henryk Rzewuski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Rzewuski"},{"link_name":"Lucjan Siemieński","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucjan_Siemie%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Juliusz Słowacki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juliusz_S%C5%82owacki"},{"link_name":"Władysław Syrokomla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Syrokomla"},{"link_name":"Kornel Ujejski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornel_Ujejski"},{"link_name":"Maria Wirtemberska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Wirtemberska"},{"link_name":"Józef Bohdan Zaleski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Bohdan_Zaleski"},{"link_name":"Tomasz Zan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomasz_Zan"},{"link_name":"Narcyza Żmichowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narcyza_%C5%BBmichowska"}],"sub_title":"Notable Polish Romantic writers and poets","text":"Feliks Bernatowicz (1786–1836)\nRyszard Berwiński (1819–1879)\nStanisław Bogusławski (?–d. 1870)\nKazimierz Brodziński (1791–1835)\nAntoni Czajkowski (1816–1873)\nMichał Czajkowski (1804–1886)\nAdam Jerzy Czartoryski (1770–1861)\nJan Czeczot (1796–1846)\nFranciszek Salezy Dmochowski (1801–1871)\nGustaw Ehrenberg (1818–1895)\nAleksander Fredro (1791–1876)\nAntoni Gorecki (1787–1861)\nSeweryn Goszczyński (1801–1876)\nKlementyna Hoffmanowa (1798–1845)\nTeodor Tomasz Jeż (Zygmunt Miłkowski, 1824–1915)\nKajetan Koźmian (1771–1856)\nZygmunt Krasiński (1812–1859)\nJózef Ignacy Kraszewski (1812–1887)\nTeofil Lenartowicz (1822–1893)\nJadwiga Łuszczewska (1834–1908)\nAntoni Malczewski (1793–1826)\nAdam Mickiewicz (1798–1855)\nMaurycy Mochnacki (1803–1834)\nCyprian Kamil Norwid (1821–1883)\nWincenty Pol (1807–1882)\nMieczysław Romanowski (1834–1863)\nHenryk Rzewuski (1791–1866)\nLucjan Siemieński (1807–1877)\nJuliusz Słowacki (1809–1849)\nWładysław Syrokomla (1823–1862)\nKornel Ujejski (1823–1897)\nMaria Wirtemberska (1768–1854)\nJózef Bohdan Zaleski (1802–86)\nTomasz Zan (1796–1855)\nNarcyza Żmichowska (1819–1876)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Aleksander Borkowski Dunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Borkowski_Dunin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Józef Borkowski Dunin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B3zef_Borkowski_Dunin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Frédéric Chopin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin"},{"link_name":"Edward Dembowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Dembowski"},{"link_name":"Piotr Michałowski","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piotr_Micha%C5%82owski"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Moniuszko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Moniuszko"},{"link_name":"Stanisław Kostka Potocki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Kostka_Potocki"},{"link_name":"Andrzej Towiański","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrzej_Towia%C5%84ski"},{"link_name":"Kazimierz Władysław Wójcicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kazimierz_W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_W%C3%B3jcicki&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"sub_title":"Other notable figures","text":"Aleksander Borkowski Dunin (1811–1896)\nJózef Borkowski Dunin (1809–1843)\nFrédéric Chopin (1810–1849), composer\nEdward Dembowski (1822–1846), philosopher, journalist and activist\nPiotr Michałowski (1800–1855), painter\nStanisław Moniuszko (1819–1872), composer\nStanisław Kostka Potocki (1755–1821), art patron, philosopher and intellectual\nAndrzej Towiański (1799–1878), philosopher and Messianist religious leader\nKazimierz Władysław Wójcicki (1807–1879)","title":"History"}]
[]
[{"title":"History of philosophy in Poland: Polish Messianism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_philosophy_in_Poland#Polish_Messianism"}]
[{"reference":"\"Romantyzm w sztukach plastycznych\". Malarstwo, Architektura, Rzeźba (in Polish). Encyklopedia WIEM. Retrieved November 23, 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/67334,,,,romantyzm_w_sztukach_plastycznych,haslo.html","url_text":"\"Romantyzm w sztukach plastycznych\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=R-MkT9vavwIC&q=Chapter+Romanticism&pg=PA195","external_links_name":"The history of Polish literature."},{"Link":"http://www.ruf.rice.edu/~sarmatia/497/wasko.html","external_links_name":"\"Sarmatism or the Enlightenment: The Dilemma of Polish Culture\""},{"Link":"http://portalwiedzy.onet.pl/67334,,,,romantyzm_w_sztukach_plastycznych,haslo.html","external_links_name":"\"Romantyzm w sztukach plastycznych\""},{"Link":"http://culture.pl/en/article/polands-unique-take-on-romanticism-why-is-it-so-different","external_links_name":"Poland's Unique Take on Romanticism: Why Is It So Different?"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filosofem
Filosofem
["1 Background","2 Music and artwork","3 Track listing","4 Personnel","5 References","6 External links"]
1996 studio album by BurzumFilosofemStudio album by BurzumReleased31 January 1996RecordedMarch 1993 at Breidablik StudioGenreBlack metaldark ambientLength64:34LanguageNorwegian, EnglishLabelMisanthropy, CymophaneProducerVarg Vikernes, PyttenBurzum chronology Hvis lyset tar oss(1994) Filosofem(1996) Dauði Baldrs(1997) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic Filosofem (Norwegian for "Philosopheme") is the fourth studio album by Norwegian black metal solo project Burzum. It was recorded in March 1993 and was the last recording before Varg Vikernes was sentenced to prison in 1994; the album was not released until January 1996, however. It was released through Misanthropy Records and Vikernes's own record label, Cymophane Productions. A music video was made for the song "Dunkelheit" and received airtime on both MTV and VH1. The album is noted for its experimental sound when compared to most other second wave black metal. Vikernes considers Filosofem an "anti-trend album." Background Varg Vikernes recorded the first four Burzum albums between January 1992 and March 1993 at the Grieg Hall in Bergen. However, the releases were spread out, with many months between the recording and the release of each album. During this time, Vikernes became a part of the early Norwegian black metal scene and met Mayhem guitarist Euronymous. He also allegedly took part in burning down four churches, along with other members of the scene. In August 1993, Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death outside his apartment in Oslo. He was arrested a few days later and, in May 1994, was sentenced to 21 years in prison for both the murder, and for church arson. The album's opening track, "Dunkelheit", was the first song Vikernes wrote as Burzum, with the song itself initially being named "Burzum". It had been recorded in September 1992 for the Hvis lyset tar oss album, but Vikernes was unhappy with it due to how poor the recording quality was, so it went unused. Instead he re-recorded the track six months later which is the version that appears on Filosofem. According to a statement made by Vikernes on burzum.org, the master tapes for the version of "Burzum" meant for Hvis lyset tar oss were lost by the Norwegian prison system, thus leaving these original versions lost media. Filosofem was recorded under purposefully bad conditions in order to retain a raw lo-fi sound. No guitar amplifier was used; instead Vikernes plugged his guitar into the amplifier of his brother's stereo and used old fuzz pedals. For the vocals, he asked a sound technician for the worst microphone he had, and ended up using an old helicopter headset. Music and artwork The music of Filosofem continued Vikernes's experimentation with minimalism, repetition, and ambient music within black metal. The first three songs are in the key of E minor, and all tracks of the album are quite long in duration (the shortest being just over seven minutes), being primarily composed around very few musical motifs. For instance, "Jesu' død", a track of over eight-and-a-half minutes, is primarily based on variations of a single riff. The epic "Rundtgåing av den transcendentale egenhetens støtte", Burzum's longest ambient song to date, repeats a simple melody for nearly the entirety of the runtime, switching from a bass ostinato to a harmony ostinato midway through the piece. The song was featured in the soundtrack album of the American experimental drama film Gummo. "Burzum" ("Dunkelheit"), the opening track, features a prominent melody played by a synthesizer that sits atop the distorted guitars and vocals. The two "Decrepitude" tracks complement each other, with ".i." featuring vocals and keeping the guitars in the foreground; while ".ii." is instrumental and instead focuses on the sound effects and keyboard melody in the background of ".i.". The album cover and booklet contain artwork by Theodor Kittelsen. The front cover is named Op under Fjeldet toner en Lur (Norwegian for "Up in the hills a clarion call rings out"). Track listing CD, cassette and vinyl reissue pressings All tracks are written by Varg VikernesNo.TitleGerman versionLength1."Burzum" ("Darkness")"Dunkelheit"7:052."Jesu død" ("Jesus' Death")"Jesus' Tod"8:393."Beholding the Daughters of the Firmament""Erblicket die Töchter des Firmaments"7:534."Decrepitude .i.""Gebrechlichkeit .i." ("Frailty .i.")7:535."Rundtgåing av den transcendentale egenhetens støtte" ("Circumambulation of the Transcendental Columns of Singularity")"Rundgang um die transzendentale Säule der Singularität"25:116."Decrepitude .ii.""Gebrechlichkeit .ii." ("Frailty .ii.")7:53Total length:64:34 Cassette pressings start side B with "Rundtgåing". Vinyl reissues from 2005 onward feature "Rundtgåing" on side C and "Decrepitude .ii." on side D. Original vinyl pressing Side ANo.TitleGerman versionLength1."Burzum" ("Darkness")"Dunkelheit"7:052."Jesu død" ("Jesus' Death")"Jesus' Tod"8:393."Beholding the Daughters of the Firmament""Erblicket die Töchter des Firmaments"7:53Total length:23:37 Side BNo.TitleGerman versionLength1."Decrepitude .i.""Gebrechlichkeit .i." ("Frailty .i.")7:532."Decrepitude .ii.""Gebrechlichkeit .ii." ("Frailty .ii.")7:53Total length:15:46 Side CNo.TitleGerman versionLength1."Rundtgåing av den transcendentale egenhetens støtte" ("Circumambulation of the Transcendental Columns of Singularity")"Rundgang um die transzendentale Säule der Singularität"25:11Total length:25:11 Personnel Count Grishnackh (Varg Vikernes) – vocals, guitar, bass, synthesizer, drums, sound effects, production Pytten – production References ^ "Burzum - Filosofem". Discogs. ^ "The Count Speaks". ^ Rivadavia, Eduardo. "Filosofem – Burzum". AllMusic. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ^ "Burzum "Filosofem" 1996 Misanthropy Records / Cymophane Productions". burzum.org. Retrieved 2020-05-04. ^ "Burzum on MTV". Youtube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ "Burzum on VH1". Youtube. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 9 January 2017. ^ "Interview with Varg Vikernes". burzum.org. Retrieved 14 August 2018. ^ Sherburne, Philip (16 July 2013). "Burzum's Varg Vikernes, Neo-Nazi, Arrested in France on Terrorism Suspicions". Spin. Retrieved 25 March 2016. ^ Mitchell, Chris (10 May 2005). "The Metal Crypt – Varg Vikernes Interview". metalcrypt.com. Archived from the original on 6 June 2009. Retrieved 12 August 2012. ^ a b Vikernes, Varg (July 2005). "Varg Vikernes – A Burzum Story: Part VI – The Music". burzum.org. Retrieved 12 August 2012. External links Filosofem at Burzum's official website vteBurzum Varg Vikernes Studio albums Burzum Det som engang var Hvis lyset tar oss Filosofem Dauði Baldrs Hliðskjálf Belus Fallen Umskiptar Sôl austan, Mâni vestan The Ways of Yore Thulêan Mysteries EPs Aske Compilations From the Depths of Darkness Related Mayhem Samoth Euronymous Murder of Euronymous Lords of Chaos film Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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It was recorded in March 1993 and was the last recording before Varg Vikernes was sentenced to prison in 1994; the album was not released until January 1996, however. It was released through Misanthropy Records and Vikernes's own record label, Cymophane Productions.[4] A music video was made for the song \"Dunkelheit\" and received airtime on both MTV[5] and VH1.[6]The album is noted for its experimental sound when compared to most other second wave black metal. Vikernes considers Filosofem an \"anti-trend album.\"[7]","title":"Filosofem"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grieg Hall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grieg_Hall"},{"link_name":"Bergen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergen"},{"link_name":"early Norwegian black metal scene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early_Norwegian_black_metal_scene"},{"link_name":"Mayhem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayhem_(band)"},{"link_name":"Euronymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euronymous"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spin_201-8"},{"link_name":"stabbed Euronymous to death","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_Euronymous"},{"link_name":"Oslo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oslo"},{"link_name":"Hvis lyset tar oss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hvis_lyset_tar_oss"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"lost media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lost_media"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"lo-fi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo-fi_music"},{"link_name":"fuzz pedals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distortion_(music)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-production-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-production-10"}],"text":"Varg Vikernes recorded the first four Burzum albums between January 1992 and March 1993 at the Grieg Hall in Bergen. However, the releases were spread out, with many months between the recording and the release of each album. During this time, Vikernes became a part of the early Norwegian black metal scene and met Mayhem guitarist Euronymous. He also allegedly took part in burning down four churches, along with other members of the scene.[8] In August 1993, Vikernes stabbed Euronymous to death outside his apartment in Oslo. He was arrested a few days later and, in May 1994, was sentenced to 21 years in prison for both the murder, and for church arson.The album's opening track, \"Dunkelheit\", was the first song Vikernes wrote as Burzum, with the song itself initially being named \"Burzum\". It had been recorded in September 1992 for the Hvis lyset tar oss album, but Vikernes was unhappy with it due to how poor the recording quality was, so it went unused. Instead he re-recorded the track six months later which is the version that appears on Filosofem.[9] According to a statement made by Vikernes on burzum.org, the master tapes for the version of \"Burzum\" meant for Hvis lyset tar oss were lost by the Norwegian prison system, thus leaving these original versions lost media.[citation needed]Filosofem was recorded under purposefully bad conditions in order to retain a raw lo-fi sound. No guitar amplifier was used; instead Vikernes plugged his guitar into the amplifier of his brother's stereo and used old fuzz pedals.[10] For the vocals, he asked a sound technician for the worst microphone he had, and ended up using an old helicopter headset.[10]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"minimalism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal_music"},{"link_name":"E minor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E_minor"},{"link_name":"ostinato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostinato"},{"link_name":"soundtrack album","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummo_(soundtrack)"},{"link_name":"experimental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experimental_film"},{"link_name":"Gummo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gummo"},{"link_name":"Theodor Kittelsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Kittelsen"},{"link_name":"Op under Fjeldet toner en Lur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Op_under_Fjeldet_toner_en_Lur.jpg"}],"text":"The music of Filosofem continued Vikernes's experimentation with minimalism, repetition, and ambient music within black metal. The first three songs are in the key of E minor, and all tracks of the album are quite long in duration (the shortest being just over seven minutes), being primarily composed around very few musical motifs. For instance, \"Jesu' død\", a track of over eight-and-a-half minutes, is primarily based on variations of a single riff. The epic \"Rundtgåing av den transcendentale egenhetens støtte\", Burzum's longest ambient song to date, repeats a simple melody for nearly the entirety of the runtime, switching from a bass ostinato to a harmony ostinato midway through the piece. The song was featured in the soundtrack album of the American experimental drama film Gummo.\"Burzum\" (\"Dunkelheit\"), the opening track, features a prominent melody played by a synthesizer that sits atop the distorted guitars and vocals. The two \"Decrepitude\" tracks complement each other, with \".i.\" featuring vocals and keeping the guitars in the foreground; while \".ii.\" is instrumental and instead focuses on the sound effects and keyboard melody in the background of \".i.\".The album cover and booklet contain artwork by Theodor Kittelsen. The front cover is named Op under Fjeldet toner en Lur (Norwegian for \"Up in the hills a clarion call rings out\").","title":"Music and artwork"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Varg Vikernes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varg_Vikernes"}],"text":"CD, cassette and vinyl reissue pressingsAll tracks are written by Varg VikernesNo.TitleGerman versionLength1.\"Burzum\" (\"Darkness\")\"Dunkelheit\"7:052.\"Jesu død\" (\"Jesus' Death\")\"Jesus' Tod\"8:393.\"Beholding the Daughters of the Firmament\"\"Erblicket die Töchter des Firmaments\"7:534.\"Decrepitude .i.\"\"Gebrechlichkeit .i.\" (\"Frailty .i.\")7:535.\"Rundtgåing av den transcendentale egenhetens støtte\" (\"Circumambulation of the Transcendental Columns of Singularity\")\"Rundgang um die transzendentale Säule der Singularität\"25:116.\"Decrepitude .ii.\"\"Gebrechlichkeit .ii.\" (\"Frailty .ii.\")7:53Total length:64:34Cassette pressings start side B with \"Rundtgåing\". Vinyl reissues from 2005 onward feature \"Rundtgåing\" on side C and \"Decrepitude .ii.\" on side D.Original vinyl pressingSide ANo.TitleGerman versionLength1.\"Burzum\" (\"Darkness\")\"Dunkelheit\"7:052.\"Jesu død\" (\"Jesus' Death\")\"Jesus' Tod\"8:393.\"Beholding the Daughters of the Firmament\"\"Erblicket die Töchter des Firmaments\"7:53Total length:23:37Side BNo.TitleGerman versionLength1.\"Decrepitude .i.\"\"Gebrechlichkeit .i.\" (\"Frailty .i.\")7:532.\"Decrepitude .ii.\"\"Gebrechlichkeit .ii.\" (\"Frailty .ii.\")7:53Total length:15:46Side CNo.TitleGerman versionLength1.\"Rundtgåing av den transcendentale egenhetens støtte\" (\"Circumambulation of the Transcendental Columns of Singularity\")\"Rundgang um die transzendentale Säule der Singularität\"25:11Total length:25:11","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Count Grishnackh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count_Grishnackh"},{"link_name":"Pytten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eirik_Hundvin"}],"text":"Count Grishnackh (Varg Vikernes) – vocals, guitar, bass, synthesizer, drums, sound effects, production\nPytten – production","title":"Personnel"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadion_Miejski_(Legionowo)
Father Jan Mrugacz Stadium
["1 References"]
The Colonel Father Jan Mrugacz Municipal Stadium (Polish: Stadion Miejski im. ks. płk. Jana Mrugacza) is a multi-purpose stadium in Legionowo, Poland. It can seat 1730 spectators. The players of the Legionovia Legionowo club play their games there. The facility was opened on 18 July 1964, and a significant role in the Social Committee for Stadium Construction was played by the colonel priest Jan Mrugacz. Since 14 August 2004, the stadium has been named after him. During UEFA Euro 2012, the stadium acted as a training center for the Greece national football team. References ^ "KS Legionovia Legionowo - opis stadionu". November 19, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. ^ "KS Legionovia Legionowo - dzieje Legionovii". November 19, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-11-19. ^ "KS LEGIONOVIA - ŚWIT NOWY DWÓR MAZOWIECKI 0:3". legionowo.pl. ^ "Legionowo gotowe i bezpieczne". February 29, 2012. This article about a Polish stadium or sports venue is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Commonwealth_University_School_of_Dentistry
VCU School of Dentistry
["1 History","2 Departments","3 Accreditation","4 Notable faculty","5 See also","6 References"]
Coordinates: 37°32′30.7″N 77°25′45.1″W / 37.541861°N 77.429194°W / 37.541861; -77.429194Dental school of Virginia Commonwealth University 37°32′30.7″N 77°25′45.1″W / 37.541861°N 77.429194°W / 37.541861; -77.429194 VCU School of DentistryTypePublic universityEstablished1893DeanLyndon CooperLocationRichmond, Virginia, United StatesCampusMCV CampusWebsitedentistry.vcu.edu Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry is the dental school of Virginia Commonwealth University. Located in the United States city of Richmond. The school opened in 1893. It is the only dental school in Virginia and is one of five schools within the VCU Medical Center. History Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry is a part of Virginia Commonwealth University. The school was established in 1893. Departments Department of Endodontics Department of General PracticeGround breaking of the Dental School (1967) Department of Oral Health Promotion and Community Outreach Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral Diagnostic Sciences Department of Orthodontics Department of Pediatric Dentistry Department of Periodontics Department of Prosthodontics Philips Institute for Oral Health Research Accreditation Virginia Commonwealth University School of Dentistry is currently accredited by ADA. Notable faculty John A. DiBiaggio, dean 1970–1976, later president of the University of Connecticut, Michigan State University and Tufts University Daniel M. Laskin, oral and maxillofacial surgeon and educator See also Medicine portal American Student Dental Association References ^ "Search for Dental Programs". www.ada.org. vteVirginia Commonwealth UniversityAcademicsColleges College of Humanities & Sciences School of Mass Communications School of World Studies Schools Allied Health Professions Arts Business Dentistry Education Engineering Humanities & Sciences Medicine Nursing People President Michael Rao Notable alumni Presidents Buildings MCV Egyptian Building AthleticsAthletics A10 VCU Rams Varsity teams Men's Baseball Basketball Cross country Golf Soccer Tennis Track & field Women's Basketball Field hockey Lacrosse Soccer Tennis Track & field Volleyball Club teams Men's Football Lacrosse Ice Hockey Rugby Rivalries ODU–VCU rivalry GMU–VCU rivalry Richmond–VCU rivalry Facilities Siegel Center Sports Backers Stadium The Diamond Thalhimer Center Student lifeResidence halls Brandt Hall Student organizations The Commonwealth Times WVCW Category Misc. Expansion Carver The Fan Oregon Hill Brandcenter VCUarts adjunct workers' protests 2023 Richmond shooting Commons Category vteDental schoolsAmerican dental schools UAB Arizona Augusta (DCG) Boston U (Goldman) California (UCLA, UCSF) Case Western Reserve Colorado Columbia Connecticut Creighton Detroit Mercy East Carolina Florida Harvard Howard Illinois–Chicago Indiana Iowa Kentucky Lake Erie Loma Linda Louisville LSU Health–New Orleans Marquette Maryland–Baltimore Meharry Michigan Midwestern Minnesota Mississippi Missouri–Kansas City Nebraska–Medical Center Nevada–Las Vegas New England NYU SUNY (Buffalo, Stony Brook) North Carolina Nova Ohio State Oklahoma Oregon Pacific (Dugoni) Penn Pitt Puerto Rico Rochester Rutgers South Carolina Southern California (Ostrow) Southern Illinois–Edwardsville Touro Temple (Kornberg) Tennessee Texas (UT Health–Houston, UT Health–San Antonio) Texas A&M Texas Tech–El Paso (Hunt) Tufts VCU Washington WesternU West Virginia Defunct American dental schools Emory Fairleigh Dickinson Georgetown Harris Loyola Northwestern Ohio College Oral Roberts Pennsylvania College Wash U Canadian dental schools Alberta British Columbia Dalhousie Laval Manitoba McGill Montréal Saskatchewan Toronto Western British dental schools Aberdeen Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry Glasgow Guy's, King's & St Thomas's Liverpool Newcastle Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry UCL Eastman Dental Institute Australian and New Zealand dental schools Sydney Melbourne Adelaide Charles Sturt University Griffith University James Cook La Trobe Queensland Western Australia University of Otago South Korean dental schools Chonbuk Chonnam Chosun Dankook Gangneung-Wonju Kyung Hee Kyungpook Pusan Seoul Wonkwang Yonsei vteColleges and universities in VirginiaPublic Christopher Newport University College of William & Mary Eastern Virginia Medical School George Mason University James Madison University Joint Forces Staff College Longwood University Marine Corps University Norfolk State University Old Dominion University Radford University Richard Bland College University of Mary Washington University of Virginia University of Virginia's College at Wise Virginia Commonwealth University VCU School of Dentistry VCU School of Education VCU College of Health Professions Virginia Community College System Virginia Military Institute Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University VT-WFU School Biomedical Engineering & Sciences Virginia State University Virginia–Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine Private Appalachian College of Pharmacy Appalachian School of Law Art Institute of Virginia Beach Atlantic University Averett University Baptist Theological Seminary at Richmond Bluefield University Bon Secours Memorial College of Nursing Bridgewater College Christendom College DeVry University Divine Mercy University Institute for the Psychological Sciences Eastern Mennonite University ECPI University Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine Emory and Henry College Fairfax University of America Ferrum College George Washington University Virginia Campus Hampden–Sydney College Hampton University Hartland College Hollins University Jefferson College of Health Sciences John Leland Center for Theological Studies Liberty University University of Lynchburg Mary Baldwin University Marymount University Patrick Henry College Randolph College Randolph–Macon College Regent University Roanoke College Shenandoah University Southern Virginia University Sweet Briar College Union Presbyterian Seminary University of Management and Technology University of the Potomac University of Richmond Virginia Theological Seminary Virginia Union University Virginia University of Lynchburg Virginia Wesleyan University Washington and Lee University Defunct Art Institute of Washington Blackstone College for Girls Cordoba University Eastern College Elizabeth College Fauquier Institute Frederick College Gibbs College Marion College Richmond Professional Institute Saint Paul's College Stratford University Sullins College University of Northern Virginia Virginia Intermont College Westwood College Complete list Authority control databases International VIAF National United States This article about a university or college in Virginia is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"title":"Medicine portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Medicine"},{"title":"American Student Dental Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Student_Dental_Association"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labeo_lankae
Labeo lankae
["1 Description","2 Habitat","3 References"]
Species of fish Labeo lankae Conservation status Endangered  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cypriniformes Family: Cyprinidae Genus: Labeo Species: L. lankae Binomial name Labeo lankaeDeraniyagala, 1952 Synonyms Labeo porcellus lankae Deraniyagala, 1930 Labeo porcellus (not Heckel, 1844): Day, 1889 Labeo lankae is a species of cyprinid fish. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. Description Rostral fold developed and overlapping upper lip. Maxillary barbels present, whereas rostral barbels are rudimentary or absent. There are 10–12 branched rays on dorsal fin. There are 36–39 scales on lateral line. A hazy black stripe which is originating behind the operculum and extending to caudal peduncle. All fins with reddish suffusion. Body rosy grey dorsally with metallic green margins. A blotch on caudal peduncle. This blotch disappears when the fish is stressed. Sclera of eye is red in color. Habitat It is found in moderate flowing streams with a substrate of large rocks and boulders closer to dense riparian vegetation. References ^ Fernado, M.; Kotagama, O.; de Alwis Goonatilake, S. (2019). "Labeo lankae". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2019: e.T11072A174837065. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T11072A174837065.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. ^ a b "A review of the genus Labeo (Teleostei: Cyprinidae) in Sri Lanka". Zootaxa 4486(3):201-235. Retrieved 7 February 2019. Taxon identifiersLabeo lankae Wikidata: Q1384463 CoL: 6NQ8T GBIF: 5206138 iNaturalist: 187593 IRMNG: 10511490 IUCN: 11072 NCBI: 2421390 This Labeoninae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cyprinid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyprinid"},{"link_name":"Sri Lanka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sri_Lanka"}],"text":"Labeo lankae is a species of cyprinid fish. It is endemic to Sri Lanka.","title":"Labeo lankae"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"operculum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operculum_(fish)"},{"link_name":"caudal peduncle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caudal_peduncle"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lheladiva-2"}],"text":"Rostral fold developed and overlapping upper lip. Maxillary barbels present, whereas rostral barbels are rudimentary or absent. There are 10–12 branched rays on dorsal fin. There are 36–39 scales on lateral line. A hazy black stripe which is originating behind the operculum and extending to caudal peduncle. All fins with reddish suffusion. Body rosy grey dorsally with metallic green margins. A blotch on caudal peduncle. This blotch disappears when the fish is stressed. Sclera of eye is red in color.[2]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lheladiva-2"}],"text":"It is found in moderate flowing streams with a substrate of large rocks and boulders closer to dense riparian vegetation.[2]","title":"Habitat"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janusz_Cisek
Janusz Cisek
["1 Biography","2 Orders","3 Selected bibliography","4 References"]
Polish historian (1955–2020) Janusz Waldemar CisekUnder-Secretary of State of the Republic of PolandIn officeJune 14, 2012 – April 24, 2013PresidentBronisław KomorowskiPrime MinisterDonald TuskExecutive Director of the Józef Piłsudski Institute of AmericaIn office1992–2000Preceded byJerzy PrusSucceeded byIwona Korga Personal detailsBornFebruary 8, 1955Stalowa Wola, Stalowa Wola County, Podkarpackie Voivodeship, PolandDiedFebruary 28, 2020 (aged 65)Warsaw, PolandCitizenshipPolishPolitical partyPolish Peasants' PartyOccupationHistorian Janusz Waldemar Cisek (February 8, 1955 – February 28, 2020) was a Polish historian, academic lecturer, director of the Pilsudski Institute and Polish Army Museum, from 2012 to 2013 Undersecretary of State in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Biography A graduate of the High School National Education Commission in Stalowa Wola, in 1980 he graduated from history at the Jagiellonian University. In 1993 he obtained a doctoral degree in humanities at the University of Wrocław based on the work entitled General Belarusian Branches of General Stanisław Bułak-Bałachowicz in the policy of Józef Piłsudski during the Polish-Bolshevik war (March-December 1920). In 2003 he was habilitated at the same university. In 2013 he received the title of professor of humanities. Initially, he worked in the Krakow archives. In 1986 he went to New York, worked at the Pilsudski Institute, serving as deputy director (1989–1992) and director (1992–2000) of this institution. After returning to Poland, he was the deputy department director at the Ministry of Culture (2001–2002) and vice president of Stalowa Wola (2002–2003). In 2006 he became the director of the Polish Army Museum, which he held until 2012. As an academic lecturer he was associated with the Jagiellonian University, where he became an associate professor at the Institute of European Studies. He also became the chief commander of the Strzelce Association of the Socio-Educational Organization (2008–2012), a member of the authorities of the Foundation of Former Soldiers of Special Forces GROM and a member of the Polish Scientific Society in Exile. In the elections in 2011, he unsuccessfully ran for the Senate from the PSL. On 11 June 2012, he was appointed undersecretary of state in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. On April 24, 2013, he was dismissed after resignation, which was motivated by health reasons – the need to undergo chemotherapy in connection with leukemia. On February 28 in the morning he died from Leukemia. Orders In 2009, he was awarded the Officer's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. Selected bibliography (in Polish) Kalendarium życia Józefa Piłsudskiego 1867–1935, tomy 1–4, LTW, Łomianki 2007 (in Polish) Józef Piłsudski, Świat Książki, Warszawa 2007 (in Polish) Do niepodległości (współautor z Markiem Ciskiem), Świat Książki, Warszawa 2008 References ^ a b c "Janusz Cisek – Interaktywna biografia". 13 February 2012. Archived from the original on 13 February 2012. Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ a b "Nowa Nauka Polska". nauka-polska.pl. Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ a b c "Janusz Cisek powołany na stanowisko Podsekretarza Stanu w MSZ". ^ "FUNDACJA BYŁYCH ŻOŁNIERZY JEDNOSTEK SPECJALNYCH GROM – NIP 5212852638…". archive.fo. 22 July 2013. Archived from the original on 22 July 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ "III WYBÓR CZŁONKÓW POLSKIEGO TOWARZYSTWA NAUKOWEGO NA OBCZYŹNIE – PDF Free Download". docplayer.pl. Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ "Wybory 2011 – Wyniki kandydata w obwodach". wybory2011.pkw.gov.pl. Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ "Tusk: Wiceminister SZ Janusz Cisek złożył rezygnację; przyjmę ją". 27 April 2013. Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ Radzimowski, Marcin (28 February 2020). "Zmarł profesor doktor habilitowany Janusz Cisek, znany historyk pochodzący ze Stalowej Woli. Przegrał walkę z chorobą". Echo Dnia Podkarpackie (in Polish). Retrieved 29 February 2020. ^ "Postanowienie Prezydenta Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej z dnia 11 sierpnia 2009 r. o nadaniu orderu i odznaczeń". prawo.sejm.gov.pl. Retrieved 29 February 2020. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Italy Israel United States Czech Republic Poland Academics CiNii Other IdRef
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Lafarrer3
User talk:Lafarrer3
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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"welcome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Welcome,_newcomers"},{"link_name":"your contributions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/Lafarrer3"},{"link_name":"Your first article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Your_first_article"},{"link_name":"New contributors' help page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:New_contributors%27_help_page"},{"link_name":"help me","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Help_me"},{"link_name":"Your first article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Your_first_article"},{"link_name":"Biographies of living persons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BLP"},{"link_name":"How to write a great article","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:How_to_write_a_great_article"},{"link_name":"The five pillars of Wikipedia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Five_pillars"},{"link_name":"Help pages","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents"},{"link_name":"Tutorial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Tutorial"},{"link_name":"Wikipedian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedians"},{"link_name":"sign your name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Sign_your_posts_on_talk_pages"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia:Where to ask a question","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Where_to_ask_a_question"},{"link_name":"Biografer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Biografer"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Biografer"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lafarrer3&action=edit&section=1"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lafarrer3&action=edit&section=2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2022 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2022"},{"link_name":"eligible users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2022#Election_timeline"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2022/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/804"},{"link_name":"NoACEMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NoACEMM"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"},{"link_name":"edit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Lafarrer3&action=edit&section=3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Scale_of_justice_2.svg"},{"link_name":"2023 Arbitration Committee elections","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ACE2023"},{"link_name":"eligible users","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2023#Election_timeline"},{"link_name":"Arbitration Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:ARBCOM"},{"link_name":"Wikipedia arbitration process","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration"},{"link_name":"site bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:BAN"},{"link_name":"topic bans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:TBAN"},{"link_name":"arbitration policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration/Policy"},{"link_name":"the candidates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Arbitration_Committee_Elections_December_2023/Candidates"},{"link_name":"voting page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/806"},{"link_name":"NoACEMM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:NoACEMM"},{"link_name":"MediaWiki message delivery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"talk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:MediaWiki_message_delivery"},{"link_name":"reply","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/"}],"text":"Welcome!Hello, Lafarrer3, and welcome to Wikipedia! Thank you for your contributions.There's a page about creating articles you may want to read called Your first article. If you are stuck, and looking for help, please come to the New contributors' help page, where experienced Wikipedians can answer any queries you have! Or, you can just type {{help me}} on this page, and someone will show up shortly to answer your questions. Here are a few other good links for newcomers:Your first article\nBiographies of living persons\nHow to write a great article\nThe five pillars of Wikipedia\nHelp pages\nTutorialI hope you enjoy editing here and being a Wikipedian! Please sign your name on talk pages using four tildes (~~~~); this will automatically produce your name and the date. If you have any questions, check out Wikipedia:Where to ask a question or ask me on my talk page. Again, welcome!--Biografer (talk) 18:58, 22 September 2017 (UTC)[reply]ArbCom 2021 Elections voter message[edit]ArbCom 2022 Elections voter message[edit]Hello! Voting in the 2022 Arbitration Committee elections is now open until 23:59 (UTC) on Monday, 12 December 2022. All eligible users are allowed to vote. Users with alternate accounts may only vote once.\nThe Arbitration Committee is the panel of editors responsible for conducting the Wikipedia arbitration process. It has the authority to impose binding solutions to disputes between editors, primarily for serious conduct disputes the community has been unable to resolve. This includes the authority to impose site bans, topic bans, editing restrictions, and other measures needed to maintain our editing environment. The arbitration policy describes the Committee's roles and responsibilities in greater detail.\nIf you wish to participate in the 2022 election, please review the candidates and submit your choices on the voting page. If you no longer wish to receive these messages, you may add {{NoACEMM}} to your user talk page. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiwara%E2%80%93Moritani_reaction
Fujiwara–Moritani reaction
["1 Mechanism","2 Industrial example","3 Latest examples","4 References"]
In organic chemistry, the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction is a type of cross coupling reaction where an aromatic C-H bond is directly coupled to an olefinic C-H bond, generating a new C-C bond. This reaction is performed in the presence of a transition metal, typically palladium. The reaction was discovered by Yuzo Fujiwara and Ichiro Moritani in 1967. An external oxidant is required to this reaction to be run catalytically. Thus, this reaction can be classified as a C-H activation reaction, an oxidative Heck reaction, and a C-H olefination. Surprisingly, the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction was discovered before the Heck reaction. The need for prefunctionalization of either component is obviated in this reaction, which is desirable because it can shorten syntheses, provide atom economical routes, and enable late stage functionalization of complex molecules. Despite the potential of the Fujiwara-Moritani transformation, it is not often utilized by organic chemists due to the typically harsh reaction conditions, such as acidic, oxidative and high temperature conditions, that most functional groups can not survive. Mechanism Figure 1: Mechanism of Fujiwara-Moritani reaction The mechanism of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction is not fully understood. The most widely accepted mechanism is as shown in Figure 1. The sequence begins by formation of the palladium–Aryl cationic complex via Friedel-Crafts or concerted deprotonation metallation process which eliminates an acetic acid to generate a palladium–Aryl species. An olefin then coordinates to the palladium and undergoes a 1,2-migratory insertion, forming a C-C bond. The following β-hydride elimination yields the styrene type product and a palladium hydride species. Deprotonation of this palladium(II) species by acetate (i.e., reductive elimination of the H-OAc pair) yields palladium(0) which in the presence of an oxidant, e.g. Cu(II), can be re-oxidized to palladium(II) and undergo the catalytic cycle once more. Industrial example Ube Industries succeeded in an industrial application of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction for the first time 1982. In presence of a catalytic amount of palladium acetate, dimethyl phthalate was directly converted to a biaryl species that was then dehydrated to give biphthalic anhydride, a precursor of polyimide polymers. There are two different potential biaryl products, a symmetric or an asymmetric form. They achieved selective synthesis of either form via ligand control. Latest examples Even though the original conditions of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction are not practical, this reaction has significant importance in the sense that it showed the possibility for other transformations that were later developed. Recent advancements have unveiled the mechanism of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction to some extent which has allowed the development of new systems that enable similar transformations on complex substrates. One of the earliest examples of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction in total synthesis is found in the enantioselective total synthesis of clavicipitic acid by the Murakami group. They used stoichiometric palladium acetate to couple 4-bromo indole and protected dehydroalanine. Notably, the aryl bromide survived the reaction conditions which permitted orthogonal C-H olefination techniques to be utilized. Differentiation of the C3 and C4 positions was now possible, whereas conventional cross coupling methods with the dihalogenated indole had regioselectivity issues. Fagnou's group showed that direct C-H arylation of an indole is possible using palladium catalysis with a copper oxidant. Although the reaction requires high temperature, acidic solvent, and solvent quantities of the coupling partner, this demonstration of a selective and direct hetero aryl-aryl coupling is notable. The Yu group developed an Aryl C-H olefination reaction in which aryl carboxylic acids were directly coupled to olefins through the aryl C-H bond. Note: this is not the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction because it is directed by the free acid. The Fujiwara–Moritani reaction is typified by non-directed C–H palladation consistent with regioselectivity of Friedel-Crafts reactions. They also applied their methodology for the total synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic acid. The product yield is as high as 93% despite the complexity of both coupling partners. This is one of the best examples in which C-H olefination simplifies the retro synthesis and demonstrates a convergent synthesis of this complex natural product. The Lipshutz group dramatically improved the conditions of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction by developing reaction conditions that utilize water as the solvent and obviate the need for an exogenous acid. Although the substrate scope is limited to p-methoxy aryl species, Lipshutz's report suggested that the Fujiwra-Moritani can be run under milder conditions. References ^ Moritanl, Ichiro; Fujiwara, Yuzo (1967). "Aromatic substitution of styrene-palladium chloride complex". Tetrahedron Letters. 8 (12): 1119–1122. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)90648-8. ^ Fujiwara, Yuzo; Moritani, Ichiro; Matsuda, Masaoki; Teranishi, Shiichiro (1968). "Aromatic substitution of styrene-palladium chloride complex. II effect of metal acetate". Tetrahedron Letters. 9 (5): 633–636. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)98820-3. ^ Fujiwara, Yuzo; Moritani, Ichiro; Danno, Sadao; Asano, Ryuzo; Teranishi, Shiichiro (1969-12-01). "Aromatic substitution of olefins. VI. Arylation of olefins with palladium(II) acetate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 91 (25): 7166–7169. doi:10.1021/ja01053a047. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 27462934. ^ Fujiwara, Yuzo.; Asano, Ryuzo.; Moritani, Ichiro.; Teranishi, Shiichiro. (1976-05-01). "Aromatic substitution of olefins. XXV. Reactivity of benzene, naphthalene, ferrocene, and furan toward styrene, and the substituent effect on the reaction of monosubstituted benzenes with styrene". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 41 (10): 1681–1683. doi:10.1021/jo00872a002. ISSN 0022-3263. ^ Davies, David L.; Donald, Steven M. A.; Macgregor, Stuart A. (2005-10-01). "Computational Study of the Mechanism of Cyclometalation by Palladium Acetate". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (40): 13754–13755. doi:10.1021/ja052047w. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 16201772. ^ García-Cuadrado, Domingo; Braga, Ataualpa A. C.; Maseras, Feliu; Echavarren, Antonio M. (2006-02-01). "Proton Abstraction Mechanism for the Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Arylation". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (4): 1066–1067. doi:10.1021/ja056165v. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 16433509. ^ "OnTheWeb - 触媒学会 - ページビュー". www.shokubai.org. Retrieved 2017-04-21. ^ Shiotani, Akinori; Itatni, Hiroshi; Inagaki, Tohru (1986). "Selective coupling of dimethyl phthalate with palladium catalysts at atmospheric pressure". Journal of Molecular Catalysis. 34 (1): 57–66. doi:10.1016/0304-5102(86)87038-9. ^ "US Patent for Method for producing biphenyl and its derivatives Patent (Patent # 6,914,152 issued July 5, 2005) - Justia Patents Search". patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2017-04-21. ^ Jia, Chengguo; Kitamura, Tsugio; Fujiwara, Yuzo (2001-08-01). "Catalytic Functionalization of Arenes and Alkanes via C−H Bond Activation". Accounts of Chemical Research. 34 (8): 633–639. doi:10.1021/ar000209h. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 11513570. ^ Chen, Xiao; Engle, Keary M.; Wang, Dong-Hui; Yu, Jin-Quan (2009-06-25). "Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C−H Activation/C−C Cross-Coupling Reactions: Versatility and Practicality". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (28): 5094–5115. doi:10.1002/anie.200806273. ISSN 1521-3773. PMC 2722958. PMID 19557755. ^ Yeung, Charles S.; Dong, Vy M. (2011-03-09). "Catalytic Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling: Forming Carbon−Carbon Bonds by Oxidizing Two Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds". Chemical Reviews. 111 (3): 1215–1292. doi:10.1021/cr100280d. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 21391561. ^ Yokoyama, Yuusaku; Matsumoto, Toshifumi; Murakami, Yasuoki (1995-03-01). "Optically Active Total Synthesis of Clavicipitic Acid". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 60 (6): 1486–1487. doi:10.1021/jo00111a004. ISSN 0022-3263. ^ Stuart, David R.; Villemure, Elisia; Fagnou, Keith (2007-10-01). "Elements of Regiocontrol in Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Arene Cross-Coupling". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (40): 12072–12073. doi:10.1021/ja0745862. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 17880083. ^ Wang, Dong-Hui; Engle, Keary M.; Shi, Bing-Feng; Yu, Jin-Quan (2010-01-15). "Ligand-Enabled Reactivity and Selectivity in a Synthetically Versatile Aryl C–H Olefination". Science. 327 (5963): 315–319. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..315W. doi:10.1126/science.1182512. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 2879878. PMID 19965380. ^ Wang, Dong-Hui; Yu, Jin-Quan (2011-04-20). "Highly Convergent Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid via a Late-Stage Intermolecular C−H Olefination". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (15): 5767–5769. doi:10.1021/ja2010225. ISSN 0002-7863. PMC 3085405. PMID 21443224. ^ Nishikata, Takashi; Lipshutz, Bruce H. (2010-05-07). "Cationic Pd(II)-Catalyzed Fujiwara−Moritani Reactions at Room Temperature in Water". Organic Letters. 12 (9): 1972–1975. doi:10.1021/ol100331h. ISSN 1523-7060. PMC 3152461. PMID 20364834.
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The need for prefunctionalization of either component is obviated in this reaction, which is desirable because it can shorten syntheses, provide atom economical routes, and enable late stage functionalization of complex molecules. Despite the potential of the Fujiwara-Moritani transformation, it is not often utilized by organic chemists due to the typically harsh reaction conditions, such as acidic, oxidative and high temperature conditions, that most functional groups can not survive.","title":"Fujiwara–Moritani reaction"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fujiwara_reaction_catalytic_cycle.jpg"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Friedel-Crafts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedel-Crafts"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"migratory insertion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migratory_insertion"},{"link_name":"β-hydride elimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92-hydride_elimination"}],"text":"Figure 1: Mechanism of Fujiwara-Moritani reactionThe mechanism of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction is not fully understood. The most widely accepted mechanism is as shown in Figure 1.[5] The sequence begins by formation of the palladium–Aryl cationic complex via Friedel-Crafts or concerted deprotonation metallation process which eliminates an acetic acid to generate a palladium–Aryl species.[6] An olefin then coordinates to the palladium and undergoes a 1,2-migratory insertion, forming a C-C bond. The following β-hydride elimination yields the styrene type product and a palladium hydride species. Deprotonation of this palladium(II) species by acetate (i.e., reductive elimination of the H-OAc pair) yields palladium(0) which in the presence of an oxidant, e.g. Cu(II), can be re-oxidized to palladium(II) and undergo the catalytic cycle once more.","title":"Mechanism"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ube Industries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ube_Industries"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"polyimide polymers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polyimide_polymers&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Industrial_example.jpg"}],"text":"Ube Industries succeeded in an industrial application of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction for the first time 1982.[7] In presence of a catalytic amount of palladium acetate, dimethyl phthalate was directly converted to a biaryl species that was then dehydrated to give biphthalic anhydride, a precursor of polyimide polymers. There are two different potential biaryl products, a symmetric or an asymmetric form. They achieved selective synthesis of either form via ligand control.[8][9]","title":"Industrial example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"palladium acetate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palladium_acetate"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Murakami%27s_example.jpg"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fagnou%E2%80%99s_example.jpg"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Yu%27s_example.jpg"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lipshutz%27s_example.jpg"}],"text":"Even though the original conditions of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction are not practical, this reaction has significant importance in the sense that it showed the possibility for other transformations that were later developed. Recent advancements have unveiled the mechanism of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction to some extent which has allowed the development of new systems that enable similar transformations on complex substrates.[10][11][12]One of the earliest examples of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction in total synthesis is found in the enantioselective total synthesis of clavicipitic acid by the Murakami group. They used stoichiometric palladium acetate to couple 4-bromo indole and protected dehydroalanine. Notably, the aryl bromide survived the reaction conditions which permitted orthogonal C-H olefination techniques to be utilized. Differentiation of the C3 and C4 positions was now possible, whereas conventional cross coupling methods with the dihalogenated indole had regioselectivity issues.[13]Fagnou's group showed that direct C-H arylation of an indole is possible using palladium catalysis with a copper oxidant.[14] Although the reaction requires high temperature, acidic solvent, and solvent quantities of the coupling partner, this demonstration of a selective and direct hetero aryl-aryl coupling is notable.The Yu group developed an Aryl C-H olefination reaction in which aryl carboxylic acids were directly coupled to olefins through the aryl C-H bond. Note: this is not the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction because it is directed by the free acid. The Fujiwara–Moritani reaction is typified by non-directed C–H palladation consistent with regioselectivity of Friedel-Crafts reactions. [15] They also applied their methodology for the total synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic acid.[16] The product yield is as high as 93% despite the complexity of both coupling partners. This is one of the best examples in which C-H olefination simplifies the retro synthesis and demonstrates a convergent synthesis of this complex natural product.The Lipshutz group dramatically improved the conditions of the Fujiwara–Moritani reaction by developing reaction conditions that utilize water as the solvent and obviate the need for an exogenous acid.[17] Although the substrate scope is limited to p-methoxy aryl species, Lipshutz's report suggested that the Fujiwra-Moritani can be run under milder conditions.","title":"Latest examples"}]
[{"image_text":"Figure 1: Mechanism of Fujiwara-Moritani reaction","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Fujiwara_reaction_catalytic_cycle.jpg/322px-Fujiwara_reaction_catalytic_cycle.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Moritanl, Ichiro; Fujiwara, Yuzo (1967). \"Aromatic substitution of styrene-palladium chloride complex\". Tetrahedron Letters. 8 (12): 1119–1122. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(00)90648-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0040-4039%2800%2990648-8","url_text":"10.1016/s0040-4039(00)90648-8"}]},{"reference":"Fujiwara, Yuzo; Moritani, Ichiro; Matsuda, Masaoki; Teranishi, Shiichiro (1968). \"Aromatic substitution of styrene-palladium chloride complex. II effect of metal acetate\". Tetrahedron Letters. 9 (5): 633–636. doi:10.1016/s0040-4039(01)98820-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0040-4039%2801%2998820-3","url_text":"10.1016/s0040-4039(01)98820-3"}]},{"reference":"Fujiwara, Yuzo; Moritani, Ichiro; Danno, Sadao; Asano, Ryuzo; Teranishi, Shiichiro (1969-12-01). \"Aromatic substitution of olefins. VI. Arylation of olefins with palladium(II) acetate\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 91 (25): 7166–7169. doi:10.1021/ja01053a047. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 27462934.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja01053a047","url_text":"10.1021/ja01053a047"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","url_text":"0002-7863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27462934","url_text":"27462934"}]},{"reference":"Fujiwara, Yuzo.; Asano, Ryuzo.; Moritani, Ichiro.; Teranishi, Shiichiro. (1976-05-01). \"Aromatic substitution of olefins. XXV. Reactivity of benzene, naphthalene, ferrocene, and furan toward styrene, and the substituent effect on the reaction of monosubstituted benzenes with styrene\". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 41 (10): 1681–1683. doi:10.1021/jo00872a002. ISSN 0022-3263.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo00872a002","url_text":"10.1021/jo00872a002"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3263","url_text":"0022-3263"}]},{"reference":"Davies, David L.; Donald, Steven M. A.; Macgregor, Stuart A. (2005-10-01). \"Computational Study of the Mechanism of Cyclometalation by Palladium Acetate\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 127 (40): 13754–13755. doi:10.1021/ja052047w. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 16201772.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja052047w","url_text":"10.1021/ja052047w"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","url_text":"0002-7863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16201772","url_text":"16201772"}]},{"reference":"García-Cuadrado, Domingo; Braga, Ataualpa A. C.; Maseras, Feliu; Echavarren, Antonio M. (2006-02-01). \"Proton Abstraction Mechanism for the Palladium-Catalyzed Intramolecular Arylation\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 128 (4): 1066–1067. doi:10.1021/ja056165v. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 16433509.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja056165v","url_text":"10.1021/ja056165v"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","url_text":"0002-7863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16433509","url_text":"16433509"}]},{"reference":"\"OnTheWeb - 触媒学会 - ページビュー\". www.shokubai.org. Retrieved 2017-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shokubai.org/jnl/pageview?articlecd=3501000700j","url_text":"\"OnTheWeb - 触媒学会 - ページビュー\""}]},{"reference":"Shiotani, Akinori; Itatni, Hiroshi; Inagaki, Tohru (1986). \"Selective coupling of dimethyl phthalate with palladium catalysts at atmospheric pressure\". Journal of Molecular Catalysis. 34 (1): 57–66. doi:10.1016/0304-5102(86)87038-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0304-5102%2886%2987038-9","url_text":"10.1016/0304-5102(86)87038-9"}]},{"reference":"\"US Patent for Method for producing biphenyl and its derivatives Patent (Patent # 6,914,152 issued July 5, 2005) - Justia Patents Search\". patents.justia.com. Retrieved 2017-04-21.","urls":[{"url":"http://patents.justia.com/patent/6914152","url_text":"\"US Patent for Method for producing biphenyl and its derivatives Patent (Patent # 6,914,152 issued July 5, 2005) - Justia Patents Search\""}]},{"reference":"Jia, Chengguo; Kitamura, Tsugio; Fujiwara, Yuzo (2001-08-01). \"Catalytic Functionalization of Arenes and Alkanes via C−H Bond Activation\". Accounts of Chemical Research. 34 (8): 633–639. doi:10.1021/ar000209h. ISSN 0001-4842. PMID 11513570.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Far000209h","url_text":"10.1021/ar000209h"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0001-4842","url_text":"0001-4842"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11513570","url_text":"11513570"}]},{"reference":"Chen, Xiao; Engle, Keary M.; Wang, Dong-Hui; Yu, Jin-Quan (2009-06-25). \"Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C−H Activation/C−C Cross-Coupling Reactions: Versatility and Practicality\". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (28): 5094–5115. doi:10.1002/anie.200806273. ISSN 1521-3773. PMC 2722958. PMID 19557755.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722958","url_text":"\"Palladium(II)-Catalyzed C−H Activation/C−C Cross-Coupling Reactions: Versatility and Practicality\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fanie.200806273","url_text":"10.1002/anie.200806273"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1521-3773","url_text":"1521-3773"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2722958","url_text":"2722958"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19557755","url_text":"19557755"}]},{"reference":"Yeung, Charles S.; Dong, Vy M. (2011-03-09). \"Catalytic Dehydrogenative Cross-Coupling: Forming Carbon−Carbon Bonds by Oxidizing Two Carbon−Hydrogen Bonds\". Chemical Reviews. 111 (3): 1215–1292. doi:10.1021/cr100280d. ISSN 0009-2665. PMID 21391561.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fcr100280d","url_text":"10.1021/cr100280d"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0009-2665","url_text":"0009-2665"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21391561","url_text":"21391561"}]},{"reference":"Yokoyama, Yuusaku; Matsumoto, Toshifumi; Murakami, Yasuoki (1995-03-01). \"Optically Active Total Synthesis of Clavicipitic Acid\". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 60 (6): 1486–1487. doi:10.1021/jo00111a004. ISSN 0022-3263.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fjo00111a004","url_text":"10.1021/jo00111a004"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0022-3263","url_text":"0022-3263"}]},{"reference":"Stuart, David R.; Villemure, Elisia; Fagnou, Keith (2007-10-01). \"Elements of Regiocontrol in Palladium-Catalyzed Oxidative Arene Cross-Coupling\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 129 (40): 12072–12073. doi:10.1021/ja0745862. ISSN 0002-7863. PMID 17880083.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja0745862","url_text":"10.1021/ja0745862"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","url_text":"0002-7863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17880083","url_text":"17880083"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Dong-Hui; Engle, Keary M.; Shi, Bing-Feng; Yu, Jin-Quan (2010-01-15). \"Ligand-Enabled Reactivity and Selectivity in a Synthetically Versatile Aryl C–H Olefination\". Science. 327 (5963): 315–319. Bibcode:2010Sci...327..315W. doi:10.1126/science.1182512. ISSN 0036-8075. PMC 2879878. PMID 19965380.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879878","url_text":"\"Ligand-Enabled Reactivity and Selectivity in a Synthetically Versatile Aryl C–H Olefination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Sci...327..315W","url_text":"2010Sci...327..315W"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1182512","url_text":"10.1126/science.1182512"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075","url_text":"0036-8075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2879878","url_text":"2879878"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19965380","url_text":"19965380"}]},{"reference":"Wang, Dong-Hui; Yu, Jin-Quan (2011-04-20). \"Highly Convergent Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid via a Late-Stage Intermolecular C−H Olefination\". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (15): 5767–5769. doi:10.1021/ja2010225. ISSN 0002-7863. PMC 3085405. PMID 21443224.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085405","url_text":"\"Highly Convergent Total Synthesis of (+)-Lithospermic Acid via a Late-Stage Intermolecular C−H Olefination\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja2010225","url_text":"10.1021/ja2010225"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7863","url_text":"0002-7863"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3085405","url_text":"3085405"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21443224","url_text":"21443224"}]},{"reference":"Nishikata, Takashi; Lipshutz, Bruce H. (2010-05-07). \"Cationic Pd(II)-Catalyzed Fujiwara−Moritani Reactions at Room Temperature in Water\". Organic Letters. 12 (9): 1972–1975. doi:10.1021/ol100331h. ISSN 1523-7060. PMC 3152461. PMID 20364834.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152461","url_text":"\"Cationic Pd(II)-Catalyzed Fujiwara−Moritani Reactions at Room Temperature in Water\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fol100331h","url_text":"10.1021/ol100331h"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1523-7060","url_text":"1523-7060"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3152461","url_text":"3152461"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20364834","url_text":"20364834"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piquepoul_blanc
Piquepoul
["1 History","2 Piquepoul wines","2.1 Picpoul de Pinet","3 Synonyms","4 References"]
Variety of grape For another French wine grape that is known as Piquepoul, see Folle blanche. For a French wine grape that shares the synonym Piquepoul de Pays, see Baco blanc. Piquepoul blancGrape (Vitis)Piquepoul in Viala & VermorelColor of berry skinBlancSpeciesVitis viniferaAlso calledPicpoul, Picpoul blanc, Picpoul de PinetOriginFranceNotable regionsLanguedocNotable winesPicpoul de PinetHazardsFungal diseases Piquepoul GrisGrape (Vitis)Color of berry skinGrisSpeciesVitis viniferaAlso calledPiquepoul rose, Picpoul, Picpoul gris Piquepoul noirGrape (Vitis)Piquepoul Noir grapesColor of berry skinNoirSpeciesVitis viniferaAlso calledPicpoul, Picpoul noir Leaves of Piquepoul vines Piquepoul, Picpoul, or Picapoll is a variety of wine grape grown primarily in the Rhone Valley and Languedoc regions of France as well as Catalonia, Spain. It exists both in dark-skinned (Piquepoul noir) and light-skinned (Piquepoul blanc) versions, as well as a very little grown Piquepoul gris. Piquepoul blanc is the most common of the Piquepouls, with 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) cultivated in France in 2000, and an increasing trend. Piquepoul tends to bud late and has some sensitivity to powdery mildew. History Piquepoul has a long history in the Languedoc region, and along with Cinsault and Clairette blanche is one of the oldest domestic grape varieties of that region. It was blended with Clairette blanche to produce the wine Picardan in the 17th & 18th centuries. After the Great French Wine Blight, when large shifts in varieties planted took place, Piquepoul lost popularity due to its susceptibility to fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and its low yield. Piquepoul wines In Languedoc, Piquepoul blanc is used both for blending and for varietal wines. Red wines produced from Picpoul noir are high in alcohol, are richly scented, but have a very pale colour, which has made the variety more popular as a blending ingredient than as a producer of varietal wines. Both the blanc and noir versions of Piquepoul are permitted blending grapes for the production of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. However, in 2004 only 0.15% of the appellation's surface was planted with the Piquepoul varieties. In the New World, Piquepoul is being successfully grown in the foothills of the Chiricahua Mountains (5000 feet above sea level) in the Willcox AVA of southern Arizona. It is also grown in the Red Mountain AVA of eastern Washington State. Piquepoul blanc is being grown in Sonoma, California. Piquepoul blanc is also grown successfully in the Texas Hill Country AVA and Texas High Plains AVAs. In Australia, Piquepoul blanc was first planted in 2013, and the first commercial release of wine was in 2017. Cuttings of the variety were imported for the wine's suitability for drinking with oysters. Picpoul de Pinet Picpoul de Pinet is an AOC within the Languedoc AOC for white wines made exclusively from Piquepoul blanc in the communes of Pinet, Mèze, Florensac, Castelnau-de-Guers, Montagnac and Pomérols. The wines are green-gold in color, full-bodied, and show lemon flavours. They have a soft, delicate nose, with pleasant hints of acacia and hawthorn blossom. Modernization of the winemaking has led to increased interest in these wines. Synonyms Synonyms for Piquepoul blanc include Avello, Avillo, Extra, Feher Piquepoul, Languedocien, Picapoll, Picapolla, Picapulla, Picpoul, Picpoul de Pinet. Synonyms for Piquepoul gris include Avillo, Languedocien, Picapulla, Picpoul, Pikepul Seryi, Piquepoul rose, Szürke Piquepoul. Synonyms for Piquepoul noir include Avillo, Kek Piquepoul, Languedocien, Pical, Pical negro, Pical Polho, Picalpolho, Picapoll, Picapoll Negro, Picapouia, Picapouya, Picapulla, Picpouille, Picpoul, Picpoule, Picquepoul, Pikepul Chernyi, Pique Poule, Piquerette noire. Picpoul is also a synonym for the variety Folle blanche, which has no known relationship to Piquepoul. References ^ You say 'lipstinger', I say no, Hudin.com ^ a b c Jancis Robinson, ed. (2006). "Picpoul". Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 524–525. ISBN 0-19-860990-6. ^ www.chateauneuf.dk: Grapes, accessed on June 18, 2008 ^ Stierch, Sarah (8 July 2016). "Wine time: Anaba Wines '15 Picpoul Blanc". Sonoma Valley Sun. Retrieved 8 July 2016. ^ MEDIA RELEASE: FIRST ‘OYSTER WINE’ VINES PLANTED IN AUSTRALIA, accessed on October 7, 2017 ^ Oysters and wine a 'magnifique' combination for Australian grower taking a cue from the French, accessed on October 7, 2017 ^ Pinet, AOC Picpoul de. "AOC Picpoul de Pinet - Son terroir c'est la mer". www.picpoul-de-pinet.com. Retrieved 23 May 2019. ^ "Décret du 24 décembre 1985 modifié définissant les conditions de production des vins à appellation d'origine contrôlée « Languedoc » (à titre dérogatoire « Coteaux du Languedoc » peut être utilisé jusqu'au 3 mai 2012)". www.inao.gouv.fr. Retrieved 23 May 2019. ^ Pinet, AOC Picpoul de. "AOC Picpoul de Pinet - The wine". www.picpoul-de-pinet.com. Retrieved 23 May 2019. ^ Jancis Robinson, ed. (2006). "Picpoul de Pinet". Oxford Companion to Wine (Third ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 525. ISBN 0-19-860990-6. ^ Vitis International Variety Catalogue: Piquepoul blanc Archived 2012-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on June 18, 2008 ^ Vitis International Variety Catalogue: Piquepoul gris Archived 2012-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on June 18, 2008 ^ Vitis International Variety Catalogue: Piquepoul noir Archived 2012-04-30 at the Wayback Machine, accessed on June 18, 2008
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Folle blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folle_blanche"},{"link_name":"Baco blanc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baco_blanc"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Picpoul_-_Feuilles.jpg"},{"link_name":"variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(botany)"},{"link_name":"wine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wine"},{"link_name":"grape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grape"},{"link_name":"Rhone Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B4ne_(wine_region)"},{"link_name":"Languedoc","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc_wine"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Catalonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalonia"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCW_Picpoul-2"},{"link_name":"powdery mildew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uncinula_necator"}],"text":"For another French wine grape that is known as Piquepoul, see Folle blanche.For a French wine grape that shares the synonym Piquepoul de Pays, see Baco blanc.Leaves of Piquepoul vinesPiquepoul, Picpoul, or Picapoll is a variety of wine grape grown primarily in the Rhone Valley and Languedoc regions of France as well as Catalonia, Spain.[1] It exists both in dark-skinned (Piquepoul noir) and light-skinned (Piquepoul blanc) versions, as well as a very little grown Piquepoul gris. Piquepoul blanc is the most common of the Piquepouls, with 1,000 hectares (2,500 acres) cultivated in France in 2000, and an increasing trend.[2]Piquepoul tends to bud late and has some sensitivity to powdery mildew.","title":"Piquepoul"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cinsault","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinsault"},{"link_name":"Clairette blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clairette_blanche"},{"link_name":"Picardan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picardan"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCW_Picpoul-2"},{"link_name":"Great French Wine Blight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_French_Wine_Blight"}],"text":"Piquepoul has a long history in the Languedoc region, and along with Cinsault and Clairette blanche is one of the oldest domestic grape varieties of that region. It was blended with Clairette blanche to produce the wine Picardan in the 17th & 18th centuries.[2]After the Great French Wine Blight, when large shifts in varieties planted took place, Piquepoul lost popularity due to its susceptibility to fungal diseases such as powdery mildew and its low yield.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"varietal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varietal"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-OCW_Picpoul-2"},{"link_name":"Châteauneuf-du-Pape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teauneuf-du-Pape_AOC"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Chiricahua Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiricahua_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Willcox AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willcox_AVA"},{"link_name":"Red Mountain AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Mountain_AVA"},{"link_name":"Sonoma, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sonoma,_California"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Stierch-4"},{"link_name":"Texas Hill Country AVA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Hill_Country_AVA"},{"link_name":"Texas High Plains AVAs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_High_Plains_AVA"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"oysters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyster"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"In Languedoc, Piquepoul blanc is used both for blending and for varietal wines. Red wines produced from Picpoul noir are high in alcohol, are richly scented, but have a very pale colour, which has made the variety more popular as a blending ingredient than as a producer of varietal wines.[2]Both the blanc and noir versions of Piquepoul are permitted blending grapes for the production of Châteauneuf-du-Pape. However, in 2004 only 0.15% of the appellation's surface was planted with the Piquepoul varieties.[3]In the New World, Piquepoul is being successfully grown in the foothills of the Chiricahua Mountains (5000 feet above sea level) in the Willcox AVA of southern Arizona. It is also grown in the Red Mountain AVA of eastern Washington State.Piquepoul blanc is being grown in Sonoma, California.[4]Piquepoul blanc is also grown successfully in the Texas Hill Country AVA and Texas High Plains AVAs.In Australia, Piquepoul blanc was first planted in 2013,[5] and the first commercial release of wine was in 2017. Cuttings of the variety were imported for the wine's suitability for drinking with oysters.[6]","title":"Piquepoul wines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Languedoc AOC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languedoc_AOC"},{"link_name":"Pinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinet,_H%C3%A9rault"},{"link_name":"Mèze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8ze"},{"link_name":"Florensac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florensac"},{"link_name":"Castelnau-de-Guers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castelnau-de-Guers"},{"link_name":"Montagnac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montagnac,_H%C3%A9rault"},{"link_name":"Pomérols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pom%C3%A9rols"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"acacia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acacia"},{"link_name":"hawthorn blossom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crataegus"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"sub_title":"Picpoul de Pinet","text":"Picpoul de Pinet[7] is an AOC within the Languedoc AOC for white wines made exclusively from Piquepoul blanc in the communes of Pinet, Mèze, Florensac, Castelnau-de-Guers, Montagnac and Pomérols.[8]The wines are green-gold in color, full-bodied, and show lemon flavours. They have a soft, delicate nose, with pleasant hints of acacia and hawthorn blossom.[9] Modernization of the winemaking has led to increased interest in these wines.[10]","title":"Piquepoul wines"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Folle blanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folle_blanche"}],"text":"Synonyms for Piquepoul blanc include Avello, Avillo, Extra, Feher Piquepoul, Languedocien, Picapoll, Picapolla, Picapulla, Picpoul, Picpoul de Pinet.[11]Synonyms for Piquepoul gris include Avillo, Languedocien, Picapulla, Picpoul, Pikepul Seryi, Piquepoul rose, Szürke Piquepoul.[12]Synonyms for Piquepoul noir include Avillo, Kek Piquepoul, Languedocien, Pical, Pical negro, Pical Polho, Picalpolho, Picapoll, Picapoll Negro, Picapouia, Picapouya, Picapulla, Picpouille, Picpoul, Picpoule, Picquepoul, Pikepul Chernyi, Pique Poule, Piquerette noire.[13]Picpoul is also a synonym for the variety Folle blanche, which has no known relationship to Piquepoul.","title":"Synonyms"}]
[{"image_text":"Leaves of Piquepoul vines","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Picpoul_-_Feuilles.jpg/220px-Picpoul_-_Feuilles.jpg"}]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birth_of_the_Italian_Republic
1946 Italian institutional referendum
["1 Background","1.1 Republican ideas and the unification of Italy","1.2 Albertine Statute and liberal Italy","1.3 Fascism","1.4 Anti-fascist parties in Italy and abroad","1.5 Institutional crisis","1.6 Institutional truce","2 Organization of the institutional referendum and results","2.1 Organization","2.2 Abdication and departure of King Victor Emmanuel III","2.3 Counting of referendum ballots","2.4 Details of the referendum results","2.5 By district","2.6 By most populated city","2.7 Provinces excluded from voting","2.8 Results of the Constituent Assembly elections","2.9 Analysis of voting results","3 Aftermath","3.1 First results and events in Naples","3.2 Early establishment of the republic and departure of the former king","3.3 Changing the national flag and the national anthem","3.4 Final announcement of results and first steps of the Italian Republic","3.5 Festa della Repubblica","4 See also","5 Notes","6 References","7 Sources","8 External links"]
Birth of the Italian Republic 1946 Italian institutional referendum 2 June 1946 Republic or Monarchy?Voting systemUniversal suffrageOutcomeBirth of the Italian RepublicResults Choice Votes % Republic 12,718,641 54.27% Monarchy 10,718,502 45.73% Valid votes 23,437,143 93.95% Invalid or blank votes 1,509,735 6.05% Total votes 24,946,878 100.00% Registered voters/turnout 28,005,449 89.08% Results by municipality and province  Republic  Monarchy Part of the Politics seriesRepublicanism Concepts Anti-monarchism Anti-corruption Civil society Civic virtue Consent of the governed Democracy Democratization Liberty as non-domination Mixed government Political representation Popular sovereignty Public participation Republic Res publica Rule of law Self-governance Separation of powers Social contract Social equality Schools Classical Modern Federal Kemalism Khomeinism Nasserism Neo-republicanism Venizelism Types Autonomous Capitalist Christian Democratic Federal Federal parliamentary Islamic Parliamentary People's Revolutionary Secular Sister Soviet Philosophers Arendt Bello Bodin Cattaneo Cicero Condorcet Franklin Harrington Jefferson Kant Locke Machiavelli Madison Mazzini Montesquieu Paine Pettit Polybius Rousseau Sandel Sidney Sunstein Tocqueville Wollstonecraft Politicians Adams (Gerry) Adams (John) Atatürk Azaña Bolívar Clarke Connolly Cromwell Gambetta Garibaldi de Gaulle Grévy Hébert Jay Jefferson Juárez Khomeini Lincoln Mackenzie Madison Nehru Robespierre Venizelos Theoretical works Republic (c. 375 BC) De re publica (54–51 BC) Discourses on Livy (1531) The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates (1649) The Commonwealth of Oceana (1656) Discourses Concerning Government (1698) The Spirit of Law (1748) Discourse on Inequality (1755) The Social Contract (1762) The Federalist Papers (1787–1788) Rights of Man (1791) Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch (1794) Democracy in America (1835–1840) On Revolution (1963) History Roman Republic Gaṇasaṅgha Classical Athens Republic of Venice Republic of Genoa Republic of Florence Dutch Republic American Revolution French Revolution Spanish American wars of independence Trienio Liberal French Revolution of 1848 5 October 1910 revolution Chinese Revolution Russian Revolution German Revolution of 1918–1919 Turkish War of Independence Mongolian Revolution of 1921 11 September 1922 Revolution 1935 Greek coup d'état attempt Spanish Civil War 1946 Italian institutional referendum 1952 Egyptian revolution 14 July Revolution North Yemen Civil War Zanzibar Revolution 1969 Libyan coup d'état 1970 Cambodian coup d'état Metapolitefsi Iranian Revolution 1987 Fijian coups d'état Nepalese Civil War Barbadian Republic Proclamation National variants Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Barbados Canada Ireland Jamaica Japan Morocco Netherlands New Zealand Norway Spain Sweden United Kingdom Scotland Wales United States Related topics Classical radicalism Common good Communitarianism Criticism of monarchy Egalitarianism The Emperor's New Clothes Jacobinism Liberalism List of republics Monarchism Peasant republic Primus inter pares Republic without republicans Republican empire Republican Party Politics portalvte An institutional referendum (Italian: referendum istituzionale, or referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato) was held by universal suffrage in the Kingdom of Italy on 2 June 1946, a key event of contemporary Italian history. Until 1946, Italy was a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, reigning since the unification of Italy in 1861 and previously rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1922, the rise of Benito Mussolini and the creation of the Fascist regime in Italy, which eventually resulted in engaging the country in World War II alongside Nazi Germany, considerably weakened the role of the royal house. Following the Italian Civil War and the Liberation of Italy from Axis troops in 1945, a popular referendum on the institutional form of the state was called the next year and resulted in voters choosing the replacement of the monarchy with a republic. The 1946 Italian general election to elect the Constituent Assembly of Italy was held on the same day. As with the simultaneous Constituent Assembly elections, the referendum was not held in the Julian March, in the province of Zara or the province of Bolzano, which were still under occupation by Allied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories. The results were proclaimed by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946: 12,717,923 citizens in favor of the republic and 10,719,284 citizens in favor of the monarchy. The event is commemorated annually by the Festa della Repubblica. The former King Umberto II voluntarily left the country on 13 June 1946, headed for Cascais, in southern Portugal, without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, which were rejected by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 18 June 1946. With the entry into force of the new Constitution of the Italian Republic, on 1 January 1948, Enrico De Nicola became the first to assume the functions of president of Italy. It was the first time that the whole Italian Peninsula (excluding Vatican City) was under a form of republican governance since the end of the Roman Republic. Background Republican ideas and the unification of Italy See also: Unification of Italy Giuseppe Mazzini. His thoughts influenced many politicians of a later period, among them Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Mahatma Gandhi, Golda Meir and Jawaharlal Nehru. In the history of Italy there are several so-called "republican" governments that have followed one another over time. Examples are the ancient Roman Republic and the medieval maritime republics. From Cicero to Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian philosophers have imagined the foundations of political science and republicanism. But it was Giuseppe Mazzini who revived the republican idea in Italy in the 19th century. An Italian nationalist in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state. Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the Constitution of Italy, about Europeanism and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president Woodrow Wilson, British prime minister David Lloyd George, Mahatma Gandhi, Israeli prime minister Golda Meir and Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru. Mazzini formulated a concept known as "thought and action" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting intellectualism and the notion of divorcing theory from practice. In July 1831, in exile in Marseille, Giuseppe Mazzini founded the Young Italy movement, which aimed to transform Italy into a unitary democratic republic, according to the principles of freedom, independence and unity, but also to oust the monarchic regimes pre-existing the unification, including the Kingdom of Sardinia. The foundation of the Young Italy constitutes a key moment of the Italian Risorgimento and this republican program precedes in time the proposals for the unification of Italy of Vincenzo Gioberti and Cesare Balbo, aimed at reunifying the Italian territory under the presidency of the Pope. Subsequently, the philosopher Carlo Cattaneo promoted a secular and republican Italy in the extension of Mazzini's ideas, but organized as a federal republic. Pietro Barsanti, the first martyr of the modern Italian Republic The political projects of Mazzini and Cattaneo were thwarted by the action of the Piedmontese Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. The latter set aside his republican ideas to favor Italian unity. After having obtained the conquest of the whole of southern Italy during the Expedition of the Thousand, Garibaldi handed over the conquered territories to the king of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II, which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after a plebiscite. This earned him heavy criticism from numerous republicans who accused him of treason. While a laborious administrative unification began, a first Italian parliament was elected and, on 17 March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of Italy. From 1861 to 1946, Italy was a constitutional monarchy founded on the Albertine Statute, named after the king who promulgated it in 1848, Charles Albert of Sardinia. The parliament included a Senate, whose members were appointed by the king, and a Chamber of Deputies, elected by census vote. In 1861 only 2% of Italians had the right to vote. In the political panorama of the time there was a republican political movement which had its martyrs, such as the soldier Pietro Barsanti. Barsanti was a supporter of republican ideas, and was a soldier in the Royal Italian Army with the rank of corporal. He was sentenced to death and shot in 1870 for having favored an insurrectional attempt against the Savoy monarchy and is therefore considered the first martyr of the modern Italian Republic and a symbol of republican ideals in Italy. Albertine Statute and liberal Italy Carlo Cattaneo Felice Cavallotti The balance of power between the Chamber and Senate initially shifted in favor of the Senate, composed mainly of nobles and industrial figures. Little by little, the Chamber of Deputies took on more and more importance with the evolution of the bourgeoisie and the large landowners, concerned with economic progress, but supporters of order and a certain social conservatism. The Republicans took part in the elections to the Italian Parliament, and in 1853 they formed the Action Party around Giuseppe Mazzini. Although in exile, Mazzini was elected in 1866, but refused to take his seat in parliament. Carlo Cattaneo was elected deputy in 1860 and 1867, but refused so as not to have to swear loyalty to the House of Savoy. The problem of the oath of loyalty to the monarchy, necessary to be elected, was the subject of controversy within the republican forces. In 1873 Felice Cavallotti, one of the most committed Italian politicians against the monarchy, preceded his oath with a declaration in which he reaffirmed his republican beliefs. In 1882, a new electoral law lowered the census limit for voting rights, increasing the number of voters to over two million, equal to 7% of the population. In the same year the Italian Workers' Party was created, which in 1895 became the Italian Socialist Party. In 1895 the intransigent republicans agreed to participate in the political life of the Kingdom, establishing the Italian Republican Party. Two years later, the far left reached its historical maximum level in Parliament with 81 deputies, for the three radical-democratic, socialist components and Republican. With the death of Felice Cavallotti in 1898, the radical left gave up on posing the institutional problem. In Italian politics, the socialist party progressively divided into two tendencies: a maximalist one, led among others by Arturo Labriola and Enrico Ferri, and supporting the use of strikes; the other, reformist and pro-government, was led by Filippo Turati. A nationalist movement emerged, led in particular by Enrico Corradini, as well as a Catholic social and democratic movement, the National Democratic League, led by Romolo Murri. In 1904, Pope Pius X authorized Catholics to participate individually in political life, but in 1909 he condemned the National Democratic League created by Romolo Murri, who was excommunicated. Finally, a law of 3 June 1912 marked Italy's evolution towards a certain political liberalism by establishing universal male suffrage. In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Italy began to be counted among the world's liberal democracies. Fascism Benito Mussolini After World War I, Italian political life was animated by four great movements. Two of these movements were in favor of democratic development within the framework of existing monarchical institutions: the reformist socialists and the Italian People's Party. Two other movements challenged these institutions: the Republican Party on the one hand, and the maximalist socialists. In the 1919 elections, the parties most imbued with republican ideology (the maximalist socialists and the Republican Party) won, obtaining 165 out of 508 seats in the Chamber of Deputies. In the 1921 elections, after the foundation of the Italian Communist Party, the three parties republican, maximalist socialist and communist obtained 145 deputies out of 535. Overall, at the beginning of the interwar period, less than 30% of those elected were in favor of the establishment of a republican regime. In this context, the rise of Benito Mussolini's fascist movement was based on the bitterness generated by the "mutilated victory", the fear of social unrest and the rejection of revolutionary, republican and Marxist ideology. The liberal political system and part of the aristocracy chose to erect fascism as a bulwark against, in their way of seeing, these dangers. In October 1922, the nomination of Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel III, following the march on Rome, paved the way for the establishment of the dictatorship. The Albertine Statute is progressively emptied of its content. Parliament was subject to the will of the new government. The legal opposition disintegrated. On 27 June 1924, 127 deputies left Parliament and retreated to the Aventine Hill, a clumsy maneuver which, in effect, left the field open to the fascists. They then had the fate of Italy in their hands for two decades. Not only did Victor Emmanuel III appeal to Mussolini to form the government in 1922 and allow him to proceed with the domestication of Parliament, but he did not even draw the consequences of the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti in 1924. He accepted the title of emperor in 1936 at the end of Second Italo-Ethiopian War, then the alliance with Nazi Germany and Italy's entry into World War II on 10 June 1940. Anti-fascist parties in Italy and abroad Flag of Arditi del Popolo, an axe cutting a fasces. Arditi del Popolo was a militant anti-fascist group founded in 1921 With the implementation of fascist laws (Royal Decree of 6 November 1926), all political parties operating on Italian territory were dissolved, with the exception of the National Fascist Party. Some of these parties expatriated and reconstituted themselves abroad, especially in France. Thus an anti-fascist coalition was formed on 29 March 1927 in Paris, the "Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana", which brought together the Italian Republican Party, the Italian Socialist Party, the Socialist Unitary Party of Italian Workers, the Italian League for Human Rights and the foreign representation of the Italian General Confederation of Labour. Some movements remained outside, including the Italian Communist Party, the popular Catholic movement and other liberal movements. This coalition dissolved on 5 May 1934 and, in August of the same year, the pact of unity of action was signed between the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian Communist Party. In the meantime, in Italy, clandestine anti-fascist nuclei were formed, in particular in Milan with Ferruccio Parri and in Florence with Riccardo Bauer. Under the impetus of these groups, the Action Party, Mazzini's former republican party, was re-established. Between the end of 1942 and the beginning of 1943, Alcide De Gasperi wrote The reconstructive ideas of Christian Democracy, which laid the foundations of the new Catholic-inspired party, the Christian Democracy. It brought together the veterans of Luigi Sturzo's Italian People's Party and the young people of Catholic associations, in particular of the University Federation. Institutional crisis On 10 July 1943, the Allies landed in Sicily in Operation Husky. On 25 July 1943, Victor Emmanuel III revoked Mussolini's mandate as prime minister and had him arrested, entrusting the government to Marshal Pietro Badoglio. The new government contacted the Allies to reach an armistice. When the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943, the Germans reacted by placing under their control all the part of Italian territory that still escaped the Allied advance and by disarming the Italian Royal Army. Victor Emmanuel III and Badoglio's government fled Rome and reached Brindisi, in southern Italy. The war continued, but was also accompanied by the Italian Civil War, with the creation by Mussolini of the Italian Social Republic, heavily dependent on the Germans, and by the division of Italy into two antagonistic territories, one occupied by the allied forces, the other occupied by Nazi Germany. In these dramatic circumstances, in the two territories the civil administration gave way to a military and police administration. However, the parties that existed before fascism were reconstituted, alongside new political parties. Flag of the National Liberation Committee On 9 September 1943, in Rome (still occupied by the Germans), a National Liberation Committee (CLN) was created, which brought together the parties and movements opposed to fascism and German occupation. It was made up of representatives of the Italian Communist Party, members of the Action Party, Christian Democrats, liberals, socialists and progressive democrats. The National Liberation Committee gave priority to the fight against the Nazi-fascists, postponing the question of the institutional form of the Italian state until after the victory, but made the abdication of the king in favor of his son a prerequisite for the establishment of an anti-fascist government. The patriotic war of liberation led by the National Liberation Committee was also, for a significant part of its supporters, a war of social liberation, a war against a collaborationist elite. However, the Americans and English, anxious to prepare for the post-war period, facilitated the entry into German-occupied territory of Italian democratic and republican activists aimed at counterbalancing the communist influence in the leadership of the National Liberation Committee. This was the case, for example, of Leo Valiani, future member of the triumvirate responsible for the partisan insurrection in Piedmont and Lombardy. Institutional truce King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy On 31 March 1944, in Salerno, Palmiro Togliatti, general secretary of the Italian Communist Party, called for the formation of a government of national unity and no longer required the king's abdication as a prerequisite. This declaration pushed the parties of the National Liberation Committee to rally around a compromise drawn up by Enrico De Nicola, president of the Chamber of Deputies until 1924, by Benedetto Croce of the liberal party and by the king's entourage. As foreseen in this agreement, upon the liberation of Rome, on 4 June 1944, Victor Emmanuel III proclaimed his son Umberto lieutenant general of the kingdom, and the parties took political control of the nation, even if the war continued, stabilizing on the front on the Gothic line until April 1945. From June 1944 to December 1945, three provisional coalition governments followed one another. The first was led by Ivanoe Bonomi, of the Italian Socialist Party. His government included the anti-fascist liberals Carlo Sforza and Benedetto Croce, as well as Palmiro Togliatti. Although temporarily put aside, the question of Italian institutions remained one of the main open political questions. Most of the forces supporting the National Liberation Committee were openly republicans and believed that the monarchy, in particular Victor Emmanuel III, had had a responsibility in the success of the fascist movement. The final agreement between the parties was to ask that at the end of the war, as soon as conditions were favourable, the calling of elections, an institutional referendum and the formation of a constituent assembly. Until then, on 31 January 1945, the Council of Ministers, chaired by Ivanoe Bonomi, issued a decree which recognized women's right to vote. Universal suffrage was thus recognized, after the vain attempts made in 1881 and 1907 by women of the various parties. The Bonomi governments (II then III) were succeeded by the Parri government in June 1945, then by the First De Gasperi government in December 1945. The question of the future form of the state, monarchy or republic, absorbed the minds of political circles. The majority of Christian Democratic activists, especially young people, increasingly distanced themselves from the monarchy. During the local meetings of the leaders of this party, in Rome and Milan, motions were presented aimed at making official a political line favorable to a democratic republic. The central political office tried to curb these pressures and maintain an intermediate position. Organization of the institutional referendum and results Organization On 16 March 1946, Prince Umberto decreed, as expected in 1944, that the question of the institutional form of the state would be decided by a referendum organized simultaneously with the election of a constituent assembly. The date was set for 2 June 1946. The Supreme Court of Cassation was responsible for examining the appeals. Its role was to be limited to observing the progress of voting operations and consolidating the bulletins issued by the offices that communicated the results in each constituency. The counting of the ballots of the candidates for the constituent assembly had to precede that of the referendum. If the monarchy had won, it would have been the Constituent Assembly that would have had to choose the head of state. Abdication and departure of King Victor Emmanuel III King Umberto II of Italy Wanted by the Allies to verify that the conditions existed for voting in a country torn apart by the civil war only a few months earlier, partial municipal and provincial elections were held in March and April 1946 in half of the Italian municipalities and provinces. These elections, which mainly involved left-wing cities, brought out three parties, with a clear advantage for the Christian Democrats, led by Alcide De Gasperi, which exceeded the sum of votes cast for the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party. After these administrative elections, the monarchists, already worried about the outcome of the referendum, became even more discouraged. But a political event changed the situation during the referendum campaign. A month before the referendum, Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in favor of his son Umberto, who was proclaimed king and took the name Umberto II. The act of abdication, drawn up privately, is dated 9 May 1946. This abdication was desired by the monarchists, since the crown prince was less compromised than his father in Mussolini's rise to power and in coexistence with the fascist forces. It is also possible that the command of the allied forces present on Italian territory encouraged the sovereign to abdicate in favor of his son. The former king immediately left Italy for Alexandria in Egypt. Umberto II confirmed his promise to respect the popular decision regarding the referendum. The representatives of the parties in favor of the Republic protested, arguing the assumption of royal powers by the lieutenant general conflicted with an article of the legislative decree of 16 March 1946 that aimed at guaranteeing institutional stability before the announcement of the results. For observers, the gap between republicans and monarchists was narrowing, which increased tension in the final phase of the electoral campaign. In fact, some scuffles broke out between activists of the two sides in the tense climate. Counting of referendum ballots King Umberto II at the polls to vote in the Italian institutional referendum The Minister of the Interior Giuseppe Romita announces the results of the votes for the Italian institutional referendum The prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Cassation Massimo Pilotti The vote for the choice between monarchy or republic took place on 2 June and on the morning of 3 June 1946. After the transfer of the electoral cards from all of Italy and the minutes of the 31 constituencies to Rome, the results were expected on 8 June. On 10 June, the still provisional results were announced, and the final ones were communicated later due to missing data in some polling stations and after the examination of numerous appeals regarding the contested referendum ballots. In fact, 21,000 disputes occurred over the referendum ballots, most of which were quickly resolved. However, the period of uncertainty between the end of the vote and the final official announcement of the results only strengthened tensions in the country. In the city of Naples, in Apulia, in Calabria and in Sicily, the monarchists carried out protest demonstrations, sometimes violent. On 7 June, a monarchist student, soon transformed into a martyr, was killed. One of the complaints submitted to the Supreme Court of Cassation is particularly delicate. This controversy was over the definition of "majority". The monarchists believed that it was necessary to take into account not the majority of votes cast, but the "majority of electors", as an article of the electoral law provided. The public prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Cassation, Massimo Pilotti, deemed this appeal admissible. In his indictment Pilotti believed that the spirit and letter of the decrees as well as jurisprudence provide for the counting of voters, without excluding blank or invalid ballots. But the Supreme Court of Cassation ruled against him, with 12 votes against to 7. On the one hand, it was believed that the vote, as a legal act, manifested a will and that the blank or null vote could be assimilated to the absence of expression of will. The Supreme Court of Cassation also identified another decree which specified that only "validly cast" votes should be preserved. The Supreme Court of Cassation finally announced that no law or decree dealt with the need for an absolute majority. The final results were announced on 18 June 1946. According to these results, 24,947,187 people participated in the vote, or 89% of the electorate. The official results of the referendum recorded 12,718,641 votes for the republic, or 54.3% of the votes cast, and 10,718,502 votes for the monarchy, or 45.7%. 1,498,136 ballots were annulled. The analysis of the data by region showed an Italy practically divided in two: in the North the Republic won with 66.2% of the votes cast, and the Monarchy in the South with 63.8% of the votes. The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the Italia turrita, the national personification of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the Savoy coat of arms, which represented the monarchy. This triggered various controversies, given that the iconography of the allegorical personification of Italy had, and still has, a universal and unifying meaning that should have been common to all Italians and not only to a part of them: this was the last appearance in the institutional context of Italia turrita. However, some voters were unable to vote. Before the closure of the electoral lists in April 1945, many Italian soldiers were still outside the national territory, in detention or internment camps abroad. Citizens of the provinces of Bolzano, Gorizia, Trieste, Pola, Fiume and Zara, located in territories not administered by the Italian government but by the Allied authorities, which were still under occupation pending a final settlement of the status of the territories (in fact in 1947 most of these territories were then annexed by Yugoslavia after the Paris peace treaties of 1947, such as most of the Julian March and the province of Zara). These provinces, however, were all located in the north of the country, an area where the Republican vote obtained a fairly large majority. Details of the referendum results Electoral ballot of the 1946 Italian institutional referendum Referendum results Choice Votes % Republic 12,718,641 54.27 Monarchy 10,718,502 45.73 Valid votes 23,437,143 93.95 Invalid or blank votes 1,509,735 6.05 Total votes 24,946,878 100.00 Registered voters/turnout 28,005,449 89.08 Source: Official Gazette Institutional referendum results (excluding invalid votes) Republic12,718,641 (54.3%) Monarchy10,718,502 (45.7%) ▲50% By district Results by district showing percentage of support for the republic (blue) or monarchy (red). White signifies no referendum held. The conservative, rural Mezzogiorno (southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy (63.8%) while the more urbanised and industrialised Nord (northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic (66.2%). District Provinces Republic Monarchy Voters Turnout Votes % Votes % Aosta Aosta 28,516 63.47 16,411 36.53 50,946 84.00 Turin Turin • Novara • Vercelli 803,191 59.90 537,693 40.10 1,426,036 91.12 Cuneo Cuneo • Alessandria • Asti 412,666 51.93 381,977 48.07 867,945 89.75 Genoa Genoa • Imperia • La Spezia • Savona 633,821 69.05 284,116 30.95 960,214 85.62 Milan Milan • Pavia 1,152,832 68.01 542,141 31.99 1,776,444 90.31 Como Como • Sondrio • Varese 422,557 63.59 241,924 36.41 715,755 90.98 Brescia Brescia • Bergamo 404,719 53.84 346,995 46.16 805,808 91.67 Mantua Mantua • Cremona 304,472 67.19 148,668 32.81 486,354 93.83 Trento Trento 192,123 85.00 33,903 15.00 238,198 91.04 Verona Verona • Padua • Rovigo • Vicenza 648,137 56.24 504,405 43.76 1,258,804 92.22 Venice Venice • Treviso 403,424 61.52 252,346 38.48 712,475 91.49 Udine Udine • Belluno 339,858 63.07 199,019 36.93 592,463 88.51 Bologna Bologna • Ferrara • Forlì • Ravenna 880,463 80.46 213,861 19.54 1,151,376 92.40 Parma Parma • Modena • Piacenza • Reggio Emilia 646,214 72.78 241,663 27.22 955,660 92.58 Florence Florence • Pistoia 487,039 71.58 193,414 28.42 723,028 92.08 Pisa Pisa • Livorno • Lucca • Massa-Carrara 456,005 70.12 194,299 29.88 703,016 89.99 Siena Siena • Arezzo • Grosseto 338,039 73.84 119,779 26.16 487,485 92.72 Ancona Ancona • Ascoli Piceno • Macerata • Pesaro 499,566 70.12 212,925 29.88 759,011 91.65 Perugia Perugia • Terni • Rieti 336,641 66.70 168,103 33.30 538,136 90.26 Rome Rome • Frosinone • Latina • Viterbo 711,260 48.99 740,546 51.01 1,510,656 84.07 L'Aquila L'Aquila • Chieti • Pescara • Teramo 286,291 46.78 325,701 53.22 648,932 87.61 Benevento Benevento • Campobasso 103,900 30.06 241,768 69.94 369,616 88.82 Naples Naples • Caserta 241,973 21.12 903,651 78.88 1,207,906 84.77 Salerno Salerno • Avellino 153,978 27.09 414,521 72.91 607,530 88.05 Bari Bari • Foggia 320,405 38.51 511,596 61.49 865,951 90.15 Lecce Lecce • Brindisi • Taranto 147,346 24.70 449,253 75.30 630,987 90.04 Potenza Potenza • Matera 108,289 40.61 158,345 59.39 286,575 88.70 Catanzaro Catanzaro • Cosenza • Reggio Calabria 338,959 39.72 514,344 60.28 900,635 85.56 Catania Catania • Enna • Messina • Ragusa • Syracuse 329,874 31.76 708,874 68.24 1,107,524 85.28 Palermo Palermo • Agrigento • Caltanissetta • Trapani 379,871 38.98 594,686 61.02 1,032,102 85.77 Cagliari Cagliari • Nuoro • Sassari 206,192 39.07 321,555 60.93 569,574 85.91 Italy 12,718,641 54.27 10,718,502 45.73 24,946,878 89.08 Source: Ministry of the Interior By most populated city City Republic Monarchy Voters Turnout Votes % Votes % Turin 252,001 61.41 158,138 38.59 426,563 87.44 Milan 487,125 67.77 231,711 32.23 737,440 85.65 Genoa 294,254 73.65 105,291 26.35 410,152 81.97 Venice 101,084 62.27 61,245 37.73 171,836 90.49 Bologna 137,093 67.72 65,359 32.28 209,776 90.49 Florence 148,763 63.43 85,753 36.57 242,750 88.78 Rome 353,715 46.17 412,439 53.83 783,865 80.80 Naples 87,448 20.06 348,420 79.94 451,463 80.79 Provinces excluded from voting The referendum was not held in the Julian March, in the province of Zara or the province of Bolzano, which were still under occupation by Allied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories. Province Population Zara 25,000 Trieste, Pola, Gorizia, Fiume 1,300,000 Bolzano 300,000 Results of the Constituent Assembly elections The distribution of votes is as follows: Party Percentage of votes Seats Christian Democracy 37.2% 207 Italian Socialist Party 20.7% 115 Italian Communist Party 18.7% 104 National Democratic Union 7.4% 41 Common Man's Front 5.4% 30 Italian Republican Party 4.1% 23 National Bloc of Freedom 2.9% 16 Action Party 1.3% 7 Others 2.3% 13 Analysis of voting results Italian partisans in Milan during the liberation of Italy, April 1945 At first glance, the referendum seemed to simply divide Italy in two, between North and South, but the situation was more complex. For example, the districts located to the north of Rome gave the majority to the republic, while those located to the south chose the monarchy. The electoral college of Rome was very divided and gave a slight majority to the choice of the monarchic regime. The Republican choice turned into a plebiscite, with over 80% of the votes cast in the electoral college of Bologna, and even more in that of Trento. In the South, however, the monarchist choice reached nearly 80% in the college of Naples. But, in other regions, the vote was very fragmented. There was not a total break with the past, but an interference between the two possible choices, which was expressed everywhere. The occupation of the North by the German army and the period of the Italian Civil War, with the last gasps of the fascist movement, undoubtedly favored an increase in the importance of the socialist and communist parties in this region, which were republican in tendency. During these dark years, the populations concerned placed part of their hopes in dreams of revolution, or at least of change. The South, not having experienced this situation and having welcomed King Victor Emmanuel III and his government, was perhaps more wary of these parties and placed its trust in the monarchic regime, preferring continuity to the "leap into the unknown" represented by the republican form. Furthermore, the clientelism prevalent in the South favored a vote that tended to be conservative, and therefore monarchist. Some analysts also cite the influence of the Catholic Church or the Catholic press. Other authors have highlighted more structural factors, such as differences in family organization or production by region. Thus Carlo Bacetti compared, in Tuscany, the importance of metayage in the organization of work on the land, and the weight of the Communist Party in this region, which had republican tendencies. Aftermath First results and events in Naples Session of the Supreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946, which approved the results of the Italian institutional referendum On 10 June, at 6 pm, in the Sala della Lupa ("Hall of the Wolf"), which owes its name to the presence of a bronze sculpture of the Capitoline Wolf, of Palazzo Montecitorio in Rome, the Supreme Court of Cassation read out the partial results of the referendum, postponing the definitive proclamation of the results to Parliament for 18 June, after having taken the relevant decisions on appeals, protests and complaints. At the same time, republican demonstrations took place in many cities. The Milanese newspaper, Corriere della Sera, on Tuesday 11 June, ran the headline: "The Italian Republic is born". La Stampa, a Turin daily newspaper, declared more soberly: "The government confirms the victory of the republicans", and completed its coverage by asking: "the question is whether the republic has been proclaimed or not". In Naples, a city with a population largely supportive of the monarchy, an incident occurred on 11 June. A procession of supporters of the monarchy advanced towards the municipal buildings and then changed objective and headed towards the headquarters of the Italian Communist Party. The crowd saw a red flag, but also a tricolor flag from which the royal coat of arms had been cut. Despite the presence of armored vehicles, the demonstrators attempted to storm the communist party headquarters. Protesters and law enforcement officers exchange gunfire. According to the prefect's report, the demonstrators shot first. In any case the response was deadly, with machine gun fire. There were nine deaths among royalist demonstrators and a large number of injuries. Calm returned to the city only on 13 June. The protests of the monarchists, like those bloodily repressed the day before in Naples and a new monarchist demonstration dispersed on 12 June, aroused the concerns of the ministers intending to establish the Republic as soon as possible (according to the famous phrase of the socialist leader Pietro Nenni: "either the Republic or chaos!"). Early establishment of the republic and departure of the former king Former King Umberto II leaves Italy from Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport on 13 June 1946 On the night of 12 June the government met at Alcide De Gasperi's invitation. The Prime Minister received a written communication from the King, in which he said he was ready to respect the verdict of the electors' vote, but adding that he would await the final declaration of the Supreme Court of Cassation. The letter and the protests of the monarchists, like the bloody events of the day before in Naples, as well as the new demonstrations announced by the monarchists worried the ministers. On 13 June, the Council of Ministers, extending the meeting begun the previous day, resolved that, following the proclamation of the provisional results on 10 June, the functions of provisional head of state would be exercised by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi, without wait for the final official confirmation from the Court of Cassation. The Prime Minister collected all the votes of the government members, with the exception of the liberal minister Leone Cattani. Although some members of his entourage encouraged him to oppose this decision, the king, informed, decided to leave the country the following day, thus making a peaceful transfer of power possible, not without having denounced De Gasperi's "revolutionary gesture". The former King of Italy, Umberto II, decided to leave Italy on 13 June, without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, to avoid the clashes between monarchists and republicans, already manifested in bloody events in various Italian cities, for fear they could extend throughout the country. He went into exile in Cascais, Portugal. Changing the national flag and the national anthem Main article: Flag of Italy Flag of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)Flag of the Italian Republic (1946–present) On the same day as the former king's departure, the flag of Italy with the Savoy coat of arms in the centre was lowered from the Quirinal Palace. The Italian flag was modified with the decree of the president of the Council of Ministers No. 1 of 19 June 1946. Compared to the monarchic banner, the Savoy coat of arms was eliminated. This decision was later confirmed in the session of 24 March 1947 by the Constituent Assembly, which decreed the insertion of article 12 of the Italian Constitution, subsequently ratified by the Italian Parliament, which states: The flag of the Republic is the Italian tricolour: green, white, and red, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions. — Article 12 of Constitution of Italian Republic The Republican tricolour was then officially and solemnly delivered to the Italian military corps on 4 November 1947 on the occasion of National Unity and Armed Forces Day. The universally adopted ratio is 2:3, while the war flag is squared (1:1). Each comune also has a gonfalone bearing its coat of arms. On 27 May 1949, a law was passed that described and regulated the way the flag was displayed outside public buildings and during national holidays. Holographic copy of 1847 of "Il Canto degli Italiani", the Italian national anthem since 1946 After the birth of the Italian Republic, "La leggenda del Piave" was temporarily chosen as the provisional national anthem, which replaced "Marcia Reale", the national anthem of the Kingdom of Italy. For the choice of the national anthem a debate was opened which identified, among the possible options: the "Va, pensiero" from Giuseppe Verdi's Nabucco, the drafting of a completely new musical piece, "Il Canto degli Italiani", the "Inno di Garibaldi" and the confirmation of "La Leggenda del Piave". The political class of the time then approved the proposal of the War Minister Cipriano Facchinetti, who foresaw the adoption of "Il Canto degli Italiani" as a provisional anthem of the State. "La Leggenda del Piave" then had the function of the national anthem of the Italian Republic until the Council of Ministers of 12 October 1946, when Cipriano Facchinetti (of republican political belief), officially announced that during the celebrations of 4 November for National Unity and Armed Forces Day, in which the armed services of the republic will perform their oath of loyalty to the young republic, as a provisional anthem, "Il Canto degli Italiani" would have been adopted. The press release stated that: ... On the proposal of the Minister of War it was established that the oath of the Armed Forces to the Republic and to its Chief would be carried out on November 4th p.v. and that, temporarily, the anthem of Mameli is adopted as the national anthem ...— Cipriano Facchinetti "Il Canto degli Italiani" was therefore chosen, on 12 October 1946, as the provisional national anthem, a role that it later preserved while remaining the de facto anthem of the Italian Republic. Over the decades there were several unsuccessful attempts to make it the official national anthem, until it finally gained official status on 4 December 2017. Final announcement of results and first steps of the Italian Republic Main article: History of the Italian Republic Enrico De Nicola, the first president of ItalyAlcide De Gasperi, first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding Fathers of the European Union On 18 June 1946 at 6 pm, in the Sala della Lupa of Palazzo Montecitorio in Rome, the Supreme Court of Cassation proceeded to proclaim the results of the referendum, without accompanying this formalization with reservations as it had done previously. Many years later, in 1960, the president of this Court, Giuseppe Pagano, declared that the law establishing the organization of the referendum was incompatible with the slowness of the counting and the very unequal transmission of the minutes, not giving the Court time to complete all investigations. In the first session of the Constituent Assembly, on 28 June 1946, Enrico De Nicola was elected provisional head of the State, in the first round with 396 votes out of 501. In addition to his personal qualities, the choice of a man born in Naples and long monarchic history, it was a sign of pacification and union towards the populations of southern Italy, in this accelerated transition towards the Republic. He was initially only provisional head of state and not president of Italy, since the latter did not yet have a constitution. Alcide De Gasperi resigned and then regained the task of forming a new government, thus becoming the last Prime Minister of the monarchic era and the first of republican Italy. On 1 January 1948, the Republican Constitution came into force, the content of which was discussed within the Constituent Assembly. It proclaims in particular that "Italy is a democratic republic founded on labour" and that "the former kings of the House of Savoy, their wives and their male descendants are prohibited from entering and staying in the national territory". Enrico De Nicola then assumed the title of President of Italy. The validity of the provision that prohibited the entry in Italy of some members of the House of Savoy ceased with the entry into force of the Constitutional Law of 23 October 2002, No. 1, after a debate in parliament and in the country that lasted many years and Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, son of King Umberto II, was able to enter Italy with his family already in the following December for a short visit. The former queen Marie-José had already been authorized to return to Italy in 1987 since, with the death of her husband Umberto II and having become a widow, her status as "spouse" was recognized as having ceased. Festa della Repubblica Main article: Festa della Repubblica The Frecce Tricolori, with the smoke trail representing the national colours of Italy, above the Altare della Patria in Rome during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica in 2022 President of Italy Sergio Mattarella, escorted by the Corazzieri, pays tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria in Rome during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica in 2024 President of Italy Sergio Mattarella on the presidential car Lancia Flaminia along Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome during the military parade of the Festa della Repubblica in 2018 Festa della Repubblica (Italian: ; English: Republic Day) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day, which is celebrated on 2 June each year, with the main celebration taking place in Rome. The Festa della Repubblica is one of the national symbols of Italy. The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal suffrage in 1946, in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government following World War II and the fall of Fascism, monarchy or republic. On 2 June the birth of the modern Italian Republic is celebrated in a similar way to the French 14 July (anniversary of the storming of the Bastille) and to 4 July in the United States (anniversary of the declaration of independence from Great Britain). The first celebration of the Festa della Repubblica took place on 2 June 1947, while in 1948 there was the first military parade in Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome; 2 June was definitively declared a national holiday in 1949. The official ceremony of the Rome celebration includes the solemn flag-raising ceremony at the Altare della Patria and the tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier with the deposition of a laurel wreath by the President of Italy in the presence of the most important officers of the State, or of the President of the Senate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Council of Ministers, the President of the Constitutional Court, the Minister of Defense and the Chief of Defense. After the playing of the National Anthem Il Canto degli Italiani, the Frecce Tricolori cross the skies of Rome. Following the ceremony the President is then driven to Via di San Gregorio with the presidential Lancia Flaminia escorted by a patrol group of Corazzieri on a motorcycle where, together with the military commander of the capital garrison, usually a Major General, he reviews the parade formations presenting arms as the bands play their service or inspection marches. The Head of State then processes to the presidential tribune which is located in Via dei Fori Imperiali, gets down the vehicle, and processes there to meet other dignitaries and as he arrives in his spot in the dais the Corazzieri's mounted troopers, which had provided the rear escort during the review phrase, salute the President as the anthem is played. It is tradition, for the members of the Italian government and for the presidents of the two chambers of parliament, to have pinned on their jacket, during the whole ceremony, an Italian tricolor cockade. Following the anthem, the military parade begins, which the ground columns of military personnel saluting the President with eyes left or right with their colours dipped as they march past the dais. Mobile column crew contingent colour guards perform the salute in a like manner. The military parade also includes some military delegations from the United Nations, NATO, the European Union and representatives of multinational departments with an Italian component. On the holiday, at the Quirinale Palace, the Changing of the Guard with the Corazzieri Regiment and the Fanfare of the Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment in high uniform is carried out in solemn form. This solemn rite is only performed on two other occasions, during the celebrations of the Tricolour Day (7 January) and the National Unity and Armed Forces Day (4 November). Official ceremonies are held throughout the national territory. Among them are the traditional receptions organized by each prefecture for the local authorities, which are preceded by solemn public demonstrations with reduced military parades that have been reviewed by the prefect in his capacity as the highest governmental authority in the province. Similar ceremonies are also organized by the Regions and Municipalities. All over the world, Italian embassies organize ceremonies to which the Heads of State of the host country are invited. Greetings from the other Heads of State reach the President of Italy from all over the world. See also Italy portalHistory portalPolitics portal 1946 Italian general election Constituent Assembly of Italy Democracy in Europe History of the Italian Republic History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946) Italian presidential elections Kingdom of Italy List of presidents of Italy List of presidents of Italy by time in office President of Italy Presidential standard of Italy Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy Semestre bianco Spouses and companions of the presidents of Italy Notes ^ Jean-Jacques Rousseau notes, in The Social Contract, about Niccolò Machiavelli and his work The Prince: "Pretending to give lessons to kings, he gave great lessons to the people. The Prince is the book of the republicans." (see Rousseau - Du Contrat social éd. Beaulavon 1903.djvu/237 - Wikisource. ^ The Chamber of Deputies was replaced in 1939 by Chamber of Fasces and Corporations. ^ The Action Party, reformed in 1942, constituted in 1944-1945 the second force within the National Liberation Committee. The political party with the largest number of partisan groups is then the Italian Communist Party. ^ Anniversary of the death of Giuseppe Garibaldi. ^ Many Italian monarchists, however, do not recognize Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, as a pretender to the throne, preferring his cousin Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, who has never suffered limitations on access and residence in the Italian territory. Indeed, on 7 July 2006, Vittorio Emanuele's kinsman and dynastic rival, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta declared himself to be the head of the House of Savoy and Duke of Savoy, claiming that Vittorio Emanuele had lost his dynastic rights when he married without the permission of Umberto II in 1971. 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Retrieved 15 December 2017. ^ Mosca 1960. ^ a b "De Nicola Elected Italian President; Three Major Parties Reach Compromise on Neapolitan Who Had Quit Politics". The New York Times. 29 June 1946. ^ Constitution de la République italienne ^ Willan, Philip (24 December 2002). "Exiled Italian royals go home". The Guardian. Retrieved 10 April 2008. ^ "Decreto legislativo del Capo provvisorio dello Stato 28 maggio 1947, n.387" (in Italian). Retrieved 4 November 2017. ^ a b c "Festa della Repubblica: le foto della parata a Roma" (in Italian). 2 June 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ a b c d "2 Giugno, la prima parata con Mattarella ai Fori tra bandiere, applausi e frecce tricolori" (in Italian). 2 June 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ "Normattiva, art. 1, legge 27 maggio 1949, n. 260" (in Italian). Retrieved 28 September 2019. ^ a b "Festa della Repubblica. Il Presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella ha reso omaggio al Milite Ignoto all'Altare della Patria" (in Italian). Retrieved 19 January 2016. ^ "2 giugno, gli applausi per Mattarella e Conte all'Altare della Patria" (in Italian). 6 February 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018. ^ "Verso il 2 giugno:Festa della Repubblica insieme per il Paese" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 July 2021. ^ a b "Al via al Quirinale le celebrazioni per il 2 giugno con il Cambio della Guardia d'onore" (in Italian). 31 May 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2016. ^ "2 Giugno: Festa della Repubblica, Festa degli Italiani - Uniti per il Paese" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 July 2021. ^ "Gli auguri di Capi di Stato esteri per la Festa della Repubblica" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 July 2021. Sources Attal, Frédéric (2004). Histoire de l'Italie depuis 1943 à nos jours (in French). Éditions Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2200262150. Attal, Frédéric (2007). "La naissance de la République italienne (2-18 juin 1946)". Parlement(s): Revue d'histoire politique (in French). 1/2007 (7): 141–153. doi:10.3917/parl.007.0141. Baldoni, Adalberto (2000). La Destra in Italia - 1945-1969 (in Italian). Pantheon. ISBN 978-8874340262. Bartolotta, Francesco (1971). Parlamenti e Governi d'Italia dal 1848 al 1970 (in Italian). Vol. I. Vito Bianco Editore. Bassi, Adriano (2011). Fratelli d'Italia: I grandi personaggi del Risorgimento, la musica e l'unità (in Italian). Paoline. ISBN 978-88-315-3994-4. Baquiast, Paul; Dupuy, Emmanuel; Ridolfi, Maurizio (2007). L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviiie – xxie siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle (in French). Vol. 1. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2296027954. Battaglia, Roberto (1953). Storia della resistenza Italiana (in Italian). Einaudi. ISBN 978-8806285715. Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011). Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. ISBN 978-88-96817-06-3. Bocca, Giorgio (1981). Storia della Repubblica italiana (in Italian). Rizzoli. Busico, Augusta (2005). Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia (in Italian). Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria. SBN IT\ICCU\UBO\2771748. Calabrese, Michele (2011). "Il Canto degli Italiani: genesi e peripezie di un inno". Quaderni del Bobbio (in Italian). 3. Demarco, Marco (2007). L'altra metà della storia: spunti e riflessioni su Napoli da Lauro a Bassolino (in Italian). Guida Editori. ISBN 978-8860422699. Dreyfus, Michel (2000). "Carlo Rosselli, les néo-socialistes et la crise du socialisme international". Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps (in French). 57 (57): 22–28. doi:10.3406/mat.2000.404234. Foro, Philippe (2006). L'Italie fasciste (in French). Éditions Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2200269944. Franco, Massimo (2010). Andreotti (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN 978-8852012891. Furlan, Paola (2006). "1946. I Comuni al voto Partecipazione politica e ricostruzione nelle origini della Repubblica". Storia e Futuro (in Italian) (11). Gabrielli, Patrizia (2009). Il 1946, le donne, la Repubblica (in Italian). Donzelli Editore. ISBN 978-8860364401. Garrone, Alessandro Galante (1973). I radicali in Italia (1849-1925) (in Italian). Garzanti. Guichonnet, Paul (1975). Histoire de l'Italie (in French). Presses universitaires de France. Hospital, Jean d' (17 April 1946). "La situation des partis après les élections administratives". Le Monde (in French). Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. ISBN 978-88-04-50946-2. Marongiu, Jean-Baptiste (3 February 2005). "La Storia des partisans". Libération (in French). Mola, Aldo Alessandro (2008). Declino e crollo della Monarchia in Italia (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN 978-8804579885. Mosca, Oreste (24 January 1960). "Giuseppe Pagano racconta come nacque la repubblica". Il Tempo (in Italian). Nobécourt, Jacques (2 June 1986). "Il y a quarante ans, l'Italie devient République". Le Monde (in French). Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handboo. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7. Pace, Eric (30 September 1999). "Leo Valiani, Writer, 90, Wartime Foe Of Mussolini". The New York Times. Ridolfi, Maurizio (2003). Almanacco della Repubblica. Storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane (in Italian). Mondadori Bruno. ISBN 978-8842494997. Romeo, Rosario (2011). Vita di Cavour (in Italian). Editori Laterzi. ISBN 978-8842074915. Smith, Denis Mack (1990). I Savoia re d'Italia (in Italian). Bur. ISBN 978-8817115674. Smith, Denis Mack (1990). Italy and Its Monarchy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300046618. Spadolini, Giovanni (1989). L'opposizione laica nell'Italia moderna (1861-1922) (in Italian). Le Monnier. ISBN 978-8800856256. Sapori, Julien (14 August 2009). "Les "foibe", une tragédie européenne". Libération (in French). Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). Gli italiani e il tricolore (in Italian). Il Mulino. ISBN 88-15-07163-6. Valiani, Leo (9 August 1993). "Ma ora io dico no ai Savoia". Corriere della Sera (in Italian). Vaussard, Maurice (27 September 1945). "Vers la constituante italienne". Le Monde (in French). Villa, Claudio (2010). I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema (in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. SBN IT\ICCU\LO1\1355389. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Italian institutional referendum, 1946. Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 134, 20 June 1946 Constitution of the Italian Republic vte Elections and referendums in ItalyGeneral 1861 1865 1867 1870 1874 1876 1880 1882 1886 1890 1892 1895 1897 1900 1904 1909 1913 1919 1921 1924 1929 1934 1946 1948 1953 1958 1963 1968 1972 1976 1979 1983 1987 1992 1994 1996 2001 2006 2008 2013 2018 2022 Next European 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 2024 Regional 1947 1949 1951 1953 1954 1955 1957 1959 1961 1963 1964 1965 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1973 1974 1975 1976 1978 1979 1980 1981 1983 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1993 1994 1995 1996 1998 1999 2000 2001 2003 2004 2005 2006 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Local 1946 1947 1948 1949 1951 1952 1953 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 Referendums 1946 1974 1978 1981 1985 1987 1989 1990 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2000 2001 2003 2005 2006 2009 2011 2016 (Apr) 2016 (Dec) 2020 2022 By-elections 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2002 2003 2004 2005 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 See also: Elections in Abruzzo Aosta Valley Apulia Basilicata Calabria Campania Emilia-Romagna Friuli-Venezia Giulia Lazio Liguria Lombardy Marche Molise Piedmont Sardinia Sicily Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Tuscany Umbria Veneto vteItaly articlesHistoryOverview Timeline of Italian history By topic Citizenship Currency and coinage Economy Fashion Flags Genetic Historic states Judaism LGBT Military Music Name Postage Railways Prehistory Prehistory Neolithic Villanovan Terramare Rinaldone Apennine Nuragic Golasecca Canegrate Latial Ancient Ancient peoples Italic peoples Latins Osci Picentes Samnites Umbri Veneti Etruscans Celts Magna Graecia Ligures Messapians 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenSt%C3%B6ver20101047-4"},{"link_name":"contemporary Italian history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_Italian_history"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"unification of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Fascist regime in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascist_regime_in_Italy"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"Italian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Liberation of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Axis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axis_powers"},{"link_name":"monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic"},{"link_name":"1946 Italian general election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1946_Italian_general_election"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENohlenSt%C3%B6ver20101047-4"},{"link_name":"Julian March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_March"},{"link_name":"province of Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Zara"},{"link_name":"province of Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Bolzano"},{"link_name":"Allied forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gu134-5"},{"link_name":"Festa della Repubblica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica"},{"link_name":"Umberto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Cascais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascais"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"Constitution of the Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"Enrico De Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola"},{"link_name":"president of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Vatican City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatican_City"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"}],"text":"An institutional referendum (Italian: referendum istituzionale, or referendum sulla forma istituzionale dello Stato)[1][2][3] was held by universal suffrage in the Kingdom of Italy on 2 June 1946,[4] a key event of contemporary Italian history. Until 1946, Italy was a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, reigning since the unification of Italy in 1861 and previously rulers of the Kingdom of Sardinia. In 1922, the rise of Benito Mussolini and the creation of the Fascist regime in Italy, which eventually resulted in engaging the country in World War II alongside Nazi Germany, considerably weakened the role of the royal house.Following the Italian Civil War and the Liberation of Italy from Axis troops in 1945, a popular referendum on the institutional form of the state was called the next year and resulted in voters choosing the replacement of the monarchy with a republic. The 1946 Italian general election to elect the Constituent Assembly of Italy was held on the same day.[4] As with the simultaneous Constituent Assembly elections, the referendum was not held in the Julian March, in the province of Zara or the province of Bolzano, which were still under occupation by Allied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories.The results were proclaimed by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946: 12,717,923 citizens in favor of the republic and 10,719,284 citizens in favor of the monarchy.[5] The event is commemorated annually by the Festa della Repubblica. The former King Umberto II voluntarily left the country on 13 June 1946, headed for Cascais, in southern Portugal, without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, which were rejected by the Supreme Court of Cassation on 18 June 1946. With the entry into force of the new Constitution of the Italian Republic, on 1 January 1948, Enrico De Nicola became the first to assume the functions of president of Italy. It was the first time that the whole Italian Peninsula (excluding Vatican City) was under a form of republican governance since the end of the Roman Republic.","title":"1946 Italian institutional referendum"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Unification of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Mazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Golda Meir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golda_Meir"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-6"},{"link_name":"history of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Roman Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Republic"},{"link_name":"maritime republics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maritime_republics"},{"link_name":"Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cicero"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Mazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaquiastDupuyRidolfi200785-8"},{"link_name":"Italian nationalist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_nationalist"},{"link_name":"historical radical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_radical"},{"link_name":"social-democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social-democratic"},{"link_name":"popular democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_democracy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Swinburne-9"},{"link_name":"Constitution of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Europeanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europeanism"},{"link_name":"Woodrow Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson"},{"link_name":"David Lloyd George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lloyd_George"},{"link_name":"Mahatma Gandhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi"},{"link_name":"Golda Meir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golda_Meir"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-King-6"},{"link_name":"intellectualism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intellectualism"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Paul_Schumaker_2010_p._58-10"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Young Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Young_Italy"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)"},{"link_name":"Risorgimento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Risorgimento"},{"link_name":"Vincenzo Gioberti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincenzo_Gioberti"},{"link_name":"Cesare Balbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cesare_Balbo"},{"link_name":"Pope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaquiastDupuyRidolfi200788-90-11"},{"link_name":"Carlo Cattaneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo"},{"link_name":"federal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federalism"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaquiastDupuyRidolfi200791-12"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pietro_Barsanti.png"},{"link_name":"Pietro Barsanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Barsanti"},{"link_name":"Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidolfi2003172-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpadolini1989491-14"},{"link_name":"Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERomeo2011290-15"},{"link_name":"southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Expedition of the Thousand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith199090-92-16"},{"link_name":"first Italian parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"proclaimed king of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet197595-17"},{"link_name":"Albertine Statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Statute"},{"link_name":"Charles Albert of Sardinia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Albert_of_Sardinia"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet197595-17"},{"link_name":"Pietro Barsanti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Barsanti"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidolfi2003172-13"},{"link_name":"Royal Italian Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Italian_Army"},{"link_name":"Savoy monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERidolfi2003172-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpadolini1989491-14"},{"link_name":"republican ideals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republicanism"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"sub_title":"Republican ideas and the unification of Italy","text":"See also: Unification of ItalyGiuseppe Mazzini. His thoughts influenced many politicians of a later period, among them Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Mahatma Gandhi, Golda Meir and Jawaharlal Nehru.[6]In the history of Italy there are several so-called \"republican\" governments that have followed one another over time. Examples are the ancient Roman Republic and the medieval maritime republics. From Cicero to Niccolò Machiavelli, Italian philosophers have imagined the foundations of political science and republicanism.[a] But it was Giuseppe Mazzini who revived the republican idea in Italy in the 19th century.[7]An Italian nationalist in the historical radical tradition and a proponent of a republicanism of social-democratic inspiration, Mazzini helped define the modern European movement for popular democracy in a republican state.[8] Mazzini's thoughts had a very considerable influence on the Italian and European republican movements, in the Constitution of Italy, about Europeanism and more nuanced on many politicians of a later period, among them American president Woodrow Wilson, British prime minister David Lloyd George, Mahatma Gandhi, Israeli prime minister Golda Meir and Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru.[6] Mazzini formulated a concept known as \"thought and action\" in which thought and action must be joined together and every thought must be followed by action, therefore rejecting intellectualism and the notion of divorcing theory from practice.[9]In July 1831, in exile in Marseille, Giuseppe Mazzini founded the Young Italy movement, which aimed to transform Italy into a unitary democratic republic, according to the principles of freedom, independence and unity, but also to oust the monarchic regimes pre-existing the unification, including the Kingdom of Sardinia. The foundation of the Young Italy constitutes a key moment of the Italian Risorgimento and this republican program precedes in time the proposals for the unification of Italy of Vincenzo Gioberti and Cesare Balbo, aimed at reunifying the Italian territory under the presidency of the Pope.[10] Subsequently, the philosopher Carlo Cattaneo promoted a secular and republican Italy in the extension of Mazzini's ideas, but organized as a federal republic.[11]Pietro Barsanti, the first martyr of the modern Italian Republic[12][13]The political projects of Mazzini and Cattaneo were thwarted by the action of the Piedmontese Prime Minister Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, and Giuseppe Garibaldi. The latter set aside his republican ideas to favor Italian unity.[14] After having obtained the conquest of the whole of southern Italy during the Expedition of the Thousand, Garibaldi handed over the conquered territories to the king of Sardinia Victor Emmanuel II, which were annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia after a plebiscite. This earned him heavy criticism from numerous republicans who accused him of treason.[15] While a laborious administrative unification began, a first Italian parliament was elected and, on 17 March 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed king of Italy.[16]From 1861 to 1946, Italy was a constitutional monarchy founded on the Albertine Statute, named after the king who promulgated it in 1848, Charles Albert of Sardinia. The parliament included a Senate, whose members were appointed by the king, and a Chamber of Deputies, elected by census vote. In 1861 only 2% of Italians had the right to vote.[16] In the political panorama of the time there was a republican political movement which had its martyrs, such as the soldier Pietro Barsanti.[12] Barsanti was a supporter of republican ideas, and was a soldier in the Royal Italian Army with the rank of corporal. He was sentenced to death and shot in 1870 for having favored an insurrectional attempt against the Savoy monarchy and is therefore considered the first martyr of the modern Italian Republic[12][13] and a symbol of republican ideals in Italy.[17]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Matania_Edoardo_-_Ritratto_giovanile_di_Carlo_Cattaneo_-_xilografia_-_1887.jpg"},{"link_name":"Carlo Cattaneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Felice_Cavallotti.jpg"},{"link_name":"Felice Cavallotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975101-19"},{"link_name":"Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy,_1853)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Mazzini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini"},{"link_name":"Carlo Cattaneo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Felice Cavallotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felice_Cavallotti"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrone1973129-131-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975102-21"},{"link_name":"Italian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975101-19"},{"link_name":"Italian Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarrone1973363-22"},{"link_name":"Arturo Labriola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arturo_Labriola"},{"link_name":"Enrico Ferri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Ferri_(criminologist)"},{"link_name":"Filippo Turati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filippo_Turati"},{"link_name":"Enrico Corradini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_Corradini"},{"link_name":"Romolo Murri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romolo_Murri"},{"link_name":"Pope Pius X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Pius_X"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975105-106-23"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"World War I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_I"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975105-106-23"}],"sub_title":"Albertine Statute and liberal Italy","text":"Carlo CattaneoFelice CavallottiThe balance of power between the Chamber and Senate initially shifted in favor of the Senate, composed mainly of nobles and industrial figures. Little by little, the Chamber of Deputies took on more and more importance with the evolution of the bourgeoisie and the large landowners, concerned with economic progress, but supporters of order and a certain social conservatism.[18]The Republicans took part in the elections to the Italian Parliament, and in 1853 they formed the Action Party around Giuseppe Mazzini. Although in exile, Mazzini was elected in 1866, but refused to take his seat in parliament. Carlo Cattaneo was elected deputy in 1860 and 1867, but refused so as not to have to swear loyalty to the House of Savoy. The problem of the oath of loyalty to the monarchy, necessary to be elected, was the subject of controversy within the republican forces. In 1873 Felice Cavallotti, one of the most committed Italian politicians against the monarchy, preceded his oath with a declaration in which he reaffirmed his republican beliefs.[19] In 1882, a new electoral law lowered the census limit for voting rights, increasing the number of voters to over two million, equal to 7% of the population.[20] In the same year the Italian Workers' Party was created, which in 1895 became the Italian Socialist Party.[18] In 1895 the intransigent republicans agreed to participate in the political life of the Kingdom, establishing the Italian Republican Party. Two years later, the far left reached its historical maximum level in Parliament with 81 deputies, for the three radical-democratic, socialist components and Republican. With the death of Felice Cavallotti in 1898, the radical left gave up on posing the institutional problem.[21]In Italian politics, the socialist party progressively divided into two tendencies: a maximalist one, led among others by Arturo Labriola and Enrico Ferri, and supporting the use of strikes; the other, reformist and pro-government, was led by Filippo Turati. A nationalist movement emerged, led in particular by Enrico Corradini, as well as a Catholic social and democratic movement, the National Democratic League, led by Romolo Murri. In 1904, Pope Pius X authorized Catholics to participate individually in political life,[22] but in 1909 he condemned the National Democratic League created by Romolo Murri, who was excommunicated.[23] Finally, a law of 3 June 1912 marked Italy's evolution towards a certain political liberalism by establishing universal male suffrage. In 1914, at the outbreak of World War I, Italy began to be counted among the world's liberal democracies.[22]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_(retouched).jpg"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"Italian People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolotta1971174-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBartolotta1971179-26"},{"link_name":"Benito Mussolini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benito_Mussolini"},{"link_name":"mutilated victory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutilated_victory"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975111-112-27"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III"},{"link_name":"march on Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_on_Rome"},{"link_name":"Albertine Statute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertine_Statute"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"retreated to the Aventine Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aventine_Secession_(20th_century)"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975111-112-27"},{"link_name":"Giacomo Matteotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_Matteotti"},{"link_name":"Second Italo-Ethiopian War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENob%C3%A9court1986-29"}],"sub_title":"Fascism","text":"Benito MussoliniAfter World War I, Italian political life was animated by four great movements. Two of these movements were in favor of democratic development within the framework of existing monarchical institutions: the reformist socialists and the Italian People's Party. Two other movements challenged these institutions: the Republican Party on the one hand, and the maximalist socialists. In the 1919 elections, the parties most imbued with republican ideology (the maximalist socialists and the Republican Party) won, obtaining 165 out of 508 seats in the Chamber of Deputies.[24] In the 1921 elections, after the foundation of the Italian Communist Party, the three parties republican, maximalist socialist and communist obtained 145 deputies out of 535. Overall, at the beginning of the interwar period, less than 30% of those elected were in favor of the establishment of a republican regime.[25] In this context, the rise of Benito Mussolini's fascist movement was based on the bitterness generated by the \"mutilated victory\", the fear of social unrest and the rejection of revolutionary, republican and Marxist ideology. The liberal political system and part of the aristocracy chose to erect fascism as a bulwark against, in their way of seeing, these dangers.[26]In October 1922, the nomination of Benito Mussolini as Prime Minister by King Victor Emmanuel III, following the march on Rome, paved the way for the establishment of the dictatorship. The Albertine Statute is progressively emptied of its content. Parliament was subject to the will of the new government.[b] The legal opposition disintegrated. On 27 June 1924, 127 deputies left Parliament and retreated to the Aventine Hill, a clumsy maneuver which, in effect, left the field open to the fascists. They then had the fate of Italy in their hands for two decades.[26]Not only did Victor Emmanuel III appeal to Mussolini to form the government in 1922 and allow him to proceed with the domestication of Parliament, but he did not even draw the consequences of the assassination of Giacomo Matteotti in 1924. He accepted the title of emperor in 1936 at the end of Second Italo-Ethiopian War, then the alliance with Nazi Germany and Italy's entry into World War II on 10 June 1940.[27]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg"},{"link_name":"Arditi del Popolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arditi_del_Popolo"},{"link_name":"fasces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces"},{"link_name":"anti-fascist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-fascism"},{"link_name":"National Fascist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Fascist_Party"},{"link_name":"Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrazione_Antifascista_Italiana"},{"link_name":"Italian Republican Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"Italian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Socialist Unitary Party of Italian Workers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unitary_Socialist_Party_(Italy,_1922)"},{"link_name":"Italian General Confederation of Labour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_General_Confederation_of_Labour"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDreyfus200022-30"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chp3-31"},{"link_name":"Ferruccio Parri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferruccio_Parri"},{"link_name":"Riccardo Bauer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riccardo_Bauer"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chp3-31"},{"link_name":"Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-chp3-31"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"Alcide De Gasperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi"},{"link_name":"Christian Democracy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Luigi Sturzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Sturzo"},{"link_name":"Italian People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_People%27s_Party_(1919)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"sub_title":"Anti-fascist parties in Italy and abroad","text":"Flag of Arditi del Popolo, an axe cutting a fasces. Arditi del Popolo was a militant anti-fascist group founded in 1921With the implementation of fascist laws (Royal Decree of 6 November 1926), all political parties operating on Italian territory were dissolved, with the exception of the National Fascist Party. Some of these parties expatriated and reconstituted themselves abroad, especially in France. Thus an anti-fascist coalition was formed on 29 March 1927 in Paris, the \"Concentrazione Antifascista Italiana\", which brought together the Italian Republican Party, the Italian Socialist Party, the Socialist Unitary Party of Italian Workers, the Italian League for Human Rights and the foreign representation of the Italian General Confederation of Labour. Some movements remained outside, including the Italian Communist Party, the popular Catholic movement and other liberal movements.[28] This coalition dissolved on 5 May 1934 and, in August of the same year, the pact of unity of action was signed between the Italian Socialist Party and the Italian Communist Party.[29]In the meantime, in Italy, clandestine anti-fascist nuclei were formed, in particular in Milan with Ferruccio Parri and in Florence with Riccardo Bauer.[29] Under the impetus of these groups, the Action Party, Mazzini's former republican party, was re-established.[29][c] Between the end of 1942 and the beginning of 1943, Alcide De Gasperi wrote The reconstructive ideas of Christian Democracy, which laid the foundations of the new Catholic-inspired party, the Christian Democracy. It brought together the veterans of Luigi Sturzo's Italian People's Party and the young people of Catholic associations, in particular of the University Federation.[30]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"Operation Husky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Husky"},{"link_name":"Pietro Badoglio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Badoglio"},{"link_name":"Armistice of Cassibile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile"},{"link_name":"Italian Royal Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Royal_Army"},{"link_name":"Brindisi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brindisi"},{"link_name":"southern Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Italian Social Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBattaglia1953254-257-34"},{"link_name":"Nazi Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975119-35"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975120-36"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"war of liberation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"collaborationist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wartime_collaboration"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarongiu2005-38"},{"link_name":"Leo Valiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Valiani"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPace1999-39"},{"link_name":"partisan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"Piedmont","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont"},{"link_name":"Lombardy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lombardy"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENob%C3%A9court1986-29"}],"sub_title":"Institutional crisis","text":"On 10 July 1943, the Allies landed in Sicily in Operation Husky. On 25 July 1943, Victor Emmanuel III revoked Mussolini's mandate as prime minister and had him arrested, entrusting the government to Marshal Pietro Badoglio. The new government contacted the Allies to reach an armistice. When the Armistice of Cassibile was announced on 8 September 1943, the Germans reacted by placing under their control all the part of Italian territory that still escaped the Allied advance and by disarming the Italian Royal Army. Victor Emmanuel III and Badoglio's government fled Rome and reached Brindisi, in southern Italy. The war continued, but was also accompanied by the Italian Civil War, with the creation by Mussolini of the Italian Social Republic, heavily dependent on the Germans,[31] and by the division of Italy into two antagonistic territories, one occupied by the allied forces, the other occupied by Nazi Germany.[32] In these dramatic circumstances, in the two territories the civil administration gave way to a military and police administration. However, the parties that existed before fascism were reconstituted, alongside new political parties.[33]Flag of the National Liberation CommitteeOn 9 September 1943, in Rome (still occupied by the Germans), a National Liberation Committee (CLN) was created, which brought together the parties and movements opposed to fascism and German occupation. It was made up of representatives of the Italian Communist Party, members of the Action Party, Christian Democrats, liberals, socialists and progressive democrats. The National Liberation Committee gave priority to the fight against the Nazi-fascists, postponing the question of the institutional form of the Italian state until after the victory, but made the abdication of the king in favor of his son a prerequisite for the establishment of an anti-fascist government.[34] The patriotic war of liberation led by the National Liberation Committee was also, for a significant part of its supporters, a war of social liberation, a war against a collaborationist elite.[35] However, the Americans and English, anxious to prepare for the post-war period, facilitated the entry into German-occupied territory of Italian democratic and republican activists aimed at counterbalancing the communist influence in the leadership of the National Liberation Committee. This was the case, for example, of Leo Valiani,[36] future member of the triumvirate responsible for the partisan insurrection in Piedmont and Lombardy.[27]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vitorioemanuel.jpg"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel III of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Salerno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salerno"},{"link_name":"Palmiro Togliatti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Enrico De Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)"},{"link_name":"Benedetto Croce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedetto_Croce"},{"link_name":"lieutenant general of the kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luogotenente"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975119-35"},{"link_name":"Ivanoe Bonomi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivanoe_Bonomi"},{"link_name":"Italian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"Carlo Sforza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carlo_Sforza"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975120-36"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975121-41"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGabrielli200980-42"},{"link_name":"Universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Bonomi_government"},{"link_name":"III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Bonomi_government"},{"link_name":"Parri government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parri_government"},{"link_name":"First De Gasperi government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_De_Gasperi_government"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975119-120-43"},{"link_name":"Christian Democratic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVaussard1945-44"}],"sub_title":"Institutional truce","text":"King Victor Emmanuel III of ItalyOn 31 March 1944, in Salerno, Palmiro Togliatti, general secretary of the Italian Communist Party, called for the formation of a government of national unity and no longer required the king's abdication as a prerequisite. This declaration pushed the parties of the National Liberation Committee to rally around a compromise drawn up by Enrico De Nicola, president of the Chamber of Deputies until 1924, by Benedetto Croce of the liberal party and by the king's entourage. As foreseen in this agreement, upon the liberation of Rome, on 4 June 1944, Victor Emmanuel III proclaimed his son Umberto lieutenant general of the kingdom, and the parties took political control of the nation,[37] even if the war continued, stabilizing on the front on the Gothic line until April 1945.[32]From June 1944 to December 1945, three provisional coalition governments followed one another. The first was led by Ivanoe Bonomi, of the Italian Socialist Party. His government included the anti-fascist liberals Carlo Sforza and Benedetto Croce, as well as Palmiro Togliatti. Although temporarily put aside, the question of Italian institutions remained one of the main open political questions. Most of the forces supporting the National Liberation Committee were openly republicans and believed that the monarchy, in particular Victor Emmanuel III, had had a responsibility in the success of the fascist movement.[33] The final agreement between the parties was to ask that at the end of the war, as soon as conditions were favourable, the calling of elections, an institutional referendum and the formation of a constituent assembly.[38] Until then, on 31 January 1945, the Council of Ministers, chaired by Ivanoe Bonomi, issued a decree which recognized women's right to vote.[39] Universal suffrage was thus recognized, after the vain attempts made in 1881 and 1907 by women of the various parties.The Bonomi governments (II then III) were succeeded by the Parri government in June 1945, then by the First De Gasperi government in December 1945.[40] The question of the future form of the state, monarchy or republic, absorbed the minds of political circles. The majority of Christian Democratic activists, especially young people, increasingly distanced themselves from the monarchy. During the local meetings of the leaders of this party, in Rome and Milan, motions were presented aimed at making official a political line favorable to a democratic republic. The central political office tried to curb these pressures and maintain an intermediate position.[41]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Prince Umberto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[d]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007143-46"}],"sub_title":"Organization","text":"On 16 March 1946, Prince Umberto decreed, as expected in 1944, that the question of the institutional form of the state would be decided by a referendum organized simultaneously with the election of a constituent assembly. The date was set for 2 June 1946.[d] The Supreme Court of Cassation was responsible for examining the appeals. Its role was to be limited to observing the progress of voting operations and consolidating the bulletins issued by the offices that communicated the results in each constituency. The counting of the ballots of the candidates for the constituent assembly had to precede that of the referendum. If the monarchy had won, it would have been the Constituent Assembly that would have had to choose the head of state.[42]","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umberto_II,_1944.jpg"},{"link_name":"Umberto II of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Allies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007141-47"},{"link_name":"Christian Democrats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy,_2004)"},{"link_name":"Alcide De Gasperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"Italian Socialist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Socialist_Party"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHospital1946-48"},{"link_name":"Victor Emmanuel III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III"},{"link_name":"Umberto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISSPE-49"},{"link_name":"Alexandria in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007145-50"}],"sub_title":"Abdication and departure of King Victor Emmanuel III","text":"King Umberto II of ItalyWanted by the Allies to verify that the conditions existed for voting in a country torn apart by the civil war only a few months earlier, partial municipal and provincial elections were held in March and April 1946 in half of the Italian municipalities and provinces.[43] These elections, which mainly involved left-wing cities, brought out three parties, with a clear advantage for the Christian Democrats, led by Alcide De Gasperi, which exceeded the sum of votes cast for the Italian Communist Party and the Italian Socialist Party. After these administrative elections, the monarchists, already worried about the outcome of the referendum, became even more discouraged.[44]But a political event changed the situation during the referendum campaign. A month before the referendum, Victor Emmanuel III abdicated in favor of his son Umberto, who was proclaimed king and took the name Umberto II. The act of abdication, drawn up privately, is dated 9 May 1946. This abdication was desired by the monarchists, since the crown prince was less compromised than his father in Mussolini's rise to power and in coexistence with the fascist forces. It is also possible that the command of the allied forces present on Italian territory encouraged the sovereign to abdicate in favor of his son.[45] The former king immediately left Italy for Alexandria in Egypt. Umberto II confirmed his promise to respect the popular decision regarding the referendum. The representatives of the parties in favor of the Republic protested, arguing the assumption of royal powers by the lieutenant general conflicted with an article of the legislative decree of 16 March 1946 that aimed at guaranteeing institutional stability before the announcement of the results. For observers, the gap between republicans and monarchists was narrowing, which increased tension in the final phase of the electoral campaign. In fact, some scuffles broke out between activists of the two sides in the tense climate.[46]","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umberto_II_alle_urne.jpg"},{"link_name":"Umberto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:1946,_Romita_annuncia_i_risultati_delle_votazioni_per_il_referendum_istituzionale.jpg"},{"link_name":"Minister of the Interior","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_the_Interior_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Romita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Romita"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Massimo_Pilotti_1927.jpg"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Massimo Pilotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pilotti"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISSPE-49"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007141-47"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Apulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apulia"},{"link_name":"Calabria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calabria"},{"link_name":"Sicily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sicily"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISSPE-49"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007148-51"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Massimo Pilotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Pilotti"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISSPE-49"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldoni200044-52"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaldoni200044-52"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19juin1946-53"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocca198114-16-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocca198114-16-54"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBocca198114-16-54"},{"link_name":"Italia turrita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italia_turrita"},{"link_name":"national personification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_personification"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBazzano2011172-55"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBazzano2011173-57"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007149-58"},{"link_name":"provinces of Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Bolzano"},{"link_name":"Gorizia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Gorizia"},{"link_name":"Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Pola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Pola"},{"link_name":"Fiume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Fiume"},{"link_name":"Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Zara"},{"link_name":"Allied","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Paris peace treaties of 1947","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_between_Italy_and_the_Allied_Powers"},{"link_name":"Julian March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_March"},{"link_name":"province of Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Zara"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESapori2009-59"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007150-60"}],"sub_title":"Counting of referendum ballots","text":"King Umberto II at the polls to vote in the Italian institutional referendumThe Minister of the Interior Giuseppe Romita announces the results of the votes for the Italian institutional referendumThe prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Cassation Massimo PilottiThe vote for the choice between monarchy or republic took place on 2 June and on the morning of 3 June 1946. After the transfer of the electoral cards from all of Italy and the minutes of the 31 constituencies to Rome, the results were expected on 8 June.[45] On 10 June, the still provisional results were announced, and the final ones were communicated later due to missing data in some polling stations and after the examination of numerous appeals regarding the contested referendum ballots. In fact, 21,000 disputes occurred over the referendum ballots, most of which were quickly resolved. However, the period of uncertainty between the end of the vote and the final official announcement of the results only strengthened tensions in the country.[43] In the city of Naples, in Apulia, in Calabria and in Sicily, the monarchists carried out protest demonstrations, sometimes violent.[45] On 7 June, a monarchist student, soon transformed into a martyr, was killed.[47]One of the complaints submitted to the Supreme Court of Cassation is particularly delicate. This controversy was over the definition of \"majority\". The monarchists believed that it was necessary to take into account not the majority of votes cast, but the \"majority of electors\", as an article of the electoral law provided. The public prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Cassation, Massimo Pilotti, deemed this appeal admissible. In his indictment Pilotti believed that the spirit and letter of the decrees as well as jurisprudence provide for the counting of voters, without excluding blank or invalid ballots. But the Supreme Court of Cassation ruled against him, with 12 votes against to 7.[45][48] On the one hand, it was believed that the vote, as a legal act, manifested a will and that the blank or null vote could be assimilated to the absence of expression of will. The Supreme Court of Cassation also identified another decree which specified that only \"validly cast\" votes should be preserved. The Supreme Court of Cassation finally announced that no law or decree dealt with the need for an absolute majority.[48]The final results were announced on 18 June 1946.[49] According to these results, 24,947,187 people participated in the vote, or 89% of the electorate.[50] The official results of the referendum recorded 12,718,641 votes for the republic, or 54.3% of the votes cast, and 10,718,502 votes for the monarchy, or 45.7%. 1,498,136 ballots were annulled.[50] The analysis of the data by region showed an Italy practically divided in two: in the North the Republic won with 66.2% of the votes cast, and the Monarchy in the South with 63.8% of the votes.[50]The supporters of the republic chose the effigy of the Italia turrita, the national personification of Italy, as their unitary symbol to be used in the electoral campaign and on the referendum ballot on the institutional form of the State, in contrast to the Savoy coat of arms, which represented the monarchy.[51][52] This triggered various controversies, given that the iconography of the allegorical personification of Italy had, and still has, a universal and unifying meaning that should have been common to all Italians and not only to a part of them: this was the last appearance in the institutional context of Italia turrita.[53]However, some voters were unable to vote. Before the closure of the electoral lists in April 1945, many Italian soldiers were still outside the national territory, in detention or internment camps abroad.[54] Citizens of the provinces of Bolzano, Gorizia, Trieste, Pola, Fiume and Zara, located in territories not administered by the Italian government but by the Allied authorities, which were still under occupation pending a final settlement of the status of the territories (in fact in 1947 most of these territories were then annexed by Yugoslavia after the Paris peace treaties of 1947, such as most of the Julian March and the province of Zara).[55] These provinces, however, were all located in the north of the country, an area where the Republican vote obtained a fairly large majority.[56]","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Details of the referendum results","text":"Electoral ballot of the 1946 Italian institutional referendum","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg"},{"link_name":"Mezzogiorno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Italy"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith1990_(2)340-61"}],"sub_title":"By district","text":"Results by district showing percentage of support for the republic (blue) or monarchy (red). White signifies no referendum held.The conservative, rural Mezzogiorno (southern Italy) region voted solidly for the monarchy (63.8%) while the more urbanised and industrialised Nord (northern Italy) voted equally firmly for a republic (66.2%).[57]","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"By most populated city","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Julian March","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_March"},{"link_name":"province of Zara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Zara"},{"link_name":"province of Bolzano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Bolzano"},{"link_name":"Allied forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II"}],"sub_title":"Provinces excluded from voting","text":"The referendum was not held in the Julian March, in the province of Zara or the province of Bolzano, which were still under occupation by Allied forces pending a final settlement of the status of the territories.","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"}],"sub_title":"Results of the Constituent Assembly elections","text":"The distribution of votes is as follows:[58]","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Italian partisans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement"},{"link_name":"liberation of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENob%C3%A9court1986-29"},{"link_name":"Bologna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna"},{"link_name":"Trento","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trento"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENob%C3%A9court1986-29"},{"link_name":"Italian Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"last gasps of the fascist movement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic"},{"link_name":"clientelism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clientelism"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENob%C3%A9court1986-29"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ISSPE-49"},{"link_name":"metayage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metayage"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFurlan2006-63"}],"sub_title":"Analysis of voting results","text":"Italian partisans in Milan during the liberation of Italy, April 1945At first glance, the referendum seemed to simply divide Italy in two, between North and South, but the situation was more complex. For example, the districts located to the north of Rome gave the majority to the republic, while those located to the south chose the monarchy. The electoral college of Rome was very divided and gave a slight majority to the choice of the monarchic regime.[27] The Republican choice turned into a plebiscite, with over 80% of the votes cast in the electoral college of Bologna, and even more in that of Trento. In the South, however, the monarchist choice reached nearly 80% in the college of Naples. But, in other regions, the vote was very fragmented. There was not a total break with the past, but an interference between the two possible choices, which was expressed everywhere.[27]The occupation of the North by the German army and the period of the Italian Civil War, with the last gasps of the fascist movement, undoubtedly favored an increase in the importance of the socialist and communist parties in this region, which were republican in tendency. During these dark years, the populations concerned placed part of their hopes in dreams of revolution, or at least of change. The South, not having experienced this situation and having welcomed King Victor Emmanuel III and his government, was perhaps more wary of these parties and placed its trust in the monarchic regime, preferring continuity to the \"leap into the unknown\" represented by the republican form. Furthermore, the clientelism prevalent in the South favored a vote that tended to be conservative, and therefore monarchist.[27] Some analysts also cite the influence of the Catholic Church or the Catholic press.[45] Other authors have highlighted more structural factors, such as differences in family organization or production by region. Thus Carlo Bacetti compared, in Tuscany, the importance of metayage in the organization of work on the land, and the weight of the Communist Party in this region, which had republican tendencies.[59]","title":"Organization of the institutional referendum and results"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Referendum_1946_Cassazione.jpg"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Capitoline Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Palazzo Montecitorio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palazzo_Montecitorio"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Cassation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Cassation_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Corriere della Sera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera"},{"link_name":"La Stampa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Stampa"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDemarco200729-30-65"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007148-51"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMola2008106-66"},{"link_name":"Pietro Nenni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Nenni"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco201036-67"}],"sub_title":"First results and events in Naples","text":"Session of the Supreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946, which approved the results of the Italian institutional referendumOn 10 June, at 6 pm, in the Sala della Lupa (\"Hall of the Wolf\"), which owes its name to the presence of a bronze sculpture of the Capitoline Wolf, of Palazzo Montecitorio in Rome, the Supreme Court of Cassation read out the partial results of the referendum, postponing the definitive proclamation of the results to Parliament for 18 June, after having taken the relevant decisions on appeals, protests and complaints. At the same time, republican demonstrations took place in many cities. The Milanese newspaper, Corriere della Sera, on Tuesday 11 June, ran the headline: \"The Italian Republic is born\". La Stampa, a Turin daily newspaper, declared more soberly: \"The government confirms the victory of the republicans\", and completed its coverage by asking: \"the question is whether the republic has been proclaimed or not\".[60]In Naples, a city with a population largely supportive of the monarchy, an incident occurred on 11 June. A procession of supporters of the monarchy advanced towards the municipal buildings and then changed objective and headed towards the headquarters of the Italian Communist Party. The crowd saw a red flag, but also a tricolor flag from which the royal coat of arms had been cut. Despite the presence of armored vehicles, the demonstrators attempted to storm the communist party headquarters. Protesters and law enforcement officers exchange gunfire. According to the prefect's report, the demonstrators shot first. In any case the response was deadly, with machine gun fire. There were nine deaths among royalist demonstrators and a large number of injuries.[61] Calm returned to the city only on 13 June.[47]The protests of the monarchists, like those bloodily repressed the day before in Naples and a new monarchist demonstration dispersed on 12 June,[62] aroused the concerns of the ministers intending to establish the Republic as soon as possible (according to the famous phrase of the socialist leader Pietro Nenni: \"either the Republic or chaos!\").[63]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Umberto_II_Exil.png"},{"link_name":"Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciampino%E2%80%93G._B._Pastine_International_Airport"},{"link_name":"Alcide De Gasperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEValiani1993-68"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAttal2007141-142-69"},{"link_name":"Umberto II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umberto_II_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Cascais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascais"},{"link_name":"Portugal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portugal"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"}],"sub_title":"Early establishment of the republic and departure of the former king","text":"Former King Umberto II leaves Italy from Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport on 13 June 1946On the night of 12 June the government met at Alcide De Gasperi's invitation. The Prime Minister received a written communication from the King, in which he said he was ready to respect the verdict of the electors' vote, but adding that he would await the final declaration of the Supreme Court of Cassation. The letter and the protests of the monarchists, like the bloody events of the day before in Naples, as well as the new demonstrations announced by the monarchists worried the ministers.On 13 June, the Council of Ministers, extending the meeting begun the previous day, resolved that, following the proclamation of the provisional results on 10 June, the functions of provisional head of state would be exercised by Prime Minister Alcide De Gasperi, without wait for the final official confirmation from the Court of Cassation. The Prime Minister collected all the votes of the government members, with the exception of the liberal minister Leone Cattani.Although some members of his entourage encouraged him to oppose this decision, the king, informed, decided to leave the country the following day, thus making a peaceful transfer of power possible,[64] not without having denounced De Gasperi's \"revolutionary gesture\".[65]The former King of Italy, Umberto II, decided to leave Italy on 13 June, without even waiting for the results to be defined and the ruling on the appeals presented by the monarchist party, to avoid the clashes between monarchists and republicans, already manifested in bloody events in various Italian cities, for fear they could extend throughout the country. He went into exile in Cascais, Portugal.[66]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946).svg"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg"},{"link_name":"Italian Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republic"},{"link_name":"flag of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Quirinal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinal_Palace"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino2002273-72"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201033-73"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarozzi1999333-74"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Constitution"},{"link_name":"Italian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVilla201033-73"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarozzi1999337%E2%80%93338-75"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusico200571-76"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-constitution-77"},{"link_name":"National Unity and Armed Forces Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETarozzi1999363-78"},{"link_name":"comune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"gonfalone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonfalone"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBusico200571-76"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Holographic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holograph"},{"link_name":"Il Canto degli Italiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani"},{"link_name":"national anthem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_anthem"},{"link_name":"La leggenda del Piave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_leggenda_del_Piave"},{"link_name":"Marcia Reale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcia_Reale"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalabrese2011112-79"},{"link_name":"Va, pensiero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Va,_pensiero"},{"link_name":"Nabucco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nabucco"},{"link_name":"Il Canto degli Italiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalabrese2011112-79"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino200272-80"},{"link_name":"Cipriano Facchinetti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Facchinetti"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaiorino200272-80"},{"link_name":"Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"republican political","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Republican_Party"},{"link_name":"National Unity and Armed Forces Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassi201147-81"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalabrese2011110-82"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-governo-83"},{"link_name":"de facto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_facto"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-84"},{"link_name":"official","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_jure"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-85"}],"sub_title":"Changing the national flag and the national anthem","text":"Flag of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)Flag of the Italian Republic (1946–present)On the same day as the former king's departure, the flag of Italy with the Savoy coat of arms in the centre was lowered from the Quirinal Palace.[67] The Italian flag was modified with the decree of the president of the Council of Ministers No. 1 of 19 June 1946. Compared to the monarchic banner, the Savoy coat of arms was eliminated.[68][69][70] This decision was later confirmed in the session of 24 March 1947 by the Constituent Assembly, which decreed the insertion of article 12 of the Italian Constitution, subsequently ratified by the Italian Parliament, which states:[69][71][72][...] The flag of the Republic is the Italian tricolour: green, white, and red, in three vertical bands of equal dimensions. [...][73]— Article 12 of Constitution of Italian RepublicThe Republican tricolour was then officially and solemnly delivered to the Italian military corps on 4 November 1947 on the occasion of National Unity and Armed Forces Day.[74] The universally adopted ratio is 2:3, while the war flag is squared (1:1). Each comune also has a gonfalone bearing its coat of arms. On 27 May 1949, a law was passed that described and regulated the way the flag was displayed outside public buildings and during national holidays.[72]Holographic copy of 1847 of \"Il Canto degli Italiani\", the Italian national anthem since 1946After the birth of the Italian Republic, \"La leggenda del Piave\" was temporarily chosen as the provisional national anthem, which replaced \"Marcia Reale\", the national anthem of the Kingdom of Italy.[75] For the choice of the national anthem a debate was opened which identified, among the possible options: the \"Va, pensiero\" from Giuseppe Verdi's Nabucco, the drafting of a completely new musical piece, \"Il Canto degli Italiani\", the \"Inno di Garibaldi\" and the confirmation of \"La Leggenda del Piave\".[75][76] The political class of the time then approved the proposal of the War Minister Cipriano Facchinetti, who foresaw the adoption of \"Il Canto degli Italiani\" as a provisional anthem of the State.[76]\"La Leggenda del Piave\" then had the function of the national anthem of the Italian Republic until the Council of Ministers of 12 October 1946, when Cipriano Facchinetti (of republican political belief), officially announced that during the celebrations of 4 November for National Unity and Armed Forces Day, in which the armed services of the republic will perform their oath of loyalty to the young republic, as a provisional anthem, \"Il Canto degli Italiani\" would have been adopted.[77][78] The press release stated that:[79]... On the proposal of the Minister of War it was established that the oath of the Armed Forces to the Republic and to its Chief would be carried out on November 4th p.v. and that, temporarily, the anthem of Mameli is adopted as the national anthem ...— Cipriano Facchinetti\"Il Canto degli Italiani\" was therefore chosen, on 12 October 1946, as the provisional national anthem, a role that it later preserved while remaining the de facto anthem of the Italian Republic.[80] Over the decades there were several unsuccessful attempts to make it the official national anthem, until it finally gained official status on 4 December 2017.[81]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Enrico_De_Nicola_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"Enrico De Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"president of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Italy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alcide_de_Gasperi_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Alcide De Gasperi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi"},{"link_name":"first","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Founding Fathers of the European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NYT19juin1946-53"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMosca1960-86"},{"link_name":"Constituent Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Enrico De Nicola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-juin_1946-87"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-juin_1946-87"},{"link_name":"Republican Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"President of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGuichonnet1975121-41"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"House of Savoy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Savoy"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele,_Prince_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-89"},{"link_name":"[e]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-90"},{"link_name":"Marie-José","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie-Jos%C3%A9_of_Belgium"}],"sub_title":"Final announcement of results and first steps of the Italian Republic","text":"Enrico De Nicola, the first president of ItalyAlcide De Gasperi, first republican Prime Minister of Italy and one of the Founding Fathers of the European UnionOn 18 June 1946 at 6 pm, in the Sala della Lupa of Palazzo Montecitorio in Rome, the Supreme Court of Cassation proceeded to proclaim the results of the referendum, without accompanying this formalization with reservations as it had done previously.[49] Many years later, in 1960, the president of this Court, Giuseppe Pagano, declared that the law establishing the organization of the referendum was incompatible with the slowness of the counting and the very unequal transmission of the minutes, not giving the Court time to complete all investigations.[82]In the first session of the Constituent Assembly, on 28 June 1946, Enrico De Nicola was elected provisional head of the State, in the first round with 396 votes out of 501. In addition to his personal qualities, the choice of a man born in Naples and long monarchic history, it was a sign of pacification and union towards the populations of southern Italy, in this accelerated transition towards the Republic. He was initially only provisional head of state and not president of Italy, since the latter did not yet have a constitution.[83] Alcide De Gasperi resigned and then regained the task of forming a new government, thus becoming the last Prime Minister of the monarchic era and the first of republican Italy.[83]On 1 January 1948, the Republican Constitution came into force, the content of which was discussed within the Constituent Assembly. It proclaims in particular that \"Italy is a democratic republic founded on labour\" and that \"the former kings of the House of Savoy, their wives and their male descendants are prohibited from entering and staying in the national territory\". Enrico De Nicola then assumed the title of President of Italy.[38][84] The validity of the provision that prohibited the entry in Italy of some members of the House of Savoy ceased with the entry into force of the Constitutional Law of 23 October 2002, No. 1, after a debate in parliament and in the country that lasted many years and Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, son of King Umberto II, was able to enter Italy with his family already in the following December for a short visit.[85][e] The former queen Marie-José had already been authorized to return to Italy in 1987 since, with the death of her husband Umberto II and having become a widow, her status as \"spouse\" was recognized as having ceased.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg"},{"link_name":"Frecce Tricolori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori"},{"link_name":"national colours of Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_colours_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Altare della Patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altare_della_Patria"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"link_name":"Festa della Repubblica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Festa_della_Repubblica"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sergio_Mattarella_rende_omaggio_al_Milite_Ignoto_-_2_giugno_2024.JPG"},{"link_name":"Sergio Mattarella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella"},{"link_name":"Corazzieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazzieri"},{"link_name":"Italian Unknown Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Altare della Patria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altare_della_Patria"},{"link_name":"Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rome"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mattarella_2_Giugno_2018.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sergio 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Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"universal suffrage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_suffrage"},{"link_name":"Italian people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians"},{"link_name":"the fall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Fascism"},{"link_name":"Fascism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Fascism"},{"link_name":"storming of the Bastille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille"},{"link_name":"declaration of independence from Great Britain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-91"},{"link_name":"military parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"Via dei Fori 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Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"President of the Council of Ministers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"President of the Constitutional Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Constitutional_Court_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Minister of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"Chief of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chief_of_the_Defence_Staff_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panorama-92"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cerimoniale-repubblica-93"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorenteggio-95"},{"link_name":"Il Canto degli Italiani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani"},{"link_name":"Frecce Tricolori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frecce_Tricolori"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cerimoniale-repubblica-93"},{"link_name":"Lancia Flaminia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancia_Flaminia"},{"link_name":"Corazzieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corazzieri"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cerimoniale-repubblica-93"},{"link_name":"[90]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-lorenteggio-95"},{"link_name":"Via dei Fori Imperiali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_dei_Fori_Imperiali"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-panorama-92"},{"link_name":"Italian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Italian tricolor cockade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"[91]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96"},{"link_name":"military parade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_parade"},{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"NATO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NATO"},{"link_name":"European Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Union"},{"link_name":"[92]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97"},{"link_name":"Quirinale Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quirinale_Palace"},{"link_name":"Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carabinieri_Cavalry_Regiment"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aostasera-98"},{"link_name":"Tricolour Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tricolour_Day"},{"link_name":"National Unity and Armed Forces Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Unity_and_Armed_Forces_Day"},{"link_name":"[93]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-aostasera-98"},{"link_name":"prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefecture"},{"link_name":"prefect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefect"},{"link_name":"Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"Municipalities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comune"},{"link_name":"[94]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99"},{"link_name":"[95]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-100"}],"sub_title":"Festa della Repubblica","text":"The Frecce Tricolori, with the smoke trail representing the national colours of Italy, above the Altare della Patria in Rome during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica in 2022President of Italy Sergio Mattarella, escorted by the Corazzieri, pays tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria in Rome during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica in 2024President of Italy Sergio Mattarella on the presidential car Lancia Flaminia along Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome during the military parade of the Festa della Repubblica in 2018Festa della Repubblica (Italian: [ˈfɛsta della reˈpubblika]; English: Republic Day) is the Italian National Day and Republic Day, which is celebrated on 2 June each year, with the main celebration taking place in Rome. The Festa della Repubblica is one of the national symbols of Italy. The day commemorates the institutional referendum held by universal suffrage in 1946, in which the Italian people were called to the polls to decide on the form of government following World War II and the fall of Fascism, monarchy or republic. On 2 June the birth of the modern Italian Republic is celebrated in a similar way to the French 14 July (anniversary of the storming of the Bastille) and to 4 July in the United States (anniversary of the declaration of independence from Great Britain). The first celebration of the Festa della Repubblica took place on 2 June 1947,[86] while in 1948 there was the first military parade in Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome;[87][88] 2 June was definitively declared a national holiday in 1949.[89]The official ceremony of the Rome celebration includes the solemn flag-raising ceremony at the Altare della Patria and the tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier with the deposition of a laurel wreath by the President of Italy in the presence of the most important officers of the State, or of the President of the Senate, the President of the Chamber of Deputies, the President of the Council of Ministers, the President of the Constitutional Court, the Minister of Defense and the Chief of Defense.[87][88][90] After the playing of the National Anthem Il Canto degli Italiani, the Frecce Tricolori cross the skies of Rome.[88]Following the ceremony the President is then driven to Via di San Gregorio with the presidential Lancia Flaminia escorted by a patrol group of Corazzieri on a motorcycle where, together with the military commander of the capital garrison, usually a Major General, he reviews the parade formations presenting arms as the bands play their service or inspection marches.[88][90] The Head of State then processes to the presidential tribune which is located in Via dei Fori Imperiali, gets down the vehicle, and processes there to meet other dignitaries and as he arrives in his spot in the dais the Corazzieri's mounted troopers, which had provided the rear escort during the review phrase, salute the President as the anthem is played.[87] It is tradition, for the members of the Italian government and for the presidents of the two chambers of parliament, to have pinned on their jacket, during the whole ceremony, an Italian tricolor cockade.[91] Following the anthem, the military parade begins, which the ground columns of military personnel saluting the President with eyes left or right with their colours dipped as they march past the dais. Mobile column crew contingent colour guards perform the salute in a like manner. The military parade also includes some military delegations from the United Nations, NATO, the European Union and representatives of multinational departments with an Italian component.[92]On the holiday, at the Quirinale Palace, the Changing of the Guard with the Corazzieri Regiment and the Fanfare of the Carabinieri Cavalry Regiment in high uniform is carried out in solemn form.[93] This solemn rite is only performed on two other occasions, during the celebrations of the Tricolour Day (7 January) and the National Unity and Armed Forces Day (4 November).[93] Official ceremonies are held throughout the national territory. Among them are the traditional receptions organized by each prefecture for the local authorities, which are preceded by solemn public demonstrations with reduced military parades that have been reviewed by the prefect in his capacity as the highest governmental authority in the province. Similar ceremonies are also organized by the Regions and Municipalities.[94] All over the world, Italian embassies organize ceremonies to which the Heads of State of the host country are invited. Greetings from the other Heads of State reach the President of Italy from all over the world.[95]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"Jean-Jacques Rousseau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau"},{"link_name":"The Social Contract","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Social_Contract"},{"link_name":"Niccolò Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"The Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Prince"},{"link_name":"Rousseau - Du Contrat social éd. Beaulavon 1903.djvu/237 - Wikisource","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Rousseau_-_Du_Contrat_social_%C3%A9d._Beaulavon_1903.djvu/237"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Deputies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Kingdom_of_Italy)"},{"link_name":"Chamber of Fasces and Corporations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber_of_Fasces_and_Corporations"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-32"},{"link_name":"Action Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_Party_(Italy)"},{"link_name":"National Liberation Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Liberation_Committee"},{"link_name":"Italian Communist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-45"},{"link_name":"Giuseppe Garibaldi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-90"},{"link_name":"Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vittorio_Emanuele,_Prince_of_Naples"},{"link_name":"Amedeo, Duke of Aosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prince_Amedeo,_Duke_of_Aosta_(1943%E2%80%932021)"}],"text":"^ Jean-Jacques Rousseau notes, in The Social Contract, about Niccolò Machiavelli and his work The Prince: \"Pretending to give lessons to kings, he gave great lessons to the people. The Prince is the book of the republicans.\" (see Rousseau - Du Contrat social éd. Beaulavon 1903.djvu/237 - Wikisource.\n\n^ The Chamber of Deputies was replaced in 1939 by Chamber of Fasces and Corporations.\n\n^ The Action Party, reformed in 1942, constituted in 1944-1945 the second force within the National Liberation Committee. The political party with the largest number of partisan groups is then the Italian Communist Party.\n\n^ Anniversary of the death of Giuseppe Garibaldi.\n\n^ Many Italian monarchists, however, do not recognize Vittorio Emanuele, Prince of Naples, as a pretender to the throne, preferring his cousin Amedeo, Duke of Aosta, who has never suffered limitations on access and residence in the Italian territory. Indeed, on 7 July 2006, Vittorio Emanuele's kinsman and dynastic rival, Amedeo, Duke of Aosta declared himself to be the head of the House of Savoy and Duke of Savoy, claiming that Vittorio Emanuele had lost his dynastic rights when he married without the permission of Umberto II in 1971.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Histoire de l'Italie depuis 1943 à nos jours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Wc0GD1J_isIC&q=Histoire+de+l%27Italie+depuis+1943+%C3%A0+nos+jours"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2200262150","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2200262150"},{"link_name":"\"La naissance de la République italienne (2-18 juin 1946)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.cairn.info/revue-parlements-2007-1-page-141.htm"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3917/parl.007.0141","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3917%2Fparl.007.0141"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8874340262","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8874340262"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-315-3994-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-315-3994-4"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2296027954","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2296027954"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8806285715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8806285715"},{"link_name":"Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.academia.edu/15080772"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-88-96817-06-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-96817-06-3"},{"link_name":"Bocca, Giorgio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Bocca"},{"link_name":"SBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy"},{"link_name":"IT\\ICCU\\UBO\\2771748","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//opac.sbn.it/bid/UBO2771748"},{"link_name":"\"Il Canto degli Italiani: genesi e peripezie di un inno\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=zCIR55SYDpgC&pg=PA119"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8860422699","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8860422699"},{"link_name":"\"Carlo Rosselli, les néo-socialistes et la crise du socialisme international\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mat_0769-3206_2000_num_57_1_404234"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.3406/mat.2000.404234","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.3406%2Fmat.2000.404234"},{"link_name":"L'Italie fasciste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-v3NG1ehW38C&dq=concentration+antifasciste+1934&pg=PT104"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-2200269944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2200269944"},{"link_name":"Franco, Massimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Franco"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-8852012891","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8852012891"},{"link_name":"\"1946. 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Histoire de l'Italie depuis 1943 à nos jours (in French). Éditions Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2200262150.\nAttal, Frédéric (2007). \"La naissance de la République italienne (2-18 juin 1946)\". Parlement(s): Revue d'histoire politique (in French). 1/2007 (7): 141–153. doi:10.3917/parl.007.0141.\nBaldoni, Adalberto (2000). La Destra in Italia - 1945-1969 (in Italian). Pantheon. ISBN 978-8874340262.\nBartolotta, Francesco (1971). Parlamenti e Governi d'Italia dal 1848 al 1970 (in Italian). Vol. I. Vito Bianco Editore. [ISBN unspecified]\nBassi, Adriano (2011). Fratelli d'Italia: I grandi personaggi del Risorgimento, la musica e l'unità (in Italian). Paoline. ISBN 978-88-315-3994-4.\nBaquiast, Paul; Dupuy, Emmanuel; Ridolfi, Maurizio (2007). L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviiie – xxie siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle (in French). Vol. 1. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2296027954.\nBattaglia, Roberto (1953). Storia della resistenza Italiana (in Italian). Einaudi. ISBN 978-8806285715.\nBazzano, Nicoletta (2011). Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. ISBN 978-88-96817-06-3.\nBocca, Giorgio (1981). Storia della Repubblica italiana (in Italian). Rizzoli. [ISBN unspecified]\nBusico, Augusta (2005). Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia (in Italian). Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria. SBN IT\\ICCU\\UBO\\2771748.\nCalabrese, Michele (2011). \"Il Canto degli Italiani: genesi e peripezie di un inno\". Quaderni del Bobbio (in Italian). 3.\nDemarco, Marco (2007). L'altra metà della storia: spunti e riflessioni su Napoli da Lauro a Bassolino (in Italian). Guida Editori. ISBN 978-8860422699.\nDreyfus, Michel (2000). \"Carlo Rosselli, les néo-socialistes et la crise du socialisme international\". Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps (in French). 57 (57): 22–28. doi:10.3406/mat.2000.404234.\nForo, Philippe (2006). L'Italie fasciste (in French). Éditions Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2200269944.\nFranco, Massimo (2010). Andreotti (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN 978-8852012891.\nFurlan, Paola (2006). \"1946. I Comuni al voto Partecipazione politica e ricostruzione nelle origini della Repubblica\". Storia e Futuro (in Italian) (11).\nGabrielli, Patrizia (2009). Il 1946, le donne, la Repubblica (in Italian). Donzelli Editore. ISBN 978-8860364401.\nGarrone, Alessandro Galante (1973). I radicali in Italia (1849-1925) (in Italian). Garzanti. [ISBN unspecified]\nGuichonnet, Paul (1975). Histoire de l'Italie (in French). Presses universitaires de France. [ISBN unspecified]\nHospital, Jean d' (17 April 1946). \"La situation des partis après les élections administratives\". Le Monde (in French).\nMaiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. ISBN 978-88-04-50946-2.\nMarongiu, Jean-Baptiste (3 February 2005). \"La Storia des partisans\". Libération (in French).[permanent dead link]\nMola, Aldo Alessandro (2008). Declino e crollo della Monarchia in Italia (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN 978-8804579885.\nMosca, Oreste (24 January 1960). \"Giuseppe Pagano racconta come nacque la repubblica\". Il Tempo (in Italian).\nNobécourt, Jacques (2 June 1986). \"Il y a quarante ans, l'Italie devient République\". Le Monde (in French).\nNohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handboo. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.\nPace, Eric (30 September 1999). \"Leo Valiani, Writer, 90, Wartime Foe Of Mussolini\". The New York Times.\nRidolfi, Maurizio (2003). Almanacco della Repubblica. Storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane (in Italian). Mondadori Bruno. ISBN 978-8842494997.\nRomeo, Rosario (2011). Vita di Cavour (in Italian). Editori Laterzi. ISBN 978-8842074915.\nSmith, Denis Mack (1990). I Savoia re d'Italia (in Italian). Bur. ISBN 978-8817115674.\nSmith, Denis Mack (1990). Italy and Its Monarchy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300046618.\nSpadolini, Giovanni (1989). L'opposizione laica nell'Italia moderna (1861-1922) (in Italian). Le Monnier. ISBN 978-8800856256.\nSapori, Julien (14 August 2009). \"Les \"foibe\", une tragédie européenne\". Libération (in French).[permanent dead link]\nTarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). Gli italiani e il tricolore (in Italian). Il Mulino. ISBN 88-15-07163-6.\nValiani, Leo (9 August 1993). \"Ma ora io dico no ai Savoia\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian).\nVaussard, Maurice (27 September 1945). \"Vers la constituante italienne\". Le Monde (in French).\nVilla, Claudio (2010). I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema (in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. SBN IT\\ICCU\\LO1\\1355389.","title":"Sources"}]
[{"image_text":"Giuseppe Mazzini. His thoughts influenced many politicians of a later period, among them Woodrow Wilson, David Lloyd George, Mahatma Gandhi, Golda Meir and Jawaharlal Nehru.[6]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg/180px-Giuseppe_Mazzini.jpg"},{"image_text":"Pietro Barsanti, the first martyr of the modern Italian Republic[12][13]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Pietro_Barsanti.png/180px-Pietro_Barsanti.png"},{"image_text":"Carlo Cattaneo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Matania_Edoardo_-_Ritratto_giovanile_di_Carlo_Cattaneo_-_xilografia_-_1887.jpg/180px-Matania_Edoardo_-_Ritratto_giovanile_di_Carlo_Cattaneo_-_xilografia_-_1887.jpg"},{"image_text":"Felice Cavallotti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Felice_Cavallotti.jpg/180px-Felice_Cavallotti.jpg"},{"image_text":"Benito Mussolini","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg/180px-Benito_Mussolini_portrait_as_dictator_%28retouched%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag of Arditi del Popolo, an axe cutting a fasces. Arditi del Popolo was a militant anti-fascist group founded in 1921","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Arditi_del_Popolo_Battalion.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Flag of the National Liberation Committee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg/220px-Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg.png"},{"image_text":"King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bc/Vitorioemanuel.jpg/180px-Vitorioemanuel.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Umberto II of Italy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg/180px-Umberto_II%2C_1944.jpg"},{"image_text":"King Umberto II at the polls to vote in the Italian institutional referendum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Umberto_II_alle_urne.jpg/220px-Umberto_II_alle_urne.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Minister of the Interior Giuseppe Romita announces the results of the votes for the Italian institutional referendum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/1946%2C_Romita_annuncia_i_risultati_delle_votazioni_per_il_referendum_istituzionale.jpg/220px-1946%2C_Romita_annuncia_i_risultati_delle_votazioni_per_il_referendum_istituzionale.jpg"},{"image_text":"The prosecutor of the Supreme Court of Cassation Massimo Pilotti","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Massimo_Pilotti_1927.jpg/180px-Massimo_Pilotti_1927.jpg"},{"image_text":"Electoral ballot of the 1946 Italian institutional referendum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg/310px-Referendum-2-giugno_scheda_elettorale.jpg"},{"image_text":"Results by district showing percentage of support for the republic (blue) or monarchy (red). White signifies no referendum held.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg/310px-Italian_referendum_1946_support_for_republic.svg.png"},{"image_text":"Italian partisans in Milan during the liberation of Italy, April 1945","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg/220px-01_partigiani_a_milano1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Session of the Supreme Court of Cassation on 10 June 1946, which approved the results of the Italian institutional referendum","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Referendum_1946_Cassazione.jpg/220px-Referendum_1946_Cassazione.jpg"},{"image_text":"Former King Umberto II leaves Italy from Ciampino–G. B. Pastine International Airport on 13 June 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Umberto_II_Exil.png/220px-Umberto_II_Exil.png"},{"image_text":"Holographic copy of 1847 of \"Il Canto degli Italiani\", the Italian national anthem since 1946","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg/220px-Image-Inno_di_Mameli_2.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Frecce Tricolori, with the smoke trail representing the national colours of Italy, above the Altare della Patria in Rome during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica in 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg/220px-Frecce_Tricolori_2022.jpg"},{"image_text":"President of Italy Sergio Mattarella, escorted by the Corazzieri, pays tribute to the Italian Unknown Soldier at the Altare della Patria in Rome during the celebrations of the Festa della Repubblica in 2024","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Sergio_Mattarella_rende_omaggio_al_Milite_Ignoto_-_2_giugno_2024.JPG/220px-Sergio_Mattarella_rende_omaggio_al_Milite_Ignoto_-_2_giugno_2024.JPG"},{"image_text":"President of Italy Sergio Mattarella on the presidential car Lancia Flaminia along Via dei Fori Imperiali in Rome during the military parade of the Festa della Repubblica in 2018","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Mattarella_2_Giugno_2018.jpg/220px-Mattarella_2_Giugno_2018.jpg"}]
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[{"reference":"\"Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali\". elezionistorico.interno.gov.it.","urls":[{"url":"https://elezionistorico.interno.gov.it/index.php?tpel=F&dtel=02/06/1946&tpa=I&tpe=A&lev0=0&levsut0=0&es0=S&ms=S","url_text":"\"Dipartimento per gli Affari Interni e Territoriali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Il referendum istituzionale e la scelta repubblicana – Istituto Luigi Sturzo\". Archived from the original on 5 March 2018. Retrieved 8 December 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180305171243/http://www.sturzo.it/edu/l-italia-repubblicana-e-gli-anni-dello-sviluppo/445-1-la-fondazione-dell-italia-repubblicana/612-il-referendum-istituzionale-e-la-scelta-repubblicana","url_text":"\"Il referendum istituzionale e la scelta repubblicana – Istituto Luigi Sturzo\""},{"url":"http://www.sturzo.it/edu/l-italia-repubblicana-e-gli-anni-dello-sviluppo/445-1-la-fondazione-dell-italia-repubblicana/612-il-referendum-istituzionale-e-la-scelta-repubblicana","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Savoia – Nuovi Dizionari Online Simone – Dizionario Storico del Diritto Italiano ed Europeo Indice H\". www.simone.it. Archived from the original on 7 July 2018. Retrieved 10 May 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20180707230422/https://www.simone.it/newdiz/newdiz.php?action=view&id=1011&index=H&dizionario=2","url_text":"\"Savoia – Nuovi Dizionari Online Simone – Dizionario Storico del Diritto Italiano ed Europeo Indice H\""},{"url":"https://www.simone.it/newdiz/newdiz.php?action=view&id=1011&index=H&dizionario=2","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lodolini, Elio (1964), \"BARSANTI, Pietro\", Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (in Italian), vol. VI, Rome: Treccani","urls":[{"url":"https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/pietro-barsanti_(Dizionario-Biografico)/","url_text":"\"BARSANTI, Pietro\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dizionario_Biografico_degli_Italiani","url_text":"Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treccani","url_text":"Treccani"}]},{"reference":"\"Father Murri, Leader of Italian Catholic Democrats, Cut Off by Church\". The New York Times. 22 March 1909. 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The New York Times. 19 June 1946.","urls":[{"url":"http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00D15F93D5F16738DDDA00994DE405B8688F1D3","url_text":"\"Italian Court Proclaims Republic Victor; Official Count Shows Little Vote Change\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Ma chi è il volto della Repubblica Italiana?\" (in Italian). Retrieved 26 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://medium.com/italia/ma-chi-%C3%A8-il-volto-della-repubblica-italiana-eb1c9eea2860#.ku5cnzkt8","url_text":"\"Ma chi è il volto della Repubblica Italiana?\""}]},{"reference":"Archivio centrale dello Stato (1987). La nascita della Repubblica (Atti del Convegno di studi storici. Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri. Comitato per le celebrazioni del 40° anniversario della Repubblica (in Italian). Quaderni di vita italiana. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. 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Retrieved 4 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/umberto-ii-re-d-italia_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/","url_text":"\"UMBERTO II re d'Italia in \"Enciclopedia Italiana\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 giugno. Ricordo di un galantuomo: Umberto II di Savoia, ultimo Re d'Italia\" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 15 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cristinasiccardi.it/2-giugno-ricordo-di-un-galantuomo-umberto-ii-di-savoia-ultimo-re-ditalia-2/","url_text":"\"2 giugno. Ricordo di un galantuomo: Umberto II di Savoia, ultimo Re d'Italia\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220407211235/https://www.cristinasiccardi.it/2-giugno-ricordo-di-un-galantuomo-umberto-ii-di-savoia-ultimo-re-ditalia-2/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Inno nazionale\" (in Italian). Archived from the original on 7 February 2015. 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Retrieved 10 April 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/italy/story/0,12576,865055,00.html","url_text":"\"Exiled Italian royals go home\""}]},{"reference":"\"Decreto legislativo del Capo provvisorio dello Stato 28 maggio 1947, n.387\" (in Italian). Retrieved 4 November 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/eli/gu/1947/05/31/123/sg/pdf","url_text":"\"Decreto legislativo del Capo provvisorio dello Stato 28 maggio 1947, n.387\""}]},{"reference":"\"Festa della Repubblica: le foto della parata a Roma\" (in Italian). 2 June 2015. Retrieved 19 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.panorama.it/news/cronaca/festa-repubblica-foto-parata-militare-roma/","url_text":"\"Festa della Repubblica: le foto della parata a Roma\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Giugno, la prima parata con Mattarella ai Fori tra bandiere, applausi e frecce tricolori\" (in Italian). 2 June 2015. 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Il Presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella ha reso omaggio al Milite Ignoto all'Altare della Patria\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 giugno, gli applausi per Mattarella e Conte all'Altare della Patria\" (in Italian). 6 February 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/18_giugno_02/2-giugno-applausi-mattarella-all-altare-patria-32c0175c-6635-11e8-a1d6-396872be4e4c.shtml","url_text":"\"2 giugno, gli applausi per Mattarella e Conte all'Altare della Patria\""}]},{"reference":"\"Verso il 2 giugno:Festa della Repubblica insieme per il Paese\" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.difesa.it/Primo_Piano/Pagine/Verso_il_.aspx","url_text":"\"Verso il 2 giugno:Festa della Repubblica insieme per il Paese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Al via al Quirinale le celebrazioni per il 2 giugno con il Cambio della Guardia d'onore\" (in Italian). 31 May 2015. Retrieved 21 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.aostasera.it/articoli/2015/06/1/36238/al-via-al-quirinale-le-celebrazioni-per-il-2-giugno-con-il-cambio-della-guardia-donore","url_text":"\"Al via al Quirinale le celebrazioni per il 2 giugno con il Cambio della Guardia d'onore\""}]},{"reference":"\"2 Giugno: Festa della Repubblica, Festa degli Italiani - Uniti per il Paese\" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.difesa.it/Primo_Piano/Pagine/2-giugno-festa-della-repubblica-festa-degli-italiani-uniti-per-il-paese.aspx","url_text":"\"2 Giugno: Festa della Repubblica, Festa degli Italiani - Uniti per il Paese\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gli auguri di Capi di Stato esteri per la Festa della Repubblica\" (in Italian). Retrieved 15 July 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/comunicati/PRESSRELEASE-001-008699/presidente/giorgio-napolitano/gli-auguri-capi-stato-esteri-festa-della-repubblica","url_text":"\"Gli auguri di Capi di Stato esteri per la Festa della Repubblica\""}]},{"reference":"Attal, Frédéric (2004). Histoire de l'Italie depuis 1943 à nos jours (in French). Éditions Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2200262150.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wc0GD1J_isIC&q=Histoire+de+l%27Italie+depuis+1943+%C3%A0+nos+jours","url_text":"Histoire de l'Italie depuis 1943 à nos jours"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2200262150","url_text":"978-2200262150"}]},{"reference":"Attal, Frédéric (2007). \"La naissance de la République italienne (2-18 juin 1946)\". Parlement(s): Revue d'histoire politique (in French). 1/2007 (7): 141–153. doi:10.3917/parl.007.0141.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.cairn.info/revue-parlements-2007-1-page-141.htm","url_text":"\"La naissance de la République italienne (2-18 juin 1946)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparl.007.0141","url_text":"10.3917/parl.007.0141"}]},{"reference":"Baldoni, Adalberto (2000). La Destra in Italia - 1945-1969 (in Italian). Pantheon. ISBN 978-8874340262.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8874340262","url_text":"978-8874340262"}]},{"reference":"Bartolotta, Francesco (1971). Parlamenti e Governi d'Italia dal 1848 al 1970 (in Italian). Vol. I. Vito Bianco Editore.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Bassi, Adriano (2011). Fratelli d'Italia: I grandi personaggi del Risorgimento, la musica e l'unità (in Italian). Paoline. ISBN 978-88-315-3994-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-315-3994-4","url_text":"978-88-315-3994-4"}]},{"reference":"Baquiast, Paul; Dupuy, Emmanuel; Ridolfi, Maurizio (2007). L'idée républicaine en Europe (xviiie – xxie siècle): histoire et pensée universelle, Europe - La République universelle (in French). Vol. 1. L'Harmattan. ISBN 978-2296027954.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2296027954","url_text":"978-2296027954"}]},{"reference":"Battaglia, Roberto (1953). Storia della resistenza Italiana (in Italian). Einaudi. ISBN 978-8806285715.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8806285715","url_text":"978-8806285715"}]},{"reference":"Bazzano, Nicoletta (2011). Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri (in Italian). Angelo Colla Editore. ISBN 978-88-96817-06-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.academia.edu/15080772","url_text":"Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-96817-06-3","url_text":"978-88-96817-06-3"}]},{"reference":"Bocca, Giorgio (1981). Storia della Repubblica italiana (in Italian). Rizzoli.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Bocca","url_text":"Bocca, Giorgio"}]},{"reference":"Busico, Augusta (2005). Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia (in Italian). Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria. SBN IT\\ICCU\\UBO\\2771748.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy","url_text":"SBN"},{"url":"https://opac.sbn.it/bid/UBO2771748","url_text":"IT\\ICCU\\UBO\\2771748"}]},{"reference":"Calabrese, Michele (2011). \"Il Canto degli Italiani: genesi e peripezie di un inno\". Quaderni del Bobbio (in Italian). 3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zCIR55SYDpgC&pg=PA119","url_text":"\"Il Canto degli Italiani: genesi e peripezie di un inno\""}]},{"reference":"Demarco, Marco (2007). L'altra metà della storia: spunti e riflessioni su Napoli da Lauro a Bassolino (in Italian). Guida Editori. ISBN 978-8860422699.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8860422699","url_text":"978-8860422699"}]},{"reference":"Dreyfus, Michel (2000). \"Carlo Rosselli, les néo-socialistes et la crise du socialisme international\". Matériaux pour l'histoire de notre temps (in French). 57 (57): 22–28. doi:10.3406/mat.2000.404234.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mat_0769-3206_2000_num_57_1_404234","url_text":"\"Carlo Rosselli, les néo-socialistes et la crise du socialisme international\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fmat.2000.404234","url_text":"10.3406/mat.2000.404234"}]},{"reference":"Foro, Philippe (2006). L'Italie fasciste (in French). Éditions Armand Colin. ISBN 978-2200269944.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-v3NG1ehW38C&dq=concentration+antifasciste+1934&pg=PT104","url_text":"L'Italie fasciste"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2200269944","url_text":"978-2200269944"}]},{"reference":"Franco, Massimo (2010). Andreotti (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN 978-8852012891.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massimo_Franco","url_text":"Franco, Massimo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8852012891","url_text":"978-8852012891"}]},{"reference":"Furlan, Paola (2006). \"1946. I Comuni al voto Partecipazione politica e ricostruzione nelle origini della Repubblica\". Storia e Futuro (in Italian) (11).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.storiaefuturo.com/it/numero_11/agenda/6_partecipazione-politica-ricostruzione~1022.html","url_text":"\"1946. I Comuni al voto Partecipazione politica e ricostruzione nelle origini della Repubblica\""}]},{"reference":"Gabrielli, Patrizia (2009). Il 1946, le donne, la Repubblica (in Italian). Donzelli Editore. ISBN 978-8860364401.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8860364401","url_text":"978-8860364401"}]},{"reference":"Garrone, Alessandro Galante (1973). I radicali in Italia (1849-1925) (in Italian). Garzanti.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Guichonnet, Paul (1975). Histoire de l'Italie (in French). Presses universitaires de France.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Hospital, Jean d' (17 April 1946). \"La situation des partis après les élections administratives\". Le Monde (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1946/04/17/la-situation-des-partis-apres-les-elections-administratives_1871772_1819218.html","url_text":"\"La situation des partis après les élections administratives\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. ISBN 978-88-04-50946-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2","url_text":"978-88-04-50946-2"}]},{"reference":"Marongiu, Jean-Baptiste (3 February 2005). \"La Storia des partisans\". Libération (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liberation.fr/livres/0101517723-la-storia-des-partisans","url_text":"\"La Storia des partisans\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration","url_text":"Libération"}]},{"reference":"Mola, Aldo Alessandro (2008). Declino e crollo della Monarchia in Italia (in Italian). Mondadori. ISBN 978-8804579885.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8804579885","url_text":"978-8804579885"}]},{"reference":"Mosca, Oreste (24 January 1960). \"Giuseppe Pagano racconta come nacque la repubblica\". Il Tempo (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_Tempo","url_text":"Il Tempo"}]},{"reference":"Nobécourt, Jacques (2 June 1986). \"Il y a quarante ans, l'Italie devient République\". Le Monde (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1986/06/02/l-italie-devient-republique_2914095_1819218.html","url_text":"\"Il y a quarante ans, l'Italie devient République\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"Nohlen, Dieter; Stöver, Philip (2010). Elections in Europe: A data handboo. Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft Mbh & Co. ISBN 978-3-8329-5609-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Nohlen","url_text":"Nohlen, Dieter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8329-5609-7","url_text":"978-3-8329-5609-7"}]},{"reference":"Pace, Eric (30 September 1999). \"Leo Valiani, Writer, 90, Wartime Foe Of Mussolini\". The New York Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/20/world/leo-valiani-writer-90-wartime-foe-of-mussolini.html","url_text":"\"Leo Valiani, Writer, 90, Wartime Foe Of Mussolini\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"}]},{"reference":"Ridolfi, Maurizio (2003). Almanacco della Repubblica. Storia d'Italia attraverso le tradizioni, le istituzioni e le simbologie repubblicane (in Italian). Mondadori Bruno. ISBN 978-8842494997.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8842494997","url_text":"978-8842494997"}]},{"reference":"Romeo, Rosario (2011). Vita di Cavour (in Italian). Editori Laterzi. ISBN 978-8842074915.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosario_Romeo","url_text":"Romeo, Rosario"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8842074915","url_text":"978-8842074915"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Denis Mack (1990). I Savoia re d'Italia (in Italian). Bur. ISBN 978-8817115674.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith","url_text":"Smith, Denis Mack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8817115674","url_text":"978-8817115674"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Denis Mack (1990). Italy and Its Monarchy. Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0300046618.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Mack_Smith","url_text":"Smith, Denis Mack"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300046618","url_text":"978-0300046618"}]},{"reference":"Spadolini, Giovanni (1989). L'opposizione laica nell'Italia moderna (1861-1922) (in Italian). Le Monnier. ISBN 978-8800856256.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini","url_text":"Spadolini, Giovanni"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8800856256","url_text":"978-8800856256"}]},{"reference":"Sapori, Julien (14 August 2009). \"Les \"foibe\", une tragédie européenne\". Libération (in French).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101585248-les-foibe-une-tragedie-europeenne","url_text":"\"Les \"foibe\", une tragédie européenne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration","url_text":"Libération"}]},{"reference":"Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). Gli italiani e il tricolore (in Italian). Il Mulino. ISBN 88-15-07163-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6","url_text":"88-15-07163-6"}]},{"reference":"Valiani, Leo (9 August 1993). \"Ma ora io dico no ai Savoia\". Corriere della Sera (in Italian).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Valiani","url_text":"Valiani, Leo"},{"url":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1993/agosto/09/ora_dico_Savoia_co_0_9308098245.shtml","url_text":"\"Ma ora io dico no ai Savoia\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corriere_della_Sera","url_text":"Corriere della Sera"}]},{"reference":"Vaussard, Maurice (27 September 1945). \"Vers la constituante italienne\". Le Monde (in French).","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Vaussard","url_text":"Vaussard, Maurice"},{"url":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1945/09/27/vers-la-constituante-italienne_1855594_1819218.html","url_text":"\"Vers la constituante italienne\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Monde","url_text":"Le Monde"}]},{"reference":"Villa, Claudio (2010). I simboli della Repubblica: la bandiera tricolore, il canto degli italiani, l'emblema (in Italian). Comune di Vanzago. SBN IT\\ICCU\\LO1\\1355389.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Library_Service_of_Italy","url_text":"SBN"},{"url":"https://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO11355389","url_text":"IT\\ICCU\\LO1\\1355389"}]}]
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Il Presidente della Repubblica Sergio Mattarella ha reso omaggio al Milite Ignoto all'Altare della Patria\""},{"Link":"https://roma.corriere.it/notizie/cronaca/18_giugno_02/2-giugno-applausi-mattarella-all-altare-patria-32c0175c-6635-11e8-a1d6-396872be4e4c.shtml","external_links_name":"\"2 giugno, gli applausi per Mattarella e Conte all'Altare della Patria\""},{"Link":"https://www.difesa.it/Primo_Piano/Pagine/Verso_il_.aspx","external_links_name":"\"Verso il 2 giugno:Festa della Repubblica insieme per il Paese\""},{"Link":"http://www.aostasera.it/articoli/2015/06/1/36238/al-via-al-quirinale-le-celebrazioni-per-il-2-giugno-con-il-cambio-della-guardia-donore","external_links_name":"\"Al via al Quirinale le celebrazioni per il 2 giugno con il Cambio della Guardia d'onore\""},{"Link":"http://www.difesa.it/Primo_Piano/Pagine/2-giugno-festa-della-repubblica-festa-degli-italiani-uniti-per-il-paese.aspx","external_links_name":"\"2 Giugno: Festa della Repubblica, Festa degli Italiani - Uniti per il Paese\""},{"Link":"https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/comunicati/PRESSRELEASE-001-008699/presidente/giorgio-napolitano/gli-auguri-capi-stato-esteri-festa-della-repubblica","external_links_name":"\"Gli auguri di Capi di Stato esteri per la Festa della Repubblica\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Wc0GD1J_isIC&q=Histoire+de+l%27Italie+depuis+1943+%C3%A0+nos+jours","external_links_name":"Histoire de l'Italie depuis 1943 à nos jours"},{"Link":"http://www.cairn.info/revue-parlements-2007-1-page-141.htm","external_links_name":"\"La naissance de la République italienne (2-18 juin 1946)\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fparl.007.0141","external_links_name":"10.3917/parl.007.0141"},{"Link":"https://www.academia.edu/15080772","external_links_name":"Donna Italia. L'allegoria della Penisola dall'antichità ai giorni nostri"},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/bid/UBO2771748","external_links_name":"IT\\ICCU\\UBO\\2771748"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zCIR55SYDpgC&pg=PA119","external_links_name":"\"Il Canto degli Italiani: genesi e peripezie di un inno\""},{"Link":"http://www.persee.fr/web/revues/home/prescript/article/mat_0769-3206_2000_num_57_1_404234","external_links_name":"\"Carlo Rosselli, les néo-socialistes et la crise du socialisme international\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fmat.2000.404234","external_links_name":"10.3406/mat.2000.404234"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-v3NG1ehW38C&dq=concentration+antifasciste+1934&pg=PT104","external_links_name":"L'Italie fasciste"},{"Link":"http://www.storiaefuturo.com/it/numero_11/agenda/6_partecipazione-politica-ricostruzione~1022.html","external_links_name":"\"1946. I Comuni al voto Partecipazione politica e ricostruzione nelle origini della Repubblica\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1946/04/17/la-situation-des-partis-apres-les-elections-administratives_1871772_1819218.html","external_links_name":"\"La situation des partis après les élections administratives\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberation.fr/livres/0101517723-la-storia-des-partisans","external_links_name":"\"La Storia des partisans\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1986/06/02/l-italie-devient-republique_2914095_1819218.html","external_links_name":"\"Il y a quarante ans, l'Italie devient République\""},{"Link":"https://www.nytimes.com/1999/09/20/world/leo-valiani-writer-90-wartime-foe-of-mussolini.html","external_links_name":"\"Leo Valiani, Writer, 90, Wartime Foe Of Mussolini\""},{"Link":"http://www.liberation.fr/monde/0101585248-les-foibe-une-tragedie-europeenne","external_links_name":"\"Les \"foibe\", une tragédie européenne\""},{"Link":"http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/1993/agosto/09/ora_dico_Savoia_co_0_9308098245.shtml","external_links_name":"\"Ma ora io dico no ai Savoia\""},{"Link":"https://www.lemonde.fr/archives/article/1945/09/27/vers-la-constituante-italienne_1855594_1819218.html","external_links_name":"\"Vers la constituante italienne\""},{"Link":"https://opac.sbn.it/bid/LO11355389","external_links_name":"IT\\ICCU\\LO1\\1355389"},{"Link":"http://www.gazzettaufficiale.it/do/gazzetta/downloadPdf?dataPubblicazioneGazzetta=19460620&numeroGazzetta=134&tipoSerie=FO&tipoSupplemento=GU&numeroSupplemento=0&estensione=pdf&edizione=90","external_links_name":"Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 134, 20 June 1946"},{"Link":"https://www.normattiva.it/uri-res/N2Ls?urn:nir:stato:costituzione:1947-12-27!vig=","external_links_name":"Constitution of the Italian Republic"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alanzu
Alanzu
["1 References","2 External links"]
Coordinates: 18°7′N 95°47′E / 18.117°N 95.783°E / 18.117; 95.783Town in Bago Region, BurmaAlanzuTownAlanzuLocation in BurmaCoordinates: 18°7′N 95°47′E / 18.117°N 95.783°E / 18.117; 95.783Country BurmaRegionBago RegionDistrictTharrawaddy DistrictTownshipOkpho TownshipTime zoneUTC+6.30 (MST) Alanzu is a small town in Okpho Township, Tharrawaddy District, in the Bago Region of southern-central Burma. It is located to the due east of Okpho. National Highway 2 passes to the west of the town. Alanzu is situated close to the localities Teinhmyok and Ywathit. References ^ Google Maps (Map). Google. ^ Bing Maps (Map). Microsoft and Harris Corporation Earthstar Geographics LLC. ^ Names, United States Board on Geographic (1944). Gazetteer to Maps of Burma. War Department, Army map service, Corps of engineers, U.S. army. External links Maplandia World Gazetteer vteBago RegionCapital: BagoEast Bago RegionBago District Bago Township Kawa Township Thanatpin Township Waw Township Nyaunglebin District Nyaunglebin Township Daik-U Township Shwegyin Township Kyauktaga Township Kyaukkyi Township Taungoo District Oktwin Township Pyu Township Tantabin Township Taungoo Township Yedashe Township West Bago RegionPyay District Paukkaung Township Pyay Township Shwedaung Township Pandaung Township Tharrawaddy District Gyobingauk Township Letpadan Township Minhla Township Monyo Township Okpho Township Tharrawaddy Township Nattalin District Nattalin Township Zigon Township Thegon Township Paungde Township Main cities and towns Bago Daik-U Gyobingauk Letpadan Nyaunglebin Paungde Pyay Pyu Pyuntaza Shwedaung Shwegyin Taungoo Tharrawaddy Yedashe This Bago Region location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Okpho Township","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpho_Township"},{"link_name":"Tharrawaddy District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tharrawaddy_District"},{"link_name":"Bago Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bago_Region"},{"link_name":"Burma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma"},{"link_name":"Okpho","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okpho"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"National Highway 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_2_(Burma)"},{"link_name":"Ywathit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ywathit,_Kyain_Seikgyi"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Town in Bago Region, BurmaAlanzu is a small town in Okpho Township, Tharrawaddy District, in the Bago Region of southern-central Burma. It is located to the due east of Okpho.[1][2] National Highway 2 passes to the west of the town. Alanzu is situated close to the localities Teinhmyok and Ywathit.[3]","title":"Alanzu"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Google Maps (Map). Google.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Maps","url_text":"Google Maps"}]},{"reference":"Bing Maps (Map). Microsoft and Harris Corporation Earthstar Geographics LLC.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bing_Maps","url_text":"Bing Maps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microsoft","url_text":"Microsoft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harris_Corporation","url_text":"Harris Corporation"}]},{"reference":"Names, United States Board on Geographic (1944). Gazetteer to Maps of Burma. War Department, Army map service, Corps of engineers, U.S. army.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=6DaEATCE1YYC&dq=%22Alanzu%22+myanmar&pg=PA21","url_text":"Gazetteer to Maps of Burma"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Rountree_III
Larry Rountree III
["1 Early years","2 College career","3 Professional career","3.1 Los Angeles Chargers","3.2 Houston Texans","3.3 Birmingham Stallions","4 References","5 External links"]
American football player (born 1999) American football player Larry Rountree IIIRountree III with the Los Angeles Chargers in 2021No. 34 – Birmingham StallionsPosition:Running backPersonal informationBorn: (1999-02-13) February 13, 1999 (age 25)Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S.Height:5 ft 10 in (1.78 m)Weight:210 lb (95 kg)Career informationHigh school:Millbrook(Raleigh, North Carolina)College:Missouri (2017–2020)NFL draft:2021 / Round: 6 / Pick: 198Career history Los Angeles Chargers (2021–2022) Houston Texans (2023)* Birmingham Stallions (2024–present)  * Offseason and/or practice squad member only Roster status:ActiveCareer highlights and awards UFL champion (2024) Second-team All-SEC (2020) Career NFL statisticsRushing yards:106Rushing average:2.2Rushing touchdowns:1Receptions:3Receiving yards:13Player stats at PFR Larry Rountree III (born February 13, 1999) is an American football running back for the Birmingham Stallions of the United Football League (UFL). He played college football at Missouri. Early years Rountree attended Millbrook High School in Raleigh, North Carolina. As a senior, he ran for 1,147 yards on 201 carries with 21 touchdowns. He committed to the University of Missouri to play college football. College career As a true freshman at Missouri in 2017, Rountree played in all 13 games and rushed for 703 yards on 126 carries with six touchdowns. As a sophomore he became the starting running back, rushing 225 times for 1,216 yards and 11 touchdowns. As a junior, he rushed for 829 yards on 186 carries and nine touchdowns. Rountree returned to Missouri his senior year in 2020. During the season, he rushed for 972 yards and set the school record for career rushing yards (3,720) by a running back. Professional career Pre-draft measurables Height Weight Arm length Hand span 40-yard dash 10-yard split 20-yard split 20-yard shuttle Three-cone drill Vertical jump Broad jump Bench press 5 ft 10+5⁄8 in(1.79 m) 211 lb(96 kg) 30+3⁄4 in(0.78 m) 9+1⁄4 in(0.23 m) 4.68 s 1.73 s 2.68 s 4.47 s 6.96 s 30.0 in(0.76 m) 9 ft 0 in(2.74 m) 18 reps All values from Pro Day Los Angeles Chargers Rountree was selected in the sixth round (198th overall) in the 2021 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Chargers. He scored his first NFL touchdown on a one-yard rush in a Week 10 game of the 2021 season against the Minnesota Vikings. On August 31, 2022, Rountree was waived by the Chargers and re-signed to the practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on November 12, 2022. He was waived on November 26 and re-signed to the practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2023. Rountree was waived by the Chargers on August 14, 2023. Houston Texans On August 18, 2023, Rountree signed with the Houston Texans. He was waived on August 29, 2023. He was re-signed to the practice squad on September 6, 2023. He was released on September 12, 2023. Birmingham Stallions On January 19, 2024, Rountree signed with the Birmingham Stallions of the United Football League (UFL). References ^ "Larry Rountree III, Millbrook , Running Back". 247Sports. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Clark, Chris (May 2, 2021). "Former Millbrook HS standout Larry Rountree III ready to get to work in the NFL". CBS17.com. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Toppmeyer, Blake (December 8, 2016). "RB Larry Rountree commits to MU's 2017 class". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Baugh, Peter (August 4, 2019). "Carrying the load: From Carolina to Columbia, how Larry Rountree became Missouri's featured running back". The Athletic. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Matter, Dave (June 23, 2020). "Mizzou's Rountree relishes chance to finish career strong". STLtoday.com. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Blum, Eric (June 18, 2020). "Mizzou's Rountree focused on team heading into final season". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Cole, Adam (October 23, 2020). "'Make them remember your name': Rountree leaves mark on MU". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "Invaluable Rountree III runs into his last season at Mizzou". BVM Sports. September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Baugh, Peter (November 23, 2020). "Larry Rountree's consistent perseverance leads to Mizzou's running backs record". The Athletic. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Blum, Eric (November 20, 2020). "Record-setting Rountree focused on winning, not milestones". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "Larry Rountree III Draft and Combine Prospect Profile". NFL.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023. ^ "2021 NFL Draft Scout Larry Rountree III College Football Profile". DraftScout.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023. ^ "Larry Rountree III 2021 NFL Draft Profile". insider.espn.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023. ^ Myers, Gabe (May 1, 2021). "Chargers Draft RB Larry Rountree III With 198th Pick". Chargers.com. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Martinez, Valentina (November 14, 2021). "RB Larry Rountree III scores Chargers' first TD vs. Vikings". Chargers Wire. USA Today. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "Los Angeles Chargers Sign Running Back Sony Michel". Chargers.com. August 31, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "Los Angeles Chargers Sign Larry Rountree III to Active Roster". Chargers.com. November 12, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "Los Angeles Chargers Activate Running Back Joshua Kelley". Chargers.com. November 26, 2022. ^ "Los Angeles Chargers Sign 12 Players to Contracts". Chargers.com. January 17, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023. ^ Alper, Josh (August 14, 2023). "Chargers waive Larry Rountree III". NBC Sports. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "Houston Texans Transactions (8-18-2023)". HoustonTexans.com. August 18, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "Texans announce initial 53-man roster". HoustonTexans.com. August 29, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "Houston Texans Transactions (9-06-2023)". HoustonTexans.com. September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "Houston Texans Transactions (9-12-2023)". HoustonTexans.com. September 12, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023. ^ "The UFL Agree to Terms with 42 Players". UFLBoard.com. January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024. External links Missouri Tigers bio vteLos Angeles Chargers 2021 NFL draft selections Rashawn Slater Asante Samuel Jr. Josh Palmer Tre' McKitty Chris Rumph II Brenden Jaimes Nick Niemann Larry Rountree III Mark Webb vteBirmingham Stallions 2024 UFL champions 1 Chris Jackson 2 Matt Corral 3 Amari Rodgers 4 Jojo Tillery 5 Gary Jennings Jr. 6 J'Mar Smith 8 Deon Cain 9 Adrian Martinez (MVP) 11 C. J. Marable 12 Jace Sternberger 14 Nevelle Clarke 15 Colby Wadman 16 Binjimen Victor 17 Marlon Williams 18 Isaiah Zuber 19 Daniel Isom 20 T. J. Carter 22 Lorenzo Burns 23 Ricky Person Jr. 24 Kenny Robinson 27 Ryan Langan 28 Mark Gilbert 29 Ike Brown 30 Chris Blewitt 31 Kyahva Tezino 32 A. J. Thomas 33 Scooby Wright 34 Larry Rountree III 36 Madre Harper 47 DeMarquis Gates 50 Jonathan Garvin 51 Damon Lloyd 52 Maalik Hall 54 Taco Charlton 56 Cole Schneider 57 Elijah Sullivan 58 Marvin Wilson 63 Matt Kaskey 65 Deonte Brown 68 Zack Johnson 73 Alex Taylor 74 O'Shea Dugas 75 Christian DiLauro 76 Darius Harper 77 Derwin Gray 80 Kevin Austin Jr. 81 Jordan Thomas 85 Marcus Baugh 94 Jordan Thompson 95 DaMarcus Mitchell 96 Carlos Davis 97 Willie Yarbary 99 Dondrea Tillman Head coach: Skip Holtz Assistant coaches: Anthony Blevins Chris Boniol Corey Chamblin Dave DeGuglielmo Bill Johnson Mike Jones Philip Montgomery Daric Riley
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"running back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Running_back"},{"link_name":"Birmingham Stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Stallions_(2022)"},{"link_name":"United Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_Tigers_football"}],"text":"American football playerLarry Rountree III (born February 13, 1999) is an American football running back for the Birmingham Stallions of the United Football League (UFL). He played college football at Missouri.","title":"Larry Rountree III"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Millbrook High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millbrook_High_School_(North_Carolina)"},{"link_name":"Raleigh, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"touchdowns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Touchdowns"},{"link_name":"University of Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Missouri"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Toppmeyer-3"}],"text":"Rountree attended Millbrook High School in Raleigh, North Carolina.[1][2] As a senior, he ran for 1,147 yards on 201 carries with 21 touchdowns. He committed to the University of Missouri to play college football.[3]","title":"Early years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bvm-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"As a true freshman at Missouri in 2017, Rountree played in all 13 games and rushed for 703 yards on 126 carries with six touchdowns. As a sophomore he became the starting running back, rushing 225 times for 1,216 yards and 11 touchdowns.[4] As a junior, he rushed for 829 yards on 186 carries and nine touchdowns.[5][6] Rountree returned to Missouri his senior year in 2020.[7][8] During the season, he rushed for 972 yards and set the school record for career rushing yards (3,720) by a running back.[9][10]","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2021 NFL Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_NFL_Draft"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Chargers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Chargers"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-myers-14"},{"link_name":"Minnesota Vikings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota_Vikings"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"practice squad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Practice_squad"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Los Angeles Chargers","text":"Rountree was selected in the sixth round (198th overall) in the 2021 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Chargers.[14]He scored his first NFL touchdown on a one-yard rush in a Week 10 game of the 2021 season against the Minnesota Vikings.[15]On August 31, 2022, Rountree was waived by the Chargers and re-signed to the practice squad.[16] He was promoted to the active roster on November 12, 2022.[17] He was waived on November 26 and re-signed to the practice squad.[18] He signed a reserve/future contract on January 17, 2023.[19]Rountree was waived by the Chargers on August 14, 2023.[20]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston Texans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston_Texans"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"sub_title":"Houston Texans","text":"On August 18, 2023, Rountree signed with the Houston Texans.[21] He was waived on August 29, 2023.[22] He was re-signed to the practice squad on September 6, 2023.[23] He was released on September 12, 2023.[24]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Birmingham Stallions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham_Stallions_(2022)"},{"link_name":"United Football League","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"}],"sub_title":"Birmingham Stallions","text":"On January 19, 2024, Rountree signed with the Birmingham Stallions of the United Football League (UFL).[25]","title":"Professional career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Larry Rountree III, Millbrook , Running Back\". 247Sports. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://247sports.com/Player/Larry-Rountree-III-90842/high-school-174445/","url_text":"\"Larry Rountree III, Millbrook , Running Back\""}]},{"reference":"Clark, Chris (May 2, 2021). \"Former Millbrook HS standout Larry Rountree III ready to get to work in the NFL\". CBS17.com. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cbs17.com/sports/former-millbrook-hs-standout-larry-rountree-iii-ready-to-get-to-work-in-the-nfl/","url_text":"\"Former Millbrook HS standout Larry Rountree III ready to get to work in the NFL\""}]},{"reference":"Toppmeyer, Blake (December 8, 2016). \"RB Larry Rountree commits to MU's 2017 class\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/news/columns/2016/12/09/rb-larry-rountree-commits-to/64571389007/","url_text":"\"RB Larry Rountree commits to MU's 2017 class\""}]},{"reference":"Baugh, Peter (August 4, 2019). \"Carrying the load: From Carolina to Columbia, how Larry Rountree became Missouri's featured running back\". The Athletic. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/1113817/2019/08/04/missouri-tigers-football-larry-rountree-running-back/","url_text":"\"Carrying the load: From Carolina to Columbia, how Larry Rountree became Missouri's featured running back\""}]},{"reference":"Matter, Dave (June 23, 2020). \"Mizzou's Rountree relishes chance to finish career strong\". STLtoday.com. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/mizzous-rountree-relishes-chance-to-finish-career-strong/article_8455df0c-b410-56d2-88df-628f75b7319a.html","url_text":"\"Mizzou's Rountree relishes chance to finish career strong\""}]},{"reference":"Blum, Eric (June 18, 2020). \"Mizzou's Rountree focused on team heading into final season\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/2020/06/18/mizzoursquos-rountree-focused-on-team-heading-into-final-season/42406699/","url_text":"\"Mizzou's Rountree focused on team heading into final season\""}]},{"reference":"Cole, Adam (October 23, 2020). \"'Make them remember your name': Rountree leaves mark on MU\". Columbia Missourian. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiamissourian.com/sports/make-them-remember-your-name-rountree-leaves-mark-on-mu/article_df364270-13f5-11eb-9dfb-6710208f5d68.html","url_text":"\"'Make them remember your name': Rountree leaves mark on MU\""}]},{"reference":"\"Invaluable Rountree III runs into his last season at Mizzou\". BVM Sports. September 22, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://bvmsports.com/2020/09/22/invaluable-rountree-iii-runs-into-his-last-season-at-mizzou/","url_text":"\"Invaluable Rountree III runs into his last season at Mizzou\""}]},{"reference":"Baugh, Peter (November 23, 2020). \"Larry Rountree's consistent perseverance leads to Mizzou's running backs record\". The Athletic. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://theathletic.com/2214736/2020/11/23/larry-rountree-missouri-record/","url_text":"\"Larry Rountree's consistent perseverance leads to Mizzou's running backs record\""}]},{"reference":"Blum, Eric (November 20, 2020). \"Record-setting Rountree focused on winning, not milestones\". Columbia Daily Tribune. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2020/11/20/mizzou-running-back-rountree-focused-winning-not-milestones/6296738002/","url_text":"\"Record-setting Rountree focused on winning, not milestones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Larry Rountree III Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\". NFL.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/larry-rountree-iii/3200524f-5521-9270-d2da-db59468a403c","url_text":"\"Larry Rountree III Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"2021 NFL Draft Scout Larry Rountree III College Football Profile\". DraftScout.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1022838&DraftYear=2021","url_text":"\"2021 NFL Draft Scout Larry Rountree III College Football Profile\""}]},{"reference":"\"Larry Rountree III 2021 NFL Draft Profile\". insider.espn.com. Retrieved March 29, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://insider.espn.com/nfl/draft/player/_/id/104867","url_text":"\"Larry Rountree III 2021 NFL Draft Profile\""}]},{"reference":"Myers, Gabe (May 1, 2021). \"Chargers Draft RB Larry Rountree III With 198th Pick\". Chargers.com. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/larry-rountree-nfl-draft-running-back-missouri","url_text":"\"Chargers Draft RB Larry Rountree III With 198th Pick\""}]},{"reference":"Martinez, Valentina (November 14, 2021). \"RB Larry Rountree III scores Chargers' first TD vs. Vikings\". Chargers Wire. USA Today. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://chargerswire.usatoday.com/2021/11/14/chargers-score-first-td-right-before-the-half/","url_text":"\"RB Larry Rountree III scores Chargers' first TD vs. Vikings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Running Back Sony Michel\". Chargers.com. August 31, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/chargers-sign-rb-sony-michel","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Running Back Sony Michel\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Larry Rountree III to Active Roster\". Chargers.com. November 12, 2022. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-sign-larry-rountree-iii-to-active-roster-week-10","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Larry Rountree III to Active Roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Activate Running Back Joshua Kelley\". Chargers.com. November 26, 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-activate-joshua-kelley","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Activate Running Back Joshua Kelley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign 12 Players to Contracts\". Chargers.com. January 17, 2023. Retrieved May 3, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-sign-12-players-to-contracts","url_text":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign 12 Players to Contracts\""}]},{"reference":"Alper, Josh (August 14, 2023). \"Chargers waive Larry Rountree III\". NBC Sports. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/chargers-waive-larry-rountree-iii","url_text":"\"Chargers waive Larry Rountree III\""}]},{"reference":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (8-18-2023)\". HoustonTexans.com. August 18, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstontexans.com/news/houston-texans-transactions-8-18-2023","url_text":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (8-18-2023)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Texans announce initial 53-man roster\". HoustonTexans.com. August 29, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstontexans.com/news/texans-announce-initial-53-man-roster","url_text":"\"Texans announce initial 53-man roster\""}]},{"reference":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (9-06-2023)\". HoustonTexans.com. September 6, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstontexans.com/news/houston-texans-transactions-9-06-2023","url_text":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (9-06-2023)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (9-12-2023)\". HoustonTexans.com. September 12, 2023. Retrieved September 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.houstontexans.com/news/houston-texans-transactions-9-12-2023","url_text":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (9-12-2023)\""}]},{"reference":"\"The UFL Agree to Terms with 42 Players\". UFLBoard.com. January 19, 2024. Retrieved January 20, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://uflboard.com/news/the-ufl-agree-to-terms-with-42-players/","url_text":"\"The UFL Agree to Terms with 42 Players\""}]}]
[{"Link":"https://www.pro-football-reference.com/players/R/RounLa00.htm","external_links_name":"PFR"},{"Link":"https://247sports.com/Player/Larry-Rountree-III-90842/high-school-174445/","external_links_name":"\"Larry Rountree III, Millbrook , Running Back\""},{"Link":"https://www.cbs17.com/sports/former-millbrook-hs-standout-larry-rountree-iii-ready-to-get-to-work-in-the-nfl/","external_links_name":"\"Former Millbrook HS standout Larry Rountree III ready to get to work in the NFL\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/news/columns/2016/12/09/rb-larry-rountree-commits-to/64571389007/","external_links_name":"\"RB Larry Rountree commits to MU's 2017 class\""},{"Link":"https://theathletic.com/1113817/2019/08/04/missouri-tigers-football-larry-rountree-running-back/","external_links_name":"\"Carrying the load: From Carolina to Columbia, how Larry Rountree became Missouri's featured running back\""},{"Link":"https://www.stltoday.com/sports/college/mizzou/mizzous-rountree-relishes-chance-to-finish-career-strong/article_8455df0c-b410-56d2-88df-628f75b7319a.html","external_links_name":"\"Mizzou's Rountree relishes chance to finish career strong\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/2020/06/18/mizzoursquos-rountree-focused-on-team-heading-into-final-season/42406699/","external_links_name":"\"Mizzou's Rountree focused on team heading into final season\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiamissourian.com/sports/make-them-remember-your-name-rountree-leaves-mark-on-mu/article_df364270-13f5-11eb-9dfb-6710208f5d68.html","external_links_name":"\"'Make them remember your name': Rountree leaves mark on MU\""},{"Link":"https://bvmsports.com/2020/09/22/invaluable-rountree-iii-runs-into-his-last-season-at-mizzou/","external_links_name":"\"Invaluable Rountree III runs into his last season at Mizzou\""},{"Link":"https://theathletic.com/2214736/2020/11/23/larry-rountree-missouri-record/","external_links_name":"\"Larry Rountree's consistent perseverance leads to Mizzou's running backs record\""},{"Link":"https://www.columbiatribune.com/story/sports/college/tiger-extra/2020/11/20/mizzou-running-back-rountree-focused-winning-not-milestones/6296738002/","external_links_name":"\"Record-setting Rountree focused on winning, not milestones\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/larry-rountree-iii/3200524f-5521-9270-d2da-db59468a403c","external_links_name":"\"Larry Rountree III Draft and Combine Prospect Profile\""},{"Link":"https://draftscout.com/dsprofile.php?PlayerId=1022838&DraftYear=2021","external_links_name":"\"2021 NFL Draft Scout Larry Rountree III College Football Profile\""},{"Link":"https://insider.espn.com/nfl/draft/player/_/id/104867","external_links_name":"\"Larry Rountree III 2021 NFL Draft Profile\""},{"Link":"https://www.chargers.com/news/larry-rountree-nfl-draft-running-back-missouri","external_links_name":"\"Chargers Draft RB Larry Rountree III With 198th Pick\""},{"Link":"https://chargerswire.usatoday.com/2021/11/14/chargers-score-first-td-right-before-the-half/","external_links_name":"\"RB Larry Rountree III scores Chargers' first TD vs. Vikings\""},{"Link":"https://www.chargers.com/news/chargers-sign-rb-sony-michel","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Running Back Sony Michel\""},{"Link":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-sign-larry-rountree-iii-to-active-roster-week-10","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign Larry Rountree III to Active Roster\""},{"Link":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-activate-joshua-kelley","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Activate Running Back Joshua Kelley\""},{"Link":"https://www.chargers.com/news/los-angeles-chargers-sign-12-players-to-contracts","external_links_name":"\"Los Angeles Chargers Sign 12 Players to Contracts\""},{"Link":"https://www.nbcsports.com/nfl/profootballtalk/rumor-mill/news/chargers-waive-larry-rountree-iii","external_links_name":"\"Chargers waive Larry Rountree III\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstontexans.com/news/houston-texans-transactions-8-18-2023","external_links_name":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (8-18-2023)\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstontexans.com/news/texans-announce-initial-53-man-roster","external_links_name":"\"Texans announce initial 53-man roster\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstontexans.com/news/houston-texans-transactions-9-06-2023","external_links_name":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (9-06-2023)\""},{"Link":"https://www.houstontexans.com/news/houston-texans-transactions-9-12-2023","external_links_name":"\"Houston Texans Transactions (9-12-2023)\""},{"Link":"https://uflboard.com/news/the-ufl-agree-to-terms-with-42-players/","external_links_name":"\"The UFL Agree to Terms with 42 Players\""},{"Link":"https://mutigers.com/sports/football/roster/larry-rountree-iii/7977","external_links_name":"Missouri Tigers bio"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timm_Aircraft_Company
Timm Aircraft
["1 History","2 Aircraft","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Bibliography","4 External links"]
O.W. Timm Aircraft CompanyFounded1922 (1922) in Glendale CaliforniaFoundersOtto TimmWally TimmDefunct1957 (1957)FateMerged with International GlassHeadquartersVan Nuys, California, United StatesSubsidiariesTimm Industries, Inc The O.W. Timm Aircraft Company was an American aircraft manufacturer founded by Otto William Timm, based in Los Angeles, California. History Otto William Timm c. 1920s Timm N2T-1 basic trainer of the US Navy at the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola. Between 1911 and 1922 O.W. Timm built several aircraft with varying success before he founded, in 1922, the O.W. Timm Aircraft Company. Timm manufactured six models of a parasol design, the Collegiate. In 1934 Otto and his brother Wally Timm joined to form a new company named the Timm Airplane Company to produce the Timm T-S140, a high wing twin engine aircraft using new features developed at NACA such as flaps and tricycle landing gear. Wally Timm formed his own Glendale based aviation company later on, the Wally Timm Inc. The company developed a "plastic" material made of resin and wood similar to the Duramold process. The Duramold and Haskelite process was first developed in 1937. Followed by Gene Vidal's Weldwood and later the Aeromold process. The Aeromold process differs in that it is baked at a low 100 °F (38 °C) at cutting and forming, and 180 °F (82 °C) for fusing together sections after the resins are added. In 1939, at the onset of World War II, the company operated as the Timm Aircraft Corporation, building the PT160K trainer prototype using the aeromold process. By 1941, the U.S Navy ordered the aeromold N2T-1 with a production run reaching 260 aircraft along with other small aircraft parts made of the aeromold process. Profits increased to $70,000 from $240 the year prior. The company also license-built 436 of the CG-4A glider used by allied troops. A Plywood construction variant, the CG-4B was developed by Timm in case of material shortages, but did not go into production. In some episodes of the 1941 movie serial, Sky Raiders, aircraft hangars of Timm Aircraft Corporation are clearly visible. They were located adjacent to the Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys, Los Angeles. After World War II, the company specialized in returning surplus Douglas C-47 aircraft back into airliner configurations. The company also created a subsidiary, Timm Industries, Inc to manufacture vending machines such as the Frank-O-Matic and Coca-Cola bottle dispensers. By 1948, production had ceased to the point where the company leased out its production facilities to the Marquardt Corporation, a maker of Ramjet engines. In 1953, a proxy war among shareholders was started, with C. D. Rudolph winning control of the board. The company did not produce any new aircraft after this point. In 1957, the company merged with the International Glass Corporation. Aircraft Timm Pacific Hawk Timm Aircoach Timm K-100 Timm T-840 Model name First flight Number built Type Timm Skylark 1923 1 Twin engine biplane transport Timm Argonaut 1927 1 Single engine cabin biplane Timm Curtiss Pusher replica 1927 2 Single engine biplane Timm Aircoach 1928 1 Single engine cabin biplane Timm Collegiate 1928 8 Single engine sport monoplane Timm T-S140 1934 1 Twin engine monoplane transport Timm 160 1937 4 Single engine sport monoplane Timm Aerocraft 2AS 1938 1 Single engine monoplane trainer Timm T-840 1938 1 Twin engine monoplane transport Timm S-160 1940 1 Prototype single engine monoplane trainer Timm PT-160-K 1941 1 Prototype single engine monoplane trainer Timm PT-175-L 1941 1 Prototype single engine monoplane trainer Timm PT-220-C 1941 1 Prototype single engine monoplane trainer Timm N2T Tutor 1941 262 Single engine monoplane trainer Timm AG-2 1940s 0 Unbuilt assault glider Timm CG-4A 1942 434 License built assault glider Timm CG-4B 1943 1 License built assault glider Timm monoplane 1 References Notes ^ Hansen 2003, p. 340. ^ Aero Digest, Volume 40, 1942. ^ Ballard, Richard. "Plastic Airplanes." The Ohio State Engineer, April 1942, p. 24. ^ Juptner 1993, p. 178. ^ Andrade 1979, p. 96. ^ Mrazek 2011, p. 374. ^ American Aviation, Volume 10, 1946. ^ Aviation News (Robert Hudson Wood), Volume 6, 1946. ^ "Timm Leases Van Nuys Plant." The Los Angeles Times, November 20, 1948. ^ "Rudolph Wins Timm Control." The Los Angeles Times, December 24, 1953. ^ "Int'l Glass and Timm Aircraft Merger Voted". Los Angeles Times. 28 June 1957. p. 8. Bibliography Andrade, John M. U.S. Military Aircraft Designations and Serials since 1909. Earl Shilton, Leister, UK: Midland Counties Publications, 1979. ISBN 0-904597-22-9. Hansen, James R. ed. The Wind and Beyond: A Documentary Journey Into the History of Aerodynamics, Volume I: The Ascent of the Airplane. Washington, D.C.: National Aeronautics and Space Administration, 2003. Juptner, Joseph P. U.S. Civil Aircraft Series, Volume 8. New York: McGraw-Hill Professional, 1993. ISBN 978-0830643738. Mrazek, James. Airborne Combat: The Glider War/Fighting Gliders of WWII (Stackpole Military History Series). Stackpole, 2011. ISBN 978-0811708081. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Timm aircraft. Van Nuys Airport Marquardt Plant Site – Mark A. Reynosa Productions Advertisement for Job Opportunities at Timm Aircraft – Newspapers.com vteAircraft designed and built by Timm AircraftBuilt 2AS Argonaut Coach K-90 Collegiate K-100 Collegiate M-150 Collegiate TC-165 Collegiate T-840 S-160 PT-220 Projects AG-2 T-800
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Timm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Timm"},{"link_name":"Wally Timm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wally_Timm"},{"link_name":"NACA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Duramold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duramold"},{"link_name":"Gene Vidal's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene_Luther_Vidal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"N2T-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timm_N2T_Tutor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"CG-4A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waco_CG-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Sky Raiders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sky_Raiders"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys_Airport"},{"link_name":"Van Nuys, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Nuys,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Douglas C-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"vending machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vending_machine"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Marquardt Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marquardt_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Otto William Timm c. 1920sTimm N2T-1 basic trainer of the US Navy at the National Museum of Naval Aviation at NAS Pensacola.Between 1911 and 1922 O.W. Timm built several aircraft with varying success before he founded, in 1922, the O.W. Timm Aircraft Company. Timm manufactured six models of a parasol design, the Collegiate. In 1934 Otto and his brother Wally Timm joined to form a new company named the Timm Airplane Company to produce the Timm T-S140, a high wing twin engine aircraft using new features developed at NACA such as flaps and tricycle landing gear.[1] Wally Timm formed his own Glendale based aviation company later on, the Wally Timm Inc.[2]The company developed a \"plastic\" material made of resin and wood similar to the Duramold process. The Duramold and Haskelite process was first developed in 1937. Followed by Gene Vidal's Weldwood and later the Aeromold process. The Aeromold process differs in that it is baked at a low 100 °F (38 °C) at cutting and forming, and 180 °F (82 °C) for fusing together sections after the resins are added.[3]In 1939, at the onset of World War II, the company operated as the Timm Aircraft Corporation, building the PT160K trainer prototype using the aeromold process. By 1941, the U.S Navy ordered the aeromold N2T-1 with a production run reaching 260 aircraft along with other small aircraft parts made of the aeromold process. Profits increased to $70,000 from $240 the year prior.[4] The company also license-built 436 of the CG-4A glider used by allied troops.[5] A Plywood construction variant, the CG-4B was developed by Timm in case of material shortages, but did not go into production.[6]In some episodes of the 1941 movie serial, Sky Raiders, aircraft hangars of Timm Aircraft Corporation are clearly visible. They were located adjacent to the Van Nuys Airport in Van Nuys, Los Angeles.After World War II, the company specialized in returning surplus Douglas C-47 aircraft back into airliner configurations.[7] The company also created a subsidiary, Timm Industries, Inc to manufacture vending machines such as the Frank-O-Matic and Coca-Cola bottle dispensers.[8]By 1948, production had ceased to the point where the company leased out its production facilities to the Marquardt Corporation, a maker of Ramjet engines.[9]In 1953, a proxy war among shareholders was started, with C. D. Rudolph winning control of the board. The company did not produce any new aircraft after this point.[10] In 1957, the company merged with the International Glass Corporation.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timm_Pacific_Hawk.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timm_Aircoach_L%27Air_November_15,1928.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timm_K-100_Collegiate_Aero_Digest_April_1929.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Timm_T-840_photo_L%27Aerophile_April_1938.jpg"}],"text":"Timm Pacific HawkTimm AircoachTimm K-100Timm T-840","title":"Aircraft"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouzeron
Bouzeron
["1 Geography","2 Wine","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 46°53′25″N 4°43′38″E / 46.8903°N 4.7272°E / 46.8903; 4.7272You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (April 2017) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Bouzeron}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté, FranceBouzeronCommuneLocation of Bouzeron BouzeronShow map of FranceBouzeronShow map of Bourgogne-Franche-ComtéCoordinates: 46°53′25″N 4°43′38″E / 46.8903°N 4.7272°E / 46.8903; 4.7272CountryFranceRegionBourgogne-Franche-ComtéDepartmentSaône-et-LoireArrondissementChalon-sur-SaôneCantonChagnyIntercommunalityCA Le Grand ChalonGovernment • Mayor (2024–2026) Yves MartinArea13.7 km2 (1.4 sq mi)Population (2021)126 • Density34/km2 (88/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code71051 /71150Elevation221–405 m (725–1,329 ft) (avg. 350 m or 1,150 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Bouzeron (French pronunciation: ) is a commune in the Saône-et-Loire department in Bourgogne-Franche-Comté in eastern France. Geography Bouzeron is a wine-growing village located near Chagny. It is 15–20 kilometers (9.3–12.4 miles) from Beaune and 25 kilometres (16 mi) from Chalon-sur-Saône. Wine Main article: Bouzeron AOC Bouzeron is also an appellation d'origine contrôlée in the Cote Chalonnaise sub-region of Burgundy for a white wine made exclusively from the Aligoté grape, created in 1998. It is the only communal appellation for Aligoté wine, the rest of them being sold under the regional appellation Bourgogne Aligoté AOC. Pinot noir and Chardonnay wines are also produced in the commune, but sold under the appellations Bourgogne rouge or blanc or Bourgogne Côte Chalonnaise. See also Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires" (in French). data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises. 16 April 2024. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bouzeron. vte Communes of the Saône-et-Loire department L'Abergement-de-Cuisery L'Abergement-Sainte-Colombe Allerey-sur-Saône Allériot Aluze Amanzé Ameugny Anglure-sous-Dun Anost Antully Anzy-le-Duc Artaix Authumes Autunsubpr Auxy Azé Ballore Bantanges Barizey Barnay Baron Baudemont Baudrières Baugy Beaubery Beaumont-sur-Grosne Beaurepaire-en-Bresse Beauvernois Bellevesvre Bergesserin Berzé-la-Ville Berzé-le-Châtel Bey Bissey-sous-Cruchaud Bissy-la-Mâconnaise Bissy-sous-Uxelles Bissy-sur-Fley Les Bizots Blanot Blanzy Bois-Sainte-Marie Bonnay-Saint-Ythaire Les Bordes Bosjean Bouhans La Boulaye Bourbon-Lancy Bourg-le-Comte Bourgvilain Bouzeron Boyer Bragny-sur-Saône Branges Bray Bresse-sur-Grosne Le Breuil Briant Brienne Brion Broye Bruailles Buffières Burgy Burnand Burzy Bussières Buxy La Celle-en-Morvan Céron Cersot Chagny Chaintré Chalmoux Chalon-sur-Saônesubpr Chambilly Chamilly Champagnat Champagny-sous-Uxelles Champforgeuil Champlecy Chânes Change Changy Chapaize La Chapelle-au-Mans La Chapelle-de-Bragny La Chapelle-de-Guinchay La Chapelle-du-Mont-de-France La Chapelle-Naude La Chapelle-Saint-Sauveur La Chapelle-sous-Brancion La Chapelle-sous-Dun La Chapelle-sous-Uchon La Chapelle-Thècle Charbonnat Charbonnières Chardonnay Charette-Varennes La Charmée Charmoy Charnay-lès-Chalon Charnay-lès-Mâcon Charollessubpr Charrecey Chasselas Chassey-le-Camp Chassigny-sous-Dun Chassy Château Châteauneuf Châtel-Moron Châtenay Châtenoy-en-Bresse Châtenoy-le-Royal Chaudenay Chauffailles La Chaux Cheilly-lès-Maranges Chenay-le-Châtel Chenôves Chérizet Chevagny-les-Chevrières Chevagny-sur-Guye Chiddes Chissey-en-Morvan Chissey-lès-Mâcon Ciel Ciry-le-Noble La Clayette Clessé Clessy Cluny Clux-Villeneuve Collonge-en-Charollais Collonge-la-Madeleine Colombier-en-Brionnais La Comelle Condal Cordesse Cormatin Cortambert Cortevaix Coublanc Couches Crêches-sur-Saône Créot Cressy-sur-Somme Le Creusot Crissey Cronat Cruzille Cuiseaux Cuisery Culles-les-Roches Curbigny Curdin Curgy Curtil-sous-Buffières Curtil-sous-Burnand Cussy-en-Morvan Cuzy Damerey Dampierre-en-Bresse Davayé Demigny Dennevy Dettey Devrouze Dezize-lès-Maranges Diconne Digoin Dommartin-lès-Cuiseaux Dompierre-les-Ormes Dompierre-sous-Sanvignes Donzy-le-Pertuis Dracy-le-Fort Dracy-lès-Couches Dracy-Saint-Loup Dyo Écuelles Écuisses Épertully Épervans Épinac Essertenne Étang-sur-Arroux Étrigny Farges-lès-Chalon Farges-lès-Mâcon Le Fay Flacey-en-Bresse Flagy Fleurville Fleury-la-Montagne Fley Fontaines Fontenay Fragnes-La Loyère Frangy-en-Bresse La Frette Fretterans Frontenard Frontenaud Fuissé Génelard La Genête Genouilly Gergy Germagny Germolles-sur-Grosne Gibles Gigny-sur-Saône Gilly-sur-Loire Givry Gourdon La Grande-Verrière Grandvaux Granges Grevilly Grury Guerfand Les Guerreaux Gueugnon La Guiche Hautefond L'Hôpital-le-Mercier Huilly-sur-Seille Hurigny Igé Igornay Iguerande Issy-l'Évêque Jalogny Jambles Joncy Joudes Jouvençon Jugy Juif Jully-lès-Buxy Lacrost Laives Laizé Laizy Lalheue Lans Lays-sur-le-Doubs Lesme Lessard-en-Bresse Lessard-le-National Leynes Ligny-en-Brionnais Loisy Longepierre Louhanssubpr Lournand Lucenay-l'Évêque Lugny Lugny-lès-Charolles Lux Mâconpref Mailly Malay Maltat Mancey Marcigny Marcilly-la-Gueurce Marcilly-lès-Buxy Marigny Marly-sous-Issy Marly-sur-Arroux Marmagne Marnay Martailly-lès-Brancion Martigny-le-Comte Mary Massilly Matour Mazille Melay Mellecey Ménetreuil Mercurey Mervans Messey-sur-Grosne Mesvres Milly-Lamartine Le Miroir Mont Montagny-lès-Buxy Montagny-près-Louhans Montbellet Montceau-les-Mines Montceaux-l'Étoile Montceaux-Ragny Montcenis Montchanin Montcony Montcoy Monthelon Montjay Mont-lès-Seurre Montmelard Montmort Montpont-en-Bresse Montret Mont-Saint-Vincent Morey Morlet Mornay Moroges La Motte-Saint-Jean Mouthier-en-Bresse Mussy-sous-Dun Nanton Navilly Navour-sur-Grosne Neuvy-Grandchamp Nochize Ormes Oslon Oudry Ouroux-sous-le-Bois-Sainte-Marie Ouroux-sur-Saône Oyé Ozenay Ozolles Palinges Palleau Paray-le-Monial Paris-l'Hôpital Passy Péronne Perrecy-les-Forges Perreuil Perrigny-sur-Loire La Petite-Verrière Pierreclos Pierre-de-Bresse Le Planois Plottes Poisson Pontoux Pouilloux Pourlans Pressy-sous-Dondin Préty Prissé Prizy Pruzilly Le Puley La Racineuse Rancy Ratenelle Ratte Reclesne Remigny Rigny-sur-Arroux La Roche-Vineuse Romanèche-Thorins Romenay Rosey Le Rousset-Marizy Roussillon-en-Morvan Royer Rully Sagy Saillenard Sailly Saint-Agnan Saint-Albain Saint-Ambreuil Saint-Amour-Bellevue Saint-André-en-Bresse Saint-André-le-Désert Saint-Aubin-en-Charollais Saint-Aubin-sur-Loire Saint-Berain-sous-Sanvignes Saint-Bérain-sur-Dheune Saint-Boil Saint-Bonnet-de-Cray Saint-Bonnet-de-Joux Saint-Bonnet-de-Vieille-Vigne Saint-Bonnet-en-Bresse Saint-Christophe-en-Bresse Saint-Christophe-en-Brionnais Saint-Clément-sur-Guye Saint-Cyr Saint-Denis-de-Vaux Saint-Désert Saint-Didier-en-Bresse Saint-Didier-en-Brionnais Saint-Didier-sur-Arroux Sainte-Cécile Sainte-Croix-en-Bresse Saint-Edmond Sainte-Foy Sainte-Hélène Saint-Émiland Sainte-Radegonde Saint-Étienne-en-Bresse Saint-Eugène Saint-Eusèbe Saint-Firmin Saint-Forgeot Saint-Gengoux-de-Scissé Saint-Gengoux-le-National Saint-Germain-du-Bois Saint-Germain-du-Plain Saint-Germain-en-Brionnais Saint-Germain-lès-Buxy Saint-Gervais-en-Vallière Saint-Gervais-sur-Couches Saint-Gilles Saint-Huruge Saint-Igny-de-Roche Saint-Jean-de-Trézy Saint-Jean-de-Vaux Saint-Julien-de-Civry Saint-Julien-de-Jonzy Saint-Julien-sur-Dheune Saint-Laurent-d'Andenay Saint-Laurent-en-Brionnais Saint-Léger-du-Bois Saint-Léger-lès-Paray Saint-Léger-sous-Beuvray Saint-Léger-sous-la-Bussière Saint-Léger-sur-Dheune Saint-Loup-de-Varennes Saint-Loup-Géanges Saint-Marcel Saint-Marcelin-de-Cray Saint-Mard-de-Vaux Saint-Martin-Belle-Roche Saint-Martin-d'Auxy Saint-Martin-de-Commune Saint-Martin-de-Lixy Saint-Martin-de-Salencey Saint-Martin-du-Lac Saint-Martin-du-Mont Saint-Martin-du-Tartre Saint-Martin-en-Bresse Saint-Martin-en-Gâtinois Saint-Martin-la-Patrouille Saint-Martin-sous-Montaigu Saint-Maurice-de-Satonnay Saint-Maurice-des-Champs Saint-Maurice-en-Rivière Saint-Maurice-lès-Châteauneuf Saint-Maurice-lès-Couches Saint-Micaud Saint-Nizier-sur-Arroux Saint-Pierre-de-Varennes Saint-Pierre-le-Vieux Saint-Point Saint-Privé Saint-Prix Saint-Racho Saint-Rémy Saint-Romain-sous-Gourdon Saint-Romain-sous-Versigny Saint-Sernin-du-Bois Saint-Sernin-du-Plain Saint-Symphorien-d'Ancelles Saint-Symphorien-de-Marmagne Saint-Symphorien-des-Bois Saint-Usuge Saint-Vallerin Saint-Vallier Saint-Vérand Saint-Vincent-Bragny Saint-Vincent-des-Prés Saint-Vincent-en-Bresse Saint-Yan Saisy La Salle Salornay-sur-Guye Sampigny-lès-Maranges Sancé Santilly Sanvignes-les-Mines Sarry Sassangy Sassenay Saules Saunières Savianges Savigny-en-Revermont Savigny-sur-Grosne Savigny-sur-Seille Semur-en-Brionnais Sennecey-le-Grand Senozan Sens-sur-Seille Sercy Serley Sermesse Serrières Serrigny-en-Bresse Sevrey Sigy-le-Châtel Simandre Simard Sivignon Sologny Solutré-Pouilly Sommant Sornay Suin Sully La Tagnière Taizé Tancon Le Tartre Tavernay Thil-sur-Arroux Thurey Tintry Torcy Torpes Toulon-sur-Arroux Tournus Toutenant Tramayes Trambly Trivy Tronchy La Truchère Uchizy Uchon Uxeau Vareilles Varenne-l'Arconce Varenne-Saint-Germain Varennes-le-Grand Varennes-lès-Mâcon Varennes-Saint-Sauveur Varennes-sous-Dun Vauban Vaudebarrier Vaux-en-Pré Vendenesse-lès-Charolles Vendenesse-sur-Arroux Verdun-sur-le-Doubs Vergisson Vérissey Verjux Verosvres Vers Versaugues Verzé Le Villars Villegaudin Villeneuve-en-Montagne Vincelles Vindecy La Vineuse sur Fregande Vinzelles Viré Virey-le-Grand Viry Vitry-en-Charollais Vitry-sur-Loire Volesvres pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Saône-et-Loire geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cueto
Mark Cueto
["1 Biography","2 Career","2.1 Sale Sharks","2.2 International","2.3 International tries","3 Honours","3.1 Sale Sharks","3.2 England","4 References","5 External links"]
British Lions & England international rugby union footballers Rugby playerMark Cueto MBEBirth nameMark John CuetoDate of birth (1979-12-26) 26 December 1979 (age 44)Place of birthWorkington, Cumbria, EnglandHeight6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight15 st 0 lb (95 kg) SchoolSt. Thomas More SchoolAlsager ComprehensiveUniversityManchester Metropolitan UniversityRugby union careerPosition(s) Wing, Full-backAmateur team(s)Years Team Apps (Points)1996-19971997–19981998–2001 Crewe & Nantwich RUFC Sandbach RUFCAltrincham Kersal ()Senior careerYears Team Apps (Points)2001–2015 Sale Sharks 303 (590) Correct as of 27 March 2015International careerYears Team Apps (Points)2002–20042004–20112005 England AEnglandBritish & Irish Lions 551 ()(100)(0) Correct as of 31 March 2012National sevens teamYears Team Comps2001 England Sevens Hong Kong Mark John Cueto MBE (born 26 December 1979 in Workington, Cumbria) is a former English international rugby union player. He played on the wing for Sale Sharks and England. He is currently the third leading try scorer in the Aviva Premiership. On 28 January 2015, it was announced Cueto was to retire at the end of the 2014-15 season Biography Mark Cueto was born to Frank and Anne Cueto. He has a sister called Rachel. He owes his surname to a Spaniard great-grandfather Antonio, who sailed from Santander in the 1900s and settled in Maryport, Cumbria, where he set up a fish-and-chip shop. His Cumbrian home town of Workington is in an area more associated with rugby league than union. Although he played his first rugby game as an eight-year-old in Workington, and played after he moved with his parents to Wolverhampton, he did not grow up playing the game. When he was 10 years old, his parents moved again to Crewe, where he took up football instead of rugby, becoming a keen Manchester United fan. He did not play rugby again until he was 17. His early clubs were Crewe & Nantwich RUFC, Sandbach RUFC and Altrincham Kersal, with the latter he won the Cheshire RFU Plate in 1998. Then, when he was 17 and in his final A-level year at Alsager Comprehensive, there was the annual rugby match against Holmes Chapel. It was an occasion of no great importance. Holmes Chapel had a reasonable team, but rugby players were thin on the ground at Alsager and there was not much debate about the likely result. To make up a team, Alsager teacher Lindsay Purcell recruited a number of footballers. Cueto was one of those press-ganged into service, though when it came to sport he was easily persuaded. Football was number one but he had also done athletics, basketball, volleyball and cricket. Cueto is married to Suzie (née Richards), originally from Corby in Northamptonshire, who works in the Manchester United FC hospitality department. She gave birth to a baby boy called Max, their first child, on 6 August 2010. The couple have two more sons called Louis (b. 2013) and Joshua (b. 2018). They live together in Altrincham. He is a graduate of Manchester Metropolitan University. In 2009, Cueto was featured in a campaign of male underwear for Jockey International. He also appeared as a guest in two episodes of the quiz show A Question of Sport in 2005. Career Sale Sharks Cueto made his début for Sale Sharks against Bristol Shoguns in 2001 and made the England tour to Argentina in 2002, playing against Argentina A. Cueto saw success at club level in his first five years at the club, winning the European Challenge Cup twice, first in 2002 when Sale beat Pontypridd 25–22 at the Kassam Stadium on 26 May 2002. He was also part of the Sale team that beat Pau, the champions in 2000, by 27 points to 3, also at the Kassam Stadium on 21 May 2005. Cueto scored a try in the victory. He had his best individual season in 2004–05, scoring 11 tries in just 18 games played. Cueto helped Sale Sharks to top the league in the 2005–06 season and carry that form through to win the season ending play-offs, scoring a try as they beat Leicester Tigers in the final, to become Premiership champions for the first time. In May 2010, Cueto was voted into Sale Shark's Hall of Fame. He played his 150th match for Sale in their 54–21 defeat to Leicester in late December 2010. A few days later, Cueto was appointed club captain by the new coach Pete Anglesea; Anglesea replaced Mike Brewer as Sale had won just three out of nine matches in the 2010–11 season by mid-December. Cueto was Sale's sixth captain of the season. In April, Cueto was banned by the Rugby Football Union for nine weeks after pleading guilty to "making contact with the eye or eye area". The incident involved Christian Day and occurred in a match against Northampton on 2 April. At the start of the 2011–12 season, in August, Cueto was replaced as Sale captain, with Sam Tuitupou taking over role. On 8 February 2013 Cueto broke the Premiership try scoring record of 75 by Steve Hanley, touching down for his 76th try in a 21-16 comeback win over Exeter. He eventually retired in 2015 after having scored a then record 90 tries. His record was broken on 10 February 2017 by Bristol's wing Tom Varndell. Cueto was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to rugby union. International Cueto represented England in the 2000–01 World Sevens Series. Cueto appears alongside All Blacks captain Richie McCaw on the cover of the United Kingdom version of the EA Sports game Rugby 08. He was not selected for the full England squad during Clive Woodward's time as head coach, having to wait until November 2004 for his début against Canada at Twickenham, when he scored two tries. He would play for England up until 2011, scoring 20 tries, at the time the 7th most try scored for his Country. In 2005, he was called up to the British & Irish Lions for their New Zealand tour after original selection Iain Balshaw was ruled out due to injury. He featured in the third Test at Eden Park, Auckland. The same year he was the top try scorer in the 2005 Six Nations with 4. Cueto was a prominent member of England's 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. He started the first match of England's defence of the title at Full-back against the USA. He also played in England's embarrassing 36–0 defeat to South Africa. Having been dropped for the next match against Samoa, he was installed to the English defence for the encounter with Tonga, which ensured England's progression through to the quarter-final stage. He was left out of the surprise quarter-final victory against Australia and the even more surprising semi-final victory over France due to a niggling injury. During the semi-final, England wing Josh Lewsey suffered a pulled hamstring and was forced to miss the final. Cueto was selected to take his place for the 2007 final against previous pool opponents, South Africa. His participation in the match became memorable when he was denied a try in the second half of the match by Australian television match official Stuart Dickinson. After a great deal of deliberation over real-time footage (and facing a language barrier with a French television producer who did not provide the stills he wanted) Dickinson disallowed the try on the basis of Cueto's left foot entering touch (touching the side-line) before the ball was grounded. This was not immediately obvious and Cueto's left leg was subsequently raised within the boundary of play, travelling over it after the ball was on the ground; this led many to believe the judgement had been wrongly made on the basis of the latter movement. A division of opinion still exists, although most experts including BBC Radio 5 Live presenter Ian Robertson subsequently backed Dickinson's decision. He did not feature for England throughout 2008, but was recalled to the squad for the 2009 Six Nations, scoring a try in the opening game against Italy and in England's 34–10 victory over France. Cueto was a regular for England throughout 2010 and 2011, and contributed to England's successful 2011 Six Nations campaign. Cueto won his 50th cap for England in the final match of the Six Nations against Ireland. Cueto missed the first 2 games of the 2011 Rugby World cup in New Zealand due to a back injury, but completed a hat-trick of tries when returning to the starting line up against Romania. International tries Try Opposing team Location Venue Competition Date Result Score 1  Canada London, England Twickenham Stadium 2004 end-of-year rugby union internationals 13 November 2004 Win 70 – 0 2 3  South Africa London, England Twickenham Stadium 2004 end-of-year rugby union internationals 20 November 2004 Win 32 – 16 4  Australia London, England Twickenham Stadium 2004 end-of-year rugby union internationals 27 November 2004 Loss 19 – 21 5  Italy London, England Twickenham Stadium 2005 Six Nations Championship 12 March 2005 Win 39 – 7 6 7 8  Scotland London, England Twickenham Stadium 2005 Six Nations Championship 19 March 2005 Win 43 – 22 9  Australia London, England Twickenham Stadium 2005 end-of-year rugby union internationals 12 November 2005 Win 26 – 16 10  Wales London, England Twickenham Stadium 2006 Six Nations Championship 4 February 2006 Win 47 – 13 11  Italy Rome, Italy Stadio Flaminio 2006 Six Nations Championship 11 February 2006 Win 16 – 31 12  South Africa London, England Twickenham Stadium 2006 South Africa rugby union tour of Ireland and England 18 November 2006 Win 23 – 21 13  South Africa London, England Twickenham Stadium 2006 South Africa rugby union tour of Ireland and England 25 November 2006 Loss 14 – 25 14  Italy London, England Twickenham Stadium 2009 Six Nations Championship 7 February 2009 Win 36 – 11 15  France London, England Twickenham Stadium 2009 Six Nations Championship 15 March 2009 Win 34 – 10 16  Italy London, England Twickenham Stadium 2011 Six Nations Championship 12 February 2011 Win 59 – 13 17  Romania Dunedin, New Zealand Otago Stadium 2011 Rugby World Cup 24 September 2011 Win 67 – 3 18 19 20  France Auckland, New Zealand Eden Park 2011 Rugby World Cup 8 October 2011 Loss 12 – 19 Honours Sale Sharks English Premiership Champions (1): 2005–06 European Challenge Cup Champions (2): 2001–02, 2004–05 Anglo-Welsh Cup Runners-up (2): 2003–04, 2012–13 England Six Nations Championship Champions (1): 2011 Rugby World Cup Runners-up (1): 2007 References ^ "RFU Official Site of the RFU, Governing Body of Rugby Union in England". web page. Rugby Football Union. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011. ^ "Mark Cueto: Sale Sharks and ex-England winger to retire". BBC Sport. 28 January 2015. ^ a b Walsh, David (19 December 2004). "Rugby Union: Making his Mark". The Times. London. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Cueto eyes Old Trafford debut". Manchester United official Website. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Notable Alumni in Sport". Manchester Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2009. ^ "England pick young squad". BBC Sport. 28 May 2002. Retrieved 12 December 2009. ^ "Quesada kicks England to defeat". BBC Sport. 17 June 2002. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Sale claim Shield glory". BBC Sport. 26 May 2002. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Pau 3–27 Sale". BBC Sport. 21 May 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Sale 45–20 Leicester". BBC Sport. 27 May 2006. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Brewer wants a vote on Fridays". Manchester Evening News. 4 May 2010. Retrieved 30 November 2010. ^ "Leicester Tigers 54–21 Sale Sharks". BBC Sport. 27 December 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2010. ^ "Winger Mark Cueto given Sale Sharks captaincy". BBC Sport. 29 December 2010. Retrieved 31 December 2010. ^ "Sale Sharks sack head coach Mike Brewer". BBC Sport. 23 December 2010. Retrieved 23 December 2010. ^ Leigh, Neil (28 December 2010). "Anglesea looks to Sale old boys". Manchester Evening News. Retrieved 31 December 2010. ^ "England & Sale winger Mark Cueto given nine-week ban", BBC Sport, 11 April 2011, retrieved 22 April 2011 ^ "Sam Tuitupou appointed Sale Sharks captain", BBC Sport, 15 August 2011, retrieved 3 September 2011 ^ "Mark Cueto breaks Premiership try record in Sale's win over Exeter", The Guardian, 8 February 2013, retrieved 24 February 2014 ^ "No. 61450". The London Gazette (Supplement). 30 December 2015. p. N18. ^ "England squad for Hong Kong". ESPN Scrum. 27 March 2001. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "England 70–0 Canada". BBC Sport. 13 November 2004. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Lions replace Balshaw with Cueto". BBC Sport. 17 May 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "New Zealand 38–19 Lions". BBC Sport. 9 July 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Video ref happy with Cueto ruling". BBC Sport. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "England 36–11 Italy". BBC Sport. 7 February 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "England 34–10 France". BBC Sport. 15 March 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010. ^ "Mark John Cueto". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 22 November 2021. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mark Cueto. Official England Rugby profile Player profile on Sale website Mark Cueto photo by sportingheroes.net vteEngland squad – 2011 Rugby World CupForwards Cole Corbisiero Croft Deacon Easter Hartley Haskell Lawes Mears Moody (c) Palmer Shaw Sheridan Stevens Thompson Wilson Wood Waldrom (injury replacement) Backs Armitage Ashton Banahan Cueto Foden Flood Hape Tindall Tuilagi Simpson Wigglesworth Wilkinson Youngs Head coach: Johnson vteEngland squad – 2007 Rugby World Cup runners-upForwards Borthwick Chuter Corry Dallaglio Easter Freshwater Kay Mears Moody Regan Rees Shaw Sheridan Stevens Vickery (c) Worsley Backs Barkley Catt Cueto Farrell Gomarsall Hipkiss Lewsey Noon Perry Richards Sackey Robinson Tait Wilkinson Abendanon (injury replacement) Flood (injury replacement) Head coach: Ashton vteBritish & Irish Lions – 2005 New Zealand tourForwards Back Bulloch Byrne Cockbain Corry Dallaglio Easterby Grewcock Hayes Hill Jenkins R. Jones Kay Moody O'Callaghan O'Connell O'Kelly Owen Rowntree Shaw Sheridan Stevens Taylor Thompson Titterrell Ja. White Ju. White M. Williams Backs Cooper Cueto Cusiter D'Arcy Dawson Greenwood Henson Hickie Hodgson S. Jones Horgan Lewsey Murphy O'Driscoll (c) O'Gara Peel Robinson Shanklin Smith Thomas Wilkinson S. Williams CoachWoodward
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"Workington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington"},{"link_name":"English international","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"rugby union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_union"},{"link_name":"wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wing_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Sale Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_Sharks"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Aviva Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Premiership_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"2014-15 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014%E2%80%9315_English_Premiership_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Rugby playerMark John Cueto MBE (born 26 December 1979 in Workington, Cumbria) is a former English international rugby union player. He played on the wing for Sale Sharks and England. He is currently the third leading try scorer in the Aviva Premiership.On 28 January 2015, it was announced Cueto was to retire at the end of the 2014-15 season[2]","title":"Mark Cueto"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander,_Cantabria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rugby_Union:_Making_his_Mark-3"},{"link_name":"Workington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington"},{"link_name":"rugby league","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_league"},{"link_name":"Workington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Workington"},{"link_name":"Wolverhampton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolverhampton"},{"link_name":"Crewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewe"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Cueto_eyes_Old_Trafford_debut-4"},{"link_name":"Crewe & Nantwich RUFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crewe_%26_Nantwich_RUFC&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sandbach RUFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandbach_RUFC"},{"link_name":"Altrincham Kersal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altrincham_Kersal"},{"link_name":"Cheshire RFU Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire_RFU_Plate"},{"link_name":"Alsager Comprehensive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alsager_School"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rugby_Union:_Making_his_Mark-3"},{"link_name":"Manchester Metropolitan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester_Metropolitan_University"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jockey International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jockey_International"},{"link_name":"A Question of Sport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Question_of_Sport"}],"text":"Mark Cueto was born to Frank and Anne Cueto. He has a sister called Rachel. He owes his surname to a Spaniard great-grandfather Antonio, who sailed from Santander in the 1900s and settled in Maryport, Cumbria, where he set up a fish-and-chip shop.[3] His Cumbrian home town of Workington is in an area more associated with rugby league than union. Although he played his first rugby game as an eight-year-old in Workington, and played after he moved with his parents to Wolverhampton, he did not grow up playing the game. When he was 10 years old, his parents moved again to Crewe, where he took up football instead of rugby, becoming a keen Manchester United fan.[4] He did not play rugby again until he was 17. His early clubs were Crewe & Nantwich RUFC, Sandbach RUFC and Altrincham Kersal, with the latter he won the Cheshire RFU Plate in 1998.Then, when he was 17 and in his final A-level year at Alsager Comprehensive, there was the annual rugby match against Holmes Chapel. It was an occasion of no great importance. Holmes Chapel had a reasonable team, but rugby players were thin on the ground at Alsager and there was not much debate about the likely result. To make up a team, Alsager teacher Lindsay Purcell recruited a number of footballers. Cueto was one of those press-ganged into service, though when it came to sport he was easily persuaded. Football was number one but he had also done athletics, basketball, volleyball and cricket.[3]Cueto is married to Suzie (née Richards), originally from Corby in Northamptonshire, who works in the Manchester United FC hospitality department. She gave birth to a baby boy called Max, their first child, on 6 August 2010. The couple have two more sons called Louis (b. 2013) and Joshua (b. 2018). They live together in Altrincham. He is a graduate of Manchester Metropolitan University.[5]In 2009, Cueto was featured in a campaign of male underwear for Jockey International. He also appeared as a guest in two episodes of the quiz show A Question of Sport in 2005.","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sale Sharks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sale_Sharks"},{"link_name":"Bristol Shoguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bristol_Rugby"},{"link_name":"England tour to Argentina in 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002_England_rugby_union_tour_of_Argentina"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_pick_young_squad-6"},{"link_name":"Argentina A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentina_Jaguars_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Quesada_kicks_England_to_defeat-7"},{"link_name":"European Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Pontypridd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pontypridd_RFC"},{"link_name":"Kassam Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassam_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sale_claim_Shield_glory-8"},{"link_name":"Pau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Paloise"},{"link_name":"try","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Try_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pau_3-27_Sale-9"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_Zurich_Premiership"},{"link_name":"2005–06 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Guinness_Premiership"},{"link_name":"Leicester Tigers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leicester_Tigers"},{"link_name":"Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_Premiership_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sale_45-20_Leicester-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pete Anglesea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Anglesea"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Mike Brewer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Brewer_(rugby)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Rugby Football Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union"},{"link_name":"Christian Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Day"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Sam Tuitupou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Tuitupou"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Steve Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Hanley_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Tom Varndell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Varndell"},{"link_name":"Member of the Order of the British Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire"},{"link_name":"2016 New Year Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_New_Year_Honours"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Sale Sharks","text":"Cueto made his début for Sale Sharks against Bristol Shoguns in 2001 and made the England tour to Argentina in 2002,[6] playing against Argentina A.[7]Cueto saw success at club level in his first five years at the club, winning the European Challenge Cup twice, first in 2002 when Sale beat Pontypridd 25–22 at the Kassam Stadium on 26 May 2002.[8] He was also part of the Sale team that beat Pau, the champions in 2000, by 27 points to 3, also at the Kassam Stadium on 21 May 2005. Cueto scored a try in the victory.[9] He had his best individual season in 2004–05, scoring 11 tries in just 18 games played. Cueto helped Sale Sharks to top the league in the 2005–06 season and carry that form through to win the season ending play-offs, scoring a try as they beat Leicester Tigers in the final, to become Premiership champions for the first time.[10]In May 2010, Cueto was voted into Sale Shark's Hall of Fame.[11] He played his 150th match for Sale in their 54–21 defeat to Leicester in late December 2010.[12] A few days later, Cueto was appointed club captain by the new coach Pete Anglesea;[13] Anglesea replaced Mike Brewer as Sale had won just three out of nine matches in the 2010–11 season by mid-December.[14] Cueto was Sale's sixth captain of the season.[15] In April, Cueto was banned by the Rugby Football Union for nine weeks after pleading guilty to \"making contact with the eye or eye area\". The incident involved Christian Day and occurred in a match against Northampton on 2 April.[16] At the start of the 2011–12 season, in August, Cueto was replaced as Sale captain, with Sam Tuitupou taking over role.[17]On 8 February 2013 Cueto broke the Premiership try scoring record of 75 by Steve Hanley, touching down for his 76th try in a 21-16 comeback win over Exeter.[18] He eventually retired in 2015 after having scored a then record 90 tries. His record was broken on 10 February 2017 by Bristol's wing Tom Varndell.Cueto was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to rugby union.[19]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_sevens_team"},{"link_name":"2000–01 World Sevens Series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_World_Sevens_Series"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_squad_for_Hong_Kong-20"},{"link_name":"All Blacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Blacks"},{"link_name":"Richie McCaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richie_McCaw"},{"link_name":"EA Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EA_Sports"},{"link_name":"Rugby 08","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_08"},{"link_name":"Clive Woodward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clive_Woodward"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Twickenham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twickenham_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_70-0_Canada-21"},{"link_name":"British & Irish Lions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_%26_Irish_Lions"},{"link_name":"New Zealand tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_British_%26_Irish_Lions_tour_to_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Iain Balshaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iain_Balshaw"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Lions_replace_Balshaw_with_Cueto-22"},{"link_name":"Test","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test_match_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"Eden Park, Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eden_Park"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-New_Zealand_38-19_Lions-23"},{"link_name":"2005 Six Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"2007 Rugby World Cup in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"Full-back","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fullback_(rugby_union)"},{"link_name":"USA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USA_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Tonga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonga_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Josh Lewsey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Lewsey"},{"link_name":"2007 final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup_Final"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Stuart Dickinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Dickinson"},{"link_name":"BBC Radio 5 Live","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live"},{"link_name":"Ian Robertson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Robertson_(rugby_commentator)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Video_ref_happy_with_Cueto_ruling-24"},{"link_name":"2009 Six Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_36-11_Italy-25"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-England_34-10_France-26"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"England's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"2011 Six Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England_national_rugby_union_team"},{"link_name":"Six Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team"}],"sub_title":"International","text":"Cueto represented England in the 2000–01 World Sevens Series.[20] Cueto appears alongside All Blacks captain Richie McCaw on the cover of the United Kingdom version of the EA Sports game Rugby 08.He was not selected for the full England squad during Clive Woodward's time as head coach, having to wait until November 2004 for his début against Canada at Twickenham, when he scored two tries.[21] He would play for England up until 2011, scoring 20 tries, at the time the 7th most try scored for his Country.In 2005, he was called up to the British & Irish Lions for their New Zealand tour after original selection Iain Balshaw was ruled out due to injury.[22] He featured in the third Test at Eden Park, Auckland.[23] The same year he was the top try scorer in the 2005 Six Nations with 4.Cueto was a prominent member of England's 2007 Rugby World Cup in France. He started the first match of England's defence of the title at Full-back against the USA. He also played in England's embarrassing 36–0 defeat to South Africa. Having been dropped for the next match against Samoa, he was installed to the English defence for the encounter with Tonga, which ensured England's progression through to the quarter-final stage. He was left out of the surprise quarter-final victory against Australia and the even more surprising semi-final victory over France due to a niggling injury. During the semi-final, England wing Josh Lewsey suffered a pulled hamstring and was forced to miss the final.Cueto was selected to take his place for the 2007 final against previous pool opponents, South Africa. His participation in the match became memorable when he was denied a try in the second half of the match by Australian television match official Stuart Dickinson. After a great deal of deliberation over real-time footage (and facing a language barrier with a French television producer who did not provide the stills he wanted) Dickinson disallowed the try on the basis of Cueto's left foot entering touch (touching the side-line) before the ball was grounded. This was not immediately obvious and Cueto's left leg was subsequently raised within the boundary of play, travelling over it after the ball was on the ground; this led many to believe the judgement had been wrongly made on the basis of the latter movement. A division of opinion still exists, although most experts including BBC Radio 5 Live presenter Ian Robertson subsequently backed Dickinson's decision.[24]He did not feature for England throughout 2008, but was recalled to the squad for the 2009 Six Nations, scoring a try in the opening game against Italy[25] and in England's 34–10 victory over France.[26]Cueto was a regular for England throughout 2010 and 2011, and contributed to England's successful 2011 Six Nations campaign. Cueto won his 50th cap for England in the final match of the Six Nations against Ireland. Cueto missed the first 2 games of the 2011 Rugby World cup in New Zealand due to a back injury, but completed a hat-trick of tries when returning to the starting line up against Romania.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"International tries","text":"[27]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"English Premiership","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiership_Rugby"},{"link_name":"2005–06","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005%E2%80%9306_Premiership_Rugby"},{"link_name":"European Challenge Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"2001–02","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001%E2%80%9302_European_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"2004–05","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004%E2%80%9305_European_Challenge_Cup"},{"link_name":"Anglo-Welsh Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Welsh_Cup"},{"link_name":"2003–04","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Powergen_Cup"},{"link_name":"2012–13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012%E2%80%9313_LV_Cup"}],"sub_title":"Sale Sharks","text":"English Premiership\nChampions (1): 2005–06\nEuropean Challenge Cup\nChampions (2): 2001–02, 2004–05\nAnglo-Welsh Cup\nRunners-up (2): 2003–04, 2012–13","title":"Honours"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Six Nations Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"2011","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Six_Nations_Championship"},{"link_name":"Rugby World Cup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup"},{"link_name":"2007","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2007_Rugby_World_Cup"}],"sub_title":"England","text":"Six Nations Championship\nChampions (1): 2011\nRugby World Cup\nRunners-up (1): 2007","title":"Honours"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"RFU Official Site of the RFU, Governing Body of Rugby Union in England\". web page. Rugby Football Union. Archived from the original on 26 July 2011. Retrieved 23 August 2011.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110726171613/http://www.rfu.com/SquadsAndPlayers/EnglandElite/MarkCueto.aspx","url_text":"\"RFU Official Site of the RFU, Governing Body of Rugby Union in England\""},{"url":"http://www.rfu.com/SquadsAndPlayers/EnglandElite/MarkCueto.aspx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark Cueto: Sale Sharks and ex-England winger to retire\". BBC Sport. 28 January 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/rugby-union/30082489","url_text":"\"Mark Cueto: Sale Sharks and ex-England winger to retire\""}]},{"reference":"Walsh, David (19 December 2004). \"Rugby Union: Making his Mark\". The Times. London. Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article404079.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1","url_text":"\"Rugby Union: Making his Mark\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Times","url_text":"The Times"}]},{"reference":"\"Cueto eyes Old Trafford debut\". Manchester United official Website. 4 June 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.manutd.com/default.sps?pagegid=%7B48C41513%2DA376%2D4D1F%2D981D%2D660FC5BB193E%7D&newsid=6633886","url_text":"\"Cueto eyes Old Trafford debut\""}]},{"reference":"\"Notable Alumni in Sport\". Manchester Metropolitan University. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010. Retrieved 24 November 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132928/http://www.mmu.ac.uk/alumni/notable.php?a=4","url_text":"\"Notable Alumni in Sport\""},{"url":"http://www.mmu.ac.uk/alumni/notable.php?a=4","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"England pick young squad\". BBC Sport. 28 May 2002. 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Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/4555479.stm","url_text":"\"Lions replace Balshaw with Cueto\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"New Zealand 38–19 Lions\". BBC Sport. 9 July 2005. Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/international/lions_in_nz/4661347.stm","url_text":"\"New Zealand 38–19 Lions\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Video ref happy with Cueto ruling\". BBC Sport. 22 October 2007. Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/7055964.stm","url_text":"\"Video ref happy with Cueto ruling\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"England 36–11 Italy\". BBC Sport. 7 February 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/7873600.stm","url_text":"\"England 36–11 Italy\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"England 34–10 France\". BBC Sport. 15 March 2009. Retrieved 5 August 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/rugby_union/7941972.stm","url_text":"\"England 34–10 France\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Sport","url_text":"BBC Sport"}]},{"reference":"\"Mark John Cueto\". ESPN scrum. Retrieved 22 November 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.espnscrum.com/england/rugby/player/14268.html","url_text":"\"Mark John Cueto\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_M._Smead
Samuel M. Smead
["1 Formative years","2 Public service career","3 Death","4 Notes","5 External links"]
American newspaper editor and politician Samuel M. SmeadMember of the Wisconsin Senatefrom the 18th districtIn officeJanuary 2, 1893 – January 1895Preceded bySamuel B. StanchfieldSucceeded byLyman Wellington Thayer Personal detailsBorn(1830-06-11)June 11, 1830Troy, PennsylvaniaDiedApril 28, 1898(1898-04-28) (aged 67)Fond du Lac, WisconsinResting placeRosendale Cemetery, Fond du Lac, WisconsinNationalityAmericanPolitical partyDemocraticOccupationNewspaper editor, Politician Samuel McKuen Smead (June 11, 1830 – April 28, 1898) was an American newspaper editor and politician. Formative years Born in Troy, Pennsylvania on June 11, 1830, Smead moved to the Wisconsin Territory in 1846 and settled in Fond du Lac County. In 1853, he became the publisher of the newspaper the Fond du Lac Press. He was also active with mercantile and real estate businesses. Public service career President Andrew Johnson appointed Smead assessor of internal revenue. President Grover Cleveland also appointed Smead postmaster for Fond du Lac, Wisconsin. In 1893, Smead was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate and was a Democrat. Shortly after the murder of his son, Fred B. Smead (1863–1895), in Chicago, Smead resigned from his position as senator and was replaced by Lyman Wellington Thayer. Death Smead died at his home in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin on April 28, 1898. Notes ^ a b c d e f g h "'Sam.' Smead Dead". The Weekly Wisconsin. April 30, 1898. p. 7. Retrieved October 16, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Wisconsin Blue Book, 1893, Biographical Sketch of Samuel M. Smead, p. 630. ^ "T. B. Smead ". Green Bay Press-Gazette. January 3, 1895. p. 2. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Fred D. Smead ". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. January 3, 1895. p. 2. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Body Taken to Fond du Lac". The Centralia Enterprise and Tribune. January 5, 1895. p. 20. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Lyman W. Thayer". The Weekly Wisconsin. February 9, 1895. p. 5. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. External links Samuel McKuen Smead at Find a Grave
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Smead"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Troy, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Troy,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin Territory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_Territory"},{"link_name":"Fond du Lac County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_County,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"}],"text":"Born in Troy, Pennsylvania on June 11, 1830,[1] Smead moved to the Wisconsin Territory in 1846 and settled in Fond du Lac County.[1]In 1853, he became the publisher of the newspaper the Fond du Lac Press.[1] He was also active with mercantile and real estate businesses.[1]","title":"Formative years"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Johnson"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"Grover Cleveland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grover_Cleveland"},{"link_name":"Fond du Lac, Wisconsin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fond_du_Lac,_Wisconsin"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"Wisconsin State Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wisconsin_State_Senate"},{"link_name":"Democrat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Lyman Wellington Thayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyman_Wellington_Thayer"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"President Andrew Johnson appointed Smead assessor of internal revenue.[1] President Grover Cleveland also appointed Smead postmaster for Fond du Lac, Wisconsin.[1]In 1893, Smead was elected to the Wisconsin State Senate and was a Democrat.[1][2]Shortly after the murder of his son, Fred B. Smead (1863–1895), in Chicago,[3][4][5] Smead resigned from his position as senator and was replaced by Lyman Wellington Thayer.[6]","title":"Public service career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Obit-1"}],"text":"Smead died at his home in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin on April 28, 1898.[1]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-4"},{"link_name":"f","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-5"},{"link_name":"g","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-6"},{"link_name":"h","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Obit_1-7"},{"link_name":"\"'Sam.' Smead Dead\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/7041961/samuel_m_smead_18301898/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"T. B. Smead [sic]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/7055036/samuel_m_smead_18301898/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Fred D. Smead [sic]\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/7055041/samuel_m_smead_18301898/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Body Taken to Fond du Lac\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/7055072/samuel_m_smead_18301898/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Lyman W. Thayer\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.newspapers.com/clip/7055060/lyman_wellington_thayer_18541919/"},{"link_name":"Newspapers.com","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_access"}],"text":"^ a b c d e f g h \"'Sam.' Smead Dead\". The Weekly Wisconsin. April 30, 1898. p. 7. Retrieved October 16, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ Wisconsin Blue Book, 1893, Biographical Sketch of Samuel M. Smead, p. 630.\n\n^ \"T. B. Smead [sic]\". Green Bay Press-Gazette. January 3, 1895. p. 2. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"Fred D. Smead [sic]\". Oshkosh Daily Northwestern. January 3, 1895. p. 2. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"Body Taken to Fond du Lac\". The Centralia Enterprise and Tribune. January 5, 1895. p. 20. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via Newspapers.com. \n\n^ \"Lyman W. Thayer\". The Weekly Wisconsin. February 9, 1895. p. 5. Retrieved October 17, 2016 – via Newspapers.com.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaoru_Mizuki
Kaoru Mizuki
["1 Filmography","2 References"]
Japanese actress (born 1959) Kaoru MizukiBorn (1959-06-16) June 16, 1959 (age 65)Yokohama, Kanagawa Prefecture, JapanOccupationActressYears active1982–present Kaoru Mizuki (水木薫, Mizuki Kaoru) is a Japanese actress. She won the Award for Best Supporting Actress at the 15th Yokohama Film Festival for Tsuge Yoshiharu World: Gensenkan Shujin. Filmography Tsuge Yoshiharu World: Gensenkan Shujin (1993) Kamen Rider Hibiki (2005-2006) Kamen Rider Hibiki & The Seven Senki (2005) Kizumomo (2008) References ^ 第１５回ヨコハマ映画祭 １９９３年日本映画個人賞. Yokohama Film Festival (in Japanese). Retrieved 2011-09-21. vteYokohama Film Festival Award for Best Supporting Actress Ako (1980) Ran Itō (1981) Yūko Tanaka (1982) Masako Natsume (1983) Misako Tanaka (1984) Kin Sugai / Etsuko Shihomi (1985) Kie Nakai (1986) Noriko Watanabe (1987) Eri Ishida (1988) Shuko Honami (1989) Haruko Sagara (1990) Tomoko Nakajima (1991) Emi Wakui / Reona Hirota (1992) Keiko Oginome / Misa Shimizu (1993) Kaoru Mizuki / Ruby Moreno (1994) Shigeru Muroi (1995) Shinobu Nakayama (1996) Reiko Kusamura (1997) Reiko Kataoka (1998) Yumi Yoshiyuki (1999) Naomi Nishida (2001) Ko Shibasaki / Yūki Amami (2002) Nene Otsuka (2003) Kimiko Yo (2004) Kirin Kiki (2005) Hiroko Yakushimaru (2006) Yūko Nakamura / Kazue Fukiishi (2007) Hiromi Nagasaku (2008) Ryōko Hirosue / Kimiko Yo (2009) Sakura Ando (2010) Yui Natsukawa (2011) Megumi Kagurazaka / Asuka Kurosawa (2012) Sakura Ando (2013) Makiko Watanabe / Fumi Nikaido (2014) Satomi Kobayashi / Yuko Oshima (2015) Aoba Kawai (2016) Hana Sugisaki (2017) Asami Usuda / Wakana Matsumoto (2018) Mayu Matsuoka / Sairi Ito (2019) Chizuru Ikewaki (2020) Aju Makita (2021) Tōko Miura / Yuki Katayama (2022) Yuumi Kawai (2023) Kumi Nakamura (2024) This article about a Japanese screen actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Neame_(writer/producer)
Christopher Neame (writer/producer)
["1 Personal life","2 Career","3 References","4 External links"]
British film producer and screenwriter This article is about the film writer and producer. For the actor, see Christopher Neame. Christopher Elwin Neame (24 December 1942 – 12 June 2011) was a British film producer and screenwriter. Personal life He was born in Windsor, Berkshire and educated at St. Wilfrid's School, Seaford and the King's School, Canterbury. He was the son of film director Ronald Neame and of Beryl Heanly and the grandson of Ivy Close. Neame lived in the south of France with his third wife Sally-Ann. Neame was the third of four generations of the Neame family in the film business. His son Gareth also works in the media industry, and after spending many years at the BBC now works as the Managing Director of Carnival Films. He also had two daughters Emma (who is married to the artist Andrew Litten) and Shuna. He was thrice married: Heather Wade 1966; 2d,1s Caroline Langley 1974 Sally-Ann Dowse 1991-2011 He died from an aneurysm aged 68. Career Neame's credits as a producer include a number of UK films and television series, such as Emily (1976), Danger UXB, The Knowledge (BAFTA nominated), The Flame Trees of Thika, The Irish R.M. and Soldier, Soldier. His screenplay credits include Graham Greene’s Monsignor Quixote, which he also produced, and which received Christopher Award and BAFTA nominations. He later adapted Monsignor Quixote for the stage. He also wrote the screenplay of H.E. Bates’s Feast of July. In 2003 his memoir, Rungs On a Ladder, about his years with Hammer Films, was published. In 2004, he continued his life story in A Take on British TV Drama - Stories from the Golden Age and the following year, Principal Characters completed the trilogy. Courtenay, the stage musical, for which he wrote the Book and Lyrics was premièred in Britain in 2003. He co-wrote the book and lyrics for the opéra bouffe Lyssi, which was recorded for CD in 2006. References ^ a b Anthony Hayward Obituary: Christopher Neame, The Guardian, 20 July 2011 ^ Mance, Henry (24 July 2015). "Gareth Neame, the television producer behind 'Downton Abbey'". Financial Times. ^ "Gareth Neame". ^ Matthew Sweet (19 October 2003). "Ronald Neame (2003 interview at the National Film Theatre)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2008. ^ "Milwaukee Art Museum | Collection". External links Christopher Neame at IMDb Obituary in The Telegraph Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christopher Neame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Neame"}],"text":"This article is about the film writer and producer. For the actor, see Christopher Neame.Christopher Elwin Neame (24 December 1942 – 12 June 2011) was a British film producer and screenwriter.","title":"Christopher Neame (writer/producer)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Windsor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windsor,_Berkshire"},{"link_name":"Berkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire"},{"link_name":"King's School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_King%27s_School,_Canterbury"},{"link_name":"Canterbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canterbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"Ronald Neame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald_Neame"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-guardian-1"},{"link_name":"Ivy Close","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Close"},{"link_name":"south of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_France"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Gareth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gareth_Neame"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"BBC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC"},{"link_name":"Carnival Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnival_Films"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Andrew Litten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Litten"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sweet-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"He was born in Windsor, Berkshire and educated at St. Wilfrid's School, Seaford and the King's School, Canterbury.[1] He was the son of film director Ronald Neame and of Beryl Heanly[1] and the grandson of Ivy Close. Neame lived in the south of France with his third wife Sally-Ann.[citation needed]Neame was the third of four generations of the Neame family in the film business.[citation needed] His son Gareth also works in the media industry,[2] and after spending many years at the BBC now works as the Managing Director of Carnival Films.[3] He also had two daughters Emma (who is married to the artist Andrew Litten) and Shuna.[4][5]He was thrice married:Heather Wade 1966; 2d,1s\nCaroline Langley 1974\nSally-Ann Dowse 1991-2011He died from an aneurysm aged 68.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Emily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emily_(1976_film)"},{"link_name":"Danger UXB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danger_UXB"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"The Flame Trees of Thika","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Flame_Trees_of_Thika"},{"link_name":"The Irish R.M.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Irish_R.M."},{"link_name":"Soldier, Soldier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soldier,_Soldier"},{"link_name":"Graham Greene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_Greene"},{"link_name":"Monsignor Quixote","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsignor_Quixote"},{"link_name":"Christopher Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Award"},{"link_name":"BAFTA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BAFTA"},{"link_name":"H.E. Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.E._Bates"},{"link_name":"Feast of July","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feast_of_July"},{"link_name":"Hammer Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Films"}],"text":"Neame's credits as a producer include a number of UK films and television series, such as Emily (1976), Danger UXB, The Knowledge (BAFTA nominated), The Flame Trees of Thika, The Irish R.M. and Soldier, Soldier. His screenplay credits include Graham Greene’s Monsignor Quixote, which he also produced, and which received Christopher Award and BAFTA nominations. He later adapted Monsignor Quixote for the stage. He also wrote the screenplay of H.E. Bates’s Feast of July.In 2003 his memoir, Rungs On a Ladder, about his years with Hammer Films, was published. In 2004, he continued his life story in A Take on British TV Drama - Stories from the Golden Age and the following year, Principal Characters completed the trilogy.Courtenay, the stage musical, for which he wrote the Book and Lyrics was premièred in Britain in 2003. \nHe co-wrote the book and lyrics for the opéra bouffe Lyssi, which was recorded for CD in 2006.","title":"Career"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Mance, Henry (24 July 2015). \"Gareth Neame, the television producer behind 'Downton Abbey'\". Financial Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ft.com/content/ecbe33e0-2b01-11e5-8613-e7aedbb7bdb7","url_text":"\"Gareth Neame, the television producer behind 'Downton Abbey'\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gareth Neame\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.carnivalfilms.co.uk/gareth-neame/","url_text":"\"Gareth Neame\""}]},{"reference":"Matthew Sweet (19 October 2003). \"Ronald Neame (2003 interview at the National Film Theatre)\". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 14 March 2008. Retrieved 11 January 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080314011214/http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/interviews/neame.html","url_text":"\"Ronald Neame (2003 interview at the National Film Theatre)\""},{"url":"http://www.bfi.org.uk/features/interviews/neame.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Milwaukee Art Museum | Collection\".","urls":[{"url":"http://collection.mam.org/artist.php?id=6646","url_text":"\"Milwaukee Art Museum | Collection\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle_management
Water cycle management
["1 Meteorology and Hydrology","2 Water resource management","3 Water engineering","4 Water conservation","5 Environmental monitoring","6 References"]
The water cycle including human activities. Water cycle management is a multidisciplinary approach relating to all planning, development, operational and tactical decisions to influence the water cycle. Most importantly water cycle management is used to ensure availability of clean water for designated use, and to ensure safe release of treated water back to nature. In undisturbed environment water is in a natural cycle and it is generally usable for most of nature as it is in each stage of the cycle. After human interaction the natural cycle is disturbed. Runoff on urban agricultural areas collect some objects, particles and substances that may not be purified from water through natural purifying methods. Additionally, “used water” from households and industry can be extremely harmful for nature, if not treated properly. Water cycle management is used in different branches of environmental sciences and engineering to satisfy human and environmental objectives. Generally, water cycle management can be divided into six subsets that approach the issue from varying perspectives: Meteorology, Hydrology, Water resource management, Water Engineering, Water conservation and Environmental monitoring. Recently, politics and socio-economic aspects are also considered in water cycle management due to inequal distribution of quantity and quality of freshwater worldwide. Meteorology and Hydrology The study of meteorology focuses on the forecasting of the weather, while the study of hydrology focuses on the movement, distribution and management of water. The study of hydrology and meteorology come together in a branch called hydrometeorology. The core focus of hydrometeorology is on the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere. By using a mathematical model, a rain forecast by a meteorologist can be used by a hydrologist to calculate the specific impact that rain could have on a certain area. The outputs of these models can be used to deal with and mitigate the effects of precipitation events on the water cycle management. Water resource management Water resource management is a subset of water cycle management that focuses on utilization of fresh water resources. Fresh water is a limited resource and it is unevenly distributed globally and even locally, and it is consumed by people, industry, agriculture and nature alike. Successful management of fresh water resources require extensive knowledge on demand, resources and capacity, available technology, hydrometeorology and political factors. Recently, an Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) was used to integrate all these fields into one body since these issues could no longer be solved solely by water professionals or water ministries. Furthermore, some major challenges are caused by global warming. It causes increasing uncertainties to distribution, quality and quantity of fresh water which then may cause further socio-economic issues. To overcome this, in future, water resource management should transition from the current “prediction and control” methods to a “learning approach”. Water engineering Gordon Dam, Tasmania, Australia. Dams are a part of static structural water engineering. Water engineering is an important discipline that aims to provide clean water and water safety, and it can be applied to every stage of the water cycle. Water engineering can be divided into further sub-sets: structural water engineering, water treatment and sewage treatment. Structural water engineering involves building, repairing and maintaining structures that control water resources. In terms of water cycle management most important ones are reservoirs, dams, sewerage and pumping stations. All these are important aspects of natural occurrence of water. In terms of water cycle management re-use treatments are more important than static structures like dams. Water treatment is any process that is used to remove contaminants from water and to improve the quality of water. Treated water can be allocated as drinking water for households, supply for industrial or agricultural use and the treatment method depends on the purpose of the end-use. Also, water treatment is used to safely return water to the environment. Sewage treatment is conceptually rather similar to water management, but it handles wastewater that is affected by human use: sewage from households and industrial wastewaters. The goal of sewage treatment is to clean wastewater of contaminants and make the water available for re-use in the water cycle. Sewage is treated with several methods including chemical treatment, use of bacteria, biological processes and UV disinfection methods. Still, after extensive treatment methods significant amounts of harmful substances, such as pharmaceuticals, are observed to return environment and water cycle. Water conservation The increasing population demands a sustainably managed hydrosphere. There is a demand for freshwater which needs to be satisfied, in the present and in the future. A big factor in this increasing demand is the climate change. By utilizing water conservation management policies, countries can ensure the availability of water for future generations, cut down on energy use, conserve freshwater habitat for local wildlife and migrating birds and ensure water quality for its inhabitants. The key activities around water conservation are; the reduction of water loss, use and waste of water resources, avoiding the decline of water quality and improving management practices that reduce the use of water. Environmental monitoring To ensure the water cycle management disciplines are satisfactory and improve the water cycle, environmental monitoring should be used to provide information and trends on the impact of the policies which are adopted in the water cycle management on ecosystems and sensitive biota; for example, monitoring the effects of reduced water flows on salmon spawning and recruitment. References Water portalEnvironment portal ^ Huntington, Thomas G. (2006-03-15). "Evidence for intensification of the global water cycle: Review and synthesis". Journal of Hydrology. 319 (1): 83–95. Bibcode:2006JHyd..319...83H. doi:10.1016/j.jhydrol.2005.07.003. ISSN 0022-1694. ^ Franco, Jennifer; Mehta, Lyla; Veldwisch, Gert Jan (2013-10-01). "The Global Politics of Water Grabbing". Third World Quarterly. 34 (9): 1651–1675. doi:10.1080/01436597.2013.843852. ISSN 0143-6597. S2CID 132004785. ^ Peck, Eugene L. (May 1978). "Hydrometeorology". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society. 59 (5): 609–612. Bibcode:1978BAMS...59..609P. doi:10.1175/1520-0477-59.5.609. ISSN 0003-0007. ^ Dale, Murray; Davies, Paul; Harrison, Tim (February 2012). "Review of recent advances in UK operational hydrometeorology". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management. 165 (2): 55–64. doi:10.1680/wama.2012.165.2.55. ISSN 1741-7589. ^ Biswas, Asit K. (June 2004). "Integrated Water Resources Management: A Reassessment: A Water Forum Contribution". Water International. 29 (2): 248–256. doi:10.1080/02508060408691775. ISSN 0250-8060. S2CID 154963622. ^ Pahl-Wostl, Claudia (2006), "Transitions towards adaptive management of water facing climate and global change", Integrated Assessment of Water Resources and Global Change, Springer Netherlands, pp. 49–62, doi:10.1007/978-1-4020-5591-1_4, ISBN 9781402055904 ^ "We clean wastewater efficiently". www.hsy.fi. Retrieved 2019-11-04. ^ Vieno, N.; Tuhkanen, T.; Kronberg, L. (2007-03-01). "Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland". Water Research. 41 (5): 1001–1012. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.017. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 17261324. ^ Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, Robin; Linke, Simon; Boon, Philip (June 2016). "The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world: Freshwater protected areas". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 26: 3–11. doi:10.1002/aqc.2681. ^ Baumann, Duane D.; Boland, John J.; Sims, John H. (April 1984). "Water Conservation: The Struggle Over Definition". Water Resources Research. 20 (4): 428–434. Bibcode:1984WRR....20..428B. doi:10.1029/WR020i004p00428. ^ Geerts, Sam; Raes, Dirk (September 2009). "Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas". Agricultural Water Management. 96 (9): 1275–1284. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009. ^ Lovett, Gary M.; Burns, Douglas A.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Mitchell, Myron J.; Rustad, Lindsey; Shanley, James B.; Likens, Gene E.; Haeuber, Richard (June 2007). "Who needs environmental monitoring?". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 5 (5): 253–260. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)52.0.CO;2. ISSN 1540-9295.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle"},{"link_name":"water cycle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_cycle"},{"link_name":"purified","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_purification"},{"link_name":"used water","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater"},{"link_name":"environmental sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_science"},{"link_name":"engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering"},{"link_name":"Meteorology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorology"},{"link_name":"Hydrology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrology"},{"link_name":"Water resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_management"},{"link_name":"Water Engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering"},{"link_name":"Water conservation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_conservation"},{"link_name":"Environmental monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoring"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Water cycle management is a multidisciplinary approach relating to all planning, development, operational and tactical decisions to influence the water cycle. Most importantly water cycle management is used to ensure availability of clean water for designated use, and to ensure safe release of treated water back to nature. In undisturbed environment water is in a natural cycle and it is generally usable for most of nature as it is in each stage of the cycle. After human interaction the natural cycle is disturbed. Runoff on urban agricultural areas collect some objects, particles and substances that may not be purified from water through natural purifying methods. Additionally, “used water” from households and industry can be extremely harmful for nature, if not treated properly.Water cycle management is used in different branches of environmental sciences and engineering to satisfy human and environmental objectives. Generally, water cycle management can be divided into six subsets that approach the issue from varying perspectives: Meteorology, Hydrology, Water resource management, Water Engineering, Water conservation and Environmental monitoring. Recently, politics and socio-economic aspects are also considered in water cycle management due to inequal distribution of quantity and quality of freshwater worldwide.[1][2]","title":"Water cycle management"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"weather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"mathematical model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_model"},{"link_name":"precipitation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precipitation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"The study of meteorology focuses on the forecasting of the weather, while the study of hydrology focuses on the movement, distribution and management of water. The study of hydrology and meteorology come together in a branch called hydrometeorology. The core focus of hydrometeorology is on the transfer of water and energy between the land surface and the lower atmosphere.[3] By using a mathematical model, a rain forecast by a meteorologist can be used by a hydrologist to calculate the specific impact that rain could have on a certain area. The outputs of these models can be used to deal with and mitigate the effects of precipitation events on the water cycle management.[4]","title":"Meteorology and Hydrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Water resource management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_management"},{"link_name":"industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrial_sector"},{"link_name":"agriculture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agriculture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"global warming","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_warming"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Water resource management is a subset of water cycle management that focuses on utilization of fresh water resources. Fresh water is a limited resource and it is unevenly distributed globally and even locally, and it is consumed by people, industry, agriculture and nature alike. Successful management of fresh water resources require extensive knowledge on demand, resources and capacity, available technology, hydrometeorology and political factors. Recently, an Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM) was used to integrate all these fields into one body since these issues could no longer be solved solely by water professionals or water ministries.[5] Furthermore, some major challenges are caused by global warming. It causes increasing uncertainties to distribution, quality and quantity of fresh water which then may cause further socio-economic issues. To overcome this, in future, water resource management should transition from the current “prediction and control” methods to a “learning approach”.[6]","title":"Water resource management"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gordon_Dam.jpg"},{"link_name":"Water engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering"},{"link_name":"water treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_treatment"},{"link_name":"sewage treatment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewage_treatment"},{"link_name":"reservoirs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reservoir"},{"link_name":"dams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dam"},{"link_name":"sewerage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sewerage"},{"link_name":"pumping stations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumping_station"},{"link_name":"wastewater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wastewater"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Gordon Dam, Tasmania, Australia. Dams are a part of static structural water engineering.Water engineering is an important discipline that aims to provide clean water and water safety, and it can be applied to every stage of the water cycle. Water engineering can be divided into further sub-sets: structural water engineering, water treatment and sewage treatment. Structural water engineering involves building, repairing and maintaining structures that control water resources. In terms of water cycle management most important ones are reservoirs, dams, sewerage and pumping stations. All these are important aspects of natural occurrence of water.In terms of water cycle management re-use treatments are more important than static structures like dams. Water treatment is any process that is used to remove contaminants from water and to improve the quality of water. Treated water can be allocated as drinking water for households, supply for industrial or agricultural use and the treatment method depends on the purpose of the end-use. Also, water treatment is used to safely return water to the environment. Sewage treatment is conceptually rather similar to water management, but it handles wastewater that is affected by human use: sewage from households and industrial wastewaters. The goal of sewage treatment is to clean wastewater of contaminants and make the water available for re-use in the water cycle. Sewage is treated with several methods including chemical treatment, use of bacteria, biological processes and UV disinfection methods.[7] Still, after extensive treatment methods significant amounts of harmful substances, such as pharmaceuticals, are observed to return environment and water cycle.[8]","title":"Water engineering"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hydrosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrosphere"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"waste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wasteful_water_use"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"The increasing population demands a sustainably managed hydrosphere. There is a demand for freshwater which needs to be satisfied, in the present and in the future. A big factor in this increasing demand is the climate change. By utilizing water conservation management policies, countries can ensure the availability of water for future generations, cut down on energy use, conserve freshwater habitat for local wildlife and migrating birds and ensure water quality for its inhabitants.[9]The key activities around water conservation are; the reduction of water loss, use and waste of water resources,[10] avoiding the decline of water quality and improving management practices that reduce the use of water.[11]","title":"Water conservation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"environmental monitoring","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_monitoring"},{"link_name":"ecosystems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"To ensure the water cycle management disciplines are satisfactory and improve the water cycle, environmental monitoring should be used to provide information and trends on the impact of the policies which are adopted in the water cycle management on ecosystems and sensitive biota;[12] for example, monitoring the effects of reduced water flows on salmon spawning and recruitment.","title":"Environmental monitoring"}]
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null
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ISSN 0003-0007.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477-59.5.609","url_text":"\"Hydrometeorology\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978BAMS...59..609P","url_text":"1978BAMS...59..609P"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1175%2F1520-0477-59.5.609","url_text":"10.1175/1520-0477-59.5.609"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0007","url_text":"0003-0007"}]},{"reference":"Dale, Murray; Davies, Paul; Harrison, Tim (February 2012). \"Review of recent advances in UK operational hydrometeorology\". Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers - Water Management. 165 (2): 55–64. doi:10.1680/wama.2012.165.2.55. 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Retrieved 2019-11-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hsy.fi/en/experts/water-services/wastewater-treatment-plants/Pages/default.aspx","url_text":"\"We clean wastewater efficiently\""}]},{"reference":"Vieno, N.; Tuhkanen, T.; Kronberg, L. (2007-03-01). \"Elimination of pharmaceuticals in sewage treatment plants in Finland\". Water Research. 41 (5): 1001–1012. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.017. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 17261324.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.watres.2006.12.017","url_text":"10.1016/j.watres.2006.12.017"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0043-1354","url_text":"0043-1354"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17261324","url_text":"17261324"}]},{"reference":"Hermoso, Virgilio; Abell, Robin; Linke, Simon; Boon, Philip (June 2016). \"The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world: Freshwater protected areas\". Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 26: 3–11. doi:10.1002/aqc.2681.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1002%2Faqc.2681","url_text":"10.1002/aqc.2681"}]},{"reference":"Baumann, Duane D.; Boland, John J.; Sims, John H. (April 1984). \"Water Conservation: The Struggle Over Definition\". Water Resources Research. 20 (4): 428–434. Bibcode:1984WRR....20..428B. doi:10.1029/WR020i004p00428.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)","url_text":"Bibcode"},{"url":"https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1984WRR....20..428B","url_text":"1984WRR....20..428B"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1029%2FWR020i004p00428","url_text":"10.1029/WR020i004p00428"}]},{"reference":"Geerts, Sam; Raes, Dirk (September 2009). \"Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas\". Agricultural Water Management. 96 (9): 1275–1284. doi:10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009.","urls":[{"url":"https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/234625","url_text":"\"Deficit irrigation as an on-farm strategy to maximize crop water productivity in dry areas\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.agwat.2009.04.009","url_text":"10.1016/j.agwat.2009.04.009"}]},{"reference":"Lovett, Gary M.; Burns, Douglas A.; Driscoll, Charles T.; Jenkins, Jennifer C.; Mitchell, Myron J.; Rustad, Lindsey; Shanley, James B.; Likens, Gene E.; Haeuber, Richard (June 2007). \"Who needs environmental monitoring?\". Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment. 5 (5): 253–260. doi:10.1890/1540-9295(2007)5[253:WNEM]2.0.CO;2. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAcc
Master of Accountancy
["1 See also","2 References"]
Graduate professional degree This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Master of Accountancy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (April 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Master of Accountancy (MAcc, MAcy, or MAccy), alternatively Master of Science in Accounting (MSA or MSAcy) or Master of Professional Accountancy (MPAcy, MPAcc, MPA or MPAc), is a graduate professional degree designed to prepare students for public accounting; academic-focused variants are also offered. In the United States, the program provides students with the 150 credit hours of classroom, but mostly clinical hours, required by most states before taking the Uniform Certified Public Accountant Examination. This specialty program usually runs one to two years in length and contains from ten to twelve three semester credit courses (30 to 36 semester hours total). The program may consist of all graduate accounting courses or a combination of graduate accounting courses, graduate management, tax, leadership and other graduate business electives. The program is designed to not only prepare students for the CPA examination but also to provide a strong knowledge of accounting principles and business applications. Similar graduate programs exist in Canada, where certain universities such as Brock University's Goodman School of Business, Carleton University's Sprott School of Business, University of Saskatchewan's Edwards School of Business, and University of Waterloo's School of Accounting and Finance offer master's programs and waive all education requirements up until the Common Final Examination (CFE) in order to become a Canadian CPA. A Master of Professional Accounting can also be obtained from Australian universities to qualify for the Australian CPA, IPA or CA. As above, in other countries the degree's purpose may differ. Where the Bachelor of Accountancy is the prerequisite for professional practice, for example in South Africa, the Master of Accountancy then comprises specialized coursework in a specific area of accountancy (computer auditing, taxation...), as opposed to CPA preparation as above. It may also be offered as a research based program, granting access to doctoral programs. Graduates entering corporate accounting or consulting often additionally (alternatively) pursue the Certified Management Accountant (CMA), Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) or other such certifications. See also Accounting scholarship Accounting § Education, training and qualifications Bachelor of Accountancy Certified Public Accountant Chartered Professional Accountant Enrolled Agent List of master's degrees Master of Laws Master of Taxation References ^ "Post-secondary institutions (PSIs) offering CPA-accredited programs". CPA Canada. Retrieved 3 December 2018. ^ For example: Free State University Archived 2014-11-29 at the Wayback Machine, Stellenbosch University, UNISA . vteLevels of academic degreeUndergraduateISCED level 5 Associate degree Foundation degree Higher National Diploma/​Diploma of Higher Education/​Certificate of Higher Education ISCED level 6 Bachelor's degree Honours degree PostgraduateISCED level 7 Master's degree Postgraduate diploma/​certificate Diplom degree Engineer's degree ISCED level 8 Doctorate Candidate of Sciences OtherPostdoctoral Higher doctorate Doctor of Sciences Habilitation Docent Tenure Fellow No dominantclassification Academic certificate Artist diploma External degree Laurea Licentiate Magister degree Microdegree Professional degree Graduate diploma/​certificate Higher diploma Specialist degree/​diploma Terminal degree Unearned Honorary degree Ad eundem degree Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)
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The program may consist of all graduate accounting courses or a combination of graduate accounting courses, graduate management, tax, leadership and other graduate business electives. The program is designed to not only prepare students for the CPA examination but also to provide a strong knowledge of accounting principles and business applications.Similar graduate programs exist in Canada, where certain universities such as Brock University's Goodman School of Business, Carleton University's Sprott School of Business, University of Saskatchewan's Edwards School of Business, and University of Waterloo's School of Accounting and Finance offer master's programs and waive all education requirements up until the Common Final Examination (CFE) in order to become a Canadian CPA.[1]A Master of Professional Accounting can also be obtained from Australian universities to qualify for the Australian CPA, IPA or CA.As above, in other countries the degree's purpose may differ. Where the Bachelor of Accountancy is the prerequisite for professional practice, for example in South Africa, the Master of Accountancy then comprises specialized coursework in a specific area of accountancy (computer auditing, taxation...), as opposed to CPA preparation as above. It may also be offered as a research based program,[2] granting access to doctoral programs.Graduates entering corporate accounting or consulting often additionally (alternatively) pursue the Certified Management Accountant (CMA), Certified Internal Auditor (CIA) or other such certifications.","title":"Master of Accountancy"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Daniels_(soprano)
Barbara Daniels (soprano)
["1 References"]
American opera singer Barbara DanielsBorn (1946-05-07) May 7, 1946 (age 78)Newark, Ohio, U.S.EducationUniversity of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of MusicOccupationOperatic sopranoOrganizations Staatstheater Kassel Cologne Opera Metropolitan Opera Barbara Daniels (born May 7, 1946) is an American operatic soprano. Born in Newark, Ohio, Daniels studied music at the University of Cincinnati – College-Conservatory of Music; among her roles there was Diana in the American premiere of Francesco Cavalli's La Calisto in April 1972, to the Giove of Tom Fox. Her professional debut came the following year with West Palm Beach Opera, where she sang Susanna in Mozart's The Marriage of Figaro. From 1974 until 1976 she was on the roster of the Tyrolean State Theatre, singing such roles with the company as Fiordiligi in Mozart's Così fan tutte and the title role of Verdi's La traviata. From 1976 to 1978 she was a member of the Staatstheater Kassel, where her repertory grew to incorporate such roles as Liù in Puccini's Turandot, the title role in Massenet's Manon, and Zdenka in Arabella by Richard Strauss; she also participated in performances of Unter dem Milchwald by Walter Steffens. In 1978 she moved to the Cologne Opera, where she would remain until 1982; her roles there included the title role in Flotow's Martha, Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen, Musetta in Puccini's La bohème, and Alice Ford in Verdi's Falstaff. It was during this time that she made debuts at the Royal Opera House (1978, as Rosalinde in Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss) and San Francisco Opera (1980, as Zdenka). Her Metropolitan Opera debut, as Musetta, followed in 1983; she would go on to perform at the Metropolitan 119 times. In earlier years, Daniels possessed a lyric voice, and her repertory encompassed such parts as Adèle in Rossini's Le comte Ory, the title roles in Handel's Agrippina and Puccini's Madama Butterfly, Mimì in La bohème, the title role in Smetana's The Bartered Bride, and Marguerite in Gounod's Faust. Later in her career her voice became more powerful and dramatic; in 1991 she performed Minnie in Puccini's La fanciulla del West at the Metropolitan Opera, a role which has come to be seen as her finest portrayal, and she added the title roles in Puccini's Tosca and Manon Lescaut, and the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss to her repertoire. She continued her career into the 1990s with roles such as Nedda in Leoncavallo's I pagliacci and Senta in Wagner's Der fliegende Holländer. She has also worked as a voice teacher, living in Innsbruck. References ^ a b c d e The Grove Dictionary of American Music. OUP USA. January 2013. ISBN 978-0-19-531428-1. ^ Janelle Gelfand (July 13, 2014). "The love of 'La Calisto'". The Cincinnati Enquirer. ^ a b c "Daniels, Barbara | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. Retrieved Aug 29, 2021. ^ "BiblioTech PRO V3.2a". archives.metoperafamily.org. Retrieved Aug 29, 2021. ^ "Reunion: Barbara Daniels". www.operanews.com. Retrieved Aug 29, 2021. Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Korea Netherlands Poland Artists Grammy Awards
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From 1974 until 1976 she was on the roster of the Tyrolean State Theatre,[3] singing such roles with the company as Fiordiligi in Mozart's Così fan tutte and the title role of Verdi's La traviata.[1] From 1976 to 1978 she was a member of the Staatstheater Kassel,[3] where her repertory grew to incorporate such roles as Liù in Puccini's Turandot, the title role in Massenet's Manon, and Zdenka in Arabella by Richard Strauss; she also participated in performances of Unter dem Milchwald by Walter Steffens.[1] In 1978 she moved to the Cologne Opera, where she would remain until 1982;[3] her roles there included the title role in Flotow's Martha, Micaëla in Bizet's Carmen, Musetta in Puccini's La bohème, and Alice Ford in Verdi's Falstaff. It was during this time that she made debuts at the Royal Opera House (1978, as Rosalinde in Die Fledermaus by Johann Strauss) and San Francisco Opera (1980, as Zdenka). Her Metropolitan Opera debut, as Musetta, followed in 1983;[1] she would go on to perform at the Metropolitan 119 times.[4]In earlier years, Daniels possessed a lyric voice, and her repertory encompassed such parts as Adèle in Rossini's Le comte Ory, the title roles in Handel's Agrippina and Puccini's Madama Butterfly, Mimì in La bohème, the title role in Smetana's The Bartered Bride, and Marguerite in Gounod's Faust. Later in her career her voice became more powerful and dramatic; in 1991 she performed Minnie in Puccini's La fanciulla del West at the Metropolitan Opera, a role which has come to be seen as her finest portrayal, and she added the title roles in Puccini's Tosca and Manon Lescaut, and the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss to her repertoire. She continued her career into the 1990s with roles such as Nedda in Leoncavallo's I pagliacci and Senta in Wagner's Der fliegende Holländer.[1] She has also worked as a voice teacher, living in Innsbruck.[5]","title":"Barbara Daniels (soprano)"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himanshu_Rana
Himanshu Rana
["1 References","2 External links"]
Indian cricketer Himanshu RanaPersonal informationFull nameHimanshu Jaikanwar RanaBorn (1998-10-01) 1 October 1998 (age 25)Sonipat, Haryana, IndiaBattingRight-handedBowlingRight-arm mediumDomestic team information YearsTeam2014/15–presentHaryana Source: ESPNcricinfo Himanshu Rana (born 1 October 1998) is an Indian cricketer who plays for Haryana in domestic cricket. He is a right-handed batsman and occasional right-arm medium pace bowler. Rana made his first-class debut against Delhi in January 2015 at the age of 16 and top-scored for Haryana with 80 in that match. In his third match of the season, he hit his maiden century of 149 against Rajasthan, giving his team an innings win. In the first match of the 2015–16 Ranji Trophy against Maharashtra in October 2015, he scored a career-best 157. He made his List A debut for Haryana in the 2016–17 Vijay Hazare Trophy on 25 February 2017. In December 2017, he was named in India's squad for the 2018 Under-19 Cricket World Cup. He was the leading run-scorer for Haryana in the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy, with 594 runs in nine matches. References ^ "Ranji Trophy, Group B: Haryana v Mumbai at Rohtak, Jan 5-8, 2015". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 October 2015. ^ "Ranji Trophy, Group B: Haryana v Rajasthan at Rohtak, Jan 29-31, 2015". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 2 October 2015. ^ "Vijay Hazare Trophy, Group A: Haryana v Odisha at Delhi, Feb 25, 2017". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 25 February 2017. ^ "Prithvi Shaw to lead India in Under-19 World Cup". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 3 December 2017. ^ "Ranji Trophy, 2018/19 - Haryana: Batting and bowling averages". ESPNcricinfo. Retrieved 10 January 2019. External links Himanshu Rana at ESPNcricinfo Himanshu Rana at CricketArchive (subscription required) This biographical article related to an Indian cricket person born in 1998 is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagaribommanahalli
Hagaribommanahalli
["1 Demographics","2 Food","3 Transport","3.1 Road","3.2 Railways","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 15°02′N 76°12′E / 15.04°N 76.20°E / 15.04; 76.20 Town in Karnataka, IndiaHagaribommanahalliTownNickname: HB.HalliHagaribommanahalliLocation in Karnataka, IndiaShow map of KarnatakaHagaribommanahalliHagaribommanahalli (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 15°02′N 76°12′E / 15.04°N 76.20°E / 15.04; 76.20Country IndiaState KarnatakaDistrictVijayanagara districtBoroughsHagaribommanahalliPopulation (2011) • Total47,042Languages • OfficialKannadaTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN583 212Vehicle registrationKA-35 Hagaribommanahalli is a town and a taluk in Vijayanagara District in the Indian state of Karnataka. It is the administrative headquarters of the Hagaribommanahalli Taluk. Demographics As of 2001 India census, Hagari Bommanahalli had a population of 24000. Food Jowar Rotti is the staple food here, along with Yennegai Palya (Brinjal/ Eggplant Curry). and Peanut powder. Transport Road 1.Bengaluru-Chitradurga-Davanagere-Harihara-Harapanahalli- Hagaribommanahalli. 2.Bengaluru-Chitradurga-Jagalur-Kotturu-Hagaribommanahalli. 3.Bengaluru-Chitradurga-Kudligi-Hagaribommanahalli. 4.Mangaluru-Manipal-Kundapura-Shivamogga-Harihara-Harapanahalli-Hagaribommanahalli. 5.Bellary-Hosapete-Hagaribommanahalli. 6.Hyderabad-Raichur-Sindhanur-Gangavathi-Hosapete-Hagaribommanahalli. 7.Hyderabad-Hosapete-Hagaribommanahalli. 8.Mumbai-Pune-Belagavi-Hubballi-Gadag-Hosapete-Hagaribommanahalli. Railways Hagaribommanahalli was one of the railway stations on the Hosapete-Kotturu railway meter gauge line. In 1995 this line was closed for gauge conversion and also for extending the railway line from Kotturu to Davangere to join Hubballi-Bengaluru Railway line at Amaravathi colony. After numerous delays this railway line was opened and Hagaribommanahalli will get connectivity to Bellary and also to Bangaluru. See also Vijayanagara Districts of Karnataka References ^ "Hagaribommanahalli Pincode". Retrieved 2 December 2010. ^ Village code= 893900 "Census of India : Villages with population 5000 & above". Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 18 December 2008. External links http://Vijayanagara.nic.in/
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It is the administrative headquarters of the Hagaribommanahalli Taluk.[1]","title":"Hagaribommanahalli"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagaribommanahalli&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"As of 2001[update] India census, Hagari Bommanahalli had a population of 24000.[2]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jowar Rotti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jolada_rotti_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%A6_%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%BF&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Eggplant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eggplant"},{"link_name":"Peanut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peanut"}],"text":"Jowar Rotti is the staple food here, along with Yennegai Palya (Brinjal/ Eggplant Curry). and Peanut powder.","title":"Food"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"Chitradurga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitradurga"},{"link_name":"Davanagere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Davanagere"},{"link_name":"Harihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harihara"},{"link_name":"Harapanahalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harapanahalli"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"Chitradurga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitradurga"},{"link_name":"Jagalur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagalur"},{"link_name":"Kotturu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotturu,_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Bengaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengaluru"},{"link_name":"Chitradurga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitradurga"},{"link_name":"Kudligi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kudligi"},{"link_name":"Mangaluru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangaluru"},{"link_name":"Manipal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipal"},{"link_name":"Kundapura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundapura"},{"link_name":"Shivamogga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shivamogga"},{"link_name":"Harihara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harihara"},{"link_name":"Harapanahalli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harapanahalli"},{"link_name":"Bellary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bellary"},{"link_name":"Hosapete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosapete"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Raichur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raichur"},{"link_name":"Sindhanur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sindhanur"},{"link_name":"Gangavathi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangavathi"},{"link_name":"Hosapete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosapete"},{"link_name":"Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Hosapete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosapete"},{"link_name":"Mumbai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"Belagavi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagavi"},{"link_name":"Hubballi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubballi"},{"link_name":"Gadag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadag"},{"link_name":"Hosapete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosapete"}],"sub_title":"Road","text":"1.Bengaluru-Chitradurga-Davanagere-Harihara-Harapanahalli- Hagaribommanahalli.2.Bengaluru-Chitradurga-Jagalur-Kotturu-Hagaribommanahalli.3.Bengaluru-Chitradurga-Kudligi-Hagaribommanahalli.4.Mangaluru-Manipal-Kundapura-Shivamogga-Harihara-Harapanahalli-Hagaribommanahalli.5.Bellary-Hosapete-Hagaribommanahalli.6.Hyderabad-Raichur-Sindhanur-Gangavathi-Hosapete-Hagaribommanahalli.7.Hyderabad-Hosapete-Hagaribommanahalli.8.Mumbai-Pune-Belagavi-Hubballi-Gadag-Hosapete-Hagaribommanahalli.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hosapete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hospet"},{"link_name":"Kotturu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kotturu,_Karnataka"}],"sub_title":"Railways","text":"Hagaribommanahalli was one of the railway stations on the Hosapete-Kotturu railway meter gauge line. In 1995 this line was closed for gauge conversion and also for extending the railway line from Kotturu to Davangere to join Hubballi-Bengaluru Railway line at Amaravathi colony. After numerous delays this railway line was opened and Hagaribommanahalli will get connectivity to Bellary and also to Bangaluru.","title":"Transport"}]
[]
[{"title":"Districts of Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Karnataka"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esk_River_(Hawke%27s_Bay)
Esk River (Hawke's Bay)
["1 Flooding","2 See also","3 References"]
Coordinates: 39°23′52″S 176°53′07″E / 39.39778°S 176.88528°E / -39.39778; 176.88528 River in New ZealandEsk RiverLocation of the mouth within New ZealandLocationCountryNew ZealandPhysical characteristicsSource  • locationMaungaharuru Range Mouth  • locationHawke BayLength43 km (27 mi) The Esk River of Hawke's Bay, in the eastern North Island of New Zealand, one of two rivers of that name in the country, is one of Hawke's Bay's major rivers. It flows south from the slopes of Taraponui in the Maungaharuru Range before turning east to reach Hawke Bay 10 kilometres (6 mi) north of Napier. State Highway 5 follows the lower course of the river for several kilometres close to the settlement of Eskdale. The river is probably named after the Esk River in southern Scotland and north-west England. Where the river reaches the sea, it ponds behind a shingle bank. At times the sea drives up shingle that blocks the outlet until the ponding water breaks through. The outlet occasionally needs to be opened artificially to prevent flooding. Prior to the 1931 Hawke's Bay earthquake, the pond also flowed into the Petane Stream and south through Bay View into the northern end of Ahuriri Lagoon when the beach outlet was blocked. The earthquake raised the area, preventing the ponded water from flowing through Bay View any longer. The southern stretch of the river forms the northern boundary for urban development in Napier. Hukarere Girls' College is near the river, as well as the Pan Pac Forest Products mill. A 4 MW hydroelectric power scheme is situated in the higher reaches of the river. Chardonnay and red wine grapes are grown in the Esk River valley. The lower 19 kilometres (12 mi) of the Esk can be suitable for whitewater canoeing when the flow is above normal. There are brown and rainbow trout in the river, but fishing is restricted. Flooding The river has a history of flooding. Flash flooding inundated the settlement in March 2018, leaving most of the local holiday park underwater. Large parts of the valley were inundated during Cyclone Gabrielle in February 2023. The floods caused significant damage in the settlement, destroying houses and sections of State Highway 5 and the Palmerston North–Gisborne Railway Line. See also Esk River (Canterbury) List of rivers of New Zealand References ^ Peter Dowling, ed. (2004). Reed New Zealand Atlas. Reed Books. pp. map 40. ISBN 0-7900-0952-8. ^ Discover New Zealand:A Wises Guide (9th ed.). 1994. p. 163. ^ "Napier Landscape Study. Draft for Consultation" (PDF). Napier City Council. 13 February 2020. p. 72. Retrieved 5 May 2022. ^ "Esk River" (PDF). Hawke's Bay Regional Council. February 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2008. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^ "Hukarere Girls School". Retrieved 17 November 2013. ^ "Esk Power Scheme". Trustpower. Archived from the original on 7 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022. ^ "Media Kit 2009" (PDF). Hawke's Bay Winegrowers. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 December 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^ Egarr, Graham (1989). New Zealand's North Island Rivers: A guide for Canoeists and Rafters. pp. 159–160. ISBN 1-86953-014-4. ^ "Hawke's Bay - Fishing Regulations". Fish and Game New Zealand. Archived from the original on 3 June 2009. Retrieved 28 July 2009. ^ "Eskdale". nzhistory.govt.nz. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. ^ O'Sullivan, Patrick (8 March 2018). "Local Focus: Flash Flood shocks Eskdale residents". New Zealand Media and Entertainment. Hawke's Bay Today. ^ Appleby, Luke (8 March 2018). "Breathtaking drone footage shows Napier holiday park's 'muddy mess' after flooded river rose by 7m in one-in-50-year event". Television New Zealand. 1 News. ^ "Cyclone Gabrielle: Eskdale residents send desperate plea to emergency officials". Newshub. 39°23′52″S 176°53′07″E / 39.39778°S 176.88528°E / -39.39778; 176.88528 This article about a river in the Hawke's Bay Region is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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Television New Zealand. 1 News.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tvnz.co.nz/one-news/new-zealand/watch-breathtaking-drone-footage-shows-napier-holiday-parks-muddy-mess-after-flooded-river-rose-7m-in-one-50-year-event","url_text":"\"Breathtaking drone footage shows Napier holiday park's 'muddy mess' after flooded river rose by 7m in one-in-50-year event\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_New_Zealand","url_text":"Television New Zealand"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1_News","url_text":"1 News"}]},{"reference":"\"Cyclone Gabrielle: Eskdale residents send desperate plea to emergency officials\". Newshub.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/new-zealand/2023/02/cyclone-gabrielle-eskdale-residents-send-desperate-plea-to-emergency-officials.html","url_text":"\"Cyclone Gabrielle: Eskdale residents send desperate plea to emergency officials\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newshub","url_text":"Newshub"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87anakkale_1915
Çanakkale 1915
["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Critical response","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
2012 Turkish filmÇanakkale 1915Directed byYesim SezginScreenplay byTurgut ÖzakmanBased onnovel: Diriliş: Çanakkale 1915 by Turgut ÖzakmanProduced byMurat AkdilekSerkan BalbalStarringŞevket ÇoruhBarış ÇakmakCinematographyAras DemirayMuharrem DokurEdited byVanessa TaylorMusic byCan AtillaProductioncompaniesFida FilmÖrümcek YapimDistributed byTiglon FilmRelease date 12 October 2012 (2012-10-12) Running time128 minutesCountryTurkeyLanguageTurkishBudget$ 5 millionBox office 7.6 million Turkish lira Çanakkale 1915 (English: Gallipoli 1915) is a 2012 Turkish historical drama film directed by Yesim Sezgin as screen-written by Turgut Özakman based upon his own 2008 novel Diriliş: Çanakkale 1915. Released theatrically on 1,000 screens across Turkey and Europe in October 2012, the film was never released commercially in the United States, but it premiered on ATV in Turkey on 17 March 2015. Plot The story of the film is about the Gallipoli Campaign during World War I on the Gallipoli Peninsula in Turkey in 1915. The film covers the resurrection of Turkey following its defeat in the Balkan War, through depictions of Sergeant Mehmet Ali (Ali Ersan Duru) from Biga, Corporal Seyit and many others. To help Russia and threaten Constantinople, the Allies try to force through the Dardanelles Straight with a large fleet. Through a series of historical sketches, the film documents how they were defeated despite many difficulties and hardships. Cast Şevket Çoruh Barış Çakmak Serkan Ercan İlker Kızmaz Bülent Alkis Ufuk Bayraktar Emre Özcan Baran Akbulut as Velie Özgür Akdemir Riza Akin Ali Ersan Duru as Mehmet Ali Koray Kadiraga Mert Karabulut Fatma Karanfil Celil Nalcakan Ali Oguz Senol Critical response The film received generally favorable reception across Turkey. Film critics were appreciative of the battle scenes, but found forgivable flaws with scripting and acting. Reviewer Atilla Dorsay said it was an over the top drama which, while a bit over-done, was not bad for its kind in its depicting events of the greatest importance to the Turkish nation. Reviewer Mehmet Açar felt the resistance soul filled the audience, as when the film aimed to feel the spirit of resistance in Çanakkale, it managed to do so. While dialogue was problematic in drama scenes the battle scenes were successful. Reviewer Kerem Akça felt the film was worth the effort and in places quite impressive, despite significant weaknesses with script and acting. Reviewer Uğur Vardan felt the real issue brought forth in the film was poverty in the film looking at both sides of imperialism. While the production was highly successful in items such as costume design, it was extremely weak in terms of side issues. In speaking about various films releasing in Turkey to commemorate the centenary of the Battle of Gallipoli, Variety noted that film Canakkale 1915 was "based on the bestselling historical fiction by Turgut Ozakman" and that it "focuses on the battle as a foundation for the Turkish Republic". Hurriyet Daily News called the film "a sure hit in the box office". Daily Sabah reported on Water Diviner and in speaking of three other recent Turkish films dealing with the Gallipoli battle, wrote "Çanakkale 1915 was the most successful of the three films", screening for 43 weeks, drawing 918,181 viewers, and having a box office return of a whopping $1.00 Turkish lira= 0.00. Today's Zaman wrote "director Yeşim Sezgin's newest Çanakkale 1915 might actually outdo Sinan Çetin's Çanakkale Çocukları in terms of its aggression, opportunism and crooked reductionism." The reviewer found it frustrating that some scenes "are so blatantly full of improbable valor that they border on the comical because the filmmakers have taken themselves too seriously as they leave behind any kind of introspection." See also Gallipoli: End of the Road References ^ a b c YILDIRIM, EMİNE (18 October 2012). "'Çanakkale 1915' Fight, never flight". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 1 May 2015. ^ a b c Carney, Josh (22 September 2012). "Gallipoli pics do battle in Turkey". Variety. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ Güler, Emrah (1 October 2012). "Surge of films on Gallipoli Campaign - More films to come". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ staff (24 April 2014). "Azerbaycan'ın Kiev Büyükelçiliği'nde Çanakkale Resepsiyonu" (in Turkish). Son Dakika. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ a b Staff (17 October 2012). "O film için ne dediler?" (in Turkish). Habertürk. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ Karahan, Jülide (October 2012). "The Trick Is In Special Effects". AnadoluJet Magazine. Retrieved 1 May 2015. ^ staff. "Çanakkale 1915". Indiana University. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ staff (17 March 2015). "Çanakkale 1915 ATV izle 17/03/2015 Film iZLE" (in Turkish). Haberin Markasi. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ staff (22 October 2012). "Çanakkale 1915 filmine ilk yorumlar" (in Turkish). En Son Haber. Retrieved 25 April 2015. ^ Güler, Emrah (30 December 2012). "A good year in Turkish cinema, but for who?". Hürriyet Daily News. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ a b staff (3 February 2015). "'Water Diviner' outdoes other films on Gallipoli". Daily Sabah. Retrieved 24 April 2015. ^ staff (3 February 2015). "SON UMUT NE KADAR İZLENDİ ? - EN ÇOK İLGİYİ GÖREN ÇANAKKALE 1915" (in Turkish). Haber3. Retrieved 24 April 2015. External links Çanakkale 1915 at the Internet Movie Database Keynote: "Canakkale 1915" Hosted by FTAA-ATAA, CUNY John Jay College 25 March 2015. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5U-SC8zzyh0
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The film covers the resurrection of Turkey following its defeat in the Balkan War, through depictions of Sergeant Mehmet Ali (Ali Ersan Duru) from Biga, Corporal Seyit and many others. To help Russia and threaten Constantinople, the Allies try to force through the Dardanelles Straight with a large fleet. Through a series of historical sketches, the film documents how they were defeated despite many difficulties and hardships.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Şevket Çoruh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eevket_%C3%87oruh"},{"link_name":"Barış Çakmak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar%C4%B1%C5%9F_%C3%87akmak"},{"link_name":"Ali Ersan Duru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ali_Ersan_Duru"}],"text":"Şevket Çoruh\nBarış Çakmak\nSerkan Ercan\nİlker Kızmaz\nBülent Alkis\nUfuk Bayraktar\nEmre Özcan\nBaran Akbulut as Velie\nÖzgür Akdemir\nRiza Akin\nAli Ersan Duru as Mehmet Ali\nKoray Kadiraga\nMert Karabulut\nFatma Karanfil\nCelil Nalcakan\nAli Oguz Senol","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-En_Son_Haber]-9"},{"link_name":"Atilla Dorsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Atilla_Dorsay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mehmet Açar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_A%C3%A7ar&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kerem Akça","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kerem_Ak%C3%A7a&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Uğur Vardan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=U%C4%9Fur_Vardan&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haber_Turk-5"},{"link_name":"Variety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Variety_1-2"},{"link_name":"Hurriyet Daily News","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurriyet_Daily_News"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-H%C3%BCrriyet_Daily_News_2-10"},{"link_name":"Daily Sabah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Sabah"},{"link_name":"Water Diviner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_Diviner"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Sabah-11"},{"link_name":"Turkish lira= 0.00","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkish_lira%3D_0.00&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Daily_Sabah-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Haber_3-12"},{"link_name":"Today's Zaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Today%27s_Zaman"},{"link_name":"Sinan Çetin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinan_%C3%87etin"},{"link_name":"Çanakkale Çocukları","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%87anakkale_%C3%87ocuklar%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Today's_Zaman-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Today's_Zaman-1"}],"text":"The film received generally favorable reception across Turkey. Film critics were appreciative of the battle scenes, but found forgivable flaws with scripting and acting.[9] Reviewer Atilla Dorsay said it was an over the top drama which, while a bit over-done, was not bad for its kind in its depicting events of the greatest importance to the Turkish nation. Reviewer Mehmet Açar felt the resistance soul filled the audience, as when the film aimed to feel the spirit of resistance in Çanakkale, it managed to do so. While dialogue was problematic in drama scenes the battle scenes were successful. Reviewer Kerem Akça felt the film was worth the effort and in places quite impressive, despite significant weaknesses with script and acting. Reviewer Uğur Vardan felt the real issue brought forth in the film was poverty in the film looking at both sides of imperialism. While the production was highly successful in items such as costume design, it was extremely weak in terms of side issues.[5] In speaking about various films releasing in Turkey to commemorate the centenary of the Battle of Gallipoli, Variety noted that film Canakkale 1915 was \"based on the bestselling historical fiction by Turgut Ozakman\" and that it \"focuses on the battle as a foundation for the Turkish Republic\".[2] Hurriyet Daily News called the film \"a sure hit in the box office\".[10] Daily Sabah reported on Water Diviner and in speaking of three other recent Turkish films dealing with the Gallipoli battle, wrote \"Çanakkale 1915 was the most successful of the three films\",[11] screening for 43 weeks, drawing 918,181 viewers, and having a box office return of a whopping $1.00 Turkish lira= 0.00.[11][12] Today's Zaman wrote \"director Yeşim Sezgin's newest Çanakkale 1915 might actually outdo Sinan Çetin's Çanakkale Çocukları in terms of its aggression, opportunism and crooked reductionism.\"[1] The reviewer found it frustrating that some scenes \"are so blatantly full of improbable valor that they border on the comical because the filmmakers have taken themselves too seriously as they leave behind any kind of introspection.\"[1]","title":"Critical response"}]
[]
[{"title":"Gallipoli: End of the Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli:_End_of_the_Road"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Houston_Informer_and_Texas_Freeman
Texas Freeman
["1 References"]
Newspaper for African Americans established in 1893 in Houston, Texas The Texas Freeman was a newspaper for African Americans established in 1893 in Houston, Texas. It was established by Charles N. Love along with his wife Lilla as well as Jack Tibbitto, and Emmett J. Scott who became its editor. It was the city's first African American newspaper. On January 3, 1931, the paper merged with the Houston Informer to become the Houston Informer and Texas Freeman. The paper criticized Jim Crow laws, sought equal pay for African American teachers, advocated for Houston's Carnegie Library for African Americans, pushed for the hiring of African American postal workers, and opposed segregation. C.N. Love was a leading civil rights activist and advocate for the African American community. He was active in the Republican Party. During his career he was a member of the Republican Party's Black-and-tan faction, then the lily white faction, and sued to end the prohibition on African Americans voting in Democratic Party primaries as he sought for political representation and opportunities for African Americans. In 1921, Love filed suit against Texas laws barring African Americans from voting. By the time it reached the Supreme Court it was determined to be moot and a political rather than a legal issue (Love v. Griffith). References ^ Walker, Eyvaine (2011). Keeping a Family Legacy Alive: Unforgotten African Americans. Eyvaine Walker-Lindsey. ISBN 9781450760706. ^ Cox, Patrick (2009-04-20). The First Texas News Barons. University of Texas Press. ISBN 9780292782426. ^ Kleiner, Diana J. "Handbook of Texas: Houston Informer and Texas Freeman". Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved 9 February 2023. ^ Govenar, Alan B. (2010). Lightnin' Hopkins: His Life and Blues. Chicago Review Press. ISBN 9781556529627. ^ Wesley, Carter W. (1940). "Texans Seek Right to Vote". The Crisis: A Record of the Darker Races. 47 (10): 312. Retrieved 9 February 2023. ^ "FindLaw's United States Supreme Court case and opinions". Findlaw.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Houston, Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"Charles N. Love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.N._Love"},{"link_name":"Emmett J. Scott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emmett_J._Scott"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Jim Crow laws","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws"},{"link_name":"Carnegie Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnegie_Library"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Black-and-tan faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black-and-tan_faction"},{"link_name":"lily white faction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lily_white_faction"},{"link_name":"Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The Texas Freeman was a newspaper for African Americans established in 1893 in Houston, Texas. It was established by Charles N. Love along with his wife Lilla as well as Jack Tibbitto, and Emmett J. Scott who became its editor. It was the city's first African American newspaper.[1] On January 3, 1931, the paper merged with the Houston Informer to become the Houston Informer and Texas Freeman.[2][3]The paper criticized Jim Crow laws, sought equal pay for African American teachers, advocated for Houston's Carnegie Library for African Americans, pushed for the hiring of African American postal workers, and opposed segregation.[4] C.N. Love was a leading civil rights activist and advocate for the African American community. He was active in the Republican Party. During his career he was a member of the Republican Party's Black-and-tan faction, then the lily white faction, and sued to end the prohibition on African Americans voting in Democratic Party primaries as he sought for political representation and opportunities for African Americans.In 1921, Love filed suit against Texas laws barring African Americans from voting. By the time it reached the Supreme Court it was determined to be moot[5] and a political rather than a legal issue (Love v. Griffith).[6]","title":"Texas Freeman"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khomam_District
Khomam District
["1 History","2 Demographics","2.1 Population","2.2 Administrative divisions","3 See also","4 References"]
Coordinates: 37°23′N 49°39′E / 37.383°N 49.650°E / 37.383; 49.650Former district in Gilan province, Iran For the administrative division of Gilan province, see Khomam County. For the city, see Khomam. Former District in Gilan, IranKhomam District Persian: بخش خمامFormer DistrictKhomam DistrictCoordinates: 37°23′N 49°39′E / 37.383°N 49.650°E / 37.383; 49.650CountryIranProvinceGilanCountyRashtCapitalKhomamPopulation (2016) • Total54,860Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Khomam District (Persian: بخش خمام) is a former administrative division of Rasht County, Gilan province, Iran. Its capital was the city of Khomam. History In August 2019, the district was separated from the county in the establishment of Khomam County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with Khomam as its capital and only city. Demographics Population At the time of the 2006 National Census, the district's population was 52,050 in 15,059 households. The following census in 2011 counted 53,600 people in 17,492 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the district as 54,860 inhabitants in 18,948 households. Administrative divisions Khomam District Population Administrative Divisions 2006 2011 2016 Chapar Khaneh RD 11,620 10,774 9,967 Chukam RD 15,772 14,314 13,533 Kateh Sar-e Khomam RD 11,757 11,406 10,463 Khomam (city) 12,901 17,106 20,897 Total 52,050 53,600 54,860 RD: Rural District See also Iran portal References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (11 March 2024). "Khomam District (Rasht County)" (Map). OpenStreetMap (in Persian). Retrieved 11 March 2024. ^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Habibi, Hassan (21 June 1369). "Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Gilan province centered on the city of Rasht". Islamic Parliament Research Center (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2023. ^ Jahangiri, Ishaq (11 August 2019). "Letter of approval regarding the changes and reforms of divisions in Gilan province". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 01. Archived from the original (Excel) on 8 October 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vte Gilan ProvinceCapital Rasht Counties and citiesAmlash County Amlash Rankuh Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh County Astaneh-ye Ashrafiyeh Kiashahr Astara County Astara Lavandevil Bandar-e Anzali County Bandar-e Anzali Fuman County Fuman Masuleh , Maklavan Lahijan County Lahijan Roudboneh Langarud County Langarud Chaf and Chamkhaleh Kumeleh Otaqvar Shalman Masal County Masal Bazar Jomeh Rasht County Rasht Khomam Khoshk-e Bijar Kuchesfahan Lasht-e Nesha Sangar Rezvanshahr County Rezvanshahr Pareh Sar Rudbar County Rudbar Barehsar Jirandeh Lowshan Manjil Rostamabad Tutkabon Roudsar County Roudsar Chaboksar Kelachay Rahimabad Vajargah Shaft County Shaft Ahmadsargurab Siahkal County Siahkal Deilaman Sowme'eh Sara County Sowme'eh Sara Gurab Zarmikh Marjaghal Talesh County Hashtpar Asalem Chubar Haviq Lisar Sights Alshaytan Mountain Anzali Lagoon Astarachay Anzali Maritime Museum Laton Waterfall Astara Cactus museum Emarat-i Kulah Farangi Rasht Estil Lagoon Ghaziayan bridge Heyran road Heyran Gondola lift Rasht Municipality (city hall) Roudkhan Castle Sajiran waterfall Lunak waterfall Marlik royal cemetery Masouleh Moin Mausoleum Muhtasham garden Kull ancient castle Rasht museum Sheitankoh Tea Museum of Lahijan Zahed Gilani's Shrine Tea museum Populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Gilan Province vte Rasht CountyCapital Rasht DistrictsCentralCities Rasht Rural Districts and villagesHowmeh Bala Kuyakh Bijar Boneh Bijar Pes Do Ab Mardakh Garfam Gurab Kazh Deh Khajan-e Chahar Dang Khajan-e Do Dang Khana Chah Korchvandan Lecheh Gurab Mishamandan Pach Kenar Pain Kuyakh Pir Kola Chah Pisheh Var Polku Rokan Sara Shalku Shekar Estalkh Suqeh Tuchi Payeh Bast Tuysaravandan Vishka Suqeh Lakan Askadeh Aziz Kian Falak Deh Gurab Varzal Katigar Kesar Kisar Varzal Lakan Lakan Institute Narenjkol Ravajir Salkisar Saqalaksar Seyqalan-e Varzal Siah Galvandan Soleyman Darab-e Bala Taleshan Tekhsem Vishka Matir Vishka Varzal Pasikhan Ateshgah Bijar Kenar Daf Sar Galesh Mahalleh Kesar Khesht Masjed Kolesh Taleshan Pasikhan Pasvisheh Safsar Taraz Kuh Tazehabad Tazehabad Pir Bazar Alman Alvian Bijar Khaleh Fakhab Feyzabad Galesh Gacheh Galesh Kheyl Gerakeh Jur Deh Kafteh Rud Kama Kol Khanaf Cheh Mangu Deh Mobarakabad Mohammadabad Pastak Pileh Darbon Pir Bazar Pir Deh Rajakol Rasteh Kenar Shams-e Bijar Siah Estalakh Siah Rud Kenar Sukhteh Luleh Tash KhomamCities Khomam Rural Districts and villagesChapar Khaneh Chapar Khaneh Dahaneh Sar-e Shijan Fashtakeh Fatatu Gholamreza Bagh Gur Abjir Jefrud-e Bala Mian Mahalleh Poshtsan-e Gur Abjir Rasteh Kenar Shijan Tazehabad-e Sadar Tuksar-e Shijan Zarang Mahalleh Zir Deh Chukam Allahka Bala Mahalleh-ye Chukam Balaskaleh Bij Bijirud Kol Eshkik Forshki-ye Chukam Jirsar-e Baqer Khaleh Jirsar-e Chukam Khachekin Mesr Dasht Mian Kol Tazehabad-e Khachekin Kateh Sar-e Khomam Barmacheh-ye Bala Mahal Barmacheh-ye Pain Mahal Dafchah Eshmenan Talem Esmailabad Kalachah Kateh Sar Kevishad Lat Marz Dasht Meshka Posht Tisiyeh Khoshk-e BijarCities Khoshk-e Bijar Rural Districts and villagesHajji Bekandeh-yeKoshk-e Bijar Aminabad Amir Bekandeh Bagh-e Amir Bekandeh Balaskaleh-ye Emam Jomeh Chapar Pord Chapar Pord-e Zaman Chukadeh Gilova Mahalleh Hajji Bekandeh Jirkuyeh Pir Ali Deh Sar Khoshki Shahrestan Siah Estalakh-e Saqad ol Molk Talesh Mahalleh Tazehabad Nowsher-eKoshk-e Bijar Alman Baghcheh Boneh Baleskeleh-ye Seyyed Abu ol Qasem Basteh Deym Forshom Gol Bazu Jirsar-e Vishka Jurkuyeh Kuri Jan Mashal Alam Moridan Neysa Chah Nowsher Rofuh Chah Rud Posht Shisheh Gurab Siah Estalakh-e Mirza Rabi Tamal Vishka Yusef Mahalleh Yusefabad KuchesfahanCities Kuchesfahan Rural Districts and villagesBelesbeneh Ahmad Sara Ali Nowdeh Ali Sara Bala Mahalleh-ye Barka Deh Barka Deh-e Pain Belesbeneh Feshkecheh Gurab Sar Hasanabad Hashkova Imanabad Jafarabad Jir Sara Kalmarz Khesht Masjed Laleh Dasht Molla Sara Mozhdeh Navideh Now Estalakh Pashkeh Sedeh Shekar Sara Siah Sufian Kenar Sar Garaku Gilva Dashtan Hendavaneh-ye Pordesar Janakbar Jurbijarkol Kenar Sar Mamudan Pir Musa Rudkol Shirayeh Luleman Chelak Chulab Ebrahim Sara Foshtom Karbasdeh Katik Lahijan Khalaki Mobarakabad Pir Bast-e Luleman Rashtabad Rudbaraki Tarom Sar Lasht-e NeshaCities Lasht-e Nesha Rural Districts and villagesAliabad-e Ziba Kenar Aliabad Amildan Azhdeha Baluch Chalekash-e Lat Chunchenan Dubaj Dubaj Fakhrabad Jelidan Khoshk Estalkh Malekdeh Nowdeh Shahmir Sara Tazehabad Gafsheh-yeLasht-e Nesha Aji Buzayeh Ali Bozayeh Bala Mahalleh-ye Gafsheh Chafu Chah Chalikdan Chapak-e Nazemi Mahalleh Chapak-e Shafi Mahalleh Estalak Ju Posht Juryab Kenar Sar-e Arbabi Laleh Gafsheh Limu Chah Mian Mahalleh-ye Gafsheh Pas Bijar Gafsheh Sheykhan Gafsheh Jirhandeh-yeLasht-e Nesha Balakdeh Chalkesh Deh-e Mord Sara Dehsar Jirhandeh Khoshk Rud Kord Khil-e Valam Lasheh Lichah Losku Nowhadan Nowrud Pichah Salestan Tuchah-e Alman Zahandeh SangarCities Sangar Rural Districts and villagesEslamabad Aynehvar Baz Qaleh-ye Akbar Behdan Bonakdeh Darreh Posht Deh Baneh-ye Eslamabad Feshtam Jubaneh Keshel Varzal Konesestan Nasrollahabad Pish Kenar Shahrestan Sheykh Ali Bast Su Kacha Talem Seh Shanbeh Sangar Baz Qaleh-ye Malek Chanajeh Dalecheh Gil Pordeh Sar Gilavandan Kadu Sara Kia Sara Kisavandan Miandeh Nashrud Kol Omesheh Rud Bardeh Sarvandan Turan Sara Varazgah Vishka Nanak Saravan Emamzadeh Hashem Gol Sarak Jukul Bandan Kacha Mushanga Qaziyan Saravan This Rasht County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
[{"title":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peretta_Peronne
Peretta Peronne
["1 Background","2 Prosecution","3 Trial outcome","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]
Early unlicensed female surgeon Peretta Peronne was an unlicensed female surgeon operating in Paris in the early fifteenth century. Background The legacy of Peretta Peronne is known exclusively through her prosecution by the Parisian medical faculty in 1411. The Commentaries of the Parisian medical faculty record the expenditures associated with pursuing cases against practitioners as well as the charters of the Parisian university, which provide documentation for their efforts towards legal recognition of their positions on medical practice. The faculty sought to increase the status of physicians and to emphasize the necessity for training and licensing in order for a medical professional to be recognized as legitimate. This effort in Paris was part of a larger movement in early modern Europe to denounce all non-university trained medical professionals, including surgeons, barber and apothecaries, as either inferior or all together illegitimate. However, in France, the delineation between the types of medical practitioners was becoming particularly rigid during this time period, as professionalization of the medical field was increasingly discussed in the ecclesiastical and political realms. Throughout the Middle Ages, women participated in medical practice across a variety of disciplines. While history has typically focused on women's roles as caregivers within the domestic sphere, as wet nurses and midwives, historian Monica H. Green has argued that "one of the greatest myths of female practitioners in the middle ages is that they primarily treated female complaints.". Towards the end of the Middle Ages, increased regulation and legal repercussions against their practice became significant enough that the profession of a woman physician began to disappear from the historical record. The prosecution of Jacoba Felicie in 1322 was an early example of the emergence of this mindset in France. Prosecution Peronne was brought before the Master Surgeons of the University of Paris in 1411. She had been pursued by the St Damien and St Cosme surgeon's confraternity, which consisted of approximately eleven members. They had approached the Paris medical faculty for assistance in bringing about a case against Peronne because she had been displaying a sign outside her home advertising herself in the "manner of a public surgeon." This surgeon's guild and the university seemingly viewed the work that Peronne was performing as a threat to their well-being and the distinct separation between the work of physicians and surgeons, as she is the only case of a female surgical practitioner being prosecuted by the Parisian medical faculty during this time. By the fourteenth century, surgeons, as well as barbers and apothecaries, were typically free from prosecution by the faculty if they were members of a guild that was supervised and regulated by the medical faculty. Women were not permitted to be members of surgeons' guilds, and were typically excluded from guild participation entirely outside of the textile industry or having widow status. Additionally, women were not prosecuted if they worked exclusively as midwives, with the dying elderly or the very young. Peronne's home surgical practice was catered toward both sexes and advertised procedures she had not received the ordained training or licensing for. The Parisian faculty saw an opportunity to make an example out of her in an attempt to dissuade her contemporaries from similar behavior, rather than expending resources to prosecute all women in Paris acting as surgeons. Once formally prosecuted, Peronne was required to remove her advertisement from her home and cease her surgical practice until she had been examined. Some historical sources suggest that she was imprisoned during the examination process. University prosecution records indicate that she had to turn in her surgical textbooks for examination by physicians and the criminal clerk and that she was to be interviewed by the physicians in the presence of practicing surgeons. During her defense proceedings, Peronne stood by her assertion that she was a proven practitioner doing work for God, and stressed that she needed to carry on her work "because she has many sick persons or patients under her care, who required essential remedies and visitation." Trial outcome The physicians at the Parisian medical faculty ultimately concluded that Peronne was not knowledgeable about the content of the surgical books that she possessed and that she could not differentiate between the letter "A from a faggot." The university faculty ordered that she permanently remove the public surgeon sign from her house; however, records indicate that she continued to work. Peronne's ability to continue her practice after a trial and possible imprisonment indicated that the attempts of male physicians to bar women and non-licensed practitioners from medical work were not completely successful. The requirements of formal training limited the number of "legitimate" physicians available in Paris, yet the needs for medical assistance were not eliminated, especially within the realm of surgery, which was considered inferior. The public continued to seek the assistance of women surgeons such as Peronne if they thought that they were skillful and effective entities. Notes ^ Broomhall, Susan. Women's Medical Work in Early Modern France. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2011. Print. ^ Commentaires de la Faculté de Médecine de L’Université de Paris, vol. 1 (1395-1516) ed. C.A.E. Wickersheimer (Paris: Imperimerie Nationale, 1915) ^ Whaley, Leigh Ann. Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print. ^ Green, Monica H. “Women’s medical practice and health care in medieval Europe” in Judith M. Bennett et al. (eds), Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), pp. 61-78 ^ Applebaum, Herbert A. The Concept of Work: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Albany: State U of New York, 1992. Print. ^ O’Boyle, Cornelius, “Surgical texts and social contexts: Physicians and Surgeons in Paris c. 1270-1430” Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, ed. Luis García-Ballester, et al. (Cambridge: CUP, 1994), pp. 156– 185. ^ Applebaum, 298 Broomhall, 55 ^ Kowaleski, Maryanne. Bennett, Judith M. “Crafts, Guilds and Women in the Middle Ages” in Judith M. Bennett et al. (eds), Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), pp. 11-25 ^ Broomball, 51 ^ Applebaum, 298 ^ Broomhall, 56; Chart IV, 198-99, in Thorndike, University Records, p. 290. ^ Broomhall, 56 ^ Applebaum, 298 References Dumas, Genevieve “les femmes et les pratiques de la santé dans le “Registre des plaidoiries du Parlement de Paris 1364-1427”, Canadian Bulletin of Medicine, 13 (1996), pp. 13–27 Fissell, Mary E. "Introduction: Women, Health, and Healing in Early Modern Europe." Bulletin of the History of Medicine 82.1 (2008): 1–17. Hunt, Tony. The Medieval Surgery. Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK: Boydell, 1992. Print. Lawler, Jennifer. Encyclopedia of Women in the Middle Ages. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland, 2001. Print. O’Boyle, Cornelius, “Surgical texts and social contexts: Physicians and Surgeons in Paris c. 1270-1430” Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, ed. Luis García-Ballester, et al. (Cambridge: CUP, 1994), pp. 156– 185. External links Impacts of Women In History
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"}],"text":"Peretta Peronne was an unlicensed female surgeon operating in Paris in the early fifteenth century.","title":"Peretta Peronne"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Parisian medical faculty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Paris"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"apothecaries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apothecary"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"wet nurses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wet_nurse"},{"link_name":"midwives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwife"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jacoba Felicie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacoba_Felicie"}],"text":"The legacy of Peretta Peronne is known exclusively through her prosecution by the Parisian medical faculty in 1411.[1] The Commentaries of the Parisian medical faculty record the expenditures associated with pursuing cases against practitioners as well as the charters of the Parisian university, which provide documentation for their efforts towards legal recognition of their positions on medical practice.[2] The faculty sought to increase the status of physicians and to emphasize the necessity for training and licensing in order for a medical professional to be recognized as legitimate. This effort in Paris was part of a larger movement in early modern Europe to denounce all non-university trained medical professionals, including surgeons, barber and apothecaries, as either inferior or all together illegitimate. However, in France, the delineation between the types of medical practitioners was becoming particularly rigid during this time period, as professionalization of the medical field was increasingly discussed in the ecclesiastical and political realms.[3]Throughout the Middle Ages, women participated in medical practice across a variety of disciplines. While history has typically focused on women's roles as caregivers within the domestic sphere, as wet nurses and midwives, historian Monica H. Green has argued that \"one of the greatest myths of female practitioners in the middle ages is that they primarily treated female complaints.\".[4] Towards the end of the Middle Ages, increased regulation and legal repercussions against their practice became significant enough that the profession of a woman physician began to disappear from the historical record.[5] The prosecution of Jacoba Felicie in 1322 was an early example of the emergence of this mindset in France.","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"guild","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guild"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Peronne was brought before the Master Surgeons of the University of Paris in 1411. She had been pursued by the St Damien and St Cosme surgeon's confraternity, which consisted of approximately eleven members.[6] They had approached the Paris medical faculty for assistance in bringing about a case against Peronne because she had been displaying a sign outside her home advertising herself in the \"manner of a public surgeon.\" This surgeon's guild and the university seemingly viewed the work that Peronne was performing as a threat to their well-being and the distinct separation between the work of physicians and surgeons, as she is the only case of a female surgical practitioner being prosecuted by the Parisian medical faculty during this time.[7] By the fourteenth century, surgeons, as well as barbers and apothecaries, were typically free from prosecution by the faculty if they were members of a guild that was supervised and regulated by the medical faculty. Women were not permitted to be members of surgeons' guilds, and were typically excluded from guild participation entirely outside of the textile industry or having widow status.[8] Additionally, women were not prosecuted if they worked exclusively as midwives, with the dying elderly or the very young.[9] Peronne's home surgical practice was catered toward both sexes and advertised procedures she had not received the ordained training or licensing for. The Parisian faculty saw an opportunity to make an example out of her in an attempt to dissuade her contemporaries from similar behavior, rather than expending resources to prosecute all women in Paris acting as surgeons.Once formally prosecuted, Peronne was required to remove her advertisement from her home and cease her surgical practice until she had been examined. Some historical sources suggest that she was imprisoned during the examination process.[10] University prosecution records indicate that she had to turn in her surgical textbooks for examination by physicians and the criminal clerk and that she was to be interviewed by the physicians in the presence of practicing surgeons.During her defense proceedings, Peronne stood by her assertion that she was a proven practitioner doing work for God, and stressed that she needed to carry on her work \"because she has many sick persons or patients under her care, who required essential remedies and visitation.\"[11]","title":"Prosecution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"The physicians at the Parisian medical faculty ultimately concluded that Peronne was not knowledgeable about the content of the surgical books that she possessed and that she could not differentiate between the letter \"A from a faggot.\"[12] The university faculty ordered that she permanently remove the public surgeon sign from her house; however, records indicate that she continued to work. Peronne's ability to continue her practice after a trial and possible imprisonment indicated that the attempts of male physicians to bar women and non-licensed practitioners from medical work were not completely successful. The requirements of formal training limited the number of \"legitimate\" physicians available in Paris, yet the needs for medical assistance were not eliminated, especially within the realm of surgery, which was considered inferior. The public continued to seek the assistance of women surgeons such as Peronne if they thought that they were skillful and effective entities.[13]","title":"Trial outcome"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Broomhall, Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Broomhall"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"}],"text":"^ Broomhall, Susan. Women's Medical Work in Early Modern France. Manchester: Manchester UP, 2011. Print.\n\n^ Commentaires de la Faculté de Médecine de L’Université de Paris, vol. 1 (1395-1516) ed. C.A.E. Wickersheimer (Paris: Imperimerie Nationale, 1915)\n\n^ Whaley, Leigh Ann. Women and the Practice of Medical Care in Early Modern Europe, 1400-1800. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Print.\n\n^ Green, Monica H. “Women’s medical practice and health care in medieval Europe” in Judith M. Bennett et al. (eds), Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), pp. 61-78\n\n^ Applebaum, Herbert A. The Concept of Work: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern. Albany: State U of New York, 1992. Print.\n\n^ O’Boyle, Cornelius, “Surgical texts and social contexts: Physicians and Surgeons in Paris c. 1270-1430” Practical Medicine from Salerno to the Black Death, ed. Luis García-Ballester, et al. (Cambridge: CUP, 1994), pp. 156– 185.\n\n^ Applebaum, 298 Broomhall, 55\n\n^ \nKowaleski, Maryanne. Bennett, Judith M. “Crafts, Guilds and Women in the Middle Ages” in Judith M. Bennett et al. (eds), Sisters and Workers in the Middle Ages (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989), pp. 11-25\n\n^ Broomball, 51\n\n^ Applebaum, 298\n\n^ Broomhall, 56; Chart IV, 198-99, in Thorndike, University Records, p. 290.\n\n^ Broomhall, 56\n\n^ Applebaum, 298","title":"Notes"}]
[]
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[{"Link":"https://prezi.com/335bb5bsth-5/impacts-of-women-in-history/","external_links_name":"Impacts of Women In History"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_School_of_Porto_Alegre
Pan American School of Porto Alegre
["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]
Brazilian international school This article relies largely or entirely on a single source. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources.Find sources: "Pan American School of Porto Alegre" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2020) Pan American School of Porto Alegre is an American international school in Petrópolis, Porto Alegre, Brazil. The private not-for-profit educational establishment teaches preschool through grade 12 in both Portuguese and English. It was established in 1966. Since then it has grown into an educational institute offering three programs: Primary Years Program (PYP) Middle Years Program (MYP) AP Capstone Program In 2007 it moved to a new campus. As of 2014 it had 392 students, with 72% of them being solely Brazilian citizens, 19% holding a single citizenship from another country, and 9% having two or more citizenships. In 2018 the number of students had increased to 400. From July 2021, Ms. Shaysann Kaun Faria replaced Mr. Jeffrey Michael Jurkovac as Head of School. See also Americans in Brazil References ^ "Pan American School of Porto Alegre". www.isbi.com. ^ "Teacher Horizons". www.teacherhorizons.com. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ "Pan American School of Porto Alegre: 2019-2020 Fact Sheet". United States Department of State. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ "Pan American School of Porto Alegre Celebrates 50 Years". AASSA- Association of American Schools in South America. 2017-08-23. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ neeraj (2014-02-26). "The Pan American School of Porto Alegre - Brazil". Just International Schools. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ "2014/2015 Profile Archived 2015-05-17 at WebCite" (Archive). Pan American School of Porto Alegre. Retrieved on 18 May 2015. (Final page: "Av João Obino, 110– Petrópolis - Porto Alegre RS – Brazil") ^ "Pan American School of Porto Alegre Celebrates 50 Years | The International Educator (TIE Online)". www.tieonline.com. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ "Pan American School of Porto Alegre". International Baccalaureate®. Retrieved 2020-10-26. ^ "Head of School at The Pan American School of Porto Alegre in Brazil". www.searchassociates.com. Retrieved 2020-10-26. External links Pan American School of Porto Alegre vteInternational schools in BrazilSão Paulo StateSão Paulo City Lycée Pasteur de São Paulo Colégio Humboldt São Paulo Colégio Visconde de Porto Seguro I Scuola Italiana Eugenio Montale Escola Japonesa de São Paulo Colégio Miguel de Cervantes Escola Suíço-Brasileira de São Paulo Graded School Pan American Christian Academy Colégio Polilogos (CLOSED) Valinhos Colégio Visconde de Porto Seguro - Unidade II Rio de Janeiro StateRio de Janeiro Lycée Molière de Rio de Janeiro Deutsche Schule Rio de Janeiro ACDCEJ do Rio de Janeiro Escola Suíço-Brasileira Rio de Janeiro American School of Rio de Janeiro Federal DistrictBrasília Lycée Français François Mitterrand American School of Brasília AmazonasManaus Japanese School of Manaus International School of Amazonas Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte Istituto Italo-Brasiliano Biculturale Fondazione Torino ParáBelém area Amazon Valley Academy ParanáCuritiba Colégio Suíço-Brasileiro de Curitiba International School of Curitiba PernambucoRecife American School of Recife Rio Grande do SulPorto Alegre Pan American School of Porto Alegre This list is incomplete. vteAssociation of American Schools in South AmericaMembers Asociacion Escuelas Lincoln American Cooperative School American International School of Bolivia Associação Escola Graduada de São Paulo American School of Brasília American School of Recife American School of Rio de Janeiro International School of Curitiba Pan American Christian Academy Pan American School of Porto Alegre International School Nido de Aguilas Colegio Karl C. Parrish Colegio Nueva Granada The Country Day School International School of Curaçao Academia Cotopaxi Alliance Academy International Colegio Americano de Quito Inter-American Academy of Guayaquil Colegio Menor San Francisco de Quito American School of Guatemala Georgetown International Academy American School of Tegucigalpa American International School of Kingston Crossroads Christian Academy American School of Asunción Colegio Franklin Delano Roosevelt Uruguayan American School Colegio Internacional de Caracas Escuela Bella Vista Escuela Campo Alegre International School of Monagas Invitational members International School of Aruba Cayman International School Colegio Albania Colegio Bolivar Colegio Jorge Washington Carol Morgan School Union School Escuela Internacional Sampedrana Colegio Americano de Torreón Peterson Schools ASF Mexico Knightsbridge Schools International Panama The International School of Panama This Brazilian school-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Petrópolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%C3%B3polis,_Rio_Grande_do_Sul"},{"link_name":"Porto Alegre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Porto_Alegre"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"Pan American School of Porto Alegre is an American international school in Petrópolis, Porto Alegre, Brazil.[1] The private not-for-profit educational establishment teaches preschool through grade 12 in both Portuguese and English.[2] It was established in 1966.[3] Since then it has grown into an educational institute offering three programs:Primary Years Program (PYP)\nMiddle Years Program (MYP)\nAP Capstone Program[4]In 2007 it moved to a new campus.[5] As of 2014 it had 392 students, with 72% of them being solely Brazilian citizens, 19% holding a single citizenship from another country, and 9% having two or more citizenships.[6] In 2018 the number of students had increased to 400.[7]From July 2021, Ms. Shaysann Kaun Faria replaced Mr. Jeffrey Michael Jurkovac[8] as Head of School.[9]","title":"Pan American School of Porto Alegre"}]
[]
[{"title":"Americans in Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americans_in_Brazil"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Again_(David_Sanborn_album)
Time Again (David Sanborn album)
["1 Critical reception","2 Track listing","3 Personnel","3.1 Production","4 Charts","5 References"]
2003 studio album by David SanbornTimeagainStudio album by David SanbornReleasedJune 3, 2003 (2003-06-03)StudioCapitol (Hollywood)Hiatus (New York City)Right Track (New York City)GenreJazz, smooth jazzLength51:46LabelVerveProducerStewart LevineDavid Sanborn chronology Inside(1999) Timeagain(2003) Closer(2005) Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusicThe Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings Timeagain is an album by jazz saxophonist David Sanborn that was released by Verve in 2003. Critical reception Paula Edelstein of AllMusic writes, "The all-masterful Time Again has something for everyone. It's romantic, it's funky, it's laid-back, and it's definitely one that should be in your music collection. In a sense, David Sanborn has pulled off one of the best recordings of his career." Geoffrey Himes of JazzTimes concludes his review with, "Once again Sanborn has demonstrated how it can be done right." Track listing No.TitleWriter(s)Length1."Comin' Home Baby"Ben Tucker7:112."Cristo Redentor"Duke Pearson5:473."Harlem Nocturne"Earle Hagen4:514."Man from Mars"Joni Mitchell5:025."Isn't She Lovely"Stevie Wonder3:176."Sugar"Stanley Turrentine5:357."Tequila"Chuck Rio5:368."Little Flower"David Sanborn3:379."Spider B."David SanbornRicky Peterson6:2910."Delia"David Sanborn4:21Total length:51:46 Personnel David Sanborn – alto saxophone, acoustic piano (1, 3, 6-8) Gil Goldstein – rhythm arrangements (1, 2, 6, 10), acoustic piano (2, 6, 9, 10), string arrangements (4, 5, 8), horn arrangements (9) Ricky Peterson – keyboards (4, 5, 9), synthesizer bass programming (7), drum loops (7) Russell Malone – guitars (1-7, 9, 10) Christian McBride – bass Steve Gadd – drums Mike Mainieri – vibraphone (1-4, 6-10) Don Alias – percussion (1, 3, 4, 6, 7) Luis Quintero – additional percussion (3, 4, 7) Lawrence Feldman – alto flute (9), bass flute (9) Randy Brecker – trumpet (9), flugelhorn (9) Jesse Levy – cello (4, 5, 8) Caryl Paisner – cello (4, 5, 8) Alfred Brown – viola (4, 5, 8) Olivia Koppell – viola (4, 5, 8) Lani Groves – vocals (2) David Lasley – vocals (2) Arnold McCuller – vocals (2) Valerie Pinkston – vocals (2) Production Stewart Levine – producer Joe Ferla – recording, mixing Al Schmitt – mixing Rik Pekkonen – vocal recording (2) Bernie Grundman – mastering at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, California) Hollis King – art direction Isabelle Wong – design Henry Leutwyler – photography Patrick Rains & Associates – management Track information and credits adapted from the album's liner notes. Charts Chart (2003) Peakposition US Traditional Jazz (Billboard) 1 US Top Jazz Albums (Billboard) 2 US Billboard 200 177 References ^ a b c d Edelstein, Paula. Review at AllMusic. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ Cook, Richard; Morton, Brian (2008). The Penguin Guide to Jazz Recordings (9th ed.). Penguin. p. 1256. ISBN 978-0-141-03401-0. ^ Himes, Geoffrey (1 June 2003). "David Sanborn: Timeagain". Jazztimes. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ Timeagain (liner notes). David Sanborn. Verve. 2003. 440 065 578-2.{{cite AV media notes}}: CS1 maint: others in cite AV media (notes) (link) ^ "Billboard Traditional Jazz". billboard.com. Billboard. 20 June 2003. Retrieved 31 August 2020. ^ "David Sanborn Chart History (Top Jazz Albums)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2020. ^ "David Sanborn Chart History (Billboard 200)". Billboard. Retrieved August 31, 2020. vteDavid SanbornSolo albums Taking Off David Sanborn Promise Me the Moon Hideaway Voyeur As We Speak Backstreet A Change of Heart Another Hand Upfront Inside Time Again Here and Gone Live albums Straight to the Heart Collaborations Double Vision Compilations Love Songs Soundtracks Lethal Weapon (soundtrack) Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group
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In a sense, David Sanborn has pulled off one of the best recordings of his career.\"[1]Geoffrey Himes of JazzTimes concludes his review with, \"Once again Sanborn has demonstrated how it can be done right.\"[3]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Comin' Home Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comin%27_Home_Baby"},{"link_name":"Ben Tucker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben_Tucker"},{"link_name":"Duke Pearson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Pearson"},{"link_name":"Harlem Nocturne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harlem_Nocturne"},{"link_name":"Earle Hagen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Hagen"},{"link_name":"Joni Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joni_Mitchell"},{"link_name":"Isn't She Lovely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isn%27t_She_Lovely"},{"link_name":"Stevie Wonder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stevie_Wonder"},{"link_name":"Stanley Turrentine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Turrentine"},{"link_name":"Tequila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tequila_(The_Champs_song)"},{"link_name":"Chuck Rio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danny_Flores"},{"link_name":"David Sanborn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Sanborn"}],"text":"No.TitleWriter(s)Length1.\"Comin' Home Baby\"Ben Tucker7:112.\"Cristo Redentor\"Duke Pearson5:473.\"Harlem Nocturne\"Earle Hagen4:514.\"Man from Mars\"Joni Mitchell5:025.\"Isn't She Lovely\"Stevie Wonder3:176.\"Sugar\"Stanley Turrentine5:357.\"Tequila\"Chuck Rio5:368.\"Little Flower\"David Sanborn3:379.\"Spider B.\"David SanbornRicky Peterson6:2910.\"Delia\"David Sanborn4:21Total length:51:46","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gil Goldstein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil_Goldstein"},{"link_name":"drum loops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loop_(music)"},{"link_name":"Russell Malone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russell_Malone"},{"link_name":"Christian McBride","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_McBride"},{"link_name":"Steve Gadd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steve_Gadd"},{"link_name":"Mike Mainieri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Mainieri"},{"link_name":"vibraphone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vibraphone"},{"link_name":"Don Alias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Alias"},{"link_name":"alto flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alto_flute"},{"link_name":"bass flute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass_flute"},{"link_name":"Randy Brecker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randy_Brecker"},{"link_name":"David Lasley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Lasley"},{"link_name":"Arnold McCuller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_McCuller"}],"text":"David Sanborn – alto saxophone, acoustic piano (1, 3, 6-8)\nGil Goldstein – rhythm arrangements (1, 2, 6, 10), acoustic piano (2, 6, 9, 10), string arrangements (4, 5, 8), horn arrangements (9)\nRicky Peterson – keyboards (4, 5, 9), synthesizer bass programming (7), drum loops (7)\nRussell Malone – guitars (1-7, 9, 10)\nChristian McBride – bass\nSteve Gadd – drums\nMike Mainieri – vibraphone (1-4, 6-10)\nDon Alias – percussion (1, 3, 4, 6, 7)\nLuis Quintero – additional percussion (3, 4, 7)\nLawrence Feldman – alto flute (9), bass flute (9)\nRandy Brecker – trumpet (9), flugelhorn (9)\nJesse Levy – cello (4, 5, 8)\nCaryl Paisner – cello (4, 5, 8)\nAlfred Brown – viola (4, 5, 8)\nOlivia Koppell – viola (4, 5, 8)\nLani Groves – vocals (2)\nDavid Lasley – vocals (2)\nArnold McCuller – vocals (2)\nValerie Pinkston – vocals (2)","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Al Schmitt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al_Schmitt"},{"link_name":"Bernie Grundman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Grundman"},{"link_name":"Bernie Grundman Mastering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Grundman_Mastering"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"sub_title":"Production","text":"Stewart Levine – producer\nJoe Ferla – recording, mixing\nAl Schmitt – mixing\nRik Pekkonen – vocal recording (2)\nBernie Grundman – mastering at Bernie Grundman Mastering (Hollywood, California)\nHollis King – art direction\nIsabelle Wong – design\nHenry Leutwyler – photography\nPatrick Rains & Associates – managementTrack information and credits adapted from the album's liner notes.[4]","title":"Personnel"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Szefc
John Szefc
["1 Playing career","2 Coaching career","3 Head coaching record","4 See also","5 References"]
John SzefcCurrent positionTitleHead coachTeamVirginia TechConferenceACCRecord192–149Biographical detailsBornc. 1967 (age 56–57)Goshen, New York, U.S.Alma materDrexel University (1989)Playing career1986–1987Connecticut1988–1989Drexel Coaching career (HC unless noted)1990–1994Drexel (assistant)1995Sacred Heart (assistant)1996–2002Marist2003–2008Louisiana–Lafayette (assistant)2009–2010Kansas (assistant)2011–2012Kansas State (assistant)2013–2017Maryland2018–presentVirginia Tech Head coaching recordOverall580–404–3Accomplishments and honorsChampionships 2x MAAC Conference Tournament (2000,2001) NEC Regular season and Conference Tournament (1997) MAAC Regular season and Conference Tournament (2002) ACC Regular season (2022) Awards NEC Coach of the Year (1997) ACC Coach of the Year (2022) John Szefc is an American college baseball coach, currently serving as the head coach of the Virginia Tech baseball team. He has held that position since leaving the University of Maryland in June, 2017, where he had coached since the 2013 season. Playing career Szefc played for two seasons for Connecticut before transferring to Drexel. He was an all-conference selection in 1989, his senior year. He graduated from Drexel in 1989. Coaching career After completing his degree at Drexel, Szefc became an assistant coach at his alma mater. He remained for five seasons before moving to Sacred Heart for one season. In August 1995, he was hired as head coach at Marist. He remained at Marist for seven seasons. In just his second season, the Red Foxes earned their first Northeast Conference championship, and Szefc was named NEC Coach of the Year. In addition to 1997, Marist appeared in the 2000, 2001, and 2002 NCAA tournaments. The Red Foxes were 41–14 in 2002, Szefc's final year with the team, and defeated Southwest Missouri State in the NCAA tournament. Five players from that team would be selected in the Major League Baseball Draft. Szefc became an assistant coach at Louisiana–Lafayette, where he served as hitting coach and top assistant. The Ragin' Cajuns offense in his six seasons improved dramatically, with a 60-point jump in batting average over his first three seasons. The 2005 team set a school record for hits, and ranks second in school history in runs and runs batted in. Szefc also served as recruiting coordinator for ULL, and the team won a pair of Sun Belt Conference championships and appeared in the 2005 and 2007 NCAA tournaments. Following his time in Louisiana, Szefc moved to Kansas, where he also served as recruiting coordinator and hitting coach in the highly competitive Big 12 Conference. The Jayhawks appeared in the Big 12 Conference baseball tournament both years Szefc served in Lawrence, and advanced to the Regional Final in 2009. He then moved to Kansas State for the 2011 season, holding the same roles with the Wildcats while also adding the associate head coach title. Szefc's hitters again improved over previous seasons, ranking highly in KSU record books for offensive production. Szefc was named head coach at Maryland on July 18, 2012. He faced budget constraints in College Park due to financial issues in the Maryland athletic department, but moved from the Atlantic Coast Conference to the Big Ten Conference. This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2021) On June 9, 2017, Virginia Tech Athletic Director Whit Babcock named Szefc the Hokies new head coach. Head coaching record Statistics overview Season Team Overall Conference Standing Postseason Marist Red Foxes (Northeast Conference) (1996–1997) 1996 Marist 16–24 8–13 7th 1997 Marist 32–19 14–7 T–1st NCAA Regional Marist Red Foxes (Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference) (1998–2002) 1998 Marist 30–17 18–8 2nd (North) 1999 Marist 27–23 14–12 3rd (North) 2000 Marist 30–17–2 16–11 4th NCAA Regional 2001 Marist 33–21–1 17–10 3rd NCAA Regional 2002 Marist 41–14 22–5 1st NCAA Regional Marist: 209–135–3 109–66 Maryland Terrapins (Atlantic Coast Conference) (2013–2014) 2013 Maryland 30–25 11–19 4th (Atlantic) 2014 Maryland 40–23 15–14 2nd (Atlantic) NCAA Super Regional Maryland Terrapins (Big Ten Conference) (2015–2017) 2015 Maryland 42–24 14–10 T–3rd NCAA Super Regional 2016 Maryland 30–27 13–11 T–6th 2017 Maryland 37–21 15–9 5th NCAA Regional Maryland: 179–120 68–63 Virginia Tech (Atlantic Coast Conference) (2018–present) 2018 Virginia Tech 21–33 8–22 7th (Coastal) 2019 Virginia Tech 26–27 9–21 6th (Coastal) 2020 Virginia Tech 11–5 1–2 (Coastal) Season canceled due to COVID-19 2021 Virginia Tech 27–25 16–20 7th (Coastal) 2022 Virginia Tech 45–14 19–9 1st (Coastal) NCAA Super Regional 2023 Virginia Tech 30–23 12–17 5th (Coastal) 2024 Virginia Tech 32-22 14-16 (Coastal) Virginia Tech: 192–149 79–107 Total: 580–404–3       National champion         Postseason invitational champion         Conference regular season champion         Conference regular season and conference tournament champion       Division regular season champion       Division regular season and conference tournament champion       Conference tournament champion See also List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches References ^ a b Eric Garland (July 18, 2012). "Maryland hires John Szefc as new baseball coach". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ a b c d e "Szefc Hired as Head Baseball Coach". umterps.com. July 18, 2012. Archived from the original on August 15, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ "Vol. 47 No. 1, September 21, 1995". library.marist.edu. Archived from the original on 2010-10-29. ^ "John Szefc Profile". kuathletics.com. Archived from the original on August 2, 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ "John Szefc Profile". kstatesoprts.com. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ Steve Yanda (July 18, 2012). "Maryland to hire John Szefc as head baseball coach". Washington Post. Retrieved December 19, 2012. ^ "College Baseball Conference Standings -- 1996". BoydsWorld.com. Archived from the original on 14 February 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "College Baseball Conference Standings -- 1997". BoydsWorld.com. Archived from the original on 7 February 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "Northeast Conference Baseball Record Book" (PDF). NortheastConference.org. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 July 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "1998 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Standings". MAACSports.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "1999 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Standings". MAACSports.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "1999 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Standings". MAACSports.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "2001 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Standings". MAACSports.com. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "2002 Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Baseball Standings". MAACSports.com. Archived from the original on 16 February 2013. Retrieved 24 January 2013. ^ "2011 NCAA Division I Baseball Championship Record Book" (PDF). National Collegiate Athletic Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013. vteMarist Red Foxes head baseball coaches Art Smith (1991–1995) John Szefc (1996–2002) Jim Tyrrell (2003) Joe Raccuia (2004–2005) Dennis Healy (2006–2009) Chris Tracz (2010–2022) Lance Ratchford (2023– ) vteMaryland Terrapins head baseball coaches No coach (1893–1912) Curley Byrd (1913–1923) Burton Shipley (1924–1960) Elton Jackson (1961–1990) Tom Bradley (1991–2000) Terry Rupp (2001–2009) Erik Bakich (2010–2012) John Szefc (2013–2017) Rob Vaughn (2018–2023) Matt Swope (2024–present) vteVirginia Tech Hokies head baseball coaches Unknown (1892–1893) No team (1894) James M. McJames (1895) Unknown (1896) Lipep (1897) Unknown (1898) No team (1899) A. B. Morrison Jr. (1900–1901) Unknown (1902) Albert L. Orth (1903) R. R. Brown (1904) Knox (1905) S. S. Eckerstone (1906–1907) Sally Miles (1908) R. M. Brown (1909) Branch Bocock (1910–1911) Lew Riess (1912) Sally Miles (1913) Branch Bocock (1914) R. B. Prince (1915) Bill Breitenstein (1916–1917) Charles Bernier (1918–1920) William L. Younger (1921–1923) George Kircher (1924–1932) Herbert McEver (1933–1939) Red Laird (1940–1944) George S. Proctor (1945–1947) Red Laird (1948–1973) Bob Humphreys (1974–1978) Chuck Hartman (1979–2006) Pete Hughes (2007–2013) Pat Mason (2014–2017) John Szefc (2018– ) vteCurrent head baseball coaches of the Atlantic Coast ConferenceAtlantic Division Todd Interdonato (Boston College) Erik Bakich (Clemson) Link Jarrett (Florida State) Dan McDonnell (Louisville) Elliott Avent (NC State) Shawn Stiffler (Notre Dame) Tom Walter (Wake Forest) Coastal Division Chris Pollard (Duke) Danny Hall (Georgia Tech) J.D. Arteaga (Miami) Scott Forbes (North Carolina) Mike Bell (Pittsburgh) Brian O'Connor (Virginia) John Szefc (Virginia Tech) vteAtlantic Coast Conference Baseball Coach of the Year 1981: D'Armi 1982: Carter 1983: Morris 1984: Esposito 1985: Womack 1986: Esposito 1987: Morris 1988: Wilhelm 1989: Roberts 1990: Tanner 1991: Wilhelm 1992: Traylor 1993: Morris 1994: Leggett 1995: Leggett 1996: Martin 1997: Hall 1998: Martin 1999: Martin 2000: Hall 2001: Martin 2002: Greer 2003: Avent 2004: O'Connor 2005: Hall 2006: Leggett 2007: Martin 2008: Morris 2009: Martin 2010: O'Connor 2011: O'Connor 2012: Martin 2013: O'Connor 2014: O'Connor 2015: McDonnell 2016: McDonnell 2017: McDonnell 2018: Fox 2019: Hall 2020: Not awarded 2021: Jarrett 2022: Szefc 2023: Walter 2024: Forbes
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"college baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_baseball"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech baseball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech_baseball"},{"link_name":"2013 season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_season"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-2"}],"text":"John Szefc is an American college baseball coach, currently serving as the head coach of the Virginia Tech baseball team. He has held that position since leaving the University of Maryland in June, 2017, where he had coached since the 2013 season.[1][2]","title":"John Szefc"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut_Huskies_baseball"},{"link_name":"Drexel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drexel_Dragons_baseball"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-2"}],"text":"Szefc played for two seasons for Connecticut before transferring to Drexel. He was an all-conference selection in 1989, his senior year. He graduated from Drexel in 1989.[2]","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sacred Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sacred_Heart_Pioneers_baseball"},{"link_name":"Marist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marist_Red_Foxes_baseball"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Northeast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Conference"},{"link_name":"NCAA tournaments","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Baseball_Championship"},{"link_name":"Southwest Missouri State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri_State_Bears_baseball"},{"link_name":"Major League Baseball Draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Major_League_Baseball_Draft"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-2"},{"link_name":"Louisiana–Lafayette","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana%E2%80%93Lafayette_Ragin%27_Cajuns_baseball"},{"link_name":"Sun Belt Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Belt_Conference"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-2"},{"link_name":"Kansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_Jayhawks_baseball"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference"},{"link_name":"Big 12 Conference baseball tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_12_Conference_baseball_tournament"},{"link_name":"Regional Final","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_tournament#Chapel_Hill_Super_Regional"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kansas State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kansas_State_Wildcats_baseball"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maryland_Terrapins_baseball"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Coast Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Conference"},{"link_name":"Big Ten Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Ten_Conference"},{"link_name":"Virginia Tech","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virginia_Tech"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bsun-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-announce-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"After completing his degree at Drexel, Szefc became an assistant coach at his alma mater. He remained for five seasons before moving to Sacred Heart for one season. In August 1995, he was hired as head coach at Marist.[3] He remained at Marist for seven seasons. In just his second season, the Red Foxes earned their first Northeast Conference championship, and Szefc was named NEC Coach of the Year. In addition to 1997, Marist appeared in the 2000, 2001, and 2002 NCAA tournaments. The Red Foxes were 41–14 in 2002, Szefc's final year with the team, and defeated Southwest Missouri State in the NCAA tournament. Five players from that team would be selected in the Major League Baseball Draft.[2]Szefc became an assistant coach at Louisiana–Lafayette, where he served as hitting coach and top assistant. The Ragin' Cajuns offense in his six seasons improved dramatically, with a 60-point jump in batting average over his first three seasons. The 2005 team set a school record for hits, and ranks second in school history in runs and runs batted in. Szefc also served as recruiting coordinator for ULL, and the team won a pair of Sun Belt Conference championships and appeared in the 2005 and 2007 NCAA tournaments.[2]Following his time in Louisiana, Szefc moved to Kansas, where he also served as recruiting coordinator and hitting coach in the highly competitive Big 12 Conference. The Jayhawks appeared in the Big 12 Conference baseball tournament both years Szefc served in Lawrence, and advanced to the Regional Final in 2009.[4] He then moved to Kansas State for the 2011 season, holding the same roles with the Wildcats while also adding the associate head coach title. Szefc's hitters again improved over previous seasons, ranking highly in KSU record books for offensive production.[5]Szefc was named head coach at Maryland on July 18, 2012. He faced budget constraints in College Park due to financial issues in the Maryland athletic department, but moved from the Atlantic Coast Conference to the Big Ten Conference.On June 9, 2017, Virginia Tech Athletic Director Whit Babcock named Szefc the Hokies new head coach.[1][2][6]","title":"Coaching career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-96st-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-97st-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-necrb-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-98st-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-99st-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-00st-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-01st-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-02st-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ncaarb-15"}],"text":"[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15]","title":"Head coaching record"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of current NCAA Division I baseball coaches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_current_NCAA_Division_I_baseball_coaches"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uwe_Fahrenkrog-Petersen
Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen
["1 Career","2 References","3 External links"]
German musician and producer This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2021) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Uwe Fahrenkrog-PetersenBirth nameJörn-Uwe Fahrenkrog-PetersenBorn (1960-03-10) 10 March 1960 (age 64)West Berlin, West GermanyGenresNeue Deutsche Welle, pop, rockOccupation(s)Musician, songwriter, music producerInstrument(s)KeyboardsYears active1974–presentLabelsCBS, BMI, DsignMusical artist Jörn-Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen (born 10 March 1960) is a German keyboard player, producer and composer. He was the keyboardist of the band Nena and co-wrote their world famous hit "99 Luftballons" as well as another great hit entitled "Irgendwie, irgendwo, irgendwann" (German for somehow, somewhere, sometime). Career In 2011, Fahrenkrog-Petersen joined forces with former Modern Talking lead singer Thomas Anders as a dance-pop duo Anders/Fahrenkrog. The two released their first single "Gigolo" on 27 May 2011, followed by the album "Two" on 10 June. The album peaked at No. 11 in the German album charts. References ^ Lost Idols: Nena Archived 7 September 2002 at the Wayback Machine ^ "Thomas Anders - Neue Band, alte Einflüsse | NDR.de - Unterhaltung - Musik & Konzerte". www.ndr.de. Archived from the original on 22 May 2011. External links Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen on Facebook Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen discography at Discogs Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen at IMDb vteNena Discography Nena (band)Members Nena Kerner Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen Carlo Karges Jürgen Dehmel Rolf Brendel Studio albums Nena ? (Fragezeichen) Feuer und Flamme/It's All in the Game Eisbrecher Compilation albums 99 Luftballons (International Album) Nena die Band Singles "99 Luftballons" "Irgendwie, irgendwo, irgendwann" As a solo artistStudio albums Wunder gescheh'n Bongo Girl Und alles dreht sich Jamma nich Wenn alles richtig ist, dann stimmt was nich Chokmah Nena feat. Nena Willst du mit mir gehn Cover Me Made in Germany Du bist gut Oldschool Licht Live albums Nena Live '98 Nena feat. Nena Live Made in Germany Live Live at SO36 Nichts versäumt Singles "99 Luftballons" "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" "Liebe ist" "Willst du mit mir gehn" "Ich kann nix dafür" "Wir sind wahr" Related The Stripes Gib Gas – Ich will Spass "Erdowie, Erdowo, Erdogan" vtePopstarsSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Winners No Angels Bro'Sis Overground Nu Pagadi Monrose Room 2012 Queensberry Some & Any LaViVe Leandah Winners' singles "Daylight in Your Eyes" "I Believe" "Schick mir 'nen Engel" "Sweetest Poison" "Shame" "Haunted" "I Can't Stop Feeling" "Last Man Standing" "No Time for Sleeping" Other contestants Preluders Yasmin K. Milk & Honey Bisou Popstars Dance Company vteLet's Dance (German TV series) Season 1 Season 2 Season 3 Season 4 Season 5 Season 6 Season 7 Season 8 Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Season 12 Season 13 Season 14 Season 15 Season 16 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany United States Korea Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Linstone
Harold A. Linstone
["1 Biography","2 Work","2.1 The Delphi Method, 1975","2.2 Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making, 1984","3 Publications","4 References","5 External links"]
German-American mathematician Harold Adrian Linstone (15 June 1924 – 8 July 2016) was a German-American mathematician, consultant, futurist and University Professor Emeritus of Systems Science at Portland State University and a specialist in applied mathematics. Biography Harold Linstone was a naturalized citizen of the United States born in Hamburg, Germany in 1924. He received an M.A. from Columbia University and a PhD from the University of Southern California, both in mathematics. Linstone worked for twenty-two years in industry, which included positions at Hughes Aircraft and Lockheed Corporation since 1963, where he was Associate Director of Corporate Planning - Systems Analysis since 1968. He has been a consultant to many organizations, including the US House of Representatives, State of Alaska oil Spill Commission, Alberta Economic Development Commission, and UN Asian-Pacific center for Technology Transfer, as well as corporations such as IBM and United Airlines. Later he worked as university professor of systems science at Portland State University, where from 1970 to 1977 he served as director of its Systems Science PhD Program and Futures Research Institute. He served as visiting professor at the University of Rome, the University of Washington, and Kiel University in West Germany. Harold Linstone was editor-in-chief of the professional journal "Technological Forecasting and Social Change", which he founded in 1969, and which is now in its 56th volume. In 1993 to 1994 he served as president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences. In 2003 he won the World Future Society's Distinguished Service Award. He died on 8 July 2016 in Pasadena, California. Work The Delphi Method, 1975 According to Linstone and Murray Turoff (1975) the concept underlying the Delphi method is developed in defense research by the Rand Corporation sponsored by the US Air Force, which started in the early 1950s. The original goal of the research project was "obtain the most reliable consensus of opinion of a group of experts ... by a series of intensive questionnaires interspersed with controlled opinion feedback." The most noted outcomes were published in the 1962 memorandum of the Rand Corporation, entitled "An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts" by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer, republished under the same title in Management science in 1963. The research had started a decade earlier, and was published earlier in the RAND Memorandum, entitled "The Use of Experts for the Estimation of Bombing Requirements." It concerned the application of "expert opinion to the selection, from the point of view of a Soviet strategic planner, of an optimal U. S. industrial target system and to the estimation of the number of A-bombs required to reduce the munitions output by a prescribed amount." Linstone and Turoff (1975) further explained that "it is interesting to note that the alternative method of handling this problem at that time would have involved a very extensive and costly data-collection process and the programming and execution of computer models of a size almost prohibitive on the computers available in the early fifties. Even if this alternative approach had been taken, a great many subjective estimates on Soviet intelligence and policies would still have dominated the results of the model. Therefore, the original justifications for this first Delphi study are still valid for many Delphi applications today, when accurate information is unavailable or expensive to obtain, or evaluation models require subjective inputs to the point where they become the dominating parameters. A good example of this is in the "health care" evaluation area, which currently has a number of Delphi practitioners." Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making, 1984 The 1984 book Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making, again co-authored with Ian Mitroff, presented a multiple perspective approach for decision making. This work was based on ideas of Graham T. Allison, published in his Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis from 1971. Linstone (1999) explained: Allison had seen that his analysis and modeling for corporate decision making only took into account some of the factors vital in the corporate decision process and Allison’s work examined the missile crisis from three different points of view, rational actor, organizational process, and bureaucratic politics. Each provided insights not obtainable with the others. Combined with his own experience in the aerospace industry, Linstone & Mitroff distinguished three types of perspectives for decision making. At first the Technical Perspectives (T), with the characteristics: Problems are simplified by abstraction, idealization, and isolation from the real world around us. There is the implicit assumption that the processes of reduction and simplification permit "solution" of problems. Data and models comprise the basic building blocks of inquiry. Logic and rationality as well as objectivity are likewise presupposed. Order, structure, and quantification are sought wherever possible. Observation and model building, experimentation and analysis are usually aimed at improving predictive capability. Validation of hypotheses and replicability of observations and experiments are expected. The attainment of elegant models and best or optimal solutions is particularly prized. Second The Organizational Perspectives (O), which "focuses on process rather than product, on action rather than problem-solving. The critical questions are 'does something need to be done, and if so, what?' and 'who needs to do it and how?' rather than 'what is the optimal solution?' There must be a recognition that top-down imposition of solutions may well fail if there is no 'bottom-up' support." And third the Personal Perspectives (P), which "views the world through a unique individual. It sweeps in aspects that relate individuals to the system and are not captured by technical and organizational perspectives." Later Linstone further developed this approach to decision making, and presented it in his 1999 Decision Making for Technology Executives: Using Multiple Perspectives to Improve Performance. Publications Books published by Linstone: 1975. The Delphi Method. Edited with Murray Turoff. Addison-Wesley. (online) 1976. Futures Research: New Directions. Edited with W. H. Clive Simmonds. Mass. : Addison-Wesley Pub. Co. 1977. Technological Substitution: forecasting techniques and applications. Edited with Devendra Sahal. New York : Elsevier Pub. Co. 1984. Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making : bridging the gap between analysis and action. North-Holland : Elsevier Science Pub. Co. 1993. The Unbounded Mind : breaking the chains of traditional business thinking. With Ian Mitroff. New York : Oxford University Press. 1994. The Challenge of the 21st Century: managing technology and ourselves in a shrinking world. With Ian I. Mitroff . Albany : State University of New York Press. 1999. Decision making for technology executives : using multiple perspectives to improved performance. Boston : Artech House. References ^ Who's who in the West: A Biographical Dictionary of Noteworthy Men and Women of the Pacific Coast and the Western States. A.N. Marquis Company. 2004. p. 373. ^ a b Harold A. Linstone Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on www.isss.org. Retrieved 8 June 2008 ^ "Harold A. Linstone". The New York Times. 2 August 2016. ^ . "An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts." Management science 9.3 (1963): 458-467; Cited in Linstone and Turoff (1975, p. 10) ^ Dalkey and Helmer (1962, p. iii) ^ Dalkey, Norman, and Olaf Helmer. "The use of experts for the estimation of bombing requirements. A project Delphi experiment." The Rand Corporation (1951); Cited in Linstone and Turoff (1975, p. 10) ^ Linstone and Turoff (1975, p. 10) ^ a b c d Harold A. Linstone (1999). The multiple perspective concept", AC/UNU Millennium Project at cgee.org.br. Accessed 25.01.2015 External links Harold A. Linstone Archived 3 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine on www.isss.org. The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications online. vteInternational Society for the Systems Sciences Presidents Russell Ackoff (1987–88) Ilya Prigogine (1988) Charles West Churchman (1989) Len Troncale (1990) Howard Odum (1991) Ian Mitroff (1992) Harold Linstone (1993) J. Donald R. de Raadt (1994) Ervin László (1995) Yong Pil Rhee (1996) G. A. Swanson (1997) Béla A. Bánáthy (1998) Peter A. Corning (1999) Harold G. Nelson (2000) Michael C. Jackson (2001) Alexander Christakis (2002) Kenneth D. Bailey (2003) Enrique Herrscher (2004–2005) Debora Hammond (2005–2006) Kyoichi Kijima (2006–2007) Gary Metcalf (2007–2008) Timothy Allen (2008–2009) Allenna Leonard (2009–2010) Jennifer Wilby (2010–2011) David Ing (2011–2012) Alexander Laszlo (2012–2013) Gerald Midgley (2013–2014) Ray Ison (2014–2015) John Kineman (2015–2016) Ockie Bosch (2016–2017) David Rousseau (2017–2018) Peter D. Tuddenham (2018–2019) Shankar Sankaran (2019–2020) Delia MacNamara (2020–2021) George Mobus (2021–2022) Roelien Goede (2022–2023) Society for General Systems Research Presidents Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway Israel United States Czech Republic Croatia Netherlands Academics CiNii Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mathematician","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematician"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"consultant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consultant"},{"link_name":"futurist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Futurist"},{"link_name":"Systems Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems_Science"},{"link_name":"Portland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_State_University"},{"link_name":"applied mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_mathematics"}],"text":"Harold Adrian Linstone (15 June 1924 – 8 July 2016) was a German-American mathematician,[1] consultant, futurist and University Professor Emeritus of Systems Science at Portland State University and a specialist in applied mathematics.","title":"Harold A. Linstone"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Columbia University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University"},{"link_name":"University of Southern California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Southern_California"},{"link_name":"mathematics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics"},{"link_name":"Hughes Aircraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hughes_Aircraft"},{"link_name":"Lockheed Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Corporation"},{"link_name":"IBM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM"},{"link_name":"United Airlines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Airlines"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIO-2"},{"link_name":"Portland State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_State_University"},{"link_name":"University of Rome","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sapienza_University_of_Rome"},{"link_name":"University of Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Washington"},{"link_name":"Kiel University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiel_University"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIO-2"},{"link_name":"Technological Forecasting and Social Change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technological_Forecasting_and_Social_Change"},{"link_name":"International Society for the Systems Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Society_for_the_Systems_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Harold Linstone was a naturalized citizen of the United States born in Hamburg, Germany in 1924. He received an M.A. from Columbia University and a PhD from the University of Southern California, both in mathematics.Linstone worked for twenty-two years in industry, which included positions at Hughes Aircraft and Lockheed Corporation since 1963, where he was Associate Director of Corporate Planning - Systems Analysis since 1968. He has been a consultant to many organizations, including the US House of Representatives, State of Alaska oil Spill Commission, Alberta Economic Development Commission, and UN Asian-Pacific center for Technology Transfer, as well as corporations such as IBM and United Airlines.[2]Later he worked as university professor of systems science at Portland State University, where from 1970 to 1977 he served as director of its Systems Science PhD Program and Futures Research Institute. He served as visiting professor at the University of Rome, the University of Washington, and Kiel University in West Germany.[2]Harold Linstone was editor-in-chief of the professional journal \"Technological Forecasting and Social Change\", which he founded in 1969, and which is now in its 56th volume. In 1993 to 1994 he served as president of the International Society for the Systems Sciences. In 2003 he won the World Future Society's Distinguished Service Award.He died on 8 July 2016 in Pasadena, California.[3]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murray Turoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Turoff"},{"link_name":"Delphi method","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delphi_method"},{"link_name":"defense research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defense_research&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Rand Corporation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rand_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Norman Dalkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Norman_Dalkey&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Olaf Helmer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaf_Helmer"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"The Delphi Method, 1975","text":"According to Linstone and Murray Turoff (1975) the concept underlying the Delphi method is developed in defense research by the Rand Corporation sponsored by the US Air Force, which started in the early 1950s. The original goal of the research project was \"obtain the most reliable consensus of opinion of a group of experts ... by a series of intensive questionnaires interspersed with controlled opinion feedback.\"[4]The most noted outcomes were published in the 1962 memorandum of the Rand Corporation, entitled \"An experimental application of the Delphi method to the use of experts\" by Norman Dalkey and Olaf Helmer, republished under the same title in Management science in 1963. The research had started a decade earlier, and was published earlier in the RAND Memorandum, entitled \"The Use of Experts for the Estimation of Bombing Requirements.\"[5] It concerned the application of \"expert opinion to the selection, from the point of view of a Soviet strategic planner, of an optimal U. S. industrial target system and to the estimation of the number of A-bombs required to reduce the munitions output by a prescribed amount.\"[6]Linstone and Turoff (1975) further explained that \"it is interesting to note that the alternative method of handling this problem at that time would have involved a very extensive and costly data-collection process and the programming and execution of computer models of a size almost prohibitive on the computers available in the early fifties. Even if this alternative approach had been taken, a great many subjective estimates on Soviet intelligence and policies would still have dominated the results of the model. Therefore, the original justifications for this first Delphi study are still valid for many Delphi applications today, when accurate information is unavailable or expensive to obtain, or evaluation models require subjective inputs to the point where they become the dominating parameters. A good example of this is in the \"health care\" evaluation area, which currently has a number of Delphi practitioners.\"[7]","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ian Mitroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Mitroff"},{"link_name":"decision making","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_making"},{"link_name":"Graham T. Allison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graham_T._Allison"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAL_1999-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAL_1999-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAL_1999-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HAL_1999-8"}],"sub_title":"Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making, 1984","text":"The 1984 book Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making, again co-authored with Ian Mitroff, presented a multiple perspective approach for decision making. This work was based on ideas of Graham T. Allison, published in his Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis from 1971. Linstone (1999) explained:Allison had seen that his analysis and modeling for corporate decision making only took into account some of the factors vital in the corporate decision process and Allison’s work examined the missile crisis from three different points of view, rational actor, organizational process, and bureaucratic politics. Each provided insights not obtainable with the others.[8]Combined with his own experience in the aerospace industry, Linstone & Mitroff distinguished three types of perspectives for decision making. At first the Technical Perspectives (T), with the characteristics:Problems are simplified by abstraction, idealization, and isolation from the real world around us. There is the implicit assumption that the processes of reduction and simplification permit \"solution\" of problems.\nData and models comprise the basic building blocks of inquiry. Logic and rationality as well as objectivity are likewise presupposed. Order, structure, and quantification are sought wherever possible. Observation and model building, experimentation and analysis are usually aimed at improving predictive capability. Validation of hypotheses and replicability of observations and experiments are expected. The attainment of elegant models and best or optimal solutions is particularly prized.[8]Second The Organizational Perspectives (O), which \"focuses on process rather than product, on action rather than problem-solving. The critical questions are 'does something need to be done, and if so, what?' and 'who needs to do it and how?' rather than 'what is the optimal solution?' There must be a recognition that top-down imposition of solutions may well fail if there is no 'bottom-up' support.\"[8]And third the Personal Perspectives (P), which \"views the world through a unique individual. It sweeps in aspects that relate individuals to the system and are not captured by technical and organizational perspectives.\"[8]Later Linstone further developed this approach to decision making, and presented it in his 1999 Decision Making for Technology Executives: Using Multiple Perspectives to Improve Performance.","title":"Work"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Murray Turoff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murray_Turoff"},{"link_name":"online","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080520015240/http://is.njit.edu/pubs/delphibook/"},{"link_name":"Ian Mitroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Mitroff"}],"text":"Books published by Linstone:1975. The Delphi Method. Edited with Murray Turoff. Addison-Wesley. (online)\n1976. Futures Research: New Directions. Edited with W. H. Clive Simmonds. Mass. : Addison-Wesley Pub. Co.\n1977. Technological Substitution: forecasting techniques and applications. Edited with Devendra Sahal. New York : Elsevier Pub. Co.\n1984. Multiple Perspectives for Decision Making : bridging the gap between analysis and action. North-Holland : Elsevier Science Pub. Co.\n1993. The Unbounded Mind : breaking the chains of traditional business thinking. With Ian Mitroff. New York : Oxford University Press.\n1994. The Challenge of the 21st Century: managing technology and ourselves in a shrinking world. With Ian I. Mitroff . Albany : State University of New York Press.\n1999. Decision making for technology executives : using multiple perspectives to improved performance. Boston : Artech House.","title":"Publications"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_von_Carnall
Rudolf von Carnall
["1 References"]
Rudolf von Carnall (9 February 1804 – 17 November 1874) was a German mining engineer and mineralogist. The mineral carnallite was named after him. Carnall was born in Glatz (now Klodzko, Poland) to Prussian-Swedish army officer Arvid (1760-1840) and Mathilde daughter of Le Cointe. Carnall was trained in civil mining and worked at mines before training in Berlin. He became a mine superintendent in Upper Silesia, while also teaching at the mining school in Tarnowitz. In 1845 he founded the Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft along with Leopold von Buch and Gustav Rose. In 1855 he received a PhD from the University of Berlin and became a Berghauptmann in 1855 in the Prussian ministry of commerce. References ^ Pieper, Wilhelm (1957). "Carnall, Rudolf von". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 3. p. 150. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Poland People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"carnallite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carnallite"},{"link_name":"Glatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%82odzko"},{"link_name":"Upper Silesia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Silesia"},{"link_name":"Tarnowitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnowskie_G%C3%B3ry"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deutsche_Geologische_Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Leopold von Buch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Leopold_von_Buch"},{"link_name":"Gustav Rose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Rose"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Rudolf von Carnall (9 February 1804 – 17 November 1874) was a German mining engineer and mineralogist. The mineral carnallite was named after him.Carnall was born in Glatz (now Klodzko, Poland) to Prussian-Swedish army officer Arvid (1760-1840) and Mathilde daughter of Le Cointe. Carnall was trained in civil mining and worked at mines before training in Berlin. He became a mine superintendent in Upper Silesia, while also teaching at the mining school in Tarnowitz. In 1845 he founded the Deutsche Geologische Gesellschaft along with Leopold von Buch and Gustav Rose. In 1855 he received a PhD from the University of Berlin and became a Berghauptmann in 1855 in the Prussian ministry of commerce.[1]","title":"Rudolf von Carnall"}]
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null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Roar_of_the_Rails
The Roar of the Rails
["1 Overview","2 Episode status","3 See also","4 References","5 External links"]
American TV series or program The Roar of the RailsGenreChildren'sCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languageEnglishProductionRunning time15 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkCBS TelevisionReleaseOctober 26, 1948 (1948-10-26) –December 1949 (1949-12) The Roar of the Rails is an American children's television series that aired on CBS from October to December 1948, and in October to December 1949. Each episode is 15 minutes long and includes commercials for the toy manufacturer A. C. Gilbert Company. Overview Experienced railroad workers explained their job duties, and the work was illustrated by showing A.C. Gilbert's American Flyer model train layouts created for the series. The series was touted as "honoring heroes of the railroading business" and presenting dramatic stories. One episode told of a locomotive fireman during a 1904 Baltimore Fire; another episode told of a brain surgeon riding on a special train over a flood-weakened roadbed in order to get to a young boy in need of life-saving surgery. Episode status Seven 1949 kinescoped episodes of the series exist at the Library of Congress in the J. Fred and Leslie W. MacDonald Collection. The episodes contain complete commercials for American Flyer electric trains, Erector sets, Microscopes, and Chemistry sets. The episodes include: "Episode at Red Gulch Siding" (aired October 24, 1949) "Runaway Trains" (aired October 31, 1949) "The Johnstown Flood" (aired November 7, 1949) "Operation Explosion" (aired November 14, 1949) "Death Valley Scotty" (aired November 21, 1949) "Baltimore Fire" (aired November 28, 1949) "Acme Plant Fire" (aired December 12, 1949) See also Tales of the Red Caboose 1948-49 United States network television schedule References ^ Woolery, George W. (1985). Children's Television: The First Thirty-Five Years, 1946-1981, Part II: Live, Film, and Tape Series. The Scarecrow Press. p. 420. ISBN 0-8108-1651-2. ^ Brooks, Tim and Marsh, Earle, The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network TV Shows 1946 – Present (Seventh Edition), Ballantine Books, 1999, page 861 ^ TV Railroad Series Starts Tomorrow, The Buffalo Evening News, October 29, 1949, page 12 ^ https://www.newspapers.com/image/867280386/?terms=%22The%20Roar%20of%20the%20Rails%22&match=1 'Hopalong Cassidy' to return On KSD-Tv at 2:45 P.M. (TV highlights) St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 4, 1949, page 71] ^ Chicago Cardinals vs. Bears Games on KSD-TV Today (TV highlights), St. Louis Post-Dispatch, December 11, 1949, page 71 External links The Roar of the Rails at IMDb This article about a children's television series produced in the United States is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"children's television series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Children%27s_television_series"},{"link_name":"CBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS"},{"link_name":"A. C. Gilbert Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._C._Gilbert_Company"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Woolery-1"}],"text":"The Roar of the Rails is an American children's television series that aired on CBS from October to December 1948, and in October to December 1949. Each episode is 15 minutes long and includes commercials for the toy manufacturer A. C. Gilbert Company.[1]","title":"The Roar of the Rails"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Experienced railroad workers explained their job duties, and the work was illustrated by showing A.C. Gilbert's American Flyer model train layouts created for the series.[2]The series was touted as \"honoring heroes of the railroading business\" and presenting dramatic stories.[3] One episode told of a locomotive fireman during a 1904 Baltimore Fire;[[4] another episode told of a brain surgeon riding on a special train over a flood-weakened roadbed in order to get to a young boy in need of life-saving surgery.[5]","title":"Overview"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Seven 1949 kinescoped episodes of the series exist at the Library of Congress in the J. Fred and Leslie W. MacDonald Collection. The episodes contain complete commercials for American Flyer electric trains, Erector sets, Microscopes, and Chemistry sets.\nThe episodes include:\"Episode at Red Gulch Siding\" (aired October 24, 1949)\n\"Runaway Trains\" (aired October 31, 1949)\n\"The Johnstown Flood\" (aired November 7, 1949)\n\"Operation Explosion\" (aired November 14, 1949)\n\"Death Valley Scotty\" (aired November 21, 1949)\n\"Baltimore Fire\" (aired November 28, 1949)\n\"Acme Plant Fire\" (aired December 12, 1949)","title":"Episode status"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabh_Joshi
Amitabh Joshi
["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Awards and honors","4 Selected bibliography","4.1 Books","4.2 Articles","5 See also","6 Notes","7 References","8 External links","9 Further reading"]
Indian biologist (born 1965) Amitabh JoshiBorn (1965-03-04) 4 March 1965 (age 59)Agra, IndiaAlma materDelhi UniversityWashington State UniversityUniversity of California, IrvineKnown forStudies on Population geneticsQuantitative geneticsEvolutionary geneticsPopulation ecologyAwards2009 Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize2010 LSA-IIM Lucknow National Leadership AwardScientific careerFieldsEvolutionary biologyGeneticsInstitutionsWashington State UniversityIndian Institute of ScienceJawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific ResearchBerlin Institute for Advanced StudyDoctoral advisorJohn N. ThompsonMichael E. MoodyLaurence D. Mueller Amitabh Joshi, in early 2022 Amitabh Joshi (born 1965) is an Indian evolutionary biologist, population ecologist, geneticist and a professor at Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR). He heads the Evolutionary Biology Laboratory at JNCASR and is known for his studies on Evolutionary genetics and Population ecology. An elected fellow of the Indian Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, India, and Indian National Science Academy, he was also a J. C. Bose National Fellow (2011-2021) of the Department of Science and Technology. He served as the Chief Editor of the Journal of Genetics (2008-2014) and Editor of Publications of the Indian Academy of Sciences (2017-2021). The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2009, for his contributions to biological sciences. Biography Drosophila melanogaster Joshi was born on 4 March 1965 to Devi Datt Joshi and Nirmala Joshi (nee Pande) in the Indian city of Agra. He did his schooling in St. Francis Nursery School and St. Peter's College, Agra. He then did his graduation (BSc Hons in Botany, 1982-85, Hindu College, Delhi) and Master's studies (M.Sc. in Genetics,1985-87) from Delhi University South Campus, and moved to Washington State University from where he obtained a PhD in 1993, working with John N. Thompson and Michael E. Moody. His Ph.D. thesis was titled Coevolution and variation in competition between Drosophila species; in addition, his collaboration with Moody resulted in two papers on the cost-of-sex issue, published in the Journal of Theoretical Biology. During this period, he also worked as a research assistant (1987–88) and a teaching assistant at the university (1987–93). He stayed in the US until 1996 to complete his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Laurence D. Mueller of the University of California, Irvine and returned to India to work as a visitor at the Centre for Ecological Sciences of Indian Institute of Science for a month. In April 1996, he joined Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research as a member of faculty at the Animal Behaviour Unit and shifted to Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit in 1998 where he rose in rank from a faculty fellow (1998–2001) to an associate professor, reaching the position of a professor in 2007. He heads the Evolutionary Biology Laboratory of the institution where he hosts a number of research scholars. In between, he served as a visiting faculty at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study in 2001. He is also an adjunct faculty of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali and resides in Bengaluru, in Karnataka. Legacy Joshi continues his early researches on Drosophila but has now combined his evolution studies with theoretical work using computer simulations. His researches focuses on the inter-relations between the genetics of organisms and their ecology and the influence of these factors in their evolutionary path. His laboratory studies various evolutionary aspects such as the rate of development, patterns of progeny and ageing and investigates the development of competitive abilities and stress resistance in organisms. His researches have been documented by way of a number of articles and several of them have been listed by many major online article repositories such as Google Scholar, ResearchGate, Academic Tree and PubFacts. He has also published a book, Stability in Model Populations, co-authored by his post-doctoral guide, Laurence D. Mueller. He is on the list of mentors of doctoral studies at the Indian Institute of Science and has guided several scholars in their researches. At Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Joshi has served as a member of the Screening Committee for Life Sciences and sat as the convenor of the committee in 1999 and 2000. He is a former member of the Academic Advisory Committee of the Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit of JNCASR during 1999–2001 and was the coordinator of the Discussion Meeting on Origin and Evolution of Life, an ISRO-IAS event held in Coorg in 2000. He was also associated in organizing seminars and conferences such as the Association for Tropical Biology-Annual Meeting (Bengaluru 2001), One-Day Symposium on Evolutionary Biology in honour of Stephen Jay Gould (JNCASR 2002), Workshop on Adaptation and Time (JNCASR 2002) and Four Day Lecture Programme on Evolutionary and Organismal Biology (Delhi University 2002). He is a former member of the Vice Chancellor's Empowered Committee for Restructuring the Undergraduate Science Programme of Delhi University (2002–04), Planning Committee of Indian School in Chronobiology (2002), Expert Consultative Committee of the Department of Science and Technology (2004) and Sectional Committee of Indian Academy of Sciences for Animal and Plant Sciences (2004–06) and sits in the Board of Studies in Genetics of Mysore University and Project Advisory Committee for Animal Sciences of Department of Science and Technology. He has been associated with Resonance: Journal of Science Education (editorial board member, associate editor), Journal of Biosciences on the Origin of Life (guest editor 1997–98), Journal of Genetics on Evolutionary genetics: the Drosophila model (guest editor–2003) and the Journal of Genetics (editor). He was also among the 370 scientists who expresses their disapproval of the handling of 2016 JNU protests. Awards and honors Joshi was selected as a Young Associate by the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1997 for a period of three years and was elected as its fellow in 2001. The same year, he was elected by Berlin Institute for Advanced Study as a fellow for his project, Life History Evolution in Drosophila. He was elected as a National Academy of Sciences, India fellow in 2002 and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2009 for his contributions to Biological Sciences. A J. C. Bose National fellow, Joshi was selected for the National Leadership Award of the Lakshmipat Singhania Academy-IIM Lucknow in 2010. In 2011, the Indian National Science Academy elected him as a fellow. Selected bibliography Books Laurence D. Mueller; Amitabh Joshi (2000). Stability in Model Populations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007335. Articles PUNYATIRTHA DEY; KANIKA MENDIRATTA; JOY BOSE; Amitabh Joshi (July 2016). "Enhancement of larval immune system traits as a correlated response to selection for rapid development in Drosophila melanogaster". Journal of Genetics. 95 (3): 719–723. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0659-5. PMID 27659343. S2CID 39742982. MANASWINI SARANGI; Archana Nagarajan; Snigdhadip Dey; JOY BOSE; Amitabh Joshi (July 2016). "Evolution of increased larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster without increased larval feeding rate". Journal of Genetics. 95 (3): 491–503. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0656-8. PMID 27659320. S2CID 15418527. Archana Nagarajan; SHARMILA BHARATHI NATARAJAN; Mohan Jayaram; ANANDA THAMMANNA; Sudarshan Chari; JOY BOSE; Shreyas Venkataraman Jois; Amitabh Joshi (June 2016). "Adaptation to larval crowding in Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila nasuta nasuta: increased larval competitive ability without increased larval feeding rate". Journal of Genetics. 95 (2): 411–425. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0655-9. PMID 27350686. S2CID 368124. Prasad NG, Dey S, Joshi A, Vidya TN (2015). "Rethinking inheritance, yet again: inheritomes, contextomes and dynamic phenotypes". Journal of Genetics. 94 (3): 367–76. doi:10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5. PMID 26440075. S2CID 8445547. Prasad NG, Joshi A (2015). "Remarks on the article on life-history traits in Drosophila populations selected for rapid development by Yadav and Sharma". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (2): 326–7. doi:10.1242/jeb.117366. PMID 25609787. Dey S, Goswami B, Joshi A (2015). "A possible mechanism for the attainment of out-of-phase periodic dynamics in two chaotic subpopulations coupled at low dispersal rate". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 367: 100–10. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.028. PMID 25497477. Prasad NG, Dey S, Joshi A, Vidya TN (2015). "Rethinking inheritance, yet again: inheritomes, contextomes and dynamic phenotypes". Journal of Genetics. 94 (3): 367–76. doi:10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5. PMID 26440075. S2CID 8445547. See also Drosophila melanogaster Population ecology Modern evolutionary synthesis On the Origin of Species India portalBiology portal Notes ^ Please see Selected bibliography section References ^ a b "IN CONVERSATION: Amitabh Joshi" (PDF). Special feature. Current Science. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ "Pick a career for interest, not scope". ReDiff. 18 November 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ "Brief Profile of the Awardee". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ a b "Fellow Profile - Amitabh Joshi". Indian Academy of Sciences. 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ a b "NASI fellows". National Academy of Sciences, India. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2016. ^ a b c d "Indian fellow - Amitabh Joshi". Indian National Science Academy. 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016. ^ "View Bhatnagar Awardees". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. ^ a b c d "Amitabh Joshi - Brief CV". Faculty profile. Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ Amitabh Joshi (19 November 2015). "On evolutionary biology, and a passion for science" (Interview). Interviewed by Anjali Vaidya. India Bioscience. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ Ameeta Gupta; Ashish Kumar (1 January 2006). Handbook of Universities. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 418–. ISBN 978-81-269-0607-9. ^ "Adjunct faculty". Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali. 2016. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ "Professor of Evolutionary and Organismal Biology". JNCASR. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ "Our Research in Evolutionary Genetics". JNCASR. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ "Amitabh Joshi on Google Scholar". Google Scholar. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ "Amitabh Joshi on ResearchGate". 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ "Amitabh Joshi on Academic Tree". Academic Tree. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ "Amitabh Joshi on PubFacts". PubFacts. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. ^ Laurence D. Mueller; Amitabh Joshi (2000). Stability in Model Populations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007335. ^ "List of Mentors for the Year 2016" (PDF). Indian Institute of Science. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ "Curriculum Vitae - Sudipta Tung" (PDF). Students.IISER Kolkata. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ "Over 370 Scientists Express Disappointment With JNU VC". The Wire. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ "BIAS fellow". Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016. ^ "Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners" (PDF). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1999. p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016. External links Amitabh Joshi (17 March 2015). "Eureka with Amitabh Joshi" (Interview). Interviewed by Gauhar Raza. CSIR-NISCAIR Tube. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016. "Amitabh Joshi - Basic genetics". Discussion Meeting on Population Genetics and Evolution - YouTube video. International Centre for Theoretical Sciences. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2016. "Amitabh Joshi's Homepage". Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016. Further reading Amitabh Joshi (19 November 2015). "On evolutionary biology, and a passion for science" (Interview). Interviewed by Anjali Vaidya. India Bioscience. Retrieved 27 October 2016. "PM to scientists: make a break with the past". News report. The Hindu. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2016. vteRecipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Biological Science1960s Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan (1960) M. S. Swaminathan (1961) Bimal Kumar Bachhawat (1962) Jagannath Ganguly (1963} Dilbagh Singh Athwal (1964) Chirayathumadom Venkatachalier Subramanian (1965) Hari Krishan Jain (1966) Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao (1966) Arun Kumar Sharma (1967) Tathamangalam Ananthanarayanan Venkitasubramanian (1968) 1970s Madhu Sudan Kanungo (1971) Narayana Balakrishnan Nair (1971) Birendra Bijoy Biswas (1972) Satish Chandra Maheshwari (1972) Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty (1973) Sardul Singh Guraya (1973) John Barnabas (1974) Obaid Siddiqi (1975) Archana Sharma (1975) Guru Prakash Dutta (1976) Kishan Singh (1976) Trichnopoly Chelvaraj Anand Kumar (1977) V. Sasisekharan (1978) Amar Nath Bhaduri (1979) M. K. Chandrashekaran (1979) 1980s Asis Datta (1980) Jamuna Sharan Singh (1980) Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane (1981) Sushil Kumar (1981) Sunil Kumar Podder (1982) Ramamirtha Jayaraman (1982) Govindarajan Padmanabhan (1983) Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian (1984) K. R. K. Easwaran (1984) Chhitar Mal Gupta (1985) M. Vijayan (1985) Madhav Gadgil (1986) Avadhesha Surolia Sudhir Kumar Sopory Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya (1988) M. R. S. Rao (1988) Subhash Chandra Lakhotia (1989) Manju Ray (1989) 1990s Samir K. Brahmachari (1990) Virendra Nath Pandey (1991) Srinivas Kishanrao (1991) Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam (1992) Dipankar Chatterji (1992) Raghavendra Gadagkar (1993) M. R. N. Murthy (1993) Ramakrishnan Nagaraj (1994) Alok Bhattacharya (1994) Seyed E. Hasnain (1995) Kalappa Muniyappa (1995) Ghanshyam Swarup (1996) Vishweshwaraiah Prakash (1996) Jayaraman Gowrishankar (1997) Kanury Venkata Subba Rao (1997) K. VijayRaghavan (1998) Debi Prasad Sarkar (1998) Siddhartha Roy (1999) Valakunja Nagaraja (1999) 2000s Dinakar Mashnu Salunke (2000) Jayant B. Udgaonkar (2000) Umesh Varshney (2001) Raghavan Varadarajan (2002) Amitabha Mukhopadhyay (2002) Satyajit Mayor (2003) Gopal Chandra Kundu (2004) Ramesh Venkata Sonti (2004) Tapas Kumar Kundu (2005) Shekhar C. Mande (2005) Vinod Bhakuni (2006) Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale (2006) Upinder Singh Bhalla (2007) Narayanaswamy Srinivasan (2007) Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava (2008) L. S. Shashidhara (2008) Amitabh Joshi (2009) Bhaskar Saha (2009) 2010s Sanjeev Galande (2010) Shubha Tole (2010) Amit Prakash Sharma (2011) Rajan Sankaranarayanan (2011) Shantanu Chowdhury (2012) Suman Kumar Dhar (2012) Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan (2013) Roop Mallik (2014) Balasubramanian Gopal (2015) Rajeev Kumar Varshney (2015) Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya (2016) Rishikesh Narayanan (2016) Deepak T. Nair (2017) Sanjeev Das (2017) Ganesh Nagaraju (2018) Thomas J. Pucadyil (2018) Kayarat Saikrishnan (2019) 2020s Subhadeep Chatterjee (2020) Vatsala Thirumalai (2020) Amit Singh (2021) Arun Kumar Shukla (2021) Ashwani Kumar (2022) Maddika Subba Reddy (2022) vteShanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of KarnatakaBiological Sciences Sunil Kumar Podder Manchanahalli Rangaswamy Satyanarayana Rao Srinivas Kishanrao Saidapur M. R. N. Murthy Kalappa Muniyappa Vishweshwaraiah Prakash K. VijayRaghavan V. Nagaraja Dinakar Mashnu Salunke Raghavan Varadarajan Amitabh Joshi Balasubramanian Gopal Rishikesh Narayanan Chemical Sciences Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao Kalya Jagannath Rao Biman Bagchi Suryanarayanasastry Ramasesha Jayaraman Chandrasekhar Akhil Ranjan Chakravarty Krishna N. Ganesh Uday Maitra Tavarekere Kalliah Chandrashekar Tushar Kanti Chakraborty Santanu Bhattacharya Siva Umapathy Subramaniam Ramakrishnan Srinivasan Sampath Balasubramanian Sundaram Yamuna Krishnan Kavirayani Ramakrishna Prasad Earth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences Shankar Doraiswamy Engineering Sciences Roddam Narasimha Mangalore Anantha Pai Udipi Ramachandra Rao Vallampadugai Srinivasa Raghavan Arunachalam Dipankar Banerjee Atul Chokshi Giridhar Madras Jayant Haritsa N. Ravishankar Venkata Padmanabhan Neelesh B. Mehta Mathematical Sciences Siva Athreya Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao Mudumbai Seshachalu Narasimhan Shrikrishna Gopalrao Dani Tyakal Nanjundiah Venkataramana Vasudevan Srinivas Sujatha Ramdorai Kaushal Kumar Verma K. Sandeep Medical Sciences Nuggehalli Raghuveer Moudgal Perdur Radhakantha Adiga P. N. Rangarajan K. Narayanaswamy Balaji Physical Sciences Raja Ramanna Narasimhaiengar Mukunda N. V. Madhusudana A. M. Jayannavar Sriram Ramaswamy Avinash Deshpande Madan Rao Srikanth Sastry Abhishek Dhar Umesh Waghmare Arindam Ghosh (*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicile Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Other IdRef
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C. Bose National Fellow (2011-2021) of the Department of Science and Technology.[6] He served as the Chief Editor of the Journal of Genetics (2008-2014) and Editor of Publications of the Indian Academy of Sciences (2017-2021). The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2009, for his contributions to biological sciences.[7]","title":"Amitabh Joshi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_(aka).jpg"},{"link_name":"Agra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agra"},{"link_name":"Hindu College, Delhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_College,_Delhi"},{"link_name":"Delhi University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delhi_University"},{"link_name":"Washington State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_State_University"},{"link_name":"John N. 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He did his schooling in St. Francis Nursery School and St. Peter's College, Agra. He then did his graduation (BSc Hons in Botany, 1982-85, Hindu College, Delhi) and Master's studies (M.Sc. in Genetics,1985-87) from Delhi University South Campus, and moved to Washington State University from where he obtained a PhD in 1993, working with John N. Thompson and Michael E. Moody.[8] His Ph.D. thesis was titled Coevolution and variation in competition between Drosophila species; in addition, his collaboration with Moody resulted in two papers on the cost-of-sex issue, published in the Journal of Theoretical Biology.[9] During this period, he also worked as a research assistant (1987–88) and a teaching assistant at the university (1987–93). He stayed in the US until 1996 to complete his post-doctoral studies in the laboratory of Laurence D. Mueller of the University of California, Irvine and returned to India to work as a visitor at the Centre for Ecological Sciences of Indian Institute of Science for a month.[1] In April 1996, he joined Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research as a member of faculty at the Animal Behaviour Unit and shifted to Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit in 1998 where he rose in rank from a faculty fellow (1998–2001) to an associate professor,[10] reaching the position of a professor in 2007. He heads the Evolutionary Biology Laboratory of the institution where he hosts a number of research scholars. In between, he served as a visiting faculty at the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study in 2001.[6] He is also an adjunct faculty of the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali[11] and resides in Bengaluru, in Karnataka.[12]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_fellow_-_Amitabh_Joshi-6"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Our_Research_in_Evolutionary_Genetics-13"},{"link_name":"[note 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Google Scholar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google_Scholar"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amitabh_Joshi_on_Google_Scholar-15"},{"link_name":"ResearchGate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amitabh_Joshi_on_ResearchGate-16"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amitabh_Joshi_on_Academic_Tree-17"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amitabh_Joshi_on_PubFacts-18"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MuellerJoshi2000-19"},{"link_name":"Indian Institute of Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Institute_of_Science"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-List_of_Mentors_for_the_Year_2016-20"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Curriculum_Vitae_-_Sudipta_Tung-21"},{"link_name":"Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru_Centre_for_Advanced_Scientific_Research"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amitabh_Joshi_-_Brief_CV-8"},{"link_name":"ISRO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation"},{"link_name":"IAS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Coorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coorg"},{"link_name":"Indian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"Mysore University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore_University"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amitabh_Joshi_-_Brief_CV-8"},{"link_name":"2016 JNU protests","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2016_JNU_protests"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Over_370_Scientists_Express_Disappointment_With_JNU_VC-22"}],"text":"Joshi continues his early researches on Drosophila but has now combined his evolution studies with theoretical work using computer simulations.[6] His researches focuses on the inter-relations between the genetics of organisms and their ecology and the influence of these factors in their evolutionary path. His laboratory studies various evolutionary aspects such as the rate of development, patterns of progeny and ageing and investigates the development of competitive abilities and stress resistance in organisms.[13] His researches have been documented by way of a number of articles[note 1] and several of them have been listed by many major online article repositories such as Google Scholar,[14] ResearchGate,[15] Academic Tree[16] and PubFacts.[17] He has also published a book, Stability in Model Populations, co-authored by his post-doctoral guide, Laurence D. Mueller.[18] He is on the list of mentors of doctoral studies at the Indian Institute of Science[19] and has guided several scholars in their researches.[20]At Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research, Joshi has served as a member of the Screening Committee for Life Sciences and sat as the convenor of the committee in 1999 and 2000.[8] He is a former member of the Academic Advisory Committee of the Evolutionary and Organismal Biology Unit of JNCASR during 1999–2001 and was the coordinator of the Discussion Meeting on Origin and Evolution of Life, an ISRO-IAS event held in Coorg in 2000. He was also associated in organizing seminars and conferences such as the Association for Tropical Biology-Annual Meeting (Bengaluru 2001), One-Day Symposium on Evolutionary Biology in honour of Stephen Jay Gould (JNCASR 2002), Workshop on Adaptation and Time (JNCASR 2002) and Four Day Lecture Programme on Evolutionary and Organismal Biology (Delhi University 2002). He is a former member of the Vice Chancellor's Empowered Committee for Restructuring the Undergraduate Science Programme of Delhi University (2002–04), Planning Committee of Indian School in Chronobiology (2002), Expert Consultative Committee of the Department of Science and Technology (2004) and Sectional Committee of Indian Academy of Sciences for Animal and Plant Sciences (2004–06) and sits in the Board of Studies in Genetics of Mysore University and Project Advisory Committee for Animal Sciences of Department of Science and Technology. He has been associated with Resonance: Journal of Science Education (editorial board member, associate editor), Journal of Biosciences on the Origin of Life (guest editor 1997–98), Journal of Genetics on Evolutionary genetics: the Drosophila model (guest editor–2003) and the Journal of Genetics (editor).[8] He was also among the 370 scientists who expresses their disapproval of the handling of 2016 JNU protests.[21]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Academy of Sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Academy_of_Sciences"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Amitabh_Joshi_-_Brief_CV-8"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fellow_Profile_-_Amitabh_Joshi-4"},{"link_name":"Berlin Institute for Advanced Study","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Institute_for_Advanced_Study"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BIAS_fellow-23"},{"link_name":"National Academy of Sciences, India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences,_India"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NASI_fellows-5"},{"link_name":"Council of Scientific and Industrial Research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Handbook_of_Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_Winners-24"},{"link_name":"Lakshmipat Singhania Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakshmipat_Singhania_Academy"},{"link_name":"IIM Lucknow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIM_Lucknow"},{"link_name":"Indian National Science Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_National_Science_Academy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Indian_fellow_-_Amitabh_Joshi-6"}],"text":"Joshi was selected as a Young Associate by the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1997 for a period of three years[8] and was elected as its fellow in 2001.[4] The same year, he was elected by Berlin Institute for Advanced Study as a fellow for his project, Life History Evolution in Drosophila.[22] He was elected as a National Academy of Sciences, India fellow in 2002[5] and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize, one of the highest Indian science awards, in 2009 for his contributions to Biological Sciences.[23] A J. C. Bose National fellow, Joshi was selected for the National Leadership Award of the Lakshmipat Singhania Academy-IIM Lucknow in 2010. In 2011, the Indian National Science Academy elected him as a fellow.[6]","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Stability in Model Populations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/stabilityinmodel0000muel"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780691007335","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691007335"}],"sub_title":"Books","text":"Laurence D. Mueller; Amitabh Joshi (2000). Stability in Model Populations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007335.","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12041-016-0659-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-016-0659-5"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27659343","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659343"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"39742982","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39742982"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12041-016-0656-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-016-0656-8"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27659320","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659320"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"15418527","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15418527"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12041-016-0655-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-016-0655-9"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"27350686","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27350686"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"368124","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:368124"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-015-0554-5"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26440075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26440075"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8445547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8445547"},{"link_name":"\"Remarks on the article on life-history traits in Drosophila populations selected for rapid development by Yadav and Sharma\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.117366"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1242/jeb.117366","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.117366"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25609787","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25609787"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.028","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2014.11.028"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"25497477","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25497477"},{"link_name":"doi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-015-0554-5"},{"link_name":"PMID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"26440075","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26440075"},{"link_name":"S2CID","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8445547","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8445547"}],"sub_title":"Articles","text":"PUNYATIRTHA DEY; KANIKA MENDIRATTA; JOY BOSE; Amitabh Joshi (July 2016). \"Enhancement of larval immune system traits as a correlated response to selection for rapid development in Drosophila melanogaster\". Journal of Genetics. 95 (3): 719–723. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0659-5. PMID 27659343. S2CID 39742982.\nMANASWINI SARANGI; Archana Nagarajan; Snigdhadip Dey; JOY BOSE; Amitabh Joshi (July 2016). \"Evolution of increased larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster without increased larval feeding rate\". Journal of Genetics. 95 (3): 491–503. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0656-8. PMID 27659320. S2CID 15418527.\nArchana Nagarajan; SHARMILA BHARATHI NATARAJAN; Mohan Jayaram; ANANDA THAMMANNA; Sudarshan Chari; JOY BOSE; Shreyas Venkataraman Jois; Amitabh Joshi (June 2016). \"Adaptation to larval crowding in Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila nasuta nasuta: increased larval competitive ability without increased larval feeding rate\". Journal of Genetics. 95 (2): 411–425. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0655-9. PMID 27350686. S2CID 368124.\nPrasad NG, Dey S, Joshi A, Vidya TN (2015). \"Rethinking inheritance, yet again: inheritomes, contextomes and dynamic phenotypes\". Journal of Genetics. 94 (3): 367–76. doi:10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5. PMID 26440075. S2CID 8445547.\nPrasad NG, Joshi A (2015). \"Remarks on the article on life-history traits in Drosophila populations selected for rapid development by Yadav and Sharma\". Journal of Experimental Biology. 218 (2): 326–7. doi:10.1242/jeb.117366. PMID 25609787.\nDey S, Goswami B, Joshi A (2015). \"A possible mechanism for the attainment of out-of-phase periodic dynamics in two chaotic subpopulations coupled at low dispersal rate\". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 367: 100–10. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.028. PMID 25497477.\nPrasad NG, Dey S, Joshi A, Vidya TN (2015). \"Rethinking inheritance, yet again: inheritomes, contextomes and dynamic phenotypes\". Journal of Genetics. 94 (3): 367–76. doi:10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5. PMID 26440075. S2CID 8445547.","title":"Selected bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ Please see Selected bibliography section","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"On evolutionary biology, and a passion for science\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//indiabioscience.org/columns/conversations/on-evolutionary-biology-and-a-passion-for-science-interview-with-amitabh-joshi"},{"link_name":"\"PM to scientists: make a break with the past\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.thehindu.com/news/pm-to-scientists-make-a-break-with-the-past/article839937.ece"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:SSBPST_recipients_in_Biological_Science"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:SSBPST_recipients_in_Biological_Science"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SSBPST_recipients_in_Biological_Science"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Biological Science","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology"},{"link_name":"Toppur Seethapathy Sadasivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toppur_Seethapathy_Sadasivan"},{"link_name":"M. S. Swaminathan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._S._Swaminathan"},{"link_name":"Bimal Kumar Bachhawat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bimal_Kumar_Bachhawat"},{"link_name":"Jagannath Ganguly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagannath_Ganguly"},{"link_name":"Dilbagh Singh Athwal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dilbagh_Singh_Athwal"},{"link_name":"Chirayathumadom Venkatachalier Subramanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._V._Subramanian"},{"link_name":"Hari Krishan Jain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hari_Krishan_Jain"},{"link_name":"Neelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelamraju_Ganga_Prasada_Rao"},{"link_name":"Arun Kumar Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Kumar_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Tathamangalam Ananthanarayanan Venkitasubramanian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._A._Venkitasubramanian"},{"link_name":"Madhu Sudan Kanungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhu_Sudan_Kanungo"},{"link_name":"Narayana Balakrishnan Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Balakrishnan_Nair"},{"link_name":"Birendra Bijoy Biswas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birendra_Bijoy_Biswas"},{"link_name":"Satish Chandra Maheshwari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satish_Chandra_Maheshwari"},{"link_name":"Bhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B._R._Murty"},{"link_name":"Sardul Singh Guraya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sardul_Singh_Guraya"},{"link_name":"John Barnabas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Barnabas"},{"link_name":"Obaid Siddiqi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obaid_Siddiqi"},{"link_name":"Archana Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archana_Sharma_(botanist)"},{"link_name":"Guru Prakash Dutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guru_Prakash_Dutta"},{"link_name":"Kishan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kishan_Singh_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Trichnopoly Chelvaraj Anand Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T._C._Anand_Kumar"},{"link_name":"V. Sasisekharan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Sasisekharan"},{"link_name":"Amar Nath Bhaduri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amar_Nath_Bhaduri"},{"link_name":"M. K. Chandrashekaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._K._Chandrashekaran"},{"link_name":"Asis Datta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asis_Datta"},{"link_name":"Jamuna Sharan Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamuna_Sharan_Singh"},{"link_name":"Prafullachandra Vishnu Sane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prafullachandra_Vishnu_Sane"},{"link_name":"Sushil Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sushil_Kumar_(biologist)"},{"link_name":"Sunil Kumar Podder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Kumar_Podder"},{"link_name":"Ramamirtha Jayaraman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramamirtha_Jayaraman"},{"link_name":"Govindarajan Padmanabhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Govindarajan_Padmanabhan"},{"link_name":"Thavamani Jegajothivel Pandian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thavamani_Jegajothivel_Pandian"},{"link_name":"K. R. K. Easwaran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._R._K._Easwaran"},{"link_name":"Chhitar Mal Gupta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._M._Gupta"},{"link_name":"M. Vijayan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._Vijayan"},{"link_name":"Madhav Gadgil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhav_Gadgil"},{"link_name":"Avadhesha Surolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avadhesha_Surolia"},{"link_name":"Sudhir Kumar Sopory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sudhir_Kumar_Sopory"},{"link_name":"Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhabatarak_Bhattacharyya"},{"link_name":"M. R. S. Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._S._Rao"},{"link_name":"Subhash Chandra Lakhotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhash_Chandra_Lakhotia"},{"link_name":"Manju Ray","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manju_Ray"},{"link_name":"Samir K. Brahmachari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samir_K._Brahmachari"},{"link_name":"Virendra Nath Pandey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virendra_Nath_Pandey"},{"link_name":"Srinivas Kishanrao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivas_Kishanrao_Saidapur"},{"link_name":"Kuppamuthu Dharmalingam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuppamuthu_Dharmalingam"},{"link_name":"Dipankar Chatterji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipankar_Chatterji"},{"link_name":"Raghavendra Gadagkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghavendra_Gadagkar"},{"link_name":"M. R. N. Murthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._N._Murthy"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishnan Nagaraj","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishnan_Nagaraj"},{"link_name":"Alok Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alok_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"Seyed E. Hasnain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seyed_E._Hasnain"},{"link_name":"Kalappa Muniyappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalappa_Muniyappa"},{"link_name":"Ghanshyam Swarup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanshyam_Swarup"},{"link_name":"Vishweshwaraiah Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishweshwaraiah_Prakash"},{"link_name":"Jayaraman Gowrishankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaraman_Gowrishankar"},{"link_name":"Kanury Venkata Subba Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanury_Venkata_Subba_Rao"},{"link_name":"K. VijayRaghavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._VijayRaghavan"},{"link_name":"Debi Prasad Sarkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debi_Prasad_Sarkar"},{"link_name":"Siddhartha Roy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siddhartha_Roy"},{"link_name":"Valakunja Nagaraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dr._V._Nagaraja"},{"link_name":"Dinakar Mashnu Salunke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinakar_Mashnu_Salunke"},{"link_name":"Jayant B. Udgaonkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayant_B._Udgaonkar"},{"link_name":"Umesh Varshney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umesh_Varshney"},{"link_name":"Raghavan Varadarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghavan_Varadarajan"},{"link_name":"Amitabha Mukhopadhyay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amitabha_Mukhopadhyay"},{"link_name":"Satyajit Mayor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satyajit_Mayor"},{"link_name":"Gopal Chandra Kundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gopal_Kundu"},{"link_name":"Ramesh Venkata Sonti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramesh_Venkata_Sonti"},{"link_name":"Tapas Kumar Kundu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapas_Kumar_Kundu"},{"link_name":"Shekhar C. Mande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekhar_C._Mande"},{"link_name":"Vinod Bhakuni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinod_Bhakuni"},{"link_name":"Rajesh Sudhir Gokhale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajesh_Sudhir_Gokhale"},{"link_name":"Upinder Singh Bhalla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upinder_Singh_Bhalla"},{"link_name":"Narayanaswamy Srinivasan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanaswamy_Srinivasan"},{"link_name":"Gajendra Pal Singh Raghava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gajendra_Pal_Singh_Raghava"},{"link_name":"L. S. Shashidhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._S._Shashidhara"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Bhaskar Saha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhaskar_Saha"},{"link_name":"Sanjeev Galande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeev_Galande"},{"link_name":"Shubha Tole","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shubha_Tole"},{"link_name":"Amit Prakash Sharma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Prakash_Sharma"},{"link_name":"Rajan Sankaranarayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajan_Sankaranarayanan"},{"link_name":"Shantanu Chowdhury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shantanu_Chowdhury"},{"link_name":"Suman Kumar Dhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suman_Kumar_Dhar"},{"link_name":"Sathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sathees_Chukkurumbal_Raghavan"},{"link_name":"Roop Mallik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roop_Mallik"},{"link_name":"Balasubramanian Gopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasubramanian_Gopal"},{"link_name":"Rajeev Kumar Varshney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajeev_Kumar_Varshney"},{"link_name":"Suvendra Nath Bhattacharyya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvendra_Nath_Bhattacharyya"},{"link_name":"Rishikesh Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishikesh_Narayanan"},{"link_name":"Deepak T. Nair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deepak_T._Nair"},{"link_name":"Sanjeev Das","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjeev_Das"},{"link_name":"Ganesh Nagaraju","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganesh_Nagaraju"},{"link_name":"Thomas J. Pucadyil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_J._Pucadyil"},{"link_name":"Kayarat Saikrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kayarat_Saikrishnan"},{"link_name":"Subhadeep Chatterjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subhadeep_Chatterjee"},{"link_name":"Vatsala Thirumalai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vatsala_Thirumalai"},{"link_name":"Amit Singh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amit_Singh_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Arun Kumar Shukla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arun_Kumar_Shukla"},{"link_name":"Ashwani Kumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashwani_Kumar_(scientist)"},{"link_name":"Maddika Subba Reddy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddika_Subba_Reddy"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Laureates_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Laureates_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Laureates_of_Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanti_Swarup_Bhatnagar_Prize_for_Science_and_Technology"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"Sunil Kumar Podder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunil_Kumar_Podder"},{"link_name":"Manchanahalli Rangaswamy Satyanarayana Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchanahalli_Rangaswamy_Satyanarayana_Rao"},{"link_name":"Srinivas Kishanrao Saidapur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivas_Kishanrao_Saidapur"},{"link_name":"M. R. N. Murthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M._R._N._Murthy"},{"link_name":"Kalappa Muniyappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalappa_Muniyappa"},{"link_name":"Vishweshwaraiah Prakash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishweshwaraiah_Prakash"},{"link_name":"K. VijayRaghavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._VijayRaghavan"},{"link_name":"V. Nagaraja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V._Nagaraja"},{"link_name":"Dinakar Mashnu Salunke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinakar_Mashnu_Salunke"},{"link_name":"Raghavan Varadarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raghavan_Varadarajan"},{"link_name":"Amitabh Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Balasubramanian Gopal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasubramanian_Gopal"},{"link_name":"Rishikesh Narayanan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rishikesh_Narayanan"},{"link_name":"Chintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chintamani_Nagesa_Ramachandra_Rao"},{"link_name":"Kalya Jagannath Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalya_Jagannath_Rao"},{"link_name":"Biman Bagchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biman_Bagchi"},{"link_name":"Suryanarayanasastry Ramasesha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryanarayanasastry_Ramasesha"},{"link_name":"Jayaraman Chandrasekhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayaraman_Chandrasekhar"},{"link_name":"Akhil Ranjan Chakravarty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akhil_Ranjan_Chakravarty"},{"link_name":"Krishna N. Ganesh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K_N_Ganesh"},{"link_name":"Uday Maitra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uday_Maitra"},{"link_name":"Tavarekere Kalliah Chandrashekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tavarekere_Kalliah_Chandrashekar"},{"link_name":"Tushar Kanti Chakraborty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tushar_Kanti_Chakraborty"},{"link_name":"Santanu Bhattacharya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santanu_Bhattacharya"},{"link_name":"Siva Umapathy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_Umapathy"},{"link_name":"Subramaniam Ramakrishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subramaniam_Ramakrishnan"},{"link_name":"Srinivasan Sampath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srinivasan_Sampath"},{"link_name":"Balasubramanian Sundaram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balasubramanian_Sundaram"},{"link_name":"Yamuna Krishnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamuna_Krishnan"},{"link_name":"Kavirayani Ramakrishna Prasad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavirayani_Ramakrishna_Prasad"},{"link_name":"Shankar Doraiswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shankar_Doraiswamy"},{"link_name":"Roddam Narasimha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roddam_Narasimha"},{"link_name":"Mangalore Anantha Pai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangalore_Anantha_Pai"},{"link_name":"Udipi Ramachandra Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udipi_Ramachandra_Rao"},{"link_name":"Vallampadugai Srinivasa Raghavan Arunachalam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vallampadugai_Srinivasa_Raghavan_Arunachalam"},{"link_name":"Dipankar Banerjee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dipankar_Banerjee_(metallurgist)"},{"link_name":"Atul Chokshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atul_Chokshi"},{"link_name":"Giridhar Madras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giridhar_Madras"},{"link_name":"Jayant Haritsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayant_Haritsa"},{"link_name":"N. Ravishankar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._Ravishankar"},{"link_name":"Venkata Padmanabhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venkata_Padmanabhan"},{"link_name":"Neelesh B. Mehta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neelesh_B._Mehta"},{"link_name":"Siva Athreya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siva_Athreya"},{"link_name":"Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calyampudi_Radhakrishna_Rao"},{"link_name":"Mudumbai Seshachalu Narasimhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mudumbai_Seshachalu_Narasimhan"},{"link_name":"Shrikrishna Gopalrao Dani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrikrishna_Gopalrao_Dani"},{"link_name":"Tyakal Nanjundiah Venkataramana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tyakal_Nanjundiah_Venkataramana"},{"link_name":"Vasudevan Srinivas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasudevan_Srinivas"},{"link_name":"Sujatha Ramdorai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujatha_Ramdorai"},{"link_name":"Kaushal Kumar Verma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaushal_Kumar_Verma"},{"link_name":"K. Sandeep","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Sandeep"},{"link_name":"Nuggehalli Raghuveer Moudgal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuggehalli_Raghuveer_Moudgal"},{"link_name":"Perdur Radhakantha Adiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perdur_Radhakantha_Adiga"},{"link_name":"P. N. Rangarajan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P._N._Rangarajan"},{"link_name":"K. Narayanaswamy Balaji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K._Narayanaswamy_Balaji"},{"link_name":"Raja Ramanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raja_Ramanna"},{"link_name":"Narasimhaiengar Mukunda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narasimhaiengar_Mukunda"},{"link_name":"N. V. Madhusudana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N._V._Madhusudana"},{"link_name":"A. M. Jayannavar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A._M._Jayannavar"},{"link_name":"Sriram Ramaswamy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sriram_Ramaswamy"},{"link_name":"Avinash Deshpande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avinash_Deshpande"},{"link_name":"Madan Rao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madan_Rao"},{"link_name":"Srikanth Sastry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srikanth_Sastry"},{"link_name":"Abhishek Dhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhishek_Dhar"},{"link_name":"Umesh Waghmare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umesh_Waghmare"},{"link_name":"Arindam Ghosh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arindam_Ghosh_(physicist)"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q27838006#identifiers"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000083779785"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/44483206"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhpHHP8XmBBwK6XqTyh3"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1053987"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137776535"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb137776535"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/1146343345"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007430216805171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n00003445"},{"link_name":"Czech Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0216265&CON_LNG=ENG"},{"link_name":"IdRef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.idref.fr/069176590"}],"text":"Amitabh Joshi (19 November 2015). \"On evolutionary biology, and a passion for science\" (Interview). Interviewed by Anjali Vaidya. India Bioscience. Retrieved 27 October 2016.\n\"PM to scientists: make a break with the past\". News report. The Hindu. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2016.vteRecipients of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology in Biological Science1960s\nToppur Seethapathy Sadasivan (1960)\nM. S. Swaminathan (1961)\nBimal Kumar Bachhawat (1962)\nJagannath Ganguly (1963}\nDilbagh Singh Athwal (1964)\nChirayathumadom Venkatachalier Subramanian (1965)\nHari Krishan Jain (1966)\nNeelamraju Ganga Prasada Rao (1966)\nArun Kumar Sharma (1967)\nTathamangalam Ananthanarayanan Venkitasubramanian (1968)\n1970s\nMadhu Sudan Kanungo (1971)\nNarayana Balakrishnan Nair (1971)\nBirendra Bijoy Biswas (1972)\nSatish Chandra Maheshwari (1972)\nBhyravabhotla Radhakrishna Murty (1973)\nSardul Singh Guraya (1973)\nJohn Barnabas (1974)\nObaid Siddiqi (1975)\nArchana Sharma (1975)\nGuru Prakash Dutta (1976)\nKishan Singh (1976)\nTrichnopoly Chelvaraj Anand Kumar (1977)\nV. Sasisekharan (1978)\nAmar Nath Bhaduri (1979)\nM. K. Chandrashekaran (1979)\n1980s\nAsis Datta (1980)\nJamuna Sharan Singh (1980)\nPrafullachandra Vishnu Sane (1981)\nSushil Kumar (1981)\nSunil Kumar Podder (1982)\nRamamirtha Jayaraman (1982)\nGovindarajan Padmanabhan (1983)\nThavamani Jegajothivel Pandian (1984)\nK. R. K. Easwaran (1984)\nChhitar Mal Gupta (1985)\nM. Vijayan (1985)\nMadhav Gadgil (1986)\nAvadhesha Surolia\nSudhir Kumar Sopory\nBhabatarak Bhattacharyya (1988)\nM. R. S. Rao (1988)\nSubhash Chandra Lakhotia (1989)\nManju Ray (1989)\n1990s\nSamir K. Brahmachari (1990)\nVirendra Nath Pandey (1991)\nSrinivas Kishanrao (1991)\nKuppamuthu Dharmalingam (1992)\nDipankar Chatterji (1992)\nRaghavendra Gadagkar (1993)\nM. R. N. Murthy (1993)\nRamakrishnan Nagaraj (1994)\nAlok Bhattacharya (1994)\nSeyed E. Hasnain (1995)\nKalappa Muniyappa (1995)\nGhanshyam Swarup (1996)\nVishweshwaraiah Prakash (1996)\nJayaraman Gowrishankar (1997)\nKanury Venkata Subba Rao (1997)\nK. VijayRaghavan (1998)\nDebi Prasad Sarkar (1998)\nSiddhartha Roy (1999)\nValakunja Nagaraja (1999)\n2000s\nDinakar Mashnu Salunke (2000)\nJayant B. Udgaonkar (2000)\nUmesh Varshney (2001)\nRaghavan Varadarajan (2002)\nAmitabha Mukhopadhyay (2002)\nSatyajit Mayor (2003)\nGopal Chandra Kundu (2004)\nRamesh Venkata Sonti (2004)\nTapas Kumar Kundu (2005)\nShekhar C. Mande (2005)\nVinod Bhakuni (2006)\nRajesh Sudhir Gokhale (2006)\nUpinder Singh Bhalla (2007)\nNarayanaswamy Srinivasan (2007)\nGajendra Pal Singh Raghava (2008)\nL. S. Shashidhara (2008)\nAmitabh Joshi (2009)\nBhaskar Saha (2009)\n2010s\nSanjeev Galande (2010)\nShubha Tole (2010)\nAmit Prakash Sharma (2011)\nRajan Sankaranarayanan (2011)\nShantanu Chowdhury (2012)\nSuman Kumar Dhar (2012)\nSathees Chukkurumbal Raghavan (2013)\nRoop Mallik (2014)\nBalasubramanian Gopal (2015)\nRajeev Kumar Varshney (2015)\nSuvendra Nath Bhattacharyya (2016)\nRishikesh Narayanan (2016)\nDeepak T. Nair (2017)\nSanjeev Das (2017)\nGanesh Nagaraju (2018)\nThomas J. Pucadyil (2018)\nKayarat Saikrishnan (2019)\n2020s\nSubhadeep Chatterjee (2020)\nVatsala Thirumalai (2020)\nAmit Singh (2021)\nArun Kumar Shukla (2021)\nAshwani Kumar (2022)\nMaddika Subba Reddy (2022)vteShanti Swarup Bhatnagar Laureates of KarnatakaBiological Sciences\nSunil Kumar Podder\nManchanahalli Rangaswamy Satyanarayana Rao\nSrinivas Kishanrao Saidapur\nM. R. N. Murthy\nKalappa Muniyappa\nVishweshwaraiah Prakash\nK. VijayRaghavan\nV. Nagaraja\nDinakar Mashnu Salunke\nRaghavan Varadarajan\nAmitabh Joshi\nBalasubramanian Gopal\nRishikesh Narayanan\nChemical Sciences\nChintamani Nagesa Ramachandra Rao\nKalya Jagannath Rao\nBiman Bagchi\nSuryanarayanasastry Ramasesha\nJayaraman Chandrasekhar\nAkhil Ranjan Chakravarty\nKrishna N. Ganesh\nUday Maitra\nTavarekere Kalliah Chandrashekar\nTushar Kanti Chakraborty\nSantanu Bhattacharya\nSiva Umapathy\nSubramaniam Ramakrishnan\nSrinivasan Sampath\nBalasubramanian Sundaram\nYamuna Krishnan\nKavirayani Ramakrishna Prasad\nEarth, Atmosphere, Ocean and Planetary Sciences\nShankar Doraiswamy\nEngineering Sciences\nRoddam Narasimha\nMangalore Anantha Pai\nUdipi Ramachandra Rao\nVallampadugai Srinivasa Raghavan Arunachalam\nDipankar Banerjee\nAtul Chokshi\nGiridhar Madras\nJayant Haritsa\nN. Ravishankar\nVenkata Padmanabhan\nNeelesh B. Mehta\nMathematical Sciences\nSiva Athreya\nCalyampudi Radhakrishna Rao\nMudumbai Seshachalu Narasimhan\nShrikrishna Gopalrao Dani\nTyakal Nanjundiah Venkataramana\nVasudevan Srinivas\nSujatha Ramdorai\nKaushal Kumar Verma\nK. Sandeep\nMedical Sciences\nNuggehalli Raghuveer Moudgal\nPerdur Radhakantha Adiga\nP. N. Rangarajan\nK. Narayanaswamy Balaji\nPhysical Sciences\nRaja Ramanna\nNarasimhaiengar Mukunda\nN. V. Madhusudana\nA. M. Jayannavar\nSriram Ramaswamy\nAvinash Deshpande\nMadan Rao\nSrikanth Sastry\nAbhishek Dhar\nUmesh Waghmare\nArindam Ghosh\n(*)By birth - (#)By ethnicity - (!)By domicileAuthority control databases International\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nNorway\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nOther\nIdRef","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Amitabh Joshi, in early 2022","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Amitabh_Joshi.jpg/220px-Amitabh_Joshi.jpg"},{"image_text":"Drosophila melanogaster","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg/150px-Drosophila_melanogaster_-_side_%28aka%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Drosophila melanogaster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drosophila_melanogaster"},{"title":"Population ecology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population_ecology"},{"title":"Modern evolutionary synthesis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extended_evolutionary_synthesis"},{"title":"On the Origin of Species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_the_Origin_of_Species"},{"title":"India portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg"},{"title":"Biology portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biology"}]
[{"reference":"Laurence D. Mueller; Amitabh Joshi (2000). Stability in Model Populations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007335.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/stabilityinmodel0000muel","url_text":"Stability in Model Populations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691007335","url_text":"9780691007335"}]},{"reference":"PUNYATIRTHA DEY; KANIKA MENDIRATTA; JOY BOSE; Amitabh Joshi (July 2016). \"Enhancement of larval immune system traits as a correlated response to selection for rapid development in Drosophila melanogaster\". Journal of Genetics. 95 (3): 719–723. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0659-5. PMID 27659343. S2CID 39742982.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-016-0659-5","url_text":"10.1007/s12041-016-0659-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659343","url_text":"27659343"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39742982","url_text":"39742982"}]},{"reference":"MANASWINI SARANGI; Archana Nagarajan; Snigdhadip Dey; JOY BOSE; Amitabh Joshi (July 2016). \"Evolution of increased larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster without increased larval feeding rate\". Journal of Genetics. 95 (3): 491–503. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0656-8. PMID 27659320. S2CID 15418527.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-016-0656-8","url_text":"10.1007/s12041-016-0656-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659320","url_text":"27659320"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15418527","url_text":"15418527"}]},{"reference":"Archana Nagarajan; SHARMILA BHARATHI NATARAJAN; Mohan Jayaram; ANANDA THAMMANNA; Sudarshan Chari; JOY BOSE; Shreyas Venkataraman Jois; Amitabh Joshi (June 2016). \"Adaptation to larval crowding in Drosophila ananassae and Drosophila nasuta nasuta: increased larval competitive ability without increased larval feeding rate\". Journal of Genetics. 95 (2): 411–425. doi:10.1007/s12041-016-0655-9. PMID 27350686. S2CID 368124.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-016-0655-9","url_text":"10.1007/s12041-016-0655-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27350686","url_text":"27350686"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:368124","url_text":"368124"}]},{"reference":"Prasad NG, Dey S, Joshi A, Vidya TN (2015). \"Rethinking inheritance, yet again: inheritomes, contextomes and dynamic phenotypes\". Journal of Genetics. 94 (3): 367–76. doi:10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5. PMID 26440075. 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PMID 25609787.","urls":[{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.117366","url_text":"\"Remarks on the article on life-history traits in Drosophila populations selected for rapid development by Yadav and Sharma\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1242%2Fjeb.117366","url_text":"10.1242/jeb.117366"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25609787","url_text":"25609787"}]},{"reference":"Dey S, Goswami B, Joshi A (2015). \"A possible mechanism for the attainment of out-of-phase periodic dynamics in two chaotic subpopulations coupled at low dispersal rate\". Journal of Theoretical Biology. 367: 100–10. doi:10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.028. PMID 25497477.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jtbi.2014.11.028","url_text":"10.1016/j.jtbi.2014.11.028"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25497477","url_text":"25497477"}]},{"reference":"Prasad NG, Dey S, Joshi A, Vidya TN (2015). \"Rethinking inheritance, yet again: inheritomes, contextomes and dynamic phenotypes\". Journal of Genetics. 94 (3): 367–76. doi:10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5. PMID 26440075. S2CID 8445547.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12041-015-0554-5","url_text":"10.1007/s12041-015-0554-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26440075","url_text":"26440075"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8445547","url_text":"8445547"}]},{"reference":"\"IN CONVERSATION: Amitabh Joshi\" (PDF). Special feature. Current Science. 25 May 2015. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/108/10/1838.pdf","url_text":"\"IN CONVERSATION: Amitabh Joshi\""}]},{"reference":"\"Pick a career for interest, not scope\". ReDiff. 18 November 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://getahead.rediff.com/report/2009/nov/18/achiever-meet-professor-amitabh-joshi.htm","url_text":"\"Pick a career for interest, not scope\""}]},{"reference":"\"Brief Profile of the Awardee\". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ssbprize.gov.in/content/Detail.aspx?AID=363","url_text":"\"Brief Profile of the Awardee\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fellow Profile - Amitabh Joshi\". Indian Academy of Sciences. 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ias.ac.in/describe/fellow/Joshi,_Prof._Amitabh","url_text":"\"Fellow Profile - Amitabh Joshi\""}]},{"reference":"\"NASI fellows\". National Academy of Sciences, India. 2016. Archived from the original on 7 July 2020. Retrieved 26 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200707200112/http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=J","url_text":"\"NASI fellows\""},{"url":"http://www.nasi.org.in/fellows.asp?RsFilter=J","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Indian fellow - Amitabh Joshi\". Indian National Science Academy. 2016. Retrieved 25 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=P11-1546","url_text":"\"Indian fellow - Amitabh Joshi\""}]},{"reference":"\"View Bhatnagar Awardees\". Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize. 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://ssbprize.gov.in/Content/AwardeeList.aspx","url_text":"\"View Bhatnagar Awardees\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amitabh Joshi - Brief CV\". Faculty profile. Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jncasr.ac.in/ajoshi/index.php?menu_id=17&user_id=299&page_id=681","url_text":"\"Amitabh Joshi - Brief CV\""}]},{"reference":"Amitabh Joshi (19 November 2015). \"On evolutionary biology, and a passion for science\" (Interview). Interviewed by Anjali Vaidya. India Bioscience. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiabioscience.org/columns/conversations/on-evolutionary-biology-and-a-passion-for-science-interview-with-amitabh-joshi","url_text":"\"On evolutionary biology, and a passion for science\""}]},{"reference":"Ameeta Gupta; Ashish Kumar (1 January 2006). Handbook of Universities. Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 418–. ISBN 978-81-269-0607-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ZKgM7P5iGwgC&pg=PA418","url_text":"Handbook of Universities"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-269-0607-9","url_text":"978-81-269-0607-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Adjunct faculty\". Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali. 2016. Archived from the original on 5 February 2017. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170205184329/http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/html/faculty/faculty.html","url_text":"\"Adjunct faculty\""},{"url":"http://www.iisermohali.ac.in/html/faculty/faculty.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Professor of Evolutionary and Organismal Biology\". JNCASR. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jncasr.ac.in/eobu/ajoshi-present-position.htm","url_text":"\"Professor of Evolutionary and Organismal Biology\""}]},{"reference":"\"Our Research in Evolutionary Genetics\". JNCASR. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jncasr.ac.in/eobu/evolbiollab.htm","url_text":"\"Our Research in Evolutionary Genetics\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amitabh Joshi on Google Scholar\". Google Scholar. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=sLhNqsgAAAAJ","url_text":"\"Amitabh Joshi on Google Scholar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amitabh Joshi on ResearchGate\". 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Amitabh_Joshi","url_text":"\"Amitabh Joshi on ResearchGate\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amitabh Joshi on Academic Tree\". Academic Tree. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://academictree.org/evolution/publications.php?pid=153659","url_text":"\"Amitabh Joshi on Academic Tree\""}]},{"reference":"\"Amitabh Joshi on PubFacts\". PubFacts. 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pubfacts.com/author/Amitabh+Joshi?tr=1","url_text":"\"Amitabh Joshi on PubFacts\""}]},{"reference":"Laurence D. Mueller; Amitabh Joshi (2000). Stability in Model Populations. Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691007335.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EwbtjnnA7PoC","url_text":"Stability in Model Populations"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780691007335","url_text":"9780691007335"}]},{"reference":"\"List of Mentors for the Year 2016\" (PDF). Indian Institute of Science. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.iiserpune.ac.in/~mbio/sites/default/files/nnmcb/files/mentors_nnmcb_internship_2016_oct_162015_169.pdf","url_text":"\"List of Mentors for the Year 2016\""}]},{"reference":"\"Curriculum Vitae - Sudipta Tung\" (PDF). Students.IISER Kolkata. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://students.iiserkol.ac.in/~sudiptatung/cv.pdf","url_text":"\"Curriculum Vitae - Sudipta Tung\""}]},{"reference":"\"Over 370 Scientists Express Disappointment With JNU VC\". The Wire. 17 February 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://thewire.in/21911/over-370-scientists-express-disappointment-with-jnu-vc/","url_text":"\"Over 370 Scientists Express Disappointment With JNU VC\""}]},{"reference":"\"BIAS fellow\". Berlin Institute for Advanced Study. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.wiko-berlin.de/en/fellows/fellowfinder/detail/2000-joshi-amitabh/?no_cache=1&cHash=5a8231ccf7dc930e517ef63ada61ab4f","url_text":"\"BIAS fellow\""}]},{"reference":"\"Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners\" (PDF). Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. 1999. p. 34. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 5 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160304043957/http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf","url_text":"\"Handbook of Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Winners\""},{"url":"http://www.csirhrdg.res.in/ssb.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Amitabh Joshi (17 March 2015). \"Eureka with Amitabh Joshi\" (Interview). Interviewed by Gauhar Raza. CSIR-NISCAIR Tube. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161104000657/http://scm.niscair.res.in/videos/317/dr.-amitabh-joshi,-professor,-jawaharlal-nehru-centre-for-advance-sc","url_text":"\"Eureka with Amitabh Joshi\""},{"url":"http://scm.niscair.res.in/videos/317/dr.-amitabh-joshi,-professor,-jawaharlal-nehru-centre-for-advance-sc","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Amitabh Joshi - Basic genetics\". Discussion Meeting on Population Genetics and Evolution - YouTube video. International Centre for Theoretical Sciences. 2 April 2014. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jfQVOFWcaQo","url_text":"\"Amitabh Joshi - Basic genetics\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube","url_text":"YouTube"}]},{"reference":"\"Amitabh Joshi's Homepage\". Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research. 2016. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jncasr.ac.in/eobu/ajoshi-homepage.htm","url_text":"\"Amitabh Joshi's Homepage\""}]},{"reference":"Amitabh Joshi (19 November 2015). \"On evolutionary biology, and a passion for science\" (Interview). Interviewed by Anjali Vaidya. India Bioscience. Retrieved 27 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://indiabioscience.org/columns/conversations/on-evolutionary-biology-and-a-passion-for-science-interview-with-amitabh-joshi","url_text":"\"On evolutionary biology, and a passion for science\""}]},{"reference":"\"PM to scientists: make a break with the past\". News report. The Hindu. 21 October 2010. Retrieved 28 October 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.thehindu.com/news/pm-to-scientists-make-a-break-with-the-past/article839937.ece","url_text":"\"PM to scientists: make a break with the past\""}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisabeth
Lisabeth
["1 See also"]
Lisabeth or Lizabeth is a given name and a surname. Notable people with the name include: Given name Lisabeth Hughes Abramson (born 1955), American justice of the Kentucky Supreme Court Lisabeth H. Muhrer, Norwegian handball player Lizabeth Cohen (21st century), American historian Lizabeth Scott (1922-2015), American actress Lizabeth A. Turner (1829-1907), National President, Woman's Relief Corps Surname Johan Lisabeth (born 1971), Belgian athlete who specialised in high hurdles See also Elizabeth (disambiguation) Name listThis page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article.
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[]
[{"title":"Elizabeth (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_(disambiguation)"},{"title":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"title":"family name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_name"},{"title":"internal link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:WhatLinksHere/Lisabeth&namespace=0"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(1777_ship)
Hercules (1777 ship)
["1 Career","2 Loss","3 Notes","4 Citations","5 References"]
British merchant ship 1777–1792 For other ships with the same name, see Hercules (ship). History Province of Georgia Launched1777 Georgia FateTransfer to British registry c.1782 Great Britain NameHercules NamesakeHercules Owner 1782:Lang 1783:Crawford 1786:Miles Barber 1789:James Baillie, William Taylor, and William Clay 1791:John Dawson Acquiredc.1782 CapturedWrecked 1792 General characteristics Tons burthen300, or 305, or 326, or 367, or 386 (bm) Armament20 × 6-pounder guns NotesBuilt of live oak and pine Hercules was launched at the Province of Georgia in 1777. She appeared in Lloyd's Register in 1782 as a West Indiaman. From 1786 she made three voyages from London as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. She was lost in 1792 as she was returning to England after having delivered captives at Jamaica. Career Hercules appeared in Lloyd's Register in 1782 with Jn Lang, master and owner, and trade Tortola–London. In 1783 her master was J. Lang, her owner Crawford, and her trade London–Antigua. In 1786 Lloyd's Register showed Hercules with Ar Bold, master, Barber & Co., owner, and trade London–Africa. she had undergone repairs in 1783. 1st voyage transporting enslaved people (1786–1788): Captain Arthur Bold sailed from London on 26 April 1786. Hercules started acquiring captives on 13 July 1786, first at Anomabu, then at Cape Coast Castle, and finally at Dixcove. She left Africa on 26 March 1788 arrived at Dominica on 26 May. There she landed 370 captives, having embarked 400, for a death rate of 7%. She left Dominica on 28 June, and arrived back at London on 20 August. 2nd voyage transporting enslaved people(1789–1791): Hercules underwent repairs in 1789. Captain John Knox sailed from London on 23 July 1789 and acquired captives at Iles de Los. She arrived at Dominica 25 February 1791, where she landed 445 captives. She sailed from Dominica on 28 April and arrived at Liverpool on 5 June. 3rd voyage transporting enslaved people (1791–Loss): Hercules underwent repairs in 1791. Captain William Forbes sailed from Liverpool on 17 December 1791. Hercules stopped at Glasgow, and then acquired captives at Bonny. She arrived at Jamaica on 18 September 1792, and there landed 276 captives. At some point Captain John Brelsford replaced Forbes. She had left London with 38 crew members and had suffered 12 crew deaths on her voyage. Loss Lloyd's List reported on 5 February 1793 that Hercules had been lost on the island of Cuba as she was sailing from Jamaica. In 1792, at least six British vessels were lost in the triangular trade in enslaved people. The source for this data does not report and losses as having occurred on the homeward-bound leg of the voyage, but newspaper accounts of losses rarely noted that a vessel lost on her way from the West Indies back to Britain might have been a Guineaman. Notes ^ William Forbes made six voyages as master of a ship transporting enslaved people. Five of these voyages were for the firm of Baker & Dawson, Liverpool's largest firm in the triangular trade. Citations ^ a b c Lloyd's Register (1786), Seq.№H392. ^ a b c d Lloyd's Register (1782), Seq.№H328. ^ a b c Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81806. ^ a b c Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81807. ^ a b c d Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81808. ^ Lloyd's Register (1793), Seq.№H179. ^ Behrendt (1990), p. 105. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List. No. 2477. 5 February 1793. hdl:2027/uc1.c3049067. ^ Inikori (1996), p. 62. References Behrendt, Stephen D. (1990). "The Captains in the British slave trade from 1785 to 1807" (PDF). Transactions of the Historic Society of Lancashire and Cheshire. 140. Inikori, Joseph (1996). "Measuring the unmeasured hazards of the Atlantic slave trade: Documents relating to the British trade". Revue française d'histoire d'outre-mer. 83 (312): 53–92.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hercules (ship)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hercules_(ship)"},{"link_name":"Province of Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_Register"},{"link_name":"West Indiaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Indiaman"},{"link_name":"slave ship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slave_ship"},{"link_name":"triangular trade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triangular_trade"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see Hercules (ship).Hercules was launched at the Province of Georgia in 1777. She appeared in Lloyd's Register in 1782 as a West Indiaman. From 1786 she made three voyages from London as a slave ship in the triangular trade in enslaved people. She was lost in 1792 as she was returning to England after having delivered captives at Jamaica.","title":"Hercules (1777 ship)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LR1782-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LR1786-1"},{"link_name":"Anomabu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anomabu"},{"link_name":"Cape Coast Castle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Coast_Castle"},{"link_name":"Dixcove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dixcove"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAST81806-3"},{"link_name":"Iles de Los","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iles_de_Los"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAST81807-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LR1793-6"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_slave_trade"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAST81808-5"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Bonny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonny_Island"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TAST81808-5"}],"text":"Hercules appeared in Lloyd's Register in 1782 with Jn Lang, master and owner, and trade Tortola–London.[2] In 1783 her master was J. Lang, her owner Crawford, and her trade London–Antigua.In 1786 Lloyd's Register showed Hercules with Ar[thur] Bold, master, Barber & Co., owner, and trade London–Africa. she had undergone repairs in 1783.[1]1st voyage transporting enslaved people (1786–1788): Captain Arthur Bold sailed from London on 26 April 1786. Hercules started acquiring captives on 13 July 1786, first at Anomabu, then at Cape Coast Castle, and finally at Dixcove. She left Africa on 26 March 1788 arrived at Dominica on 26 May. There she landed 370 captives, having embarked 400, for a death rate of 7%. She left Dominica on 28 June, and arrived back at London on 20 August.[3]2nd voyage transporting enslaved people(1789–1791): Hercules underwent repairs in 1789. Captain John Knox sailed from London on 23 July 1789 and acquired captives at Iles de Los. She arrived at Dominica 25 February 1791, where she landed 445 captives. She sailed from Dominica on 28 April and arrived at Liverpool on 5 June.[4]3rd voyage transporting enslaved people (1791–Loss): Hercules underwent repairs in 1791.[6] Captain William Forbes sailed from Liverpool on 17 December 1791.[5][a] Hercules stopped at Glasgow, and then acquired captives at Bonny. She arrived at Jamaica on 18 September 1792, and there landed 276 captives. At some point Captain John Brelsford replaced Forbes. She had left London with 38 crew members and had suffered 12 crew deaths on her voyage.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lloyd's List","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lloyd%27s_List"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInikori199662-10"},{"link_name":"Guineaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guineaman"}],"text":"Lloyd's List reported on 5 February 1793 that Hercules had been lost on the island of Cuba as she was sailing from Jamaica.[8] In 1792, at least six British vessels were lost in the triangular trade in enslaved people. The source for this data does not report and losses as having occurred on the homeward-bound leg of the voyage,[9] but newspaper accounts of losses rarely noted that a vessel lost on her way from the West Indies back to Britain might have been a Guineaman.","title":"Loss"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Baker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Baker_(slave_trader)"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBehrendt1990105-7"}],"text":"^ William Forbes made six voyages as master of a ship transporting enslaved people. Five of these voyages were for the firm of Baker & Dawson, Liverpool's largest firm in the triangular trade.[7]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1786_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1786_1-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1786_1-2"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1786), Seq.№H392.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015065522628"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1782_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1782_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1782_2-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1782_2-3"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1782), Seq.№H328.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281203?urlappend=%3Bseq=170"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81806_3-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81806_3-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81806_3-2"},{"link_name":"Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81806.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/81806/variables"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81807_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81807_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81807_4-2"},{"link_name":"Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81807.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/81807/variables"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81808_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81808_5-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81808_5-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-TAST81808_5-3"},{"link_name":"Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81808.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.slavevoyages.org/voyage/81808/variables"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-LR1793_6-0"},{"link_name":"Lloyd's Register (1793), Seq.№H179.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015004281245?urlappend=%3Bseq=161"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBehrendt1990105_7-0"},{"link_name":"Behrendt (1990)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBehrendt1990"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"hdl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2027/uc1.c3049067","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc1.c3049067?urlappend=%3Bseq=29"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInikori199662_10-0"},{"link_name":"Inikori (1996)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFInikori1996"}],"text":"^ a b c Lloyd's Register (1786), Seq.№H392.\n\n^ a b c d Lloyd's Register (1782), Seq.№H328.\n\n^ a b c Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81806.\n\n^ a b c Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81807.\n\n^ a b c d Trans Atlantic Slave Trade Database – Hercules voyage #81808.\n\n^ Lloyd's Register (1793), Seq.№H179.\n\n^ Behrendt (1990), p. 105.\n\n^ \"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List. No. 2477. 5 February 1793. hdl:2027/uc1.c3049067.\n\n^ Inikori (1996), p. 62.","title":"Citations"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tran_Anh_Hung
Tran Anh Hung
["1 Early life and education","2 Film career","3 Films on Vietnam","4 Influences and style of film-making","5 Filmography","6 Accolades","7 See also","8 Notes","9 References","10 External links"]
Vietnamese-born French filmmaker In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Trần, but is often simplified to Tran in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Hung (Hùng). Trần Anh HùngTrần Anh Hùng at the 28th Tokyo International Film Festival in 2015Born (1962-12-23) December 23, 1962 (age 61)Da Nang, South VietnamCitizenshipFrenchOccupation(s)Film director, screenwriterYears active1989–presentSpouseTrần Nữ Yên KhêChildren2 Trần Anh Hùng (English: Anh Hung Tran), born December 23, 1962) is a Vietnamese-born French filmmaker. Early life and education Anh Hung was born in Da Nang, South Vietnam. Following the fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, he immigrated to France at age 12. Anh Hung majored in philosophy at a university in France. By chance, he saw Robert Bresson's film A Man Escaped and decided to study film instead. He went on to study photography at the National School Supérieure Louis-Lumière, which trains cinematographers and supported himself by working in the Musée d'Orsay bookshop. Film career Hung has been at the forefront of a wave of acclaimed overseas Vietnamese cinema over the past two decades. His films have received international fame and acclaim, and his first three features were varied meditations on life in his home country of Vietnam. Hung's Oscar-nominated debut (for Best foreign film) was The Scent of Green Papaya (1993), which also won two top prizes at the Cannes Film Festival. His follow-up Cyclo (1995, which featured Hong Kong movie star Tony Leung Chiu-Wai), won the Golden Lion at the Venice International Film Festival. The Vertical Ray of the Sun, released in 2000, was the third film in his "Vietnam trilogy." After a sabbatical, Hung returned with the noir psychological thriller I Come with the Rain (2009), which featured a star-studded international cast including Josh Hartnett and Elias Koteas. Hung directed Norwegian Wood, an adaptation of Haruki Murakami's novel of the same name, which was released in Japan in December 2010. Films on Vietnam In France, Hung studied at the prestigious film school, Louis Lumière. For his graduation project in 1987 he wrote and directed a short film La femme mariée de Nam Xuong, inspired by an old Vietnamese folk tale (Truyền kỳ mạn lục). Following this Hung made another short film, La pierre de l'attente (1989), before launching the feature film The Scent of Green Papaya (1993). The Scent of Green Papaya was acclaimed for its style and its beautiful images of Vietnamese life. To date, the film is the only representative of Vietnamese cinema to be nominated for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film. The success of Papaya helped Hung gain funding for the next film, Cyclo. The film tells stories of poor people living in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), and was filmed on location there. Cyclo won the Golden Lion at 52nd Venice International Film Festival, and at the age of 33, Hung was one of the youngest filmmakers to be thus honored there. Having depicted life in Ho Chi Minh City, Hung turned his attention to Hanoi in The Vertical Ray of the Sun (2000). The main characters of the film are three sisters who idolize their parents' family life, before the truth is revealed after the mother's death. Influences and style of film-making Hung's films are made so as to rebuild the image of Vietnam that he has lost when immigrating to France, and to provide the audience with another point of view on Vietnam when this topic has been long dominated by French and American cinema. The stories are based on Hung's knowledge about Vietnamese culture and (in the second and third films) his first-hand experience gained from trips to the country. Hung is strongly influenced by French cinema and from some European and Japanese filmmakers, namely Bergman, Bresson, Kurosawa, Tarkovsky and Ozu. Hung's style of filmmaking is expressed through the claim: "Art is the truth wearing a mask". He denies the conventional story-telling style and pursues making films with a new language: "to challenge the audiences' feelings, making them enjoy the films not with the critical reasoning but the language of the body". As a banner of Vietnamese films, Tran Anh Hung, a French-Vietnamese director, broke the image of poverty and backwardness in prior American and French films with his unique camera images, showing the audience a Vietnam where tenderness and cruelty coexist. In Vietnam, Hung's most famous "trilogy"—The Scent of Green Papaya (1993), Cyclo (1995), and The Vertical Ray of the Sun (2000)—expresses feelings for his country. Filmography Feature Film Year English Title Original Title Ref. 1993 The Scent of Green Papaya Mùi đu đủ xanh 1995 Cyclo Xích lô 2000 The Vertical Ray of the Sun Mùa hè chiếu thẳng đứng 2009 I Come with the Rain I Come with the Rain 2010 Norwegian Wood ノルウェイの森 2016 Eternity Eternité 2023 The Taste of Things La Passion de Dodin Bouffant Short Film Year English Title Original Title Ref. 1989 La femme mariée de Nam Xuong Người thiếu phụ Nam Xương 1991 La pierre de l'attente La pierre de l'attente Accolades Awards and nominations received by Trần Anh Hùng Organizations Year Category Work Result Ref. Academy Awards 1994 Best International Feature Film The Scent of Green Papaya Nominated 2024 The Taste of Things Shortlisted Astra Film Awards 2024 Best International Feature Nominated Best International Filmmaker Nominated British Film Institute 1994 Sutherland Trophy The Scent of Green Papaya Won Cannes Film Festival 1989 Critics' Week Grand Prize Short Film La femme mariée de Nam Xuong Nominated 1993 Award of the Youth The Scent of Green Papaya Won Caméra d'Or Won 2000 Un Certain Regard The Vertical Ray of the Sun Nominated 2023 Best Director The Taste of Things Won Palme d'Or Nominated César Awards 1994 Best Debut The Scent of Green Papaya Won CineLibri 2016 Grand Prize for Best Literary Adaptation Eternity Nominated Deauville Asian Film Festival 2011 Best Film Norwegian Wood Nominated Film Fest Ghent 1995 Grand Prix for Best Film Cyclo Won International Istanbul Film Festival 2011 Fipresci Prize Norwegian Wood Won Lund International Fantastic Film Festival 2009 Siren Award - Best International Film I Come with the Rain Nominated Magritte Awards 2017 Best Foreign Film in Coproduction Eternity Nominated Mill Valley Film Festival 2023 Audience Award – World Cinema The Taste of Things Won Miskolc International Film Festival 2023 Emeric Pressburger Prize Nominated Montclair Film Festival 2023 Audience Award – World Cinema Won Palm Springs International Film Festival 2024 Best International Feature Film Nominated San Sebastián International Film Festival 2023 Culinary Zinema Best Film Award Won Sydney Film Festival 2011 Sydney Film Prize Norwegian Wood Nominated Torino Film Festival 1989 Best Short Film La femme mariée de Nam Xuong Nominated Venice Film Festival 1995 Fipresci Award Cyclo Won Golden Lion Won 2010 Norwegian Wood Nominated Vietnamese International Film Festival 2013 Inspiration Award — Honored Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association 2023 Best Foreign Language Film The Taste of Things Nominated See also List of Academy Award winners and nominees of Asian descent Notes ^ Awards, festivals, honors and other miscellaneous organizations are listed in alphabetical order. ^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible. References ^ Schilling, Mark (October 24, 2023). "Tran Anh Hung Cooks Up Tokyo Film Festival Masterclass With 'The Taste of Things'". Variety. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.Chang, Dustin (January 2, 2012). "Adapting Murakami's NORWEGIAN WOOD: Tran Anh Hung Interview". Screen Anarchy. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023. ^ "Tran Anh Hung". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ "La Passion De Dodin Bouffant". Festival international du cinéma francophone en Acadie (in French). Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ "French Guests at the Singapore Writers Festival 2018". Voilah! France Singapore Festival. November 2, 2018. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ "Tran Anh Hung: "For me, the most important thing about a movie is the language of cinema"". Film Talk. August 29, 2016. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023.Iqbal, Nosheen (March 3, 2011). "Tran Anh Hung enters Norwegian Wood – and emerges to tell the tale". The Guardian. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ "Vietnam wins four bronze medals at Asia-Pacific Physics Olympiad". Communist Party of Vietnam. May 28, 2023. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.Tuoi Tre News (November 24, 2016). "Vietnamese-French film director on family, life in France". Tuổi Trẻ. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.Dan Tri Newspaper (July 6, 2023). "Tran Anh Hung with his wife and 2 children returned to Vietnam after winning the award at Cannes". Authority of Foreign Information Service. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Davis, Clayton (September 4, 2023). "'Anatomy of a Fall' and 'The Taste of Things' Put Neon and IFC Back in Oscar Hunt with French Twist". Variety. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Porteous, James (September 1, 2013). "Rewind, film: 'Cyclo' directed by Tran Anh Hung". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Lawrence Chua (January 1, 1994). "BOMB Magazine | Tran Anh Hung". Bomb. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Cheng, Scarlet (July 6, 2001). "He's Not a Reporter, He's an Interpreter". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Winters, Laura (July 1, 2001). "FILM; Darkness Camouflaged By Hanoi's Seductive Sun". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Lee, Edmund (March 13, 2017). "Vietnamese filmmaker Tran Anh Hung on why language doesn't matter, and Terrence Malick's 'stupid' films". South China Morning Post. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Ebert, Roger (March 11, 1994). "The Scent Of Green Papaya". Roger Ebert. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ The Associated Press (September 11, 1995). "Golden Lions Awarded at Venice Festival". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Ebert, Roger (March 11, 1994). "The Vertical Ray Of The Sun". Roger Ebert. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ a b Shoji, Kaori (September 27, 2017). "The crafted sensuality of director Tran Anh Hung". The Japan Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Barry, Colleen (September 2, 2010). "Murakami's 'Norwegian Wood' transformed to film". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on December 4, 2023. Retrieved December 4, 2023. ^ Gray, Jason (July 31, 2008). "Tran to adapt Norwegian Wood for Asmik Ace, Fuji TV". Screen International. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Hinson, Hal (February 18, 1994). "'The Scent of Green Papaya' (NR)". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Maslin, Janet (October 11, 1993). "Review/Film; Vision of a Vietnam as Yet Unscarred". The New York Times. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Tarr, Carrie (2004). Tran Anh Hung as diasporic filmmaker (Lexington Books). Maryland, U.S.: In: Robson, Kathryn and Yee, Jennifer, (eds.) France and "Indochina": cultural representations. ISBN 0739108409. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. ^ a b Lâm Phố (May 19, 2004). "Nghệ thuật là sự thật được đeo mặt nạ". talawas.org (in Vietnamese). Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ "Đạo Diễn Trần Anh Hùng: "Nghệ Thuật Là Sự Thật Mang Chiếc Mặt Nạ"". viez.vn (in Vietnamese). April 20, 2023. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Gary W. Tooze. "Anh Hung Tran". dvdbeaver.com. Archived from the original on October 4, 2023. Retrieved October 4, 2023. ^ Variety Staff (December 31, 1992). "Mui Du Du Xanh". Variety. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Thomas, Dana (September 15, 1996). "Cyclo': Missing Saigon". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ A. O. Scott (July 6, 2001). "Film Review; Chekhovian Complication for 3 Sisters in Hanoi". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Kerr, Elizabeth (October 11, 2009). "I Come With the Rain — Film Review". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Gallagher, Chris (November 26, 2010). ""Norwegian Wood" director Tran cuts through language barrier". Reuters. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Parkes, Douglas (November 8, 2016). "Tran Anh Hung discusses his experimental new movie, 'Eternity'". Time Out Group. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023. ^ Ellwood, Gregory (November 30, 2023). "How 'Taste of Things' director convinced exes Juliette Binoche and Benoît Magimel to reunite". Los Angeles Times. 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"The 2023 Washington DC Area Film Critics Association (WAFCA) Winners". Next Best Picture. Archived from the original on December 11, 2023. Retrieved December 11, 2023. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tran Anh Hung. Trần Anh Hùng at IMDb vteFilms directed by Tran Anh Hung The Scent of Green Papaya (1993) Cyclo (1995) The Vertical Ray of the Sun (2000) I Come with the Rain (2009) Norwegian Wood (2010) Eternity (2016) The Taste of Things (2023) vteCannes Film Festival Award for Best Director1946–1975 René Clément (1946) René Clément (1949) Luis Buñuel (1951) Christian-Jaque (1952) Jules Dassin / Sergei Vasilyev (1955) Sergei Yutkevich (1956) Robert Bresson (1957) Ingmar Bergman (1958) François Truffaut (1959) Yuliya Solntseva (1961) Liviu Ciulei (1965) Sergei Yutkevich (1966) Ferenc Kósa (1967) Vojtěch Jasný / Glauber Rocha (1969) John Boorman (1970) Miklós Jancsó (1972) Michel Brault / Costa-Gavras (1975) 1976–2000 Ettore Scola (1976) Nagisa Ōshima (1978) Terrence Malick (1979) Werner Herzog (1982) Robert Bresson / Andrei Tarkovsky (1983) Bertrand Tavernier (1984) André Téchiné (1985) Martin Scorsese (1986) Wim Wenders (1987) Fernando Solanas (1988) Emir Kusturica (1989) Pavel Lungin (1990) Joel Coen (1991) Robert Altman (1992) Mike Leigh (1993) Nanni Moretti (1994) Mathieu Kassovitz (1995) Joel Coen (1996) Wong Kar-wai (1997) John Boorman (1998) Pedro Almodóvar (1999) Edward Yang (2000) 2001–present Joel Coen / David Lynch (2001) Paul Thomas Anderson / Im Kwon-taek (2002) Gus Van Sant (2003) Tony Gatlif (2004) Michael Haneke (2005) Alejandro González Iñárritu (2006) Julian Schnabel (2007) Nuri Bilge Ceylan (2008) Brillante Mendoza (2009) Mathieu Amalric (2010) Nicolas Winding Refn (2011) Carlos Reygadas (2012) Amat Escalante (2013) Bennett Miller (2014) Hou Hsiao-hsien (2015) Olivier Assayas / Cristian Mungiu (2016) Sofia Coppola (2017) Paweł Pawlikowski (2018) Dardenne brothers (2019) Leos Carax (2021) Park Chan-wook (2022) Tran Anh Hung (2023) Miguel Gomes (2024) Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel United States Czech Republic Korea Netherlands Poland Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_name"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Trần","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%E1%BA%A7n"},{"link_name":"given name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Given_name"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_people"},{"link_name":"filmmaker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filmmaker"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"In this Vietnamese name, the surname is Trần, but is often simplified to Tran in English-language text. In accordance with Vietnamese custom, this person should be referred to by the given name, Hung (Hùng).Trần Anh Hùng (English: Anh Hung Tran), born December 23, 1962)[2][3] is a Vietnamese-born French filmmaker.[4]","title":"Tran Anh Hung"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Da Nang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Da_Nang"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"Vietnam War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Robert Bresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bresson"},{"link_name":"A Man Escaped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Man_Escaped"},{"link_name":"National School Supérieure Louis-Lumière","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_nationale_sup%C3%A9rieure_Louis-Lumi%C3%A8re"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Musée d'Orsay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsay"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"Anh Hung was born in Da Nang, South Vietnam.[5][6] Following the fall of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam War in 1975, he immigrated to France at age 12.[7][8]Anh Hung majored in philosophy at a university in France. By chance, he saw Robert Bresson's film A Man Escaped and decided to study film instead. He went on to study photography at the National School Supérieure Louis-Lumière,[9][10] which trains cinematographers and supported himself by working in the Musée d'Orsay bookshop.[11]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"overseas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overseas_Vietnamese"},{"link_name":"Vietnamese cinema","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_cinema"},{"link_name":"Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Oscar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award"},{"link_name":"Best foreign film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"The Scent of Green Papaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scent_of_Green_Papaya"},{"link_name":"Cannes Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Cyclo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Tony Leung Chiu-Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Leung_Chiu-Wai"},{"link_name":"Golden Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion"},{"link_name":"Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"The Vertical Ray of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vertical_Ray_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"sabbatical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabbatical"},{"link_name":"noir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Film_noir"},{"link_name":"I Come with the Rain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Come_with_the_Rain"},{"link_name":"Josh Hartnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josh_Hartnett"},{"link_name":"Elias Koteas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elias_Koteas"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crafted-16"},{"link_name":"Norwegian Wood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Wood_(film)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Haruki Murakami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haruki_Murakami"},{"link_name":"novel of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Wood_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"}],"text":"Hung has been at the forefront of a wave of acclaimed overseas Vietnamese cinema over the past two decades. His films have received international fame and acclaim, and his first three features were varied meditations on life in his home country of Vietnam.[12]Hung's Oscar-nominated debut (for Best foreign film) was The Scent of Green Papaya (1993), which also won two top prizes at the Cannes Film Festival.[13] His follow-up Cyclo (1995, which featured Hong Kong movie star Tony Leung Chiu-Wai), won the Golden Lion at the Venice International Film Festival.[14] The Vertical Ray of the Sun, released in 2000, was the third film in his \"Vietnam trilogy.\"[15]After a sabbatical, Hung returned with the noir psychological thriller I Come with the Rain (2009), which featured a star-studded international cast including Josh Hartnett and Elias Koteas.[16]Hung directed Norwegian Wood,[17] an adaptation of Haruki Murakami's novel of the same name, which was released in Japan in December 2010.[18]","title":"Film career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Truyền kỳ mạn lục","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_k%E1%BB%B3_m%E1%BA%A1n_l%E1%BB%A5c"},{"link_name":"The Scent of Green Papaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scent_of_Green_Papaya"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film"},{"link_name":"Cyclo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo_(film)"},{"link_name":"Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon"},{"link_name":"Golden Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion"},{"link_name":"52nd Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/52nd_Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"The Vertical Ray of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vertical_Ray_of_the_Sun"}],"text":"In France, Hung studied at the prestigious film school, Louis Lumière. For his graduation project in 1987 he wrote and directed a short film La femme mariée de Nam Xuong, inspired by an old Vietnamese folk tale (Truyền kỳ mạn lục).Following this Hung made another short film, La pierre de l'attente (1989), before launching the feature film The Scent of Green Papaya (1993). The Scent of Green Papaya was acclaimed for its style and its beautiful images of Vietnamese life.[19][20] To date, the film is the only representative of Vietnamese cinema to be nominated for Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.The success of Papaya helped Hung gain funding for the next film, Cyclo. The film tells stories of poor people living in Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City), and was filmed on location there. Cyclo won the Golden Lion at 52nd Venice International Film Festival, and at the age of 33, Hung was one of the youngest filmmakers to be thus honored there.Having depicted life in Ho Chi Minh City, Hung turned his attention to Hanoi in The Vertical Ray of the Sun (2000). The main characters of the film are three sisters who idolize their parents' family life, before the truth is revealed after the mother's death.","title":"Films on Vietnam"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vietnamese culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_culture"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Bergman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingmar_Bergman"},{"link_name":"Bresson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Bresson"},{"link_name":"Kurosawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa"},{"link_name":"Tarkovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrei_Tarkovsky"},{"link_name":"Ozu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasujir%C5%8D_Ozu"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-crafted-16"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mask-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mask-22"},{"link_name":"The Scent of Green Papaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Scent_of_Green_Papaya"},{"link_name":"Cyclo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclo_(film)"},{"link_name":"The Vertical Ray of the Sun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Vertical_Ray_of_the_Sun"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"Hung's films are made so as to rebuild the image of Vietnam that he has lost when immigrating to France, and to provide the audience with another point of view on Vietnam when this topic has been long dominated by French and American cinema. The stories are based on Hung's knowledge about Vietnamese culture and (in the second and third films) his first-hand experience gained from trips to the country.[21]Hung is strongly influenced by French cinema and from some European and Japanese filmmakers, namely Bergman, Bresson, Kurosawa, Tarkovsky and Ozu.[16]Hung's style of filmmaking is expressed through the claim: \"Art is the truth wearing a mask\".[22][23]\nHe denies the conventional story-telling style and pursues making films with a new language: \"to challenge the audiences' feelings, making them enjoy the films not with the critical reasoning but the language of the body\".[22]As a banner of Vietnamese films, Tran Anh Hung, a French-Vietnamese director, broke the image of poverty and backwardness in prior American and French films with his unique camera images, showing the audience a Vietnam where tenderness and cruelty coexist. In Vietnam, Hung's most famous \"trilogy\"—The Scent of Green Papaya (1993), Cyclo (1995), and The Vertical Ray of the Sun (2000)—expresses feelings for his country.[24]","title":"Influences and style of film-making"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Accolades"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-34"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-35"}],"text":"^ Awards, festivals, honors and other miscellaneous organizations are listed in alphabetical order.\n\n^ Indicates the year of ceremony. Each year is linked to the article about the awards held that year, wherever possible.","title":"Notes"}]
[]
[{"title":"List of Academy Award winners and nominees of Asian descent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Academy_Award_winners_and_nominees_of_Asian_descent"}]
[{"reference":"Schilling, Mark (October 24, 2023). \"Tran Anh Hung Cooks Up Tokyo Film Festival Masterclass With 'The Taste of Things'\". Variety. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2023/film/news/tran-anh-hung-tokyo-film-festival-masterclass-taste-of-things-1235767364/","url_text":"\"Tran Anh Hung Cooks Up Tokyo Film Festival Masterclass With 'The Taste of Things'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231130222231/https://variety.com/2023/film/news/tran-anh-hung-tokyo-film-festival-masterclass-taste-of-things-1235767364/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Chang, Dustin (January 2, 2012). \"Adapting Murakami's NORWEGIAN WOOD: Tran Anh Hung Interview\". Screen Anarchy. Archived from the original on December 8, 2023. Retrieved December 8, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://screenanarchy.com/2012/01/adapting-norwegian-wood-tran-anh-hung-interview.html","url_text":"\"Adapting Murakami's NORWEGIAN WOOD: Tran Anh Hung Interview\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_Anarchy","url_text":"Screen Anarchy"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231208004534/https://screenanarchy.com/2012/01/adapting-norwegian-wood-tran-anh-hung-interview.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Tran Anh Hung\". Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on November 30, 2023. Retrieved November 30, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/anh_hung_tran","url_text":"\"Tran Anh Hung\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes","url_text":"Rotten Tomatoes"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231130220624/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/anh_hung_tran","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"La Passion De Dodin Bouffant\". 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgfreiheit
Burgfreiheit
["1 History","2 Places","3 Notes","4 References"]
Coordinates: 54°42′49″N 20°30′55″E / 54.71361°N 20.51528°E / 54.71361; 20.51528Münzstraße 54°42′49″N 20°30′55″E / 54.71361°N 20.51528°E / 54.71361; 20.51528 Burgfreiheit or Schlossfreiheit was a quarter of Königsberg, Germany. Its territory is now part of Kaliningrad, Russia. History Burgfreiheit extended north of Königsberg Castle on both sides of the Schlossteich, and was outside of Königsberg's three constituent towns, Altstadt, Löbenicht, and Kneiphof. Bordering quarters were Steindamm to the west, Tragheim to the north, Rossgarten to the northeast, Neue Sorge to the east, Löbenicht to the southeast, and the castle to the south. Documented in 1255, Burgfreiheit was inhabited by noble officials and craftsmen in the vicinity of the Teutonic Knights' castle (Burg). It was one of the castle's Freiheiten, suburbs with special rights. During the Teutonic era, Burgfreiheit also included mills, a court, the servants' infirmary, and two churches. Ca. 1500 it was defended by city walls. During the ducal era, it fell under the jurisdiction of the Oberburggraf residing in the castle. Most of Königsberg's Reformed adherents lived in Burgfreiheit; the Burgkirche was constructed in the 1690s. Reformed students attended the Burgschule school. In 1680 or 1682 Frederick William, the Great Elector, allowed the city's Jewish residents to rent space for prayer at the Eulenburgsches Haus (later Hotel Deutsches Haus) on Burgfreiheit's Kehrwiederstraße (later Theaterstraße). In 1701 the mostly Protestant burghers of Burgfreiheit petitioned the newly crowned King Frederick I to raise the district to the status of a proposed fourth town known as Friedrich(s)stadt or König(s)stadt. They also requested a coat of arms depicting a hand descending from the heavens holding a crown, flanked by a star and a blue cross; the imagery was taken from Frederick's Order of the Black Eagle. The burghers' petitions were defeated by opposition from the other three towns' councils and a bribe of 200 ducats from Wartenberg. Altstadt, Löbenicht, Kneiphof, and their respective suburbs were merged to form the united city of Königsberg in 1724. However, Königsberg Castle and its suburbs, including Burgfreiheit, were included within the new city limits but remained under royal, not municipal, control. Burgfreiheit was finally merged into the city during the Städteordnung of Stein on 19 November 1808 during the era of Prussian reforms. After recognizing the reorganization, King Frederick William III relinquished Burgfreiheit from crown land on 4 November 1809. Burgfreiheit was heavily damaged by the 1944 Bombing of Königsberg and 1945 Battle of Königsberg. Buildings which survived World War II were subsequently demolished by the Soviet Union. Places Streets and squares in Burgfreiheit included: Münzplatz, where the mint was located, and Münzstraße Junkerstraße, where court attendants and Junkers lived Theaterstraße, formerly known as Kehrwiederstraße and once derogatorily known as Arschkerbe because of its street gutter Französische Straße, formerly Burggasse, where many French Huguenot refugees allegedly settled after the Edict of Nantes Burgkirchenplatz, which included the Protestant Burgkirche Paradeplatz and the Königsgarten Kasernengasse, formerly Stallengasse, where courtiers were granted stables Prinzessinstraße (later part of Kantstraße), where court ladies resided Notes ^ Jähnig ^ a b Mühlpfordt, p. 35 ^ Gause I, p. 55 ^ Armstedt, p. 50 ^ Gause I, p. 561 ^ Armstedt, p. 183 ^ Jolowicz, p. 21 ^ Mühlpfordt, p. 150 ^ Armstedt, p. 211 ^ Boetticher, p. 97 ^ Gause II, p. 76 ^ Gause II, p. 334 ^ Gause II, p. 339 ^ Frischbier, p. 515 References Armstedt, Richard (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle. Bötticher, Adolf (1897). Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen (in German). Königsberg: Rautenberg. p. 395. Frischbier, Hermann Karl (1883). Preussisches Wörterbuch: Ost- und westpreussische Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Folge, Volume 2 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin. p. 555. Gause, Fritz (1965). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band I: Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zum letzten Kurfürsten (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 571. Gause, Fritz (1968). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band II: Von der Königskrönung bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 761. Jähnig, Bernhart (1999). 75 Jahre Historische Kommission für Ost-und Westpreussische Landesforschung (in German). Lüneburg: Institut Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk. p. 405. Jolowicz, Heimann (1867). Geschichte der Juden in Königsberg i. Pr: ein Beitrag zur Sittengeschichte des preussischen Stattes (in German). Posen: Verlag von Joseph Jolowicz. p. 210. Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard (1972). Königsberg von A bis Z (in German). München: Aufstieg-Verlag. p. 168. ISBN 3-7612-0092-7.
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Bordering quarters were Steindamm to the west, Tragheim to the north, Rossgarten to the northeast, Neue Sorge to the east, Löbenicht to the southeast, and the castle to the south.Documented in 1255,[1] Burgfreiheit was inhabited by noble officials and craftsmen[2] in the vicinity of \nthe Teutonic Knights' castle (Burg). It was one of the castle's Freiheiten, suburbs with special rights. During the Teutonic era, Burgfreiheit also included mills, a court, the servants' infirmary, and two churches.[3] Ca. 1500 it was defended by city walls.[4] During the ducal era, it fell under the jurisdiction of the Oberburggraf residing in the castle.Most of Königsberg's Reformed adherents lived in Burgfreiheit;[5] the Burgkirche was constructed in the 1690s. Reformed students attended the Burgschule school. In 1680[6][7] or 1682[8] Frederick William, the Great Elector, allowed the city's Jewish residents to rent space for prayer at the Eulenburgsches Haus (later Hotel Deutsches Haus) on Burgfreiheit's Kehrwiederstraße (later Theaterstraße).In 1701 the mostly Protestant burghers of Burgfreiheit petitioned the newly crowned King Frederick I to raise the district to the status of a proposed fourth town known as Friedrich(s)stadt[2] or König(s)stadt.[9] They also requested a coat of arms depicting a hand descending from the heavens holding a crown, flanked by a star and a blue cross; the imagery was taken from Frederick's Order of the Black Eagle.[10] The burghers' petitions were defeated by opposition from the other three towns' councils and a bribe of 200 ducats from Wartenberg.Altstadt, Löbenicht, Kneiphof, and their respective suburbs were merged to form the united city of Königsberg in 1724. However, Königsberg Castle and its suburbs, including Burgfreiheit, were included within the new city limits but remained under royal, not municipal, control.[11] Burgfreiheit was finally merged into the city during the Städteordnung of Stein on 19 November 1808 during the era of Prussian reforms.[12] After recognizing the reorganization, King Frederick William III relinquished Burgfreiheit from crown land on 4 November 1809.[13]Burgfreiheit was heavily damaged by the 1944 Bombing of Königsberg and 1945 Battle of Königsberg. Buildings which survived World War II were subsequently demolished by the Soviet Union.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Junkers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junker"},{"link_name":"Edict of Nantes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes"},{"link_name":"Burgkirche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burgkirche_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)"},{"link_name":"Paradeplatz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradeplatz_(K%C3%B6nigsberg)"}],"text":"Streets and squares in Burgfreiheit included:[14]Münzplatz, where the mint was located, and Münzstraße\nJunkerstraße, where court attendants and Junkers lived\nTheaterstraße, formerly known as Kehrwiederstraße and once derogatorily known as Arschkerbe because of its street gutter\nFranzösische Straße, formerly Burggasse, where many French Huguenot refugees allegedly settled after the Edict of Nantes\nBurgkirchenplatz, which included the Protestant Burgkirche\nParadeplatz and the Königsgarten\nKasernengasse, formerly Stallengasse, where courtiers were granted stables\nPrinzessinstraße (later part of Kantstraße), where court ladies resided","title":"Places"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M35_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-M35_2-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"}],"text":"^ Jähnig\n\n^ a b Mühlpfordt, p. 35\n\n^ Gause I, p. 55\n\n^ Armstedt, p. 50\n\n^ Gause I, p. 561\n\n^ Armstedt, p. 183\n\n^ Jolowicz, p. 21\n\n^ Mühlpfordt, p. 150\n\n^ Armstedt, p. 211\n\n^ Boetticher, p. 97\n\n^ Gause II, p. 76\n\n^ Gause II, p. 334\n\n^ Gause II, p. 339\n\n^ Frischbier, p. 515","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Münzstraße","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ID003097_A004_Muenzstrasse.jpg/220px-ID003097_A004_Muenzstrasse.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Armstedt, Richard (1899). Geschichte der königl. Haupt- und Residenzstadt Königsberg in Preussen (in German). Stuttgart: Hobbing & Büchle.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Armstedt","url_text":"Armstedt, Richard"}]},{"reference":"Bötticher, Adolf (1897). Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler der Provinz Ostpreußen (in German). Königsberg: Rautenberg. p. 395.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_B%C3%B6tticher","url_text":"Bötticher, Adolf"}]},{"reference":"Frischbier, Hermann Karl (1883). Preussisches Wörterbuch: Ost- und westpreussische Provinzialismen in alphabetischer Folge, Volume 2 (in German). Berlin: Verlag von Th. Chr. Fr. Enslin. p. 555.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Karl_Frischbier","url_text":"Frischbier, Hermann Karl"}]},{"reference":"Gause, Fritz (1965). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band I: Von der Gründung der Stadt bis zum letzten Kurfürsten (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 571.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Gause","url_text":"Gause, Fritz"}]},{"reference":"Gause, Fritz (1968). Die Geschichte der Stadt Königsberg. Band II: Von der Königskrönung bis zum Ausbruch des Ersten Weltkriegs (in German). Köln: Böhlau Verlag. p. 761.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Gause","url_text":"Gause, Fritz"}]},{"reference":"Jähnig, Bernhart (1999). 75 Jahre Historische Kommission für Ost-und Westpreussische Landesforschung (in German). Lüneburg: Institut Nordostdeutsches Kulturwerk. p. 405.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jolowicz, Heimann (1867). Geschichte der Juden in Königsberg i. Pr: ein Beitrag zur Sittengeschichte des preussischen Stattes (in German). Posen: Verlag von Joseph Jolowicz. p. 210.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard (1972). Königsberg von A bis Z (in German). München: Aufstieg-Verlag. p. 168. ISBN 3-7612-0092-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Meinhard_M%C3%BChlpfordt","url_text":"Mühlpfordt, Herbert Meinhard"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7612-0092-7","url_text":"3-7612-0092-7"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burgfreiheit&params=54_42_49_N_20_30_55_E_region:RU-KGD_type:city_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"54°42′49″N 20°30′55″E / 54.71361°N 20.51528°E / 54.71361; 20.51528"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burgfreiheit&params=54_42_49_N_20_30_55_E_region:RU-KGD_type:city_source:kolossus-dewiki","external_links_name":"54°42′49″N 20°30′55″E / 54.71361°N 20.51528°E / 54.71361; 20.51528"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administrative_and_municipal_divisions_of_Sevastopol
Administrative and municipal divisions of Sevastopol
["1 Divisions under the Ukrainian law","2 Divisions under the Russian law","2.1 List of municipal formations","3 References","3.1 Notes","3.2 Sources"]
Municipal government of Sevastopol Sevastopol (Russian - Севастополь) is a city on the Black Sea, located in the southwest of the Crimean Peninsula—a territory disputed between Russia and Ukraine as a result of the 2014 Crimean crisis. It has been under the de facto Russian control since March 2014, when it was incorporated into Russia as one of its federal subjects, with a status of a federal city. Being a disputed territory, Sevastopol has two sets of laws governing how its administrative and municipal divisions are set up. Under both Ukrainian and Russian laws, the city is administratively divided into four districts. Districts of Sevastopol:   Gagarin Raion (Gagarinsky District)   Lenin Raion (Leninsky District)   Nakhimov Raion (Nakhimovsky District)   Balaklava Raion (Balaklavsky District) Under the Ukrainian laws, the districts have both administrative and municipal status, while under the Russian laws the districts are purely administrative and have no further divisions. Within the Russian municipal framework, however, the territory of the federal city of Sevastopol is divided into nine municipal okrugs and the Town of Inkerman. While individual municipal divisions are contained within the borders of the administrative districts, they are not otherwise related to the administrative districts. The borders of the municipal okrugs are unchanged from the borders of the municipalities which exist under the Ukrainian law. Divisions under the Ukrainian law Sevastopol is divided into four raions (districts): Raion Area(in km2) Population 2014 Density(per km2) Gagarin Raion 61,1 123,768 2025,7 Lenin Raion 26,0 110,132 4235,8 Nakhimov Raion 231.5 105,149 454,2 Balaklava Raion 544,9 44,991 82,6 All settlements in Sevastopol are organized within the municipal raions. Most of the city's urban areas are located within the Lenin and Gagarin raions, with the Lenin Raion housing the city administration. The former Balaklava settlement, at the southern portion of Sevastopol, is part of the Balaklava Raion; a raion that contains 29 rural settlements which in turn comprise several villages. The town of Inkerman and the urban-type settlement of Kacha are located within the Balaklava Raion as well. The Chersonesus Taurica Preserve of Cultural Heritage with archaeological site and museum is located in the Gagarin Raion. In part two of them (Gagarin and Lenin) includes only the streets, and the other two (Balaklava and Nakhimovskiy district) are also subject to 28 villages surrounding the city and more than 30 settlements without the status of settlement (such as agricultural or special settlements). Gagarin Raion    Western part of the city. Includes: Chersonesus, Bays: Kozachiya, Kamishevaya, Omega, Streletskaya, Karantinnaya, beams: Yukharina and Mayachnaya and others. Lenin Raion    Central part of the city. Includes: Karantinnaya Bay on the west, Sarandinakina and South Bays on the east coast of Sevastopol Bay—in the north and the border areas of Balaklava, and Gagarin—in the south. Nakhimov Raion    Northern part of town, north side, and the territory north of the Belbek River. The region includes the North and the Ship side of Sevastopol, as well as rural area, with the following towns: Kachynskyi village council: Kacha village Vyshneve (Eski-Eli) Orlivka (Mamashay) Osypenko Polyushko Andriivka village council: Andriivka (Akleiz) Sonyachnyi Verkhnyosadovskyi village council: Verkhnyosadove Dalne (Kamyshly) Kamyshly Pyrohivka (Adzhikoy) Povorotne Frontove (Otarkoy) Fruktove (Belbek) Balaklava Raion    South-eastern part of the city. Balaklava area (Ukrainian Balaklavsky area krymskotat. Balıqlava rayonı) – Administrative Region in the south and east of the territory of the Sevastopol city council. On the territory of the Balaklava district is the southernmost point of the Ukraine – Cape Sarych. On the territory of the Balaklava district are 34 settlements (in brackets are the historical, to the renaming of the 1940s, the names of villages): Inkermanskyi city council Orlynovskyi village council: Orlyne (Baydar) Honcharne (Varnautka) Kyzylove Kolkhozne (Uzundzhy) Novobobrovske (Baga) Ozerne Pavlivka (Sahtik) Peredove (Urkusta) Podhirne (Calendo) Rezervne (Kyuchyuk-Muskomiya) Rodnykivske (Skele) Rossoshanka (Savatka) Tylove (Khaito) Shyroke (Byuyuk-Muskomiya) Ternivskyi village council: Ternivka (Shula) Ridne (Uppa) Divisions under the Russian law Under the Russian law, the only administrative divisions of the federal city of Sevastopol are the districts, which are the same four districts used under the Ukrainian laws. Within the Russian municipal framework, however, the territory of the federal city of Sevastopol is divided into nine municipal okrugs and the Town of Inkerman. While individual municipal divisions are contained within the borders of the administrative districts as to not create difficulties between various levels of governance, they are not otherwise related to those administrative districts. List of municipal formations Source: Municipal formations within Balaklavsky District Balaklavsky Municipal Okrug Orlinovsky Municipal Okrug Ternovsky Municipal Okrug Town of Inkerman Municipal formations within Gagarinsky District Gagarinsky Municipal Okrug Municipal formations within Leninsky District Leninsky Municipal Okrug Municipal formations within Nakhimovsky District Andreyevsky Municipal Okrug Kachinsky Municipal Okrug Nakhimovsky Municipal Okrug Verkhnesadovsky Municipal Okrug References Notes ^ Law #19-ZS ^ a b c Law #17-ZS Sources Законодательное Собрание города Севастополя. Закон №19-ЗС от 3 июня 2014 г. «Об административно-территориальном устройстве города Севастополя». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Севастопольские известия", №44–48(1669), 4 июня 2014 г. (Legislative Assembly of the City of Sevastopol. Law #19-ZS of June 3, 2014 On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the City of Sevastopol. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication.). Законодательное Собрание города Севастополя. Закон №17-ЗС от 3 июня 2014 г. «Об установлении границ и статусе муниципальных образований в городе Севастополе». Вступил в силу через 10 дней со дня официального опубликования. (Legislative Assembly of the City of Sevastopol. Law #17-ZS of June 3, 2014 On Establishing the Borders and the Status of the Municipal Formations in the City of Sevastopol. Effective as of the day which is 10 days after the day of the official publication.). vteAdministrative divisions of SevastopolAdministrative center: SevastopolRaions Balaklavskiy Gagarinskiy Leninskiy Nakhimovskiy Hromadas Cities Inkerman (de facto) vte Administrative divisions of Ukraine's regionsOblasts Cherkasy Chernihiv Chernivtsi Dnipropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kharkiv Kherson Khmelnytskyi Kirovohrad Kyiv Luhansk Lviv Mykolaiv Odesa Poltava Rivne Sumy Ternopil Vinnytsia Volyn Zakarpattia Zaporizhzhia Zhytomyr Autonomous republic Crimea1 Cities with special status Kyiv Sevastopol1 1Claimed and controlled by Russia as the Republic of Crimea and the Federal City of Sevastopol vteAdministrative divisions of the federal subjects of RussiaRepublics Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Donetsk1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Karelia Khakassia Komi Luhansk1 Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Oblasts Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Federal cities Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast Jewish Autonomous okrugs Chukotka Khanty-Mansi Nenets Yamalo-Nenets 1Recognized as territory of Ukraine by most of the international community
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sevastopol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Crimean Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crimean_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Ukraine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukraine"},{"link_name":"2014 Crimean crisis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Crimean_crisis"},{"link_name":"federal subjects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"federal city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sevastopol-boroughs.svg"},{"link_name":"Gagarin Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin_Raion"},{"link_name":"Lenin Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Raion,_Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Nakhimov Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhimov_Raion"},{"link_name":"Balaklava Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava_Raion"},{"link_name":"municipal framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"municipal okrugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrug#Russian_Federation"}],"text":"Sevastopol (Russian - Севастополь) is a city on the Black Sea, located in the southwest of the Crimean Peninsula—a territory disputed between Russia and Ukraine as a result of the 2014 Crimean crisis. It has been under the de facto Russian control since March 2014, when it was incorporated into Russia as one of its federal subjects, with a status of a federal city. Being a disputed territory, Sevastopol has two sets of laws governing how its administrative and municipal divisions are set up. Under both Ukrainian and Russian laws, the city is administratively divided into four districts.Districts of Sevastopol:   Gagarin Raion (Gagarinsky District)   Lenin Raion (Leninsky District)   Nakhimov Raion (Nakhimovsky District)   Balaklava Raion (Balaklavsky District)Under the Ukrainian laws, the districts have both administrative and municipal status, while under the Russian laws the districts are purely administrative and have no further divisions. Within the Russian municipal framework, however, the territory of the federal city of Sevastopol is divided into nine municipal okrugs and the Town of Inkerman. While individual municipal divisions are contained within the borders of the administrative districts, they are not otherwise related to the administrative districts. The borders of the municipal okrugs are unchanged from the borders of the municipalities which exist under the Ukrainian law.","title":"Administrative and municipal divisions of Sevastopol"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"raions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raion"},{"link_name":"Balaklava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava"},{"link_name":"Balaklava Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava_Raion"},{"link_name":"Inkerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkerman"},{"link_name":"Kacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kacha,_Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Chersonesus Taurica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chersonesus_Taurica"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Gagarin Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gagarin_Raion"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Lenin Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenin_Raion,_Sevastopol"},{"link_name":"Nakhimov Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhimov_Raion"},{"link_name":"Belbek River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belbek_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Balaklava Raion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaklava_Raion"},{"link_name":"Sarych","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarych"}],"text":"Sevastopol is divided into four raions (districts):All settlements in Sevastopol are organized within the municipal raions. Most of the city's urban areas are located within the Lenin and Gagarin raions, with the Lenin Raion housing the city administration. The former Balaklava settlement, at the southern portion of Sevastopol, is part of the Balaklava Raion; a raion that contains 29 rural settlements which in turn comprise several villages. The town of Inkerman and the urban-type settlement of Kacha are located within the Balaklava Raion as well. The Chersonesus Taurica Preserve of Cultural Heritage with archaeological site and museum is located in the Gagarin Raion.In part two of them (Gagarin and Lenin) includes only the streets, and the other two (Balaklava and Nakhimovskiy district) are also subject to 28 villages surrounding the city and more than 30 settlements without the status of settlement (such as agricultural or special settlements).[clarification needed]Gagarin RaionWestern part of the city. Includes: Chersonesus, Bays: Kozachiya, Kamishevaya, Omega, Streletskaya, Karantinnaya, beams:[clarification needed] Yukharina and Mayachnaya and others.Lenin RaionCentral part of the city. Includes: Karantinnaya Bay on the west, Sarandinakina and South Bays on the east coast of Sevastopol Bay—in the north and the border areas of Balaklava, and Gagarin—in the south.Nakhimov RaionNorthern part of town, north side, and the territory north of the Belbek River. The region includes the North and the Ship side of Sevastopol, as well as rural area, with the following towns:Balaklava RaionSouth-eastern part of the city. Balaklava area (Ukrainian Balaklavsky area krymskotat. Balıqlava rayonı) – Administrative Region in the south and east of the territory of the Sevastopol city council. On the territory of the Balaklava district is the southernmost point of the Ukraine – Cape Sarych.On the territory of the Balaklava district are 34 settlements (in brackets are the historical, to the renaming of the 1940s, the names of villages):","title":"Divisions under the Ukrainian law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sevastopol_adm-1"},{"link_name":"municipal framework","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Russia#Municipal_divisions"},{"link_name":"municipal okrugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okrug#Russian_Federation"},{"link_name":"Inkerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkerman"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sevastopol_mun-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sevastopol_mun-2"}],"text":"Under the Russian law, the only administrative divisions of the federal city of Sevastopol are the districts, which are the same four districts used under the Ukrainian laws.[1] Within the Russian municipal framework, however, the territory of the federal city of Sevastopol is divided into nine municipal okrugs and the Town of Inkerman.[2] While individual municipal divisions are contained within the borders of the administrative districts as to not create difficulties between various levels of governance, they are not otherwise related to those administrative districts.[2]","title":"Divisions under the Russian law"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sevastopol_mun-2"},{"link_name":"Inkerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inkerman"}],"sub_title":"List of municipal formations","text":"Source:[2]Municipal formations within Balaklavsky DistrictBalaklavsky Municipal Okrug\nOrlinovsky Municipal Okrug\nTernovsky Municipal Okrug\nTown of InkermanMunicipal formations within Gagarinsky DistrictGagarinsky Municipal OkrugMunicipal formations within Leninsky DistrictLeninsky Municipal OkrugMunicipal formations within Nakhimovsky DistrictAndreyevsky Municipal Okrug\nKachinsky Municipal Okrug\nNakhimovsky Municipal Okrug\nVerkhnesadovsky Municipal Okrug","title":"Divisions under the Russian law"}]
[{"image_text":"Districts of Sevastopol:   Gagarin Raion (Gagarinsky District)   Lenin Raion (Leninsky District)   Nakhimov Raion (Nakhimovsky District)   Balaklava Raion (Balaklavsky District)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sevastopol-boroughs.svg/220px-Sevastopol-boroughs.svg.png"}]
null
[]
[{"Link":"http://sevastopol.gov.ru/19-zs-ot-3-06-2014.html","external_links_name":"Об административно-территориальном устройстве города Севастополя"},{"Link":"http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://sevastopol.gov.ru/19-zs-ot-3-06-2014.html","external_links_name":"On the Administrative-Territorial Structure of the City of Sevastopol"},{"Link":"http://sevastopol.gov.ru/17-zs-ot-3-06-2014.html","external_links_name":"Об установлении границ и статусе муниципальных образований в городе Севастополе"},{"Link":"http://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=ru&tl=en&u=http://sevastopol.gov.ru/17-zs-ot-3-06-2014.html","external_links_name":"On Establishing the Borders and the Status of the Municipal Formations in the City of Sevastopol"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letham_Grange_estate
Letham Grange estate
["1 History","2 References"]
Coordinates: 56°36′06″N 2°36′47″W / 56.60155°N 2.61319°W / 56.60155; -2.61319 Letham Grange Hotel in 2006 Letham Grange is a mansion and estate situated north of Arbroath, in Angus, Scotland. The mansion itself is category B listed. History The mansion was constructed between 1827 and 1830. The architect was Archibald Simpson. During the late 20th century, the mansion was converted into a hotel and private houses were built on the estate. The estate had its own railway station, Letham Grange railway station, on the North British, Arbroath and Montrose Railway. A golf club on the estate was opened in 1987, the official opening attended by Henry Cotton. The estate was acquired by Taiwanese man Peter Liu. The hotel closed in 2002, and the golf club folded in November 2019. The site has also been home to a curling club. References ^ "Letham Grange from The Gazetteer for Scotland". www.scottish-places.info. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ "LETHAM GRANGE HOUSE (LB4734)". portal.historicenvironment.scot. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ "Letham Grange | Canmore". canmore.org.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ bunkered.co.uk (25 September 2019). "Members hit out at owners as club closure is…". bunkered.co.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ "Liu checks out of Letham Grange Court of Session contributes final chapter to bizarre story of the man who sold himself a hotel". HeraldScotland. Retrieved 23 March 2021. ^ GolfBusinessNews.com. "Letham Grange shuts down". GolfBusinessNews.com. Retrieved 23 March 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help) 56°36′06″N 2°36′47″W / 56.60155°N 2.61319°W / 56.60155; -2.61319 This Angus location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Phadnis
Nana Fadnavis
["1 Early life","2 Peshwa administration","3 Menavali palace","4 In popular culture","5 Notes","6 External links"]
Historical Indian statesman (1742–1800) Not to be confused with Nana Sahib. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Nana Fadnavis" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (September 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Nana FadnavisPortrait of Nana Fadnavis by John Thomas SetonBornBalaji Janardan Bhanu12 February 1742Satara, Maratha Empire(Modern-day Maharashtra, India)Died13 March 1800(1800-03-13) (aged 58)Pune, Maratha Empire(Modern day Maharashtra, India)ReligionHinduismOccupationProminent minister and statesman of the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa administration Nana Fadnavis (Pronunciation: ; also Phadnavis and Furnuwees and abbreviated as Phadnis) (12 February 1742 – 13 March 1800), born Balaji Janardan Bhanu, was a Maratha minister and statesman during the Peshwa administration in Pune, India. James Grant Duff states that he was called "the Maratha Machiavelli" by the Europeans. Early life Balaji Janardan Bhanu was born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family in Satara in 1742 and was nicknamed 'Nana'. His grandfather Balaji Mahadaji Bhanu had migrated from a village called Velas near Shrivardhan during the days of the First Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath Bhat. The Bhats and the Bhanus had family relations and a very good friendship existed between them. The two families had respectively inherited the 'Mahajan' or village-head positions of the towns of Velas and Shrivardhan. Balaji Mahadji had once saved the Peshwa from a murderous plot by the Mughals. The Peshwa therefore recommended Chattrapati Shahu to award the title of Phadnavis (one of the Ashtapradhan) on Bhanu. Later, when the Peshwa became the de facto head of state, Phadnavis became the main minister who held key portfolios of Administration and Finance for the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa regime. Nana was the grandson of Balaji Mahadji Bhanu and had inherited his grandfather's name, keeping up with the tradition. The Peshwa treated him like family and extended to him the same facilities of education and diplomatic training as his sons, Vishwasrao, Madhavrao, and Narayanrao. He continued to be the Phadnavis, or the finance minister, for the Peshwa. Peshwa administration Nana Fadnavis In 1761, Nana escaped to Pune from the Third Battle of Panipat and rose to great heights, becoming a leading personage directing the affairs of the Maratha Confederacy, although he was never a soldier himself. This was a period of political instability as one Peshwa was rapidly succeeded by another, and there were many controversial transfers of power. Nana Phadnavis played a pivotal role in holding the Maratha Confederacy together in the midst of internal dissension and the growing power of the British East India Company. Peshwa Madhav Rao Narayan with Nana Fadnavis Nana's administrative, diplomatic, and financial skills brought prosperity to the Maratha Empire and his management of external affairs kept the Maratha Empire away from the thrust of the British East India Company. He displayed his best warfare skills in various battles won by Maratha forces against the Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan of Mysore, and the English Army. However, Nana's policy of fighting the Mysoreans, forming a confederation against Tipu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War with Hyderabad and the British, weakened Tipu Sultan, whose advanced armies had at that point been the bulwark against British control. Furthermore, his policy of remaining neutral in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, between the British and Tipu Sultan, weakened support for the latter, paving the way for British dominance in the Indian subcontinent. On hearing of the death of Tipu, Nana remarked that the Marathas had only now realized that they were next, and there was "no escape from destiny". After the assassination of Peshwa Narayanrao in 1773, Nana Phadnavis managed the affairs of the state with the help of a twelve-member regency council known as the Barabhai council. The council was Nana's mastermind plan to protect Madhavrao II, son of Narayanrao, born posthumously to Gangabai, the widow of Narayanrao, from the Peshwa family's internal conflicts. The Barabhai Council was an alliance of influential Sardars (generals) led by Nana. Other members of the council were Haripant Phadke, Moroba Phadnis, Sakaram Bapu Bokil, Trimbakraomama Pethe, Mahadji Shinde, Tukojirao Holkar, Phaltankar, Bhagwanrao Pratinidhi, Maloji Ghorpade, Sardar Raste, and Babuji Naik. During this time, the Maratha Empire was significant in size with a number of vassal states under a treaty of protection who recognized the Peshwa as the supreme power. Capture of Nana Fadnavis While visiting Daulat Rao Sindhia's camp one day in 1798, Nana was suddenly imprisoned, leading to unprecedented looting and anarchy in Pune. He was released a few months later. After a short illness, Nana died at Pune on 13 March 1800. Following his death, Peshwa Baji Rao II placed himself in the hands of the British, provoking the Second Anglo-Maratha War that began the breakup of the Maratha confederacy. Menavali palace Rear entrance to Nana Phadanvis' house (Nana phadanvis wada), which is still preserved today in the same condition as when Nana built it in 1780. Location: Menawali near Wai in Satara district of Maharashtra Bhavan Rao Trymbak Pant Pratinidhi of Aundh and Raghunath Ghanshyam Mantri (of Satara) bestowed the village of Menavali upon Nana Phadnavis in December 1768. Nana Phadnavis settled the village and built a Wada (A mansion with inner courtyards), a Ghat (steps) leading from the mansion to the Krishna river, and two temples, one dedicated to Lord Vishnu and another to Meneshwar (मेणेश्वर) Lord Shiva. The architectural combination of a wada-type residence, a ghat on a waterbody, and a temple was typical of the Peshwa era. However, most of these palatial structures fell into disuse and disrepair after the lands and estates of the owners were taken away by the government after India became a republic in 1947. The Nana Phadnavis Wada on the bank of the river Krishna at Menavali is one of the very rare places where such a combination is preserved intact. The Nana Phadnavis wada is a large structure with six quadrangles, or courtyards, and a perimeter-protection wall. This construction of the complex was completed around 1780. Other notable wadas nearby are the Raste Wada and Ranade wada in Wai. After Nana Phadnavis died in 1800, the Peshwa Baji Rao II confiscated the wada. Governor-General Wellesley (brother of the Duke of Wellington) returned the property to Nana's wife Jeeubai on 25 March 1804. After her death, Sir Bartle Frere (Governor of Bombay) handed over the property to Nana's descendants. The Nana Phadnavis wada today remains with his descendants. Having split the major part of his properties between themselves, the wada is still owned jointly by them all. Ghats, which were originally nothing more than simple stone steps descending into a river, evolved during the Peshwa era into an elaborate arrangement of terraces with separate areas for different activities such as bathing, washing, filling water, and performing religious rites. Temples were traditionally built on ghats. Nana, being the Peshwas' "Phadnavis", transcribed and maintained their documents of accounts and administrative letters in the ancient "Modi" script. These documents, known as the famous "Menavli Daptar", were preserved in the wada at Menavali. There is a dark, musty, narrow, steep staircase concealed in the metre-thick wall, leading to the floor above. The staircase was once secret and easily secured, admitting only one person at a time into Nana Phadnavis's darbar hall. Nana Phadnavis's reception "darbar" hall has an attached bedroom with a teakwood bedstead. The bedstead is an intricately carved four-poster. The floor is paved with clay and cow dung. Wadas are systems of open courtyards with increased security. Nana's corridors on the upper floor are lined with teakwood lattice work. A concealed escape stairway in the wall leads out of the wada. Descending the stone steps leads to the ghat on the river Krishna. On descending the steps and turning right, one sees a peaceful and rather drab view of Pandavgarh in the distance. The bell house of the Meneshwar temple houses a six-hundred-and-fifty-kilogram bell. This bell was captured by Bajirao I's brother Chimaji Appa from a cathedral in the Portuguese fort at Bassein. Dating from 1707, the five-alloy bell bears a bas-relief of Mary carrying the infant Jesus Christ cast into it. An ancient tree with a massive coniform trunk has a platform constructed around it as old as the wada itself. This tree featured in the Bollywood movie Swades. In the movie, the village elders hold a Panchayat on the stone platform around this tree. Several Bollywood movies have been shot there, using the wada as an exotic location, notably Yudh (Jackie Shroff/Tina Munim), Mrityudand (Madhuri Dixit), Goonj Uthi Shehnai, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain (Govinda), Gangaajal (Ajay Devgan), Sarja (Ajinkya Deo), and Swades (Shahrukh Khan, Gayatri Joshi). The film crew of the movie Swades once camped at the ghat to shoot some footage. The crew cleaned and painted the old stone walls of the ghat and the temples. Nana Fadnavis Wada In popular culture In the 1994 Hindi TV series The Great Maratha, Nana's character was portrayed by Hariom Parashar. Notes ^ Dalrymple, William (10 September 2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-6440-1. ^ Mohibbul, Hasan (1971). History of Tipu Sultan (2nd ed.). Calcutta: THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD. p. 322. ^ "Baji J. Ram Rao, Menavali". ^ "Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood". Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Nana Farnavis". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160. External links Nana Phadnis and the External Affairs of the Maratha Empire by YN Deodhar, Popular Book Depot, 1962 Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Israel United States vte Maratha ConfederacyChhatrapatis Shivaji Sambhaji Rajaram I Tarabai Shahu I Rajaram II Shahu II Pratap Singh Peshwas Moropant Trimbak Pingle Moreshvar Pingale Ramchandra Pant Amatya Bahiroji Pingale Balaji Vishwanath Baji Rao I Balaji Baji Rao Madhavrao Ballal Narayan Rao Raghunathrao Sawai Madhavrao Baji Rao II Amrut Rao Nana Sahib Bhat family Amatya & Pratinidhi Ramchandra Pant Amatya Pralhad Niraji Parshuram Pant Pratinidhi (hereditary) Shripatrao Pant Pratinidhi Jagjivanrao Pant Pratinidhi Women Ahilyabai Holkar Anandibai Gopikabai Jankibai Jijabai Kashibai Lakshmibai Mastani Parvatibai Putalabai Ramabai Saibai Sakvarbai Soyarabai Umabai Dabhade Baka Bai Tulsi Bai Holkar Maratha Confederacy Bhonsle of Nagpur Gaekwad of Baroda Scindia of Gwalior Holkar of Indore Patwardhan dynasty Battles Pratapgarh Kolhapur Pavan Khind Umberkhind Chakan Surat Purandar Sinhagad Salher Kalyan Bhupalgarh Bijapur Raigarh (1689) Jinji Satara Khelna Raigarh Torna Palkhed Malwa Mandsaur Bhopal Vasai 1st Trichinopoly Katwa (1st) 2nd Trichinopoly Katwa (2nd) Invasions of Bengal Burdwan Narela 2nd Delhi North-west India Peshawar 3rd Panipat Alegaon Rakshasbhuvan Capture of Delhi Pachgaon Saunshi Wadgaon Adoni Badami Savanur Gajendragad Bahadur Benda Lalsot Chaksana Patan Kharda Poona 3rd Delhi Assaye Laswari Farrukhabad Bharatpur Khadki Koregaon Mahidpur Wars Maratha-Mughal War of 27 years Maratha–Mysore War First Anglo-Maratha War Second Anglo-Maratha War Third Anglo-Maratha War Adversaries Adilshahi Qutbshahi Mughal Empire Durrani Empire British Empire Portuguese Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Mysore Forts Mangad Panhala Pratapgad Purandar Raigad Rajgad Shaniwar Wada Shivneri Sindhudurg Rajgad Torna Coins Shivrai vteIndian independence movementHistory Colonisation Porto Grande de Bengala Dutch Bengal East India Company British Raj French India Portuguese India Battle of Plassey Battle of Buxar Anglo-Mysore Wars First Second Third Fourth Anglo-Maratha Wars First Second Third Gwalior Polygar Wars Vellore Mutiny First Anglo-Sikh War Second Anglo-Sikh War Sannyasi rebellion Rebellion of 1857 Radcliffe Line more Philosophiesand ideologies Ambedkarism Gandhism Hindu nationalism Indian nationalism Khilafat Movement Muslim nationalism in South Asia Satyagraha Socialism Swadeshi movement Swaraj Events and movements Partition of Bengal (1905) Partition of Bengal (1947) Revolutionaries Direct Action Day Delhi-Lahore Conspiracy The Indian Sociologist Singapore Mutiny Hindu–German Conspiracy Champaran Satyagraha Kheda Satyagraha Rowlatt Committee Rowlatt Bills Jallianwala Bagh massacre Noakhali riots Non-cooperation movement Christmas Day Plot Coolie-Begar movement Chauri Chaura incident, 1922 Kakori conspiracy Qissa Khwani massacre Flag Satyagraha Bardoli 1928 Protests Nehru Report Fourteen Points of Jinnah Purna Swaraj Salt March Dharasana Satyagraha Vedaranyam March Chittagong armoury raid Gandhi–Irwin Pact Round table conferences Act of 1935 Aundh Experiment Indian Legion Cripps Mission Quit India Bombay Mutiny Royal Air Force strikes Coup d'état of Yanaon Provisional Government of India Independence Day Praja Mandala movement Lucknow Pact Organisations All India Kisan Sabha All-India Muslim League Anushilan Samiti Arya Samaj Azad Hind Berlin Committee Ghadar Movement Hindustan Socialist Republican Association Indian National Congress India House Indian Home Rule movement Indian Independence League Indian National Army Jugantar Khaksar movement Khudai Khidmatgar Swaraj Party more Socialreformers A. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nana Sahib","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_Sahib"},{"link_name":"[naːna pʰəɖɳəʋiːs, fəɖ-]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Empire"},{"link_name":"Peshwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshwa"},{"link_name":"Pune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pune"},{"link_name":"James Grant Duff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Grant_Duff"},{"link_name":"Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha"},{"link_name":"Machiavelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machiavelli"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Not to be confused with Nana Sahib.Nana Fadnavis (Pronunciation: [naːna pʰəɖɳəʋiːs, fəɖ-]; also Phadnavis and Furnuwees and abbreviated as Phadnis) (12 February 1742[citation needed] – 13 March 1800), born Balaji Janardan Bhanu, was a Maratha minister and statesman during the Peshwa administration in Pune, India. James Grant Duff states that he was called \"the Maratha Machiavelli\" by the Europeans.[1]","title":"Nana Fadnavis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chitpavan Brahmin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chitpavan_Brahmin"},{"link_name":"Satara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satara_(city)"},{"link_name":"Shrivardhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrivardhan"},{"link_name":"Peshwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshwa"},{"link_name":"Balaji Vishwanath Bhat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balaji_Vishwanath_Bhat"},{"link_name":"Chattrapati Shahu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattrapati_Shahu"},{"link_name":"Ashtapradhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashtapradhan"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Vishwasrao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishwasrao"},{"link_name":"Madhavrao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhavrao_I"},{"link_name":"Narayanrao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanrao"},{"link_name":"Peshwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peshwa"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Balaji Janardan Bhanu was born in a Chitpavan Brahmin family in Satara in 1742 and was nicknamed 'Nana'. His grandfather Balaji Mahadaji Bhanu had migrated from a village called Velas near Shrivardhan during the days of the First Peshwa Balaji Vishwanath Bhat. The Bhats and the Bhanus had family relations and a very good friendship existed between them. The two families had respectively inherited the 'Mahajan' or village-head positions of the towns of Velas and Shrivardhan. Balaji Mahadji had once saved the Peshwa from a murderous plot by the Mughals. The Peshwa therefore recommended Chattrapati Shahu to award the title of Phadnavis (one of the Ashtapradhan) on Bhanu. Later, when the Peshwa became the de facto head of state, Phadnavis became the main minister who held key portfolios of Administration and Finance for the Maratha Empire during the Peshwa regime.[citation needed]Nana was the grandson of Balaji Mahadji Bhanu and had inherited his grandfather's name, keeping up with the tradition. The Peshwa treated him like family and extended to him the same facilities of education and diplomatic training as his sons, Vishwasrao, Madhavrao, and Narayanrao. He continued to be the Phadnavis, or the finance minister, for the Peshwa.[citation needed]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nana_Fadnavis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Third Battle of Panipat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Panipat"},{"link_name":"Maratha Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maratha_Confederacy"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Madhav_Rao_Narayan,_the_Maratha_Peshwa_with_Nana_Fadnavis_and_Attendants.jpg"},{"link_name":"East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_India_Company"},{"link_name":"Nizam of Hyderabad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nizam_of_Hyderabad"},{"link_name":"Hyder Ali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyder_Ali"},{"link_name":"Tipu Sultan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipu_Sultan"},{"link_name":"Mysore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mysore"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Narayanrao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narayanrao"},{"link_name":"regency council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regency_council"},{"link_name":"Madhavrao II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madhavarao_Narayan"},{"link_name":"Sakaram Bapu Bokil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakaram_Bapu_Bokil"},{"link_name":"Mahadji Shinde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahadji_Shinde"},{"link_name":"Tukojirao Holkar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tukojirao_Holkar"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Arrest_of_Nana_Phadnavis.jpg"},{"link_name":"Daulat Rao Sindhia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daulat_Rao_Sindhia"},{"link_name":"Baji Rao II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baji_Rao_II"},{"link_name":"Second Anglo-Maratha War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Anglo-Maratha_War"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Nana FadnavisIn 1761, Nana escaped to Pune from the Third Battle of Panipat and rose to great heights, becoming a leading personage directing the affairs of the Maratha Confederacy, although he was never a soldier himself. This was a period of political instability as one Peshwa was rapidly succeeded by another, and there were many controversial transfers of power. Nana Phadnavis played a pivotal role in holding the Maratha Confederacy together in the midst of internal dissension and the growing power of the British East India Company.[citation needed]Peshwa Madhav Rao Narayan with Nana FadnavisNana's administrative, diplomatic, and financial skills brought prosperity to the Maratha Empire and his management of external affairs kept the Maratha Empire away from the thrust of the British East India Company. He displayed his best warfare skills in various battles won by Maratha forces against the Nizam of Hyderabad, Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan of Mysore, and the English Army.[citation needed] However, Nana's policy of fighting the Mysoreans, forming a confederation against Tipu Sultan in the Third Anglo-Mysore War with Hyderabad and the British, weakened Tipu Sultan, whose advanced armies had at that point been the bulwark against British control. Furthermore, his policy of remaining neutral in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War, between the British and Tipu Sultan, weakened support for the latter, paving the way for British dominance in the Indian subcontinent. On hearing of the death of Tipu, Nana remarked that the Marathas had only now realized that they were next, and there was \"no escape from [this] destiny\".[2]After the assassination of Peshwa Narayanrao in 1773, Nana Phadnavis managed the affairs of the state with the help of a twelve-member regency council known as the Barabhai council. The council was Nana's mastermind plan to protect Madhavrao II, son of Narayanrao, born posthumously to Gangabai, the widow of Narayanrao, from the Peshwa family's internal conflicts. The Barabhai Council was an alliance of influential Sardars (generals) led by Nana. Other members of the council were Haripant Phadke, Moroba Phadnis, Sakaram Bapu Bokil, Trimbakraomama Pethe, Mahadji Shinde, Tukojirao Holkar, Phaltankar, Bhagwanrao Pratinidhi, Maloji Ghorpade, Sardar Raste, and Babuji Naik. During this time, the Maratha Empire was significant in size with a number of vassal states under a treaty of protection who recognized the Peshwa as the supreme power.[citation needed]Capture of Nana FadnavisWhile visiting Daulat Rao Sindhia's camp one day in 1798, Nana was suddenly imprisoned, leading to unprecedented looting and anarchy in Pune. He was released a few months later. After a short illness, Nana died at Pune on 13 March 1800. Following his death, Peshwa Baji Rao II placed himself in the hands of the British, provoking the Second Anglo-Maratha War that began the breakup of the Maratha confederacy.[citation needed]","title":"Peshwa administration"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nana_phadanvis_wada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Menawali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menawali"},{"link_name":"Wai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai,_Maharashtra"},{"link_name":"Pant Pratinidhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pant_Pratinidhi"},{"link_name":"Aundh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aundh_State"},{"link_name":"Menavali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menavali"},{"link_name":"Wada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wada_(house)"},{"link_name":"Ghat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghat"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Baji Rao II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baji_Rao_II"},{"link_name":"Governor-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor-General_of_India"},{"link_name":"Wellesley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wellesley,_1st_Marquess_Wellesley"},{"link_name":"Duke of Wellington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Wellesley,_1st_Duke_of_Wellington"},{"link_name":"Sir Bartle Frere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Bartle_Frere"},{"link_name":"Governor of Bombay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_Bombay"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chimaji Appa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimaji_Appa"},{"link_name":"Portuguese fort at Bassein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasai_Fort"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Yudh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yudh_(film)"},{"link_name":"Jackie Shroff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Shroff"},{"link_name":"Mrityudand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrityudand"},{"link_name":"Goonj Uthi Shehnai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goonj_Uthi_Shehnai"},{"link_name":"Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jis_Desh_Mein_Ganga_Rehta_Hain"},{"link_name":"Gangaajal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangaajal"},{"link_name":"Swades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swades"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Menavali_pan.jpg"}],"text":"Rear entrance to Nana Phadanvis' house (Nana phadanvis wada), which is still preserved today in the same condition as when Nana built it in 1780. Location: Menawali near Wai in Satara district of MaharashtraBhavan Rao Trymbak Pant Pratinidhi of Aundh and Raghunath Ghanshyam Mantri (of Satara) bestowed the village of Menavali upon Nana Phadnavis in December 1768. Nana Phadnavis settled the village and built a Wada (A mansion with inner courtyards), a Ghat (steps) leading from the mansion to the Krishna river, and two temples, one dedicated to Lord Vishnu and another to Meneshwar (मेणेश्वर) Lord Shiva. The architectural combination of a wada-type residence, a ghat on a waterbody, and a temple was typical of the Peshwa era. However, most of these palatial structures fell into disuse and disrepair after the lands and estates of the owners were taken away by the government after India became a republic in 1947. The Nana Phadnavis Wada on the bank of the river Krishna at Menavali is one of the very rare places where such a combination is preserved intact. The Nana Phadnavis wada is a large structure with six quadrangles, or courtyards, and a perimeter-protection wall. This construction of the complex was completed around 1780. Other notable wadas nearby are the Raste Wada and Ranade wada in Wai.[3]After Nana Phadnavis died in 1800, the Peshwa Baji Rao II confiscated the wada. Governor-General Wellesley (brother of the Duke of Wellington) returned the property to Nana's wife Jeeubai on 25 March 1804. After her death, Sir Bartle Frere (Governor of Bombay) handed over the property to Nana's descendants. The Nana Phadnavis wada today remains with his descendants. Having split the major part of his properties between themselves, the wada is still owned jointly by them all.[citation needed]Ghats, which were originally nothing more than simple stone steps descending into a river, evolved during the Peshwa era into an elaborate arrangement of terraces with separate areas for different activities such as bathing, washing, filling water, and performing religious rites. Temples were traditionally built on ghats.[citation needed]Nana, being the Peshwas' \"Phadnavis\", transcribed and maintained their documents of accounts and administrative letters in the ancient \"Modi\" script. These documents, known as the famous \"Menavli Daptar\", were preserved in the wada at Menavali.[citation needed]There is a dark, musty, narrow, steep staircase concealed in the metre-thick wall, leading to the floor above. The staircase was once secret and easily secured, admitting only one person at a time into Nana Phadnavis's darbar hall. Nana Phadnavis's reception \"darbar\" hall has an attached bedroom with a teakwood bedstead. The bedstead is an intricately carved four-poster. The floor is paved with clay and cow dung.[citation needed]Wadas are systems of open courtyards with increased security. Nana's corridors on the upper floor are lined with teakwood lattice work. A concealed escape stairway in the wall leads out of the wada. Descending the stone steps leads to the ghat on the river Krishna. On descending the steps and turning right, one sees a peaceful and rather drab view of Pandavgarh in the distance.[citation needed]The bell house of the Meneshwar temple houses a six-hundred-and-fifty-kilogram bell. This bell was captured by Bajirao I's brother Chimaji Appa from a cathedral in the Portuguese fort at Bassein. Dating from 1707, the five-alloy bell bears a bas-relief of Mary carrying the infant Jesus Christ cast into it. An ancient tree with a massive coniform trunk has a platform constructed around it as old as the wada itself. This tree featured in the Bollywood movie Swades. In the movie, the village elders hold a Panchayat on the stone platform around this tree.[citation needed]Several Bollywood movies have been shot there, using the wada as an exotic location, notably Yudh (Jackie Shroff/Tina Munim), Mrityudand (Madhuri Dixit), Goonj Uthi Shehnai, Jis Desh Mein Ganga Rehta Hain (Govinda), Gangaajal (Ajay Devgan), Sarja (Ajinkya Deo), and Swades (Shahrukh Khan, Gayatri Joshi).[4] The film crew of the movie Swades once camped at the ghat to shoot some footage. The crew cleaned and painted the old stone walls of the ghat and the temples.Nana Fadnavis Wada","title":"Menavali palace"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hindi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi"},{"link_name":"The Great Maratha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Great_Maratha"}],"text":"In the 1994 Hindi TV series The Great Maratha, Nana's character was portrayed by Hariom Parashar.","title":"In popular culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=-T2lDwAAQBAJ&q=Maratha+machiavelli&pg=PT13"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4088-6440-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-6440-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Baji J. Ram Rao, Menavali\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//ramrao.com/travel/menavali/#nanawada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20170225052217/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom"},{"link_name":"public domain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_domain"},{"link_name":"Chisholm, Hugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm"},{"link_name":"Nana Farnavis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Nana_Farnavis"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition"}],"text":"^ Dalrymple, William (10 September 2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-6440-1.\n\n^ Mohibbul, Hasan (1971). History of Tipu Sultan (2nd ed.). Calcutta: THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD. p. 322.\n\n^ \"Baji J. Ram Rao, Menavali\".\n\n^ \"Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Nana Farnavis\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 160.","title":"Notes"}]
[{"image_text":"Nana Fadnavis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Nana_Fadnavis.jpg/250px-Nana_Fadnavis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Peshwa Madhav Rao Narayan with Nana Fadnavis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Madhav_Rao_Narayan%2C_the_Maratha_Peshwa_with_Nana_Fadnavis_and_Attendants.jpg/250px-Madhav_Rao_Narayan%2C_the_Maratha_Peshwa_with_Nana_Fadnavis_and_Attendants.jpg"},{"image_text":"Capture of Nana Fadnavis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Arrest_of_Nana_Phadnavis.jpg/250px-Arrest_of_Nana_Phadnavis.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rear entrance to Nana Phadanvis' house (Nana phadanvis wada), which is still preserved today in the same condition as when Nana built it in 1780. Location: Menawali near Wai in Satara district of Maharashtra","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Nana_phadanvis_wada.jpg/250px-Nana_phadanvis_wada.jpg"},{"image_text":"Nana Fadnavis Wada","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Menavali_pan.jpg/400px-Menavali_pan.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"Dalrymple, William (10 September 2019). The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4088-6440-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-T2lDwAAQBAJ&q=Maratha+machiavelli&pg=PT13","url_text":"The Anarchy: The Relentless Rise of the East India Company"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4088-6440-1","url_text":"978-1-4088-6440-1"}]},{"reference":"Mohibbul, Hasan (1971). History of Tipu Sultan (2nd ed.). Calcutta: THE WORLD PRESS PRIVATE LTD. p. 322.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Baji J. Ram Rao, Menavali\".","urls":[{"url":"http://ramrao.com/travel/menavali/#nanawada","url_text":"\"Baji J. Ram Rao, Menavali\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood\". Archived from the original on 25 February 2017. Retrieved 24 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170225052217/http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom","url_text":"\"Meena Iyer tells us about Bollywood's favourite location, Wai. And why Wai locals love Bollywood\""},{"url":"http://epaper.timesofindia.com/Repository/ml.asp?Ref=TU1JUi8yMDA5LzAzLzAxI0FyMDI2MDA=&Mode=HTML&Locale=english-skin-custom","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Villalobos_(cyclist)
Luis Villalobos (cyclist)
["1 Major results","2 References","3 External links"]
Mexican cyclist Luis VillalobosPersonal informationFull nameLuis Ricardo Villalobos HernándezBorn (1998-06-26) 26 June 1998 (age 25)El Refugio, Jalisco, MexicoHeight1.8 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight66 kg (146 lb)Team informationCurrent teamProvisionally suspendedDisciplineRoadRoleRiderProfessional teams2017–2019Aevolo2019–2020EF Education First Major winsOne-day races and Classics National Time Trial Championships(2018, 2019) In this Spanish name, the first or paternal surname is Villalobos and the second or maternal family name is Hernández. Luis Ricardo Villalobos Hernández (born 26 June 1998) is a Mexican cyclist, provisionally suspended from the sport due to an adverse analytical finding (AAF) for GHRP-6 in 2019. Villalobos joined EF Education First in July 2019, after two-and-a-half seasons with the Aevolo team. He was provisionally suspended by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and indefinitely suspended by EF Pro Cycling in May 2020 following an Adverse Analytical Finding (AAF), which suggested he had been doping during his time at Aevolo. Major results 2014 National Novice Road Championships 1st Road race 1st Time trial 2015 1st Road race, Pan American Junior Road Championships National Junior Road Championships 1st Road race 1st Time trial 5th Overall Tour de l'Abitibi 2016 Pan American Junior Road Championships 1st Time trial 2nd Road race National Junior Road Championships 1st Road race 1st Time trial 2nd Overall Sint-Martinusprijs Kontich 1st Points classification 1st Stage 2 2nd Overall Niedersachsen Rundfahrt 7th Overall Oberösterreich Juniorenrundfahrt 2017 1st Young rider classification Cascade Cycling Classic 2nd Time trial, National Road Championships 2nd Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships 2018 1st Time trial, National Road Championships 5th Chrono Kristin Armstrong 8th Overall Tour of Utah 1st Young rider classification 2019 1st Time trial, National Road Championships 3rd Winston-Salem Cycling Classic References ^ Bacon, Ellis (1 January 2020). "2020 Team Preview: EF Education First". Cyclingnews.com. Retrieved 2 January 2020. ^ "Luis Villalobos". ProCyclingStats. Retrieved 7 September 2018. ^ Reza, Rebecca (5 September 2018). "Villalobos heads to WorldTour with EF Education First". VeloNews. Pocket Outdoor Media, LLC. Retrieved 4 January 2019. For 2019, Villalobos will ride with his current team Aevolo during the spring months, and then join EF in the summer. ^ "Villalobos joins EF Education First". EF Education First. Slipstream Sports, Inc. 10 July 2019. Retrieved 1 August 2019. ^ Ballinger, Alex (19 May 2020). "EF Pro Cycling rider suspended over suspected doping at his old team". Cycling Weekly. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ "Luis Villalobos provisionally suspended after positive drug test". Cyclingnews.com. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020. ^ "EF Pro Cycling suspends Luis Villalobos following Adverse Analytical Finding from 2019". VeloNews. Pocket Outdoor Media. 18 May 2020. Retrieved 13 July 2020. External links Luis Villalobos at ProCyclingStats This biographical article relating to Mexican cycling is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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He was provisionally suspended by the Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) and indefinitely suspended by EF Pro Cycling in May 2020 following an Adverse Analytical Finding (AAF), which suggested he had been doping during his time at Aevolo.[5][6][7]","title":"Luis Villalobos (cyclist)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotMexicano.PNG"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotMexicano.PNG"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_blank.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotMexicano.PNG"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotMexicano.PNG"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Tour de l'Abitibi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tour_de_l%27Abitibi"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gold_medal_blank.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Silver_medal_blank.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotMexicano.PNG"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotMexicano.PNG"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_green.svg"},{"link_name":"Niedersachsen Rundfahrt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niedersachsen_Rundfahrt"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_white.svg"},{"link_name":"Cascade Cycling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cascade_Cycling_Classic"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Road_Race_Championships"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotMexicano.PNG"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Chrono Kristin Armstrong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chrono_Kristin_Armstrong"},{"link_name":"Tour of Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Tour_of_Utah"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Jersey_light_blue.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MaillotMexicano.PNG"},{"link_name":"Time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexican_National_Time_Trial_Championships"},{"link_name":"Winston-Salem Cycling Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston-Salem_Cycling_Classic"}],"text":"2014\nNational Novice Road Championships\n1st Road race\n1st Time trial\n2015\n1st Road race, Pan American Junior Road Championships\nNational Junior Road Championships\n1st Road race\n1st Time trial\n5th Overall Tour de l'Abitibi\n2016\nPan American Junior Road Championships\n1st Time trial\n2nd Road race\nNational Junior Road Championships\n1st Road race\n1st Time trial\n2nd Overall Sint-Martinusprijs Kontich\n1st Points classification\n1st Stage 2\n2nd Overall Niedersachsen Rundfahrt\n7th Overall Oberösterreich Juniorenrundfahrt\n2017\n1st Young rider classification Cascade Cycling Classic\n2nd Time trial, National Road Championships\n2nd Road race, National Under-23 Road Championships\n2018\n1st Time trial, National Road Championships\n5th Chrono Kristin Armstrong\n8th Overall Tour of Utah\n1st Young rider classification\n2019\n1st Time trial, National Road Championships\n3rd Winston-Salem Cycling Classic","title":"Major results"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungary_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics
Hungary at the 1960 Summer Olympics
["1 Medalists","1.1 Gold","1.2 Silver","1.3 Bronze","2 Athletics","3 Basketball","4 Boxing","5 Canoeing","6 Cycling","7 Diving","8 Equestrian","9 Fencing","10 Football","11 Gymnastics","12 Modern pentathlon","13 Rowing","14 Sailing","15 Shooting","16 Swimming","17 Water polo","18 Weightlifting","19 Wrestling","20 References","21 External links"]
Sporting event delegationHungary at the1960 Summer OlympicsIOC codeHUNNOCHungarian Olympic CommitteeWebsitewww.olimpia.hu (in Hungarian and English)in RomeCompetitors184 (157 men and 27 women) in 18 sportsFlag bearerJános SimonMedalsRanked 7th Gold 6 Silver 8 Bronze 7 Total 21 Summer Olympics appearances (overview)189619001904190819121920192419281932193619481952195619601964196819721976198019841988199219962000200420082012201620202024Other related appearances1906 Intercalated Games Hungary competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. 184 competitors, 157 men and 27 women, took part in 107 events in 18 sports. Medalists Gold The Hungarian sabre team led by Aladár Gerevich (center). Pál Kovács is above him and Rudolf Kárpáti is above-left. Rudolf Kárpáti — Fencing, Men's Sabre individual Ferenc Németh — Modern pentathlon, Men's Individual Competition János Parti — Canoe racing, Men's C-1 1000 metres Gyula Török — Boxing, Flyweight András Balczó, Imre Nagy, Ferenc Németh — Modern pentathlon, Men's Team Competition Gábor Delneky, Aladár Gerevich, Zoltán Horváth, Rudolf Kárpáti, Pál Kovács, Tamás Mendelényi — Fencing, Men's Sabre Team Silver Zoltán Horváth — Fencing, Men's Sabre individual Imre Nagy — Modern pentathlon, Men's Individual Competition Imre Polyák — Wrestling, Featherweight Imre Szöllősi — Canoe racing, Men's K-1 1000 metres Gyula Zsivótzky — Athletics, Men's Hammer throw György Mészáros, András Szente — Canoe racing, Men's K-2 1000 metres Imre Kemeczei, György Mészáros, András Szente, Imre Szöllősi — Canoe racing, Men's K-1 4x500 metres Lídia Dömölky, Katalin Juhász, Györgyi Marvalits, Magda Nyári, Ildikó Rejtő — Fencing, Women's Team foil Bronze Gergely Kulcsár — Athletics, Men's Javelin throw István Rózsavölgyi — Athletics, Men's 1500 metres Győző Veres — Weightlifting, Middleweight Imre Farkas, András Törő — Canoe racing, Men's C-2 1000 metres Klára Fried-Bánfalvi, Vilma Egresi — Canoe racing, Women's K-2 500 metres Flórián Albert, Jenő Dalnoki, Zoltán Dudás, János Dunai, Lajos Faragó, János Göröcs, Ferenc Kovács, Dezső Novák, Pál Orosz, Tibor Pál, Gyula Rákosi, Imre Sátori, Ernő Solymosi, Gábor Török, Pál Várhidi and Oszkár Vilezsál — Football (soccer), men's team competition Kálmán Markovits, András Katona, György Kárpáti, László Jeney, Otto Boros, István Hevesi, Mihály Mayer, Zoltán Dömötör, Dezső Gyarmati, Tivadar Kanizsa and Péter Rusorán — Water polo, men's team competition Athletics Main article: Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics Basketball Main article: Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics Boxing Main article: Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics Canoeing Main article: Canoeing at the 1960 Summer Olympics Cycling Main article: Cycling at the 1960 Summer Olympics Five male cyclists represented Hungary in 1960. Individual road race Ferenc Stámusz János Dévai Ferenc Horváth Győző Török 1000m time trial János Söre Diving Main article: Diving at the 1960 Summer Olympics Equestrian Main article: Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics Fencing Main article: Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics 21 fencers, 16 men and 5 women, represented Hungary in 1960. Men's foil Mihály Fülöp Jenő Kamuti László Kamuti Men's team foil Ferenc Czvikovszki, Jenő Kamuti, Mihály Fülöp, László Kamuti, József Gyuricza, József Sákovics Men's épée József Sákovics István Kausz Tamás Gábor Men's team épée József Marosi, Tamás Gábor, István Kausz, József Sákovics, Árpád Bárány Men's sabre Rudolf Kárpáti Zoltán Horváth Aladár Gerevich Men's team sabre Aladár Gerevich, Rudolf Kárpáti, Pál Kovács, Zoltán Horváth, Gábor Delneky, Tamás Mendelényi Women's foil Magda Nyári-Kovács Ildikó Ságiné Ujlakyné Rejtő Lídia Sákovicsné Dömölky Women's team foil Ildikó Ságiné Ujlakyné Rejtő, Györgyi Marvalics-Székely, Magda Nyári-Kovács, Katalin Nagyné Juhász, Lídia Sákovicsné Dömölky Football Main article: Football at the 1960 Summer Olympics Gymnastics Main article: Gymnastics at the 1960 Summer Olympics Modern pentathlon Main article: Modern pentathlon at the 1960 Summer Olympics Three male pentathletes represented Hungary in 1960. The team won gold and Ferenc Németh won an individual gold and Imre Nagy won silver. Individual Ferenc Németh Imre Nagy András Balczó Team Ferenc Németh Imre Nagy András Balczó Rowing Main article: Rowing at the 1960 Summer Olympics Hungary had nine male rowers participate in three out of seven rowing events in 1960. Men's coxed pair Pál Wágner László Munteán Gyula Lengyel (cox) Men's coxless four Lajos Kiss György Sarlós József Sátori Béla Zsitnik Men's coxed four Tibor Bedekovits Csaba Kovács László Munteán Pál Wágner Gyula Lengyel (cox) Sailing Main article: Sailing at the 1960 Summer Olympics Shooting Main article: Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics Ten shooters represented Hungary in 1960. 25 m pistol Ferenc Kun József Gyönyörű 50 m pistol Ambrus Balogh 300 m rifle, three positions Sándor Krebs Miklós Szabó 50 m rifle, three positions János Holup Imre Simkó 50 m rifle, prone János Dosztály Imre Simkó Trap Ede Szomjas Károly Kulin-Nagy Swimming Main article: Swimming at the 1960 Summer Olympics Water polo Main article: Water polo at the 1960 Summer Olympics Weightlifting Main article: Weightlifting at the 1960 Summer Olympics Wrestling Main article: Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics References ^ "Hungary at the 1960 Rome Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2014. ^ Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "Hungary Rowing at the 1960 Roma Summer Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2018. External links Official Olympic Reports International Olympic Committee results database vteNations at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, ItalyAfrica Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Liberia Morocco Nigeria Rhodesia South Africa Sudan Tunisia Uganda United Arab Republic America Argentina Bahamas Bermuda Brazil British Guiana British West Indies Canada Chile Colombia Cuba Haiti Mexico Netherlands Antilles Panama Peru Puerto Rico Suriname United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Burma Ceylon Taiwan (In the name of Formosa) Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan South Korea Lebanon Malaya Pakistan Philippines Singapore Thailand Vietnam Europe Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czechoslovakia Denmark Finland France Germany Great Britain Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Liechtenstein Luxembourg Malta Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Soviet Union Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Yugoslavia Oceania Australia Fiji New Zealand
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Pál Kovács is above him and Rudolf Kárpáti is above-left.Rudolf Kárpáti — Fencing, Men's Sabre individual\nFerenc Németh — Modern pentathlon, Men's Individual Competition\nJános Parti — Canoe racing, Men's C-1 1000 metres\nGyula Török — Boxing, Flyweight\nAndrás Balczó, Imre Nagy, Ferenc Németh — Modern pentathlon, Men's Team Competition\nGábor Delneky, Aladár Gerevich, Zoltán Horváth, Rudolf Kárpáti, Pál Kovács, Tamás Mendelényi — Fencing, Men's Sabre Team","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zoltán Horváth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Horv%C3%A1th_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Men's Sabre individual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Imre Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Nagy_(pentathlete)"},{"link_name":"Men's Individual Competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_pentathlon_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Imre Polyák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Poly%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Wrestling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling"},{"link_name":"Featherweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrestling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Imre Szöllősi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Sz%C3%B6ll%C5%91si"},{"link_name":"Men's K-1 1000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Gyula Zsivótzky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Zsiv%C3%B3tzky"},{"link_name":"Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Track_and_field_athletics"},{"link_name":"Men's Hammer throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"György Mészáros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros"},{"link_name":"András Szente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Szente"},{"link_name":"Men's K-2 1000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Imre Kemeczei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Kemeczei"},{"link_name":"György Mészáros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros"},{"link_name":"András Szente","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Szente"},{"link_name":"Imre Szöllősi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Sz%C3%B6ll%C5%91si"},{"link_name":"Men's K-1 4x500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Lídia Dömölky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADdia_D%C3%B6m%C3%B6lky"},{"link_name":"Katalin Juhász","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Juh%C3%A1sz"},{"link_name":"Györgyi Marvalits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Marvalits"},{"link_name":"Magda Nyári","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Ny%C3%A1ri"},{"link_name":"Ildikó Rejtő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildik%C3%B3_Rejt%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Women's Team foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"}],"sub_title":"Silver","text":"Zoltán Horváth — Fencing, Men's Sabre individual\nImre Nagy — Modern pentathlon, Men's Individual Competition\nImre Polyák — Wrestling, Featherweight\nImre Szöllősi — Canoe racing, Men's K-1 1000 metres\nGyula Zsivótzky — Athletics, Men's Hammer throw\nGyörgy Mészáros, András Szente — Canoe racing, Men's K-2 1000 metres\nImre Kemeczei, György Mészáros, András Szente, Imre Szöllősi — Canoe racing, Men's K-1 4x500 metres\nLídia Dömölky, Katalin Juhász, Györgyi Marvalits, Magda Nyári, Ildikó Rejtő — Fencing, Women's Team foil","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gergely Kulcsár","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gergely_Kulcs%C3%A1r"},{"link_name":"Men's Javelin throw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"István Rózsavölgyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_R%C3%B3zsav%C3%B6lgyi"},{"link_name":"Men's 1500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athletics_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Győző Veres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_Veres"},{"link_name":"Weightlifting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting"},{"link_name":"Middleweight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weightlifting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Imre Farkas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Farkas_(canoeist)"},{"link_name":"András Törő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_T%C3%B6r%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Men's C-2 1000 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Klára Fried-Bánfalvi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kl%C3%A1ra_Fried-B%C3%A1nfalvi"},{"link_name":"Vilma Egresi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilma_Egresi"},{"link_name":"Women's K-2 500 metres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canoeing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Flórián Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fl%C3%B3ri%C3%A1n_Albert,_Sr."},{"link_name":"Jenő Dalnoki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Dalnoki"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Dudás","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Dud%C3%A1s"},{"link_name":"János Dunai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Dunai"},{"link_name":"Lajos Faragó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Farag%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"János Göröcs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_G%C3%B6r%C3%B6cs"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Kov%C3%A1cs_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Dezső Novák","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Nov%C3%A1k"},{"link_name":"Pál Orosz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Orosz"},{"link_name":"Tibor Pál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_P%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Gyula Rákosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_R%C3%A1kosi"},{"link_name":"Imre Sátori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_S%C3%A1tori"},{"link_name":"Ernő Solymosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ern%C5%91_Solymosi"},{"link_name":"Gábor Török","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k_(footballer)"},{"link_name":"Pál Várhidi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_V%C3%A1rhidi"},{"link_name":"Oszkár Vilezsál","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oszk%C3%A1r_Vilezs%C3%A1l"},{"link_name":"Football (soccer), men's team competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Football_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Kálmán Markovits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Markovits"},{"link_name":"András Katona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Katona"},{"link_name":"György Kárpáti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1ti"},{"link_name":"László Jeney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Jeney"},{"link_name":"Otto Boros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Boros"},{"link_name":"István Hevesi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Hevesi"},{"link_name":"Mihály Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_Mayer"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Dömötör","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_D%C3%B6m%C3%B6t%C3%B6r"},{"link_name":"Dezső Gyarmati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezs%C5%91_Gyarmati"},{"link_name":"Tivadar Kanizsa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tivadar_Kanizsa"},{"link_name":"Péter Rusorán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9ter_Rusor%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Water polo, men's team competition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_polo_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics"}],"sub_title":"Bronze","text":"Gergely Kulcsár — Athletics, Men's Javelin throw\nIstván Rózsavölgyi — Athletics, Men's 1500 metres\nGyőző Veres — Weightlifting, Middleweight\nImre Farkas, András Törő — Canoe racing, Men's C-2 1000 metres\nKlára Fried-Bánfalvi, Vilma Egresi — Canoe racing, Women's K-2 500 metres\nFlórián Albert, Jenő Dalnoki, Zoltán Dudás, János Dunai, Lajos Faragó, János Göröcs, Ferenc Kovács, Dezső Novák, Pál Orosz, Tibor Pál, Gyula Rákosi, Imre Sátori, Ernő Solymosi, Gábor Török, Pál Várhidi and Oszkár Vilezsál — Football (soccer), men's team competition\nKálmán Markovits, András Katona, György Kárpáti, László Jeney, Otto Boros, István Hevesi, Mihály Mayer, Zoltán Dömötör, Dezső Gyarmati, Tivadar Kanizsa and Péter Rusorán — Water polo, men's team competition","title":"Medalists"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Basketball"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Boxing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Canoeing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Individual road race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_individual_road_race"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Stámusz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_St%C3%A1musz"},{"link_name":"János Dévai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_D%C3%A9vai"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Horváth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Horv%C3%A1th_(cyclist)"},{"link_name":"Győző Török","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C5%91z%C5%91_T%C3%B6r%C3%B6k"},{"link_name":"1000m time trial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cycling_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_1000m_time_trial"},{"link_name":"János Söre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_S%C3%B6re"}],"text":"Five male cyclists represented Hungary in 1960.Individual road raceFerenc Stámusz\nJános Dévai\nFerenc Horváth\nGyőző Török1000m time trialJános Söre","title":"Cycling"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Diving"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Equestrian"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Men's foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_foil"},{"link_name":"Mihály Fülöp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p"},{"link_name":"Jenő Kamuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Kamuti"},{"link_name":"László Kamuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kamuti"},{"link_name":"Men's team foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_foil"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Czvikovszki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Czvikovszki"},{"link_name":"Jenő Kamuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jen%C5%91_Kamuti"},{"link_name":"Mihály Fülöp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mih%C3%A1ly_F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p"},{"link_name":"László Kamuti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Kamuti"},{"link_name":"József Gyuricza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Gyuricza"},{"link_name":"József Sákovics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_S%C3%A1kovics"},{"link_name":"Men's épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"József Sákovics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_S%C3%A1kovics"},{"link_name":"István Kausz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Kausz"},{"link_name":"Tamás Gábor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_G%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"Men's team épée","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_%C3%A9p%C3%A9e"},{"link_name":"József Marosi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Marosi"},{"link_name":"Tamás Gábor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_G%C3%A1bor"},{"link_name":"István Kausz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Kausz"},{"link_name":"József Sákovics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_S%C3%A1kovics"},{"link_name":"Árpád Bárány","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_B%C3%A1r%C3%A1ny"},{"link_name":"Men's sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_sabre"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Kárpáti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1ti"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Horváth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Horv%C3%A1th_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Aladár Gerevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alad%C3%A1r_Gerevich"},{"link_name":"Men's team sabre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_team_sabre"},{"link_name":"Aladár Gerevich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alad%C3%A1r_Gerevich"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Kárpáti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_K%C3%A1rp%C3%A1ti"},{"link_name":"Pál Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Zoltán Horváth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zolt%C3%A1n_Horv%C3%A1th_(fencer)"},{"link_name":"Gábor Delneky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Delneky"},{"link_name":"Tamás Mendelényi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%C3%A1s_Mendel%C3%A9nyi"},{"link_name":"Women's foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_foil"},{"link_name":"Magda Nyári-Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Ny%C3%A1ri-Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Ildikó Ságiné Ujlakyné Rejtő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildik%C3%B3_S%C3%A1gin%C3%A9_Ujlakyn%C3%A9_Rejt%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Lídia Sákovicsné Dömölky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADdia_S%C3%A1kovicsn%C3%A9_D%C3%B6m%C3%B6lky"},{"link_name":"Women's team foil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fencing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Women%27s_team_foil"},{"link_name":"Ildikó Ságiné Ujlakyné Rejtő","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ildik%C3%B3_S%C3%A1gin%C3%A9_Ujlakyn%C3%A9_Rejt%C5%91"},{"link_name":"Györgyi Marvalics-Székely","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgyi_Marvalics-Sz%C3%A9kely"},{"link_name":"Magda Nyári-Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magda_Ny%C3%A1ri-Kov%C3%A1cs"},{"link_name":"Katalin Nagyné Juhász","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katalin_Nagyn%C3%A9_Juh%C3%A1sz"},{"link_name":"Lídia Sákovicsné Dömölky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADdia_S%C3%A1kovicsn%C3%A9_D%C3%B6m%C3%B6lky"}],"text":"21 fencers, 16 men and 5 women, represented Hungary in 1960.Men's foilMihály Fülöp\nJenő Kamuti\nLászló KamutiMen's team foilFerenc Czvikovszki, Jenő Kamuti, Mihály Fülöp, László Kamuti, József Gyuricza, József SákovicsMen's épéeJózsef Sákovics\nIstván Kausz\nTamás GáborMen's team épéeJózsef Marosi, Tamás Gábor, István Kausz, József Sákovics, Árpád BárányMen's sabreRudolf Kárpáti\nZoltán Horváth\nAladár GerevichMen's team sabreAladár Gerevich, Rudolf Kárpáti, Pál Kovács, Zoltán Horváth, Gábor Delneky, Tamás MendelényiWomen's foilMagda Nyári-Kovács\nIldikó Ságiné Ujlakyné Rejtő\nLídia Sákovicsné DömölkyWomen's team foilIldikó Ságiné Ujlakyné Rejtő, Györgyi Marvalics-Székely, Magda Nyári-Kovács, Katalin Nagyné Juhász, Lídia Sákovicsné Dömölky","title":"Fencing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Football"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Gymnastics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ferenc Németh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_N%C3%A9meth_(pentathlete)"},{"link_name":"Imre Nagy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Nagy_(pentathlete)"},{"link_name":"András Balczó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Balcz%C3%B3"}],"text":"Three male pentathletes represented Hungary in 1960. The team won gold and Ferenc Németh won an individual gold and Imre Nagy won silver.IndividualFerenc Németh\nImre Nagy\nAndrás BalczóTeamFerenc Németh\nImre Nagy\nAndrás Balczó","title":"Modern pentathlon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rowing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_(sport)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Men's coxed pair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_coxed_pair"},{"link_name":"Pál Wágner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_W%C3%A1gner"},{"link_name":"László Munteán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Munte%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Gyula Lengyel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Lengyel_(rowing)"},{"link_name":"Men's coxless four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_coxless_four"},{"link_name":"Lajos Kiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kiss_(rower)"},{"link_name":"György Sarlós","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Sarl%C3%B3s"},{"link_name":"József Sátori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_S%C3%A1tori"},{"link_name":"Béla Zsitnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Zsitnik"},{"link_name":"Men's coxed four","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rowing_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_coxed_four"},{"link_name":"Tibor Bedekovits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tibor_Bedekovits"},{"link_name":"Csaba Kovács","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csaba_Kov%C3%A1cs_(rower)"},{"link_name":"László Munteán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3_Munte%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Pál Wágner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1l_W%C3%A1gner"},{"link_name":"Gyula Lengyel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyula_Lengyel_(rowing)"}],"text":"Hungary had nine male rowers participate in three out of seven rowing events in 1960.[2]Men's coxed pairPál Wágner\nLászló Munteán\nGyula Lengyel (cox)Men's coxless fourLajos Kiss\nGyörgy Sarlós\nJózsef Sátori\nBéla ZsitnikMen's coxed fourTibor Bedekovits\nCsaba Kovács\nLászló Munteán\nPál Wágner\nGyula Lengyel (cox)","title":"Rowing"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Sailing"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"25 m pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_25_metre_rapid_fire_pistol"},{"link_name":"Ferenc Kun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferenc_Kun"},{"link_name":"József Gyönyörű","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Gy%C3%B6ny%C3%B6r%C5%B1"},{"link_name":"50 m pistol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_metre_pistol"},{"link_name":"Ambrus Balogh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrus_Balogh"},{"link_name":"300 m rifle, three positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_300_metre_free_rifle,_three_positions"},{"link_name":"Miklós Szabó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Szab%C3%B3_(sport_shooter)"},{"link_name":"50 m rifle, three positions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_metre_rifle_three_positions"},{"link_name":"Imre Simkó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Simk%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"50 m rifle, prone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_50_metre_rifle,_prone"},{"link_name":"János Dosztály","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Doszt%C3%A1ly"},{"link_name":"Imre Simkó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imre_Simk%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Trap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shooting_at_the_1960_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_trap"},{"link_name":"Ede Szomjas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ede_Szomjas"}],"text":"Ten shooters represented Hungary in 1960.25 m pistolFerenc Kun\nJózsef Gyönyörű50 m pistolAmbrus Balogh300 m rifle, three positionsSándor Krebs\nMiklós Szabó50 m rifle, three positionsJános Holup\nImre Simkó50 m rifle, proneJános Dosztály\nImre SimkóTrapEde Szomjas\nKároly Kulin-Nagy","title":"Shooting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Swimming"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Water polo"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Weightlifting"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Wrestling"}]
[{"image_text":"The Hungarian sabre team led by Aladár Gerevich (center). Pál Kovács is above him and Rudolf Kárpáti is above-left.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Hungarian_sabre_team_1960_Olympics.jpg/220px-Hungarian_sabre_team_1960_Olympics.jpg"}]
null
[{"reference":"\"Hungary at the 1960 Rome Summer Games\". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013. Retrieved 30 July 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20131014021558/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/HUN/summer/1960/","url_text":"\"Hungary at the 1960 Rome Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/HUN/summer/1960/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. \"Hungary Rowing at the 1960 Roma Summer Games\". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on 17 April 2020. Retrieved 26 February 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Mallon","url_text":"Mallon, Bill"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200417115551/https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/HUN/summer/1960/ROW/","url_text":"\"Hungary Rowing at the 1960 Roma Summer Games\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_Reference","url_text":"Sports Reference LLC"},{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/countries/HUN/summer/1960/ROW/","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Komi_Forests
Virgin Komi Forests
["1 Geography","2 Threats","3 Gallery","4 External links"]
Coordinates: 63°37′33″N 58°57′9″E / 63.62583°N 58.95250°E / 63.62583; 58.95250Protected area of Russia Virgin Komi ForestsUNESCO World Heritage SiteLocationUral Mountains, Komi Republic, RussiaIncludes Yugyd Va (Clear Water) National Park Pechoro-Ilychskiy Nature Reserve Yaksha Forest District CriteriaNatural: (vii), (ix)Reference719Inscription1995 (19th Session)Area2,645,800 ha (10,215 sq mi)Buffer zone650,000 ha (2,500 sq mi)Websitehttp://www.vfk.komi.comCoordinates63°37′33″N 58°57′9″E / 63.62583°N 58.95250°E / 63.62583; 58.95250Location of Virgin Komi Forests in European RussiaShow map of European RussiaVirgin Komi Forests (Europe)Show map of Europe The Virgin Komi Forests (Komi: Комилӧн вӧрзьӧдлытӧм вӧръяс, Russian: Де́вственные леса́ Ко́ми) is a natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Northern Ural Mountains of the Komi Republic, Russia. At 32,800 km2 it is the largest virgin forest in Europe. Geography The Virgin Komi Forests belong to the Ural Mountains taiga ecoregion. Dominant tree species include Siberian Spruce, Siberian Fir and Siberian Larch, while the most prominent mammals are the reindeer, the sable, the mink and the hare. The site corresponds to Russia's Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and Yugyd Va National Park. Its World Heritage Site status was recognised in 1995, making it the first natural World Heritage Site in the country. This recognition brought the site additional funding from abroad and saved it from imminent logging by a French company (HUET Holding). However, conservation threats remain, illegal logging and gold-mining in particular. Deposits of gold in the northern part of the Yugyd-Va National Park were to be mined prior to 1995. Threats Despite the area's recognition as a World Heritage site, attempts at extracting gold are being actively lobbied by the Head of the Republic and Komi's Ministry of Nature. Gallery Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic Pechora-Ilych Biosphere Reserve External links Virgin Komi Forests (at the UNESCO World Heritage Site) UNEP-WCMC World Heritage - Virgin Komi Forests Virgin Komi Forests at Natural Heritage Protection Fund vteWorld Heritage Sites in Russia by federal districtCentral Church of the Ascension in Kolomenskoye Kremlin and Red Square Novodevichy Convent Trinity Sergius Lavra White Monuments of Vladimir and Suzdal Historic Centre of Yaroslavl Far Eastern Central Sikhote-Alin Lake Baikal Landscapes of Dauria1 Lena Pillars Volcanoes of Kamchatka Wrangel Island North Caucasian Citadel, Ancient City and Fortress Buildings of Derbent Naryn-Kala Northwestern Curonian Spit2 Ferapontov Monastery Kizhi Pogost Petroglyphs of Lake Onega and the White Sea Virgin Komi Forests Historic Monuments of Novgorod and Surroundings Churches of the Pskov School of Architecture Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Surroundings Peterhof Palace Solovetsky Islands Struve Geodetic Arc3 Siberian Golden Mountains of Altai Lake Baikal Putorana Plateau Uvs Nuur Basin1 Southern Western Caucasus Volga Assumption Cathedral and Monastery of Sviyazhsk Bolghar Kazan Kremlin Astronomical Observatory of Kazan University 1 Shared with Mongolia 2 Shared with Lithuania 3 Shared with nine other countries
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Komi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_language"},{"link_name":"Russian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_language"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"Ural Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Komi Republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komi_Republic"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"virgin forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_forest"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"}],"text":"Protected area of RussiaThe Virgin Komi Forests (Komi: Комилӧн вӧрзьӧдлытӧм вӧръяс, Russian: Де́вственные леса́ Ко́ми) is a natural UNESCO World Heritage Site in the Northern Ural Mountains of the Komi Republic, Russia. At 32,800 km2 it is the largest virgin forest in Europe.","title":"Virgin Komi Forests"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ural Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ural_Mountains"},{"link_name":"taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"ecoregion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecoregion"},{"link_name":"Siberian Spruce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Spruce"},{"link_name":"Siberian Fir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Fir"},{"link_name":"Siberian Larch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siberian_Larch"},{"link_name":"mammals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mammal"},{"link_name":"reindeer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reindeer"},{"link_name":"sable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sable"},{"link_name":"mink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mink"},{"link_name":"hare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hare"},{"link_name":"Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pechora-Ilych_Nature_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Yugyd Va National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yugyd_Va_National_Park"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"HUET Holding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HUET_Holding&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"illegal logging","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illegal_logging"},{"link_name":"gold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold"}],"text":"The Virgin Komi Forests belong to the Ural Mountains taiga ecoregion. Dominant tree species include Siberian Spruce, Siberian Fir and Siberian Larch, while the most prominent mammals are the reindeer, the sable, the mink and the hare.The site corresponds to Russia's Pechora-Ilych Nature Reserve and Yugyd Va National Park. Its World Heritage Site status was recognised in 1995, making it the first natural World Heritage Site in the country. This recognition brought the site additional funding from abroad and saved it from imminent logging by a French company (HUET Holding). However, conservation threats remain, illegal logging and gold-mining in particular. Deposits of gold in the northern part of the Yugyd-Va National Park were to be mined prior to 1995.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Despite the area's recognition as a World Heritage site, attempts at extracting gold are being actively lobbied by the Head of the Republic and Komi's Ministry of Nature.","title":"Threats"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virgin_Komi_Forests-119480.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sosnogorsk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosnogorsk"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Entrance_to_Pechora-Ilych_Biosphere_Reserve.jpg"}],"text":"Sosnogorsk, Komi Republic\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tPechora-Ilych Biosphere Reserve","title":"Gallery"}]
[]
null
[]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virgin_Komi_Forests&params=63_37_33_N_58_57_9_E_type:forest_region:RU_dim:500000","external_links_name":"63°37′33″N 58°57′9″E / 63.62583°N 58.95250°E / 63.62583; 58.95250"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/719","external_links_name":"719"},{"Link":"http://www.vfk.komi.com/","external_links_name":"http://www.vfk.komi.com"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Virgin_Komi_Forests&params=63_37_33_N_58_57_9_E_type:forest_region:RU_dim:500000","external_links_name":"63°37′33″N 58°57′9″E / 63.62583°N 58.95250°E / 63.62583; 58.95250"},{"Link":"https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/719","external_links_name":"Virgin Komi Forests"},{"Link":"https://archive.today/20070610195308/http://www.unep-wcmc.org/sites/wh/komi.html","external_links_name":"UNEP-WCMC World Heritage - Virgin Komi Forests"},{"Link":"http://www.nhpfund.org/nominations/komi.html","external_links_name":"Virgin Komi Forests"},{"Link":"http://www.nhpfund.org/","external_links_name":"Natural Heritage Protection Fund"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barton_Booth
Barton Booth
["1 Early life","2 London success","3 Roles","4 Death","5 Selected roles","6 Notes","7 References","8 Bibliography"]
17th/18th-century English actor This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Barton Booth" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Barton Booth (1682 – 10 May 1733) was one of the most famous dramatic actors of the first part of the 18th century. Early life Booth was the son of The Hon and Very Revd Dr Robert Booth, Dean of Bristol, by his first wife and distant cousin Ann Booth, daughter of Sir Robert Booth, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and was educated at Westminster School, where his success in the Roman comedy Andria gave him a gave him an inclination for the stage. He was intended for the church, and to attend Trinity College, Cambridge; but in 1698 he ran away and obtained employment in a theatrical company in Dublin, where he made his first appearance as the title character in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko. London success After two seasons in Ireland he returned to London, where Thomas Betterton, who had previously failed to help him, probably out of regard for Booth's family, now gave him all the assistance in his power. At the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre (1700–1704) he first appeared as Maximus in Valentinian, and his success was immediate. He was at the Haymarket with Betterton from 1705 to 1708, and for the next twenty years at Drury Lane. In 1713 he joint-managed the theater with Thomas Doggett, Colley Cibber, and Robert Wilks. After his death on 10 May 1733, Booth was buried in St Laurence Cowley near Uxbridge in Middlesex. His widow had a memorial to Booth placed in Westminster Abbey in 1772. This was created by William Tyler RA. Roles His greatest parts, after the title part of Joseph Addison's Cato, which established his reputation as a tragedian, were probably Hotspur and Brutus. His King Lear was deemed worthy of comparison with David Garrick's. As the ghost in Hamlet he is said never to have had a superior. Among his other Shakespearian rôles were Mark Antony, Timon of Athens and Othello. He also played to perfection Lothario in Nicholas Rowe's The Fair Penitent. He also starred in Rowe's tragedies Ulysses (1705) as Telemachus and The Royal Convert (1707) as Hengist, King of Kent. In 1710 he starred as Athelwold in Aaron Hill's Elfrid. He starred as Coriolanus in the 1719 play The Invader of His Country by John Dennis. In 1724 he featured in John Gay's tragedy The Captives as Sophernes. Booth was twice married; his second wife, Hester Santlow, a noted actress, survived him. He was a "poet and acholar as well as actor, and certainly a man of genius...." Death From 1727, Booth was afflicted by ill health and in 1733 eventually called for Thomas Dover, "Doctor Quicksilver", who prescribed him quicksilver. He ingested 2 pounds of mercury and died in a week. "I endeavour'd to divide the Rectum and tie it , but it was so rotten that it broke between my Fingers like Tinder , and sent forth a most offensive cadaverous Stench..." The whole intestinal track on the inside was covered with black balls of mercury the size of pinheads. This famous case greatly reduced the medicinal use of elemental mercury. Selected roles Artaban in The Ambitious Stepmother by Nicholas Rowe (1700) Zueski in The Czar of Muscovy by Mary Pix (1701) King of Bayonne in Love's Victim by Charles Gildon (1701) Axalla in Tamerlane by Nicholas Rowe (1701) Ormandes in Antiochus the Great by Jane Wiseman (1701) Cleomeden in The Double Distress by Mary Pix (1701) Bellmein in The Beau's Duel by Susanna Centlivre (1702) Eugenio in The Stolen Heiress by Susanna Centlivre (1702) Virotto in The Governour of Cyprus by The Governour of Cyprus (1703) Sebastian in Love Betrayed by William Burnaby (1703) Valentine in The Different Widows by Mary Pix (1703) Captain Basil in The Stage Coach by George Farquhar (1704) Friendly in The Biter by Nicholas Rowe (1704) Courtly in Love at First Sight by David Crauford (1704) Telemachus in Ulysses by Nicholas Rowe (1705) Dick in The Confederacy by John Vanbrugh (1705) Sir Charles Richley in The Platonick Lady by Susanna Centlivre (1706) Gustavus in The Revolution of Sweden by Catharine Cockburn (1706) Gaylord in Adventures in Madrid by Mary Pix (1706) Clerimont in The Double Gallant by Colley Cibber (1707) Hengist, King of Kent in The Royal Convert by Nicholas Rowe (1707) Mirvan in The Persian Princess by Lewis Theobald (1708) Appius in Appius and Virginia by John Dennis (1709) Cunningham in The Rival Fools by Colley Cibber (1709) Athelwold in Elfrid by Aaron Hill (1710) Worthy in The Fair Quaker of Deal by Charles Shadwell (1710) Horatio in The Wife's Relief by Charles Johnson (1711) Rinaldo in The City Ramble by Elkanah Settle (1711) Arviragus in The Successful Pyrate by Charles Johnson (1712) Cato in Cato by Joseph Addison (1713) Captain Stanworth in The Female Advocates by William Taverner (1713) Welford in The Apparition by Anonymous (1713) Achilles in The Victim by Charles Johnson (1714) Lord Hastings in Jane Shore by Nicholas Rowe (1714) Lord Guilford Dudley in Lady Jane Grey by Nicholas Rowe (1715) Heartwell in The Country Lasses by Charles Johnson (1715) Lorenzo in The Cruel Gift by Susanna Centlivre (1716) Colonel Woodvil in The Non-Juror by Colley Cibber (1717) Lucius in Lucius by Delarivier Manley (1717) Bajazet in The Sultaness by Charles Johnson (1717) Coriolanus in The Invader of His Country by John Dennis (1719) Cleombrotus in The Spartan Dame by Thomas Southerne (1719) Myron in Busiris, King of Egypt by Edward Young (1719) Phyocas in The Siege of Damascus by John Hughes (1720) Granger in The Refusal by Colley Cibber (1721) Don Alonzo in The Revenge by Edward Young (1721) Bevil Junior in The Conscious Lovers by Richard Steele (1722) Vanoc in The Briton by Ambrose Philips (1722) Alberton in Love in a Forest by Charles Johnson (1723) Omphales in The Fatal Constancy by Hildebrand Jacob (1723) Duke of Gloucester in Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester by Ambrose Philips (1723) Sophernes in The Captives by John Gay (1724) Julius Caesar in Caesar in Egypt by Colley Cibber (1724) Polymnestor in Hecuba by Richard West (1726) Julio in Double Falsehood by Lewis Theobald (1727) Notes ^ a b Chisholm 1911. ^ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis ^ Winter, p. 354. ^ Daniel, Turner (1733). The ancient physician's legacy impartially survey'd, and his practice prov'd repugnant, not only to that of the best antient and modern physicians, but to the very nature of those diseases (many of them) of which he undertakes to give us an account, inconsistent even with those very indications himself at some times lays down for the cure : with practical observations upon each chapter in a letter to a country physician : to which is added ... a discourse on quicksilver, as now commonly taken and the good or bad effects which have thence ensued : as also a particular account of Mr. Bellost's pill compar'd with the author's. London. pp. 269–274. OCLC 488503077.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link) ^ Sigmond, George Gabriel (1840). Mercury, blue pill, and calomel their use and abuse. H. Renshaw. pp. 17–18. OCLC 768163717. References  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Booth, Barton". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 238. This cites: Cibber, Lives and Characters of the most eminent Actors and Actresses (1753) Victor, Memoirs of the Life of Barton Booth (1733) Bibliography Wikiquote has quotations related to Barton Booth. See Cibber, Lives and Characters of the most eminent Actors and Actresses (1753). An etext version is available at the University of Virginia Victor, Memoirs of the Life of Barton Booth (1733). Winter, William. Shakespeare on the Stage. New York, Moffat, Yard and Co., 1915. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Australia People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC
[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Barton Booth (1682 – 10 May 1733) was one of the most famous dramatic actors of the first part of the 18th century.","title":"Barton Booth"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Booth_(priest)"},{"link_name":"Dean of Bristol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dean_of_Bristol"},{"link_name":"Robert Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Booth_(judge)"},{"link_name":"Lord Chief Justice of Ireland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Chief_Justice_of_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Westminster School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_School"},{"link_name":"Roman comedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_comedy"},{"link_name":"Andria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andria_(comedy)"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"Aphra Behn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aphra_Behn"},{"link_name":"Oroonoko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oroonoko"}],"text":"Booth was the son of The Hon and Very Revd Dr Robert Booth, Dean of Bristol, by his first wife and distant cousin Ann Booth, daughter of Sir Robert Booth, Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, and was educated at Westminster School, where his success in the Roman comedy Andria gave him a gave him an inclination for the stage. He was intended for the church, and to attend Trinity College, Cambridge; but in 1698 he ran away and obtained employment in a theatrical company in Dublin, where he made his first appearance as the title character in Aphra Behn's Oroonoko.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Thomas Betterton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Betterton"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Inn Fields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Inn_Fields"},{"link_name":"Valentinian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_(play)"},{"link_name":"Drury Lane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theatre_Royal,_Drury_Lane"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"Thomas Doggett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Doggett"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"Robert Wilks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Wilks"},{"link_name":"William Tyler RA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Tyler_(architect)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"After two seasons in Ireland he returned to London, where Thomas Betterton, who had previously failed to help him, probably out of regard for Booth's family, now gave him all the assistance in his power. At the Lincoln's Inn Fields Theatre (1700–1704) he first appeared as Maximus in Valentinian, and his success was immediate. He was at the Haymarket with Betterton from 1705 to 1708, and for the next twenty years at Drury Lane.[1] In 1713 he joint-managed the theater with Thomas Doggett, Colley Cibber, and Robert Wilks. After his death on 10 May 1733, Booth was buried in St Laurence Cowley near Uxbridge in Middlesex. His widow had a memorial to Booth placed in Westminster Abbey in 1772. This was created by William Tyler RA.[2]","title":"London success"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Joseph Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Addison"},{"link_name":"Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato_(play)"},{"link_name":"King Lear","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Lear"},{"link_name":"David Garrick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Garrick"},{"link_name":"Timon of Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timon_of_Athens"},{"link_name":"Othello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Othello"},{"link_name":"Lothario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothario"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"The Fair Penitent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fair_Penitent"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(play)"},{"link_name":"The Royal Convert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Convert"},{"link_name":"Aaron Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Hill_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Elfrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfrid"},{"link_name":"Coriolanus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaius_Marcius_Coriolanus"},{"link_name":"The Invader of His Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invader_of_His_Country"},{"link_name":"John Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"John Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay"},{"link_name":"The Captives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Captives_(1724_play)"},{"link_name":"Hester Santlow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hester_Santlow"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"His greatest parts, after the title part of Joseph Addison's Cato, which established his reputation as a tragedian, were probably Hotspur and Brutus. His King Lear was deemed worthy of comparison with David Garrick's. As the ghost in Hamlet he is said never to have had a superior. Among his other Shakespearian rôles were Mark Antony, Timon of Athens and Othello. He also played to perfection Lothario in Nicholas Rowe's The Fair Penitent.[1] He also starred in Rowe's tragedies Ulysses (1705) as Telemachus and The Royal Convert (1707) as Hengist, King of Kent. In 1710 he starred as Athelwold in Aaron Hill's Elfrid. He starred as Coriolanus in the 1719 play The Invader of His Country by John Dennis. In 1724 he featured in John Gay's tragedy The Captives as Sophernes.Booth was twice married; his second wife, Hester Santlow, a noted actress, survived him. He was a \"poet and acholar as well as actor, and certainly a man of genius....\"[3]","title":"Roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thomas Dover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Dover"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"From 1727, Booth was afflicted by ill health and in 1733 eventually called for Thomas Dover, \"Doctor Quicksilver\", who prescribed him quicksilver. He ingested 2 pounds of mercury and died in a week.\"I endeavour'd to divide the Rectum and tie it , but it was so rotten that it broke between my Fingers like Tinder , and sent forth a most offensive cadaverous Stench...\"The whole intestinal track on the inside was covered with black balls of mercury the size of pinheads. This famous case greatly reduced the medicinal use of elemental mercury.[4][5]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"The Ambitious Stepmother","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ambitious_Stepmother"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Czar of Muscovy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Czar_of_Muscovy"},{"link_name":"Mary Pix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pix"},{"link_name":"Love's Victim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love%27s_Victim"},{"link_name":"Charles Gildon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gildon"},{"link_name":"Tamerlane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamerlane_(play)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Antiochus the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antiochus_the_Great_(play)"},{"link_name":"Jane Wiseman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Wiseman"},{"link_name":"The Double Distress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Distress"},{"link_name":"Mary Pix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pix"},{"link_name":"The Beau's Duel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beau%27s_Duel"},{"link_name":"Susanna Centlivre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre"},{"link_name":"The Stolen Heiress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stolen_Heiress"},{"link_name":"Susanna Centlivre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre"},{"link_name":"The Governour of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governour_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"The Governour of Cyprus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Governour_of_Cyprus"},{"link_name":"Love Betrayed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_Betrayed"},{"link_name":"William Burnaby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burnaby_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Different Widows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Different_Widows"},{"link_name":"Mary Pix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pix"},{"link_name":"The Stage Coach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Stage_Coach"},{"link_name":"George Farquhar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Farquhar"},{"link_name":"The Biter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Biter"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Love at First Sight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_at_First_Sight_(play)"},{"link_name":"Ulysses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulysses_(play)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Confederacy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Confederacy_(play)"},{"link_name":"John Vanbrugh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Vanbrugh"},{"link_name":"The Platonick Lady","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Platonick_Lady"},{"link_name":"Susanna Centlivre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre"},{"link_name":"The Revolution of Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revolution_of_Sweden"},{"link_name":"Catharine Cockburn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catharine_Cockburn"},{"link_name":"Adventures in Madrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adventures_in_Madrid"},{"link_name":"Mary Pix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Pix"},{"link_name":"The Double Gallant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Double_Gallant"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"The Royal Convert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Royal_Convert"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Persian Princess","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Persian_Princess"},{"link_name":"Lewis Theobald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Theobald"},{"link_name":"Appius and Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appius_and_Virginia_(1709_play)"},{"link_name":"John Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"The Rival Fools","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Rival_Fools"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"Elfrid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfrid"},{"link_name":"Aaron Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aaron_Hill_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Fair Quaker of Deal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fair_Quaker_of_Deal"},{"link_name":"Charles Shadwell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Shadwell_(playwright)"},{"link_name":"The Wife's Relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Wife%27s_Relief"},{"link_name":"Charles Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The City Ramble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_City_Ramble"},{"link_name":"Elkanah Settle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkanah_Settle"},{"link_name":"The Successful Pyrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Successful_Pyrate"},{"link_name":"Charles Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Cato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cato,_a_Tragedy"},{"link_name":"Joseph Addison","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Addison"},{"link_name":"The Female Advocates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Female_Advocates"},{"link_name":"William Taverner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Taverner_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"The Apparition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Apparition_(play)"},{"link_name":"Anonymous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anonymous_work"},{"link_name":"The Victim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Victim_(play)"},{"link_name":"Charles Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Jane Shore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Shore_(play)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Lady Jane Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Jane_Grey_(play)"},{"link_name":"Nicholas Rowe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Rowe_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Country Lasses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Country_Lasses"},{"link_name":"Charles Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Cruel Gift","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cruel_Gift"},{"link_name":"Susanna Centlivre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanna_Centlivre"},{"link_name":"The Non-Juror","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Non-Juror"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"Lucius","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucius_(play)"},{"link_name":"Delarivier Manley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delarivier_Manley"},{"link_name":"The Sultaness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sultaness"},{"link_name":"Charles Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Invader of His Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Invader_of_His_Country"},{"link_name":"John Dennis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Dennis_(dramatist)"},{"link_name":"The Spartan Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spartan_Dame"},{"link_name":"Thomas Southerne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Southerne"},{"link_name":"Busiris, King of Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busiris,_King_of_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Edward Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Young"},{"link_name":"The Siege of Damascus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Siege_of_Damascus"},{"link_name":"John Hughes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hughes_(poet)"},{"link_name":"The Refusal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Refusal_(play)"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"The Revenge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Revenge_(Young_play)"},{"link_name":"Edward Young","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Young"},{"link_name":"The Conscious Lovers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Conscious_Lovers"},{"link_name":"Richard Steele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Steele"},{"link_name":"The Briton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Briton"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Philips"},{"link_name":"Love in a Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Love_in_a_Forest"},{"link_name":"Charles Johnson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Johnson_(writer)"},{"link_name":"The Fatal Constancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fatal_Constancy"},{"link_name":"Hildebrand Jacob","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hildebrand_Jacob"},{"link_name":"Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey,_Duke_of_Gloucester_(play)"},{"link_name":"Ambrose Philips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambrose_Philips"},{"link_name":"The Captives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Captives_(1724_play)"},{"link_name":"John Gay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Gay"},{"link_name":"Caesar in Egypt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_in_Egypt"},{"link_name":"Colley Cibber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colley_Cibber"},{"link_name":"Hecuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hecuba_(West_play)"},{"link_name":"Double Falsehood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Double_Falsehood"},{"link_name":"Lewis Theobald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Theobald"}],"text":"Artaban in The Ambitious Stepmother by Nicholas Rowe (1700)\nZueski in The Czar of Muscovy by Mary Pix (1701)\nKing of Bayonne in Love's Victim by Charles Gildon (1701)\nAxalla in Tamerlane by Nicholas Rowe (1701)\nOrmandes in Antiochus the Great by Jane Wiseman (1701)\nCleomeden in The Double Distress by Mary Pix (1701)\nBellmein in The Beau's Duel by Susanna Centlivre (1702)\nEugenio in The Stolen Heiress by Susanna Centlivre (1702)\nVirotto in The Governour of Cyprus by The Governour of Cyprus (1703)\nSebastian in Love Betrayed by William Burnaby (1703)\nValentine in The Different Widows by Mary Pix (1703)\nCaptain Basil in The Stage Coach by George Farquhar (1704)\nFriendly in The Biter by Nicholas Rowe (1704)\nCourtly in Love at First Sight by David Crauford (1704)\nTelemachus in Ulysses by Nicholas Rowe (1705)\nDick in The Confederacy by John Vanbrugh (1705)\nSir Charles Richley in The Platonick Lady by Susanna Centlivre (1706)\nGustavus in The Revolution of Sweden by Catharine Cockburn (1706)\nGaylord in Adventures in Madrid by Mary Pix (1706)\nClerimont in The Double Gallant by Colley Cibber (1707)\nHengist, King of Kent in The Royal Convert by Nicholas Rowe (1707)\nMirvan in The Persian Princess by Lewis Theobald (1708)\nAppius in Appius and Virginia by John Dennis (1709)\nCunningham in The Rival Fools by Colley Cibber (1709)\nAthelwold in Elfrid by Aaron Hill (1710)\nWorthy in The Fair Quaker of Deal by Charles Shadwell (1710)\nHoratio in The Wife's Relief by Charles Johnson (1711)\nRinaldo in The City Ramble by Elkanah Settle (1711)\nArviragus in The Successful Pyrate by Charles Johnson (1712)\nCato in Cato by Joseph Addison (1713)\nCaptain Stanworth in The Female Advocates by William Taverner (1713)\nWelford in The Apparition by Anonymous (1713)\nAchilles in The Victim by Charles Johnson (1714)\nLord Hastings in Jane Shore by Nicholas Rowe (1714)\nLord Guilford Dudley in Lady Jane Grey by Nicholas Rowe (1715)\nHeartwell in The Country Lasses by Charles Johnson (1715)\nLorenzo in The Cruel Gift by Susanna Centlivre (1716)\nColonel Woodvil in The Non-Juror by Colley Cibber (1717)\nLucius in Lucius by Delarivier Manley (1717)\nBajazet in The Sultaness by Charles Johnson (1717)\nCoriolanus in The Invader of His Country by John Dennis (1719)\nCleombrotus in The Spartan Dame by Thomas Southerne (1719)\nMyron in Busiris, King of Egypt by Edward Young (1719)\nPhyocas in The Siege of Damascus by John Hughes (1720)\nGranger in The Refusal by Colley Cibber (1721)\nDon Alonzo in The Revenge by Edward Young (1721)\nBevil Junior in The Conscious Lovers by Richard Steele (1722)\nVanoc in The Briton by Ambrose Philips (1722)\nAlberton in Love in a Forest by Charles Johnson (1723)\nOmphales in The Fatal Constancy by Hildebrand Jacob (1723)\nDuke of Gloucester in Humphrey, Duke of Gloucester by Ambrose Philips (1723)\nSophernes in The Captives by John Gay (1724)\nJulius Caesar in Caesar in Egypt by Colley Cibber (1724)\nPolymnestor in Hecuba by Richard West (1726)\nJulio in Double Falsehood by Lewis Theobald (1727)","title":"Selected roles"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"},{"link_name":"Chisholm 1911","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFChisholm1911"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"The ancient physician's legacy impartially survey'd, and his practice prov'd repugnant, not only to that of the best antient and modern physicians, but to the very nature of those diseases (many of them) of which he undertakes to give us an account, inconsistent even with those very indications himself at some times lays down for the cure : with practical observations upon each chapter in a letter to a country physician : to which is added ... a discourse on quicksilver, as now commonly taken and the good or bad effects which have thence ensued : as also a particular account of Mr. Bellost's pill compar'd with the author's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//worldcat.org/oclc/488503077"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"488503077","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/488503077"},{"link_name":"cite book","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book"},{"link_name":"link","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_date_and_year"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Mercury, blue pill, and calomel their use and abuse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//worldcat.org/oclc/768163717"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"768163717","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/768163717"}],"text":"^ a b Chisholm 1911.\n\n^ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis\n\n^ Winter, p. 354.\n\n^ Daniel, Turner (1733). The ancient physician's legacy impartially survey'd, and his practice prov'd repugnant, not only to that of the best antient and modern physicians, but to the very nature of those diseases (many of them) of which he undertakes to give us an account, inconsistent even with those very indications himself at some times lays down for the cure : with practical observations upon each chapter in a letter to a country physician : to which is added ... a discourse on quicksilver, as now commonly taken and the good or bad effects which have thence ensued : as also a particular account of Mr. Bellost's pill compar'd with the author's. London. pp. 269–274. OCLC 488503077.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)\n\n^ Sigmond, George Gabriel (1840). Mercury, blue pill, and calomel their use and abuse. H. Renshaw. pp. 17–18. OCLC 768163717.","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Barton Booth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Barton_Booth"},{"link_name":"University of Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20030223104419/http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/etcbin/toccer-new?id=Cib2Apo&tag=public&images=images%2Fmodeng&data=%2Ftexts%2Fenglish%2Fmodeng%2Fparsed&part=0"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4865594#identifiers"},{"link_name":"FAST","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//id.worldcat.org/fast/118135/"},{"link_name":"ISNI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//isni.org/isni/0000000063225734"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/37816277"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfh79qDkR9jMk69Rw8Bfq"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12917765d"},{"link_name":"BnF data","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12917765d"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/123067634"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/n83177764"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35648410"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd123067634.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Trove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//trove.nla.gov.au/people/1026289"},{"link_name":"SNAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6zw1wz5"}],"text":"Wikiquote has quotations related to Barton Booth.See Cibber, Lives and Characters of the most eminent Actors and Actresses (1753).\nAn etext version is available at the University of Virginia\nVictor, Memoirs of the Life of Barton Booth (1733).\nWinter, William. Shakespeare on the Stage. New York, Moffat, Yard and Co., 1915.Authority control databases International\nFAST\nISNI\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nFrance\nBnF data\nGermany\nUnited States\nAustralia\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nTrove\nOther\nSNAC","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Daniel, Turner (1733). The ancient physician's legacy impartially survey'd, and his practice prov'd repugnant, not only to that of the best antient and modern physicians, but to the very nature of those diseases (many of them) of which he undertakes to give us an account, inconsistent even with those very indications himself at some times lays down for the cure : with practical observations upon each chapter in a letter to a country physician : to which is added ... a discourse on quicksilver, as now commonly taken and the good or bad effects which have thence ensued : as also a particular account of Mr. Bellost's pill compar'd with the author's. London. pp. 269–274. OCLC 488503077.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/488503077","url_text":"The ancient physician's legacy impartially survey'd, and his practice prov'd repugnant, not only to that of the best antient and modern physicians, but to the very nature of those diseases (many of them) of which he undertakes to give us an account, inconsistent even with those very indications himself at some times lays down for the cure : with practical observations upon each chapter in a letter to a country physician : to which is added ... a discourse on quicksilver, as now commonly taken and the good or bad effects which have thence ensued : as also a particular account of Mr. Bellost's pill compar'd with the author's"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/488503077","url_text":"488503077"}]},{"reference":"Sigmond, George Gabriel (1840). Mercury, blue pill, and calomel their use and abuse. H. Renshaw. pp. 17–18. OCLC 768163717.","urls":[{"url":"http://worldcat.org/oclc/768163717","url_text":"Mercury, blue pill, and calomel their use and abuse"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/768163717","url_text":"768163717"}]},{"reference":"Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). \"Booth, Barton\". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 238.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm","url_text":"Chisholm, Hugh"},{"url":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Booth,_Barton","url_text":"Booth, Barton"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition","url_text":"Encyclopædia Britannica"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Panteleimon_(Gorno_Nerezi)
Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi
["1 Renaissance origins","2 See also","3 References","4 Books"]
Coordinates: 41°58′37″N 21°22′26″E / 41.977°N 21.374°E / 41.977; 21.374For other uses, see Church of St. Panteleimon. Church in Gorno Nerezi, North MacedoniaChurch of Saint Panteleimon41°58′37″N 21°22′26″E / 41.977°N 21.374°E / 41.977; 21.374LocationGorno NereziCountryNorth MacedoniaDenominationEastern OrthodoxHistoryFounded1164ArchitectureStyleByzantine The Church of Saint Panteleimon (Macedonian: Црква Свети Пантелеjмон, romanized: Crkva Sveti Pantelejmon) in Gorno Nerezi, North Macedonia, is a small 12th-century Byzantine church located in a monastery complex. The church and monastery are dedicated to St. Panteleimon, the patron saint of physicians. The church was constructed in 1164 as a foundation of Alexios Angelos, a son of Constantine Angelos. The church has a domed cruciform core, three apses, and a rectangular narthex. It is built of irregular stone blocks and brick embedded in thick layers of mortar. The surrounding monastery complex is enclosed by walls. The frescoes in the church are famous examples of Komnenian-era Byzantine art, depicting scenes from the Passion of Christ and various hagiographical illustrations. Similar compositions appear in the Latomou Monastery in Thessaloniki. The church was damaged by an earthquake in the 16th century. In the restoration that followed, some of the frescoes in the upper middle region have been repainted. The original marble iconostasis survived the earthquake, but lost its decorative plastic art. In another restoration attempt in 1885, the larger part of the frescoes in the naos were painted over rather ineptly. During cleaning in 1923, some of the original 12th-century frescoes were restored. The coloring, dramatic composition and purity of expression displayed in the frescoes are outstanding examples of Byzantine medieval monumental painting in the later 12th century. The church's stucco decoration is depicted on the obverse of the Macedonian 50 denars banknote, issued in 1996. Renaissance origins Church of St. Panteleimon Pietà in frescoes in St. Panteleimon According to Andrew Graham-Dixon, British art historian and writer, these frescoes with their "...physical, electric presence..." are proof that there was more to Byzantine art than the formality and otherworldliness of its mosaic and icon tradition. In his book, Graham-Dixon questions 16th century Vasari's beliefs that Giotto di Bondone finally turned fresco painting away from the primitive influence of Byzantium. The frescoes contained within St. Panteleimon at Nerezi are not seen as static, they had the capacity to change into something more obviously human and realistic, anticipating the West's emphasis on depicting Christ as a man of flesh and blood by some 150 years. The lamentation of Christ fresco is described as being a fusion of life and death in a single image as Mary movingly mourns Jesus, cradling him between her legs. Graham-Dixon reminds that these frescoes from the 1160s precede Giotto's similar emotional frescoes from the Arena Chapel in Padua, circa 1305. He concludes "...the Byzantine east played a much more formative role in the development of renaissance art than Vasari was prepared to concede". See also History of Roman and Byzantine domes References ^ National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia. Macedonian currency. Banknotes in circulation: 50 Denars Archived 2008-03-29 at the Wayback Machine. – Retrieved on 30 March 2009. ^ a b Andrew Graham-Dixon, Renaissance. BBC, London (1999) A. J. Wharton: "Nerezi". In: Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, New York/Oxford, 1991. K. Dimče: "Nerezi". In: Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, 1st ed., Zagreb 1965. V. J. Djurić: "Nerezi". In: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Stuttgart/Weimar, 1999. Matthias Bronisch, Oplakuvanjeto vo Sv.Pantelejmon - Nerezi. In: Kulturen Zivot, 74, 8-9, S.18-22 Books Wikimedia Commons has media related to St. Pantaleon's Church (Gorno Nerezi). Petar Miljković-Pepek: Nerezi (Kunstdenkmäler in Jugoslawien). Jugoslavija, Beograd 1966. Ida Sinkević: The Church of St. Panteleimon at Nerezi: Architecture, programme, patronage. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-89500-129-5. Andrew Graham-Dixon: Renaissance. London: BBC, 1999. ISBN 0-563-38396-8. vteCity of Skopje Municipalities Aerodrom Butel Čair Centar Gazi Baba Ǵorče Petrov Karpoš Kisela Voda Saraj Šuto Orizari Geography Matka Canyon Skopje Statistical Region Skopska Crna Gora Vardar River Vodno Mountain History Timeline of Skopje history 1555 Skopje earthquake Skopje fire of 1689 1963 Skopje earthquake Reconstruction of Skopje 1963 Landmarks Cerje Čifte Hammam Kale Fortress Kapan Han Kuršumli An Macedonia Square Millennium Cross Old Bazaar Pella Square Porta Macedonia Ristiḱ Palace Scupi Skanderbeg Square Skopje Aqueduct Skopje Zoo Sobranie Palace Stone Bridge Suli Han Tauresium Tumba Madžari Churches Church of the Ascension of Jesus Church of St Clement of Ohrid Church of St Nicetas Church of St Panteleimon Church of the Nativity of the Theotokos Marko's Monastery Mosques Mustafa Pasha Mosque Sultan Murad Mosque Museums Museum of North Macedonia Museum of the Macedonian Struggle National Gallery Museum of Contemporary Art Skopje City Museum Holocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia Memorial House of Mother Teresa Sports venues Avtokomanda Boris Trajkovski Sports Center Boris Trajkovski Stadium Čair Stadium Cementarnica Stadium Independent Macedonia sport hall Ǵorče Petrov Stadium Jane Sandanski Arena Lokomotiva Stadium Toše Proeski Arena Rasadnik Hall SRC Kale Training Centre Petar Miloševski Železarnica Stadium Sports clubs FK Aerodrom FK Alumina FK Balkan Skopje FK Butel FK Cementarnica 55 FK Goce Delčev Skopje FK Gorno Lisiče FK Ilinden Skopje KK Karpoš Sokoli FK Lokomotiva Skopje FK Madžari Solidarnost FK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov FK Metalurg Skopje FK Rabotnički FK Shkupi FK Skopje FK Sloboden FK Sloga Jugomagnat FK Vardar MZT Skopje KK Rabotnički KK Torus KK Vardar ŽKK Badel 1862 RK Metalurg Skopje RK Tineks Prolet RK Vardar ŽRK Metalurg ŽRK Vardar Education FON University European University Ss. Cyril and Methodius University University American College Skopje Yahya Kemal College Nova International Schools Georgi Dimitrov High School Rade Jovčevski-Korčagin High School Orce Nikolov High School Josip Broz Tito High School Nikola Karev High School Kočo Racin High School Panče Arsovski High School Lazar Ličenoski Art School Dr. Panče Karagjozov Medical High School Vasil Antevski-Dren Economical/Legal High School Ilija Nikolovski-Luj Musical High School Mihailo Pupin Electrotechnical High School Events Basker Fest Dance Fest Skopje Oro Bez Granici Kota 2023 Skopje Book Fair Skopje Fest Skopje Film Festival Skopje Jazz Festival Skopje Summer Festival Super Dzvezda Theatre Fest Transportation Skopje Airport Transportation Center Skopje People List of people from Skopje Authority control databases International FAST VIAF National Israel United States Czech Republic Croatia
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Church of St. Panteleimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_St._Panteleimon_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"Macedonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_language"},{"link_name":"romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanization_of_Macedonian"},{"link_name":"Gorno Nerezi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorno_Nerezi"},{"link_name":"North Macedonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Macedonia"},{"link_name":"Byzantine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_architecture"},{"link_name":"St. Panteleimon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Panteleimon"},{"link_name":"Constantine Angelos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantine_Angelos"},{"link_name":"apses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apse"},{"link_name":"narthex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narthex"},{"link_name":"Komnenian-era","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komnenian-era"},{"link_name":"Byzantine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art"},{"link_name":"Passion of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)"},{"link_name":"Latomou Monastery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latomou_Monastery"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thessaloniki"},{"link_name":"iconostasis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iconostasis"},{"link_name":"naos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cella"},{"link_name":"obverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse"},{"link_name":"denars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_denar"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"For other uses, see Church of St. Panteleimon.Church in Gorno Nerezi, North MacedoniaThe Church of Saint Panteleimon (Macedonian: Црква Свети Пантелеjмон, romanized: Crkva Sveti Pantelejmon) in Gorno Nerezi, North Macedonia, is a small 12th-century Byzantine church located in a monastery complex. The church and monastery are dedicated to St. Panteleimon, the patron saint of physicians. The church was constructed in 1164 as a foundation of Alexios Angelos, a son of Constantine Angelos.The church has a domed cruciform core, three apses, and a rectangular narthex. It is built of irregular stone blocks and brick embedded in thick layers of mortar. The surrounding monastery complex is enclosed by walls.The frescoes in the church are famous examples of Komnenian-era Byzantine art, depicting scenes from the Passion of Christ and various hagiographical illustrations. Similar compositions appear in the Latomou Monastery in Thessaloniki. The church was damaged by an earthquake in the 16th century. In the restoration that followed, some of the frescoes in the upper middle region have been repainted. The original marble iconostasis survived the earthquake, but lost its decorative plastic art.In another restoration attempt in 1885, the larger part of the frescoes in the naos were painted over rather ineptly. During cleaning in 1923, some of the original 12th-century frescoes were restored.The coloring, dramatic composition and purity of expression displayed in the frescoes are outstanding examples of Byzantine medieval monumental painting in the later 12th century.The church's stucco decoration is depicted on the obverse of the Macedonian 50 denars banknote, issued in 1996.[1]","title":"Church of Saint Panteleimon, Gorno Nerezi"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Church_of_St._Panteleimon_(Nerezi).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Meister_von_Nerezi_001.jpg"},{"link_name":"Pietà","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piet%C3%A0"},{"link_name":"Andrew Graham-Dixon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Graham-Dixon"},{"link_name":"art historian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_historian"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-Dixon-2"},{"link_name":"Byzantine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byzantine_art"},{"link_name":"mosaic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosaic"},{"link_name":"icon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icon"},{"link_name":"Vasari's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giorgio_Vasari"},{"link_name":"Giotto di Bondone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto_di_Bondone"},{"link_name":"lamentation of Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamentation_of_Christ"},{"link_name":"Arena Chapel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arena_Chapel"},{"link_name":"renaissance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_art"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Graham-Dixon-2"}],"text":"Church of St. PanteleimonPietà in frescoes in St. PanteleimonAccording to Andrew Graham-Dixon, British art historian and writer, these frescoes with their \"...physical, electric presence...\"[2] are proof that there was more to Byzantine art than the formality and otherworldliness of its mosaic and icon tradition. In his book, Graham-Dixon questions 16th century Vasari's beliefs that Giotto di Bondone finally turned fresco painting away from the primitive influence of Byzantium. The frescoes contained within St. Panteleimon at Nerezi are not seen as static, they had the capacity to change into something more obviously human and realistic, anticipating the West's emphasis on depicting Christ as a man of flesh and blood by some 150 years. The lamentation of Christ fresco is described as being a fusion of life and death in a single image as Mary movingly mourns Jesus, cradling him between her legs. Graham-Dixon reminds that these frescoes from the 1160s precede Giotto's similar emotional frescoes from the Arena Chapel in Padua, circa 1305. He concludes \"...the Byzantine east played a much more formative role in the development of renaissance art than Vasari was prepared to concede\".[2]","title":"Renaissance origins"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"St. Pantaleon's Church (Gorno Nerezi)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:St._Pantaleon%27s_Church_(Gorno_Nerezi)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"3-89500-129-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-89500-129-5"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-563-38396-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-563-38396-8"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Skopje"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Skopje"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Skopje"},{"link_name":"City of 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Jugoslavija, Beograd 1966.\nIda Sinkević: The Church of St. Panteleimon at Nerezi: Architecture, programme, patronage. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2000, ISBN 3-89500-129-5.\nAndrew Graham-Dixon: Renaissance. London: BBC, 1999. ISBN 0-563-38396-8.vteCity of Skopje Municipalities\nAerodrom\nButel\nČair\nCentar\nGazi Baba\nǴorče Petrov\nKarpoš\nKisela Voda\nSaraj\nŠuto Orizari\nGeography\nMatka Canyon\nSkopje Statistical Region\nSkopska Crna Gora\nVardar River\nVodno Mountain\nHistory\nTimeline of Skopje history\n1555 Skopje earthquake\nSkopje fire of 1689\n1963 Skopje earthquake\nReconstruction of Skopje 1963\nLandmarks\nCerje\nČifte Hammam\nKale Fortress\nKapan Han\nKuršumli An\nMacedonia Square\nMillennium Cross\nOld Bazaar\nPella Square\nPorta Macedonia\nRistiḱ Palace\nScupi\nSkanderbeg Square\nSkopje Aqueduct\nSkopje Zoo\nSobranie Palace\nStone Bridge\nSuli Han\nTauresium\nTumba Madžari\nChurches\nChurch of the Ascension of Jesus\nChurch of St Clement of Ohrid\nChurch of St Nicetas\nChurch of St Panteleimon\nChurch of the Nativity of the Theotokos\nMarko's Monastery\nMosques\nMustafa Pasha Mosque\nSultan Murad Mosque\nMuseums\nMuseum of North Macedonia\nMuseum of the Macedonian Struggle\nNational Gallery\nMuseum of Contemporary Art\nSkopje City Museum\nHolocaust Memorial Center for the Jews of Macedonia\nMemorial House of Mother Teresa\nSports venues\nAvtokomanda\nBoris Trajkovski Sports Center\nBoris Trajkovski Stadium\nČair Stadium\nCementarnica Stadium\nIndependent Macedonia sport hall\nǴorče Petrov Stadium\nJane Sandanski Arena\nLokomotiva Stadium\nToše Proeski Arena\nRasadnik Hall\nSRC Kale\nTraining Centre Petar Miloševski\nŽelezarnica Stadium\nSports clubs\nFK Aerodrom\nFK Alumina\nFK Balkan Skopje\nFK Butel\nFK Cementarnica 55\nFK Goce Delčev Skopje\nFK Gorno Lisiče\nFK Ilinden Skopje\nKK Karpoš Sokoli\nFK Lokomotiva Skopje\nFK Madžari Solidarnost\nFK Makedonija Ǵorče Petrov\nFK Metalurg Skopje\nFK Rabotnički\nFK Shkupi\nFK Skopje\nFK Sloboden\nFK Sloga Jugomagnat\nFK Vardar\nMZT Skopje\nKK Rabotnički\nKK Torus\nKK Vardar\nŽKK Badel 1862\nRK Metalurg Skopje\nRK Tineks Prolet\nRK Vardar\nŽRK Metalurg\nŽRK Vardar\nEducation\nFON University\nEuropean University\nSs. Cyril and Methodius University\nUniversity American College Skopje\nYahya Kemal College\nNova International Schools\nGeorgi Dimitrov High School\nRade Jovčevski-Korčagin High School\nOrce Nikolov High School\nJosip Broz Tito High School\nNikola Karev High School\nKočo Racin High School\nPanče Arsovski High School\nLazar Ličenoski Art School\nDr. Panče Karagjozov Medical High School\nVasil Antevski-Dren Economical/Legal High School\nIlija Nikolovski-Luj Musical High School\nMihailo Pupin Electrotechnical High School\nEvents\nBasker Fest\nDance Fest Skopje\nOro Bez Granici\nKota 2023\nSkopje Book Fair\nSkopje Fest\nSkopje Film Festival\nSkopje Jazz Festival\nSkopje Summer Festival\nSuper Dzvezda\nTheatre Fest\nTransportation\nSkopje Airport\nTransportation Center Skopje\nPeople\nList of people from SkopjeAuthority control databases International\nFAST\nVIAF\nNational\nIsrael\nUnited States\nCzech Republic\nCroatia","title":"Books"}]
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[{"title":"History of Roman and Byzantine domes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_domes"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushana_Bush
Kushana Bush
["1 Work and career","2 Life","3 Recent exhibitions featuring the artist's work","4 References"]
New Zealand artist (born 1983) Kushana BushBush in studioBorn(1983-06-09)9 June 1983Dunedin, New ZealandNationalityNew ZealandEducationDunedin School of ArtAwardsArts Foundation New Generation Award (2013), Frances Hodgkins Fellow at the University of Otago (2011), Art and Australia Contemporary Art Award (2009) Kushana Bush (born 1983) is a New Zealand artist based in Dunedin. She was born in Otepoti and is best known for her paintings which typically blend historic and contemporary styles. Bush has won several awards for her works and has held international exhibitions. Work and career Bush's gouache on paper paintings are known for their level of meticulous detail, use of flattened perspective, decorative patterning, and chalky colors. Her unique style of painting blends influences from the history of figurative art, drawing on medieval illuminated manuscripts like the book of hours, through to Giotto's frescoes, Japanese Shunga art, Mughal painting, Persian miniatures, Dutch religious paintings, Korean still life and folk art. The English painter Stanley Spencer is also a key influence for the artist, as are facets of global popular culture and fashion. As curator Lauren Gutsell explains: "These disparate sources bind Bush's works to both the past and the present; the historical and the contemporary. Human interactions, humor, ambiguity, dramatic tension and intimate scale are her tools to draw viewers into a private conversation and, in some cases, a spiritual space." Bush's early works often focused on injured characters, giving the works something of the air of Mexican retablo art, though this feature has been largely absent from her more recent work. Bush received an Arts Foundation New Generation Award in 2013, and undertook the Frances Hodgkins Fellowship at the University of Otago in 2011. In 2009, the artist won the Art and Australia Contemporary Art Award, and undertook an Arts Centre/Asia NZ Foundation Residency at the National Art studio, Changdong, Seoul. Bush's work is held in institutions across New Zealand as well as the Queensland Art Gallery, Art Gallery of New South Wales, National Gallery Victoria. She is represented by Darren Knight Gallery in Sydney and Brett McDowell Gallery in Dunedin. Life Bush was born in Dunedin to English parents. Her father had studied art at Winchester School of Art, but did not complete a degree course. His interests in Asian history led to his daughter being named for the Kushan Empire, and the young Kushana's childhood was lived surrounded by books on Asian history and art. Bush went to Wakari Primary School and Balmacewen Intermediate School before studying at Otago Girls' High School. Bush completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts majoring in painting at the Dunedin School of Art in 2004. Recent exhibitions featuring the artist's work "Contemporary Art from Asia and the Pacific: Selected works from QAGOMA's Asia Pacific Triennial", Fundacion Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda, Santiago, Chile, (until 1 December 2019) "Here we are", Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, (24 August to 13 October 2019) "The 9th Asian Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art," Queensland Art Gallery & Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane (2019). "National Gallery of Victoria Triennial," National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (2018). "The Burning Hours," Te Uru Waitakere Contemporary Gallery, Auckland (2017–18). "Grayson Perry / Kushana Bush," City Gallery Wellington Te Whare Toi, Wellington (2015–16). References ^ a b "About — Kushana Bush". kushanabush.com. Retrieved 22 May 2024. ^ a b Gutsell, Lauren, ed. (2016). The Burning Hours. Dunedin Public Art Gallery. ISBN 9780994135315. ^ a b McDonald, John (1 February 2019). "Art: Kushana Bush". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ "Review: Kushana Bush, The Burning Hours | Art + Australia". www.artandaustralia.com. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ a b "Kushana Bush: The Burning Hours - Te Uru". www.teuru.org.nz. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ Dignan, James (4 September 2008). "Traditional art meets modern tribal". www.odt.co.nz. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ "Kushana Bush". The Arts Foundation. 26 September 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ a b ""Kushana is recognised as a significant artist. She's unassuming and extremely focussed. We are proud to own her as a graduate" - Kushana Bush". www.op.ac.nz. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ "Darren Knight Gallery » Darren Knight Gallery". Darren Knight Gallery. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ "Brett McDowell Gallery – Mirek Smisek - 2nd - 22nd November 2018". Brett McDowell Gallery. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ Entwisle, Peter (29 February 2016). "Artist at home with eroticism". www.odt.co.nz. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ "Here we are :: Art Gallery NSW". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 28 January 2020. ^ QAGOMA. "The 9th Asia Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art (APT9)". Queensland Art Gallery & Gallery of Modern Art. Retrieved 16 February 2019. ^ "National Gallery of Victoria Triennial". National Gallery of Victoria. Retrieved 17 February 2019. ^ "City Gallery Wellington". citygallery.org.nz. Retrieved 16 February 2019. vteFrances Hodgkins Fellows 1966 Michael Illingworth 1967 Tanya Ashken 1968 Derek Ball 1969 Ralph Hotere 1970 Michael Smither 1971–2 Marte Szirmay 1973 Ray Thorburn 1974 Marilynn Webb 1975 J. S. Parker 1976 Ian Bergquist 1977 Jeffrey Harris 1978 Grahame Sydney 1979 Matthew Pine 1980 Andrew Drummond 1981 Gretchen Albrecht 1982 Chris Booth 1983 Joanna Paul 1984 Michael Armstrong 1985 Denis O'Connor 1986 Ian C. McMillan 1987 Kendal Heyes 1988 Julia Morison 1989 Shona Rapira Davies 1990 Siegfried Koglmeier 1991 Christine Webster 1992 Neil Frazer 1993 Peter Gibson Smith 1994 Nicola Jackson 1995 Jeffrey Thomson 1996–7 Fiona Pardington 1998 Shane Cotton 1999 Séraphine Pick 2000 Jim Speers 2001 Ava Seymour 2002 Scott Eady 2003 Sara Hughes 2004 Mladen Buizumic 2005 Rohan Wealleans 2006 Sarah Munro 2007 Ben Cauchi 2008 Heather Straka 2009 Eddie Clemens 2010 Joanna Langford 2011 Kushana Bush 2012 Nick Austin 2013 Zina Swanson 2014 Patrick Lundberg 2015 John Ward Knox 2016 Miranda Parkes 2017 Campbell Patterson 2018 Louise Menzies 2019 Imogen Taylor 2020–2021 Bridget Reweti 2022 Sorawit Songsataya 2023 Emily Hartley-Skudder 2024 Miranda Bellamy and Amanda Fauteux Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Other IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dunedin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunedin"},{"link_name":"Otepoti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otepoti"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_%E2%80%94_Kushana_Bush-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-About_%E2%80%94_Kushana_Bush-1"}],"text":"Kushana Bush (born 1983) is a New Zealand artist based in Dunedin. She was born in Otepoti[1] and is best known for her paintings which typically blend historic and contemporary styles. Bush has won several awards for her works and has held international exhibitions.[1]","title":"Kushana Bush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"gouache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gouache"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"illuminated manuscripts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript"},{"link_name":"book of hours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Book_of_hours"},{"link_name":"Giotto's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giotto"},{"link_name":"Japanese Shunga art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shunga"},{"link_name":"Mughal painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mughal_painting"},{"link_name":"Persian miniatures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_miniature"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"Stanley Spencer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley_Spencer"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lauren Gutsell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lauren_Gutsell&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teuru.org.nz-5"},{"link_name":"retablo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retablo"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Frances Hodgkins Fellowship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frances_Hodgkins_Fellowship"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Queensland Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"National Gallery Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-op.ac.nz-8"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-3"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Bush's gouache on paper paintings are known for their level of meticulous detail, use of flattened perspective, decorative patterning, and chalky colors.[2] Her unique style of painting blends influences from the history of figurative art, drawing on medieval illuminated manuscripts like the book of hours, through to Giotto's frescoes, Japanese Shunga art, Mughal painting, Persian miniatures, Dutch religious paintings, Korean still life and folk art.[2] The English painter Stanley Spencer is also a key influence for the artist, as are facets of global popular culture and fashion.[3][4] As curator Lauren Gutsell explains: \"These disparate sources bind Bush's works to both the past and the present; the historical and the contemporary. Human interactions, humor, ambiguity, dramatic tension and intimate scale are her tools to draw viewers into a private conversation and, in some cases, a spiritual space.\"[5] Bush's early works often focused on injured characters, giving the works something of the air of Mexican retablo art,[6] though this feature has been largely absent from her more recent work.Bush received an Arts Foundation New Generation Award in 2013, and undertook the Frances Hodgkins Fellowship at the University of Otago in 2011. In 2009, the artist won the Art and Australia Contemporary Art Award, and undertook an Arts Centre/Asia NZ Foundation Residency at the National Art studio, Changdong, Seoul.[7]Bush's work is held in institutions across New Zealand as well as the Queensland Art Gallery, Art Gallery of New South Wales, National Gallery Victoria.[8] She is represented by Darren Knight Gallery in Sydney and Brett McDowell Gallery in Dunedin.[3][9][10]","title":"Work and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Winchester School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_School_of_Art"},{"link_name":"Kushan Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kushan_Empire"},{"link_name":"Balmacewen Intermediate School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balmacewen_Intermediate_School"},{"link_name":"Otago Girls' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Girls%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Dunedin School of Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otago_Polytechnic"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-op.ac.nz-8"}],"text":"Bush was born in Dunedin to English parents. Her father had studied art at Winchester School of Art, but did not complete a degree course. His interests in Asian history led to his daughter being named for the Kushan Empire, and the young Kushana's childhood was lived surrounded by books on Asian history and art. Bush went to Wakari Primary School and Balmacewen Intermediate School before studying at Otago Girls' High School.[11] Bush completed a Bachelor of Fine Arts majoring in painting at the Dunedin School of Art in 2004.[8]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fundacion Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda, Santiago, Chile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fundacion_Centro_Cultural_Palacio_La_Moneda,_Santiago,_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Art Gallery of New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_Gallery_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Queensland Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"Gallery of Modern Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallery_of_Modern_Art,_Brisbane"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Te Uru Waitakere Contemporary Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Te_Uru_Waitakere_Contemporary_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-teuru.org.nz-5"},{"link_name":"City Gallery Wellington Te Whare Toi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_Gallery_Wellington"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"\"Contemporary Art from Asia and the Pacific: Selected works from QAGOMA's Asia Pacific Triennial\", Fundacion Centro Cultural Palacio La Moneda, Santiago, Chile, (until 1 December 2019)\n\"Here we are\", Art Gallery of New South Wales, Sydney, (24 August to 13 October 2019)[12]\n\"The 9th Asian Pacific Triennial of Contemporary Art,\" Queensland Art Gallery & Gallery of Modern Art, Brisbane (2019).[13]\n\"National Gallery of Victoria Triennial,\" National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne (2018).[14]\n\"The Burning Hours,\" Te Uru Waitakere Contemporary Gallery, Auckland (2017–18).[5]\n\"Grayson Perry / Kushana Bush,\" City Gallery Wellington Te Whare Toi, Wellington (2015–16).[15]","title":"Recent exhibitions featuring the artist's work"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Collecchio
Battle of Collecchio
["1 Background of main forces","1.1 1st Brazilian (Expeditionary) Infantry Division","1.2 German 148th Infantry Division","2 Battle","2.1 Collecchio","2.2 Fornovo di Taro","3 Aftermath","4 References","5 Bibliography"]
Coordinates: 44°44′59″N 10°12′56″E / 44.749659°N 10.215569°E / 44.749659; 10.215569 Battle of CollecchioPart of the Spring 1945 offensive in Italy during World War IIGerman Colonel Kleiber in preliminary discussions with Brazilian Major Franco Ferreira, in Fornovo di Taro, about the surrender of the German 148. Infanterie-Division (plus remnants of the 90. Grenadier-Division), ending the Battle of Collecchio, in 29 April 1945.Date26–29 April 1945(3 days)LocationCollecchio and Fornovo di Taro, Italian Social Republic44°44′59″N 10°12′56″E / 44.749659°N 10.215569°E / 44.749659; 10.215569Result Allied victoryBelligerents  Germany  Italian Social Republic Brazil Italian partisans  United States Commanders and leaders Otto Fretter-Pico  Mario Carloni  M. de Morais Zenóbio da Costa Orlando Gomes Federico Salvestri Edward Almond Units involved 148th Infantry Division 90th Panzergrenadier Division 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Italian) (Division was disbanded during battle) 1st Bersaglieri Division 4th Alpini Division 1st Infantry Division 1st Connection and Observation Squadron 751st Tank Battalion 894th Tank Battalion One Partisan companyCasualties and losses 500 German dead and wounded 14,779 soldiers surrendered (Germans and Italians) 45 dead and wounded Unknown Unknownclass=notpageimage| Location of Fornovo di Taro in Italy's Po Valleyvte1945 Spring Offensive Encore Tombola Bowler Roast Bologna Argenta Gap Montese Herring Collecchio vteItalian CampaignInvasion of Sicily Corkscrew Mincemeat Barclay Animals Chestnut Narcissus Fustian Ladbroke Gela Troina Centuripe Invasion of Italy Baytown Avalanche Slapstick Armistice with Italy Achse Naples Devon Vatican bombing Volturno Line Barbara Line Bari raid Winter Line Bernhardt Line Monte la Difensa San Pietro Moro Ortona Rapido Monte Cassino Anzio Cisterna Diadem Strangle Chesterfield Trasimene Line Ancona Elba Gothic Line Rimini San Marino Gemmano Monte Castello Garfagnana 1945 Spring Offensive Encore Tombola Bowler Roast Bologna Argenta Gap Herring Collecchio Trieste Italian Civil War The Battle of Collecchio-Fornovo (26–29 April 1945) was a battle of the Second World War between the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (Força Expedicionária Brasileira – FEB), along with Italian partisans and units from the American 1st Armored and 92nd Infantry Divisions, against the Wehrmacht's 148th Infantry Division, 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions and the fascist National Republican Army's 1st Bersaglieri "Italia" and the 4th Alpini "Monte Rosa" Divisions. The battle was fought around the town of Fornovo di Taro, about 8 miles (13 km) to the southwest of Parma, Italy. The Allies defeated the Axis forces, which were attempting to break through to the north. On 28 April, the Brazilian 6th RCT followed up with an attack on Fornovo, with German General Otto Fretter-Pico surrendering the 148th Division, with almost 15,000 German and Fascist Italian troops at the morning of 29 April. Background of main forces 1st Brazilian (Expeditionary) Infantry Division The Brazilian Expeditionary Division was commanded by General João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais. The FEB arrived in Italy in the latter part of 1944, at a time when Allied troops were being transferred from Italy to take part in operations in southern France. On 16 July 1944, the 6th RCT reached Naples, the first of five contingents sent by Brazil. These troops were formed into a RCT under Brigadier General Euclides Zenóbio da Costa. With three U.S. tank companies as reinforcements, the 6th RCT moved to the front in September 1944, pursuing German units that were making a tactical retreat to the Gothic Line. In October–November 1944, the 6th RCT fought several engagements, but were unable to break through the Gothic line positions before the winter snows. The 1st and 11th RCT arrived in November, bringing the FEB up to division strength. At its peak, the Brazilian division had a total of 25,334 men in the 1st, 6th and 11th RCTs. Each RCT had three battalions of four companies. In February 1945, as part of the Battle of Mount Belvedere the Brazilians overcame the German defenders of the strong Monte Castello position. They then moved eastward, fighting at Roncovecchio, Seneveglio and Castelnuovo. The Brazilian division fought a tough four-day battle for Montese, which was taken on 16 April. Turning north, in the early morning of 21 April Brazilian forces conquered and occupied Zocca, an important rail terminal in the region, and by 22 April the FEB had broken into the Po Valley, pursuing the fleeing German forces. General Zenóbio da Costa took the vehicles from 10 of his 12 artillery batteries for use in infantry transport, creating a mobile force with 606 jeeps and 676 trucks of different types. On the morning of 26 April, Brazilian forces were consolidating the defenses of Parma, when they heard that German units were approaching from the south. German 148th Infantry Division On 25 September 1943, General Otto Fretter-Pico took command of the 148th Infantry Division and led it for the rest of the war. In August 1944, the division was in action against the Allied Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. In late October 1944, the division was transferred to northern Italy. In December 1944, the 148th Division struck decisively against the Americans in the Apennine Mountains in Operation Wintergewitter (Winter storm), causing serious disruption despite being out-numbered and inferior in weapons to the allies. However, by the end of March the German army was in an impossible situation. It suffered from an acute lack of supplies, total domination of the skies by the Americans, and large and rapidly growing partisan forces. By 23 April, the situation for German forces in Italy was desperate. The partisans had taken Parma, Fiume had been occupied by Tito's Yugoslav forces and French units had entered Italy from the west. The 148th Division, which had been based around the Gulf of Genoa, made a last effort to break out to the north across the Po Valley. Battle Collecchio On news of the German-Italian forces approach, retreating from Genoa-La Spezia region, which had been liberated by the US 92nd Division, a Brazilian armored reconnaissance squadron moved south from Parma, meeting leading units of the Axis forces in Collecchio. They first met armored cars from the 90th Panzergrenadier Division's reconnaissance unit, and then tanks (of the same division) with infantry from the 281st regimental of the 148th Infantry Division. The reconnaissance squadron called for reinforcements. According to Captain Pitaluga of the reconnaissance troop, "I arrived in Collecchio at noon, and I was alone until 6 pm. I had already occupied almost half the town when the infantry arrived." Pitaluga's unit of M8 cars fought it out against more lightly armored German vehicles, which only had 20 mm cannons. However, the Brazilian armored cars were vulnerable to tanks and anti-tank weapons; Pitaluga said of his vehicles, "The M8 is for recon, not (for heavy) combat.". Like the M10 (another vehicle used then by Brazilian supporting units of Cavalry), M8 had open-topped turrets, which made them more vulnerable (than fully enclosed tanks) to anti-tank infantry close attacks, especially in urban combat, as was the case at Collecchio. Also, in this first day of the battle, the Brazilians were outnumbered by a German battalion with two or three squadrons. A force of Brazilian infantry was hastily ferried to the town in jeeps, trucks (like M3s), and the transport sent back for more. By 18:30 on 26 April, the Brazilian infantry was in place and prepared for action. This included 5th Company, II Battalion, 11th Infantry; a machine gun platoon from 8th Company, 11th Infantry; and 9th Company, III Battalion, 6th RCT. Major Orlando Gomez Ramagem, commander of II Battalion, 11th Infantry was given command of the Brazilian forces. With the war clearly drawing to a close, the troops may have been reluctant to take unnecessary risks. At first, Major Ramagem was in favor of encamping for the night, but he was dissuaded by the Brazilian divisional commander, General Mascarenhas de Moraes. According to one source, "The old general acted with the enthusiasm of a lieutenant." Ramagem ordered some of his troops, supported by the machine guns, to dig in to block Highway 62, which led north to Parma. The 5th company of the 11th RCT was ordered to attack at 19:30. The first attacks were made from the southeast by this company, which quickly captured the church. This was followed by attacks from the northeast by a company of the 6th RCT. German infantry defending the outskirts of the town, supported by mortars, responded to the attacks with intense fire. Neither the Brazilians nor the Germans had any regular artillery. The Germans had only mortar and rifle fire. The church was used to hold German prisoners, and the church tower as an observation post. Lt. Jairo Junqueira da Silva of the 11th Infantry recounts an incident when General Zenóbio da Costa appeared unexpectedly at the church: That Zenóbio was crazy. We were close to the church door, and suddenly Zenóbio appeared, from heaven knows where. It was rather crowded, and I had the mortars in position in front of the church. Suddenly, here comes a German patrol in front of the garden, under cover of the vegetation. They were only a short distance away, and the guys started shooting. The first thing you have to do is hit the dust, but Zenóbio stood there as if he was a squad leader, and began issuing orders – 'Riflemen, here! Sergeant, go there!'... Like everyone else, I was lying down, with that machine gun firing close. But he didn't move, didn't lie down, did nothing of the sort. More Brazilian troops from 2nd Company, I Battalion, 6th RCT arrived at 21:00, some riding on American and Brazilian, M10 and M4 tanks, to enter the fight. The Axis troops made several unsuccessful attempts to break through to the north, but by 02:00 on 27 April, Allied forces had penetrated into the town. The Axis forces, reinforced by artillery and some tanks made a final desperate assault just before dawn. When this failed, their resistance collapsed. By noon Allied forces, with Brazilians ahead, had full control of the town, forcing the Germans and Fascist Italians south toward Fornovo by late afternoon on 27 April. Fornovo di Taro Prisoners taken in the battle at Collecchio confirmed partisans and Rebels' reports that the 148th Division had come from the Gulf of Genoa and was in the area surrounding Fornovo di Taro about 9 miles (14 km) to the southwest of Collecchio on Highway 62. The German 148th Infantry Division made an attempt to halt the allies at Fornovo di Taro. The Allied forces attacked this position at 18:00 on 28 April. The defeat at Collecchio and follow-up attacks in Fornovo, convinced the German commander that defeat was inevitable. At 22:00, General Otto Fretter-Pico sent emissaries seeking a cease fire while terms were discussed. On 29 April, he surrendered the 148th Division intact. Aftermath The Brazilian commander, General Mascarenhas de Moraes, received the surrender of the Wehrmacht and ENR Divisions on 29 April 1945. In one week the Brazilians had taken 14,700 troops, 800 officers and two generals. The Brazilians also took 1,500 vehicles and 80 guns. All Axis forces in Italy capitulated on 2 May 1945. Generalleutnant Otto Fretter-Pico (left) surrendering to General Olímpio Falconière da Cunha (center). German soldier of the 148th during the surrender. German soldiers loading a vehicle during the surrender. References ^ Donato 1996, p. 256 & 291. ^ Chase 1995, p. 90. ^ a b Donato 1996, p. Ibidem. ^ Bohmler 1964, Chapter IX (final). ^ a b Fisher 1993, p. 397. ^ Scheina 2003, p. 254. ^ Scheina 2003, pp. 255–256. ^ Camel, Forsey & Turner 2011. ^ Scheina 2003, p. 256. ^ "A CAMPANHA DA ITÁLIA - Tomada de Collecchio - Fornovo di Taro". Quartel-General do Exército (in Portuguese). 26 June 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2021. ^ a b c d Scheina 2003, p. 257. ^ Mitcham 2007, p. 178. ^ Neto, Maximiano & Bujeiro 2011, p. 23. ^ Moseley 2004, p. 232. ^ a b Dulles 1978, p. 154. ^ Hargrove 1985, p. 169. ^ a b Baber 2008, p. 1. ^ Maximiano 2011, p. 50. ^ a b c d e f Baber 2008, p. 2. ^ Dulles 1978, p. 152. ^ a b c Dulles 1978, p. 153. ^ Neto, Maximiano & Bujeiro 2011, p. 24. ^ Moraes 1966, p. 175. ^ Edwards 2010, p. 90. Bibliography Baber, Richard (2008). "The Battle at Collecchio" (PDF). The Journal. The Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2012-07-12. Bohmler, Rudolf (1964). Monte Cassino: a German View. Cassell. ASIN B000MMKAYM. Camel, Ken; Forsey, Jonathan; Turner, Wayne (19 October 2011). "The Cobra is Smokin'". Flames of War. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Chase, Patrick J. (1995). Seek, Strike, Destroy: the History of the 894th Tank Destroyer Battalion in World War II. Gateway Press. Donato, Hernâni (1996). Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras ('Dictionary of Brazilian Battles') (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Ibrasa. ISBN 8534800340. Dulles, John W. F. (1978). Castello Branco: the making of a Brazilian president. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-043-1. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Edwards, Paul M. (24 August 2010). Between the Lines of World War II: Twenty-One Remarkable People and Events. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4667-4. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Fisher, Ernest F. Jr. (16 November 1993). Mediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps (Paperback). Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-061310-4. Retrieved 13 July 2012. Gibran, Daniel K. (2001). The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II. McFarland & Co. Inc. Publishers. ISBN 0786410094. Hargrove, Hondon B. (1985). Buffalo Soldiers in Italy: Black Americans in World War II (1st ed.). McFarland & Co. Inc., Publishers. ISBN 0786417080. Maximiano, Cesar Campiani (20 December 2011). Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-285-6. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Mitcham, Samuel W. (30 January 2007). Retreat to the Reich: The German Defeat in France, 1944. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3384-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Moraes, João Baptista Mascarenhas de (1966). The Brazilian Expeditionary Force by its commander. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Neto, Ricardo; Maximiano, Cesar Campiani; Bujeiro, Ramiro (22 March 2011). Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-483-3. Retrieved 12 July 2012. Scheina, Robert L (31 July 2003). Latin America's Wars. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-1-59797-478-3. 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in preliminary discussions with Brazilian Major Franco Ferreira, in Fornovo di Taro, about the surrender of the German 148. Infanterie-Division (plus remnants of the 90. Grenadier-Division), ending the Battle of Collecchio, in 29 April 1945.Date26–29 April 1945(3 days)LocationCollecchio and Fornovo di Taro, Italian Social Republic44°44′59″N 10°12′56″E / 44.749659°N 10.215569°E / 44.749659; 10.215569Result\nAllied victoryBelligerents\n\n Germany\n Italian Social Republic\n\n\n Brazil\n Italian partisans\n United States\nCommanders and leaders\n\n Otto Fretter-Pico \n Mario Carloni \n\n\n M. de Morais\n Zenóbio da Costa\n Orlando Gomes\n Federico Salvestri\n Edward Almond\nUnits involved\n 148th Infantry Division 90th Panzergrenadier Division 29th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (1st Italian) (Division was disbanded during battle) 1st Bersaglieri Division 4th Alpini Division\n 1st Infantry Division 1st Connection and Observation Squadron 751st Tank Battalion 894th Tank Battalion One Partisan companyCasualties and losses\n500 German dead and wounded 14,779 soldiers surrendered (Germans and Italians)\n 45 dead and wounded Unknown Unknownclass=notpageimage| Location of Fornovo di Taro in Italy's Po Valleyvte1945 Spring Offensive\nEncore\nTombola\nBowler\nRoast\nBologna\nArgenta Gap\nMontese\nHerring\nCollecchio\n\nvteItalian CampaignInvasion of Sicily\nCorkscrew\nMincemeat\nBarclay\nAnimals\nChestnut\nNarcissus\nFustian\nLadbroke\nGela\nTroina\nCenturipe\nInvasion of Italy\n\nBaytown\nAvalanche\nSlapstick\nArmistice with Italy\nAchse\nNaples\nDevon\nVatican bombing\nVolturno Line\nBarbara Line\nBari raid\nWinter Line\n\nBernhardt Line\nMonte la Difensa\nSan Pietro\nMoro\nOrtona\nRapido\nMonte Cassino\nAnzio\nCisterna\nDiadem\nStrangle\nChesterfield\nTrasimene Line\nAncona\nElba\nGothic Line\n\nRimini\nSan Marino\nGemmano\nMonte Castello\nGarfagnana\n1945 Spring Offensive\n\nEncore\nTombola\nBowler\nRoast\nBologna\nArgenta Gap\nHerring\nCollecchio\nTrieste\n\nItalian Civil WarThe Battle of Collecchio-Fornovo (26–29 April 1945) was a battle of the Second World War between the Brazilian Expeditionary Force (Força Expedicionária Brasileira – FEB), along with Italian partisans and units from the American 1st Armored and 92nd Infantry Divisions, against the Wehrmacht's 148th Infantry Division, 90th Panzergrenadier Divisions and the fascist National Republican Army's 1st Bersaglieri \"Italia\" and the 4th Alpini \"Monte Rosa\" Divisions.[1][2] The battle was fought around the town of Fornovo di Taro, about 8 miles (13 km) to the southwest of Parma, Italy. The Allies defeated the Axis forces, which were attempting to break through to the north.[3][4]On 28 April, the Brazilian 6th RCT followed up with an attack on Fornovo, with German General Otto Fretter-Pico surrendering the 148th Division, with almost 15,000 German and Fascist Italian troops at the morning of 29 April.[3]","title":"Battle of Collecchio"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Background of main forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Baptista_Mascarenhas_de_Morais"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1993397-5"},{"link_name":"Euclides Zenóbio da Costa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euclides_Zen%C3%B3bio_da_Costa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gothic Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Line"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003254-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003255%E2%80%93256-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1993397-5"},{"link_name":"battalions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battalion"},{"link_name":"companies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_(military)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTECamelForseyTurner2011-8"},{"link_name":"Battle of Mount Belvedere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mount_Belvedere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Monte Castello","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Castello"},{"link_name":"Montese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montese"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003256-9"},{"link_name":"Zocca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zocca"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Po Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po_Valley"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003257-11"}],"sub_title":"1st Brazilian (Expeditionary) Infantry Division","text":"The Brazilian Expeditionary Division was commanded by General João Baptista Mascarenhas de Morais.[5]\nThe FEB arrived in Italy in the latter part of 1944, at a time when Allied troops were being transferred from Italy to take part in operations in southern France.On 16 July 1944, the 6th RCT reached Naples, the first of five contingents sent by Brazil. These troops were formed into a RCT under Brigadier General Euclides Zenóbio da Costa. With three U.S. tank companies as reinforcements, the 6th RCT moved to the front in September 1944, pursuing German units that were making a tactical retreat to the Gothic Line.[6]In October–November 1944, the 6th RCT fought several engagements, but were unable to break through the Gothic line positions before the winter snows.[7] The 1st and 11th RCT arrived in November, bringing the FEB up to division strength.[5] At its peak, the Brazilian division had a total of 25,334 men in the 1st, 6th and 11th RCTs. Each RCT had three battalions of four companies.[8]In February 1945, as part of the Battle of Mount Belvedere the Brazilians overcame the German defenders of the strong Monte Castello position. They then moved eastward, fighting at Roncovecchio, Seneveglio and Castelnuovo. The Brazilian division fought a tough four-day battle for Montese, which was taken on 16 April.[9] Turning north, in the early morning of 21 April Brazilian forces conquered and occupied Zocca, an important rail terminal in the region,[10] and by 22 April the FEB had broken into the Po Valley, pursuing the fleeing German forces. General Zenóbio da Costa took the vehicles from 10 of his 12 artillery batteries for use in infantry transport, creating a mobile force with 606 jeeps and 676 trucks of different types. On the morning of 26 April, Brazilian forces were consolidating the defenses of Parma, when they heard that German units were approaching from the south.[11]","title":"Background of main forces"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Otto Fretter-Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Fretter-Pico"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitcham2007178-12"},{"link_name":"Operation Dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetoMaximianoBujeiro201123-13"},{"link_name":"Apennine Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apennine_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Operation Wintergewitter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Garfagnana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Fiume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiume"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoseley2004232-14"},{"link_name":"Gulf of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulles1978154-15"}],"sub_title":"German 148th Infantry Division","text":"On 25 September 1943, General Otto Fretter-Pico took command of the 148th Infantry Division and led it for the rest of the war.[12] In August 1944, the division was in action against the Allied Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France. In late October 1944, the division was transferred to northern Italy.[13] In December 1944, the 148th Division struck decisively against the Americans in the Apennine Mountains in Operation Wintergewitter (Winter storm), causing serious disruption despite being out-numbered and inferior in weapons to the allies.[citation needed]However, by the end of March the German army was in an impossible situation. It suffered from an acute lack of supplies, total domination of the skies by the Americans, and large and rapidly growing partisan forces.[citation needed] By 23 April, the situation for German forces in Italy was desperate. The partisans had taken Parma, Fiume had been occupied by Tito's Yugoslav forces and French units had entered Italy from the west.[14] The 148th Division, which had been based around the Gulf of Genoa, made a last effort to break out to the north across the Po Valley.[15]","title":"Background of main forces"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genoa"},{"link_name":"La Spezia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Spezia"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHargrove1985169-16"},{"link_name":"reconnaissance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reconnaissance"},{"link_name":"Parma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parma"},{"link_name":"armored cars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armored_car_(military)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaber20081-17"},{"link_name":"M8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M8_Greyhound"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaximiano201150-18"},{"link_name":"M10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M10_tank_destroyer"},{"link_name":"anti-tank infantry close attacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-tank_warfare#Infantry_close_assault"},{"link_name":"urban combat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urban_warfare"},{"link_name":"jeeps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeep#World_War_II_Jeeps"},{"link_name":"M3s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M3_Half-track"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaber20081-17"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaber20082-19"},{"link_name":"Mascarenhas de Moraes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mascarenhas_de_Moraes"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulles1978152-20"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaber20082-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulles1978153-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulles1978153-21"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaber20082-19"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulles1978153-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTENetoMaximianoBujeiro201124-22"},{"link_name":"M4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M4_Sherman"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaber20082-19"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaber20082-19"}],"sub_title":"Collecchio","text":"On news of the German-Italian forces approach, retreating from Genoa-La Spezia region, which had been liberated by the US 92nd Division,[16] a Brazilian armored reconnaissance squadron moved south from Parma, meeting leading units of the Axis forces in Collecchio. They first met armored cars from the 90th Panzergrenadier Division's reconnaissance unit, and then tanks (of the same division) with infantry from the 281st regimental of the 148th Infantry Division. The reconnaissance squadron called for reinforcements.[17] According to Captain Pitaluga of the reconnaissance troop, \"I arrived in Collecchio at noon, and I was alone until 6 pm. I had already occupied almost half the town when the infantry arrived.\" Pitaluga's unit of M8 cars fought it out against more lightly armored German vehicles, which only had 20 mm cannons. However, the Brazilian armored cars were vulnerable to tanks and anti-tank weapons; Pitaluga said of his vehicles, \"The M8 is for recon, not (for heavy) combat.\".[18] Like the M10 (another vehicle used then by Brazilian supporting units of Cavalry), M8 had open-topped turrets, which made them more vulnerable (than fully enclosed tanks) to anti-tank infantry close attacks, especially in urban combat, as was the case at Collecchio. Also, in this first day of the battle, the Brazilians were outnumbered by a German battalion with two or three squadrons.A force of Brazilian infantry was hastily ferried to the town in jeeps, trucks (like M3s), and the transport sent back for more. By 18:30 on 26 April, the Brazilian infantry was in place and prepared for action. This included 5th Company, II Battalion, 11th Infantry; a machine gun platoon from 8th Company, 11th Infantry; and 9th Company, III Battalion, 6th RCT.[17] Major Orlando Gomez Ramagem, commander of II Battalion, 11th Infantry was given command of the Brazilian forces.[19] With the war clearly drawing to a close, the troops may have been reluctant to take unnecessary risks. At first, Major Ramagem was in favor of encamping for the night, but he was dissuaded by the Brazilian divisional commander, General Mascarenhas de Moraes. According to one source, \"The old general acted with the enthusiasm of a lieutenant.\" [20]Ramagem ordered some of his troops, supported by the machine guns, to dig in to block Highway 62, which led north to Parma. The 5th company of the 11th RCT was ordered to attack at 19:30.[19] The first attacks were made from the southeast by this company, which quickly captured the church.[21] This was followed by attacks from the northeast by a company of the 6th RCT.[21] German infantry defending the outskirts of the town, supported by mortars, responded to the attacks with intense fire.[19] Neither the Brazilians nor the Germans had any regular artillery. The Germans had only mortar and rifle fire.[21]The church was used to hold German prisoners, and the church tower as an observation post. Lt. Jairo Junqueira da Silva of the 11th Infantry recounts an incident when General Zenóbio da Costa appeared unexpectedly at the church:That Zenóbio was crazy. We were close to the church door, and suddenly Zenóbio appeared, from heaven knows where. It was rather crowded, and I had the mortars in position in front of the church. Suddenly, here comes a German patrol in front of the garden, under cover of the vegetation. They were only a short distance away, and the guys started shooting. The first thing you have to do is hit the dust, but Zenóbio stood there as if he was a squad leader, and began issuing orders – 'Riflemen, here! Sergeant, go there!'... Like everyone else, I was lying down, with that machine gun firing close. But he didn't move, didn't lie down, did nothing of the sort.[22]More Brazilian troops from 2nd Company, I Battalion, 6th RCT arrived at 21:00, some riding on American and Brazilian, M10 and M4 tanks, to enter the fight. The Axis troops made several unsuccessful attempts to break through to the north, but by 02:00 on 27 April, Allied forces had penetrated into the town.[19] The Axis forces, reinforced by artillery and some tanks made a final desperate assault just before dawn. When this failed, their resistance collapsed. By noon Allied forces, with Brazilians ahead, had full control of the town, forcing the Germans and Fascist Italians south toward Fornovo by late afternoon on 27 April.[19]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gulf of Genoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Genoa"},{"link_name":"Fornovo di Taro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fornovo_di_Taro"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDulles1978154-15"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003257-11"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaber20082-19"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoraes1966175-23"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003257-11"}],"sub_title":"Fornovo di Taro","text":"Prisoners taken in the battle at Collecchio confirmed partisans and Rebels' reports that the 148th Division had come from the Gulf of Genoa and was in the area surrounding Fornovo di Taro about 9 miles (14 km) to the southwest of Collecchio on Highway 62.[15] The German 148th Infantry Division made an attempt to halt the allies at Fornovo di Taro. The Allied forces attacked this position at 18:00 on 28 April.[11] The defeat at Collecchio and follow-up attacks in Fornovo, convinced the German commander that defeat was inevitable.[19] At 22:00, General Otto Fretter-Pico sent emissaries seeking a cease fire while terms were discussed.[23] On 29 April, he surrendered the 148th Division intact.[11]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdwards201090-24"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheina2003257-11"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_-_Aprisionamento_da_148%C2%AA_Divis%C3%A3o_Alem%C3%A3,_comandada_pelo_major_general_Otto_Fretter_Pico,_pela_For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_(3).jpg"},{"link_name":"Generalleutnant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalleutnant"},{"link_name":"Otto Fretter-Pico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Fretter-Pico"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_-_Aprisionamento_da_148%C2%AA_Divis%C3%A3o_Alem%C3%A3,_comandada_pelo_major_general_Otto_Fretter_Pico,_pela_For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_(1).jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_-_Aprisionamento_da_148%C2%AA_Divis%C3%A3o_Alem%C3%A3,_comandada_pelo_major_general_Otto_Fretter_Pico,_pela_For%C3%A7a_Expedicion%C3%A1ria_Brasileira_(2).jpg"}],"text":"The Brazilian commander, General Mascarenhas de Moraes, received the surrender of the Wehrmacht and ENR Divisions on 29 April 1945. In one week the Brazilians had taken 14,700 troops, 800 officers and two generals.[24] The Brazilians also took 1,500 vehicles and 80 guns. All Axis forces in Italy capitulated on 2 May 1945.[11]Generalleutnant Otto Fretter-Pico (left) surrendering to General Olímpio Falconière da Cunha (center).\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGerman soldier of the 148th during the surrender.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tGerman soldiers loading a vehicle during the surrender.","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"The Battle at Collecchio\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20140303041640/http://sotcw.co.uk/downloads/Collecchio_-_Italy_1945.pdf"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//sotcw.co.uk/downloads/Collecchio_-_Italy_1945.pdf"},{"link_name":"\"The Cobra is Smokin'\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.flamesofwar.com/hobby.aspx?art_id=209"},{"link_name":"Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras ('Dictionary of Brazilian Battles')","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=xeyuqtq3ImUC&q=Dicion%C3%A1rio+das+Batalhas+Brasileiras"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"8534800340","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8534800340"},{"link_name":"Castello Branco: the making of a Brazilian president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=dwMkAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-89096-043-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-043-1"},{"link_name":"Between the Lines of World War II: Twenty-One Remarkable People and 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Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands"},{"link_name":"Shumshu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu"},{"link_name":"Surrender of Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan"},{"link_name":"Potsdam Declaration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration"},{"link_name":"document","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender"},{"link_name":"End of World War II in Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg"},{"link_name":"World portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:World"},{"link_name":"Bibliography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Category","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:World_War_II"}],"text":"Baber, Richard (2008). \"The Battle at Collecchio\" (PDF). The Journal. The Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2012-07-12.\nBohmler, Rudolf (1964). Monte Cassino: a German View. Cassell. ASIN B000MMKAYM.\nCamel, Ken; Forsey, Jonathan; Turner, Wayne (19 October 2011). \"The Cobra is Smokin'\". Flames of War. Retrieved 12 July 2012.\nChase, Patrick J. (1995). Seek, Strike, Destroy: the History of the 894th Tank Destroyer Battalion in World War II. Gateway Press.\nDonato, Hernâni (1996). Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras ('Dictionary of Brazilian Battles') (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Ibrasa. ISBN 8534800340.\nDulles, John W. F. (1978). Castello Branco: the making of a Brazilian president. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-043-1. Retrieved 12 July 2012.\nEdwards, Paul M. (24 August 2010). Between the Lines of World War II: Twenty-One Remarkable People and Events. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4667-4. Retrieved 12 July 2012.\nFisher, Ernest F. Jr. (16 November 1993). Mediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps (Paperback). Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-061310-4. Retrieved 13 July 2012.\nGibran, Daniel K. (2001). The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II. McFarland & Co. Inc. Publishers. ISBN 0786410094.\nHargrove, Hondon B. (1985). Buffalo Soldiers in Italy: Black Americans in World War II (1st ed.). McFarland & Co. Inc., Publishers. ISBN 0786417080.\nMaximiano, Cesar Campiani (20 December 2011). Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-285-6. Retrieved 12 July 2012.[permanent dead link]\nMitcham, Samuel W. (30 January 2007). Retreat to the Reich: The German Defeat in France, 1944. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3384-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012.\nMoraes, João Baptista Mascarenhas de (1966). The Brazilian Expeditionary Force by its commander. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Retrieved 12 July 2012.\nMoseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012.\nNeto, Ricardo; Maximiano, Cesar Campiani; Bujeiro, Ramiro (22 March 2011). Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-483-3. Retrieved 12 July 2012.[permanent dead link]\nScheina, Robert L (31 July 2003). Latin America's Wars. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-1-59797-478-3. Retrieved 12 July 2012.vteWorld War II\nOutline\nBattles\nOperations\nLeaders\nAllied\nAxis\nCommanders\nCasualties\nConferences\nGeneralTopics\nAir warfare of World War II\nIn Europe\nBlitzkrieg\nComparative military ranks\nCryptography\nDeclarations of war\nDiplomacy\nGovernments in exile\nHome front\nAustralian\nUnited Kingdom\nUnited States\nLend-Lease\nManhattan Project\nBritish contribution\nMilitary awards\nMilitary equipment\nMilitary production\nNaval history\nNazi plunder\nOpposition\nTechnology\nAllied cooperation\nMulberry harbour\nTotal war\nStrategic bombing\nPuppet states\nWomen\nArt and World War II\nMusic in World War II\nTheaters\nAsia and Pacific\nChina\nSouth-East Asia\nPacific\nNorth and Central Pacific\nSouth-West Pacific\nIndian Ocean\nEurope\nWestern Front\nEastern Front\nMediterranean and Middle East\nNorth Africa\nEast Africa\nItaly\nWest Africa\nAtlantic\ntimeline\nAmericas\nAftermath\nChinese Civil War\nCold War\nDecolonization\nDivision of Korea\nFirst Indochina War\nExpulsion of Germans\nGreek Civil War\nIndonesian National Revolution\nKeelhaul\nMarshall Plan\nOccupation of Germany\nOccupation of Japan\nOsoaviakhim\nPaperclip\nSoviet occupations\nBaltic\nHungary\nPoland\nRomania\nTerritorial changes of Germany\nTreaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany\nUnited Nations\nWar crimes\nAllied war crimes\nSoviet war crimes\nBritish war crimes\nUnited States war crimes\nGerman war crimes\nforced labour\nWehrmacht war crimes\nThe Holocaust\nAftermath\nResponse\nNuremberg trials\nItalian war crimes\nJapanese war crimes\nNanjing Massacre\nUnit 731\nProsecution\nCroatian war crimes\nGenocide of Serbs\nPersecution of Jews\nRomanian war crimes\nSexual violence\nGerman military brothels\nCamp brothels\nRape during the occupation of Germany  / Japan  / Poland\nRape during the liberation of France  / Serbia\nSook Ching\nComfort women\nRape of Manila\nMarocchinate\nParticipantsAllies\nAlgeria\nAustralia\nBelgium\nBrazil\nBulgaria (from September 1944)\nCanada\nChina\nCuba\nCzechoslovakia\nDenmark\nEthiopia\nEswatini (formerly Swaziland)\nFinland (from September 1944)\nFrance\nFree France\nGreece\nIndia\nItaly (from September 1943)\nLuxembourg\nMexico\nNetherlands\nNewfoundland\nNew Zealand\nNorway\nPhilippines\nPoland\nRomania (from August 1944)\nSierra Leone\nSouth Africa\nSouthern Rhodesia\nSoviet Union\nTuva\nUnited Kingdom\nBritish Empire\nUnited States\nPuerto Rico\nYugoslavia\nAxis\nAlbania protectorate\nBulgaria (until September 1944)\nWang Jingwei regime\nIndependent State of Croatia\nFinland (until September 1944)\nGerman Reich\nHungary\nAzad Hind\nFrench Indochina\nIraq\nItaly (until September 1943)\nItalian Social Republic\nEmpire of Japan\nManchukuo\nPhilippines\nRomania (until August 1944)\nSlovak Republic\nThailand\nVichy France\nNeutral\nAfghanistan\nAndorra\nBhutan\nIreland\nLiechtenstein\nPortugal\nSpain\nSweden\nSwitzerland\nTibet\nVatican City\nResistance\nAlbania\nAustria\nBelgium\nBulgaria\nCzech lands\nDenmark\nDutch East Indies\nEstonia\nEthiopia\nFrance\nGermany\nGreece\nHong Kong\nItaly\nJapan\nJews\nKorea\nKorean Liberation Army\nKorean Volunteer Army\nLatvia\nLithuania\nLuxembourg\nMalaya\nNetherlands\nNortheast China\nNorway\nPhilippines\nPoland\nRomania\nThailand\nSoviet Union\nSlovakia\nWestern Ukraine\nVietnam\nQuốc dân Đảng\nViet Minh\nYugoslavia\nPOWs\nFinnish prisoners in the Soviet Union\nGerman prisoners\nSoviet Union\nAzerbaijan\nUnited States\nUnited Kingdom\nItalian prisoners in the Soviet Union\nJapanese prisoners\nSoviet Union\nSoviet prisoners\nFinland\natrocities by Germans\nPolish prisoners in the Soviet Union\nRomanian prisoners in the Soviet Union\nTimelinePrelude\nAfrica\nSecond Italo-Ethiopian War\nAsia\nSecond Sino-Japanese War\nBattles of Khalkhin Gol\nEurope\nAnschluss\nMunich Agreement\nOccupation of Czechoslovakia\nOperation Himmler\nItalian invasion of Albania\n1939\nInvasion of Poland\nBattle of the Atlantic\nPhoney War\nFirst Battle of Changsha\nBattle of South Guangxi\nWinter War\n1939–1940 Winter Offensive\n1940\nNorwegian campaign\nGerman invasion of Denmark\nBattle of Zaoyang–Yichang\nGerman invasion of Luxembourg\nGerman invasion of the Netherlands\nGerman invasion of Belgium\nBattle of France\nDunkirk evacuation\nBattle of Britain\nBattle of the Mediterranean\nNorth Africa\nWest Africa\nBritish Somaliland\nHundred Regiments Offensive\nBaltic states\nEastern Romania\nJapanese invasion of French Indochina\nItalian invasion of Greece\nCompass\n1941\nBattle of South Henan\nBattle of Shanggao\nInvasion of Yugoslavia\nGerman invasion of Greece\nBattle of Crete\nAnglo-Iraqi War\nBattle of South Shanxi\nSyria–Lebanon campaign\nEast African campaign\nInvasion of the Soviet Union\nSummer War\nFinland (Silver Fox)\nLithuania\nBattle of Kiev\nAnglo-Soviet invasion of Iran\nSecond Battle of Changsha\nSiege of Leningrad\nBattle of Moscow\nBombing of Gorky\nSiege of Sevastopol\nAttack on Pearl Harbor\nJapanese invasion of Thailand\nFall of Hong Kong\nFall of the Philippines\nBattle of Guam\nBattle of Wake Island\nMalayan campaign\nBattle of Borneo\nJapanese invasion of Burma\nThird Battle of Changsha\nGreek famine of 1941–1944\n1942\nFall of Singapore\nBattle of the Java Sea\nSt Nazaire Raid\nBattle of Christmas Island\nBattle of the Coral Sea\nBattle of Madagascar\nZhejiang-Jiangxi campaign\nBattle of Gazala\nBattle of Dutch Harbor\nBattle of Midway\nAleutian Islands campaign\nKiska\n Attu\nBlue\nFirst Battle of El Alamein\nBattle of Stalingrad\nRzhev\nJubilee\nSecond Battle of El Alamein\nGuadalcanal campaign\nTorch\nChinese famine of 1942–1943\n1943\nTunisian campaign\nBattle of West Hubei\nBattle of Attu\nBombing of Gorky\nBattle of Kursk\nAllied invasion of Sicily\nSmolensk\nSolomon Islands campaign\nCottage\nBattle of the Dnieper\nAllied invasion of Italy\nArmistice of Cassibile\nBurma\nNorthern Burma and Western Yunnan\nChangde\nSecond Battle of Kiev\nGilbert and Marshall Islands campaign\nTarawa\nMakin\nBengal famine of 1943\n1944\nTempest\nMonte Cassino / Anzio\nKorsun–Cherkassy\nNarva\nIchi-Go\nOverlord\nNeptune\nMariana and Palau\nBagration\nWestern Ukraine\nSecond Battle of Guam\nTannenberg Line\nWarsaw Uprising\nEastern Romania\nLiberation of Paris\nDragoon\nGothic Line\nBelgrade offensive\nLapland\nMarket Garden\nEstonia\nCrossbow\nPointblank\nVietnamese famine of 1944–1945\nPhilippines (1944–1945)\nLeyte\nSyrmian Front\nHungary\nBudapest\nBurma (1944–1945)\nArdennes\nBodenplatte\nDutch famine of 1944–1945\n1945\nVistula–Oder\nBattle of Manila\nBattle of Iwo Jima\nIndochina\nVienna offensive\nProject Hula\nWestern invasion of Germany\nBratislava–Brno offensive\nBattle of Okinawa\nSecond Guangxi campaign\nWest Hunan\nItaly (Spring 1945)\nBattle of Berlin\nPrague offensive\nSurrender of Germany\ndocument\nBorneo\nTaipei\nNaval bombardment of Japan\nManchuria\nAtomic bombings\nDebate\nSouth Sakhalin\nKuril Islands\nShumshu\nSurrender of Japan\nPotsdam Declaration\ndocument\nEnd of World War II in Asia\n\n World portal\nBibliography\nCategory","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"A CAMPANHA DA ITÁLIA - Tomada de Collecchio - Fornovo di Taro\". Quartel-General do Exército (in Portuguese). 26 June 2018. Retrieved 30 May 2021.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.badmqgex.eb.mil.br/patio-das-batalhas/patio-das-batalhas/23-artigo-23","url_text":"\"A CAMPANHA DA ITÁLIA - Tomada de Collecchio - Fornovo di Taro\""}]},{"reference":"Baber, Richard (2008). \"The Battle at Collecchio\" (PDF). The Journal. The Society of Twentieth Century Wargamers. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2014. Retrieved 2012-07-12.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140303041640/http://sotcw.co.uk/downloads/Collecchio_-_Italy_1945.pdf","url_text":"\"The Battle at Collecchio\""},{"url":"http://sotcw.co.uk/downloads/Collecchio_-_Italy_1945.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Bohmler, Rudolf (1964). Monte Cassino: a German View. Cassell. ASIN B000MMKAYM.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Camel, Ken; Forsey, Jonathan; Turner, Wayne (19 October 2011). \"The Cobra is Smokin'\". Flames of War. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.flamesofwar.com/hobby.aspx?art_id=209","url_text":"\"The Cobra is Smokin'\""}]},{"reference":"Chase, Patrick J. (1995). Seek, Strike, Destroy: the History of the 894th Tank Destroyer Battalion in World War II. Gateway Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Donato, Hernâni (1996). Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras ('Dictionary of Brazilian Battles') (in Portuguese) (2nd ed.). Ibrasa. ISBN 8534800340.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=xeyuqtq3ImUC&q=Dicion%C3%A1rio+das+Batalhas+Brasileiras","url_text":"Dicionário das Batalhas Brasileiras ('Dictionary of Brazilian Battles')"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8534800340","url_text":"8534800340"}]},{"reference":"Dulles, John W. F. (1978). Castello Branco: the making of a Brazilian president. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 978-0-89096-043-1. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dwMkAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Castello Branco: the making of a Brazilian president"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89096-043-1","url_text":"978-0-89096-043-1"}]},{"reference":"Edwards, Paul M. (24 August 2010). Between the Lines of World War II: Twenty-One Remarkable People and Events. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-4667-4. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zaXnzYGuo_4C&pg=PA90","url_text":"Between the Lines of World War II: Twenty-One Remarkable People and Events"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4667-4","url_text":"978-0-7864-4667-4"}]},{"reference":"Fisher, Ernest F. Jr. (16 November 1993). Mediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps (Paperback). Government Printing Office. ISBN 978-0-16-061310-4. Retrieved 13 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=eTC1EXVwu-0C&pg=PA397","url_text":"Mediterranean Theater of Operations: Cassino to the Alps (Paperback)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-061310-4","url_text":"978-0-16-061310-4"}]},{"reference":"Gibran, Daniel K. (2001). The 92nd Infantry Division and the Italian Campaign in World War II. McFarland & Co. Inc. Publishers. ISBN 0786410094.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786410094","url_text":"0786410094"}]},{"reference":"Hargrove, Hondon B. (1985). Buffalo Soldiers in Italy: Black Americans in World War II (1st ed.). McFarland & Co. Inc., Publishers. ISBN 0786417080.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=tmu8GJI_E4UC","url_text":"Buffalo Soldiers in Italy: Black Americans in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786417080","url_text":"0786417080"}]},{"reference":"Maximiano, Cesar Campiani (20 December 2011). Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-78096-285-6. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=L6HVtOSmWAEC&pg=PT50","url_text":"Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-285-6","url_text":"978-1-78096-285-6"}]},{"reference":"Mitcham, Samuel W. (30 January 2007). Retreat to the Reich: The German Defeat in France, 1944. Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-3384-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=qBrjZ8-VtEMC&pg=PA178","url_text":"Retreat to the Reich: The German Defeat in France, 1944"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8117-3384-7","url_text":"978-0-8117-3384-7"}]},{"reference":"Moraes, João Baptista Mascarenhas de (1966). The Brazilian Expeditionary Force by its commander. U.S. Govt. Print. Off. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=CaAGAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"The Brazilian Expeditionary Force by its commander"}]},{"reference":"Moseley, Ray (2004). Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce. Taylor Trade Publications. ISBN 978-1-58979-095-7. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=UmxaWvOL_IgC&pg=PA232","url_text":"Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58979-095-7","url_text":"978-1-58979-095-7"}]},{"reference":"Neto, Ricardo; Maximiano, Cesar Campiani; Bujeiro, Ramiro (22 March 2011). Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II. Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84908-483-3. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=602usxQTOF8C&pg=PA23","url_text":"Brazilian Expeditionary Force in World War II"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-483-3","url_text":"978-1-84908-483-3"}]},{"reference":"Scheina, Robert L (31 July 2003). Latin America's Wars. Potomac Books, Inc. pp. 254–. ISBN 978-1-59797-478-3. Retrieved 12 July 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FojnWy7_RN4C&pg=PT254","url_text":"Latin America's Wars"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59797-478-3","url_text":"978-1-59797-478-3"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haun_Saussy
Haun Saussy
["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Research","4 Personal life","5 Honors","6 References","7 External links"]
American academic (born 1960) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Haun Saussy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article contains wording that promotes the subject in a subjective manner without imparting real information. Please remove or replace such wording and instead of making proclamations about a subject's importance, use facts and attribution to demonstrate that importance. (December 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Caleb Powell Haun Saussy (born February 15, 1960) is a University Professor at the University of Chicago. His primary teaching and research interests include classical Chinese poetry and commentary, literary theory, comparative study of oral traditions, problems of translation, pre-twentieth-century media history, and ethnography and ethics of medical care. Early life and education Saussy is the son of socialite Lola Haun Saussy and Tupper Saussy, an American musician and conspiracy theorist. Raised in suburban Nashville, Tennessee, he attended Deerfield Academy and then received his B.A. in comparative literature and classics at Duke University in 1981. He received his M.Phil. and Ph.D. at Yale University in comparative literature in 1987 and 1990 respectively. Between college and graduate school, he studied linguistics and Chinese in Paris and Taiwan. Career Saussy was previously an assistant professor (1990–95) and associate professor (1995–97) at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was an associate professor, full professor, and chair of the Department of Comparative Literature at Stanford University, prior to joining the Yale faculty in 2004. Saussy moved to the University of Chicago in 2011. Research Saussy's first book, The Problem of a Chinese Aesthetic (Stanford UP, 1993), discussed the tradition of commentary that has grown up around the early Chinese poetry collection Shi jing (known in English as the Book of Songs). This was followed by Great Walls of Discourse and Other Adventures in Cultural China (Harvard University Asia Center, 2001), an account of the ways of knowing and describing specific to China scholarship, and Sinographies, co-edited with Steven Yao and Eric Hayot. Other interests are reflected in the edited books Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism (with Kang-i Sun Chang and Charles Kwong, 1999), Partner to the Poor: A Paul Farmer Reader (2009) and Ernest Fenollosa / Ezra Pound, The Chinese Written Character: A Critical Edition (with Jonathan Stalling and Lucas Klein, 2008). Saussy and Perry Meisel supplied introductions, notes and errata to the reissue of Wade Baskin's translation of Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics (2011). In 2016 he published The Ethnography of Rhythm: Orality and Its Technologies (Fordham University Press), which subsequently won the Scaglione Prize for Comparative Studies of the MLA. In 2017 followed Translation as Citation: Zhuangzi Inside Out (Oxford University Press). With Rivi Handler-Spitz and Pauline Chen Lee, he edited and translated A Book to Burn And A Book to Keep (Hidden): Selected Writings of Li Zhi (Columbia University Press, 2016). He is an avid cyclist, memorizer of verb paradigms and lyric poetry, and contributor to a variety of art installations including the innovative Martin Luther King, Jr. Library in San Jose, California. His articles range widely, from the imaginary universal languages of Athanasius Kircher to Chinese musicology to the great Qing dynasty novel Honglou meng and the history of oral-poetry theory. He edited the American Comparative Literature Association's 2004 report on the state of the discipline. With others, he maintains a blog, www.printculture.com. Among his editorial responsibilities are: co-editor, Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews; co-editor, Critical Inquiry; editorial board member, Zhongguo xueshu / China Scholarship, Comparative Literature, Warring States Papers, Modern Philology, Cross-Currents, and Health and Human Rights: An International Journal, etc. With Lazar Fleishman of Stanford University, he edits a series, "Verbal Art," now published by Fordham University Press. Personal life Saussy is married to Olga V. Solovieva, a Yale University Ph.D (2006) and researcher at Nikolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland. He has two children from his first marriage, Liana and Caleb, and three from his second marriage. Honors President (2009-2011) of the American Comparative Literature Association Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 2009). Graduate President (2007-2011) of the Alpha of Connecticut Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa. References ^ "Haun Saussy". Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations (EALC) at The University of Chicago. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ "News & Opinion: The Amazing Tupper Saussy (Memphis Flyer . 05-18-98)". ^ "Haun Saussy, Professional History" (PDF). Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ "The Ethnography of Rhythm". Fordham University Press. Retrieved 2024-04-07. ^ "Haun Saussy and Olga Solovieva in Dunedin". A Common Strangeness: Contemporary Poetry, Cross-cultural Encounter, Comparative Literature. November 30, 2014. Retrieved April 30, 2023. ^ "Olga V. Solovieva". ^ "Haun Saussy, Ph.D. | Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations". ealc.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-07. ^ "American Academy of Arts & Sciences". External links Web site at the University of Chicago Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Catalonia Germany Israel Belgium United States Sweden Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Academics ORCID Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University Professor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Professor"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Caleb Powell Haun Saussy (born February 15, 1960) is a University Professor at the University of Chicago. His primary teaching and research interests include classical Chinese poetry and commentary, literary theory, comparative study of oral traditions, problems of translation, pre-twentieth-century media history, and ethnography and ethics of medical care.[1]","title":"Haun Saussy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lola Haun Saussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lola_Haun_Saussy&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Tupper Saussy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupper_Saussy"},{"link_name":"Nashville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Tennessee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tennessee"},{"link_name":"Deerfield Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerfield_Academy"},{"link_name":"Duke University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_University"},{"link_name":"Yale University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yale_University"},{"link_name":"comparative literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparative_literature"},{"link_name":"linguistics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linguistics"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"}],"text":"Saussy is the son of socialite Lola Haun Saussy[2] and Tupper Saussy, an American musician and conspiracy theorist. Raised in suburban Nashville, Tennessee, he attended Deerfield Academy and then received his B.A. in comparative literature and classics at Duke University in 1981. He received his M.Phil. and Ph.D. at Yale University in comparative literature in 1987 and 1990 respectively. Between college and graduate school, he studied linguistics and Chinese in Paris and Taiwan.","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"Stanford University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_University"},{"link_name":"University of Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Chicago"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Saussy was previously an assistant professor (1990–95) and associate professor (1995–97) at the University of California, Los Angeles. He was an associate professor, full professor, and chair of the Department of Comparative Literature at Stanford University, prior to joining the Yale faculty in 2004. Saussy moved to the University of Chicago in 2011.[3]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chinese poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_poetry"},{"link_name":"Book of Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_of_Poetry"},{"link_name":"Harvard University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_University"},{"link_name":"scholarship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship"},{"link_name":"Kang-i Sun Chang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang-i_Sun_Chang"},{"link_name":"Fordham University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University_Press"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Oxford University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxford_University_Press"},{"link_name":"Columbia University Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbia_University_Press"},{"link_name":"cyclist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclist"},{"link_name":"lyric poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyric_poetry"},{"link_name":"Athanasius Kircher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher"},{"link_name":"Chinese musicology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_musicology"},{"link_name":"Qing dynasty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qing_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Honglou meng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honglou_meng"}],"text":"Saussy's first book, The Problem of a Chinese Aesthetic (Stanford UP, 1993), discussed the tradition of commentary that has grown up around the early Chinese poetry collection Shi jing (known in English as the Book of Songs). This was followed by Great Walls of Discourse and Other Adventures in Cultural China (Harvard University Asia Center, 2001), an account of the ways of knowing and describing specific to China scholarship, and Sinographies, co-edited with Steven Yao and Eric Hayot. Other interests are reflected in the edited books Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism (with Kang-i Sun Chang and Charles Kwong, 1999), Partner to the Poor: A Paul Farmer Reader (2009) and Ernest Fenollosa / Ezra Pound, The Chinese Written Character: A Critical Edition (with Jonathan Stalling and Lucas Klein, 2008). Saussy and Perry Meisel supplied introductions, notes and errata to the reissue of Wade Baskin's translation of Ferdinand de Saussure's Course in General Linguistics (2011).In 2016 he published The Ethnography of Rhythm: Orality and Its Technologies (Fordham University Press), which subsequently won the Scaglione Prize[4] for Comparative Studies of the MLA. In 2017 followed Translation as Citation: Zhuangzi Inside Out (Oxford University Press). With Rivi Handler-Spitz and Pauline Chen Lee, he edited and translated A Book to Burn And A Book to Keep (Hidden): Selected Writings of Li Zhi (Columbia University Press, 2016). He is an avid cyclist, memorizer of verb paradigms and lyric poetry, and contributor to a variety of art installations including the innovative Martin Luther King, Jr. Library in San Jose, California. His articles range widely, from the imaginary universal languages of Athanasius Kircher to Chinese musicology to the great Qing dynasty novel Honglou meng and the history of oral-poetry theory. He edited the American Comparative Literature Association's 2004 report on the state of the discipline.With others, he maintains a blog, www.printculture.com. Among his editorial responsibilities are: co-editor, Chinese Literature: Essays, Articles, Reviews; co-editor, Critical Inquiry; editorial board member, Zhongguo xueshu / China Scholarship, Comparative Literature, Warring States Papers, Modern Philology, Cross-Currents, and Health and Human Rights: An International Journal, etc. With Lazar Fleishman of Stanford University, he edits a series, \"Verbal Art,\" now published by Fordham University Press.","title":"Research"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Olga V. Solovieva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olga_V._Solovieva&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Saussy is married to Olga V. Solovieva, a Yale University Ph.D (2006) and researcher at Nikolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland. He has two children from his first marriage, Liana and Caleb, and three from his second marriage.[5][6]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Alpha of Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phi_Beta_Kappa,_Alpha_of_Connecticut&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Kappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa"}],"text":"President (2009-2011) of the American Comparative Literature Association[7]\nFellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences (since 2009).[8]\nGraduate President (2007-2011) of the Alpha of Connecticut Chapter of Phi Beta Kappa.","title":"Honors"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tometes
Tometes
["1 Taxonomy","2 Description","3 Range, habitat and ecology","4 Species","5 References"]
Genus of fishes Not to be confused with Tomettes, a type of floor tile. Tometes Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Characiformes Family: Serrasalmidae Genus: TometesValenciennes, 1850 Type species Tometes trilobatusValenciennes, 1850 Tometes is a genus of fish in the family Serrasalmidae found in fast-flowing rivers in northern South America. Adults of all seven species in this genus are phytophagous, feeding primarily on aquatic plants in the family Podostemaceae. The genus name Tometes was coined in 1850 by Valenciennes in reference to the incisiform teeth. When the type species of the genus, T. trilobatus, was described in 1850, it was placed in synonym with Myleus setiger, the type species of the genus Myleus, which is why Tometes and Myleus were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus Tometes. Taxonomy Even today the taxonomic classification of the Serrasalmidae is not an easy task. Many names are placed in synonymy due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that Tometes and Myleus are two different genera but that Tometes, Myleus, Mylesinus and Ossubtus share a common ancestor. Typical characters of Tometes coincide with Mylesinus and Ossubtus specimen more than Myleus. It is further known that Tometes live in sympatry with other reophilic Serrasalmidae. Tometes species are also not to be mistaken with pacus, a vegetarian fish, which is often sold as a vegetarian piranha in the corresponding countries. One can easily distinguish one from another by their very different composition of their dentition. Description Depending on the exact species, the maximum length of Tometes is between 28.3 and 91.1 cm (0.9–3.0 ft). They can weigh more than 5 kg (11 lb). The body color is generally gray or silvery, showing a brighter color at the bottom side. Their name was given due to their incisiform teeth, which are thicker and lower than in the other related genera. Also the teeth are placed side by side, are weakly attached to the jaw and are primarily used for cutting leaves. Sexually mature male of Tometes differ from females by an additional anal-fin lobe, an elongated dorsal fin or a red pattern on the body. Range, habitat and ecology T. ancylorhynchus, T. kranponhah and T. siderocarajensis are found in clearwater rivers that originate in the Brazilian Shield (Xingu and Tocantins—Araguaia basins), T. camunani, T. lebaili and T. trilobatus are found in rivers of the eastern Guiana Shield (Trombetas, Commewijne, Mana, Maroni, Oyapock, Amapá Grande and Araguari basins), and T. makue is from the Rio Negro and Orinoco basins. These species all live in rapidly moving water with a rocky environment. A dense occurrence of Tometes larvae and juveniles in rapids around Podostemaceae plants, the main food source of adult Tometes, suggests that there is a positive rheotrophism (adaptability to fast-flowing water) in the larval stage. Unlike the strictly phytophagous adults, juveniles also feed on invertebrates. Their association with Podostemaceae plants restricts their distributions, which makes them vulnerable to the loss of rapids by the introduction of hydroelectric dams. In a cultural aspect rheophilic serrasalmids (notably Tometes, Myloplus and Mylesinus) are important in the tradition of local communities. Species There are currently 7 recognized species in this genus: Tometes ancylorhynchus M. C. Andrade, Jégu & Giarizzo, 2016 Tometes camunani M. C. Andrade, Giarizzo & Jégu, 2013 Tometes kranponhah M. C. Andrade, Jégu & Giarizzo, 2016 Tometes lebaili Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu, 2002 Tometes makue Jégu, G. M. Santos & Belmont-Jégu, 2002 Tometes siderocarajensis Andrade et al., 2017 Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850 References ^ a b c d e f Andrade, M.C., Giarizzo, T. & Jégu, M. (2013): Tometes camunani (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), a new species of phytophagous fish from the Guiana Shield, rio Trombetas basin, Brazil. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11 (2): 297-306. ^ a b c Froese, Rainer and Pauly, Daniel, eds. (2017). Species of Tometes in FishBase. February 2017 version. ^ a b c d Andrade, M.C., Jégu, M. & Giarizzo, T. (2016): Tometes kranponhah and Tometes ancylorhynchus (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae), two new phytophagous serrasalmids, and the first Tometes species described from the Brazilian Shield. Journal of Fish Biology, 89 (1): 467-494. ^ a b c d Jégu, M.; Dos Santos, G.M.; Keith, P.; Le Bail, P.-Y. (2002). "Supplementary description and rehabilitation of Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850, type-species of Tometes Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae)". Cybium. 26 (2): 99–122. ^ Mitchell, E. (2013). "Vegetarian Piranhas' Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection". Answers in Genesis. ^ a b "Tometes". OPEFE. Retrieved 24 February 2017. ^ Mol, J.H.A. (2012). The Freshwater Fishes of Suriname. Brill. p. 890. ISBN 978-90-04-20766-0. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2017). "Tometes makue" in FishBase. February 2017 version. ^ Jégu, M.; Keith, P. (2005). "Threatened fishes of the world: Tometes lebaili (Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002) (Characidae: Serrasalminae)". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 72 (4): 378. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-4126-4. S2CID 35999447. ^ Marcelo C. Andrade, Valéria N. Machado, Michel Jégu, Izeni P. Farias and Tommaso Giarrizzo (2017). A New Species of Tometes Valenciennes 1850 (Characiformes: Serrasalmidae) from Tocantins-Araguaia River Basin Based on Integrative Analysis of Molecular and Morphological Data. PLoS ONE 12(4): e0170053. Taxon identifiersTometes Wikidata: Q6415779 Wikispecies: Tometes ADW: Tometes BOLD: 497747 CoL: 7XKZ EoL: 25989 GBIF: 2354758 iNaturalist: 92548 IRMNG: 1307484 ITIS: 639358 NCBI: 138547 Open Tree of Life: 607016 uBio: 4372390 WoRMS: 271100
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When the type species of the genus, T. trilobatus, was described in 1850, it was placed in synonym with Myleus setiger, the type species of the genus Myleus, which is why Tometes and Myleus were considered to be the same genus for a long time. It was just later that the two genera were revalitated and other specimen could be categorized in the genus Tometes.[4]","title":"Tometes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"taxonomic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Serrasalmidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrasalmidae"},{"link_name":"synonymy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)"},{"link_name":"Myleus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myleus"},{"link_name":"Mylesinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylesinus"},{"link_name":"Ossubtus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ossubtus"},{"link_name":"common ancestor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ancestor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C3%A9gu2002-4"},{"link_name":"reophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheophile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade2013-1"},{"link_name":"pacus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacu"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mitchell2013-5"},{"link_name":"better source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS"}],"text":"Even today the taxonomic classification of the Serrasalmidae is not an easy task. Many names are placed in synonymy due to a lack of information and insufficient data bases. It was not long ago when it was discovered that Tometes and Myleus are two different genera but that Tometes, Myleus, Mylesinus and Ossubtus share a common ancestor. Typical characters of Tometes coincide with Mylesinus and Ossubtus specimen more than Myleus.[4] It is further known that Tometes live in sympatry with other reophilic Serrasalmidae.[1] Tometes species are also not to be mistaken with pacus, a vegetarian fish, which is often sold as a vegetarian piranha in the corresponding countries. One can easily distinguish one from another by their very different composition of their dentition.[5][better source needed]","title":"Taxonomy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opefe-6"},{"link_name":"incisiform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incisor"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C3%A9gu2002-4"},{"link_name":"anal-fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anal_fin"},{"link_name":"dorsal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mol2012-7"}],"text":"Depending on the exact species, the maximum length of Tometes is between 28.3 and 91.1 cm (0.9–3.0 ft).[2] They can weigh more than 5 kg (11 lb).[6] The body color is generally gray or silvery, showing a brighter color at the bottom side. Their name was given due to their incisiform teeth, which are thicker and lower than in the other related genera.[4] Also the teeth are placed side by side, are weakly attached to the jaw and are primarily used for cutting leaves. Sexually mature male of Tometes differ from females by an additional anal-fin lobe, an elongated dorsal fin or a red pattern on the body.[7]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"clearwater rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)"},{"link_name":"Brazilian Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilian_Highlands"},{"link_name":"Xingu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xingu_River"},{"link_name":"Tocantins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tocantins_River"},{"link_name":"Araguaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araguaia_River"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade2016-3"},{"link_name":"Guiana Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guiana_Shield"},{"link_name":"Trombetas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trombetas_River"},{"link_name":"Commewijne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commewijne_River"},{"link_name":"Mana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mana_River_(Guyane)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Maroni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maroni_(river)"},{"link_name":"Oyapock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oyapock"},{"link_name":"Amapá Grande","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amap%C3%A1_Grande_River"},{"link_name":"Araguari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araguari_River_(Amap%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade2013-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C3%A9gu2002-4"},{"link_name":"Rio Negro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)"},{"link_name":"Orinoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orinoco"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"rapids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rapids"},{"link_name":"Podostemaceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podostemaceae"},{"link_name":"rheotrophism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheophile"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade2013-1"},{"link_name":"phytophagous","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phytophagous"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-opefe-6"},{"link_name":"hydroelectric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydroelectricity"},{"link_name":"rheophilic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheophilic"},{"link_name":"serrasalmids","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serrasalmidae"},{"link_name":"Myloplus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myloplus"},{"link_name":"Mylesinus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mylesinus"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade2013-1"}],"text":"T. ancylorhynchus, T. kranponhah and T. siderocarajensis are found in clearwater rivers that originate in the Brazilian Shield (Xingu and Tocantins—Araguaia basins),[3] T. camunani, T. lebaili and T. trilobatus are found in rivers of the eastern Guiana Shield (Trombetas, Commewijne, Mana, Maroni, Oyapock, Amapá Grande and Araguari basins),[1][4] and T. makue is from the Rio Negro and Orinoco basins.[8] These species all live in rapidly moving water with a rocky environment. A dense occurrence of Tometes larvae and juveniles in rapids around Podostemaceae plants, the main food source of adult Tometes, suggests that there is a positive rheotrophism (adaptability to fast-flowing water) in the larval stage.[1] Unlike the strictly phytophagous adults, juveniles also feed on invertebrates.[6] Their association with Podostemaceae plants restricts their distributions, which makes them vulnerable to the loss of rapids by the introduction of hydroelectric dams. In a cultural aspect rheophilic serrasalmids (notably Tometes, Myloplus and Mylesinus) are important in the tradition of local communities.[1]","title":"Range, habitat and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fishbase-2"},{"link_name":"Tometes ancylorhynchus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tometes_ancylorhynchus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. C. Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Costa_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jégu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Louis_Arthur_Marie_Ange_Fran%C3%A7ois_J%C3%A9gu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giarizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommaso_Giarizzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade2016-3"},{"link_name":"Tometes camunani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tometes_camunani&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. C. Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Costa_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giarizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommaso_Giarizzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jégu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Louis_Arthur_Marie_Ange_Fran%C3%A7ois_J%C3%A9gu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade2013-1"},{"link_name":"Tometes kranponhah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tometes_kranponhah&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"M. C. Andrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marcelo_Costa_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jégu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Louis_Arthur_Marie_Ange_Fran%C3%A7ois_J%C3%A9gu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Giarizzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tommaso_Giarizzo&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Andrade2016-3"},{"link_name":"Tometes lebaili","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tometes_lebaili&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jégu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Louis_Arthur_Marie_Ange_Fran%C3%A7ois_J%C3%A9gu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Philippe_Keith&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belmont-Jégu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Belmont-J%C3%A9gu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-J%C3%A9gu2005-9"},{"link_name":"Tometes makue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tometes_makue&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jégu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Michel_Louis_Arthur_Marie_Ange_Fran%C3%A7ois_J%C3%A9gu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"G. M. Santos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Geraldo_Mendes_dos_Santos&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Belmont-Jégu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Belmont-J%C3%A9gu&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tometes siderocarajensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tometes_siderocarajensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tometes trilobatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tometes_trilobatus&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Valenciennes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achille_Valenciennes"}],"text":"There are currently 7 recognized species in this genus:[2]Tometes ancylorhynchus M. C. Andrade, Jégu & Giarizzo, 2016[3]\nTometes camunani M. C. Andrade, Giarizzo & Jégu, 2013[1]\nTometes kranponhah M. C. Andrade, Jégu & Giarizzo, 2016[3]\nTometes lebaili Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu, 2002[9]\nTometes makue Jégu, G. M. Santos & Belmont-Jégu, 2002\nTometes siderocarajensis Andrade et al., 2017[10]\nTometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850","title":"Species"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Jégu, M.; Dos Santos, G.M.; Keith, P.; Le Bail, P.-Y. (2002). \"Supplementary description and rehabilitation of Tometes trilobatus Valenciennes, 1850, type-species of Tometes Valenciennes (Characidae: Serrasalminae)\". Cybium. 26 (2): 99–122.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Mitchell, E. (2013). \"Vegetarian Piranhas' Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection\". Answers in Genesis.","urls":[{"url":"https://answersingenesis.org/aquatic-animals/fish/vegetarian-piranhas-teeth-point-to-pre-fall-perfection/","url_text":"\"Vegetarian Piranhas' Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tometes\". OPEFE. Retrieved 24 February 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.opefe.com/tometes.html","url_text":"\"Tometes\""}]},{"reference":"Mol, J.H.A. (2012). The Freshwater Fishes of Suriname. Brill. p. 890. ISBN 978-90-04-20766-0.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-20766-0","url_text":"978-90-04-20766-0"}]},{"reference":"Jégu, M.; Keith, P. (2005). \"Threatened fishes of the world: Tometes lebaili (Jégu, Keith & Belmont-Jégu 2002) (Characidae: Serrasalminae)\". Environmental Biology of Fishes. 72 (4): 378. doi:10.1007/s10641-004-4126-4. S2CID 35999447.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10641-004-4126-4","url_text":"10.1007/s10641-004-4126-4"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35999447","url_text":"35999447"}]}]
[{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/identification/SpeciesList.php?genus=Tometes","external_links_name":"Species of Tometes"},{"Link":"https://answersingenesis.org/aquatic-animals/fish/vegetarian-piranhas-teeth-point-to-pre-fall-perfection/","external_links_name":"\"Vegetarian Piranhas' Teeth Point to Pre-Fall Perfection\""},{"Link":"https://www.opefe.com/tometes.html","external_links_name":"\"Tometes\""},{"Link":"http://www.fishbase.org/summary/SpeciesSummary.php?genusname=Tometes&speciesname=makue","external_links_name":"\"Tometes makue\""},{"Link":"https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10641-004-4126-4","external_links_name":"10.1007/s10641-004-4126-4"},{"Link":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:35999447","external_links_name":"35999447"},{"Link":"https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Tometes/","external_links_name":"Tometes"},{"Link":"http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=497747","external_links_name":"497747"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7XKZ","external_links_name":"7XKZ"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/25989","external_links_name":"25989"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2354758","external_links_name":"2354758"},{"Link":"https://inaturalist.org/taxa/92548","external_links_name":"92548"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1307484","external_links_name":"1307484"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=639358","external_links_name":"639358"},{"Link":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=138547","external_links_name":"138547"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=607016","external_links_name":"607016"},{"Link":"http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=4372390","external_links_name":"4372390"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=271100","external_links_name":"271100"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuzaydabad
Abuzeydabad
["1 Notes","2 References"]
Coordinates: 33°54′10″N 51°46′02″E / 33.90278°N 51.76722°E / 33.90278; 51.76722City in Isfahan province, Iran For the dialect, see Abuzaydabadi dialect. City in Isfahan, IranAbuzeydabad Persian: ابوزيدآبادCityShah Abbasi Caravanserai of AbuzeydabadAbuzeydabadCoordinates: 33°54′10″N 51°46′02″E / 33.90278°N 51.76722°E / 33.90278; 51.76722CountryIranProvinceIsfahanCountyAran va BidgolDistrictKaviratPopulation (2016) • Total5,976Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Abuzeydabad (Persian: ابوزيدآباد) is a city in, and the capital of, Kavirat District of Aran va Bidgol County, Isfahan province, Iran. It also serves as the administrative center for Kavirat Rural District. People in Abuzeydabad speak the Abuzaydabadi dialect. At the 2006 census, its population was 5,160 in 1,318 households. The following census in 2011 counted 5,559 people in 1,584 households. The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 5,976 people in 1,784 households. Iran portal Notes ^ Also Romanized as Abūzeydābād, Abū Zeydābād and Abu Zaidābād References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (8 June 2023). "Abuzeydabad, Aran va Bidgol County" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 8 June 2023. ^ a b "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ Abuzeydabad can be found at GEOnet Names Server, at this link, by opening the Advanced Search box, entering "-3051724" in the "Unique Feature Id" form, and clicking on "Search Database". ^ Habibi, Hassan (26 June 1375). "Divisional reforms in Isfahan province". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024. ^ Mousavi, Mirhossein (10 July 2018). "Creation and establishment of eight rural districts including villages, farms and places mentioned in this approval letter in Kashan County under Isfahan province". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022. ^ "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022. vteIsfahan province, IranCapital Isfahan Countiesand citiesAran va Bidgol County Aran va Bidgol Abuzeydabad Nushabad Sefidshahr Ardestan County Ardestan Mahabad Zavareh Borkhar County Dowlatabad Dastgerd Habibabad Khvorzuq Komeshcheh Shadpurabad Buin va Miandasht County Buin va Miandasht Afus Chadegan County Chadegan Rozveh Dehaqan County Dehaqan Falavarjan County Falavarjan Abrisham Baharan Shahr Imanshahr Kelishad va Sudarjan Pir Bakran Qahderijan Zazeran Faridan County Daran Damaneh Fereydunshahr County Fereydunshahr Barf Anbar Golpayegan County Golpayegan Golshahr Guged Isfahan County Isfahan Baharestan Ezhiyeh Harand Hasanabad Kuhpayeh Mohammadabad Nasrabad Nikabad Sagzi Tudeshk Varzaneh Kashan County Kashan Barzok Jowsheqan va Kamu Meshkat Neyasar Qamsar Khomeyni Shahr County Khomeyni Shahr Dorcheh Piaz Kushk Khur and Biabanak County Khur Jandaq Farrokhi Khvansar County Khvansar Lenjan County Zarrin Shahr Bagh-e Bahadoran Chamgardan Chermahin Fuladshahr Sedeh Lenjan Varnamkhast Zayandeh Rud Mobarakeh County Mobarakeh Dizicheh Karkevand Talkhvoncheh Zibashahr Nain County Nain Anarak Bafran Najafabad County Najafabad Alavicheh Dehaq Goldasht Jowzdan Kahriz Sang Natanz County Natanz Badrud Khaledabad Semirom County Semirom Hana Komeh Noqol Vanak Shahreza County Shahreza Manzariyeh Shahin Shahr and Meymeh County Shahin Shahr Gaz Meymeh Vazvan Tiran and Karvan County Tiran Asgaran Rezvanshahr Sights Abbāsi House Abyaneh Agha Bozorg Mosque Āmeri House Bazaar of Kashan Borujerdi House Chaharbagh Boulevard Chaharbagh School Fin Garden Fire temple of Isfahan Hasht Behesht Jameh Mosque of Ashtarjan Jameh Mosque of Isfahan Khaju Bridge Monar Jonban Naqsh-e Jahan Square New Julfa Si-o-se-pol Sultan Amir Ahmad Bathhouse Tabatabai House Tepe Sialk See also Greater Isfahan Region List of cities, towns and villages List of universities vte Aran o Bidgol CountyCapital Aran o Bidgol DistrictsCentralCities Aran o Bidgol Nushabad Sefidshahr Rural Districts and villagesSefiddasht Aliabad-e Kavir Aran and Bidgol Brick Factory Feyzabad Kadish Majdabad Mazraeh-ye Ayyubabad Shomareh-ye Do Mohammadabad Yazdel KaviratCities Abuzeydabad Rural Districts and villagesKavir Hoseynabad Kaghazi Qasemabad Yazdelan Kavirat Aliabad Chah-e Rafsanjaniha Chah-e Shomareh-ye Do Dasht-e Enqolab Fakhreh Mazraeh-ye Molla Habib Mazraeh-ye Now Mohammadabad Rijan This Aran o Bidgol County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Abuzaydabadi dialect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuzaydabadi_dialect"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Kavirat District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavirat_District"},{"link_name":"Aran va Bidgol County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aran_va_Bidgol_County"},{"link_name":"Isfahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isfahan_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Aran_va_Bidgol_County-5"},{"link_name":"Kavirat Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavirat_Rural_District_(Aran_va_Bidgol_County)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kashan_County-6"},{"link_name":"Abuzaydabadi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abuzaydabadi_language"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2006_census-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2011_census-8"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"text":"City in Isfahan province, IranFor the dialect, see Abuzaydabadi dialect.City in Isfahan, IranAbuzeydabad (Persian: ابوزيدآباد)[a] is a city in, and the capital of, Kavirat District of Aran va Bidgol County, Isfahan province, Iran.[4] It also serves as the administrative center for Kavirat Rural District.[5] People in Abuzeydabad speak the Abuzaydabadi dialect.[citation needed]At the 2006 census, its population was 5,160 in 1,318 households.[6] The following census in 2011 counted 5,559 people in 1,584 households.[7] The latest census in 2016 showed a population of 5,976 people in 1,784 households.[2]Iran portal","title":"Abuzeydabad"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"^ Also Romanized as Abūzeydābād, Abū Zeydābād and Abu Zaidābād[3]","title":"Notes"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (8 June 2023). \"Abuzeydabad, Aran va Bidgol County\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=33.902778&mlon=51.767222&zoom=15#map=15/33.9028/51.7672","url_text":"\"Abuzeydabad, Aran va Bidgol County\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 19 October 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019041954/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Habibi, Hassan (26 June 1375). \"Divisional reforms in Isfahan province\". Lamtakam (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Political-Defense Commission of the Government Council. Archived from the original on 7 February 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207003426/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/117372","url_text":"\"Divisional reforms in Isfahan province\""},{"url":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/117372","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mousavi, Mirhossein (10 July 2018). \"Creation and establishment of eight rural districts including villages, farms and places mentioned in this approval letter in Kashan County under Isfahan province\". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Council of Ministers. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 13 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230901173426/https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/131281","url_text":"\"Creation and establishment of eight rural districts including villages, farms and places mentioned in this approval letter in Kashan County under Isfahan province\""},{"url":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/131281","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 25 September 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083455/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"url":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\". Syracuse University (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 10. Archived from the original (Excel) on 17 January 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221845/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"url":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","url_text":"the original"}]}]
[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abuzeydabad&params=33_54_10_N_51_46_02_E_dim:1km_type:city(5976)_region:IR-10","external_links_name":"33°54′10″N 51°46′02″E / 33.90278°N 51.76722°E / 33.90278; 51.76722"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abuzeydabad&params=33_54_10_N_51_46_02_E_dim:1km_type:city(5976)_region:IR-10","external_links_name":"33°54′10″N 51°46′02″E / 33.90278°N 51.76722°E / 33.90278; 51.76722"},{"Link":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=33.902778&mlon=51.767222&zoom=15#map=15/33.9028/51.7672","external_links_name":"\"Abuzeydabad, Aran va Bidgol County\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201019041954/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"Link":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_10.xlsx","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"http://geonames.nga.mil/namesgaz/","external_links_name":"this link"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20240207003426/https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/117372","external_links_name":"\"Divisional reforms in Isfahan province\""},{"Link":"https://lamtakam.com/law/council_of_ministers/117372","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230901173426/https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/131281","external_links_name":"\"Creation and establishment of eight rural districts including villages, farms and places mentioned in this approval letter in Kashan County under Isfahan province\""},{"Link":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/PrintText/131281","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110920083455/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006)\""},{"Link":"http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/10.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230117221845/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","external_links_name":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011)\""},{"Link":"https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Esfahan.xls","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abuzeydabad&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Picket_Seamount
New England Seamounts
["1 Formation","2 Biota","3 Seamounts","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
Coordinates: 37°24′N 60°00′W / 37.400°N 60.000°W / 37.400; -60.000Chain of more than 20 seamounts in the Atlantic Ocean New England SeamountsThe New England Seamounts LocationLocationNorth Atlantic OceanCoordinates37°24′N 60°00′W / 37.400°N 60.000°W / 37.400; -60.000 The New England Seamounts is a chain of over twenty underwater extinct volcanic mountains known as seamounts. This chain is located off the coast of Massachusetts in the Atlantic Ocean and extends over 1,000 km from the edge of Georges Bank. Many of the peaks of these mountains rise over 4,000 m from the seabed. The New England Seamounts chain is the longest such chain in the North Atlantic and is home to a diverse range of deep sea fauna. Scientists have visited the chain on various occasions to survey the geologic makeup and biota of the region. The chain is part of the Great Meteor hotspot track and was formed by the movement of the North American Plate over the New England hotspot. The oldest volcanoes that were formed by the same hotspot are northwest of Hudson Bay, Canada. Part of the seamount chain is protected by Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument. A variety of different names have been used to refer to this seamount range, including the Kelvin Seamounts, Kelvin Seamount Group, Kelvin Banks, New England Seamount Chain and the Bermuda-New England Seamount Arc (including the Bermuda Pedestal, which contains the archipelago of Bermuda and Argus and Challenger Banks, and Bowditch Seamount, and other seamounts intervening roughly between Bermuda and Nashville Seamount). Formation The New England hotspot, also referred to as the Great Meteor hotspot, formed the White Mountains 124 to 100 million years ago when the North American continent was directly over the zone. As the continent drifted to the west, the hotspot gradually moved offshore. On a southeasterly course, the hotspot formed Bear Seamount, the oldest seamount in the chain, about 100 to 103 million years ago. Over the course of millions of years, the hotspot continued to create the other seamounts in the chain, culminating about 83 million years ago with the creation of the Nashville Seamount. As the Atlantic Ocean continued to spread, the hotspot eventually "travelled" further east, forming the Great Meteor Seamount south of the Azores, where it is located today. The New England Seamounts were once at or above sea level. As time passed, however, and the chain moved farther away from the New England hotspot, the crust cooled and contracted, and the chain sank into the ocean. All the peaks are now a kilometer or more below the surface. Biota Some animals from the New England Seamounts: gorgonian soft coral, a brisingid sea star, and sponges The seamount chain provides a unique habitat for deep sea marine creatures. Coral formations grow on the rocky outcrops, resembling underwater forests that provide shelter for invertebrates and fish. Due to the expense and difficulties of studying the deep ocean, little was known of the creatures that inhabited the New England Seamounts. In fact, before recent expeditions, there was only one known coral species in the entire chain. Since 2000, marine biologists, during various exploratory studies, have caught and classified over 203 species of fish and 214 species of invertebrates on the Bear Seamount. This range of diversity suggests that other seamounts may harbour more unknown macro-organisms. During one survey, a species of cutthroat eel, believed to be found only near Australia, was identified. Corals, echinoderms, and crustaceans make up a large portion of the creatures found on the seamount. These organisms act as indicator species, identifying potential problems in the ecosystem. Seamounts Map of the New England Seamounts showing the locations of Bear, Kelvin and Manning seamounts 3-D depiction of Bear Seamount, with Physalia Seamount in the background The New England Seamounts include: Allegheny Seamount 36°52′7.6″N 58°44′16.4″W / 36.868778°N 58.737889°W / 36.868778; -58.737889 Asterias Seamount 38°53′56″N 65°17′59.8″W / 38.89889°N 65.299944°W / 38.89889; -65.299944 Balanus Seamount 39°22′58.8″N 65°22′47.3″W / 39.383000°N 65.379806°W / 39.383000; -65.379806 Bear Seamount (National Monument) 39°55′N 67°24′W / 39.917°N 67.400°W / 39.917; -67.400 Buell Seamount 39°3′46.6″N 66°24′0.3″W / 39.062944°N 66.400083°W / 39.062944; -66.400083 Gerda Seamount 36°14′13.8″N 57°29′56.1″W / 36.237167°N 57.498917°W / 36.237167; -57.498917 Gilliss Seamount Gosnold Seamount (guyot) 38°6′55.2″N 62°15′54.9″W / 38.115333°N 62.265250°W / 38.115333; -62.265250 Gregg Seamount (guyot) Hodgson Seamount 35°34′56.8″N 58°40′0″W / 35.582444°N 58.66667°W / 35.582444; -58.66667 Kelvin Seamount (guyot) 39°19′6.5″N 64°31′21.1″W / 39.318472°N 64.522528°W / 39.318472; -64.522528 Kiwi Seamount 39°19′6.5″N 64°31′21.1″W / 39.318472°N 64.522528°W / 39.318472; -64.522528 Manning Seamount 38°9′54.5″N 60°40′0″W / 38.165139°N 60.66667°W / 38.165139; -60.66667 Michael Seamount 36°21′56.6″N 58°21′2.2″W / 36.365722°N 58.350611°W / 36.365722; -58.350611 Mytilus Seamount (National Monument) 39°21′37.2″N 67°8′48.2″W / 39.360333°N 67.146722°W / 39.360333; -67.146722 Nashville Seamount 34°59′59.7″N 57°21′3.7″W / 34.999917°N 57.351028°W / 34.999917; -57.351028 Panulirus Seamount 38°28′1.6″N 64°47′11.6″W / 38.467111°N 64.786556°W / 38.467111; -64.786556 Picket Seamount 39°38′9.9″N 65°58′52.8″W / 39.636083°N 65.981333°W / 39.636083; -65.981333 Physalia Seamount (National Monument) 39°48′18.3″N 66°52′45.6″W / 39.805083°N 66.879333°W / 39.805083; -66.879333 Rehoboth Seamount (guyot) 37°32′5.3″N 59°55′59.3″W / 37.534806°N 59.933139°W / 37.534806; -59.933139 Retriever Seamount (National Monument) 39°47′37.6″N 66°14′41.3″W / 39.793778°N 66.244806°W / 39.793778; -66.244806 San Pablo Seamount 38°56′23.3″N 60°27′25.8″W / 38.939806°N 60.457167°W / 38.939806; -60.457167 Sheldrake Seamount 38°26′29.5″N 62°5′9″W / 38.441528°N 62.08583°W / 38.441528; -62.08583 Vogel Seamount (guyot) 37°13′41.1″N 60°14′48.2″W / 37.228083°N 60.246722°W / 37.228083; -60.246722 See also New England hotspot Corner Rise Seamounts Seewarte Seamounts References Wikimedia Commons has media related to New England Seamount Chain. ^ "Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution - Seamounts". Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2019-12-13. ^ "Yale Peabody Museum: Invertebrate Zoology: Deep Sea Fauna from New England Seamounts". Yale Environmental News. Yale University. 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-31. ^ a b c d e Ivar Babb (2005). "The New England Seamounts". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2007-07-31. ^ "Marine Gazetteer Placedetails". Retrieved 2017-02-20. ^ "Geological Origin of the New England Seamount Chain". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-31. ^ Susan Mills (2005). "Seamount Coral Communities". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2007-07-31. ^ Petit, Charles (2004-08-08). "Denizens of the deep: In obscure marine ecosystems, clues to the origins of life". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-31. External links "New England Seamount Chain". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2017-02-20. Overview of Studies of NW Atlantic Seamounts for the ISA. Archived 2022-01-21 at the Wayback Machine International Seabed Authority.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"extinct volcanic mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinct_volcano"},{"link_name":"seamounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seamount"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Georges Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges_Bank"},{"link_name":"seabed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seabed"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Yale-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA1-3"},{"link_name":"deep sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA1-3"},{"link_name":"biota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biota_(ecology)"},{"link_name":"Great Meteor hotspot track","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Meteor_hotspot_track"},{"link_name":"North American Plate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_American_Plate"},{"link_name":"New England hotspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_hotspot"},{"link_name":"Hudson Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hudson_Bay"},{"link_name":"Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada"},{"link_name":"Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeast_Canyons_and_Seamounts_Marine_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Bermuda Pedestal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda_Pedestal"},{"link_name":"Bermuda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bermuda"},{"link_name":"Bowditch Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bowditch_Seamount&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nashville Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Seamount"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Chain of more than 20 seamounts in the Atlantic OceanThe New England Seamounts is a chain of over twenty underwater extinct volcanic mountains known as seamounts.[1] This chain is located off the coast of Massachusetts in the Atlantic Ocean and extends over 1,000 km from the edge of Georges Bank. Many of the peaks of these mountains rise over 4,000 m from the seabed.[2][3] The New England Seamounts chain is the longest such chain in the North Atlantic and is home to a diverse range of deep sea fauna.[3] Scientists have visited the chain on various occasions to survey the geologic makeup and biota of the region. The chain is part of the Great Meteor hotspot track and was formed by the movement of the North American Plate over the New England hotspot. The oldest volcanoes that were formed by the same hotspot are northwest of Hudson Bay, Canada. Part of the seamount chain is protected by Northeast Canyons and Seamounts Marine National Monument.A variety of different names have been used to refer to this seamount range, including the Kelvin Seamounts, Kelvin Seamount Group, Kelvin Banks, New England Seamount Chain and the Bermuda-New England Seamount Arc (including the Bermuda Pedestal, which contains the archipelago of Bermuda and Argus and Challenger Banks, and Bowditch Seamount, and other seamounts intervening roughly between Bermuda and Nashville Seamount).[4]","title":"New England Seamounts"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"White Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_Mountains_(New_Hampshire)"},{"link_name":"North American continent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_America"},{"link_name":"drifted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_drift"},{"link_name":"Bear Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Seamount"},{"link_name":"Nashville Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nashville_Seamount"},{"link_name":"spread","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seafloor_spreading"},{"link_name":"Great Meteor Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Meteor_Seamount"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA2-5"},{"link_name":"sea level","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level"},{"link_name":"crust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crust_(geology)"}],"text":"The New England hotspot, also referred to as the Great Meteor hotspot, formed the White Mountains 124 to 100 million years ago when the North American continent was directly over the zone. As the continent drifted to the west, the hotspot gradually moved offshore. On a southeasterly course, the hotspot formed Bear Seamount, the oldest seamount in the chain, about 100 to 103 million years ago. Over the course of millions of years, the hotspot continued to create the other seamounts in the chain, culminating about 83 million years ago with the creation of the Nashville Seamount. As the Atlantic Ocean continued to spread, the hotspot eventually \"travelled\" further east, forming the Great Meteor Seamount south of the Azores, where it is located today.[5] The New England Seamounts were once at or above sea level. As time passed, however, and the chain moved farther away from the New England hotspot, the crust cooled and contracted, and the chain sank into the ocean. All the peaks are now a kilometer or more below the surface.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:New_England_Seamount_community.jpg"},{"link_name":"gorgonian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gorgonian"},{"link_name":"soft coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_coral"},{"link_name":"brisingid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brisingidae"},{"link_name":"sea star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish"},{"link_name":"sponges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sponge"},{"link_name":"deep sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bathyal_zone"},{"link_name":"Coral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral"},{"link_name":"invertebrates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebrate"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA3-6"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA1-3"},{"link_name":"Bear Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Seamount"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA1-3"},{"link_name":"cutthroat eel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cutthroat_eel"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NewsReport-7"},{"link_name":"echinoderms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinoderm"},{"link_name":"crustaceans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crustacean"},{"link_name":"indicator species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indicator_species"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NOAA1-3"}],"text":"Some animals from the New England Seamounts: gorgonian soft coral, a brisingid sea star, and spongesThe seamount chain provides a unique habitat for deep sea marine creatures. Coral formations grow on the rocky outcrops, resembling underwater forests that provide shelter for invertebrates and fish.[6] Due to the expense and difficulties of studying the deep ocean, little was known of the creatures that inhabited the New England Seamounts. In fact, before recent expeditions, there was only one known coral species in the entire chain.[3] Since 2000, marine biologists, during various exploratory studies, have caught and classified over 203 species of fish and 214 species of invertebrates on the Bear Seamount.[3] This range of diversity suggests that other seamounts may harbour more unknown macro-organisms. During one survey, a species of cutthroat eel, believed to be found only near Australia, was identified.[7] Corals, echinoderms, and crustaceans make up a large portion of the creatures found on the seamount. These organisms act as indicator species, identifying potential problems in the ecosystem.[3]","title":"Biota"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NE_seamounts.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bear_Seamount_guyot.jpg"},{"link_name":"36°52′7.6″N 58°44′16.4″W / 36.868778°N 58.737889°W / 36.868778; -58.737889","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_England_Seamounts&params=36_52_7.6_N_58_44_16.4_W_"},{"link_name":"38°53′56″N 65°17′59.8″W / 38.89889°N 65.299944°W / 38.89889; -65.299944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_England_Seamounts&params=38_53_56_N_65_17_59.8_W_"},{"link_name":"39°22′58.8″N 65°22′47.3″W / 39.383000°N 65.379806°W / 39.383000; -65.379806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_England_Seamounts&params=39_22_58.8_N_65_22_47.3_W_"},{"link_name":"Bear Seamount","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bear_Seamount"},{"link_name":"39°55′N 67°24′W / 39.917°N 67.400°W / 39.917; 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-66.244806","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_England_Seamounts&params=39_47_37.6_N_66_14_41.3_W_"},{"link_name":"38°56′23.3″N 60°27′25.8″W / 38.939806°N 60.457167°W / 38.939806; -60.457167","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_England_Seamounts&params=38_56_23.3_N_60_27_25.8_W_"},{"link_name":"38°26′29.5″N 62°5′9″W / 38.441528°N 62.08583°W / 38.441528; -62.08583","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_England_Seamounts&params=38_26_29.5_N_62_5_9_W_"},{"link_name":"37°13′41.1″N 60°14′48.2″W / 37.228083°N 60.246722°W / 37.228083; -60.246722","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=New_England_Seamounts&params=37_13_41.1_N_60_14_48.2_W_"}],"text":"Map of the New England Seamounts showing the locations of Bear, Kelvin and Manning seamounts3-D depiction of Bear Seamount, with Physalia Seamount in the backgroundThe New England Seamounts include:Allegheny Seamount 36°52′7.6″N 58°44′16.4″W / 36.868778°N 58.737889°W / 36.868778; -58.737889\nAsterias Seamount 38°53′56″N 65°17′59.8″W / 38.89889°N 65.299944°W / 38.89889; -65.299944\nBalanus Seamount 39°22′58.8″N 65°22′47.3″W / 39.383000°N 65.379806°W / 39.383000; -65.379806\nBear Seamount (National Monument) 39°55′N 67°24′W / 39.917°N 67.400°W / 39.917; -67.400\nBuell Seamount 39°3′46.6″N 66°24′0.3″W / 39.062944°N 66.400083°W / 39.062944; -66.400083\nGerda Seamount 36°14′13.8″N 57°29′56.1″W / 36.237167°N 57.498917°W / 36.237167; -57.498917\nGilliss Seamount\nGosnold Seamount (guyot) 38°6′55.2″N 62°15′54.9″W / 38.115333°N 62.265250°W / 38.115333; -62.265250\nGregg Seamount (guyot)\nHodgson Seamount 35°34′56.8″N 58°40′0″W / 35.582444°N 58.66667°W / 35.582444; -58.66667\nKelvin Seamount (guyot) 39°19′6.5″N 64°31′21.1″W / 39.318472°N 64.522528°W / 39.318472; -64.522528\nKiwi Seamount 39°19′6.5″N 64°31′21.1″W / 39.318472°N 64.522528°W / 39.318472; -64.522528\nManning Seamount 38°9′54.5″N 60°40′0″W / 38.165139°N 60.66667°W / 38.165139; -60.66667\nMichael Seamount 36°21′56.6″N 58°21′2.2″W / 36.365722°N 58.350611°W / 36.365722; -58.350611\nMytilus Seamount (National Monument) 39°21′37.2″N 67°8′48.2″W / 39.360333°N 67.146722°W / 39.360333; -67.146722\nNashville Seamount 34°59′59.7″N 57°21′3.7″W / 34.999917°N 57.351028°W / 34.999917; -57.351028\nPanulirus Seamount 38°28′1.6″N 64°47′11.6″W / 38.467111°N 64.786556°W / 38.467111; -64.786556\nPicket Seamount 39°38′9.9″N 65°58′52.8″W / 39.636083°N 65.981333°W / 39.636083; -65.981333\nPhysalia Seamount (National Monument) 39°48′18.3″N 66°52′45.6″W / 39.805083°N 66.879333°W / 39.805083; -66.879333\nRehoboth Seamount (guyot) 37°32′5.3″N 59°55′59.3″W / 37.534806°N 59.933139°W / 37.534806; -59.933139\nRetriever Seamount (National Monument) 39°47′37.6″N 66°14′41.3″W / 39.793778°N 66.244806°W / 39.793778; -66.244806\nSan Pablo Seamount 38°56′23.3″N 60°27′25.8″W / 38.939806°N 60.457167°W / 38.939806; -60.457167\nSheldrake Seamount 38°26′29.5″N 62°5′9″W / 38.441528°N 62.08583°W / 38.441528; -62.08583\nVogel Seamount (guyot) 37°13′41.1″N 60°14′48.2″W / 37.228083°N 60.246722°W / 37.228083; -60.246722","title":"Seamounts"}]
[{"image_text":"Some animals from the New England Seamounts: gorgonian soft coral, a brisingid sea star, and sponges","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/New_England_Seamount_community.jpg/250px-New_England_Seamount_community.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of the New England Seamounts showing the locations of Bear, Kelvin and Manning seamounts","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/NE_seamounts.jpg/220px-NE_seamounts.jpg"},{"image_text":"3-D depiction of Bear Seamount, with Physalia Seamount in the background","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bear_Seamount_guyot.jpg/220px-Bear_Seamount_guyot.jpg"}]
[{"title":"New England hotspot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_hotspot"},{"title":"Corner Rise Seamounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corner_Rise_Seamounts"},{"title":"Seewarte Seamounts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seewarte_Seamounts"}]
[{"reference":"\"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution - Seamounts\". Archived from the original on 2022-01-21. Retrieved 2019-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220121155653/https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/seafloor-below/seamounts","url_text":"\"Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution - Seamounts\""},{"url":"https://www.whoi.edu/know-your-ocean/ocean-topics/seafloor-below/seamounts","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Yale Peabody Museum: Invertebrate Zoology: Deep Sea Fauna from New England Seamounts\". Yale Environmental News. Yale University. 2004. Retrieved 2007-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.yale.edu/peabody/collections/iz/iz_seamount.html","url_text":"\"Yale Peabody Museum: Invertebrate Zoology: Deep Sea Fauna from New England Seamounts\""}]},{"reference":"Ivar Babb (2005). \"The New England Seamounts\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2007-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/plan/plan.html","url_text":"\"The New England Seamounts\""}]},{"reference":"\"Marine Gazetteer Placedetails\". Retrieved 2017-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.marineregions.org/gazetteer.php?p=details&id=4565","url_text":"\"Marine Gazetteer Placedetails\""}]},{"reference":"\"Geological Origin of the New England Seamount Chain\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/geology/geology.html","url_text":"\"Geological Origin of the New England Seamount Chain\""}]},{"reference":"Susan Mills (2005). \"Seamount Coral Communities\". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. U.S. Department of Commerce. Retrieved 2007-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03mountains/background/larvae/larvae.html","url_text":"\"Seamount Coral Communities\""}]},{"reference":"Petit, Charles (2004-08-08). \"Denizens of the deep: In obscure marine ecosystems, clues to the origins of life\". U.S. News & World Report. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Retrieved 2007-07-31.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124415/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/040816/16eco_2.htm","url_text":"\"Denizens of the deep: In obscure marine ecosystems, clues to the origins of life\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report","url_text":"U.S. News & World Report"},{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/040816/16eco_2.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"New England Seamount Chain\". Geographical Names Data Base. Natural Resources Canada. Retrieved 2017-02-20.","urls":[{"url":"https://geonames.nrcan.gc.ca/search-place-names/unique?id=MADIP","url_text":"\"New England Seamount Chain\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeoBase_(geospatial_data)#Geographical_Names_Data_Base","url_text":"Geographical Names Data Base"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_Resources_Canada","url_text":"Natural Resources Canada"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Negra
Loma Negra
["1 History","2 References","3 External links"]
For the football team, see Loma Negra de Olavarría. Loma Negra C.I.A.S.A.Company typePublicTraded as BCBA: LOMA NYSE: LOMA (ADS)MERVAL component IndustryConstructionFounded1926; 98 years ago (1926)FounderAlfredo FortabatHeadquartersBuenos Aires, ArgentinaKey peopleAmalia Lacroze (owner, president)ProductsCementPortland cementConcreteLimeRevenue US$ 1.8 billion (2010)Number of employees3,200ParentInterCementWebsitelomanegra.com Loma Negra Companía Industrial Argentina S.A. is an Argentine manufacturer and the country's leading maker of cement, concrete, and lime. The company, established by businessman Alfredo Fortabat, also founded its own sports club, C.S.yD. Loma Negra three years later. After the passing of Alfredo Fortabat, his wife Amalia Lacroze took over the business. History The 1926 discovery of large limestone deposits by Alfredo Fortabat at his San Jacinto Estancia led to his decision to open a cement factory in the nearby pampas hamlet of Loma Negra (south of Olavarría); the choice of location prompted Fortabat to christen his new venture Loma Negra ("Black Hillock"). The cement plant was built in 1927, and by the early 1950s, this facility and one in nearby Barker produced 500,000 tons of cement annually. New facilities in the Andes-range cities of San Juan and Zapala, opened during the 1960s, made Loma Negra the leader in cement and concrete production in Argentina; in the 1980s, the company opened its first Portland cement facility (in another Andes-range city, Catamarca). Loma Negra lost its founder, Alfredo Fortabat, in 1976, following which his widow, María Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat, became the company's majority stakeholder, President and Chairperson. Loma Negra enhanced its market leadership position in its industry locally by acquiring the newly privatized Ferrosur Roca railway line and a chief competitor, Cementos San Martín S.A., in 1992; that year Fortabat inaugurated the group's new headquarters in downtown Buenos Aires. The company diversified into the recycling industry in 1995 by launching Recycomb, whose plant was built in Cañuelas (west of Buenos Aires). The acquisition of five concrete producers in 1998-99 made Loma Negra the national leader in that construction staple, as well, and a plant opened in 2001 gave it a 1.6 million-ton production capacity of clinker for Portland cement. The Loma Negra Technical Center, opened in March 1999, is the only one of its type in Latin America. Debts of US$270 million incurred largely during the economic crisis around 2001 and Mrs. Fortabat's own, advanced age prompted the grande dame of Argentine industry to sell her 80% stake in Loma Negra, however. The company was thus transferred to Brazilian conglomerate Camargo Corrêa in May 2005, for just over US$1 billion. Loma Negra, at the time, accounted for half of the 6 million tons of cement produced nationwide. Following a period of rapid growth in the Argentine economy, nearly 10 million tons of cement were produced in Argentina annually in 2007-08 - of which Loma Negra retained a 48% market share; in 2008, Mexican cement giant Cemex expressed interest in acquiring a majority stake in Loma Negra. Despite a modest decline in local construction activity since 2008 as a result of global financial instability, a US$235 million, five-year program to expand capacity by 20% was announced in November. References ^ Historia at Club Loma Negra ^ a b c d Loma Negra: historia (in Spanish) Archived 2009-08-01 at the Wayback Machine ^ Clarín (in Spanish) ^ "INDEC: construcción {{in lang|es}}" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2009-11-14. Retrieved 2009-07-09. ^ Analysts say Cemex is in good shape to fight for Loma Negra (4/11/08). ^ BusinessWeek: Loma Negra External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Loma Negra (company). Official website vte MERVAL Companies of Argentina (as of 29 October 2021) Aluar Banco Macro BBVA Bolsas y Mercados Argentinos Cablevisión Edenor Grupo Financiero Galicia Grupo Supervielle (es) Laboratorios Richmond (es) Loma Negra Mirgor Pampa Energía Sociedad Comercial del Plata Telecom Argentina Ternium Transener Transportadora de Gas del Sur YPF
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Loma Negra de Olavarría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Negra_de_Olavarr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Fortabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Fortabat"},{"link_name":"sports club","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sports_club"},{"link_name":"C.S.yD. Loma Negra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loma_Negra_de_Olavarr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Amalia Lacroze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Amalia_Lacroze_de_Fortabat"}],"text":"For the football team, see Loma Negra de Olavarría.Loma Negra Companía Industrial Argentina S.A. is an Argentine manufacturer and the country's leading maker of cement, concrete, and lime. The company, established by businessman Alfredo Fortabat, also founded its own sports club, C.S.yD. Loma Negra three years later.[1] After the passing of Alfredo Fortabat, his wife Amalia Lacroze took over the business.","title":"Loma Negra"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"Alfredo Fortabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfredo_Fortabat"},{"link_name":"pampas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampas"},{"link_name":"Olavarría","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olavarr%C3%ADa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loma-2"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"San Juan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Juan,_Argentina"},{"link_name":"Zapala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapala"},{"link_name":"Portland cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement"},{"link_name":"Catamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Fernando_del_Valle_de_Catamarca"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loma-2"},{"link_name":"María Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Amalia_Lacroze_de_Fortabat"},{"link_name":"Ferrosur Roca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrosur_Roca"},{"link_name":"downtown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Nicol%C3%A1s,_Buenos_Aires"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loma-2"},{"link_name":"recycling industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recycling_industry"},{"link_name":"Cañuelas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca%C3%B1uelas"},{"link_name":"concrete","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete"},{"link_name":"clinker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clinker_(cement)"},{"link_name":"Portland cement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portland_cement"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-loma-2"},{"link_name":"economic crisis around 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_economic_crisis_(1999-2002)"},{"link_name":"Brazilian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"Camargo Corrêa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camargo_Corr%C3%AAa"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-clarin-3"},{"link_name":"Argentine economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argentine_economy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Cemex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemex"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"global financial instability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_financial_crisis"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The 1926 discovery of large limestone deposits by Alfredo Fortabat at his San Jacinto Estancia led to his decision to open a cement factory in the nearby pampas hamlet of Loma Negra (south of Olavarría); the choice of location prompted Fortabat to christen his new venture Loma Negra (\"Black Hillock\"). The cement plant was built in 1927, and by the early 1950s, this facility and one in nearby Barker produced 500,000 tons of cement annually.[2]New facilities in the Andes-range cities of San Juan and Zapala, opened during the 1960s, made Loma Negra the leader in cement and concrete production in Argentina; in the 1980s, the company opened its first Portland cement facility (in another Andes-range city, Catamarca).[2]Loma Negra lost its founder, Alfredo Fortabat, in 1976, following which his widow, María Amalia Lacroze de Fortabat, became the company's majority stakeholder, President and Chairperson. Loma Negra enhanced its market leadership position in its industry locally by acquiring the newly privatized Ferrosur Roca railway line and a chief competitor, Cementos San Martín S.A., in 1992; that year Fortabat inaugurated the group's new headquarters in downtown Buenos Aires.[2]The company diversified into the recycling industry in 1995 by launching Recycomb, whose plant was built in Cañuelas (west of Buenos Aires). The acquisition of five concrete producers in 1998-99 made Loma Negra the national leader in that construction staple, as well, and a plant opened in 2001 gave it a 1.6 million-ton production capacity of clinker for Portland cement. The Loma Negra Technical Center, opened in March 1999, is the only one of its type in Latin America.[2]Debts of US$270 million incurred largely during the economic crisis around 2001 and Mrs. Fortabat's own, advanced age prompted the grande dame of Argentine industry to sell her 80% stake in Loma Negra, however. The company was thus transferred to Brazilian conglomerate Camargo Corrêa in May 2005, for just over US$1 billion.[3]Loma Negra, at the time, accounted for half of the 6 million tons of cement produced nationwide. Following a period of rapid growth in the Argentine economy, nearly 10 million tons of cement were produced in Argentina annually in 2007-08[4] - of which Loma Negra retained a 48% market share; in 2008, Mexican cement giant Cemex expressed interest in acquiring a majority stake in Loma Negra.[5]Despite a modest decline in local construction activity since 2008 as a result of global financial instability, a US$235 million, five-year program to expand capacity by 20% was announced in November.[6]","title":"History"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_District
Montreal District
["1 History","2 Other districts","3 References"]
This article is about the regional district named Montreal. For the districts of the city of Montreal, see Districts of Montreal. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Montreal District" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Former District in the British Province of Quebec and New FranceMontreal DistrictFormer District in the British Province of Quebec and New FranceMontreal District was the westernmost of three districtsEstablished~1642 (as French district) 1760 (as British district only)Dissolved1760 (as French district) 1791 (as British district only) Montreal District was colonial district in New France and British North America with its capital in Montreal. A descendant of the district exists today as the judicial district of Montreal. Western parts transferred to Upper Canada, later as Canada West and are now in Ontario where as the northeast became Labrador and now within Newfoundland and Labrador. History The district was created as a district of Canada, New France. When the British conquered Canada in 1760, the district of Montreal remained the same as that under the former French regime (see Pays d'en Haut). Under British administration, it was one of three division of the former Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1791. Reapportioned in 1763, it included much of modern-day Quebec, Labrador and most of southern Ontario. The meetings of the District were called the Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace. In 1788 western sections Montreal District became: Nassau District - after 1792 as Home District Hesse District - after 1792 as Western District Mecklenburg District - after 1792 as Midland District Lunenburg District - after 1792 as Eastern District These four were then organized as the Province of Upper Canada in 1791 and all dissolved in 1849 when they were replaced with counties. In 1791 Montreal District was dissolved into 27 new districts in the new province of Lower Canada. Labrador was part of British Quebec after 1774 and part of Lower Canada until 1809 to become part of the Newfoundland Colony in name but not until a border dispute was settled in 1927. Other districts Besides Montreal, the British Province of Quebec had two other districts: Quebec District - reapportioned in 1763 and covered areas outside of Montreal, the district previously existed under the French regime into British rule. This included most of Labrador, Gaspe Peninsula and Anticosti Island, but not District of Ungava (created officially in 1895 but had existed prior as part of Rupert's Land 1670-1875). Trois-Rivières District - recreated in 1790 from Quebec District, a prior district under the French regime existed into British rule. References ^ a b c Gerald E. Hart (1888). The Fall of New France, 1755-1760. G.P. Putnam's Sons. p. 150. ^ a b Donald Fyson (2012-09-20). "The Court Structure of Quebec and Lower Canada, 1764 to 1860". Archived from the original on 2014-05-13. Retrieved 2013-06-06. vteCity of MontrealFeatures Coat of arms Demographics Flag Name Notable Montrealers Sister cities History Expo 67 Hochelaga Mayors Montreal District Montreal Metropolitan Commission Montreal Urban Community October Crisis Oldest buildings and structures 2002–06 reorganization of Montreal 1976 Summer Olympics Timeline National Historic Sites of Canada COVID-19 pandemic in Montreal Geography Downtown Greater Montreal Hochelaga Archipelago Landmarks Mount Royal Neighbourhoods Old Port Parks Rivière des Prairies Saint Lawrence River West Island Montréal 2025 Economy Board of Trade Montreal Exchange René Lévesque Boulevard Saint Jacques Street Skyscrapers Politics Boroughs City Council Elections Mayor Municipal government Opposition leaders Political parties Public services Urgences-santé Service de sécurité incendie de Montréal Hospitals Service de police de la Ville de Montréal EducationEnglish-language English Montreal SB Lester B. Pearson SB Concordia University McGill University French-language CSS de Montréal CSS Marguerite-Bourgeoys CSS de la Pointe-de-l'Île École de technologie supérieure Université de Montréal Université du Québec à Montréal Libraries Montreal Public Libraries Network Jewish Public Library Culture Architecture Cuisine Festivals and parades Films Media Museums Music groups Shopping malls Sport Tourism Transport Aéroports de Montréal Bridges Central Station Gare d'autocars de Montréal Metro Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport Port of Montreal Réseau de transport métropolitain Roads Société de transport de Montréal Category WikiProject
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Districts of Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Montreal"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"Canada West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_West"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland and Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador"}],"text":"This article is about the regional district named Montreal. For the districts of the city of Montreal, see Districts of Montreal.Former District in the British Province of Quebec and New FranceMontreal District was colonial district in New France and British North America with its capital in Montreal. A descendant of the district exists today as the judicial district of Montreal. Western parts transferred to Upper Canada, later as Canada West and are now in Ontario where as the northeast became Labrador and now within Newfoundland and Labrador.","title":"Montreal District"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Canada, New France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada,_New_France"},{"link_name":"conquered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France_(1758-1760)"},{"link_name":"Pays d'en Haut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_d%27en_Haut"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GEH-150-1"},{"link_name":"Province of Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)"},{"link_name":"Quebec","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Court_of_Quarter_Sessions_of_the_Peace&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Nassau District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nassau_District"},{"link_name":"Hesse District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hesse_District"},{"link_name":"Mecklenburg District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecklenburg_District"},{"link_name":"Lunenburg District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunenburg_District"},{"link_name":"Upper Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Upper_Canada"},{"link_name":"27 new districts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_districts_of_Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland Colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_Colony"}],"text":"The district was created as a district of Canada, New France.When the British conquered Canada in 1760, the district of Montreal remained the same as that under the former French regime (see Pays d'en Haut).[1] Under British administration, it was one of three division of the former Province of Quebec from 1763 to 1791. Reapportioned in 1763, it included much of modern-day Quebec, Labrador and most of southern Ontario. The meetings of the District were called the Court of Quarter Sessions of the Peace.In 1788 western sections Montreal District became:Nassau District - after 1792 as Home District\nHesse District - after 1792 as Western District\nMecklenburg District - after 1792 as Midland District\nLunenburg District - after 1792 as Eastern DistrictThese four were then organized as the Province of Upper Canada in 1791 and all dissolved in 1849 when they were replaced with counties.In 1791 Montreal District was dissolved into 27 new districts in the new province of Lower Canada. Labrador was part of British Quebec after 1774 and part of Lower Canada until 1809 to become part of the Newfoundland Colony in name but not until a border dispute was settled in 1927.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quebec_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fyson-Courtstr-Qsess-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GEH-150-1"},{"link_name":"Labrador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labrador"},{"link_name":"Gaspe Peninsula","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaspe_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Anticosti Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticosti_Island"},{"link_name":"District of Ungava","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/District_of_Ungava"},{"link_name":"Rupert's Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rupert%27s_Land"},{"link_name":"Trois-Rivières District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trois-Rivi%C3%A8res_District&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Fyson-Courtstr-Qsess-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GEH-150-1"}],"text":"Besides Montreal, the British Province of Quebec had two other districts:Quebec District - reapportioned in 1763 and covered areas outside of Montreal,[2] the district previously existed under the French regime into British rule.[1] This included most of Labrador, Gaspe Peninsula and Anticosti Island, but not District of Ungava (created officially in 1895 but had existed prior as part of Rupert's Land 1670-1875).\nTrois-Rivières District - recreated in 1790 from Quebec District,[2] a prior district under the French regime existed into British rule.[1]","title":"Other districts"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Gardiner
Mary Gardiner
["1 Career","2 See also","3 References"]
Australian computer scientist and activist Mary GardinerCitizenshipAustralianKnown forLinux programming Mary Gardiner is an Australian Linux programmer who was director of operations at the Ada Initiative, described as a "non-profit organization dedicated to increasing participation of women in open technology and culture". She was a council member of Linux Australia until September 2011. In 2012, Gardiner and Ada Initiative co-founder Valerie Aurora were named two of the most influential people in computer security by SC Magazine. Career Gardiner was a co-founder of AussieChix, which later became Oceania Women of Open Tech. She is a former coordinator of LinuxChix. She speaks out against "the social norms and beliefs of a minority of contributors who are not interested in women as colleagues or who do not believe women have the capability to successfully contribute". Gardiner has been involved with drafting and adopting anti-harassment policies for technology conferences. Gardiner was the winner of the 2011 Rusty Wrench award given by Linux Australia for service to Linux programmers in Australia. She was commended for her work to improve gender diversity and oppose sexual harassment in the open-source software community. She was the keynote speaker at Wikimania 2012, which was held 12–15 July 2012 in Washington, D.C. In 2012, Gardiner was listed as one of the 10 Women in Tech Who Give Back by Datamation and one of the most influential people in computer security by SC Magazine. See also AdaCamp References Wikinews has related news: Wikimania 2012 announces Mary Gardiner as keynote speaker Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mary Gardiner. ^ "About Us". Ada Initiative. 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011. ^ "Council". ^ "Top 50 Women to Watch in Tech – Part II". Femme-o-nomics. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ a b Earls, Alan. "Influential IT security minds in 2012: Valerie Aurora and Mary Gardiner". Reboot 2012. SC Magazine. Retrieved 5 December 2012. ^ "History o OWOOT". Oceania Women of Open Technology. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ Pearce, Rohan (4 November 2011). "Melbourne AdaCamp to address open technology's gender issues: Ada Initiative's first AdaCamp to be held in January". Techworld. Computerworld. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ Byfield, Bruce (8 February 2011). "Ada Initiative Supports Women in Open Source, Counters Sexism". Open Source. Datamation. Retrieved 5 December 2012. ^ Stilgherrian (19 January 2012). "Linux.conf.au 2012: cyborg lawyer demands source". TechRepublic. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ "Nominations: Mary Gardiner". linux australia: Representing Free Software and Open Source Communities. Retrieved 17 March 2012. ^ "Wikimania 2012 announces Mary Gardiner as keynote speaker". Wikinews. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012. ^ Vartabedian, Jessica (6 August 2012). "10 Women in Tech Who Give Back". Features. Datamation. Retrieved 5 December 2012. vteContributors to the Linux operating systemKernel H. Peter Anvin Jens Axboe Andries Brouwer Rémy Card Alan Cox Matthew Garrett Michael Kerrisk Con Kolivas Greg Kroah-Hartman Benson Leung Robert Love David S. Miller Ingo Molnár Andrew Morton Keith Packard Hans Reiser Rusty Russell Sage Sharp Linus Torvalds Theodore Ts'o Stephen Tweedie Sage Weil Harald Welte Chris Wright GNU Alexandre Oliva Richard Stallman Michael Tiemann Distributions Solar Designer Gaël Duval Marc Ewing Benjamin Mako Hill Peter MacDonald Ian Murdock Daniel Robbins Jane Silber Mark Shuttleworth Patrick Volkerding Bob Young Other developers Timothee Besset Matthias Ettrich Olivier Fourdan Mark Galassi Jim Gettys Ryan C. Gordon Harald Hoyer Miguel de Icaza Havoc Pennington Lennart Poettering Kay Sievers Dave Taylor Jeff Waugh Advocates Valerie Aurora Donna Benjamin Ken Coar Mary Gardiner Jon Hall Federico Heinz Bradley M. Kuhn Bruce Perens Eric S. Raymond Others Pia Andrews Jono Bacon Keith Bergelt Pamela Jones Allison Randal Karen Sandler Dave Sifry Luis Villa Linux portal vteFeminismHistoryGeneral Timeline First-wave Second-wave timeline Third-wave Fourth-wave Social Bicycling and feminism Feminist history Women's history Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting) Women's suffrage Timeline Australia Canada Japan Kuwait Majority-Muslim countries New Zealand Switzerland United Kingdom Wales United States Timeline African-American States of Utah Virginia Wyoming MovementsandideologiesGeneral Analytical Anarchist Anti-abortion Anti-fascist Atheist Carceral Choice Conservative Cultural Cyber HCI Difference Eco Vegetarian Equality Eugenic Fat Gender-critical Global Hip hop Activism Individualist Labor Lesbian Liberal Equity Lipstick Materialist Maternal Neo- New Post- Postcolonial Postmodern Post-structural French Radical Reactionary Separatism Sex-positive Social Socialist Marxist Standpoint State Trans Transnational Victim Womanism Africana Women's liberation Religious Atheist Buddhist Christian Mormon New Womanist Asian Neopagan Dianic Wicca Reclaiming Ecofeminist Hindu Islamic Jewish Orthodox SikhEthnic and racial Black Chicana Indigenous Kurdish (Jineology) Native American Sámi Jewish Mizrahi Romani White Concepts Complementarianism Literature Children's literature Discrimination against transgender women Diversity (politics) Diversity, equity, and inclusion Effects on society Equality Female education Female genital mutilation Femicide Feminationalism Feminism in culture Feminist movement African-American women's suffrage movement Art movement In hip hop Feminist stripper Formal equality Gender equality Gender quota Girl power Honor killing Ideal womanhood Internalized sexism International Girl's Day and Women's Day Language reform Feminist capitalism Gender-blind Likeability trap Male privilege Matriarchal religion Media Men in feminism Misogyny Oedipus complex Opposition to feminism Pro-feminism Protofeminism Purplewashing Reproductive justice Sex workers' rights Sexual harassment Sexual objectification Substantive equality Toxic masculinity Transmisogyny Triple oppression Violence against women War on women Women's empowerment Women-only space Women's health Women's rights Women in the workforceTheory Complementarianism Gender studies Gender mainstreaming Gynocentrism Matriarchy Women's studies Men's studies Kyriarchy Patriarchy Écriture féminine Economics Post-structuralist discourse analysis Method Oedipus complex Political theory Theology Thealogy Womanist Sexology Sociology Rhetoric Legal theory Art Art criticism Literary criticism Film theory Biology Political ecology Architecture Anthropology Archaeology Criminology Pathways perspective Geography Pedagogy Philosophy Aesthetics Empiricism Epistemology Ethics Justice ethics Existentialism Metaphysics Science Pornography Psychology Therapy Seriality International relations Existentialism Revisionist mythology Technoscience Science fiction Composition studies By country Africa Democratic Republic of the Congo Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Mali Nigeria Senegal South Africa Albania Australia Bangladesh Canada China Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Hong Kong India Indonesia Iran Iraq Republic of Ireland Israel Italy Japan Latin America Argentina Brazil Chile Haiti Honduras Mexico Paraguay Trinidad and Tobago Lebanon Malaysia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Northern Cyprus Norway Pakistan Philippines Poland Russia Saudi Arabia South Korea Sweden Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey Vietnam Ukraine United Kingdom United States History of womenListsPeople Art critics Ecofeminist authors Economists Jewish Muslim Philosophers Poets Rhetoricians Suffragists and suffragettes Women's rights activists Other Conservative feminisms Literature American Comic books Parties Women's studies journals Women in peacekeeping Feminism portal Category Index
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Linux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux"},{"link_name":"Ada Initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ada_Initiative"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AboutUs-1"},{"link_name":"Linux Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linux_Australia"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Valerie Aurora","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie_Aurora"},{"link_name":"computer security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"SC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earls-4"}],"text":"Mary Gardiner is an Australian Linux programmer who was director of operations at the Ada Initiative, described as a \"non-profit organization dedicated to increasing participation of women in open technology and culture\".[1] She was a council member of Linux Australia until September 2011.[2][3] In 2012, Gardiner and Ada Initiative co-founder Valerie Aurora were named two of the most influential people in computer security by SC Magazine.[4]","title":"Mary Gardiner"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"LinuxChix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LinuxChix"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Camp-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-byfield1-7"},{"link_name":"Rusty Wrench","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusty_Wrench"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rusty-8"},{"link_name":"sexual harassment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sexual_harassment"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Wikimania 2012","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikimania_2012"},{"link_name":"Washington, D.C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Datamation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamation"},{"link_name":"computer security","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_security"},{"link_name":"SC Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SC_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Earls-4"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Vartabedian-11"}],"text":"Gardiner was a co-founder of AussieChix, which later became Oceania Women of Open Tech.[5] She is a former coordinator of LinuxChix. She speaks out against \"the social norms and beliefs of a minority of contributors who are not interested in women as colleagues or who do not believe women have the capability to successfully contribute\".[6] Gardiner has been involved with drafting and adopting anti-harassment policies for technology conferences.[7] Gardiner was the winner of the 2011 Rusty Wrench award given by Linux Australia for service to Linux programmers in Australia.[8] She was commended for her work to improve gender diversity and oppose sexual harassment in the open-source software community.[9] She was the keynote speaker at Wikimania 2012, which was held 12–15 July 2012 in Washington, D.C.[10] In 2012, Gardiner was listed as one of the 10 Women in Tech Who Give Back by Datamation and one of the most influential people in computer security by SC Magazine.[4][11]","title":"Career"}]
[]
[{"title":"AdaCamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AdaCamp"}]
[{"reference":"\"About Us\". Ada Initiative. 2011. Retrieved 8 November 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://adainitiative.org/about-us/","url_text":"\"About Us\""}]},{"reference":"\"Council\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.linux.org.au/council","url_text":"\"Council\""}]},{"reference":"\"Top 50 Women to Watch in Tech – Part II\". Femme-o-nomics. 20 October 2011. Retrieved 17 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://femme-o-nomics.com/2011/10/top-50-women-to-watch-in-tech-part-ii/","url_text":"\"Top 50 Women to Watch in Tech – Part II\""}]},{"reference":"Earls, Alan. \"Influential IT security minds in 2012: Valerie Aurora and Mary Gardiner\". Reboot 2012. SC Magazine. Retrieved 5 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.scmagazine.com/influential-it-security-minds-in-2012-valerie-aurora-and-mary-gardiner/article/268997/","url_text":"\"Influential IT security minds in 2012: Valerie Aurora and Mary Gardiner\""}]},{"reference":"\"History o OWOOT\". Oceania Women of Open Technology. Retrieved 17 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://owoot.org/History","url_text":"\"History o OWOOT\""}]},{"reference":"Pearce, Rohan (4 November 2011). \"Melbourne AdaCamp to address open technology's gender issues: Ada Initiative's first AdaCamp to be held in January\". Techworld. Computerworld. Retrieved 17 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.techworld.com.au/article/406353/melbourne_adacamp_address_open_technology_gender_issues","url_text":"\"Melbourne AdaCamp to address open technology's gender issues: Ada Initiative's first AdaCamp to be held in January\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Techworld","url_text":"Techworld"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerworld","url_text":"Computerworld"}]},{"reference":"Byfield, Bruce (8 February 2011). \"Ada Initiative Supports Women in Open Source, Counters Sexism\". Open Source. Datamation. Retrieved 5 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.datamation.com/osrc/article.php/3923936/Ada-Initiative-Supports-Women-in-Open-Source-Counters-Sexism.htm","url_text":"\"Ada Initiative Supports Women in Open Source, Counters Sexism\""}]},{"reference":"Stilgherrian (19 January 2012). \"Linux.conf.au 2012: cyborg lawyer demands source\". TechRepublic. Retrieved 17 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/australia/linuxconfau-2012-cyborg-lawyer-demands-source/577","url_text":"\"Linux.conf.au 2012: cyborg lawyer demands source\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TechRepublic","url_text":"TechRepublic"}]},{"reference":"\"Nominations: Mary Gardiner\". linux australia: Representing Free Software and Open Source Communities. Retrieved 17 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://linux.org.au/vote/rusty-wrench-nomination-form/nominations","url_text":"\"Nominations: Mary Gardiner\""}]},{"reference":"\"Wikimania 2012 announces Mary Gardiner as keynote speaker\". Wikinews. 23 March 2012. Retrieved 24 March 2012.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikimania_2012_announces_Mary_Gardiner_as_keynote_speaker","url_text":"\"Wikimania 2012 announces Mary Gardiner as keynote speaker\""}]},{"reference":"Vartabedian, Jessica (6 August 2012). \"10 Women in Tech Who Give Back\". Features. Datamation. Retrieved 5 December 2012.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.datamation.com/feature/women-in-tech-who-give-back.html","url_text":"\"10 Women in Tech Who Give Back\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://adainitiative.org/about-us/","external_links_name":"\"About Us\""},{"Link":"http://www.linux.org.au/council","external_links_name":"\"Council\""},{"Link":"http://femme-o-nomics.com/2011/10/top-50-women-to-watch-in-tech-part-ii/","external_links_name":"\"Top 50 Women to Watch in Tech – Part II\""},{"Link":"http://www.scmagazine.com/influential-it-security-minds-in-2012-valerie-aurora-and-mary-gardiner/article/268997/","external_links_name":"\"Influential IT security minds in 2012: Valerie Aurora and Mary Gardiner\""},{"Link":"http://owoot.org/History","external_links_name":"\"History o OWOOT\""},{"Link":"http://www.techworld.com.au/article/406353/melbourne_adacamp_address_open_technology_gender_issues","external_links_name":"\"Melbourne AdaCamp to address open technology's gender issues: Ada Initiative's first AdaCamp to be held in January\""},{"Link":"http://www.datamation.com/osrc/article.php/3923936/Ada-Initiative-Supports-Women-in-Open-Source-Counters-Sexism.htm","external_links_name":"\"Ada Initiative Supports Women in Open Source, Counters Sexism\""},{"Link":"https://www.techrepublic.com/blog/australia/linuxconfau-2012-cyborg-lawyer-demands-source/577","external_links_name":"\"Linux.conf.au 2012: cyborg lawyer demands source\""},{"Link":"http://linux.org.au/vote/rusty-wrench-nomination-form/nominations","external_links_name":"\"Nominations: Mary Gardiner\""},{"Link":"https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Wikimania_2012_announces_Mary_Gardiner_as_keynote_speaker","external_links_name":"\"Wikimania 2012 announces Mary Gardiner as keynote speaker\""},{"Link":"http://www.datamation.com/feature/women-in-tech-who-give-back.html","external_links_name":"\"10 Women in Tech Who Give Back\""}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phycomelaina_laminariae
Phycomelaina
["1 References","2 External links"]
Genus of fungi Phycomelaina Scientific classification Kingdom: Fungi Division: Ascomycota Class: Sordariomycetes Order: Phyllachorales Family: Phyllachoraceae Genus: PhycomelainaKohlm. Type species Phycomelaina laminariae Phycomelaina is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae. This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Phycomelaina laminariae. In Iceland, it has been reported infecting Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima. References ^ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58. ^ Helgi Hallgrímsson & Guðríður Gyða Eyjólfsdóttir (2004). Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir . ISSN 1027-832X External links Index Fungorum Taxon identifiersPhycomelaina laminariae Wikidata: Q7188436 CoL: 4GYPS EoL: 148511 Fungorum: 336640 GBIF: 2569867 IRMNG: 11396773 ITIS: 193984 MycoBank: 336640 NBN: NBNSYS0000019859 OBIS: 147651 Open Tree of Life: 3706601 WoRMS: 147651 Dothidella laminariae Wikidata: Q59548562 CoL: 37GVZ Fungorum: 236575 GBIF: 2569868 IRMNG: 10771025 ITIS: 193985 MycoBank: 236575 WoRMS: 438396 This Phyllachorales article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"fungi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fungus"},{"link_name":"Phyllachoraceae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phyllachoraceae"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"monotypic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monotypic"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"Alaria esculenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaria_esculenta"},{"link_name":"Laminaria digitata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laminaria_digitata"},{"link_name":"Saccharina latissima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saccharina_latissima"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-HH&GGE2004-2"}],"text":"Phycomelaina is a genus of fungi in the family Phyllachoraceae.[1] This is a monotypic genus, containing the single species Phycomelaina laminariae.In Iceland, it has been reported infecting Alaria esculenta, Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima.[2]","title":"Phycomelaina"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM. (December 2007). \"Outline of Ascomycota – 2007\". Myconet. 13. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany: 1–58.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp","url_text":"\"Outline of Ascomycota – 2007\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://archive.fieldmuseum.org/myconet/outline.asp","external_links_name":"\"Outline of Ascomycota – 2007\""},{"Link":"https://rafhladan.is/bitstream/handle/10802/4090/Fjolrit_45.pdf?sequence=1","external_links_name":"Íslenskt sveppatal I - smásveppir [Checklist of Icelandic Fungi I - Microfungi"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=4044","external_links_name":"Index Fungorum"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/4GYPS","external_links_name":"4GYPS"},{"Link":"https://eol.org/pages/148511","external_links_name":"148511"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=336640","external_links_name":"336640"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2569867","external_links_name":"2569867"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=11396773","external_links_name":"11396773"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=193984","external_links_name":"193984"},{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/MB/336640","external_links_name":"336640"},{"Link":"https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NBNSYS0000019859","external_links_name":"NBNSYS0000019859"},{"Link":"https://obis.org/taxon/147651","external_links_name":"147651"},{"Link":"https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=3706601","external_links_name":"3706601"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=147651","external_links_name":"147651"},{"Link":"https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/37GVZ","external_links_name":"37GVZ"},{"Link":"http://www.indexfungorum.org/names/NamesRecord.asp?RecordID=236575","external_links_name":"236575"},{"Link":"https://www.gbif.org/species/2569868","external_links_name":"2569868"},{"Link":"https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10771025","external_links_name":"10771025"},{"Link":"https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=193985","external_links_name":"193985"},{"Link":"https://www.mycobank.org/MB/236575","external_links_name":"236575"},{"Link":"https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=438396","external_links_name":"438396"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Phycomelaina&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karezan_District
Karezan District
["1 References"]
Coordinates: 33°39′25″N 46°35′30″E / 33.65694°N 46.59167°E / 33.65694; 46.59167District in Ilam province, Iran Not to be confused with Karezan Rural District. District in Ilam, IranKarezan District Persian: بخش کارزانDistrictKarezan DistrictShow map of IranKarezan DistrictShow map of Ilam ProvinceCoordinates: 33°39′25″N 46°35′30″E / 33.65694°N 46.59167°E / 33.65694; 46.59167CountryIranProvinceIlamCountySirvanCapitalCheshmeh PahnPopulation (2016) • Total7,252Time zoneUTC+3:30 (IRST) Karezan District (Persian: بخش کارزان), also Romanized as Karzan (Kurdish: کارزان), is in Sirvan County, Ilam province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Cheshmeh Pahn. It is populated by Kurds from the Khezel tribe. In June 2013, Shirvan District was separated from Chardavol County in the establishment of Sirvan County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with Lumar as its capital and only city. At the National Census in 2016, the district had 7,252 inhabitants in 1,958 households. Karezan District Population Administrative Divisions 2016 Karezan RD 3,892 Zangvan RD 3,360 Total 7,252 RD = Rural District Iran portal References ^ OpenStreetMap contributors (8 June 2023). "Karezan District (Sirvan County)" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 8 June 2023. ^ a b c "Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 16. Archived from the original (Excel) on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022. ^ a b Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (19 June 2013). "Creating and carrying out country divisions in Ilam province". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023. vteIlam province, IranCapital: IlamCountiesand citiesAbdanan County Abdanan Murmuri Sarabbagh Darreh Shahr County Darreh Shahr Majin Dehloran County Dehloran Meymeh Musian Pahleh Eyvan County Eyvan Zarneh Holeylan County Towhid Ilam County Ilam Chavar Malekshahi County Arkavaz Delgosha Mehr Mehran County Mehran Salehabad Chardavol County Sarableh Asemanabad Balavah Shabab Sirvan County Lumar Badreh County Badreh Cheshmeh Shirin Sights Siyahgol fire Temple Imamzadeh Seyd Salaheddin Muhammad Posht Ghal'eh Chowar castle Shirin and Farhad Iwan, Mehran Tangeh Bahram chubin Takht-e khan relief Golki relief,Malekshahi Sirvan ancient city Telesmkhan cave Ghal'eh Ghiran castle Ghal'eh Vali castle Falahati Palace Mountain of Ghalaghiran Kabir Kouh Ilam Museum of Natural History Populated places List of cities, towns and villages in Ilam Province vte Sirvan CountyCapital Lumar DistrictsCentralCities Lumar Rural Districts and villagesLumar Abbasabad Chegeni Eslamiyeh Fatemiyeh Gurab-e Olya Gurab-e Sofla Heyvand Lala Larini-ye Olya Larini-ye Sofla Negel Panzdah-e Khordad Vargach Rudbar Abzar Baghleh Buzhan Cham Jangal Cham Ruteh Cham-e Dar Balut Cham-e Shir Dogar Emarat Kamangaran Qazi Khan-e Olya Qazi Khan-e Sofla Sarab Gur-e Tuti Sarkan Siah Siah Shurab-e Khan Ali Zoheyri-ye Olya Zoheyri-ye Sofla KarezanRural Districts and villagesKarezan Aliabad-e Olya Aliabad-e Sofla Aliabad-e Vosta Cheshmeh Chai-ye Olya Cheshmeh Chai-ye Sofla Cheshmeh Chai-ye Vosta Cheshmeh Khazaneh Cheshmeh Pahn Cheshmeh Rashid Ilam Cement Plant Jurab Deraz Mirza Beygi Kali Kali Kolahjub Qanatabad Sarab-e Karzan Zangvan Baba Shams Baraftab-e Meleh Maran Ghoslak Hasan Gavdari Nesar-e Meleh Maran Pahneh Bor Qalandar-e Olya Qalandar-e Sofla Sarab-e Kalan Sefid Khani-ye Olya Sefid Khani-ye Sofla Sefid Khani-ye Vosta Shahrak-e Sartang Varmian-e Sofla This Sirvan County location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Karezan Rural District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karezan_Rural_District"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_language"},{"link_name":"Romanized","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanize"},{"link_name":"Kurdish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurdish_language"},{"link_name":"Sirvan County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirvan_County"},{"link_name":"Ilam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilam_province"},{"link_name":"Iran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran"},{"link_name":"Cheshmeh Pahn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshmeh_Pahn,_Ilam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sirvan-3"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Chardavol County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chardavol_County"},{"link_name":"Lumar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sirvan-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2016_census-2"},{"link_name":"Iran portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Iran"}],"text":"District in Ilam province, IranNot to be confused with Karezan Rural District.District in Ilam, IranKarezan District (Persian: بخش کارزان), also Romanized as Karzan (Kurdish: کارزان), is in Sirvan County, Ilam province, Iran. Its capital is the village of Cheshmeh Pahn.[3] It is populated by Kurds from the Khezel tribe.[citation needed]In June 2013, Shirvan District was separated from Chardavol County in the establishment of Sirvan County, which was divided into two districts of two rural districts each, with Lumar as its capital and only city.[3]At the National Census in 2016, the district had 7,252 inhabitants in 1,958 households.[2]Iran portal","title":"Karezan District"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"OpenStreetMap contributors (8 June 2023). \"Karezan District (Sirvan County)\" (Map). OpenStreetMap. Retrieved 8 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.openstreetmap.org/?mlat=33.656944&mlon=46.591667&zoom=12#map=12/33.6569/46.5917","url_text":"\"Karezan District (Sirvan County)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OpenStreetMap","url_text":"OpenStreetMap"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\". AMAR (in Persian). The Statistical Center of Iran. p. 16. Archived from the original (Excel) on 1 November 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20201101180736/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_16.xlsx","url_text":"\"Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016)\""},{"url":"https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_16.xlsx","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Rahimi, Mohammad Reza (19 June 2013). \"Creating and carrying out country divisions in Ilam province\". Laws and Regulations Portal of the Islamic Republic of Iran (in Persian). Ministry of Interior, Cabinet of Ministers. Archived from the original on 9 May 2023. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230509163312/https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/188950","url_text":"\"Creating and carrying out country divisions in Ilam province\""},{"url":"https://qavanin.ir/Law/TreeText/188950","url_text":"the original"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/When_I_Said_I_Do
When I Said I Do
["1 Content","2 Music video","3 Chart performance","3.1 Year-end charts","4 Certifications","5 References"]
1999 single by Clint Black with Lisa Hartman Black"When I Said I Do"Single by Clint Black with Lisa Hartman Blackfrom the album D'lectrified B-side"You Don't Need Me Now"ReleasedAugust 30, 1999GenreCountryLength4:30 (album version)LabelRCA NashvilleSongwriter(s)Clint BlackProducer(s)Clint BlackClint Black singles chronology "You Don't Need Me Now" (1999) "When I Said I Do" (1999) "Been There" (2000) Lisa Hartman Black singles chronology "When I Said I Do"(1999) "Easy for Me to Say"(2001) "When I Said I Do" is a song written by American country music singer Clint Black, and recorded by Black and his wife Lisa Hartman Black as a duet. It was released in August 1999 as the first single from Black's album D'lectrified. The song reached the top of the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart and the Canadian RPM Country Tracks chart. It also peaked at number 31 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100, making it a crossover hit. It is one of only two chart singles for Lisa Hartman Black. The song was later covered by then-husband and wife Kenny Lattimore and Chanté Moore on their album Things That Lovers Do. Content This song discusses the narrators' vow to stay together until the end of their lives. Music video The music video was directed by Clint Black himself and premiered in September 1999. Chart performance "When I Said I Do" debuted at number 45 on the U.S. Billboard Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart for the week of September 4, 1999. For the chart dated December 4, 1999, it became Clint's thirteenth and final number one single on that chart, and the only number one single for Lisa. The following week, it fell to number two, being replaced at the top by Brad Paisley's "He Didn't Have to Be". It then returned to number one on the chart dated December 18 for a second and final week, making for two nonconsecutive weeks at the top. Chart (1999) Peakposition Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 1 US Billboard Hot 100 31 US Hot Country Songs (Billboard) 1 Year-end charts Chart (1999) Position Canada Country Tracks (RPM) 75 US Country Songs (Billboard) 65 Chart (2000) Position US Country Songs (Billboard) 45 Certifications Certifications for When I Said I Do Region Certification Certified units/sales United States (RIAA) Gold 500,000‡ ‡ Sales+streaming figures based on certification alone. References ^ Whitburn, Joel (2008). Hot Country Songs 1944 to 2008. Record Research, Inc. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-89820-177-2. ^ "Top RPM Country Tracks: Issue 9996." RPM. Library and Archives Canada. December 6, 1999. Retrieved July 7, 2013. ^ "Clint Black Chart History (Hot 100)". Billboard. ^ "Clint Black Chart History (Hot Country Songs)". Billboard. ^ "RPM Top 100 Country Tracks of 1999". RPM. December 13, 1999. Retrieved July 7, 2013. ^ "Best of 1999: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 1999. Retrieved July 7, 2013. ^ "Best of 2000: Country Songs". Billboard. Prometheus Global Media. 2000. Retrieved August 16, 2012. ^ "American single certifications – Clint Black – When I Said I Do". Recording Industry Association of America. Retrieved August 12, 2022. vteClint Black singlesKillin' Time "A Better Man" "Killin' Time" "Nobody's Home" "Walkin' Away" "Nothing's News" Put Yourself in My Shoes "Put Yourself in My Shoes" "Loving Blind" "One More Payment" "Where Are You Now" The Hard Way "We Tell Ourselves" "Burn One Down" "When My Ship Comes In" No Time to Kill "A Bad Goodbye" (with Wynonna Judd) "No Time to Kill" "State of Mind" "A Good Run of Bad Luck" "Half the Man" One Emotion "Untanglin' My Mind" "Wherever You Go" "Summer's Comin'" "One Emotion" "Life Gets Away" Greatest Hits "Like the Rain" "Half Way Up" Nothin' but the Taillights "Still Holding On" (with Martina McBride) "Something That We Do" "Nothin' but the Taillights" "The Shoes You're Wearing" "Loosen Up My Strings" "You Don't Need Me Now" D'lectrified "When I Said I Do" (with Lisa Hartman Black) "Been There" (with Steve Wariner) "Love She Can't Live Without" Spend My Time "Spend My Time" Other songs "Desperado" "Are You Sure Waylon Done It This Way" (with Waylon Jennings) "Hey, Good Lookin'" (with Jimmy Buffett, Kenny Chesney, Alan Jackson, Toby Keith and George Strait) "Long Cool Woman" This 1999 country song-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_college_football_season
1901 college football season
["1 Conference and program changes","2 Rose Bowl","3 Conference standings","3.1 Major conference standings","3.2 Independents","3.3 Minor conferences","4 Awards and honors","4.1 All-Americans","4.2 Statistical leaders","5 References"]
American college football season 1901 college football seasonHarvard–Yale game.Number of bowls1 (1902 Rose Bowl)Champion(s)HarvardMichigan ← 1900 · football seasons · 1902 → The 1901 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with NCAA-designated "major selectors" retroactively selecting Michigan and Harvard as national champions. The NCAA records book also erroneously lists Yale as Parke H. Davis's selection. Harvard beat Yale 22–0 the last game of the year. ^ The NCAA Record Book states "Yale" for 1901 as having been solely selected by Parke Davis, which is an error that has been perpetuated since the first appearance of Parke Davis' selections in the NCAA book about 1995. ^ Parke Davis' selection for 1901, as published in Spalding's Foot Ball Guide (to which he was a contributor until his death) for 1934 and 1935, was Harvard. Conference and program changes School 1900 Conference 1901 Conference Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets SIAA Independent Louisiana Industrial Bulldogs Program Established Independent Oklahoma A&M Aggies Program established Independent Stetson Hatters Program established Independent Rose Bowl The very first collegiate football bowl game was played following the 1901 season. Originally titled the "Tournament East-West football game" what is now known as the Rose Bowl Game was first played on January 1, 1902, in Pasadena, California. Michigan defeated Stanford 49–0. Conference standings Major conference standings 1901 Colorado Football Association standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Colorado $ 2 – 0 – 0 5 – 1 – 1 Colorado College 2 – 1 – 0 5 – 1 – 0 Colorado Mines 1 – 2 – 0 1 – 4 – 0 Colorado Agricultural 0 – 2 – 0 1 – 2 – 0 $ – Conference championColorado vs. Colorado Agricultural game not played due to alleged amateurism violation 1901 Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association football standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Vanderbilt $ 4 – 0 – 0 6 – 1 – 1 Clemson 2 – 0 – 1 3 – 1 – 1 LSU 2 – 1 – 0 5 – 1 – 0 North Carolina 2 – 1 – 0 7 – 2 – 0 Tulane 2 – 1 – 0 4 – 2 – 0 Alabama 2 – 1 – 2 2 – 1 – 2 Auburn 2 – 2 – 1 2 – 3 – 1 Tennessee 1 – 1 – 2 3 – 3 – 2 Mississippi A&M 1 – 2 – 0 2 – 2 – 1 Georgia 0 – 3 – 2 1 – 5 – 2 Cumberland (TN) 0 – 1 – 0 0 – 3 – 0 Kentucky State 0 – 2 – 0 2 – 6 – 1 Ole Miss 0 – 4 – 0 2 – 4 – 0 Texas 0 – 0 – 0 8 – 2 – 1 $ – Conference champion 1901 Triangular Football League standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Williams $ 2 – 0 – 0 6 – 4 – 0 Wesleyan 1 – 1 – 0 3 – 6 – 1 Amherst 0 – 2 – 0 4 – 6 – 2 $ – Conference champion 1901 Western Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Michigan + 4 – 0 – 0 11 – 0 – 0 Wisconsin + 2 – 0 – 0 9 – 0 – 0 Minnesota 3 – 1 – 0 9 – 1 – 1 Illinois 4 – 2 – 0 8 – 2 – 0 Northwestern 3 – 2 – 0 8 – 2 – 1 Indiana 1 – 2 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 Purdue 0 – 3 – 1 4 – 4 – 1 Chicago 0 – 4 – 1 8 – 6 – 2 Iowa 0 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 + – Conference co-champions Independents 1901 Eastern college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Harvard   –   12 – 0 – 0 Yale   –   11 – 1 – 1 Cornell   –   11 – 1 – 0 Dartmouth   –   10 – 1 – 0 Massachusetts   –   9 – 1 – 0 Princeton   –   9 – 1 – 1 Syracuse   –   7 – 1 – 0 Holy Cross   –   7 – 1 – 1 Geneva   –   6 – 1 – 1 Army   –   5 – 1 – 2 Western U. of Penn   –   7 – 2 – 1 Lafayette   –   9 – 3 – 0 Swarthmore   –   8 – 2 – 2 Washington & Jefferson   –   6 – 2 – 2 Frankin & Marshall   –   7 – 3 – 1 Penn   –   10 – 5 – 0 Buffalo   –   4 – 2 – 0 Columbia   –   8 – 5 – 0 Fordham   –   2 – 1 – 1 Penn State   –   5 – 3 – 0 Bucknell   –   6 – 4 – 0 Pittsburgh College   –   3 – 2 – 0 Temple   –   3 – 2 – 0 NYU   –   4 – 3 – 1 Tufts   –   6 – 6 – 1 Vermont   –   5 – 5 – 1 Dickinson   –   3 – 4 – 0 Carlisle   –   5 – 7 – 1 Brown   –   4 – 7 – 1 Villanova   –   2 – 3 – 0 Drexel   –   2 – 5 – 1 Colgate   –   2 – 5 – 0 Boston College   –   1 – 8 – 0 Lehigh   –   1 – 11 – 0 New Hampshire   –   0 – 6 – 0 Rutgers   –   0 – 7 – 0 1901 Midwestern college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Saint Louis   –   10 – 0 – 0 North Dakota Agricultural   –   7 – 0 – 0 Marquette   –   4 – 0 – 1 Northern Illinois State   –   6 – 1 – 0 Notre Dame   –   8 – 1 – 1 Ohio Wesleyan   –   8 – 2 – 0 Kirksville Osteopaths   –   10 – 3 – 0 Nebraska   –   6 – 2 – 0 Ohio   –   6 – 1 – 2 Doane   –   3 – 1 – 0 Haskell   –   6 – 2 – 0 Lake Forest   –   10 – 5 – 0 Ohio State   –   5 – 3 – 1 Washington University   –   5 – 3 – 1 Ohio Medical   –   5 – 3 – 1 Iowa State Normal   –   5 – 3 – 2 South Dakota Agricultural   –   3 – 2 – 0 Beloit   –   5 – 3 – 3 Washburn   –   3 – 2 – 3 Carthage   –   1 – 1 – 0 Drake   –   4 – 4 – 0 Detroit College   –   3 – 3 – 0 Mount Union   –   5 – 5 – 1 Wittenberg   –   4 – 4 – 0 Kansas State   –   3 – 4 – 1 Michigan Agricultural   –   3 – 4 – 1 Iowa State   –   2 – 6 – 2 Kansas   –   3 – 5 – 2 Wabash   –   4 – 7 – 0 Fairmount   –   3 – 6 – 0 Heidelberg   –   1 – 3 – 1 Miami (OH)   –   1 – 3 – 1 Cincinnati   –   1 – 4 – 1 Case   –   2 – 7 – 0 Missouri   –   1 – 6 – 1 Butler   –   0 – 1 – 0 Chicago Eclectic Medical   –   0 – 3 – 0 1901 Southern college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Southwestern Louisiana Industrial   –   2 – 0 – 0 Stetson   –   1 – 0 – 0 Georgia Tech   –   4 – 0 – 1 Marshall   –   2 – 0 – 1 Kentucky University   –   7 – 1 – 1 VPI   –   6 – 1 – 0 Nashville   –   6 – 1 – 1 Virginia   –   8 – 2 – 0 Texas   –   8 – 2 – 1 Davidson   –   4 – 2 – 0 Baylor   –   5 – 3 – 0 Gallaudet   –   4 – 2 – 2 Sewanee   –   4 – 2 – 2 William & Mary   –   2 – 1 – 1 Navy   –   6 – 4 – 1 VMI   –   4 – 3 – 0 Oklahoma   –   3 – 2 – 0 West Virginia   –   3 – 2 – 0 Delaware   –   5 – 4 – 0 Georgetown   –   3 – 3 – 2 Kendall   –   2 – 2 – 0 Spring Hill   –   0 – 0 – 1 Wilmington Conference Academy   –   2 – 2 – 0 Oklahoma A&M   –   2 – 3 – 0 South Carolina   –   3 – 4 – 0 Arkansas   –   3 – 5 – 0 Add-Ran   –   1 – 2 – 1 Furman   –   1 – 2 – 1 Chilocco   –   2 – 5 – 0 North Carolina A&M   –   1 – 2 – 0 Texas A&M   –   1 – 4 – 0 Maryland   –   1 – 7 – 0 Richmond   –   1 – 7 – 0 Florida Agricultural   –   0 – 1 – 0 Louisiana Industrial   –   0 – 2 – 0 Tusculum   –     –   1901 Far West college football independents records vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T Wyoming   –   1 – 0 – 0 California   –   9 – 0 – 1 Utah   –   5 – 1 – 0 Arizona   –   4 – 1 – 0 Washington Agricultural   –   4 – 1 – 0 Washington   –   4 – 3 – 0 Montana Agricultural   –   2 – 1 – 0 New Mexico A&M   –   2 – 1 – 0 Utah Agricultural   –   3 – 2 – 0 Stanford   –   3 – 2 – 2 Nevada State   –   3 – 3 – 0 Oregon   –   3 – 4 – 1 Montana   –   2 – 3 – 0 New Mexico   –   0 – 3 – 1 USC   –   0 – 2 – 0 Minor conferences Conference Champion(s) Record Michigan Intercollegiate Athletic Association Olivet 7–0 Awards and honors All-Americans Main article: 1901 College Football All-America Team The consensus All-America team included: Position Name Height Weight (lbs.) Class Hometown Team QB Charles Dudley Daly 5'7" 152 Jr. Boston, Massachusetts Army HB Robert Kernan Jr. Brooklyn, New York Harvard HB Harold Weekes 5'10" 178 Jr. Oyster Bay, New York Columbia HB Bill Morley 5'10" 166 Sr. Cimarron, New Mexico Columbia FB Blondy Graydon Jr. Cincinnati, Ohio Harvard E Dave Campbell 6'0" 171 Sr. Waltham, Massachusetts Harvard E Ralph Tipton Davis 5'7" 168 So. Blossburg, Pennsylvania Princeton T Oliver Cutts Sr. North Anson, Maine Harvard T Paul Bunker 5'11" 186 Jr. Alpena, Michigan Army G Bill Warner 6'4" 210 Jr. Springville, New York Cornell G William George Lee Sr. Leavenworth, Kansas Harvard C Henry Holt Jr. Spuyten Duyvil, Bronx, New York Yale C Walter E. Bachman Sr. Phillipsburg, New Jersey Lafayette G Charles A. Barnard Sr. Washington, D. C. Harvard G Sanford Hunt So. Irvington, New Jersey Cornell T Crawford Blagden Sr. New York, New York Harvard E Edward Bowditch So. Albany, New York Harvard E Neil Snow 5'8" 190 Sr. Detroit, Michigan Michigan Statistical leaders Player scoring most points: Bruce Shorts, Michigan, 123 Rushing leader: Willie Heston, Michigan, 684 Rushing avg. leader: Willie Heston, 10.2 Rushing touchdowns leader: Willie Heston, 20 References ^ Official 2009 NCAA Division I Football Records Book (PDF). Indianapolis, IN: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. August 2009. p. 70. Retrieved October 16, 2009. ^ a b Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1934). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1934. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. p. 206. ^ a b Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1935). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1935. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. p. 233. vteNCAA football seasonsPre-NCAA 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 NCAA pre-divisional 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 NCAA University Division 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 NCAA Division I 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 NCAA Division I-A/FBS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 NCAA Division I-AA/FCS 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 NCAA College Division 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 NCAA Division II 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 NCAA Division III 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 This college football 1901 season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team"},{"link_name":"Harvard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Harvard_Crimson_football_team"},{"link_name":"national champions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_FBS_national_football_championship"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn1-4"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-fn2-5"},{"link_name":"Yale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Yale_Bulldogs_football_team"},{"link_name":"Parke H. Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke_H._Davis"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn1_4-0"},{"link_name":"Parke Davis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parke_H._Davis"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1934:-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRO-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-fn2_5-0"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1934:-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WRO-3"}],"text":"The 1901 college football season had no clear-cut champion, with NCAA-designated \"major selectors\" retroactively selecting Michigan and Harvard as national champions.[1][a][b] The NCAA records book also erroneously lists Yale as Parke H. Davis's selection. Harvard beat Yale 22–0 the last game of the year.^ The NCAA Record Book states \"Yale\" for 1901 as having been solely selected by Parke Davis, which is an error that has been perpetuated since the first appearance of Parke Davis' selections in the NCAA book about 1995.[2][3]\n\n^ Parke Davis' selection for 1901, as published in Spalding's Foot Ball Guide (to which he was a contributor until his death) for 1934 and 1935, was Harvard.[2][3]","title":"1901 college football season"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conference and program changes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"bowl game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowl_game"},{"link_name":"\"Tournament East-West football game\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1902_Rose_Bowl"},{"link_name":"Rose Bowl Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_Bowl_Game"},{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team"},{"link_name":"Stanford","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanford_football"}],"text":"The very first collegiate football bowl game was played following the 1901 season. Originally titled the \"Tournament East-West football game\" what is now known as the Rose Bowl Game was first played on January 1, 1902, in Pasadena, California. Michigan defeated Stanford 49–0.","title":"Rose Bowl"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conference standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Major conference standings","title":"Conference standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Independents","title":"Conference standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Minor conferences","title":"Conference standings"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"All-America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_Football_All-America_Team"}],"sub_title":"All-Americans","text":"The consensus All-America team included:","title":"Awards and honors"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bruce Shorts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Shorts"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1901_Michigan_Wolverines_football_team"},{"link_name":"Willie Heston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Heston"}],"sub_title":"Statistical leaders","text":"Player scoring most points: Bruce Shorts, Michigan, 123\nRushing leader: Willie Heston, Michigan, 684\nRushing avg. leader: Willie Heston, 10.2\nRushing touchdowns leader: Willie Heston, 20","title":"Awards and honors"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Official 2009 NCAA Division I Football Records Book (PDF). Indianapolis, IN: The National Collegiate Athletic Association. August 2009. p. 70. Retrieved October 16, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/football_records/DI/2009/2009FBS.pdf","url_text":"Official 2009 NCAA Division I Football Records Book"}]},{"reference":"Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1934). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1934. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. p. 206.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_R._Okeson","url_text":"Okeson"}]},{"reference":"Okeson, Walter R., ed. (1935). Spalding's Official Foot Ball Guide 1935. New York: American Sports Publishing Co. p. 233.","urls":[]}]
[{"Link":"http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/football_records/DI/2009/2009FBS.pdf","external_links_name":"Official 2009 NCAA Division I Football Records Book"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1901_college_football_season&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North-West_District_(Botswana)
North-West District (Botswana)
["1 History","2 Geography","3 Demographics","4 Education and economy","5 Administration","6 See also","7 References"]
Coordinates: 19°30′S 23°30′E / 19.500°S 23.500°E / -19.500; 23.500 District in BotswanaNgamilandDistrictMaunLocation within BotswanaCoordinates: 19°30′S 23°30′E / 19.500°S 23.500°E / -19.500; 23.500Country BotswanaCapitalMaunArea • Total129,930 km2 (50,170 sq mi)Population (2022 census) • Total196,574 • Density1.5/km2 (3.9/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+2 (Central Africa Time)HDI (2019)0.697medium · 9th The North-West District or Ngamiland is one of the first-level administrative subdivisions of Botswana. For census and administrative purposes Ngamiland is subdivided into Ngamiland East, Ngamiland West and Ngamiland Delta (Okavango). It is governed by a District Commissioner, appointed by the national government, and the elected North-West District Council. The administrative centre is Maun. As of 2011, the total population of the district was 175,631 compared to 142,970 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.08. The total number of workers constituted 32,471 with 16,852 males and 15,621 females, with a majority of them involved in agriculture. Maun, the Tsodilo Hills, the Moremi Game Reserve, the Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves, the Aha Hills (on the border with Namibia), the Nhabe Museum in Maun, and Maun Educational Park are the major tourist attractions in the district. History In the late 18th century, the Tswana people, primarily herders, began expanding northward into what is now called Ngamiland. A sub-chiefdom, called Tawana out of Ngwato, was established there. In 1885 when the British established the Bechuanaland Protectorate, the northern boundary was 22° south latitude. On 30 June 1890, the northern boundary of the protectorate was formally extended northward by the British to include Ngamiland, which at the time was still under the Tawana, who by then recognized the authority of Khama III. British officials did not arrive in the Ngamiland region until 1894. Ngamiland was administered as Bechuanaland's northwestern corner and primary contact point with German South West Africa via the Caprivi Strip. In 1966 the North-West District was established which included both Ngamiland and Chobe; however, in 2006, Chobe District was again separated out. Geography Image of Maun The region has an average elevation of around 915 m (3,002 ft) above the mean sea level. The vegetation type is Savannah, with tall grasses, bushes and trees. The annual precipitation is around 650 mm (26 in), most of which is received during the summer season from November to May. North-West District shares its borders with the following foreign areas: Omaheke Region, Namibia in southwest, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia in west, Kavango East Region, Namibia in northwest and Zambezi Region, Namibia in north. Domestically, it borders Central District in southeast, Ghanzi District in southwest and Chobe District in the east. Like most of Botswana, it consists of partially dissected tablelands, in this case sloping down from the Kaukau Veld that lies to the northwest. This flow and the Okavango River drain into the mostly endorheic Okavango Delta. The delta seasonally overflows into the endorheic Lake Ngami to the south, and into the Thamalakane River which via the Boteti River feeds the Makgadikgadi salt pans to the southeast. Most of the rivers in the region are seasonal, and subject to flash floods. Maun, the Tsodilo Hills, Moremi Game Reserve, Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves, Aha Hills, Nhabe Museum and Maun Educational Park are the major tourist attractions in the district. Demographics Historical populationYearPop.±%198175,997—    1991108,660+43.0%2001142,970+31.6%2011 152,284+6.5%2022196,574+29.1%Sources: As of 2011, the total population of the district was 175,631 compared to 142,970 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.08. The population in the district was 8.67 per cent of the total population in the country. The sex ratio stood at 95.11 for every 100 males, compared to 93.43 in 2001. The average house hold size was 3.27 in 2011 compared to 4.49 in 2001. There were 5,437 craft and related workers, 2,290 clerks, 8,777 people working in elementary occupation 1,117 Legislators, Administrators & managers 2,974 Plant & machine operators and assemblers, 856 professionals, 5,812 service workers, shop & market sales workers, 2,398 skilled agricultural & related workers 2,069 technicians and associated professionals, making the total work force to 31,915. Education and economy Rock art in Tsodilo hills As of 2011, there were a total of 071 schools in the district, with 8.30 per cent private schools. The total number of students in the Council schools was 28,101, while it was 940 in private schools. The total number of students enrolled in the district was 29,041: 14,190 girls and 14,851 boys. The total number of qualified teachers was 1,070, 658 female and 412 male. There were around 27 temporary teachers, 13 male and 40 female. There were 6 untrained teachers in the district. As of 2006, 12,737 were involved in agriculture, 1,131 in construction, 2,090 in education, 177 in electricity and water, 88 in finance, 1,000 in health, 1,144 in hotels and restaurants, 1,450 in manufacturing, 403 in other community services, 1,455 in private households, 4,722 in public administration, 932 in real estate, 730 in transport and communications, and 4,412 in wholesale and retail trade. The total number of workers was 32,471, 16,852 male and 15,621 female. Administration Moremi Game Reserve By far the largest settlement in the district is Maun, which had a population of over 60,000 in 2011 census. The following is the list of villages noted separately in the 2001 census in each census region. Ngamiland East has Bodibeng, Botlhatlogo, Chanoga, Habu, Kareng, Kgakge/Makakung, Komana, Mababe, Makalamabedi, Matlapana, Maun, Phuduhudu, Sehithwa, Semboyo, Sankuyo, Shorobe, Toteng, Tsao villages. Ngamiland West has Beetsha, Etsha 6, Etsha 13, Gani, Gonutsuga, Gumare, Ikoga, Kauxwhi, Mohembo East, Mohembo West, Mokgacha, Ngarange, Nokaneng, Nxamasere, Nxaunxau, Qangwa, Sepopa, Seronga, Shakawe, Tobere, Tubu, Xakao, Xaxa, Xhauga villages. Delta region has Daonara, Ditshiping, Jao, Katamaga, Morutsha, Xaxaba villages. In the 2011 census the population figures for the delta were included in the totals of Ngamiland East. When Botswana gained independence from the British in 1966, they adapted the colonial administration framework to form its district administration. The policies were modified between 1970 and 1974 to address impediments to rural development. The district administration, a district council, and the Okavango subdistrict council are responsible for local administration. The policies for the administration are framed by the Ministry of Local Government. The major activities of the district council are Tribal Administration, Remote Area Development and Local Governance. The executive powers of the council are vested in a commissioner appointed by the central government. The technical services wing of the Department of Local Government is responsible for developing roads and the infrastructure in villages such as water supply, schools and recreational facilities. All local administration staff, except the District Administration staff itself, are selected via centralised services of the North West District Council, with the Ministry of Local Government being responsible for their training, deployment and career development. The sub-districts of North-West/Ngamiland District are Ngamiland East (aka Ngamiland South, headquarters Maun), Ngamiland West (aka Ngamiland North) and Okavango, also called Ngamiland Delta, (headquarters Gumare). Towns and villages Population 50,000+ Maun Population over 10,000 Gumare Shakawe Population under 10,000 Lesoma Parakarungu See also Sub-districts of Botswana References ^ "Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018. ^ a b "2011 Botswana Population and Housing Census" (PDF). Botswana Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015. ^ Chirenje, J. Mutero (1977). A history of Northern Botswana, 1850-1910. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8386-1537-9. ^ "Builders of Botswana: The Northern Border". Daily News. Botswana. 8 March 2002. Archived from the original on 19 April 2002. ^ Chirenje, J. Mutero (1978). Chief Kgama and his Times c. 1835-1923: The Story of a Southern African Ruler. London: Rex Collings. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-86036-062-9. ^ "Builders of Botswana". Daily News. Botswana. 7 September 2001. Archived from the original on 24 February 2002. ^ "Districts of Botswana". Government of Botswana. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2016. ^ Grove, Alfred T. (1969). "Landforms and climatic change in the Kalahari and Ngamiland". The Geographical Journal. 135 (2): 191–212. doi:10.2307/1796824. JSTOR 1796824. ^ Cooke, H. J.; Verstappen, Herman Th. (1984). "The landforms of the western Makgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana, with a consideration of the chronology of the evolution of Lake Palaeo-Makgadikgadi". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 28 (1): 1–19. ^ Singh (2011). Geography. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 12.53. ISBN 978-0-07-107480-3. ^ a b "Census of Botswana, 2011". Central Statistics Office of Botswana. 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ "Education details of Botswana, 2011". Central Statistics Office of Botswana. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ "Labour Force by industry in Botswana, 2008". Central Statistics Office of Botswana. 2008. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016. ^ "Distribution of population by sex by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census". Botswana Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007. ^ a b Population Census Atlas 2011: Botswana (PDF). Gaborone, Botswana: Statistics Botswana. 2015. p. i. ISBN 978-99968-429-0-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2016. ^ Picard, Louis A. (1979). "Rural Development in Botswana: Administrative Structures and Public Policy". The Journal of Developing Areas. 13 (3). Louis A. Picard: 283–300. JSTOR 4190662. ^ "Regional and Local government in Botswana". Common Wealth of Nations. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014. ^ Kavei-Katjimune, Rebecca (2 June 2013). "Okavango Sub-district Council needs more staff". Daily News. Botswana. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017. ^ Kinuthia-Njenga, Cecilia; et al. (2002). Local Democracy and Decentralization in East and Southern Africa: Experiences from Uganda, Kenya, Botswana, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. Nairobi, Kenya: Global Campaign on Urban Governance, United Nations Human Settlements Programme. p. 57. ISBN 978-92-1-131666-7. ^ Gaotlhobogwe, Monkagedi. "Botswana broken into 19 new sub-districts". MMegi Online. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. vteDistricts of Botswana Central Chobe Ghanzi Kgalagadi Kgatleng Kweneng North-East North-West South-East Southern Authority control databases: Geographic MusicBrainz area
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"first-level administrative subdivisions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districts_of_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botswana"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-2011-Villages-2"},{"link_name":"Maun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maun,_Botswana"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Maun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maun,_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Tsodilo Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsodilo_Hills"},{"link_name":"Moremi Game Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moremi_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gcwihaba"},{"link_name":"Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namibia"}],"text":"District in BotswanaThe North-West District or Ngamiland is one of the first-level administrative subdivisions of Botswana. For census and administrative purposes Ngamiland is subdivided into Ngamiland East, Ngamiland West and Ngamiland Delta (Okavango).[2] It is governed by a District Commissioner, appointed by the national government, and the elected North-West District Council. The administrative centre is Maun.As of 2011, the total population of the district was 175,631 compared to 142,970 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.08. The total number of workers constituted 32,471 with 16,852 males and 15,621 females, with a majority of them involved in agriculture.[citation needed]Maun, the Tsodilo Hills, the Moremi Game Reserve, the Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves, the Aha Hills (on the border with Namibia), the Nhabe Museum in Maun, and Maun Educational Park are the major tourist attractions in the district.","title":"North-West District (Botswana)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Tswana people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tswana_people"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_colonization_of_Africa"},{"link_name":"Bechuanaland Protectorate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bechuanaland_Protectorate"},{"link_name":"Khama III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khama_III"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"German South West Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_South_West_Africa"},{"link_name":"Caprivi Strip","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caprivi_Strip"},{"link_name":"Chobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_District"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"In the late 18th century, the Tswana people, primarily herders, began expanding northward into what is now called Ngamiland. A sub-chiefdom, called Tawana out of Ngwato, was established there.[3] In 1885 when the British established the Bechuanaland Protectorate, the northern boundary was 22° south latitude. On 30 June 1890, the northern boundary of the protectorate was formally extended northward by the British to include Ngamiland, which at the time was still under the Tawana, who by then recognized the authority of Khama III.[4][5] British officials did not arrive in the Ngamiland region until 1894.[6] Ngamiland was administered as Bechuanaland's northwestern corner and primary contact point with German South West Africa via the Caprivi Strip.In 1966 the North-West District was established which included both Ngamiland and Chobe; however, in 2006, Chobe District was again separated out.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Maun_23.42084E_20.00779S.jpg"},{"link_name":"Savannah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Savannah"},{"link_name":"Omaheke Region, Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omaheke_Region"},{"link_name":"Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otjozondjupa_Region"},{"link_name":"Kavango East Region, Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kavango_East"},{"link_name":"Zambezi Region, Namibia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zambezi_Region"},{"link_name":"Central District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_District_(Botswana)"},{"link_name":"Ghanzi District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghanzi_District"},{"link_name":"Chobe District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chobe_District"},{"link_name":"dissected","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dissected_plateau"},{"link_name":"tablelands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plateau"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Okavango River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_River"},{"link_name":"endorheic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endorheic_basin"},{"link_name":"Okavango Delta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Okavango_Delta"},{"link_name":"Lake Ngami","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Ngami"},{"link_name":"Thamalakane River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thamalakane_River"},{"link_name":"Boteti River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boteti_River"},{"link_name":"Makgadikgadi salt pans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makgadikgadi_Pan"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"flash floods","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_flood"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Tsodilo Hills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsodilo"},{"link_name":"Moremi Game Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moremi_Game_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gcwihaba"}],"text":"Image of MaunThe region has an average elevation of around 915 m (3,002 ft) above the mean sea level. The vegetation type is Savannah, with tall grasses, bushes and trees. The annual precipitation is around 650 mm (26 in), most of which is received during the summer season from November to May.North-West District shares its borders with the following foreign areas: Omaheke Region, Namibia in southwest, Otjozondjupa Region, Namibia in west, Kavango East Region, Namibia in northwest and Zambezi Region, Namibia in north. Domestically, it borders Central District in southeast, Ghanzi District in southwest and Chobe District in the east.Like most of Botswana, it consists of partially dissected tablelands, in this case sloping down from the Kaukau Veld that lies to the northwest.[8] This flow and the Okavango River drain into the mostly endorheic Okavango Delta. The delta seasonally overflows into the endorheic Lake Ngami to the south, and into the Thamalakane River which via the Boteti River feeds the Makgadikgadi salt pans to the southeast.[9] Most of the rivers in the region are seasonal, and subject to flash floods.[10] Maun, the Tsodilo Hills, Moremi Game Reserve, Gchwihaba (Drotsky's) Caves, Aha Hills, Nhabe Museum and Maun Educational Park are the major tourist attractions in the district.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census-11"}],"text":"As of 2011, the total population of the district was 175,631 compared to 142,970 in 2001. The growth rate of population during the decade was 2.08. The population in the district was 8.67 per cent of the total population in the country. The sex ratio stood at 95.11 for every 100 males, compared to 93.43 in 2001. The average house hold size was 3.27 in 2011 compared to 4.49 in 2001. There were 5,437 craft and related workers, 2,290 clerks, 8,777 people working in elementary occupation 1,117 Legislators, Administrators & managers 2,974 Plant & machine operators and assemblers, 856 professionals, 5,812 service workers, shop & market sales workers, 2,398 skilled agricultural & related workers 2,069 technicians and associated professionals, making the total work force to 31,915.[11]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red_and_White_Rock_Art_Tsodilo_Botswana.jpg"},{"link_name":"Tsodilo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsodilo"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-edu-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-work-13"}],"text":"Rock art in Tsodilo hillsAs of 2011, there were a total of 071 schools in the district, with 8.30 per cent private schools. The total number of students in the Council schools was 28,101, while it was 940 in private schools. The total number of students enrolled in the district was 29,041: 14,190 girls and 14,851 boys. The total number of qualified teachers was 1,070, 658 female and 412 male. There were around 27 temporary teachers, 13 male and 40 female. There were 6 untrained teachers in the district.[12]As of 2006, 12,737 were involved in agriculture, 1,131 in construction, 2,090 in education, 177 in electricity and water, 88 in finance, 1,000 in health, 1,144 in hotels and restaurants, 1,450 in manufacturing, 403 in other community services, 1,455 in private households, 4,722 in public administration, 932 in real estate, 730 in transport and communications, and 4,412 in wholesale and retail trade. The total number of workers was 32,471, 16,852 male and 15,621 female.[13]","title":"Education and economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Equus_quagga_in_Moremi_Game_Reserve,_Botswana,_-12_Nov._2011_a.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-2011-Villages-2"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Bodibeng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodibeng"},{"link_name":"Botlhatlogo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botlhatlogo"},{"link_name":"Chanoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chanoga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Habu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Habu,_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Kareng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kareng"},{"link_name":"Kgakge/Makakung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kgakge/Makakung&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Komana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komana"},{"link_name":"Mababe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mababe"},{"link_name":"Makalamabedi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makalamabedi"},{"link_name":"Matlapana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matlapana"},{"link_name":"Maun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maun,_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Phuduhudu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuduhudu,_North-West_District"},{"link_name":"Sehithwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sehithwa"},{"link_name":"Semboyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semboyo"},{"link_name":"Sankuyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankuyo"},{"link_name":"Shorobe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shorobe"},{"link_name":"Toteng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toteng"},{"link_name":"Tsao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsao,_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Beetsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beetsha"},{"link_name":"Etsha 6","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etsha_6,_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Etsha 13","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Etsha_13&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Gani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gani"},{"link_name":"Gonutsuga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonutsuga"},{"link_name":"Gumare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumare"},{"link_name":"Ikoga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikoga"},{"link_name":"Kauxwhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kauxwhi"},{"link_name":"Mohembo East","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohembo_East&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mohembo West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mohembo_West&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Mokgacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mokgacha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ngarange","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngarange"},{"link_name":"Nokaneng","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokaneng"},{"link_name":"Nxamasere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nxamasere"},{"link_name":"Nxaunxau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nxaunxau"},{"link_name":"Qangwa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qangwa"},{"link_name":"Sepopa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sepopa"},{"link_name":"Seronga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seronga"},{"link_name":"Shakawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakawe"},{"link_name":"Tobere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobere&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Tubu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tubu"},{"link_name":"Xakao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xakao"},{"link_name":"Xaxa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xaxa,_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Xhauga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xhauga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Daonara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daonara&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ditshiping","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ditshiping&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jao,_Botswana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Katamaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Katamaga&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Morutsha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morutsha&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Xaxaba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Xaxaba&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-Atlas-2011-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Gumare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumare"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Census-Atlas-2011-15"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Maun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maun,_Botswana"},{"link_name":"Gumare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumare"},{"link_name":"Shakawe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shakawe"},{"link_name":"Lesoma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesoma"},{"link_name":"Parakarungu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parakarungu"}],"text":"Moremi Game ReserveBy far the largest settlement in the district is Maun, which had a population of over 60,000 in 2011 census.[2] The following is the list of villages noted separately in the 2001 census in each census region.[14]Ngamiland East has Bodibeng, Botlhatlogo, Chanoga, Habu, Kareng, Kgakge/Makakung, Komana, Mababe, Makalamabedi, Matlapana, Maun, Phuduhudu, Sehithwa, Semboyo, Sankuyo, Shorobe, Toteng, Tsao villages.\nNgamiland West has Beetsha, Etsha 6, Etsha 13, Gani, Gonutsuga, Gumare, Ikoga, Kauxwhi, Mohembo East, Mohembo West, Mokgacha, Ngarange, Nokaneng, Nxamasere, Nxaunxau, Qangwa, Sepopa, Seronga, Shakawe, Tobere, Tubu, Xakao, Xaxa, Xhauga villages.\nDelta region has Daonara, Ditshiping, Jao, Katamaga, Morutsha, Xaxaba villages. In the 2011 census the population figures for the delta were included in the totals of Ngamiland East.[15]When Botswana gained independence from the British in 1966, they adapted the colonial administration framework to form its district administration. The policies were modified between 1970 and 1974 to address impediments to rural development.[16]The district administration, a district council, and the Okavango subdistrict council are responsible for local administration. The policies for the administration are framed by the Ministry of Local Government. The major activities of the district council are Tribal Administration, Remote Area Development and Local Governance. The executive powers of the council are vested in a commissioner appointed by the central government. The technical services wing of the Department of Local Government is responsible for developing roads and the infrastructure in villages such as water supply, schools and recreational facilities.[17] All local administration staff, except the District Administration staff itself, are selected via centralised services of the North West District Council,[18] with the Ministry of Local Government being responsible for their training, deployment and career development.[19] The sub-districts of North-West/Ngamiland District are Ngamiland East (aka Ngamiland South, headquarters Maun), Ngamiland West (aka Ngamiland North) and Okavango, also called Ngamiland Delta, (headquarters Gumare).[15][20]Towns and villagesPopulation 50,000+MaunPopulation over 10,000Gumare\nShakawePopulation under 10,000Lesoma\nParakarungu","title":"Administration"}]
[{"image_text":"Image of Maun","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Maun_23.42084E_20.00779S.jpg/250px-Maun_23.42084E_20.00779S.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rock art in Tsodilo hills","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Red_and_White_Rock_Art_Tsodilo_Botswana.jpg/250px-Red_and_White_Rock_Art_Tsodilo_Botswana.jpg"},{"image_text":"Moremi Game Reserve","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Equus_quagga_in_Moremi_Game_Reserve%2C_Botswana%2C_-12_Nov._2011_a.jpg/250px-Equus_quagga_in_Moremi_Game_Reserve%2C_Botswana%2C_-12_Nov._2011_a.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Sub-districts of Botswana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sub-districts_of_Botswana"}]
[{"reference":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\". hdi.globaldatalab.org. Retrieved 13 September 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/","url_text":"\"Sub-national HDI - Area Database - Global Data Lab\""}]},{"reference":"\"2011 Botswana Population and Housing Census\" (PDF). Botswana Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 September 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211953/http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20_Population%20of%20Villages.pdf","url_text":"\"2011 Botswana Population and Housing Census\""},{"url":"http://www.cso.gov.bw/media/2011%20Census%20_Alphabetical%20Index%20_Population%20of%20Villages.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chirenje, J. Mutero (1977). A history of Northern Botswana, 1850-1910. Rutherford, New Jersey: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8386-1537-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8386-1537-9","url_text":"978-0-8386-1537-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Builders of Botswana: The Northern Border\". Daily News. Botswana. 8 March 2002. Archived from the original on 19 April 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020419180253/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20020308","url_text":"\"Builders of Botswana: The Northern Border\""},{"url":"http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20020308","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Chirenje, J. Mutero (1978). Chief Kgama and his Times c. 1835-1923: The Story of a Southern African Ruler. London: Rex Collings. p. 16. ISBN 978-0-86036-062-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Collings","url_text":"Rex Collings"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86036-062-9","url_text":"978-0-86036-062-9"}]},{"reference":"\"Builders of Botswana\". Daily News. Botswana. 7 September 2001. Archived from the original on 24 February 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20020224094916/http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20010907","url_text":"\"Builders of Botswana\""},{"url":"http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20010907","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Districts of Botswana\". Government of Botswana. Archived from the original on 18 July 2009. Retrieved 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090718061659/http://www.mlg.gov.bw/","url_text":"\"Districts of Botswana\""},{"url":"http://www.mlg.gov.bw/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Grove, Alfred T. (1969). \"Landforms and climatic change in the Kalahari and Ngamiland\". The Geographical Journal. 135 (2): 191–212. doi:10.2307/1796824. JSTOR 1796824.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1796824","url_text":"10.2307/1796824"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/1796824","url_text":"1796824"}]},{"reference":"Cooke, H. J.; Verstappen, Herman Th. (1984). \"The landforms of the western Makgadikgadi basin in northern Botswana, with a consideration of the chronology of the evolution of Lake Palaeo-Makgadikgadi\". Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie. 28 (1): 1–19.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Singh (2011). Geography. Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 12.53. ISBN 978-0-07-107480-3.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=fh6UUv1En9EC","url_text":"Geography"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-107480-3","url_text":"978-0-07-107480-3"}]},{"reference":"\"Census of Botswana, 2011\". Central Statistics Office of Botswana. 2015. Retrieved 12 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://botswana.opendataforafrica.org/DEOB2015/demography-of-botswana-2015","url_text":"\"Census of Botswana, 2011\""}]},{"reference":"\"Education details of Botswana, 2011\". Central Statistics Office of Botswana. 2015. Archived from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161112205102/http://botswana.opendataforafrica.org/deusq/education-2002-2012-botswana","url_text":"\"Education details of Botswana, 2011\""},{"url":"http://botswana.opendataforafrica.org/deusq/education-2002-2012-botswana","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Labour Force by industry in Botswana, 2008\". Central Statistics Office of Botswana. 2008. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161113032721/http://botswana.opendataforafrica.org/ksddimg/labour-force-by-industry-2008-botswana","url_text":"\"Labour Force by industry in Botswana, 2008\""},{"url":"http://botswana.opendataforafrica.org/ksddimg/labour-force-by-industry-2008-botswana","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Distribution of population by sex by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census\". Botswana Central Statistics Office. Archived from the original on 24 November 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071124145529/http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist70_71_72_73.html","url_text":"\"Distribution of population by sex by villages and their associated localities: 2001 population and housing census\""},{"url":"http://www.cso.gov.bw/html/census/dist70_71_72_73.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Population Census Atlas 2011: Botswana (PDF). Gaborone, Botswana: Statistics Botswana. 2015. p. i. ISBN 978-99968-429-0-0. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Census%20ATLAS.pdf","url_text":"Population Census Atlas 2011: Botswana"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-99968-429-0-0","url_text":"978-99968-429-0-0"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161113193204/http://www.statsbots.org.bw/sites/default/files/publications/Census%20ATLAS.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Picard, Louis A. (1979). \"Rural Development in Botswana: Administrative Structures and Public Policy\". The Journal of Developing Areas. 13 (3). Louis A. Picard: 283–300. JSTOR 4190662.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/4190662","url_text":"4190662"}]},{"reference":"\"Regional and Local government in Botswana\". Common Wealth of Nations. Archived from the original on 18 January 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-botswana/government/regional_local_government/","url_text":"\"Regional and Local government in Botswana\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140118032954/http://www.commonwealthofnations.org/sectors-botswana/government/regional_local_government/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kavei-Katjimune, Rebecca (2 June 2013). \"Okavango Sub-district Council needs more staff\". Daily News. Botswana. Archived from the original on 25 December 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=3210","url_text":"\"Okavango Sub-district Council needs more staff\""},{"url":"https://archive.today/20171225164322/http://www.dailynews.gov.bw/news-details.php?nid=3210","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Kinuthia-Njenga, Cecilia; et al. (2002). Local Democracy and Decentralization in East and Southern Africa: Experiences from Uganda, Kenya, Botswana, Tanzania, and Ethiopia. Nairobi, Kenya: Global Campaign on Urban Governance, United Nations Human Settlements Programme. p. 57. ISBN 978-92-1-131666-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=NOk51jEot_EC&pg=PA56","url_text":"Local Democracy and Decentralization in East and Southern Africa: Experiences from Uganda, Kenya, Botswana, Tanzania, and Ethiopia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-1-131666-7","url_text":"978-92-1-131666-7"}]},{"reference":"Gaotlhobogwe, Monkagedi. \"Botswana broken into 19 new sub-districts\". MMegi Online. Archived from the original on 13 November 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=2&dir=2009/January/Thursday15","url_text":"\"Botswana broken into 19 new sub-districts\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161113033626/http://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=1&aid=2&dir=2009%2FJanuary%2FThursday15","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bekuh_BOOM
Bekuh Boom
["1 Early life and career","1.1 Early life","1.2 2011–2017: American Idol and Chappell Music contract","1.3 2018–present: working with Blackpink and solo activities","2 Songwriting credits","3 Awards and nominations","4 References"]
American singer and songwriter Bekuh BOOMBirth nameRebecca Rose JohnsonAlso known asBekuh BoomBorn (1994-06-21) June 21, 1994 (age 29)Orange County, California, U.S.GenresPopR&BdanceK-pophip hopOccupation(s)SingersongwriterYears active2013–presentWebsitebekuhboom.comMusical artist Rebecca Rose Johnson, professionally known as Bekuh Boom (stylized as Bekuh BOOM) is an American singer and songwriter. Johnson signed her first publishing deal to Warner Chappell Music at the age of 18. She featured on two co-written singles: "I Won't Let You Down" by Danish singer Christopher, which charted at #1 on Tracklisten, the official Danish music charts, and "Money" by Norwegian electronic duo Broiler, which peaked at #3 on Norwegian music charts. As of 2016 she has written over 10 songs reaching the #1 position on various music charts. Boom wrote and composed for various acts including R. Kelly, Jordin Sparks, Christopher, Taeyang, Winner, Blackpink and Lisa. Early life and career Early life Bekuh Boom was born Rebecca Rose Johnson on June 21, 1994, in Orange County, California. She stated that she had an interest in music since elementary school. At the age of 11, she began learning how to write and compose her own melodies for her songs. She revealed that she took dance and choreography classes in high school to become a dance instructor and choreographer. 2011–2017: American Idol and Chappell Music contract In 2011, at the age of 16, Boom participated in the tenth season of American Idol, though she failed to pass the audition. At the age of 18 she signed her first contract with Warner Chappell Music, going on to release her first two collaborations titled "Money" and "I Won't Let You Down". Later, she landed deals primarily as a composer and producer for K-pop artists, where two of the songs that she worked on were picked and released through YG Entertainment, namely "Eyes, Nose, Lips" by Taeyang and "I'm Different" by Hi Suhyun. Prior to becoming a K-pop composer and producer, Boom had composed songs for singers such as R. Kelly, Jordin Sparks and Jessica Mauboy. In 2012 she was connected with Blackpink via YG Entertainment, where she studied Korean with them. In 2016, Boom became the songwriter and producer for two of Blackpink's debut singles, "Whistle" and "Boombayah", which occupied the #1 chart on World Digital Song Sales and Circle Digital Chart respectively. She later published the demo versions on her social media. The next year she worked on Winner's song "Island", which topped the charts. 2018–present: working with Blackpink and solo activities In 2020 she became the lyricist and composer for the virtual group K/DA, where she provide the voice of Ahri. Later that year she released a solo single called "There's No Place Like Home". In March 2021, she released the single "Designer Love", with an accompanying music video being released for the song on Johnson's YouTube channel. In August 2022, she released the single "Anime Eyes". Songwriting credits Year Song title Artist Album 2013 "Cookie" R. Kelly Black Panties "Skipping a Beat" Jordin Sparks Non-album single "Pop a Bottle (Fill Me Up)" Jessica Mauboy Beautiful 2014 "Eyes, Nose, Lips" Taeyang Rise "I'm Different" Hi Suhyun featuring Bobby Non-album single 2015 "Shake The Ground" Hedegaard featuring Brandon Beal and Bekuh Boom Non-album song 2016 "Golden" Brandon Beal featuring Lukas Graham Truth "Money" Broiler featuring Bekuh Boom Non-album single "Catch Me" Cosmic Girls Would You Like? "Blues" (희망고문) Lee Hi Seoulite "I Won't Let You Down" Christopher featuring Bekuh Boom Closer "Whistle" (휘파람) Blackpink Square One "Boombayah" (붐바야) 2017 "Island" Winner Our Twenty Four 2018 "Best Friend" iKon Return "Ddu-Du Ddu-Du" (뚜두뚜두) Blackpink Square Up "Goodbye Road" iKon New Kids: The Final 2019 "Kill This Love" Blackpink Kill This Love "Don't Know What to Do" "Good Idea" Broiler featuring Bekuh Boom Non-album single "Birthday" Jeon Somi XOXO 2020 "The Baddest" (G)I-dle, Bea Miller, and Wolftyla as K/DA All Out "More" Madison Beer, (G)I-dle, Lexie Liu, Jaira Burns and Seraphine as K/DA "Villain" Madison Beer and Kim Petras as K/DA Evelynn "Drum Go Dum" Aluna, Wolftyla, and Bekuh Boom as K/DA Kaisa "I'll Show You" Twice (Jihyo, Nayeon, Sana, and Chaeyoung), Bekuh Boom, and Annika Wells as K/DA Ahri "Ice Cream" Blackpink and Selena Gomez The Album "Pretty Savage" Blackpink "Crazy Over You" "You Never Know" 2021 "Lalisa" Lisa Lalisa "Money" 2022 "Church" Jennifer Lopez (feat. Maluma) Marry Me "Wonderland" AleXa American Song Contest: Episode 1 "Ready for Love" Blackpink Born Pink "Typa Girl" 2023 "Shoong!" (슝!) Taeyang featuring Lisa Down to Earth "The Way To" (Vocal Unit; 어른) Treasure Reboot "Fast Forward" Jeon Somi Game Plan "You & Me (Coachella ver.)" Jennie Non-album single Awards and nominations See also: K/DA § Awards and nominations References ^ "Bekuh Boom - Our Artists: Writers & Producers - Warner/Chappell Music". ^ Times, I. D. N.; S, Nurma. "Nyentrik Bak Idol Kpop, Ini 14 Fakta Pencipta Lagu Winner dan BlackPink" . IDN Times (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-10-07. ^ danishcharts.dk: CHRISTOPHER FEAT. BEKUH BOOM - I WON'T LET YOU DOWN ^ "Money by Broiler and Bekuh Boom - Music Charts". ^ a b c d e f g Times, I. D. N.; S, Nurma. "Nyentrik Bak Idol Kpop, Ini 14 Fakta Pencipta Lagu Winner dan BlackPink" . IDN Times (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2022-10-07. ^ "Interview with Bekuh Boom". Bringin' it Backwards. Retrieved 2022-10-20. ^ Online, JoongAng (June 2, 2014). "태양 솔로곡 '눈 코 입' 오늘 자정 발매 '화제'…어떤 노래길래?" . JoongAng Ilbo (in Korean). Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ "Eyes, Nose, Lips (눈, 코, 입) song details - Taeyang(태양)". Melon (in Korean). Retrieved 2022-10-07. ^ Wass, Mike (September 16, 2022). "Blackpink's Rebel Yell: 'Pink Venom' Collaborators on Making the K-Pop Stars' Liberating and Defiant New Album". Variety. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ Benjamin, Jeff (August 17, 2016). "Blackpink's Major Debut: New K-Pop Girl Group Lands No. 1 & 2 on World Digital Songs Chart". Billboard. Retrieved October 8, 2022. ^ "Blackpink - whistle". Circle Chart. Retrieved 2022-10-07. ^ Kurt, Lozano (November 6, 2020). "League of Legend's K/DA releases All Out EP, features TWICE and (G)-IDLE members". Yahoo News. Retrieved October 8, 2022. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner Chappell Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-2"},{"link_name":"I Won't Let You Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Won%27t_Let_You_Down_(Christopher_song)"},{"link_name":"Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Tracklisten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracklisten"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Broiler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broiler_(DJs)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-acharts.co-4"},{"link_name":"R. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Jordin Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordin_Sparks"},{"link_name":"Christopher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Taeyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeyang"},{"link_name":"Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner_(band)"},{"link_name":"Blackpink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpink"},{"link_name":"Lisa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_(rapper)"}],"text":"Musical artistRebecca Rose Johnson, professionally known as Bekuh Boom (stylized as Bekuh BOOM) is an American singer and songwriter. Johnson signed her first publishing deal to Warner Chappell Music at the age of 18.[1][2] She featured on two co-written singles: \"I Won't Let You Down\" by Danish singer Christopher, which charted at #1 on Tracklisten, the official Danish music charts,[3] and \"Money\" by Norwegian electronic duo Broiler, which peaked at #3 on Norwegian music charts.[4] As of 2016 she has written over 10 songs reaching the #1 position on various music charts. Boom wrote and composed for various acts including R. Kelly, Jordin Sparks, Christopher, Taeyang, Winner, Blackpink and Lisa.","title":"Bekuh Boom"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Orange County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orange_County,_California"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"Early life","text":"Bekuh Boom was born Rebecca Rose Johnson on June 21, 1994, in Orange County, California. She stated that she had an interest in music since elementary school. At the age of 11, she began learning how to write and compose her own melodies for her songs. She revealed that she took dance and choreography classes in high school to become a dance instructor and choreographer.[5]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"tenth season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol_(season_10)"},{"link_name":"American Idol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Idol"},{"link_name":"Warner Chappell Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner_Chappell_Music"},{"link_name":"I Won't Let You Down","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Won%27t_Let_You_Down_(Christopher_song)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"composer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composer"},{"link_name":"producer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Record_producer"},{"link_name":"K-pop artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-pop"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"YG Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YG_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"Eyes, Nose, Lips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eyes,_Nose,_Lips"},{"link_name":"Taeyang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taeyang"},{"link_name":"I'm Different","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27m_Different_(Hi_Suhyun_song)"},{"link_name":"Hi Suhyun","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi_Suhyun"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"R. Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._Kelly"},{"link_name":"Jordin Sparks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jordin_Sparks"},{"link_name":"Jessica Mauboy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessica_Mauboy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Blackpink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackpink"},{"link_name":"Whistle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whistle_(Blackpink_song)"},{"link_name":"Boombayah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boombayah"},{"link_name":"World Digital Song Sales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Digital_Song_Sales"},{"link_name":"Circle Digital Chart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circle_Digital_Chart"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Winner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winner_(band)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-5"}],"sub_title":"2011–2017: American Idol and Chappell Music contract","text":"In 2011, at the age of 16, Boom participated in the tenth season of American Idol, though she failed to pass the audition. At the age of 18 she signed her first contract with Warner Chappell Music, going on to release her first two collaborations titled \"Money\" and \"I Won't Let You Down\".[5][6]Later, she landed deals primarily as a composer and producer for K-pop artists,[5] where two of the songs that she worked on were picked and released through YG Entertainment, namely \"Eyes, Nose, Lips\" by Taeyang and \"I'm Different\" by Hi Suhyun.[5][7][8] Prior to becoming a K-pop composer and producer, Boom had composed songs for singers such as R. Kelly, Jordin Sparks and Jessica Mauboy.[5] In 2012 she was connected with Blackpink via YG Entertainment, where she studied Korean with them.[9] In 2016, Boom became the songwriter and producer for two of Blackpink's debut singles, \"Whistle\" and \"Boombayah\", which occupied the #1 chart on World Digital Song Sales and Circle Digital Chart respectively. She later published the demo versions on her social media.[5][10][11] The next year she worked on Winner's song \"Island\", which topped the charts.[5]","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"virtual group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_band"},{"link_name":"K/DA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K/DA"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"YouTube","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/YouTube"}],"sub_title":"2018–present: working with Blackpink and solo activities","text":"In 2020 she became the lyricist and composer for the virtual group K/DA, where she provide the voice of Ahri.[12] Later that year she released a solo single called \"There's No Place Like Home\". In March 2021, she released the single \"Designer Love\", with an accompanying music video being released for the song on Johnson's YouTube channel. In August 2022, she released the single \"Anime Eyes\".","title":"Early life and career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Songwriting credits"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"K/DA § Awards and nominations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K/DA#Awards_and_nominations"}],"text":"See also: K/DA § Awards and nominations","title":"Awards and nominations"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikki_Hemming
Nikki Hemming
["1 Early career","2 Sharman Networks","3 Sources","4 References"]
Businesswoman (born 1967) Nikki Hemming (born 1967) is the CEO and part owner of Sharman Networks and President of LEF Interactive, an agency based in Sydney, Australia, responsible for promoting and developing Kazaa, a peer-to-peer file sharing network, since 2002. As such, she has been a figure in the dispute between peer-to-peer networks and the music industry including a legal case between the Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). She is also suing Jon Newton, founder and editor of Canada's p2pnet, for alleged defamation. Early career She was born Nicola Anne Hemming in Northampton, England in 1967, and she emigrated to Australia in the early 1990s to work for Virgin Interactive. Hemming had previously worked in setting up offices in Germany, Spain and South Africa as well as working for Virgin Interactive and Grandslam Entertainment in the UK before relocating to Sydney. By 1997, Hemming was the CEO of Sega World, a now defunct theme park in the Darling Harbour district of the city. Sega World cost A$70 million to build but failed to attract sufficient visitors even during the Sydney Olympics. After it closed in 2000, Hemming worked for Viacom for a short while. Sharman Networks By 2002, Hemming had established LEF Interactive Pty Ltd, standing for Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, which would be responsible for managing Sharman Networks. Sharman Networks was established in Vanuatu, with the stated intention of investing in Internet companies. In March 2002, Sharman licensed Kazaa and the associated Fasttrack software from company founder Niklas Zennström after Kazaa had been sued by every major record label and movie studio in the US. As at March 2002, Sharman Networks had a decentralised structure which Hemming had set up. Hemming was the only public figure associated with the company and was widely believed to be the owner. The secretive nature of the new ownership arrangements meant that it took nearly a year for the record and movie industries to have enough information to take legal action against the company. In the meantime, Kazaa had become popular, reaching an estimated 64 million downloads of the software with four million installations of the program running at any one time. By 2003, Kazaa was the ninth most popular website in the world. In 2003, a judge in Los Angeles found that Kazaa was subject to US copyright rules. The US Supreme Court found in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. decided during June 2005, that peer-to-peer networks such as Kazaa could be sued for copyright infringement. Although the justices could not agree whether it changed a previous ruling in, what is known as the "Betamax case" Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. that it is exempt if there are significant legitimate users of the technology. Kazaa was originally a party but action was dropped against it because it was based in Vanuatu and Australia. Hemming claims that she has offered to work with the recording industry to develop a secure system to download files. She signed a licensing deal with Altnet and Streamwaves to allow the distribution of 20,000 songs. Kazaa settled all of its outstanding legal issues together with Janus Friis and Niklas Zennström, the original founders of Kazaa, in August 2006 and all litigation ceased in Australia and the rest of the world. Sources About Sharman Networks page ZDNet Australia story on Hemming's plans for Kazaa 24 April 2002 Wired article on Kazaa published February 2003 Biography Research Center Online Gale Group Farmington Hills Michigan Retrieved 13 August 2005 C|Net interview with Hemming April 2002 at archive.today (archived 2013-01-20) Melbourne Age article on Nikki Hemming, 5 March 2003 Sydney Morning Herald report on raids February 2004 Sydney Morning Herald article on evidence by Sharman Director of Technology Phil Morle on the acquisition of Kazaa References ^ Geist, Michael (31 July 2006). "Free speech, libel and the internet age". BBC News. Retrieved 15 November 2014.
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sharman Networks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharman_Networks"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Kazaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazaa"},{"link_name":"peer-to-peer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer"},{"link_name":"Australian Record Industry Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Record_Industry_Association"},{"link_name":"Recording Industry Association of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_Industry_Association_of_America"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Nikki Hemming (born 1967) is the CEO and part owner of Sharman Networks and President of LEF Interactive, an agency based in Sydney, Australia, responsible for promoting and developing Kazaa, a peer-to-peer file sharing network, since 2002. As such, she has been a figure in the dispute between peer-to-peer networks and the music industry including a legal case between the Australian Record Industry Association (ARIA) and the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).She is also suing Jon Newton, founder and editor of Canada's p2pnet, for alleged defamation.[1]","title":"Nikki Hemming"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Virgin Interactive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Interactive"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"South Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa"},{"link_name":"Grandslam Entertainment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grandslam_Entertainment"},{"link_name":"UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Sega World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sega_World"},{"link_name":"Darling Harbour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darling_Harbour"},{"link_name":"Sydney Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2000_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Viacom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viacom_(2005%E2%80%93present)"}],"text":"She was born Nicola Anne Hemming in Northampton, England in 1967, and she emigrated to Australia in the early 1990s to work for Virgin Interactive. Hemming had previously worked in setting up offices in Germany, Spain and South Africa as well as working for Virgin Interactive and Grandslam Entertainment in the UK before relocating to Sydney. By 1997, Hemming was the CEO of Sega World, a now defunct theme park in the Darling Harbour district of the city. Sega World cost A$70 million to build but failed to attract sufficient visitors even during the Sydney Olympics. After it closed in 2000, Hemming worked for Viacom for a short while.","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Vanuatu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanuatu"},{"link_name":"Niklas Zennström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niklas_Zennstr%C3%B6m"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd."},{"link_name":"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Streamwaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Streamwaves"}],"text":"By 2002, Hemming had established LEF Interactive Pty Ltd, standing for Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité, which would be responsible for managing Sharman Networks.Sharman Networks was established in Vanuatu, with the stated intention of investing in Internet companies.In March 2002, Sharman licensed Kazaa and the associated Fasttrack software from company founder Niklas Zennström after Kazaa had been sued by every major record label and movie studio in the US.As at March 2002, Sharman Networks had a decentralised structure which Hemming had set up. Hemming was the only public figure associated with the company and was widely believed to be the owner. The secretive nature of the new ownership arrangements meant that it took nearly a year for the record and movie industries to have enough information to take legal action against the company.In the meantime, Kazaa had become popular, reaching an estimated 64 million downloads of the software with four million installations of the program running at any one time. By 2003, Kazaa was the ninth most popular website in the world.[citation needed]In 2003, a judge in Los Angeles found that Kazaa was subject to US copyright rules. The US Supreme Court found in MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd. decided during June 2005, that peer-to-peer networks such as Kazaa could be sued for copyright infringement. Although the justices could not agree whether it changed a previous ruling in, what is known as the \"Betamax case\" Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc. that it is exempt if there are significant legitimate users of the technology.Kazaa was originally a party but action was dropped against it because it was based in Vanuatu and Australia.\nHemming claims that she has offered to work with the recording industry to develop a secure system to download files. She signed a licensing deal with Altnet and Streamwaves to allow the distribution of 20,000 songs.Kazaa settled all of its outstanding legal issues together with Janus Friis and Niklas Zennström, the original founders of Kazaa, in August 2006 and all litigation ceased in Australia and the rest of the world.","title":"Sharman Networks"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"About Sharman Networks page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20050805024315/http://www.sharmannetworks.com/content/view/full/57"},{"link_name":"ZDNet Australia story on Hemming's plans for Kazaa 24 April 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.zdnet.com.au/news/business/0,39023166,20264796,00.htm"},{"link_name":"Wired article on Kazaa published February 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.02/kazaa.html"},{"link_name":"C|Net interview with Hemming April 2002","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.today/20130120003448/http://news.com.com/2008-1082-890072.html"},{"link_name":"archive.today","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archive.today"},{"link_name":"Melbourne Age article on Nikki Hemming, 5 March 2003","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.theage.com.au/articles/2003/03/04/1046540185222.html"},{"link_name":"Sydney Morning Herald report on raids February 2004","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.smh.com.au/articles/2004/02/14/1076548274284.html"},{"link_name":"Sydney Morning Herald article on evidence by Sharman Director of Technology Phil Morle on the acquisition of Kazaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.smh.com.au/news/National/Bump-in-the-hall-for-Kazaa-man/2004/12/08/1102182366534.html"}],"text":"About Sharman Networks page\nZDNet Australia story on Hemming's plans for Kazaa 24 April 2002\nWired article on Kazaa published February 2003\nBiography Research Center Online Gale Group Farmington Hills Michigan Retrieved 13 August 2005\nC|Net interview with Hemming April 2002 at archive.today (archived 2013-01-20)\nMelbourne Age article on Nikki Hemming, 5 March 2003\nSydney Morning Herald report on raids February 2004\nSydney Morning Herald article on evidence by Sharman Director of Technology Phil Morle on the acquisition of Kazaa","title":"Sources"}]
[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homarefuji
Homarefuji Yoshiyuki
["1 Early life and sumo background","2 Career","3 Retirement from sumo","4 Fighting style","5 Personal life","6 Career record","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Japanese sumo wrestler Homarefuji Yoshiyuki誉富士 歓之Personal informationBornYoshiyuki Miura (1985-05-06) 6 May 1985 (age 39)Aomori prefecture, JapanHeight1.80 m (5 ft 11 in)Weight163 kg (359 lb)CareerStableIsegahamaUniversityKinki UniversityRecord381-361-45DebutJanuary, 2008Highest rankMaegashira 6 (November, 2015)RetiredSeptember 2019Elder nameTateyamaChampionships1 (Sandanme) 1 (Jonidan)* Up to date as of Sept 22, 2019. Homarefuji Yoshiyuki (誉富士 歓之, born 6 May 1985 as Yoshiyuki Miura) is a retired professional sumo wrestler from the town of Ajigasawa in Aomori prefecture, Japan. A former amateur champion, he made his professional debut in January 2008 and wrestled for Isegahama stable, one of the more successful stables in sumo today. He reached the top makuuchi division for the first time in May 2013. His highest rank was maegashira 6. He retired in 2019 to become an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Tateyama. Early life and sumo background Miura Yoshiyuki started practicing sumo in his third year of primary school. This was the same primary school as the well-known sumo wrestler Mainoumi had attended several years before. Miura has stated his reason for wanting to practice sumo was that he wanted to be strong so he could protect a girl he liked at the time. In his third year of middle school (where Mainoumi also attended) he came in second overall in a national junior high school sumo competition. At this time, he was introduced to former yokozuna Asahifuji, who was scouting for prospective wrestlers for his Isegahama stable, through an intermediary. Miura decided at this point that if he were to become a professional sumo wrestler he would join this stable. Miura would continue to practice sumo through high school and as a student at Kinki University, participating in several national competitions. Career Miura, upon joining Isegahama stable, quickly assumed the ring name of Homarefuji. He stepped into the professional sumo ring in March 2008. He would make quick work of the lower three divisions. He achieved an impressive 5–2 record in his jonokuchi debut in March. Then the very next tournament in May he had a perfect 7–0 record and defeated Fukao (future Akiseyama) in a playoff for the championship of the jonidan division. He followed this with another 7–0 record and a playoff win against Surugatsukasa to take the sandanme division championship in July of that year. His speedy rise slowed considerably upon reaching the hotly contested makushita division in September 2008. He began to struggle in this division, and he would fight largely in the middle ranks of makushita for three years. He also had to miss two tournaments due to a left shoulder injury, both of which resulted in him being relegated back to sandanme. On both occasions though, strong records allowed him promotion back to makushita after only one tournament. After his second promotion back to makushita in November 2011 his fortunes began to change. Over the next six tournaments he would only have one losing tournament, and in January 2012 he was promoted to the salaried ranks of the second jūryō division. Over the next several months, he had three tournaments in jūryō and two demotions back to upper makushita. In the July 2012 tournament in this period, Homarefuji participated in the ring entering ceremony wearing a keshō-mawashi with a panda design on it. It had been provided by a support group in Wakayama prefecture to commemorate the birth of a baby panda in Ueno Zoo in Tokyo just two days before the beginning of the tournament. The baby panda died only four days into the tournament. Homarefuji later lamented that his lackluster 5–10 performance that tournament did not give the baby panda the proper memorial, and he deserved the demotion. He found his stride from the November 2012 tournament after his third jūryō promotion. He recorded three consecutive 10-5 tournaments in this division, and was added to the ranks of the top makuuchi division for the first time in May 2013. He was the first wrestler from Aomori prefecture (a place known for producing many strong wrestlers) to enter makuuchi since Takarafuji (also from the Isegahama stable) in July 2011. Homarefuji only lasted one tournament however, as a 5–10 record in lower makuuchi saw him again in the ranks of jūryō. For the next sixteen months, he became a jūryō regular, recording around the same number of winning and losing tournaments. In the last three tournaments of this period in September 2014, he managed a string of winning tournaments which culminated in an 11–4 record, his strongest showing ever since becoming a sekitori. In the following November he was re-promoted to makuuchi. He had two consecutive winning 8–7 tournaments and reached maegashira 7 for the March tournament in Osaka. Since then his progress had stalled and he was demoted back to jūryō for the March 2016 tournament. He reappeared in makuuchi in September 2016, but had to withdraw from the tournament on Day 4 after getting injured on the opening day. He lost sekitori status when he was demoted from the jūryō division after the July 2018 tournament, and after missing several tournaments through injury he had fallen to sandanme 77 by May 2019. He competed in just one match in the May 2019 tournament, which he won, resulting in a drop to jonidan. Retirement from sumo After a 6-1 record in jonidan in July he won four of his seven bouts in September 2019 before announcing his retirement. He is staying in sumo as a toshiyori or elder of the Japan Sumo Association and a coach at Isegahama stable. He is now known as Tateyama Oyakata, the elder share previously held by the former head of the Kataonami stable, ex-sekiwake Tamanofuji. His danpatsu-shiki, or retirement ceremony, was held at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan on 19 February 2022. Fighting style Homarefuji was an oshi-sumo specialist who preferred pushing and slapping techniques to fighting on the mawashi or belt. His most common winning kimarite or technique is oshi-dashi, or push-out. According to his Japan Sumo Association profile, as of January 2015 he had won 44 of his last 75 bouts and 61 per cent had been won by oshidashi. Personal life Homarefuji announced his engagement in February 2017, and his wedding reception was held in June at the Tokyo Royal Park hotel with 500 guest attending. Career record 　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　 　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　 　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　 　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　　 　 　 　　 　　 　 Homarefuji Yoshiyuki Year JanuaryHatsu basho, Tokyo MarchHaru basho, Osaka MayNatsu basho, Tokyo JulyNagoya basho, Nagoya SeptemberAki basho, Tokyo NovemberKyūshū basho, Fukuoka 2008(Maezumo)East Jonokuchi #275–2 East Jonidan #937–0–PChampion East Sandanme #857–0–PChampion West Makushita #555–2 East Makushita #333–4 2009West Makushita #423–4 West Makushita #544–3 East Makushita #46Sat out due to injury0–0–7East Sandanme #276–1 East Makushita #464–3 East Makushita #393–4 2010East Makushita #475–2 East Makushita #366–1 East Makushita #123–4 East Makushita #24Sat out due to injury0–0–7East Sandanme #45–2 East Makushita #434–3 2011East Makushita #373–4  Tournament Cancelled0–0–0West Makushita #434–3 East Makushita #256–1 East Makushita #74–3 West Makushita #34–3 2012East Jūryō #146–9 West Makushita #34–3  West Jūryō #137–8  West Jūryō #145–10  West Makushita #45–2  East Jūryō #1410–5  2013 West Jūryō #810–5  East Jūryō #410–5  West Maegashira #155–10  East Jūryō #57–8  West Jūryō #78–7  East Jūryō #58–7  2014 East Jūryō #46–9  West Jūryō #67–8  East Jūryō #78–7  West Jūryō #49–6  East Jūryō #211–4  West Maegashira #128–7  2015 West Maegashira #108–7  East Maegashira #76–9  East Maegashira #97–8  West Maegashira #96–9  West Maegashira #119–6  West Maegashira #63–12  2016 East Maegashira #154–11  West Jūryō #38–7  East Jūryō #16–9  East Jūryō #410–5  West Maegashira #110–4–11  West Jūryō #87–8  2017 East Jūryō #1110–5  West Jūryō #54–11  East Jūryō #139–6  West Jūryō #109–6  West Jūryō #610–5–P  East Jūryō #13–12  2018 West Jūryō #77–8  West Jūryō #87–8  West Jūryō #105–10  East Jūryō #143–12  West Makushita #63–4  East Makushita #131–6  2019 East Makushita #36Sat out due to injury0–0–7 East Sandanme #17Sat out due to injury0–0–7 West Sandanme #771–0–6  East Jonidan #146–1  East Sandanme #52Retired4–3 x Record given as wins–losses–absencies    Top division champion Top division runner-up Retired Lower divisions Non-participation Sanshō key: F=Fighting spirit; O=Outstanding performance; T=Technique     Also shown: ★=Kinboshi; P=Playoff(s) Divisions: Makuuchi — Jūryō — Makushita — Sandanme — Jonidan — Jonokuchi Makuuchi ranks: Yokozuna — Ōzeki — Sekiwake — Komusubi — Maegashira See also Glossary of sumo terms List of past sumo wrestlers List of sumo elders References ^ a b Delicious Way Introducing sumo wrestler Homarefuji Yoshiyuki ^ Sumo Magazine August 2012 edition, p.54 ^ a b "Homarefuji Yoshiyuki Rikishi Information". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 14 February 2015. ^ "楯山親方が明るいキャラ全開の断髪式 吉幾三の替え歌「俺は絶対、誉富士」熱唱". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). 19 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022. ^ "誉富士の結婚披露宴に兄弟子日馬「うれしい気持ち」" (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017. External links Homarefuji Yoshiyuki's official biography (English) at the Grand Sumo Homepage
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He retired in 2019 to become an elder of the Japan Sumo Association under the name Tateyama.","title":"Homarefuji Yoshiyuki"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mainoumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainoumi"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-1"},{"link_name":"yokozuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yokozuna"},{"link_name":"Asahifuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asahifuji"},{"link_name":"Isegahama stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isegahama_stable_(2007)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-test-1"},{"link_name":"Kinki University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinki_University"}],"text":"Miura Yoshiyuki started practicing sumo in his third year of primary school. This was the same primary school as the well-known sumo wrestler Mainoumi had attended several years before. Miura has stated his reason for wanting to practice sumo was that he wanted to be strong so he could protect a girl he liked at the time.[1] In his third year of middle school (where Mainoumi also attended) he came in second overall in a national junior high school sumo competition. At this time, he was introduced to former yokozuna Asahifuji, who was scouting for prospective wrestlers for his Isegahama stable, through an intermediary. Miura decided at this point that if he were to become a professional sumo wrestler he would join this stable.[1] Miura would continue to practice sumo through high school and as a student at Kinki University, participating in several national competitions.","title":"Early life and sumo background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ring name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shikona"},{"link_name":"jonokuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonokuchi"},{"link_name":"Akiseyama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akiseyama"},{"link_name":"jonidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonidan"},{"link_name":"Surugatsukasa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Surugatsukasa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sandanme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandanme"},{"link_name":"makushita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makushita"},{"link_name":"jūryō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C5%ABry%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"ring entering ceremony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dohy%C5%8D-iri"},{"link_name":"keshō-mawashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawashi#kesh%C5%8D-mawashi"},{"link_name":"Wakayama prefecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wakayama_prefecture"},{"link_name":"panda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giant_panda"},{"link_name":"Ueno Zoo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ueno_Zoo"},{"link_name":"Tokyo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyo"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"makuuchi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Makuuchi"},{"link_name":"Takarafuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takarafuji"},{"link_name":"sekitori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sekitori"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-database-3"},{"link_name":"maegashira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maegashira"},{"link_name":"Osaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osaka"},{"link_name":"jonidan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonidan"}],"text":"Miura, upon joining Isegahama stable, quickly assumed the ring name of Homarefuji. He stepped into the professional sumo ring in March 2008. He would make quick work of the lower three divisions. He achieved an impressive 5–2 record in his jonokuchi debut in March. Then the very next tournament in May he had a perfect 7–0 record and defeated Fukao (future Akiseyama) in a playoff for the championship of the jonidan division. He followed this with another 7–0 record and a playoff win against Surugatsukasa to take the sandanme division championship in July of that year.His speedy rise slowed considerably upon reaching the hotly contested makushita division in September 2008. He began to struggle in this division, and he would fight largely in the middle ranks of makushita for three years. He also had to miss two tournaments due to a left shoulder injury, both of which resulted in him being relegated back to sandanme. On both occasions though, strong records allowed him promotion back to makushita after only one tournament.After his second promotion back to makushita in November 2011 his fortunes began to change. Over the next six tournaments he would only have one losing tournament, and in January 2012 he was promoted to the salaried ranks of the second jūryō division. Over the next several months, he had three tournaments in jūryō and two demotions back to upper makushita. In the July 2012 tournament in this period, Homarefuji participated in the ring entering ceremony wearing a keshō-mawashi with a panda design on it. It had been provided by a support group in Wakayama prefecture to commemorate the birth of a baby panda in Ueno Zoo in Tokyo just two days before the beginning of the tournament. The baby panda died only four days into the tournament. Homarefuji later lamented that his lackluster 5–10 performance that tournament did not give the baby panda the proper memorial, and he deserved the demotion.[2]He found his stride from the November 2012 tournament after his third jūryō promotion. He recorded three consecutive 10-5 tournaments in this division, and was added to the ranks of the top makuuchi division for the first time in May 2013. He was the first wrestler from Aomori prefecture (a place known for producing many strong wrestlers) to enter makuuchi since Takarafuji (also from the Isegahama stable) in July 2011. Homarefuji only lasted one tournament however, as a 5–10 record in lower makuuchi saw him again in the ranks of jūryō. For the next sixteen months, he became a jūryō regular, recording around the same number of winning and losing tournaments. In the last three tournaments of this period in September 2014, he managed a string of winning tournaments which culminated in an 11–4 record, his strongest showing ever since becoming a sekitori.[3]In the following November he was re-promoted to makuuchi. He had two consecutive winning 8–7 tournaments and reached maegashira 7 for the March tournament in Osaka. Since then his progress had stalled and he was demoted back to jūryō for the March 2016 tournament. He reappeared in makuuchi in September 2016, but had to withdraw from the tournament on Day 4 after getting injured on the opening day. He lost sekitori status when he was demoted from the jūryō division after the July 2018 tournament, and after missing several tournaments through injury he had fallen to sandanme 77 by May 2019. He competed in just one match in the May 2019 tournament, which he won, resulting in a drop to jonidan.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"toshiyori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toshiyori"},{"link_name":"Japan Sumo Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association"},{"link_name":"Kataonami stable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kataonami_stable"},{"link_name":"Tamanofuji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamanofuji"},{"link_name":"danpatsu-shiki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms#danpatsu-shiki"},{"link_name":"Ryōgoku Kokugikan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dgoku_Kokugikan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"After a 6-1 record in jonidan in July he won four of his seven bouts in September 2019 before announcing his retirement. He is staying in sumo as a toshiyori or elder of the Japan Sumo Association and a coach at Isegahama stable. He is now known as Tateyama Oyakata, the elder share previously held by the former head of the Kataonami stable, ex-sekiwake Tamanofuji. His danpatsu-shiki, or retirement ceremony, was held at the Ryōgoku Kokugikan on 19 February 2022.[4]","title":"Retirement from sumo"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mawashi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mawashi"},{"link_name":"kimarite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimarite"},{"link_name":"Japan Sumo Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan_Sumo_Association"}],"text":"Homarefuji was an oshi-sumo specialist who preferred pushing and slapping techniques to fighting on the mawashi or belt. His most common winning kimarite or technique is oshi-dashi, or push-out. According to his Japan Sumo Association profile, as of January 2015 he had won 44 of his last 75 bouts and 61 per cent had been won by oshidashi.","title":"Fighting style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Homarefuji announced his engagement in February 2017, and his wedding reception was held in June at the Tokyo Royal Park hotel with 500 guest attending.[5]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career record"}]
[]
[{"title":"Glossary of sumo terms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_sumo_terms"},{"title":"List of past sumo wrestlers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_past_sumo_wrestlers"},{"title":"List of sumo elders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sumo_elders"}]
[{"reference":"\"Homarefuji Yoshiyuki Rikishi Information\". Sumo Reference. Retrieved 14 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://sumodb.sumogames.de/Rikishi.aspx?r=8904","url_text":"\"Homarefuji Yoshiyuki Rikishi Information\""}]},{"reference":"\"楯山親方が明るいキャラ全開の断髪式 吉幾三の替え歌「俺は絶対、誉富士」熱唱\". Nikkan Sports (in Japanese). 19 February 2022. Retrieved 20 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/sumo/news/202202190000720.html","url_text":"\"楯山親方が明るいキャラ全開の断髪式 吉幾三の替え歌「俺は絶対、誉富士」熱唱\""}]},{"reference":"\"誉富士の結婚披露宴に兄弟子日馬「うれしい気持ち」\" (in Japanese). Nikkan Sports. 3 June 2017. Retrieved 5 June 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/sumo/news/1834465.html","url_text":"\"誉富士の結婚披露宴に兄弟子日馬「うれしい気持ち」\""}]}]
[{"Link":"http://deliciousway.sakura.ne.jp/sumo/aomori/homarefuji.htm","external_links_name":"Delicious Way Introducing sumo wrestler Homarefuji Yoshiyuki"},{"Link":"http://sumodb.sumogames.de/Rikishi.aspx?r=8904","external_links_name":"\"Homarefuji Yoshiyuki Rikishi Information\""},{"Link":"https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/sumo/news/202202190000720.html","external_links_name":"\"楯山親方が明るいキャラ全開の断髪式 吉幾三の替え歌「俺は絶対、誉富士」熱唱\""},{"Link":"https://www.nikkansports.com/battle/sumo/news/1834465.html","external_links_name":"\"誉富士の結婚披露宴に兄弟子日馬「うれしい気持ち」\""},{"Link":"http://www.sumo.or.jp/EnSumoDataRikishi/profile/3060","external_links_name":"Homarefuji Yoshiyuki"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jens_Beutel
Jens Beutel
["1 Career","2 Chess","3 Legacy","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]
German politician and judge (1946–2019) Jens BeutelBeutel in 2009Mayor of MainzIn office1997–2011Preceded byHerman-Hartmut WeyelSucceeded byMichael Ebling Personal detailsBorn(1946-07-12)12 July 1946Lünen, Westphalia, GermanyDied8 May 2019(2019-05-08) (aged 72)Political partySocial Democratic PartyAlma materUniversity of MainzOccupation Judge Mayor Jens Beutel (12 July 1946 – 8 May 2019) was a German judge and politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), he served as Oberbürgermeister (mayor) of Mainz, the state capital of Rheinland-Pfalz, from 1997 to 2011. During his tenure, the city improved especially by building projects, including the new synagogue, and new parks. Career Born in Lünen, Westphalia, Beutel studied law at the University of Mainz from 1968 to 1976 and then served as a judge in Frankenthal, Koblenz and Mainz. He presided over the Mainzer Landgericht in the Worms abuse cases, which received nationwide attention. He began his political career as Ortsbeirat  in Mombach, a borough of Mainz, in 1974. Beutel was elected to the city council of Mainz (Stadtrat) in 1989, where he focused on topics such as building, traffic, finance, commerce and sports. He became chairman of the Mainz SPD in 1995. Beutel was elected as Oberbürgermeister in 1996, the first who was elected to the position directly by the citizens. He took up the office on 3 May. During his time as mayor, a new shopping passage, a new stadium and the new synagogue were built, the Sanctuary of Isis and Magna Mater was discovered. Projects which improved the appearance of the city included a new design of the parks along the Rhine river, especially a garage close to the Kurfürstliches Schloss which made more park area available, the Kunsthalle as part of the former Zollhafen, the expansion of the Rheingoldhalle  and building along the Winterhafen. The expansion of the Staatstheater Mainz by a modern rooftop was discussed controversially. Other projects were the expansion of the Main Station, and a redesign of the area around Mainz Römisches Theater station at the Roman Theatre. Beutel was for many years president of the Städtetag Rheinland-Pfalz , and of the International Gutenberg-Gesellschaft  (Gutenberg Society). He was active in the Council of European Municipalities and Regions and in several foundations in Mainz. Beutel was re-elected for a second term as mayor in 2004. He resigned in 2011, after a 2010 court case because he had accepted an invitation to a trip to Italy by an entrepreneur without a political reason. Beutel died on 8 May 2019 aged 72. Chess Jens Beutel and Viswanathan Anand, Chess Classic Mainz 2002 Beutel started playing chess at age 13 and became an expert player. He managed to attract the Chess Classic tournament to Mainz. Legacy Beutel's successor Michael Ebling (SPD) credited Beutel as a man of balance and dialogue (Mann des Ausgleichs und des Dialogs) and a committed team player, who always emphasized the community in the city (als engagierten Teamplayer, der stets das Gemeinschaftliche in unserer Stadt betonte). See also List of mayors of Mainz List of Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians References ^ a b c d "Ehemaliger Mainzer Oberbürgermeister Jens Beutel gestorben". Die Welt (in German). 9 May 2019. Retrieved 9 May 2019. ^ a b c d e f g "Ehemaliger Oberbürgermeister von Mainz / Jens Beutel gestorben" (in German). SWR. 9 May 2019. Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019. ^ a b "Beutel, Jens" (in German). Institut für Geschichtliche Landeskunde an der Universität Mainz. Retrieved 25 July 2009. ^ a b c d e f "Ehemaliger Mainzer Oberbürgermeister Jens Beutel gestorben". Mainz (in German). 9 May 2019. Retrieved 10 May 2019. ^ a b "Nachruf / Diese Großprojekte werden immer mit Jens Beutel verbunden bleiben". Merkurist (in German). 9 May 2019. Retrieved 11 May 2019. ^ "Jens Beutel: Schachfan und OB". chessbase.com (in German). 6 July 2006. Retrieved 11 May 2019. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Jens Beutel. Literature by and about Jens Beutel in the German National Library catalogue Articles related to Jens Beutel FAZ Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Social Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz"},{"link_name":"Rheinland-Pfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheinland-Pfalz"},{"link_name":"new synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_synagogue_Mainz"}],"text":"Jens Beutel (12 July 1946 – 8 May 2019) was a German judge and politician. A member of the Social Democratic Party (SPD), he served as Oberbürgermeister (mayor) of Mainz, the state capital of Rheinland-Pfalz, from 1997 to 2011. During his tenure, the city improved especially by building projects, including the new synagogue, and new parks.","title":"Jens Beutel"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lünen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%BCnen"},{"link_name":"Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalia"},{"link_name":"University of Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Frankenthal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankenthal"},{"link_name":"Koblenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koblenz"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpa-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWR-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Region-3"},{"link_name":"Ortsbeirat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ortsbeirat&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ortsbeirat"},{"link_name":"Mombach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mombach"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpa-1"},{"link_name":"city council","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_council"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpa-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWR-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Region-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mainz-4"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWR-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mainz-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merkurist-5"},{"link_name":"new stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opel_Arena_(stadium)"},{"link_name":"new synagogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_synagogue_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Sanctuary of Isis and Magna Mater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Isis_and_Magna_Mater,_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Rhine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhine"},{"link_name":"Kurfürstliches Schloss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_Palace,_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Zollhafen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Port_of_Mainz"},{"link_name":"Rheingoldhalle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rheingoldhalle&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rheingoldhalle_(Mainz)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWR-2"},{"link_name":"Staatstheater Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatstheater_Mainz"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWR-2"},{"link_name":"Main Station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_Hauptbahnhof"},{"link_name":"Mainz Römisches Theater station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainz_R%C3%B6misches_Theater_station"},{"link_name":"Roman Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Theatre_(Mainz)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWR-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Merkurist-5"},{"link_name":"Städtetag Rheinland-Pfalz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St%C3%A4dtetag_Rheinland-Pfalz&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4dtetag_Rheinland-Pfalz"},{"link_name":"Gutenberg-Gesellschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gutenberg-Gesellschaft&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg-Gesellschaft"},{"link_name":"Council of European Municipalities and Regions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_European_Municipalities_and_Regions"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mainz-4"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dpa-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SWR-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mainz-4"}],"text":"Born in Lünen, Westphalia, Beutel studied law at the University of Mainz from 1968 to 1976 and then served as a judge in Frankenthal, Koblenz and Mainz.[1] He presided over the Mainzer Landgericht in the Worms abuse cases, which received nationwide attention.[2][3] He began his political career as Ortsbeirat [de] in Mombach, a borough of Mainz, in 1974.[1] Beutel was elected to the city council of Mainz (Stadtrat) in 1989,[1] where he focused on topics such as building, traffic, finance, commerce and sports.[2] He became chairman of the Mainz SPD in 1995.[3][4]Beutel was elected as Oberbürgermeister in 1996,[2] the first who was elected to the position directly by the citizens.[4] He took up the office on 3 May.[5] During his time as mayor, a new shopping passage, a new stadium and the new synagogue were built, the Sanctuary of Isis and Magna Mater was discovered. Projects which improved the appearance of the city included a new design of the parks along the Rhine river, especially a garage close to the Kurfürstliches Schloss which made more park area available, the Kunsthalle as part of the former Zollhafen, the expansion of the Rheingoldhalle [de] and building along the Winterhafen.[2] The expansion of the Staatstheater Mainz by a modern rooftop was discussed controversially.[2] Other projects were the expansion of the Main Station, and a redesign of the area around Mainz Römisches Theater station at the Roman Theatre.[2][5]Beutel was for many years president of the Städtetag Rheinland-Pfalz [de], and of the International Gutenberg-Gesellschaft [de] (Gutenberg Society). He was active in the Council of European Municipalities and Regions and in several foundations in Mainz.[4] Beutel was re-elected for a second term as mayor in 2004. He resigned in 2011,[1] after a 2010 court case because he had accepted an invitation to a trip to Italy by an entrepreneur without a political reason.[2]Beutel died on 8 May 2019 aged 72.[4]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Beutel,Jens-Anand_2002-08-15_Mainz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Viswanathan Anand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viswanathan_Anand"},{"link_name":"Chess Classic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chess_Classic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mainz-4"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Chess-6"}],"text":"Jens Beutel and Viswanathan Anand, Chess Classic Mainz 2002Beutel started playing chess at age 13 and became an expert player. He managed to attract the Chess Classic tournament to Mainz.[4][6]","title":"Chess"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Michael Ebling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Ebling"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mainz-4"}],"text":"Beutel's successor Michael Ebling (SPD) credited Beutel as a man of balance and dialogue (Mann des Ausgleichs und des Dialogs) and a committed team player, who always emphasized the community in the city (als engagierten Teamplayer, der stets das Gemeinschaftliche in unserer Stadt betonte).[4]","title":"Legacy"}]
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[{"title":"List of mayors of Mainz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Mainz"},{"title":"List of Social Democratic Party of Germany politicians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany_politicians"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebenezer_Adam
Ebenezer Adam
["1 Early life and education","2 Career and politics","3 Personal life","4 Death","5 See also","6 References"]
Ghanaian politician Ebenezer AdamNorthern Regional CommissionerIn office1964 – February 1966PresidentDr. Kwame NkrumahPreceded byMumuni BawumiaSucceeded byJ. M. KporviMember of Parliamentfor TamaleIn office1965 – February 1966Succeeded byMohammed IbrahimMember of Parliamentfor Gulkpegu NantonIn office1960–1965Preceded byAlhaji OsumanuSucceeded byConstituency abolished Personal detailsBornStephen Allen Kodjoe Dzirasa1919Tamale, Northern RegionDied29 August 2011(2011-08-29) (aged 91–92)CitizenshipGhanaianAlma materAchimota College Ebenezer Adam (1919–2011) was a Ghanaian teacher and politician. He was a member of parliament for Gulkpegu Nanton from 1960 to 1965 and the member of parliament for Tamale from 1965 to 1966. He also served as the Regional Commissioner (Regional Minister) for the Northern Region from 1964 to 1966. Early life and education Adam was born in 1919 at Tamale in the Northern Region of Ghana (then Gold Coast). He had his early education at the Government Boarding School in Tamale from 1927 to 1934. He proceeded to Achimota College and studied there from 1936 to 1939. Career and politics Adam worked as a teacher in Methodist mission schools in Asokore, Bekwai, Kumasi and Tamale from 1940 to 1949. He gave up the teaching profession to venture politics and joined the Convention People's Party. In 1950 he was appointed propaganda secretary of the party for the Northern and Upper Regions. He worked in this capacity from 1950 to 1957. In 1957 he was a member of the first Ghanaian delegation to the United Nations. He was also a part of the 1959 and 1960 Ghanaian delegation to the United Nations. He became a local court magistrate in 1960 and in that same year he was elected into parliament to represent the Gulkpegu Nanton constituency. He represented the constituency in parliament from 1960 to 1965. In 1965 he became the member of parliament for Tamale. In 1964 he was appointed Regional Commissioner (Regional Minister) for the Northern Region. He served in this capacity until 1966 when the Nkrumah government was overthrown. Personal life Adam was married with 12 children. His hobbies were reading and travelling. Death He died on 29 August 2011 at the Tamale Teaching Hospital after a short illness. See also List of MPs elected in the 1965 Ghanaian parliamentary election References ^ "Ghana Year Book". Graphic Corporation. 1961: 12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Ghana Year Book". Daily Graphic. 1956. p. 155. ^ "Ghana Year Book". Graphic Corporation. 1962: 12. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c d e "Ghana Year Book". Graphic Corporation. 1977: 179. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ a b c d e f "Co-founder of CPP, Ebenezer Adam to be buried in Tamale". Ghana Business News. 11 October 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2019. ^ "Ghana Year Book". Graphic Corporation. 1963: 19. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help) ^ "Ghana Year Book". Daily Graphic. 1966. p. 21. ^ "Ghana Year Book". Graphic Corporation. 1966: 20. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
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[]
[{"title":"List of MPs elected in the 1965 Ghanaian parliamentary election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_MPs_elected_in_the_1965_Ghanaian_parliamentary_election"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Kerr_(American_football)
Bud Kerr
["1 Head coaching record","2 References","3 External links"]
American football player (1916–1964) Bud KerrBiographical detailsBorn(1915-11-10)November 10, 1915Tarrytown, New York, U.S.DiedApril 9, 1964(1964-04-09) (aged 48)San Francisco, California, U.S.Playing career1937–1939Notre Dame1946Los Angeles Dons Position(s)EndCoaching career (HC unless noted)1942Washington University (assistant)1943Georgia Pre-Flight (assistant)1947–1948Denver (line)1949–1950San Francisco (line)1954–1955Washington (ends)1956–1959Dayton Head coaching recordOverall15–24–1Accomplishments and honorsAwards First-team All-American (1939) William Howard "Bud" Kerr (November 10, 1915 – April 9, 1964) was an American football player and coach. He was an All-American football player at Notre Dame in 1939. He later served as the head football coach at the University of Dayton, from 1956 to 1959. Kerr was born in Tarrytown, New York but moved to Newburgh at three years old. He attended Newburgh Free Academy where he was in the school bad for his first three years and only joined the football team as a part-time player as a senior. After high school, he worked for four years in order to afford college. Kerr attended the University of Notre Dame where he played college football at the end position for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team. He was selected by the Associated Press, the All-America Board, the Newspaper Enterprise Association, the Sporting News and the Walter Camp Football Foundation as a first-team end on the 1939 College Football All-America Team. After graduating from Notre Dame, Kerr held assistant coaching positions at Washington University in St. Louis and, during World War II, at the U.S. Navy Pre-Flight School at Athens, Georgia. Kerr served as a line coach at the University of Denver in 1947 and 1948 and then moved to the University of San Francisco to take on the same role there in 1949. He was hired as the head football coach at the University of San Francisco, succeeding fellow Notre Dame alumnus, Joe Kuharich, in December 1951. However, the San Francisco Dons football program was discontinued in early 1952 and did not resume until several years later. In February 1956, after a stint as the ends coach of the University of Washington Huskies, Kerr was hired as the head football coach for the University of Dayton Flyers football team. He coached the Flyers from 1956 to 1959, compiling a record of 15–24–1. Kerr later worked as a motel manager and an employee of Pioneer Carloading Co. in San Francisco. He died in San Francisco in 1964 at age 47. Head coaching record Year Team Overall Conference Standing Bowl/playoffs Dayton Flyers (NCAA University Division independent) (1956–1959) 1956 Dayton 4–6 1957 Dayton 6–3–1 1958 Dayton 2–8 1959 Dayton 3–7 Dayton: 15–24–1 Total: 15–24–1 References ^ Powers, Jimmy (2 November 1939). "The Power House". Daily News. p. 58. Retrieved 31 August 2022. ^ ESPN College Football Encyclopedia. ESPN Books. 2005. p. 1178. ISBN 1401337031. ^ "Walter Camp Football Foundation All-American Selections". Walter Camp Football Foundation. Archived from the original on March 30, 2009. ^ a b "Bud Kerr Dies in San Francisco". The Evening News. April 10, 1964. ^ "Kerr New Line Coach For Don Gridders". San Mateo Times. San Mateo, California. Associated Press. March 31, 1949. p. 15. Retrieved September 17, 2017 – via Newspapers.com . ^ "Bud Kerr Picked As New Manager of Frisco Club". Toledo Blade (UP story). December 23, 1951. ^ "Bud Kerr Named Coach at Dayton". The Pittsburgh Press. February 2, 1956 – via Google News. ^ "William H. "Bud" Kerr". College Football Data Warehouse. David DeLassus. Archived from the original on 2015-02-02. Retrieved 2015-02-01. External links Career statistics and player information from Pro Football Reference Bud Kerr at Find a Grave vteDayton Flyers head football coaches William Schoen (1905) J. G. Freshour (1906–1907) Matthew Hill (1908) George Binlein (1909) Orville Smith (1910) Roland Bevan (1911–1912) Louis Clark (1913) Alfred McCray (1914–1916) Louis Clark (1917–1918) Harry Solimano (1919) Bud Talbott (1920) Charley Way (1921) Bud Talbott (1921) Van F. Hill (1922) Harry Baujan (1923–1942) No team (1943–1945) Harry Baujan (1946) Joseph Gavin (1947–1953) Hugh Devore (1954–1955) Bud Kerr (1956–1959) Stan Zajdel (1960–1962) Pete Ankney (1963–1964) John McVay (1965–1972) Ron Marciniak (1973–1976) Rick E. Carter (1977–1980) Mike Kelly (1981–2007) Rick Chamberlin (2008–2019) No team (2020) Rick Chamberlin (2021–2022) Trevor Andrews (2023– ) vteGreen Bay Packers 1940 NFL draft selections Hal Van Every Lou Brock Esco Saekkinen Dick Cassiano Millard White George Seeman J. R. Manley Jack Brown Don Guritz Phil Gasper Ambrose Schindler Bud Kerr Mel Brewer Ray Andrus Archie Kodros Jim Gillette Al Matuza Jim Reeder Vince Eichler Henry Luebcke
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He was an All-American football player at Notre Dame in 1939. He later served as the head football coach at the University of Dayton, from 1956 to 1959.Kerr was born in Tarrytown, New York but moved to Newburgh at three years old. He attended Newburgh Free Academy where he was in the school bad for his first three years and only joined the football team as a part-time player as a senior. After high school, he worked for four years in order to afford college.[1]Kerr attended the University of Notre Dame where he played college football at the end position for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish football team. He was selected by the Associated Press, the All-America Board, the Newspaper Enterprise Association, the Sporting News and the Walter Camp Football Foundation as a first-team end on the 1939 College Football All-America Team.[2][3]After graduating from Notre Dame, Kerr held assistant coaching positions at Washington University in St. Louis and, during World War II, at the U.S. Navy Pre-Flight School at Athens, Georgia.[4] Kerr served as a line coach at the University of Denver in 1947 and 1948 and then moved to the University of San Francisco to take on the same role there in 1949.[5] He was hired as the head football coach at the University of San Francisco, succeeding fellow Notre Dame alumnus, Joe Kuharich, in December 1951.[6] However, the San Francisco Dons football program was discontinued in early 1952 and did not resume until several years later. In February 1956, after a stint as the ends coach of the University of Washington Huskies, Kerr was hired as the head football coach for the University of Dayton Flyers football team.[7] He coached the Flyers from 1956 to 1959, compiling a record of 15–24–1.[8]Kerr later worked as a motel manager and an employee of Pioneer Carloading Co. in San Francisco. He died in San Francisco in 1964 at age 47.[4]","title":"Bud Kerr"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Head coaching record"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Bogot%C3%A1
History of Bogotá
["1 Pre-Columbian era","1.1 Bacatá in Muisca history","1.2 Mythology and religion","1.3 Gold-working and ceramics","2 Conquest","2.1 Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition","3 Spanish colonization","3.1 Foundation of Bogotá","3.2 Urban design","3.3 Population of Santa Fe","3.4 Government and administration","3.5 Religion","3.6 Educational centers","3.7 Fine arts","3.8 Botanic expedition","4 Nineteenth century","4.1 Independence","4.2 Terror epoch and independence","4.3 Gran Colombia","4.4 Mid-century Revolution","4.5 Nineteenth-century educational system","4.6 Geographic commission","4.7 Travelers and customs painters","4.8 Illustrated newspapers","4.9 Cultural life in the city","4.10 Artistic production","4.11 Literary production","4.12 Railroad","4.13 Telephone","4.14 Tramway","4.15 Regeneration","5 Twentieth century","5.1 The liberal republic","5.2 City life in the 20th century","5.3 Bogotá, Special District and Capital District","5.4 Economic transformation","5.5 Cultural life","6 Twenty-first century","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Bibliography"]
This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "History of Bogotá" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (June 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Tramway in Bogotá, 1884 Bogotá in 1887 The history of Bogotá refers to the history of the area surrounding the Colombian capital Bogotá. The area around Bogotá was first populated by groups of indigenous people that migrated from mesoamerica. Among these groups were the Muisca (the Chibcha speaking people) that settled on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in what is now Cundinamarca and Boyacá. With the arrival of the Spanish colonizers the area was developed into a major settlement that was founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada in 1538, and became capital of the Spanish Empire provinces and the seat of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. With independence, Bogotá became the capital of the Gran Colombia, and -subsequently- of the Republic of Colombia. Pre-Columbian era Main article: Muisca Confederation Model of ancient Muisca houses in the Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso. These types of housing were present in what is now Bogotá. The first indigenous people inhabiting Bogotá were the Muisca, who spoke Chibcha. At the arrival of the conquerors, the Muisca has been estimated to consist of 110,000 to two million people. The Muisca occupied the mild-climate highlands between the Sumapaz mountains to the southwest and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy in the northeast. They lived within an approximate area of 25,000 km2 (9,700 sq mi), which comprised Bogotá's high plateau, the current Boyacá department portion, and a small part of Santander. The most fertile lands were ancient Pleistocene lake beds, remnants of Lake Humboldt, forming the Bogotá savanna, an area called Bacatá, and regions irrigated by the Bogotá, Suárez and Chicamocha Rivers. Politically, the area formed part of the Muisca Confederation with the northern ruler called zaque (ruling from Hunza, present-day Tunja) and the southern ruler, based in Bacatá, the zipa. The Muisca were predominantly farmers and traders and formed a dispersed population occupying numerous small villages and settlements with wooden and clay houses, called bohíos by the Spanish. The iraca of sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi was the principal religious leader. Other rulers were Tundama in the city of the same name, now called Duitama and various independent caciques, mainly of Guatavita, Ubaté, Ubaque and Vélez. The original hunter-gatherer population of the Herrera Period, predating the Muisca, slowly changed into a sedentary community based on agriculture. The people cultivated maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, tubers, such as yuca, tobacco, arracacha, sweet potatoes and various fruits and vegetables. The Muisca people were called "Salt People", due to their extraction of salt from brines in large pots. The main salt mines were and are still in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa, at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna. Emeralds were mined in Chivor and Somondoco and traded with the Muzo, who were called the "Emerald People". Cotton was cultivated by the higher-altitude neighbours, such as the Lache and U'wa to the north. Bacatá in Muisca history History of the Muisca Altiplano Muisca Art Architecture Astronomy Cuisine El Dorado Subsistence Women Conquest Mythology and religion Main article: Muisca mythology Main article: Muisca religion Chía was Zipa's territory ceremonial center, a place designed for moon worship, while the Zaque's ceremonial center was Sogamoso, where the Sun temple was located. Apparently, the major Muisca priest's function was astronomic observation. Numerous archeological monuments in the form of stone columns witness the relation, such as "Cojines del Diablo" (Devil's Cushions) two large discs carved high up in the rock within Tunja urban perimeter, which were probably Moon observation sites. At Saquenzipa, ceremonial center near Villa de Leyva, some 25 large cylindrical columns aligned in the east-west direction stand: from this place, on summer solstice day the sun rises exactly over Iguaque lake from where Bachué goddess emerged as the legend tells. Bochica, the civilizing God taught them manual arts, gave them moral standards, and subsequently saved them from deluge and Sabana flood by breaking the rock and letting the water flow to form Tequendama falls. The goddess Chia was the moon, Zuhé the sun. They worshiped other various astral gods. For the Muisca, lakes were sacred places where they had their ceremonies. Their most important myths and legends mention Guatavita, Siecha, Tota, Fúquene, and Iguacu lakes, where gold and ceramic gifts have been found. They also worshiped the dead, nobles and chiefs were mummified and buried with all their belongings. Gold-working and ceramics Although the Muisca Confederation had no gold, they obtained it from trading with other tribes. They manufactured diverse pieces, the most outstanding are tunjos; small anthropomorphic or zoomorphic figures they offered to their gods. Among the diverse techniques, they used to manufacture those pieces are lost wax, hammering, and repouseé. Gold objects served for funerary and sacred sacrifices. The Muisca also made necklaces, bracelets, earrings, pectorals, nose rings, and other pieces they used to decorate themselves with. The Museo del Oro and other private collection museums still preserve those pieces. The Muisca elaborated on clothes and produced ceramics. Conquest Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition Primary Cathedral, Bogotá From 1533, belief persisted in the sense that Río Grande de la Magdalena was the trail to the South Sea, to Peru, and the legendary El Dorado. To reach the latter was the goal of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the Spanish conquistador who left Santa Marta on April 6, 1536 with 800 soldiers heading towards the interior of current Colombia. The expedition divided into two groups, one under De Quesada's command to move on land and the other commanded by Diego de Urbino would ascend the Magdalena River in four brigantine ships to meet De Quesada's troops at a site named Tora de las Barrancas Bermejas, present-day Barrancabermeja. When they arrived, they heard news about indigenous people inhabiting the south and making large salt cakes used to trade for cotton and fish. De Quesada decided to abandon the route to Peru and cross the Andes in search of "salt villages". They saw crops, trails, white salt cakes and then huts where they found farm fields (called tá in the Chibcha language) with maize, yuca and beans. From Tora the expedition went up the Opón River where the Spanish found indigenous tribes covered with very fine painted cotton mantles. When they arrived on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, of the expedition leaving Santa Marta only 70 men were left. Along their journey they took a large amount of gold and emeralds. In Hunza the Spanish submitted zaque Quemuenchatocha and headed towards Sogamoso, where they raided and accidentally set the Sun Temple on fire. On March 22, 1537 the Spanish arrived from the north crossing the salt mine villages Nemocón and Zipaquirá to a place they named Valle de los Alcázarea (Valley of the Fortress). Already in Muisca territory they found good roads and moved southwest. In a few days only they crossed several villages, among them Lenguazaque and Suesca. They continued through Cajicá, Chía and Suba, the start of the southern Muisca zipazgo of Bacatá, where they found an abandoned Bacatá . The zipa of Bacatá, Tisquesusa had fled the capital of his kingdom to the north (Cajicá), where he would be killed by a Spanish soldier. Spanish colonization Foundation of Bogotá The fountain of Quevedo, one of the possible foundation sites of Bogotá Following conquerors motto to found and to populate, De Quesada decided to build an urban settlement to live in good order and under stable government. To the east on the foothills they found an Indian village named Teusaquillo near the residence of the zipa, supplied with water, wood and planting land and protected from winds by the mountains of Monserrate and Guadalupe. Although no document recording the exact date of city foundation has been found, August 7, 1538 is accepted as the foundation date. According to tradition, that day friar Domingo de las Casas held the first sermon in a straw hut built near the current cathedral of Santander park. The Spanish colony was named New Kingdom of Granada, with as capital Santa Fe, later Santa Fe de Bogotá and later shortened to Bogotá, based on the Chibcha name for the southern Muisca capital; Bacatá. Urban design The urban design consisted of squares and from that time the one hundred meters per lienzo de cuadra prevails. Traverse streets (east–west) were 7 meters wide and current carreras 10 meters wide. In 1553, the Main Plaza—now Bolívar Plaza—was moved to its current site and the first cathedral construction on the eastern side began. On the other sides the Chapter and the Royal Hearing were located. The street joining the Major Plaza and Herbs Plaza—currently Santander park—was named «Calle Real» (Royal Street) now Carrera Seventh. Population of Santa Fe Formed by whites, mestizos, indigenous Muisca, and slaves; from the second half of the 16th century the population began to grow rapidly. The census of 1789 recorded 18,161 inhabitants and by 1819 the city population amounted to 30,000 inhabitants distributed in 195 blocks. Importance grew when the diocese was created. Up to 1585 the only parish was the cathedral, later on Las Nieves to the north and Santa Bárbara south of the central square were created. Government and administration City mayor and the Chapter formed by two council men assisted by the constable and the chief of police governed the city. For better administering these domains in April 1550 the Audience of Santafé de Bogotá was organized, for hearers to act. From that time the city became the capital and the home of New Kingdom of Granada government. Fourteen years later, in 1564, the Spanish Crown designated the first Royal Audience Chairman; Andrés Díaz Venero de Leyva. The Kingdom of New Granada became a Viceroyalty in 1739 and kept that condition until Liberator Simón Bolívar achieved independence from Spain in 1819. Religion After dominating indigenous populations by war, conquest by religion began assisted by religious communities established in the entire Colombian territory from the 16th century, Churches and convents were built for the Franciscan, Dominican, Augustine communities and later on in 1604, Jesuits, Capuchin monks and Clarisse, Dominican and Barefooted Carmelite nuns. Such communities marked the spirit and uses of Santafereños, since they exercised ideology, political and cultural domination only slightly reduced when in 1767, Carlos III ordered Jesuit expulsion from Spanish colonies in America. Educational centers As for the rest of Spanish America, religious communities were fundamental in the field of education, which by order of the Crown took place in churches and convents. The first two universities are the deed of Dominican monks (1563 and 1573). In 1592 San Bartolomé seminar school was founded to provide higher education to Spanish children; Jesuits ruled the school, and in 1605 they founded the Maximum School located in one of the Major Plaza corners. In 1580 Dominicans founded Pontificia Universidad of Santo Tomás de Aquino Arts and Philosophy school, and in 1621 Jesuits started San Francisco Javier or Javeriana University courses. In 1653 Fray Cristóbal de Torres founded Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. In 1783 the first educational community and the first school for woman education were founded in New Granada: La Enseñanza school ruled by the community of María. From that time school lessons for women started, a right up to then reserved to men. Fine arts During colonial centuries two trends were clear, which common source was formed by religious topics: culta, highly influenced by metropolitan 17th-century painting counted in the Santa Fe school with outstanding individuals, for instance Baltasar de Figueroa, the head of a painters dynasty, who created and maintained the school where Gregorio Vázquez de Arce y Ceballos (1638–1711), was formed, perhaps the most outstanding person of the time; and popular, formed by more ingenuous painters free from influences of the time, who did not belong to any school. They interpreted biblical scenes, the life of saints and Christ and the Virgin life episodes in carved wood or painted but in a more free style. Wood carving is highly positioned within plastic production of the time and the maximum expression is found in retable adorning most Colombian churches, for instance San Francisco church main altar retable, mostly carved by Ignacio García de Ascucha. Pedro Laboria, Spaniard formed in Seville art schools who came to Bogotá, very young and lived here the rest of his life is one of the outstanding sculptors. French influence dominating Spain during the 18th century when the Borbon dynasty took the throne, also characterized American colonies artistic trends. By mid-century painting and decoration secularized in American colonies and French style marked government, high Creole burgess-ship and higher church hierarchy taste. Religious themes gave space to personal portraits. The best known painter of the time was Joaquín Gutiérrez, Viceroys portraitist. Botanic expedition The most important contribution of the time to scientific knowledge was the botanic expedition, with the objective of studying native flora. Started by order to Archbishop-Viceroy Caballero y Góngora under the direction of José Celestino Mutis and contributions from scientists as renowned as Francisco José de Caldas, Jorge Tadeo Lozano and Francisco Antonio Zea. Originally sited in Mariquita in 1791 and subsequently transferred to Santa Fe where it worked until 1816. Painters Francisco Javier Matiz and Pablo Antonio García who cooperated with the work left a series of carefully drawn precious illustrations in witness of research conducted. Famous naturalist Alexander von Humboldt has contributed to the knowledge of botany, geography and geology of Colombia and his name is celebrated in various locations throughout the country. Furthermore, the German scientist described the anthropology of the people, especially the remaining Muisca. Nineteenth century Independence Political uneasiness felt all over Spanish colonies in America was expressed in New Granada in many different ways accelerating the independence process. One of the most transcendent was the Revolution of Comuneros, a population riot started in Villa del Socorro —current Department of Santander—in March 1781. Spanish authorities refrained the riot and José Antonio Galán, the leader was executed. He however left an imprint followed in 1794 by Antonio Nariño, precursor of independence by translating and publishing in Santafé, the Rights or Men and the Citizen, and by July 20 movement leaders in 1810. Independence outcry originated in an apparently slight dispute between Creole and Spaniards over the loan of a flowerpot but became popular upraise. The period comprised between 1810 and 1815 is known as “Patria Boba” (Silly Homeland), because during those years Creole fought among themselves seeking ideal government forms, initial ideological struggles began and the first two republican political parties—federalists and centralists—were formed. Terror epoch and independence In 1815 Pacifying Expedition commanded by Pablo Morillo arrived in New Granada, pretending to conquer the rebel colony. Repression times started then and extending until 1819. New Granada lived the Independence War period when egregious personalities lost their life but ended by triumphal liberator campaign commanded by Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander who fought Battle of Vargas Swamp and Battle of Boyacá (1819) to seal independence. Gran Colombia In 1819 Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, a national state formed by Venezuela, Nueva Granada and Quito, dissolved later in 1830, the same year Bolívar died in Santa Marta. Mid-century Revolution A butcher in Bogotá, selling his meataround 1860 Between 1819 and 1849 no fundamental structures inherited from the colonial phase change had been seen. It was by the mid 19th century when a series of fundamental reforms took place, some of the most important being slavery abolition and religious, teaching, print and speech industry and trade freedom, among other. During the decade of the 70s Radicalism accentuated reforms and State, society and institutions perception was substantially modified. However, during the second half of the century the country faced permanent «pronouncements», fights between States and fractions and civil wars: the last and bloodier was the One Thousand Days War from 1899 to 1902. Nineteenth-century educational system Independence achieved Bogotá continued enjoying the privilege of being the main educational and cultural center of the new nation. In 1823, a few years after Great Colombia organization, the Public Library, now National Library extended and modernized with new volumes and better facilities. The National Museum was founded. Those institutions were of great importance to new republic cultural development. From half century education secularization and expansion widened formation possibilities. The Central University was the first State school, precursor of current National University. Founded in 1867 and domiciled in Bogotá. Geographic commission Between 1850 and 1859 the first effort to research different regions history, geography, cartography, economy, society and cultures in the country was made by the Geographic Commission directed by Italian Agustín Codazzi. Graphic and documentary experience achieved by the Commission was greatly transcendent and complemented Botanic Expedition work. Commission sketchers were miniaturists, portraitists and landscapers who traveled all over the country and portrayed human types, labors, working forms, technical resources, garments, uses and geographic aspects. Commission documents are kept at the General Archive of the Nation. Travelers and customs painters During the first half of the nineteenth century, the first republican travelers and other visitors fascinated by nature, people and uses left large aquarelle drawing collections witnessing works, garments, uses and costumes, transportation ways, festivities and forms of life observed around them. Around the same time, other travelers and literates illustrated the same topics under written text such as «Los bogas del río Magdalena» (Magdalena River paddlers) by Rufino Cuervo y Barreto in 1840, and many diaries and travel books. Best known travelers were Walhous Mark (1817–1895) whose excellent aquarelles constitute valuable testimony of Colombia at that time, Alfredo J. Gustin, César Sighinolfi, León Gautier, Luis Ramelli and many other. Some remained in the country and founded schools and academies of art to communicate their technical and artistic knowledge. Mexican Santiago Felipe Gutiérrez was the foreign artist of greater influence at the time. In 1881 he founded Gutiérrez Academy which became National University School of Beaux Arts. Illustrated newspapers Alberto Urdaneta invited Spaniard Antonio Rodríguez to come to the country to manage the engraving school, which functioned from 1881 in Bogotá. Illustrated Newspaper (1881–1886) illustrators formed in that school. The newspaper was a publication founded and directed by Urdaneta. Work of Illustrated Newspaper cooperators is of great documentary value. Although Bogotá did not enjoy substantial foreign immigrants flow, according to census taken during the nineteenth century the population grew quite steadily: in 1832 the census recorded 36,465 inhabitants; in 1881, 84,723 inhabitants and by the end of the century nearly 100,000. Population growth from 1850 was partially due to Mid Century reforms, which expanded work sources. Bogotá offered work possibilities in the trade sector or different functions. Increase derived in physical city expansion towards the north creating new neighborhoods up to Chapinero village, five kilometers away from the city. Cultural life in the city Bogotá was a city quite isolated, since communication media were scarce. Only by the end of the century did such isolation decline thanks to the railroad and to some roads linking the city and the Magdalena river and down the river up to the Caribbean coast. During the decade of the 70s, writers of varied trends grouped around Mosaico magazine, founded and directed by José María Vergara y Vergara, to make one of the first efforts to record Colombian literature history and to consolidate the cultural identity of the country. Cultural life in the city concentrated in literary gatherings, which during the nineteenth century allowed Bogotanians to share their literary and political concerns and to attend musical and drama presentations. Maldonado Theater featured theatrical and opera presentations and by the end of the nineteenth century Bogotá had two important theatres: the Theater of Cristóbal Colón, inaugurated in 1892, and the Municipal Theatre, inaugurated in 1895, which featured zarzuela (operetta) and musical shows. Also the scenario for important Colombian history events during the decades of the 30s and 40s. During the nineteenth century, despite constant riots and civil wars altering normal new republic development, Bogotá preserved traditions and uses dating back to colonial times, combined with some European influence. At meetings and gatherings certain foods and beverages became mandatory: chocolate served at night accompanied of home made cookies and candy, and “ajiaco” became the typical dish. During night reunions someone played in the piano local composers music and in larger parties people danced pasillo a form of rapid waltz so called for the short dancing steps. Artistic production In 1886, the National School of Fine Arts was founded and definitely drove artistic development in the city. Alberto Urdaneta was the first director. Painters Epifanio Garay and Ricardo Acevedo Bernal, School professors, were important portraitists, but the most outstanding person at that time was painter Andrés de Santamaría (1860–1945), greatly renowned painting in Colombia. He was Beaux Arts School director twice and his work, associated to impressionism, is the most important of that time. Landscaping trend most famous representatives were Roberto Páramo, Jesús María Zamora, Eugenio Peña, Luis Núñez Borda and Ricardo Gómez Campuzano, painters whose work is preserved in the permanent National Museum collection. Literary production Bogotá gave the Spanish-speaking world José Asunción Silva (1865–1896), Modernism pioneer. His poetic work in the novel De sobremesa position him in an outstanding American literature place. Rafael Pombo (1833–1912) was outstanding American romanticism poet who left a collection of fables essential part of children imagination and Colombian tradition. Railroad The railroad to join Bogotá and the Carare and Magdalena Rivers dates back to radicalism times, but only started shaping when the first railroad section to Girardot was built, under government contract with Francisco Javier Cisneros in 1881, the first section of which joined the Magdalena port and Tocaima. In 1898 the rails reached Anapoima and in 1908 the rails linked the city and Facatativá. From that time Bogotanians were able to mobilize down to the Magdalena river using the rail road. Bogotá-Chapinero-Puente del Común section was inaugurated in 1894, Cajicá in 1896 and Zipaquirá in 1898. Including Soacha and Sibaté rails by the end of the nineteenth century, Sabana de Bogotá counted on one hundred railroad kilometers. Telephone The first telephone line in Bogotá linked from September 21, 1881, the National Palace and city mail and telegraph offices, and on August 14, 1884, the municipality of Bogotá granted Cuban citizen José Raimundo Martínez the privilege to install public telephone services in the city. In December the same year the first telephone was installed in the offices of Messrs. González Benito Hermanos connecting to another telephone in Chapinero. Tramway On December 25, 1884, the first tramway pulled by mules was inaugurated, and covered the route from Plaza de Bolívar and Chapinero, and in 1892 the line linking Plaza de Bolívar and La Sabana Station started operating. At first, the tramway ran on wooden rails, but since it easily derailed, steel rails imported from England were installed. In 1894 a tramway car ran the Bogotá–Chapinero line every twenty minutes. The tramway provided services up to 1948, and was then replaced by buses. Regeneration President Rafael Núñez declared Federalism end, and in 1886 the country became a centralist Republic ruled by the Constitution in force – save some amendments – up to 1991. In the middle of political and administration avatars Bogotá continued as the capital and principal political center of the country. Twentieth century Early in the new century, Colombia had to face devastating consequences from the One Thousand Days War, which lasted from 1899 to 1902, and the loss of Panama. Between 1904 and 1909 liberal party legality was reestablished and President Rafael Reyes endeavored to implement a national government. Peace and State reorganization generated economic activities increase. Bogotá started deep architectural and urban transformation with significant industrial and artisan production increase. In 1910 the Industrial Exposition of the Century took place at Park of Independence. Stands built evidenced industrial, artisan work, beaux arts electricity and machinery progress achieved. The period from 1910 to 1930 is designated conservative hegemony. Between 1924 and 1928 hard union struggle began with oil fields and banana zone workers strikes, leaving numerous people killed. Bogotá had practically no industry. Production was basically artisan work grouped in specific places same as commercial sectors. Plaza de Bolívar and surroundings lodged hat stores, at Calle del Comercio –current Carrera Seventh– and Calle Florián –now Carrera Eight– luxurious stores selling imported products opened their doors; at Pasaje Hernández tailor's shops provided their services, and between 1870 and 1883 four main banks opened their doors: Bogotá, Colombia, Popular and Mortgage Credit banks. Bavaria brewery, established in 1889, was one of the major industries. In 1923 the United States paid the Colombian government the first installment associated to agreed 25 million indemnification for their intervention in Panama separation, bringing bonanza reflected by exports increase, higher foreign investment and development infrastructure; roads were built, industry increased, public expense grew and urban economy expanded. The liberal republic Bogotazo See also: Bogotazo and La Violencia Following banana zone killing and conservative party division, Enrique Olaya Herrera took office in 1930. The liberal party reformed, during 16 years of the so-called Liberal Republic, agricultural, social, political, labor, educational, economic and administrative sectors. Unionism strengthened and education coverage expanded. In 1938 the fourth centenary of Bogotá foundation which population had reached 333,312 inhabitants was celebrated. The celebration produced a large number of infrastructure works, new construction and work sources. Following 1946 liberal party division, a conservative candidate took presidential office again in 1948, after liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán killing, Bogotá downtown was practically destroyed and violence increased. From that date, basically city, urban, architectural and population sectors substantially changed. City life in the 20th century During those years Bogotá cultural life transformation accelerated, partially thanks to new communication media. Newspapers, domestic and foreign magazines, cinema, radio telegraph and telephone communications multiplied and aerial transportation linked Bogotá to the rest of the world. Waves of peasants and farmers fleeing violence and those coming to Bogotá in search for work and better opportunities tripled the population, which went from 700,000 in 1951 to 1,600,000 in 1964 and 2,500,000 inhabitants in 1973. The city modernized, expanded work fields and industry, finances, construction economic offer and education. During General Rojas Pinilla (1953 to 1957) dictatorship, television arrived in Colombia and works such as El Dorado airport replacing ancient Techo airport were completed dynamizing along the Avenue joining the airport to the city, urban development and a large variety of western neighborhoods development. North Highway in turn expanded development to the north. Official Administrative Center project began and was subsequently completed to form the National Administrative Center.- CAN. Bogotá, Special District and Capital District Bogotá In 1954 municipalities of Usme, Bosa, Fontibón, Engativá, Suba and Usaquén were annexed by Bogotá and the Special District of Bogotá was created projected towards future growth, and the new city administration was organized. In 1991, under a new Constitution, Bogotá became Capital District. According to a census held in 1985, the population of the capital had increased to 4,100,000 and by 1993 population reached nearly 6,000.000. Economic transformation International center of Bogotá City economy has greatly developed and diversified. Industrial production became substantial, requiring specialized industrial areas development. Artisan production became one of the most appreciated ornamental and utilitarian expression and a source of income to family business. Commercial activities increasingly grow and business, financial and banking centers position Bogotá as the economic axle of the country and a privileged Andean Zone, the United States and several European and Asian countries trade market place. The Sabana of Bogotá has become a flower production center exported to many countries, generating foreign currency and a work source absorbing a high number of labor. Informal economy and micro-enterprises cover a large sector of the population developing different activities. Cultural life From 1950 profound architectural, sculpture, painting, music, literature and education development began. Universities currently offer different artistic career studies and specialization. Faculties of Philosophy, Literature, History, Humanities and Social Sciences are forming professors, researchers, scientists, writers, musicians and cineastes of international renown at pre-graduation, master and doctorate levels. Twenty-first century Main article: Bogotá Bogotá is a modern metropolis with nearly seven million inhabitants, covering approximately 330 square kilometres (130 sq mi). Thanks to technical advances inherent to large cities and substantial transformation in recent years, Bogotá offers a rich and varied cultural life including modern services as well as traditional neighborhoods. See also Timeline of Bogotá References Bibliography See also: Timeline of Bogotá § Bibliography
[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tranvia_en_Bogota_1884.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bogot%C3%A1.jpg"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History"},{"link_name":"Colombian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"mesoamerica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesoamerica"},{"link_name":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_people"},{"link_name":"Altiplano Cundiboyacense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense"},{"link_name":"Cundinamarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cundinamarca_Department"},{"link_name":"Boyacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalty of New Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Granada"},{"link_name":"Gran Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Republic of Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Colombia"}],"text":"Tramway in Bogotá, 1884Bogotá in 1887The history of Bogotá refers to the history of the area surrounding the Colombian capital Bogotá. The area around Bogotá was first populated by groups of indigenous people that migrated from mesoamerica. Among these groups were the Muisca (the Chibcha speaking people) that settled on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense in what is now Cundinamarca and Boyacá. With the arrival of the Spanish colonizers the area was developed into a major settlement that was founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada in 1538, and became capital of the Spanish Empire provinces and the seat of the Viceroyalty of New Granada. With independence, Bogotá became the capital of the Gran Colombia, and -subsequently- of the Republic of Colombia.","title":"History of Bogotá"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ParqueArqueol%C3%B3gicoSogamoso.JPG"},{"link_name":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_people"},{"link_name":"Sogamoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogamoso"},{"link_name":"indigenous people","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Muisca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_people"},{"link_name":"Chibcha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chibcha_language"},{"link_name":"Sumapaz mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumapaz_Paramo"},{"link_name":"Sierra Nevada del Cocuy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_del_Cocuy"},{"link_name":"Boyacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyac%C3%A1_Department"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Department"},{"link_name":"Pleistocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pleistocene"},{"link_name":"Lake Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lake_Humboldt,_Colombia&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bogotá savanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_savanna"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1_River"},{"link_name":"Suárez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Su%C3%A1rez_River"},{"link_name":"Chicamocha Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicamocha_River"},{"link_name":"Muisca Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_Confederation"},{"link_name":"ruler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_rulers"},{"link_name":"zaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaque"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunja"},{"link_name":"zipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipa"},{"link_name":"farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_agriculture"},{"link_name":"traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_economy"},{"link_name":"houses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_architecture"},{"link_name":"iraca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraca"},{"link_name":"Sugamuxi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogamoso"},{"link_name":"religious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_religion"},{"link_name":"Tundama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundama"},{"link_name":"of the same name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duitama"},{"link_name":"caciques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cacique"},{"link_name":"Guatavita","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatavita"},{"link_name":"Ubaté","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubat%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Ubaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubaque"},{"link_name":"Vélez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A9lez,_Santander"},{"link_name":"hunter-gatherer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunter-gatherer"},{"link_name":"Herrera Period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herrera_Period"},{"link_name":"maize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maize"},{"link_name":"potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potato"},{"link_name":"beans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bean"},{"link_name":"tomatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomato"},{"link_name":"yuca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuca"},{"link_name":"tobacco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobacco"},{"link_name":"arracacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arracacha"},{"link_name":"salt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halite"},{"link_name":"Zipaquirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Nemocón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Tausa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tausa"},{"link_name":"Emeralds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald"},{"link_name":"Chivor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chivor"},{"link_name":"Somondoco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somondoco"},{"link_name":"Muzo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzo_people"},{"link_name":"Cotton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotton"},{"link_name":"Lache","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lache_people"},{"link_name":"U'wa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%27wa_people"}],"text":"Model of ancient Muisca houses in the Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso. These types of housing were present in what is now Bogotá.The first indigenous people inhabiting Bogotá were the Muisca, who spoke Chibcha. At the arrival of the conquerors, the Muisca has been estimated to consist of 110,000 to two million people. The Muisca occupied the mild-climate highlands between the Sumapaz mountains to the southwest and the Sierra Nevada del Cocuy in the northeast. They lived within an approximate area of 25,000 km2 (9,700 sq mi), which comprised Bogotá's high plateau, the current Boyacá department portion, and a small part of Santander. The most fertile lands were ancient Pleistocene lake beds, remnants of Lake Humboldt, forming the Bogotá savanna, an area called Bacatá, and regions irrigated by the Bogotá, Suárez and Chicamocha Rivers.Politically, the area formed part of the Muisca Confederation with the northern ruler called zaque (ruling from Hunza, present-day Tunja) and the southern ruler, based in Bacatá, the zipa. The Muisca were predominantly farmers and traders and formed a dispersed population occupying numerous small villages and settlements with wooden and clay houses, called bohíos by the Spanish. The iraca of sacred City of the Sun Sugamuxi was the principal religious leader. Other rulers were Tundama in the city of the same name, now called Duitama and various independent caciques, mainly of Guatavita, Ubaté, Ubaque and Vélez. The original hunter-gatherer population of the Herrera Period, predating the Muisca, slowly changed into a sedentary community based on agriculture. The people cultivated maize, potatoes, beans, tomatoes, tubers, such as yuca, tobacco, arracacha, sweet potatoes and various fruits and vegetables. The Muisca people were called \"Salt People\", due to their extraction of salt from brines in large pots. The main salt mines were and are still in Zipaquirá, Nemocón and Tausa, at the northern edge of the Bogotá savanna. Emeralds were mined in Chivor and Somondoco and traded with the Muzo, who were called the \"Emerald People\". Cotton was cultivated by the higher-altitude neighbours, such as the Lache and U'wa to the north.","title":"Pre-Columbian era"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Bacatá in Muisca history","title":"Pre-Columbian era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Villa de Leyva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villa_de_Leyva"}],"sub_title":"Mythology and religion","text":"Chía was Zipa's territory ceremonial center, a place designed for moon worship, while the Zaque's ceremonial center was Sogamoso, where the Sun temple was located. Apparently, the major Muisca priest's function was astronomic observation. Numerous archeological monuments in the form of stone columns witness the relation, such as \"Cojines del Diablo\" (Devil's Cushions) two large discs carved high up in the rock within Tunja urban perimeter, which were probably Moon observation sites. At Saquenzipa, ceremonial center near Villa de Leyva, some 25 large cylindrical columns aligned in the east-west direction stand: from this place, on summer solstice day the sun rises exactly over Iguaque lake from where Bachué goddess emerged as the legend tells.Bochica, the civilizing God taught them manual arts, gave them moral standards, and subsequently saved them from deluge and Sabana flood by breaking the rock and letting the water flow to form Tequendama falls. The goddess Chia was the moon, Zuhé the sun. They worshiped other various astral gods. For the Muisca, lakes were sacred places where they had their ceremonies. Their most important myths and legends mention Guatavita, Siecha, Tota, Fúquene, and Iguacu lakes, where gold and ceramic gifts have been found. They also worshiped the dead, nobles and chiefs were mummified and buried with all their belongings.","title":"Pre-Columbian era"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muisca Confederation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_Confederation"},{"link_name":"tunjos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunjo"},{"link_name":"funerary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muisca_mummification"},{"link_name":"Museo del Oro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gold_Museum,_Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Gold-working and ceramics","text":"Although the Muisca Confederation had no gold, they obtained it from trading with other tribes. They manufactured diverse pieces, the most outstanding are tunjos; small anthropomorphic or zoomorphic figures they offered to their gods. Among the diverse techniques, they used to manufacture those pieces are lost wax, hammering, and repouseé. Gold objects served for funerary and sacred sacrifices. The Muisca also made necklaces, bracelets, earrings, pectorals, nose rings, and other pieces they used to decorate themselves with. The Museo del Oro and other private collection museums still preserve those pieces. The Muisca elaborated on clothes and produced ceramics.","title":"Pre-Columbian era"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Conquest"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CatedralPrimadaBogota2004-7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Primary Cathedral, Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Cathedral_of_Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Magdalena","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"South Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"El Dorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Jim%C3%A9nez_de_Quesada"},{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_Empire"},{"link_name":"conquistador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conquistador"},{"link_name":"Santa Marta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marta"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Magdalena River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"Barrancabermeja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrancabermeja"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Opón River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%B3n_River&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Santa Marta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marta"},{"link_name":"Hunza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunja"},{"link_name":"zaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zaque"},{"link_name":"Quemuenchatocha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quemuenchatocha"},{"link_name":"Sogamoso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sogamoso"},{"link_name":"Sun Temple","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Temple_(Sogamoso)"},{"link_name":"Nemocón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nemoc%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Zipaquirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Lenguazaque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguazaque"},{"link_name":"Suesca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suesca"},{"link_name":"Cajicá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajic%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Chía","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADa,_Cundinamarca"},{"link_name":"Suba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba_(Bogot%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"zipazgo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipa"},{"link_name":"Bacatá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"zipa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipa"},{"link_name":"Tisquesusa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisquesusa"},{"link_name":"Cajicá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cajic%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada expedition","text":"Primary Cathedral, BogotáFrom 1533, belief persisted in the sense that Río Grande de la Magdalena was the trail to the South Sea, to Peru, and the legendary El Dorado. To reach the latter was the goal of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada, the Spanish conquistador who left Santa Marta on April 6, 1536 with 800 soldiers heading towards the interior of current Colombia. The expedition divided into two groups, one under De Quesada's command to move on land and the other commanded by Diego de Urbino would ascend the Magdalena River in four brigantine ships to meet De Quesada's troops at a site named Tora de las Barrancas Bermejas, present-day Barrancabermeja. When they arrived, they heard news about indigenous people inhabiting the south and making large salt cakes used to trade for cotton and fish. De Quesada decided to abandon the route to Peru and cross the Andes in search of \"salt villages\". They saw crops, trails, white salt cakes and then huts where they found farm fields (called tá in the Chibcha language) with maize, yuca and beans. From Tora the expedition went up the Opón River where the Spanish found indigenous tribes covered with very fine painted cotton mantles. When they arrived on the Altiplano Cundiboyacense, of the expedition leaving Santa Marta only 70 men were left.Along their journey they took a large amount of gold and emeralds. In Hunza the Spanish submitted zaque Quemuenchatocha and headed towards Sogamoso, where they raided and accidentally set the Sun Temple on fire.On March 22, 1537 the Spanish arrived from the north crossing the salt mine villages Nemocón and Zipaquirá to a place they named Valle de los Alcázarea (Valley of the Fortress). Already in Muisca territory they found good roads and moved southwest. In a few days only they crossed several villages, among them Lenguazaque and Suesca. They continued through Cajicá, Chía and Suba, the start of the southern Muisca zipazgo of Bacatá, where they found an abandoned Bacatá . The zipa of Bacatá, Tisquesusa had fled the capital of his kingdom to the north (Cajicá), where he would be killed by a Spanish soldier.","title":"Conquest"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chorro_quevedo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Monserrate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monserrate"},{"link_name":"friar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friar"},{"link_name":"New Kingdom of Granada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Granada"}],"sub_title":"Foundation of Bogotá","text":"The fountain of Quevedo, one of the possible foundation sites of BogotáFollowing conquerors motto to found and to populate, De Quesada decided to build an urban settlement to live in good order and under stable government. To the east on the foothills they found an Indian village named Teusaquillo near the residence of the zipa, supplied with water, wood and planting land and protected from winds by the mountains of Monserrate and Guadalupe.Although no document recording the exact date of city foundation has been found, August 7, 1538 is accepted as the foundation date. According to tradition, that day friar Domingo de las Casas held the first sermon in a straw hut built near the current cathedral of Santander park. The Spanish colony was named New Kingdom of Granada, with as capital Santa Fe, later Santa Fe de Bogotá and later shortened to Bogotá, based on the Chibcha name for the southern Muisca capital; Bacatá.","title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bolívar Plaza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Square"}],"sub_title":"Urban design","text":"The urban design consisted of squares and from that time the one hundred meters per lienzo de cuadra prevails. Traverse streets (east–west) were 7 meters wide and current carreras 10 meters wide. In 1553, the Main Plaza—now Bolívar Plaza—was moved to its current site and the first cathedral construction on the eastern side began. On the other sides the Chapter and the Royal Hearing were located. The street joining the Major Plaza and Herbs Plaza—currently Santander park—was named «Calle Real» (Royal Street) now Carrera Seventh.","title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"mestizos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestizos"},{"link_name":"cathedral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primate_Cathedral_of_Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Population of Santa Fe","text":"Formed by whites, mestizos, indigenous Muisca, and slaves; from the second half of the 16th century the population began to grow rapidly. The census of 1789 recorded 18,161 inhabitants and by 1819 the city population amounted to 30,000 inhabitants distributed in 195 blocks. Importance grew when the diocese was created. Up to 1585 the only parish was the cathedral, later on Las Nieves to the north and Santa Bárbara south of the central square were created.","title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"}],"sub_title":"Government and administration","text":"City mayor and the Chapter formed by two council men assisted by the constable and the chief of police governed the city. For better administering these domains in April 1550 the Audience of Santafé de Bogotá was organized, for hearers to act. From that time the city became the capital and the home of New Kingdom of Granada government. Fourteen years later, in 1564, the Spanish Crown designated the first Royal Audience Chairman; Andrés Díaz Venero de Leyva. The Kingdom of New Granada became a Viceroyalty in 1739 and kept that condition until Liberator Simón Bolívar achieved independence from Spain in 1819.","title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Franciscan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan"},{"link_name":"Dominican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominican_Order"},{"link_name":"Jesuits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Capuchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"},{"link_name":"Clarisse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarisses"},{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"}],"sub_title":"Religion","text":"After dominating indigenous populations by war, conquest by religion began assisted by religious communities established in the entire Colombian territory from the 16th century, Churches and convents were built for the Franciscan, Dominican, Augustine communities and later on in 1604, Jesuits, Capuchin monks and Clarisse, Dominican and Barefooted Carmelite nuns. Such communities marked the spirit and uses of Santafereños, since they exercised ideology, political and cultural domination only slightly reduced when in 1767, Carlos III ordered Jesuit expulsion from Spanish colonies in America.","title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Educational centers","text":"As for the rest of Spanish America, religious communities were fundamental in the field of education, which by order of the Crown took place in churches and convents. The first two universities are the deed of Dominican monks (1563 and 1573). In 1592 San Bartolomé seminar school was founded to provide higher education to Spanish children; Jesuits ruled the school, and in 1605 they founded the Maximum School located in one of the Major Plaza corners.In 1580 Dominicans founded Pontificia Universidad of Santo Tomás de Aquino Arts and Philosophy school, and in 1621 Jesuits started San Francisco Javier or Javeriana University courses. In 1653 Fray Cristóbal de Torres founded Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Señora del Rosario. In 1783 the first educational community and the first school for woman education were founded in New Granada: La Enseñanza school ruled by the community of María. From that time school lessons for women started, a right up to then reserved to men.","title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Christ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christ"},{"link_name":"Virgin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus"},{"link_name":"Seville","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seville"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Fine arts","text":"During colonial centuries two trends were clear, which common source was formed by religious topics: culta, highly influenced by metropolitan 17th-century painting counted in the Santa Fe school with outstanding individuals, for instance Baltasar de Figueroa, the head of a painters dynasty, who created and maintained the school where Gregorio Vázquez de Arce y Ceballos (1638–1711), was formed, perhaps the most outstanding person of the time; and popular, formed by more ingenuous painters free from influences of the time, who did not belong to any school. They interpreted biblical scenes, the life of saints and Christ and the Virgin life episodes in carved wood or painted but in a more free style.Wood carving is highly positioned within plastic production of the time and the maximum expression is found in retable adorning most Colombian churches, for instance San Francisco church main altar retable, mostly carved by Ignacio García de Ascucha.Pedro Laboria, Spaniard formed in Seville art schools who came to Bogotá, very young and lived here the rest of his life is one of the outstanding sculptors.French influence dominating Spain during the 18th century when the Borbon dynasty took the throne, also characterized American colonies artistic trends. By mid-century painting and decoration secularized in American colonies and French style marked government, high Creole burgess-ship and higher church hierarchy taste. Religious themes gave space to personal portraits. The best known painter of the time was Joaquín Gutiérrez, Viceroys portraitist.","title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"José Celestino Mutis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Celestino_Mutis"},{"link_name":"Francisco José de Caldas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Jos%C3%A9_de_Caldas"},{"link_name":"Alexander von Humboldt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt"},{"link_name":"anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthropology"}],"sub_title":"Botanic expedition","text":"The most important contribution of the time to scientific knowledge was the botanic expedition, with the objective of studying native flora. Started by order to Archbishop-Viceroy Caballero y Góngora under the direction of José Celestino Mutis and contributions from scientists as renowned as Francisco José de Caldas, Jorge Tadeo Lozano and Francisco Antonio Zea. Originally sited in Mariquita in 1791 and subsequently transferred to Santa Fe where it worked until 1816. Painters Francisco Javier Matiz and Pablo Antonio García who cooperated with the work left a series of carefully drawn precious illustrations in witness of research conducted. Famous naturalist Alexander von Humboldt has contributed to the knowledge of botany, geography and geology of Colombia and his name is celebrated in various locations throughout the country. Furthermore, the German scientist described the anthropology of the people, especially the remaining Muisca.","title":"Spanish colonization"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americas"},{"link_name":"Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santander_Department"},{"link_name":"Antonio Nariño","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_Nari%C3%B1o"}],"sub_title":"Independence","text":"Political uneasiness felt all over Spanish colonies in America was expressed in New Granada in many different ways accelerating the independence process. One of the most transcendent was the Revolution of Comuneros, a population riot started in Villa del Socorro —current Department of Santander—in March 1781. Spanish authorities refrained the riot and José Antonio Galán, the leader was executed. He however left an imprint followed in 1794 by Antonio Nariño, precursor of independence by translating and publishing in Santafé, the Rights or Men and the Citizen, and by July 20 movement leaders in 1810. Independence outcry originated in an apparently slight dispute between Creole and Spaniards over the loan of a flowerpot but became popular upraise.The period comprised between 1810 and 1815 is known as “Patria Boba” (Silly Homeland), because during those years Creole fought among themselves seeking ideal government forms, initial ideological struggles began and the first two republican political parties—federalists and centralists—were formed.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pablo Morillo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pablo_Morillo_Toro"},{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Paula Santander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Paula_Santander"},{"link_name":"Battle of Vargas Swamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Vargas_Swamp"},{"link_name":"Battle of Boyacá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boyac%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Terror epoch and independence","text":"In 1815 Pacifying Expedition commanded by Pablo Morillo arrived in New Granada, pretending to conquer the rebel colony. Repression times started then and extending until 1819. New Granada lived the Independence War period when egregious personalities lost their life but ended by triumphal liberator campaign commanded by Simón Bolívar and Francisco de Paula Santander who fought Battle of Vargas Swamp and Battle of Boyacá (1819) to seal independence.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Simón Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar"},{"link_name":"Gran Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gran_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venezuela"},{"link_name":"Quito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quito"},{"link_name":"Santa Marta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Marta"}],"sub_title":"Gran Colombia","text":"In 1819 Simón Bolívar created Gran Colombia, a national state formed by Venezuela, Nueva Granada and Quito, dissolved later in 1830, the same year Bolívar died in Santa Marta.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Carnicero_de_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Mid-century Revolution","text":"A butcher in Bogotá, selling his meataround 1860Between 1819 and 1849 no fundamental structures inherited from the colonial phase change had been seen. It was by the mid 19th century when a series of fundamental reforms took place, some of the most important being slavery abolition and religious, teaching, print and speech industry and trade freedom, among other. During the decade of the 70s Radicalism accentuated reforms and State, society and institutions perception was substantially modified. However, during the second half of the century the country faced permanent «pronouncements», fights between States and fractions and civil wars: the last and bloodier was the One Thousand Days War from 1899 to 1902.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Great Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Colombia"},{"link_name":"National University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_University_of_Colombia"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Nineteenth-century educational system","text":"Independence achieved Bogotá continued enjoying the privilege of being the main educational and cultural center of the new nation.In 1823, a few years after Great Colombia organization, the Public Library, now National Library extended and modernized with new volumes and better facilities. The National Museum was founded. Those institutions were of great importance to new republic cultural development. From half century education secularization and expansion widened formation possibilities. The Central University was the first State school, precursor of current National University. Founded in 1867 and domiciled in Bogotá.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy"},{"link_name":"Agustín Codazzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Codazzi"}],"sub_title":"Geographic commission","text":"Between 1850 and 1859 the first effort to research different regions history, geography, cartography, economy, society and cultures in the country was made by the Geographic Commission directed by Italian Agustín Codazzi. Graphic and documentary experience achieved by the Commission was greatly transcendent and complemented Botanic Expedition work. Commission sketchers were miniaturists, portraitists and landscapers who traveled all over the country and portrayed human types, labors, working forms, technical resources, garments, uses and geographic aspects. Commission documents are kept at the General Archive of the Nation.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magdalena River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"Rufino Cuervo y Barreto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rufino_Cuervo_y_Barreto"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Mexican","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mexico"}],"sub_title":"Travelers and customs painters","text":"During the first half of the nineteenth century, the first republican travelers and other visitors fascinated by nature, people and uses left large aquarelle drawing collections witnessing works, garments, uses and costumes, transportation ways, festivities and forms of life observed around them. Around the same time, other travelers and literates illustrated the same topics under written text such as «Los bogas del río Magdalena» (Magdalena River paddlers) by Rufino Cuervo y Barreto in 1840, and many diaries and travel books.Best known travelers were Walhous Mark (1817–1895) whose excellent aquarelles constitute valuable testimony of Colombia at that time, Alfredo J. Gustin, César Sighinolfi, León Gautier, Luis Ramelli and many other. Some remained in the country and founded schools and academies of art to communicate their technical and artistic knowledge. Mexican Santiago Felipe Gutiérrez was the foreign artist of greater influence at the time. In 1881 he founded Gutiérrez Academy which became National University School of Beaux Arts.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Illustrated newspapers","text":"Alberto Urdaneta invited Spaniard Antonio Rodríguez to come to the country to manage the engraving school, which functioned from 1881 in Bogotá. Illustrated Newspaper (1881–1886) illustrators formed in that school. The newspaper was a publication founded and directed by Urdaneta. Work of Illustrated Newspaper cooperators is of great documentary value.Although Bogotá did not enjoy substantial foreign immigrants flow, according to census taken during the nineteenth century the population grew quite steadily: in 1832 the census recorded 36,465 inhabitants; in 1881, 84,723 inhabitants and by the end of the century nearly 100,000. Population growth from 1850 was partially due to Mid Century reforms, which expanded work sources. Bogotá offered work possibilities in the trade sector or different functions. Increase derived in physical city expansion towards the north creating new neighborhoods up to Chapinero village, five kilometers away from the city.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Magdalena river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_river"},{"link_name":"Caribbean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caribbean"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"}],"sub_title":"Cultural life in the city","text":"Bogotá was a city quite isolated, since communication media were scarce. Only by the end of the century did such isolation decline thanks to the railroad and to some roads linking the city and the Magdalena river and down the river up to the Caribbean coast.During the decade of the 70s, writers of varied trends grouped around Mosaico magazine, founded and directed by José María Vergara y Vergara, to make one of the first efforts to record Colombian literature history and to consolidate the cultural identity of the country.Cultural life in the city concentrated in literary gatherings, which during the nineteenth century allowed Bogotanians to share their literary and political concerns and to attend musical and drama presentations. Maldonado Theater featured theatrical and opera presentations and by the end of the nineteenth century Bogotá had two important theatres: the Theater of Cristóbal Colón, inaugurated in 1892, and the Municipal Theatre, inaugurated in 1895, which featured zarzuela (operetta) and musical shows. Also the scenario for important Colombian history events during the decades of the 30s and 40s.During the nineteenth century, despite constant riots and civil wars altering normal new republic development, Bogotá preserved traditions and uses dating back to colonial times, combined with some European influence. At meetings and gatherings certain foods and beverages became mandatory: chocolate served at night accompanied of home made cookies and candy, and “ajiaco” became the typical dish. During night reunions someone played in the piano local composers music and in larger parties people danced pasillo a form of rapid waltz so called for the short dancing steps.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ricardo Acevedo Bernal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ricardo_Acevedo_Bernal"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"}],"sub_title":"Artistic production","text":"In 1886, the National School of Fine Arts was founded and definitely drove artistic development in the city. Alberto Urdaneta was the first director. Painters Epifanio Garay and Ricardo Acevedo Bernal, School professors, were important portraitists, but the most outstanding person at that time was painter Andrés de Santamaría (1860–1945), greatly renowned painting in Colombia. He was Beaux Arts School director twice and his work, associated to impressionism, is the most important of that time. Landscaping trend most famous representatives were Roberto Páramo, Jesús María Zamora, Eugenio Peña, Luis Núñez Borda and Ricardo Gómez Campuzano, painters whose work is preserved in the permanent National Museum collection.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"José Asunción Silva","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Asunci%C3%B3n_Silva"},{"link_name":"Modernism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernism"},{"link_name":"Rafael Pombo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rafael_Pombo"},{"link_name":"American romanticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_romanticism"}],"sub_title":"Literary production","text":"Bogotá gave the Spanish-speaking world José Asunción Silva (1865–1896), Modernism pioneer. His poetic work in the novel De sobremesa position him in an outstanding American literature place. Rafael Pombo (1833–1912) was outstanding American romanticism poet who left a collection of fables essential part of children imagination and Colombian tradition.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Carare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carare_River"},{"link_name":"Magdalena Rivers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_River"},{"link_name":"Magdalena river","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magdalena_river"},{"link_name":"Zipaquirá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zipaquir%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Soacha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soacha"}],"sub_title":"Railroad","text":"The railroad to join Bogotá and the Carare and Magdalena Rivers dates back to radicalism times, but only started shaping when the first railroad section to Girardot was built, under government contract with Francisco Javier Cisneros in 1881, the first section of which joined the Magdalena port and Tocaima. In 1898 the rails reached Anapoima and in 1908 the rails linked the city and Facatativá. From that time Bogotanians were able to mobilize down to the Magdalena river using the rail road. Bogotá-Chapinero-Puente del Común section was inaugurated in 1894, Cajicá in 1896 and Zipaquirá in 1898. Including Soacha and Sibaté rails by the end of the nineteenth century, Sabana de Bogotá counted on one hundred railroad kilometers.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Cuban","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuba"}],"sub_title":"Telephone","text":"The first telephone line in Bogotá linked from September 21, 1881, the National Palace and city mail and telegraph offices, and on August 14, 1884, the municipality of Bogotá granted Cuban citizen José Raimundo Martínez the privilege to install public telephone services in the city. In December the same year the first telephone was installed in the offices of Messrs. González Benito Hermanos connecting to another telephone in Chapinero.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Plaza de Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Square"},{"link_name":"England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/England"}],"sub_title":"Tramway","text":"On December 25, 1884, the first tramway pulled by mules was inaugurated, and covered the route from Plaza de Bolívar and Chapinero, and in 1892 the line linking Plaza de Bolívar and La Sabana Station started operating. At first, the tramway ran on wooden rails, but since it easily derailed, steel rails imported from England were installed. In 1894 a tramway car ran the Bogotá–Chapinero line every twenty minutes. The tramway provided services up to 1948, and was then replaced by buses.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Regeneration","text":"President Rafael Núñez declared Federalism end, and in 1886 the country became a centralist Republic ruled by the Constitution in force – save some amendments – up to 1991. In the middle of political and administration avatars Bogotá continued as the capital and principal political center of the country.","title":"Nineteenth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Plaza de Bolívar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bol%C3%ADvar_Square"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Panama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panama"}],"text":"Early in the new century, Colombia had to face devastating consequences from the One Thousand Days War, which lasted from 1899 to 1902, and the loss of Panama. Between 1904 and 1909 liberal party legality was reestablished and President Rafael Reyes endeavored to implement a national government. Peace and State reorganization generated economic activities increase. Bogotá started deep architectural and urban transformation with significant industrial and artisan production increase. In 1910 the Industrial Exposition of the Century took place at Park of Independence. Stands built evidenced industrial, artisan work, beaux arts electricity and machinery progress achieved. The period from 1910 to 1930 is designated conservative hegemony. Between 1924 and 1928 hard union struggle began with oil fields and banana zone workers strikes, leaving numerous people killed.Bogotá had practically no industry. Production was basically artisan work grouped in specific places same as commercial sectors. Plaza de Bolívar and surroundings lodged hat stores, at Calle del Comercio –current Carrera Seventh– and Calle Florián –now Carrera Eight– luxurious stores selling imported products opened their doors; at Pasaje Hernández tailor's shops provided their services, and between 1870 and 1883 four main banks opened their doors: Bogotá, Colombia, Popular and Mortgage Credit banks.Bavaria brewery, established in 1889, was one of the major industries. In 1923 the United States paid the Colombian government the first installment associated to agreed 25 million indemnification for their intervention in Panama separation, bringing bonanza reflected by exports increase, higher foreign investment and development infrastructure; roads were built, industry increased, public expense grew and urban economy expanded.","title":"Twentieth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bogotazo.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bogotazo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogotazo"},{"link_name":"La Violencia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Violencia"},{"link_name":"conservative party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Conservative_Party"},{"link_name":"Enrique Olaya Herrera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrique_Olaya_Herrera"},{"link_name":"liberal party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombian_Liberal_Party"},{"link_name":"Jorge Eliécer Gaitán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorge_Eli%C3%A9cer_Gait%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"The liberal republic","text":"BogotazoSee also: Bogotazo and La ViolenciaFollowing banana zone killing and conservative party division, Enrique Olaya Herrera took office in 1930. The liberal party reformed, during 16 years of the so-called Liberal Republic, agricultural, social, political, labor, educational, economic and administrative sectors. Unionism strengthened and education coverage expanded. In 1938 the fourth centenary of Bogotá foundation which population had reached 333,312 inhabitants was celebrated.The celebration produced a large number of infrastructure works, new construction and work sources. Following 1946 liberal party division, a conservative candidate took presidential office again in 1948, after liberal leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán killing, Bogotá downtown was practically destroyed and violence increased. From that date, basically city, urban, architectural and population sectors substantially changed.","title":"Twentieth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Colombia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colombia"},{"link_name":"El Dorado airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Dorado_International_Airport"}],"sub_title":"City life in the 20th century","text":"During those years Bogotá cultural life transformation accelerated, partially thanks to new communication media. Newspapers, domestic and foreign magazines, cinema, radio telegraph and telephone communications multiplied and aerial transportation linked Bogotá to the rest of the world. Waves of peasants and farmers fleeing violence and those coming to Bogotá in search for work and better opportunities tripled the population, which went from 700,000 in 1951 to 1,600,000 in 1964 and 2,500,000 inhabitants in 1973.The city modernized, expanded work fields and industry, finances, construction economic offer and education. During General Rojas Pinilla (1953 to 1957) dictatorship, television arrived in Colombia and works such as El Dorado airport replacing ancient Techo airport were completed dynamizing along the Avenue joining the airport to the city, urban development and a large variety of western neighborhoods development. North Highway in turn expanded development to the north. Official Administrative Center project began and was subsequently completed to form the National Administrative Center.- CAN.","title":"Twentieth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BOG187.JPG"},{"link_name":"Usme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usme"},{"link_name":"Bosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosa_(Bogot%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"Fontibón","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fontib%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"Engativá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engativ%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Suba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suba_(Bogot%C3%A1)"},{"link_name":"Usaquén","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Usaqu%C3%A9n"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Bogotá, Special District and Capital District","text":"BogotáIn 1954 municipalities of Usme, Bosa, Fontibón, Engativá, Suba and Usaquén were annexed by Bogotá and the Special District of Bogotá was created projected towards future growth, and the new city administration was organized. In 1991, under a new Constitution, Bogotá became Capital District. According to a census held in 1985, the population of the capital had increased to 4,100,000 and by 1993 population reached nearly 6,000.000.","title":"Twentieth century"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:V._DESDE_COLPATRIA.JPG"},{"link_name":"Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogot%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Andean Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Comunidad_Andina_de_Naciones&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"European","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe"},{"link_name":"Asian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asia"},{"link_name":"Sabana of Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabana_of_Bogot%C3%A1"}],"sub_title":"Economic transformation","text":"International center of BogotáCity economy has greatly developed and diversified. Industrial production became substantial, requiring specialized industrial areas development. Artisan production became one of the most appreciated ornamental and utilitarian expression and a source of income to family business. Commercial activities increasingly grow and business, financial and banking centers position Bogotá as the economic axle of the country and a privileged Andean Zone, the United States and several European and Asian countries trade market place. The Sabana of Bogotá has become a flower production center exported to many countries, generating foreign currency and a work source absorbing a high number of labor. Informal economy and micro-enterprises cover a large sector of the population developing different activities.","title":"Twentieth century"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Cultural life","text":"From 1950 profound architectural, sculpture, painting, music, literature and education development began. Universities currently offer different artistic career studies and specialization. Faculties of Philosophy, Literature, History, Humanities and Social Sciences are forming professors, researchers, scientists, writers, musicians and cineastes of international renown at pre-graduation, master and doctorate levels.","title":"Twentieth century"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Bogotá is a modern metropolis with nearly seven million inhabitants, covering approximately 330 square kilometres (130 sq mi). Thanks to technical advances inherent to large cities and substantial transformation in recent years, Bogotá offers a rich and varied cultural life including modern services as well as traditional neighborhoods.","title":"Twenty-first century"}]
[{"image_text":"Tramway in Bogotá, 1884","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tranvia_en_Bogota_1884.jpg/300px-Tranvia_en_Bogota_1884.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bogotá in 1887","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/300px-Bogot%C3%A1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Model of ancient Muisca houses in the Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso. These types of housing were present in what is now Bogotá.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/ParqueArqueol%C3%B3gicoSogamoso.JPG/250px-ParqueArqueol%C3%B3gicoSogamoso.JPG"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png/160px-Altiplano_Cundiboyacense_%28subdivisions%29.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png/145px-Confederaci%C3%B3nMuisca.png"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/100px-Muisca_raft_-_detail_-_Museo_del_Oro%2C_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Templo_del_sol.jpg/100px-Templo_del_sol.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg/80px-Ch%C3%ADa_Bogot%C3%A1_May_2016.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Corncobs.jpg/110px-Corncobs.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Guatavita_desde_el_cielo.jpg/100px-Guatavita_desde_el_cielo.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg/100px-Salt_-_Nemoc%C3%B3n_3.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/DiosaAguaBachue.jpg/100px-DiosaAguaBachue.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Conquest_of_Colombia.png/120px-Conquest_of_Colombia.png"},{"image_text":"Primary Cathedral, Bogotá","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/CatedralPrimadaBogota2004-7.jpg/250px-CatedralPrimadaBogota2004-7.jpg"},{"image_text":"The fountain of Quevedo, one of the possible foundation sites of Bogotá","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Chorro_quevedo.jpg/250px-Chorro_quevedo.jpg"},{"image_text":"A butcher in Bogotá, selling his meataround 1860","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Carnicero_de_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg/300px-Carnicero_de_Bogot%C3%A1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bogotazo","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Bogotazo.jpg/220px-Bogotazo.jpg"},{"image_text":"Bogotá","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/BOG187.JPG/220px-BOG187.JPG"},{"image_text":"International center of Bogotá","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/V._DESDE_COLPATRIA.JPG/220px-V._DESDE_COLPATRIA.JPG"}]
[{"title":"Timeline of Bogotá","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_Bogot%C3%A1"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djebok_ambush
Djebok ambush
["1 Prelude","2 Ambush","3 Aftermath","4 References"]
Djebok ambushPart of Mali WarDateJuly 10, 2017LocationDjebok, MaliResult Franco-Malian victoryBelligerents Mali France Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal MusliminCasualties and losses None 10-12 killed1 POW2 pick-ups destroyed vteMali War Timeline ICC investigation Tuareg rebellion (2012): 1st Ménaka 1st Aguelhok Tin-Hama In Emsal 1st Andéramboukane 1st Tessalit 1st Niafunké Tinzaouaten Tinsalane 1st Goumakoura 1st Tessit Sudere 1st Kidal 2012 coup 2012 counter-coup attempt Djicoroni Internal conflict in Azawad: 1st Timbuktu 1st Gao 1st In-Delimane Tagarangabotte 2nd Ménaka Khalil In Arab Foreign intervention: Operation Serval AFISMA Chadian military intervention EUTM MINUSMA Konna 2nd Gao Diabaly 3rd Gao 4th Gao Ifoghas Panther 5th Gao In Khalil Timetrine 1st Kidal attack Imenas Tin Keraten Tigharghâr 1st Djebok 2nd Timbuktu 6th Gao 3rd Timbuktu 2nd Kidal attack 1st Ber Hamakouladji 1st Anéfis 2nd Anéfis Fooïta Douaya 2nd Tessalit Amazragane 1st Araouane 3rd Kidal attack 2014 Kondaoui Tamkoutat 1st Ametettai Dayet Inabohane and Ebahlal 2nd Kidal 2nd Aguelhok 3rd Anéfis 1st Tabankort 2nd Indelimane 2nd Ametettai N'Tillit 2nd Tabankort 2015 1st Nampala Ténenkou 3rd Tabankort Tabrichat Bamako restaurant 4th Kidal attack 1st Léré Tin Telout Nara Takoumbaout Sama Forest 1st Gourma-Rharous Sévaré hotel 4th Anéfis Tiébanda Bamako hotel 5th Kidal attack 1st Talahandak 2016 Wanna 3rd Aguelhok Sévaré 2nd Nampala 3rd Kidal Touzik Adjlal 2nd Goumakoura Kazay-Kazay 2017 6th Gao 1st Boulikessi 2nd Gourma-Rharous Foulsaré Forest 1st Dogofry 1st Serma Forest Bintagoungou Kangaba Inkadogotane 2nd Djebok Takellote 4th Timbuktu Tin Biden 3rd Indelimane 2018 4th In-Delimane Youwarou Soumpi Inaghalawass 2nd Araouane Akabar 5th Timbuktu Aklaz and Awkassa 1st Talataye Tabarde 1st Boni Inabelbel Soumouni 2nd Dogofry Ndaki 2nd Ber Farimake Tinabaw and Tabangout-Tissalatatene Abanguilou 2019 Koulogon 2nd Serma Forest Taghatert and West Inekar 4th Aguelhok Elakla Dialloubé Diankabou 1st Dioura Ogossagou Tiésaba-Bourgou Guiré Sobane Da Gangafani and Yoro Fafa 2nd Boulikessi 5th In-Delimane 4th Tabankort 3rd Ménaka Wagadou Forest 2020 Dioungani Sokolo 1st Tarkint 1st Bamba 2nd Talahandak Bouka Weré Bankass Coup 1st Farabougou Sokoura 3rd Boulikessi Tadamakat Niaki 2021 Wedding airstrike Boulikessi and Mondoro 2nd Boni 2nd Tessit 5th Aguelhok Coup 2nd Tarkint Karou and Ouatagouna Dangarous Forest Nokara Bodio Mopti 2022 Archam Danguèrè Wotoro Mondoro Ménaka 2nd Andéramboukane 3rd Tessit 2nd Talataye Tadjalalt and Haroum Moura Hombori Mopti Region Diallassagou Bandiagara 2023 Markacoungo Diafarabé and Koumara 5th Timbuktu 3rd Ber Tombouctou and Bamba Bourem 2nd Léré 2nd Dioura 2nd Bamba Kidal Region 4th Kidal 2nd Niafunké Labbezanga 2nd Farabougou On July 10, 2017, French and Malian forces ambushed jihadists from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin near Djebok, Mali. Prelude Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin formed in early 2017 as a coalition of five jihadist groups that rebelled against the Malian government in 2012. During the French intervention in Mali, Franco-Malian forces conducted searches across the country routinely to spot jihadists. Ambush A vehicle carrying armed men was spotted by two French helicopters during a reconnaissance mission near Djebok on July 10. The jihadists opened fire on the aircraft, so the French forces shot back. Four groups of Malian commandos were deployed to the area, with the French and Malian armies countering the jihadists. Aftermath The French army stated that two heavily armed pick-ups were destroyed in the fighting, and that several jihadists were neutralized. In a follow-up press release, the Malian army stated on July 13 that a dozen jihadists were killed in the ambush in Djebok, along with one jihadist killed in a separate incident in Talataye. References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2023-12-13.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ "The Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wa al-Muslimeen, JNIM) - Mapping armed groups in Mali and the Sahel". ecfr.eu. Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-12-13. ^ "How France Failed Mali: the End of Operation Barkhane". Harvard International Review. 2023-01-30. Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved 2023-12-13. ^ a b c d "Mali: des soldats français et maliens neutralisent une douzaine de terroristes". RFI (in French). 2017-07-13. Archived from the original on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2023-12-13. ^ a b c "Mali : 3 soldats tués et 5 disparus dans l'attaque du 9 juillet – Jeune Afrique". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2023-12-13.
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Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Timbuktu_attack"},{"link_name":"Tin Biden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Tin_Biden"},{"link_name":"3rd Indelimane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2017_Indelimane_ambush"},{"link_name":"4th In-Delimane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_In-Delimane"},{"link_name":"Youwarou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Youwarou_attack"},{"link_name":"Soumpi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumpi_attack"},{"link_name":"Inaghalawass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inaghalawass_skirmish"},{"link_name":"2nd Araouane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Araouane_clashes"},{"link_name":"Akabar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Akabar"},{"link_name":"5th Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Timbuktu_attack"},{"link_name":"Aklaz and Awkassa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklaz_and_Awkassa_massacres"},{"link_name":"1st Talataye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Talataye_attack"},{"link_name":"Tabarde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabarde"},{"link_name":"1st Boni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Boni_attack"},{"link_name":"Inabelbel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inabelbel_clashes"},{"link_name":"Soumouni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soumouni_skirmish"},{"link_name":"2nd Dogofry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2018_Dogofry_ambush"},{"link_name":"Ndaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ndaki"},{"link_name":"2nd Ber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ber_(2018)"},{"link_name":"Farimake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Farimake"},{"link_name":"Tinabaw and Tabangout-Tissalatatene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinabaw_and_Tabangout-Tissalatatene_massacres"},{"link_name":"Abanguilou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Abanguilou"},{"link_name":"Koulogon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koulogon_massacre"},{"link_name":"2nd Serma Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Serma_Forest_(2019)"},{"link_name":"Taghatert and West Inekar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taghatert_and_West_Inekar_massacres"},{"link_name":"4th Aguelhok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Aguelhok_attack"},{"link_name":"Elakla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Elakla"},{"link_name":"Dialloubé","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Dialloub%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Diankabou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diankabou_attack"},{"link_name":"1st Dioura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Dioura_(2019)"},{"link_name":"Ogossagou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogossagou_massacre"},{"link_name":"Tiésaba-Bourgou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Ti%C3%A9saba-Bourgou"},{"link_name":"Guiré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guir%C3%A9_attack"},{"link_name":"Sobane Da","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobane_Da_massacre"},{"link_name":"Gangafani and Yoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gangafani_and_Yoro_massacres"},{"link_name":"Fafa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fafa_skirmish"},{"link_name":"2nd Boulikessi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boulikessi_(2019)"},{"link_name":"5th In-Delimane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Indelimane_attack"},{"link_name":"4th Tabankort","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tabankort_(2019)"},{"link_name":"3rd Ménaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_M%C3%A9naka_mid-air_collision"},{"link_name":"Wagadou Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Wagadou_Forest_(2019)"},{"link_name":"Dioungani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dioungani_ambush"},{"link_name":"Sokolo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokolo_attack"},{"link_name":"1st Tarkint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Tarkint_attack"},{"link_name":"1st Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bamba"},{"link_name":"2nd Talahandak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talahandak"},{"link_name":"Bouka Weré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouka_Wer%C3%A9_ambush"},{"link_name":"Bankass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Bankass_massacres"},{"link_name":"Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2020_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"1st Farabougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Farabougou"},{"link_name":"Sokoura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sokoura_attack"},{"link_name":"3rd Boulikessi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Boulikessi_(2020)"},{"link_name":"Tadamakat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tadamakat_(2020)"},{"link_name":"Niaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Niaki"},{"link_name":"Wedding airstrike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali_wedding_airstrike"},{"link_name":"Boulikessi and Mondoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boulikessi_and_Mondoro_attacks_(2021)"},{"link_name":"2nd Boni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Boni_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Tessit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Tessit_(2021)"},{"link_name":"5th Aguelhok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Aguelhok_attack"},{"link_name":"Coup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2021_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat"},{"link_name":"2nd Tarkint","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarkint_attack_(2021)"},{"link_name":"Karou and Ouatagouna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karou_and_Ouatagouna_massacres"},{"link_name":"Dangarous Forest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Killing_of_Adnan_Abu_Walid_al-Sahrawi"},{"link_name":"Nokara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokara_ambush"},{"link_name":"Bodio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bodio_ambush"},{"link_name":"Mopti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mopti_bus_massacre"},{"link_name":"Archam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archam_clashes"},{"link_name":"Danguèrè Wotoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dangu%C3%A8r%C3%A8_Wotoro_massacre"},{"link_name":"Mondoro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Mondoro_attack"},{"link_name":"Ménaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9naka_offensive"},{"link_name":"2nd Andéramboukane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_And%C3%A9ramboukane_(2022)"},{"link_name":"3rd Tessit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Tessit_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Talataye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Talataye_(2022)"},{"link_name":"Tadjalalt and Haroum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/December_2022_Islamic_State-Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin_clashes"},{"link_name":"Moura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Moura"},{"link_name":"Hombori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hombori_massacre"},{"link_name":"Mopti Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_2022_Mopti_region_attacks"},{"link_name":"Diallassagou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bankass_massacres"},{"link_name":"Bandiagara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2022_Bandiagara_highway_bombing"},{"link_name":"Markacoungo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Markacoungo_attack"},{"link_name":"Diafarabé and Koumara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diafarab%C3%A9_and_Koumara_attacks"},{"link_name":"5th Timbuktu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Timbuktu"},{"link_name":"3rd Ber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ber_(2023)"},{"link_name":"Tombouctou and Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombouctou_and_Bamba_attacks"},{"link_name":"Bourem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Bourem"},{"link_name":"2nd Léré","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%A9r%C3%A9_(2023)"},{"link_name":"2nd Dioura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_on_Dioura_(2023)"},{"link_name":"2nd Bamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Bamba_attack"},{"link_name":"Kidal Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kidal_offensive"},{"link_name":"4th Kidal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kidal_(2023)"},{"link_name":"2nd Niafunké","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niafunk%C3%A9_attack"},{"link_name":"Labbezanga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labbezanga_attack"},{"link_name":"2nd Farabougou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Farabougou_attack"},{"link_name":"Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin"}],"text":"vteMali War\nTimeline\nICC investigation\nTuareg rebellion (2012):\n\n1st Ménaka\n1st Aguelhok\nTin-Hama\nIn Emsal\n1st Andéramboukane\n1st Tessalit\n1st Niafunké\nTinzaouaten\nTinsalane\n1st Goumakoura\n1st Tessit\nSudere\n1st Kidal\n2012 coup\n\n2012 counter-coup attempt\nDjicoroni\nInternal conflict in Azawad:\n\n1st Timbuktu\n1st Gao\n1st In-Delimane\nTagarangabotte\n2nd Ménaka\nKhalil\nIn Arab\nForeign intervention:\n\nOperation Serval\nAFISMA\nChadian military intervention\nEUTM\nMINUSMA\nKonna\n2nd Gao\nDiabaly\n3rd Gao\n4th Gao\nIfoghas\nPanther\n5th Gao\nIn Khalil\nTimetrine\n1st Kidal attack\nImenas\nTin Keraten\nTigharghâr\n1st Djebok\n2nd Timbuktu\n6th Gao\n3rd Timbuktu\n2nd Kidal attack\n1st Ber\nHamakouladji\n1st Anéfis\n2nd Anéfis\nFooïta\nDouaya\n2nd Tessalit\nAmazragane\n1st Araouane\n3rd Kidal attack\n2014\n\nKondaoui\nTamkoutat\n1st Ametettai\nDayet\nInabohane and Ebahlal\n2nd Kidal\n2nd Aguelhok\n3rd Anéfis\n1st Tabankort\n2nd Indelimane\n2nd Ametettai\nN'Tillit\n2nd Tabankort\n2015\n\n1st Nampala\nTénenkou\n3rd Tabankort\nTabrichat\nBamako restaurant\n4th Kidal attack\n1st Léré\nTin Telout\nNara\nTakoumbaout\nSama Forest\n1st Gourma-Rharous\nSévaré hotel\n4th Anéfis\nTiébanda\nBamako hotel\n5th Kidal attack\n1st Talahandak\n2016\n\nWanna\n3rd Aguelhok\nSévaré\n2nd Nampala\n3rd Kidal\nTouzik\nAdjlal\n2nd Goumakoura\nKazay-Kazay\n2017\n\n6th Gao\n1st Boulikessi\n2nd Gourma-Rharous\nFoulsaré Forest\n1st Dogofry\n1st Serma Forest\nBintagoungou\nKangaba\nInkadogotane\n2nd Djebok\nTakellote\n4th Timbuktu\nTin Biden\n3rd Indelimane\n2018\n\n4th In-Delimane\nYouwarou\nSoumpi\nInaghalawass\n2nd Araouane\nAkabar\n5th Timbuktu\nAklaz and Awkassa\n1st Talataye\nTabarde\n1st Boni\nInabelbel\nSoumouni\n2nd Dogofry\nNdaki\n2nd Ber\nFarimake\nTinabaw and Tabangout-Tissalatatene\nAbanguilou\n2019\n\nKoulogon\n2nd Serma Forest\nTaghatert and West Inekar\n4th Aguelhok\nElakla\nDialloubé\nDiankabou\n1st Dioura\nOgossagou\nTiésaba-Bourgou\nGuiré\nSobane Da\nGangafani and Yoro\nFafa\n2nd Boulikessi\n5th In-Delimane\n4th Tabankort\n3rd Ménaka\nWagadou Forest\n2020\n\nDioungani\nSokolo\n1st Tarkint\n1st Bamba\n2nd Talahandak\nBouka Weré\nBankass\nCoup\n1st Farabougou\nSokoura\n3rd Boulikessi\nTadamakat\nNiaki\n2021\n\nWedding airstrike\nBoulikessi and Mondoro\n2nd Boni\n2nd Tessit\n5th Aguelhok\nCoup\n2nd Tarkint\nKarou and Ouatagouna\nDangarous Forest\nNokara\nBodio\nMopti\n2022\n\nArcham\nDanguèrè Wotoro\nMondoro\nMénaka\n2nd Andéramboukane\n3rd Tessit\n2nd Talataye\nTadjalalt and Haroum\nMoura\nHombori\nMopti Region\nDiallassagou\nBandiagara\n2023\n\nMarkacoungo\nDiafarabé and Koumara\n5th Timbuktu\n3rd Ber\nTombouctou and Bamba\nBourem\n2nd Léré\n2nd Dioura\n2nd Bamba\nKidal Region\n4th Kidal\n2nd Niafunké\nLabbezanga\n2nd FarabougouOn July 10, 2017, French and Malian forces ambushed jihadists from Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin near Djebok, Mali.","title":"Djebok ambush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin formed in early 2017 as a coalition of five jihadist groups that rebelled against the Malian government in 2012.[2] During the French intervention in Mali, Franco-Malian forces conducted searches across the country routinely to spot jihadists.[3]","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"}],"text":"A vehicle carrying armed men was spotted by two French helicopters during a reconnaissance mission near Djebok on July 10.[4] The jihadists opened fire on the aircraft, so the French forces shot back.[5] Four groups of Malian commandos were deployed to the area, with the French and Malian armies countering the jihadists.[5][4]","title":"Ambush"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"Talataye","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talataye"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"The French army stated that two heavily armed pick-ups were destroyed in the fighting, and that several jihadists were neutralized.[4] In a follow-up press release, the Malian army stated on July 13 that a dozen jihadists were killed in the ambush in Djebok, along with one jihadist killed in a separate incident in Talataye.[4][5]","title":"Aftermath"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"\"Archived copy\". Archived from the original on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jeuneafrique.com/457480/politique/mali-3-soldats-tues-5-disparus-lattaque-9-juillet/","url_text":"\"Archived copy\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715200017/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/457480/politique/mali-3-soldats-tues-5-disparus-lattaque-9-juillet/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"The Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wa al-Muslimeen, JNIM) - Mapping armed groups in Mali and the Sahel\". ecfr.eu. Archived from the original on 2023-10-31. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://ecfr.eu/special/sahel_mapping/jnim","url_text":"\"The Group for the Support of Islam and Muslims (Jama'at Nusrat al-Islam wa al-Muslimeen, JNIM) - Mapping armed groups in Mali and the Sahel\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231031094852/https://ecfr.eu/special/sahel_mapping/jnim","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"How France Failed Mali: the End of Operation Barkhane\". Harvard International Review. 2023-01-30. Archived from the original on 2023-11-18. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://hir.harvard.edu/how-france-failed-mali-the-end-of-operation-barkhane/","url_text":"\"How France Failed Mali: the End of Operation Barkhane\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20231118073004/https://hir.harvard.edu/how-france-failed-mali-the-end-of-operation-barkhane/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mali: des soldats français et maliens neutralisent une douzaine de terroristes\". RFI (in French). 2017-07-13. Archived from the original on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170713-mali-soldats-francais-maliens-neutralisent-une-douzaine-terroristes","url_text":"\"Mali: des soldats français et maliens neutralisent une douzaine de terroristes\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715203033/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170713-mali-soldats-francais-maliens-neutralisent-une-douzaine-terroristes","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Mali : 3 soldats tués et 5 disparus dans l'attaque du 9 juillet – Jeune Afrique\". JeuneAfrique.com (in French). Archived from the original on 2023-07-15. Retrieved 2023-12-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jeuneafrique.com/457480/politique/mali-3-soldats-tues-5-disparus-lattaque-9-juillet/","url_text":"\"Mali : 3 soldats tués et 5 disparus dans l'attaque du 9 juillet – Jeune Afrique\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230715200017/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/457480/politique/mali-3-soldats-tues-5-disparus-lattaque-9-juillet/","url_text":"Archived"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_LSU_Tigers_football_team
1934 LSU Tigers football team
["1 Schedule","2 Huey Long incident","3 References","4 Bibliography"]
American college football season 1934 LSU Tigers footballConferenceSoutheastern ConferenceRecord7–2–2 (4–2 SEC)Head coachBiff Jones (3rd season)Offensive schemeSingle-wingHome stadiumTiger StadiumSeasons← 19331935 → 1934 Southeastern Conference football standings vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T No. 11 Tulane + 8 – 0 – 0 10 – 1 – 0 No. 6 Alabama + 7 – 0 – 0 10 – 0 – 0 Tennessee 5 – 1 – 0 8 – 2 – 0 LSU 4 – 2 – 0 7 – 2 – 2 Georgia 3 – 2 – 0 7 – 3 – 0 Vanderbilt 4 – 3 – 0 6 – 3 – 0 Florida 2 – 2 – 1 6 – 3 – 1 Ole Miss 2 – 3 – 1 4 – 5 – 1 Kentucky 1 – 3 – 0 5 – 5 – 0 Auburn 1 – 6 – 0 2 – 8 – 0 Sewanee 0 – 4 – 0 2 – 7 – 0 Mississippi State 0 – 5 – 0 4 – 6 – 0 Georgia Tech 0 – 6 – 0 1 – 9 – 0 + – Conference co-championsRankings from Dickinson System The 1934 LSU Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Louisiana State University (LSU) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1934 college football season. In their third year under head coach Biff Jones, the Tigers complied an overall record of 7–2–2, with a conference record of 4–2, and finished fourth in the SEC. Schedule DateOpponentSiteResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 29at Rice*Rice FieldHouston, TXT 9–9 October 6SMU*Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LAT 14–14 October 13AuburnTiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LA (rivalry)W 20–6 October 20vs. Arkansas*State Fair StadiumShreveport, LA (rivalry)W 16–012,000 October 27at VanderbiltDudley FieldNashville, TNW 29–020,000 November 3Mississippi StateTiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LA (rivalry)W 25–3 November 10at George Washington*Griffith StadiumWashington, DCW 6–020,000 November 17at Ole MissMunicipal StadiumJackson, MS (rivalry)W 14–010,000 December 1TulaneTiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LA (Battle for the Rag)L 12–1330,000 December 8at TennesseeShields–Watkins FieldKnoxville, TNL 13–1918,000 December 15Oregon*Tiger StadiumBaton Rouge, LAW 14–1310,000 *Non-conference gameHomecoming Huey Long incident Throughout Lawrence "Biff" Jones' head coaching career at LSU, U.S. Senator Huey P. Long had reportedly interfered with his decision-making and recruiting. At halftime of LSU's 1934 final home game against Oregon, with the Tigers trailing 13–0, Long approached the team's locker room and demanded to speak with the team. Tired of Long's meddling with the team, Jones informed the Senator that he would quit after the game, "win, lose, or draw." The Tigers would come back and defeat the Ducks 14–13, and Jones would make good on his promise, leaving the program to coach the Oklahoma Sooners and later the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Bernie Moore, LSU's track and field coach, would take over the head football coach position. Moore had coached LSU to the NCAA track and field championship in 1933. Both Jones and Moore would wind up being elected to the College Football Hall of Fame. References ^ "1934 LSU Fighting Tigers Schedule and Results". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 26, 2023. ^ "Rice Owls battle powerful Louisiana eleven to 9–9 tie". Sunday American-Statesman. September 30, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "L.S.U. matches S.M.U. aerial brilliance to gain tie in last moment, 14–14". Longview News-Journal. October 7, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Louisiana State defeats Auburn Tigers by score of 20 to 6". The Selma Times-Journal. October 14, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Abe Mickal punts and passes L.S.U. Tigers to thrilling victory over Arkansas Razorbacks". The Shreveport Times. October 14, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Louisiana State romps over Vandy 29 to 0". Kingsport Times. October 28, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Long watches L.S.U. wallop Maroon squad". The Nashville Tennessean. November 4, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "L.S.U. noses out Colonials in close battle". Monroe Morning World. November 11, 1934. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "10,000 fans see L.S.U. in victory". Daily Clarion-Ledger. November 18, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Tulane topples L.S.U. by one-point margin, 13–12". The Charlotte Observer. December 2, 1934. Retrieved April 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Vols score in last 2 minutes to beat L.S.U." Monroe Morning World. December 9, 1934. Retrieved August 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Oregon loses to Louisiana in close game". The San Bernardino Daily Sun. December 16, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "2013 LSU Football Media Guide". p. 152. Retrieved July 17, 2014. ^ "Jack Gremillion, Alumnus, on Huey Long and Coach Biff Jones butting heads". ^ Vincent 2008, p. 48. ^ "Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame Inductees - Lawrence "Biff" Jones". ^ "Meet the 1933 National Champion Track & Field Team". June 5, 2008. ^ "Lawrence (Biff) Jones, 84 Football Star, Coach Dies". The Washington Post. ^ "Bernie Moore Dies but Imprint on SEC Remains". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. November 7, 1967. Retrieved March 5, 2016. Bibliography Vincent, Herb (2008). LSU Football Vault: The History of the Fighting Tigers. Whitman Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0794824280. vteLSU Tigers footballVenues State Field (1893–1924) Tiger Stadium (1924–present) Charles McClendon Practice Facility LSU Football Operations Center LSU Indoor Practice Facility Martin J. Broussard Center for Athletic Training LSU Academic Center for Student-Athletes Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Arkansas Auburn Florida Mississippi State Ole Miss: Magnolia Bowl Texas A&M Tulane: Battle for the Rag Culture & lore History Mike the Tiger LSU Tiger Marching Band Songs of LSU Golden Girls and Colorguard LSU Cheerleaders Jersey No. 18 Chinese Bandits Cannon's Halloween run Earthquake Game Bluegrass Miracle 2011 "Game of the Century" Highest scoring Division I game 2019 "Game of the Century" Bengal Punch People Head coaches All-Americans LSU Hall of Fame inductees College Football Hall of Fame inductees NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold This college football 1934 season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article related to sports in Baton Rouge, Louisiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"American football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"Louisiana State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louisiana_State_University"},{"link_name":"Southeastern Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeastern_Conference"},{"link_name":"1934 college football season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1934_college_football_season"},{"link_name":"Biff Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biff_Jones"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"The 1934 LSU Tigers football team was an American football team that represented Louisiana State University (LSU) as a member of the Southeastern Conference (SEC) during the 1934 college football season. In their third year under head coach Biff Jones, the Tigers complied an overall record of 7–2–2, with a conference record of 4–2, and finished fourth in the SEC.[1]","title":"1934 LSU Tigers football team"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"[13]","title":"Schedule"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"U.S. Senator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"Huey P. Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huey_P._Long"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVincent200848-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"the Oklahoma Sooners","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oklahoma_Sooners_football"},{"link_name":"the Nebraska Cornhuskers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nebraska_Cornhuskers_football"},{"link_name":"track and field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Tigers_track_and_field"},{"link_name":"NCAA track and field championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Men%27s_Outdoor_Track_and_Field_Championships"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"text":"Throughout Lawrence \"Biff\" Jones' head coaching career at LSU, U.S. Senator Huey P. Long had reportedly interfered with his decision-making and recruiting.[14] At halftime of LSU's 1934 final home game against Oregon, with the Tigers trailing 13–0, Long approached the team's locker room and demanded to speak with the team.[15] Tired of Long's meddling with the team, Jones informed the Senator that he would quit after the game, \"win, lose, or draw.\"[16] The Tigers would come back and defeat the Ducks 14–13, and Jones would make good on his promise, leaving the program to coach the Oklahoma Sooners and later the Nebraska Cornhuskers. Bernie Moore, LSU's track and field coach, would take over the head football coach position. Moore had coached LSU to the NCAA track and field championship in 1933.[17] Both Jones and Moore would wind up being elected to the College Football Hall of Fame.[18][19]","title":"Huey Long incident"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0794824280","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0794824280"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:LSU_Tigers_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:LSU_Tigers_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:LSU_Tigers_football_navbox"},{"link_name":"LSU Tigers football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Tigers_football"},{"link_name":"State Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Field"},{"link_name":"Tiger Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Stadium_(Louisiana)"},{"link_name":"Charles McClendon Practice Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_McClendon_Practice_Facility"},{"link_name":"LSU Football Operations Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Football_Operations_Center"},{"link_name":"LSU Indoor Practice Facility","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LSU_Indoor_Practice_Facility"},{"link_name":"Martin J. 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football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Season_(sports)"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_LSU_Tigers_football_team&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Collegefootball-1934-season-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Collegefootball-1934-season-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Collegefootball-1934-season-stub"},{"link_name":"stub","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Stub"},{"link_name":"expanding it","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1934_LSU_Tigers_football_team&action=edit"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:BatonRougeLA-sport-stub"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:BatonRougeLA-sport-stub"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BatonRougeLA-sport-stub"}],"text":"Vincent, Herb (2008). LSU Football Vault: The History of the Fighting Tigers. Whitman Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0794824280.vteLSU Tigers footballVenues\nState Field (1893–1924)\nTiger Stadium (1924–present)\nCharles McClendon Practice Facility\nLSU Football Operations Center\nLSU Indoor Practice Facility\nMartin J. Broussard Center for Athletic Training\nLSU Academic Center for Student-Athletes\nBowls & rivalries\nBowl games\nAlabama\nArkansas\nAuburn\nFlorida\nMississippi State\nOle Miss: Magnolia Bowl\nTexas A&M\nTulane: Battle for the Rag\nCulture & lore\nHistory\nMike the Tiger\nLSU Tiger Marching Band\nSongs of LSU\nGolden Girls and Colorguard\nLSU Cheerleaders\nJersey No. 18\nChinese Bandits\nCannon's Halloween run\nEarthquake Game\nBluegrass Miracle\n2011 \"Game of the Century\"\nHighest scoring Division I game\n2019 \"Game of the Century\"\nBengal Punch\nPeople\nHead coaches\nAll-Americans\nLSU Hall of Fame inductees\nCollege Football Hall of Fame inductees\nNFL draftees\nStatistical leaders\nSeasons\n1893\n1894\n1895\n1896\n1897\n1898\n1899\n1900\n1901\n1902\n1903\n1904\n1905\n1906\n1907\n1908\n1909\n1910\n1911\n1912\n1913\n1914\n1915\n1916\n1917\n1918\n1919\n1920\n1921\n1922\n1923\n1924\n1925\n1926\n1927\n1928\n1929\n1930\n1931\n1932\n1933\n1934\n1935\n1936\n1937\n1938\n1939\n1940\n1941\n1942\n1943\n1944\n1945\n1946\n1947\n1948\n1949\n1950\n1951\n1952\n1953\n1954\n1955\n1956\n1957\n1958\n1959\n1960\n1961\n1962\n1963\n1964\n1965\n1966\n1967\n1968\n1969\n1970\n1971\n1972\n1973\n1974\n1975\n1976\n1977\n1978\n1979\n1980\n1981\n1982\n1983\n1984\n1985\n1986\n1987\n1988\n1989\n1990\n1991\n1992\n1993\n1994\n1995\n1996\n1997\n1998\n1999\n2000\n2001\n2002\n2003\n2004\n2005\n2006\n2007\n2008\n2009\n2010\n2011\n2012\n2013\n2014\n2015\n2016\n2017\n2018\n2019\n2020\n2021\n2022\n2023\n2024\nNational championship seasons in boldThis college football 1934 season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vteThis article related to sports in Baton Rouge, Louisiana is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"1934 LSU Fighting Tigers Schedule and Results\". SR/College Football. Sports Reference LLC. Retrieved September 26, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/louisiana-state/1934-schedule.html","url_text":"\"1934 LSU Fighting Tigers Schedule and Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rice Owls battle powerful Louisiana eleven to 9–9 tie\". Sunday American-Statesman. September 30, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/austin-american-statesman-rice-owls-batt/132485735/","url_text":"\"Rice Owls battle powerful Louisiana eleven to 9–9 tie\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"L.S.U. matches S.M.U. aerial brilliance to gain tie in last moment, 14–14\". Longview News-Journal. October 7, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/longview-news-journal-lsu-matches-sm/132485841/","url_text":"\"L.S.U. matches S.M.U. aerial brilliance to gain tie in last moment, 14–14\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana State defeats Auburn Tigers by score of 20 to 6\". The Selma Times-Journal. October 14, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-selma-times-journal-louisiana-state/132485978/","url_text":"\"Louisiana State defeats Auburn Tigers by score of 20 to 6\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Abe Mickal punts and passes L.S.U. Tigers to thrilling victory over Arkansas Razorbacks\". The Shreveport Times. October 14, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-times-abe-mickal-punts-and-passes-l/132486164/","url_text":"\"Abe Mickal punts and passes L.S.U. Tigers to thrilling victory over Arkansas Razorbacks\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana State romps over Vandy 29 to 0\". Kingsport Times. October 28, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/kingsport-times-louisiana-state-romps-ov/132486261/","url_text":"\"Louisiana State romps over Vandy 29 to 0\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Long watches L.S.U. wallop Maroon squad\". The Nashville Tennessean. November 4, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-tennessean-long-watches-lsu-wallo/132486377/","url_text":"\"Long watches L.S.U. wallop Maroon squad\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"L.S.U. noses out Colonials in close battle\". Monroe Morning World. November 11, 1934. Retrieved March 8, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/97228821/lsu-noses-out-colonials-in-close-batt/","url_text":"\"L.S.U. noses out Colonials in close battle\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"10,000 fans see L.S.U. in victory\". Daily Clarion-Ledger. November 18, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/clarion-ledger-10000-fans-see-lsu-in/132486520/","url_text":"\"10,000 fans see L.S.U. in victory\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Tulane topples L.S.U. by one-point margin, 13–12\". The Charlotte Observer. December 2, 1934. Retrieved April 10, 2022 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/99479920/tulane-topples-lsu-by-one-point-margi/","url_text":"\"Tulane topples L.S.U. by one-point margin, 13–12\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Vols score in last 2 minutes to beat L.S.U.\" Monroe Morning World. December 9, 1934. Retrieved August 8, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/83038430/vols-score-in-last-2-minutes-to-beat-ls/","url_text":"\"Vols score in last 2 minutes to beat L.S.U.\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"Oregon loses to Louisiana in close game\". The San Bernardino Daily Sun. December 16, 1934. Retrieved September 26, 2023 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-bernardino-county-sun-oregon-los/132486624/","url_text":"\"Oregon loses to Louisiana in close game\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspapers.com","url_text":"Newspapers.com"}]},{"reference":"\"2013 LSU Football Media Guide\". p. 152. Retrieved July 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&DB_OEM_ID=5200&ATCLID=208647460&SPID=2164&SPSID=27815","url_text":"\"2013 LSU Football Media Guide\""}]},{"reference":"\"Jack Gremillion, Alumnus, on Huey Long and Coach Biff Jones butting heads\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.lib.lsu.edu/sites/all/files/oralhistory/presentations/football/cpjackgremillion.html","url_text":"\"Jack Gremillion, Alumnus, on Huey Long and Coach Biff Jones butting heads\""}]},{"reference":"\"Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame Inductees - Lawrence \"Biff\" Jones\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lasportshall.com/?inductees=lawrence-biff-jones","url_text":"\"Louisiana Sports Hall of Fame Inductees - Lawrence \"Biff\" Jones\""}]},{"reference":"\"Meet the 1933 National Champion Track & Field Team\". June 5, 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://lsusports.net/news/2008/6/5/1477611.aspx","url_text":"\"Meet the 1933 National Champion Track & Field Team\""}]},{"reference":"\"Lawrence (Biff) Jones, 84 Football Star, Coach Dies\". The Washington Post.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1980/02/13/lawrence-biff-jones-84-football-star-coach-dies/9d462d4a-d748-47fb-9da7-60d1cad6e4a5/","url_text":"\"Lawrence (Biff) Jones, 84 Football Star, Coach Dies\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"}]},{"reference":"\"Bernie Moore Dies but Imprint on SEC Remains\". St. Petersburg Times. Associated Press. November 7, 1967. Retrieved March 5, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=888&dat=19671107&id=yg0mAAAAIBAJ&sjid=j1oDAAAAIBAJ&pg=7086,4709390","url_text":"\"Bernie Moore Dies but Imprint on SEC Remains\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times","url_text":"St. Petersburg Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press","url_text":"Associated Press"}]},{"reference":"Vincent, Herb (2008). LSU Football Vault: The History of the Fighting Tigers. Whitman Publishing, LLC. ISBN 978-0794824280.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0794824280","url_text":"978-0794824280"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonocardia_ailaonensis
Pseudonocardia ailaonensis
["1 References"]
Species of bacterium Pseudonocardia ailaonensis Scientific classification Domain: Bacteria Phylum: Actinomycetota Class: Actinomycetia Order: Pseudonocardiales Family: Pseudonocardiaceae Genus: Pseudonocardia Species: P. ailaonensis Binomial name Pseudonocardia ailaonensisQin et al. 2008 Type strain DSM 44979, JCM 16009, KCTC 19315, YIM 45505 Pseudonocardia ailaonensis is a bacterium from the genus of Pseudonocardia which has been isolated from forest soil in Yunnan in China. References ^ a b Parte, A.C. "Pseudonocardia". LPSN. ^ Parker, Charles Thomas; Wigley, Sarah; Garrity, George M (2009). Parker, Charles Thomas; Garrity, George M (eds.). "Nomenclature Abstract for Pseudonocardia ailaonensis Qin et al. 2008". The NamesforLife Abstracts. doi:10.1601/nm.13553 (inactive 2024-04-17).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of April 2024 (link) ^ "Details: DSM-44979". www.dsmz.de. ^ Qin, S.; Su, Y.-Y.; Zhang, Y.-Q.; Wang, H.-B.; Jiang, C.-L.; Xu, L.-H.; Li, W.-J. (1 September 2008). "Pseudonocardia ailaonensis sp. nov., isolated from soil in China". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 58 (9): 2086–2089. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65721-0. PMID 18768609. Taxon identifiersPseudonocardia ailaonensis Wikidata: Q26277395 BacDive: 13398 CoL: 4P599 EoL: 39827450 GBIF: 7527568 ITIS: 965328 LPSN: pseudonocardia-ailaonensis NCBI: 367279 Open Tree of Life: 797738 This Pseudonocardineae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pseudonocardia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonocardia"},{"link_name":"Yunnan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pseudonocardia-ailaonensis-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Pseudonocardia ailaonensis is a bacterium from the genus of Pseudonocardia which has been isolated from forest soil in Yunnan in China.[1][2][3][4]","title":"Pseudonocardia ailaonensis"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents%27_Day
Presidents' Day
["1 Official state holidays","2 History","3 Observance and traditions","3.1 Sports","4 Punctuation","5 Dates","6 See also","7 References","8 External links"]
US holiday honoring George Washington and other presidents For the holiday in Botswana, see Presidents' Day (Botswana). For other uses, see Presidents Day (disambiguation). Washington's BirthdayPresidents' DayGeorge Washington by Gilbert Stuart (1797)Official nameVaries by federal, state and city lawObserved byUnited StatesTypeFederal and most U.S. states and citiesCelebrationsCommunity and national celebrationsDatethird Monday in FebruaryFrequencyAnnualFirst time1879 (as an official federal holiday)Related toLincoln's Birthday Presidents' Day, officially Washington's Birthday at the federal governmental level, is a holiday in the United States celebrated on the third Monday of February. It is often celebrated to honor all those who served as presidents of the United States and, since 1879, has been the federal holiday honoring Founding Father George Washington, who led the Continental Army to victory in the American Revolutionary War, presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and was the first U.S. president. The day is an official state holiday in most states under various names. Depending upon the specific law, the state holiday may officially celebrate Washington alone, Washington and Abraham Lincoln, or some other combination of U.S. presidents (such as Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who was born in April). George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 (N.S.). Washington's Birthday was celebrated on this date from 1879 until 1970. To give federal employees a three-day weekend, in 1968 the Uniform Monday Holiday Act moved it to the third Monday in February, which can occur from February 15 to the 21st. The day soon became known as Presidents(') Day (the presence and placement of the apostrophe varies) and provides an occasion to remember all the U.S. presidents, to honor Abraham Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays together, or any single president of choice. As many states and cities followed suit, some states that had been celebrating Lincoln's birthday on February 12 combined the two into Presidents Day. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, preserved the Union, abolished slavery, bolstered the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy. Official state holidays Abraham Lincoln by Alexander Gardner (1863) Washington's Birthday sign, c. 1890–1899 Flag and bunting mark Washington's Birthday in Toronto, Ontario Lincoln's Birthday, February 12, was never a federal holiday, but nearly half the state governments have officially renamed their observances "Presidents' Day", "Washington and Lincoln Day", or other such designations. (In historical rankings of presidents of the United States, Lincoln and Washington are often the top two.) In the following states and territories of the United States, this same day is an official state holiday and known as— Using "President" in the official title: "Presidents' Day" in Hawaii, New Mexico, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Puerto Rico, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont, and Washington "President's Day" in Alaska, Idaho, Maryland, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wyoming "Presidents Day" in Nevada and Oregon "Washington's Birthday/President's Day" in Maine "Lincoln/Washington Presidents' Day" in Arizona Using "Washington" alone: "George Washington Day" in Virginia "Washington's Birthday" in Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Iowa, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Michigan, North Carolina, New Jersey, and New York Using both "Washington" and "Lincoln": "Lincoln's and Washington's Birthday" in Montana "Washington–Lincoln Day" in Colorado, Ohio "Washington and Lincoln Day" in Utah "Washington's and Lincoln's Birthday" in Minnesota Using "Washington" and another person: "George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Birthday" in Alabama "George Washington's Birthday and Daisy Bates Day" in Arkansas Using something else: "The third Monday in February" generic term used in California Not a holiday: Some states do not officially observe the holiday on this day and do not have a day celebrating Washington or presidents in general. Delaware does not observe the Washington's Birthday federal holiday. Several states honor presidents with official state holidays that do not fall on the third Monday of February. In Massachusetts, the state officially celebrates "Washington's Birthday" on the same day as the federal holiday. State law also directs the governor to issue an annual "Presidents Day" proclamation on May 29 (John F. Kennedy's birthday), honoring the presidents with Massachusetts roots: Kennedy, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and Calvin Coolidge. In California, Connecticut, Florida, Illinois, Michigan, and New Jersey, Lincoln's Birthday is a separate state holiday celebrated on February 12. In Missouri, Washington's Birthday is a federal holiday, observed on the third Monday in February, and Abraham Lincoln's birthday is observed on the Monday closest to February 12 (always the Monday preceding Washington's Birthday). In New Mexico, Presidents' Day, at least as a state-government paid holiday, is observed on the Friday following Thanksgiving, although the legal public holiday remains the third Monday in February. In Georgia, Washington's Birthday is not a state-government paid holiday, although until 2018 it was officially observed on Christmas Eve. Similarly, in Indiana, Washington's Birthday is observed on Christmas Eve, or the day preceding the weekend if Christmas falls on Saturday or Sunday, while Lincoln's Birthday is the day after Thanksgiving. History Procession of events for the centennial celebration of Washington's birthday, Philadelphia, February 1832 George Washington was born on February 11, 1731 (O.S.), at his parents' Pope's Creek Estate near Colonial Beach in Westmoreland County, Virginia, now the George Washington Birthplace National Monument. At the time, the entire British Empire, including its North American possessions, was on the Julian calendar; the Empire, not being bound to the Catholic Church, had not yet adopted the modern Gregorian calendar that Catholic countries had adopted in 1582. Consequently, by the 1730s, the Julian calendar used by Britain and the Colonies was eleven days behind the Gregorian, because of leap year differences. Furthermore, the British civil year began on March 25 rather than January 1, so that dates in February (such as this one) 'belonged' to the preceding year. (See Dual dating). In 1752, The British Empire switched to the Gregorian calendar; since then, Americans born prior to 1752, including Washington, have typically had their birthdays recognized according to the Gregorian calendar ("New Style" dates). Since February 11, 1731, on the Julian calendar was February 22, 1732, on the Gregorian, and he was alive at the time the change was made, Washington changed his birth date to February 22, 1732, to match the new calendar. The federal holiday honoring Washington was originally implemented by an Act of Congress in 1879 for government offices in Washington (20 Stat. 277) and expanded in 1885 to include all federal offices (23 Stat. 516). As the first federal holiday to honor an American president, the holiday was celebrated on Washington's birthday under the Gregorian calendar, February 22. On January 1, 1971, the federal holiday was shifted to the third Monday in February by the Uniform Monday Holiday Act. This places it between February 15 and 21, which makes "Washington's Birthday" something of a misnomer, since it never occurs on Washington's actual birthday, February 22. (A rough analogue of this phenomenon can be seen in Commonwealth realms, where the reigning monarch's official birthday is celebrated without regard to the monarch's actual date of birth.) The first attempt to create a Presidents Day occurred in 1951 when the "President's Day National Committee" was formed by Harold Stonebridge Fischer of Compton, California, who became its National Executive Director for the next two decades. The purpose was not to honor any particular president but to honor the office of the presidency. It was first thought that March 4, the original inauguration day, should be deemed Presidents Day, but the bill recognizing March 4 stalled in the Senate Judiciary Committee (which had authority over federal holidays). The committee felt that, given its proximity to Lincoln's and Washington's Birthdays, three holidays so close together would be unduly burdensome. But meanwhile the governors of a majority of the states issued proclamations declaring March 4 Presidents' Day in their respective jurisdictions. An early draft of the Uniform Monday Holiday Act would have renamed the holiday "Presidents' Day" to honor the birthdays of both Washington and Lincoln, which would explain why the chosen date falls between the two, but this proposal failed in committee, and the bill was voted on and signed into law on June 28, 1968, keeping the name "Washington's Birthday". By the mid-1980s, with a push from advertisers, the term "Presidents' Day" began its public appearance. In Washington's adopted hometown of Alexandria, Virginia, celebrations are held throughout February. Observance and traditions Los Angeles streetcar decorated for Washington's Birthday, c. 1892 Washington's Birthday—Fifth Avenue at 23rd Street, etching by Childe Hassam, 1916 A food traditionally associated with the holiday is cherry pie, based on the legend of Washington in his youth chopping down a cherry tree. Until the late 1980s, corporate businesses generally closed on this day, similar to present corporate practices on Memorial Day or Christmas Day. However, after having been moved to the third Monday, most businesses remain open with many offering sales and other promotions. Federal and state government services close (U.S. Postal Service, state Departments of Motor Vehicles, federal and state courts). Class schedules at universities and colleges vary depending on the school. Public elementary and secondary schools are generally closed, but some school districts, such as New York City, may close for an entire week as a "mid-winter recess". The holiday is also a tribute to the general who created the first military badge of merit for the common soldier. Revived on Washington's 200th birthday in 1932, the Purple Heart medal (which bears Washington's image) is awarded to soldiers who are injured in battle. Community celebrations often display a lengthy heritage. Laredo, Texas, hosts a monthlong tribute, as does Washington's hometown of Alexandria, Virginia, which includes what is claimed to be the nation's longest-running and largest George Washington Birthday parade. Eustis, Florida, holds an annual "GeorgeFest" celebration that began in 1902, and in Denver, Colorado, there is a society dedicated to observing the day. At the George Washington Birthplace National Monument in Westmoreland County, Virginia, visitors are treated to birthday celebrations on the holiday, while at Mount Vernon they last throughout the holiday weekend and through February 22. Since 1862 there has been a tradition in the United States Senate that George Washington's Farewell Address be read on his birthday. Citizens asked that this be done in light of the ongoing Civil War. Sports Since the mid-2000s, the National Basketball Association has held their annual All-Star festivities during the holiday weekend. As a result, no games are played on the holiday itself, and the season resumes the following Thursday. The day before Presidents Day is the traditional running of the Daytona 500 NASCAR race; there have been occasions when the race was cut short, or either finished on or postponed entirely to the holiday due to inclement weather, the most recent of which was the 2024 edition. Punctuation Because "Presidents' Day" is not the official name of the federal holiday, there is variation in how it is rendered, both colloquially and in the name of official state holidays. When used with the intention of celebrating more than one individual, the form "Presidents' Day" was usual in the past. This is celebrating President Washington Day, President Fillmore Day, up to President Biden Day, individually. In recent years, as the use of attributive nouns (nouns acting as modifiers) has become more widespread, the form "Presidents Day" has become more common (It would mean celebrating Presidents Washington through Biden Day collectively); the Associated Press Stylebook, most newspapers and some magazines use this form. "President's Day" as an alternate rendering of any one particular president, or for the purpose of commemorating the presidency as an institution, is a proper use of a possessive and is the legal rendering in eight states. Dates Year Presidents' Day 1994 2000 2005 2011 2022 2028 2033 February 21 (week 8) 1995 2006 2012 2017 2023 2034 February 20 (week 8) 1996 2001 2007 2018 2024 2029 2035 February 19 (week 8) 2002 2008 2013 2019 2030 2036 February 18 (week 7) 1997 2003 2014 2020 2025 2031 February 17 (week 7) 1998 2004 2009 2015 2026 2032 2037 February 16 (week 7) 1999 2010 2016 2021 2027 2038 February 15 (week 7) See also List of memorials to George Washington Jefferson's Birthday Family Day (Canada) Historical rankings of presidents of the United States References ^ "George Washington's Life". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved February 12, 2024. ^ a b c Strauss, Valerie (February 16, 2014). "Why Presidents' Day Is slightly strange". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014. ^ a b Hertzberg, Hendrik (February 19, 2007). "Too Many Chiefs". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2017. ^ "Presidents' Day". govinfo.gov. February 12, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ See Public holidays in the United States for citations. ^ "Years 2016 and 2017 Holidays to be observed by the Hawaii State Government" (PDF). Hawaii. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017. ^ "Holidays". Office of Management and Budget. North Dakota. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ "Act 138 of 1893". last amended by Act of December 13, 1985, P.L. 329, No. 88 ^ "Vermont Laws". legislature.vermont.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2023. ^ "RCW 1.16.050". Revised Code of Washington. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015. ^ State of Arizona (February 19, 2023). "A.R.S. § 1-301. Holidays enumerated". Arizona State Legislature, Revised Statutes. Retrieved February 19, 2023. ^ "Va. Code § 2.2-3300. Legal holidays". Code of Virginia. Retrieved February 13, 2023. ^ State of Connecticut (February 19, 2023). "C.G.S. § 1-4. Days designated as legal holidays". Connecticut General Assembly, General Statutes, Chapter 2. Retrieved February 19, 2023. ^ a b State of Florida (February 19, 2023). "Fla. Code § 683.01 Legal holidays". 2020 Florida Statutes. Florida Senate. Retrieved February 19, 2023. ^ Office of the Secretary of the State. "State Holidays". Illinois Secretary of State. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ "Public Holidays and Recognition Days, §1C,2" (PDF). Iowa Legislature. December 13, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ "Massachusetts Legal Holidays". www.sec.state.ma.us. Retrieved February 16, 2019. ^ "Legal Holidays (Excerpt)". Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018. ^ State of North Carolina (February 19, 2023). "N.C.G.S. § 103-4. Dates of public holidays". North Carolina General Assembly, Enacted Legislation, Statutes. Retrieved February 19, 2023. ^ a b "N.J.S.A. § 36:1-1 (2022) Legal holidays". 2022 New Jersey Revised Statutes, Title 36 - Legal Holidays. Justia.com. ^ "New York State Holidays" (PDF). NY Office of General Services, Business Services Center. September 15, 2016. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 24, 2017. Retrieved April 13, 2019. ^ "Colorado Revised Statutes Title 24. Government State § 24-11-101. Legal holidays – effect". FindLaw. February 16, 2017. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ "1.14 Excluding first and including last day – legal holidays". LAWriter Ohio Laws and Rules. April 10, 2001. Archived from the original on February 19, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ "Washington and Lincoln Day in Utah, per state code". February 13, 2015. Archived from the original on December 20, 2016. ^ "2016 Minnesota Statutes". Revisor of Statutes. Archived from the original on November 24, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ "2017 Holiday Schedule". State of Alabama. February 2017. Archived from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ "California government code". Retrieved February 21, 2023. ^ "DHR - Division of Labor Relations and Employment Practices - 2022 State Holidays". ^ "Section 15VV Presidents Day". The General Laws of Massachusetts. ch. 6, § 15vv. Archived from the original on January 24, 2012. (Coolidge was the only one born outside of Massachusetts. George H. W. Bush, on the other hand, was born in Massachusetts, but has spent most of his life elsewhere.) ^ Cal. Gov. Code § 6700(a)(4) Archived March 9, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ "Michigan Legislature - Section 435.101". legislature.mi.gov. ^ "Official State Holidays". New Mexico State Treasurer's Office. Archived from the original on November 7, 2011. Retrieved January 21, 2014. ^ New Mexico State Personnel Board (November 9, 2019). "General Memorandum 2019-003" (PDF). ^ "New Mexico Statutes Chapter 12. Miscellaneous Public Affairs Matters § 12-5-2. Legal holidays; designation". ^ "Observing State Holidays". Georgia. August 5, 2016. Archived from the original on February 26, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017. ^ "SPD: State Holidays". Indiana State Personnel Department. Archived from the original on March 1, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016. ^ Boorstin, Daniel (1983). The Discoverers. Random House. pp. 8–10. ISBN 978-0-394-72625-0. ^ Engber, Daniel (January 18, 2006). "What's Benjamin Franklin's Birthday?". Slate. Archived from the original on July 28, 2011. Retrieved May 21, 2011. ^ Washington was born on February 11, 1731, based on the Julian calendar then in use in the British Colonies. When the Gregorian calendar was adopted in Great Britain, Ireland and the EMpire (1752), he opted to begin observing his birthday anniversary on the equivalent date of February 22, 1732. ^ "Uniform Monday Holiday Act". National Archives and Records Administration. January 15, 1968. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011. Retrieved February 15, 2011. ^ a b Hannaford, Peter D. (February 17, 2012). "The Day That Isn't". The American Spectator. Retrieved February 20, 2023. ^ Arbelbide, C. L. (August 15, 2016). "By George, IT IS Washington's Birthday!". National Archives. Vol. 36, No. 4. Retrieved July 6, 2021. ^ Arbelbide, C.L. (Winter 2004). "By George, It Is Washington's Birthday!". Prologue Magazine. Archived from the original on February 19, 2009. Retrieved February 13, 2009. ^ The George Washington Birthday Celebration Archived May 6, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ^ Mirabile, Jasper J. Jr. (February 16, 2014). "Celebrate George Washington's birthday with cherry pie". The Kansas City Star. Archived from the original on November 5, 2016. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ Glass, Andrew (February 20, 2017). "Presidents Day is being observed today, Feb. 20, 2017". Politico. Archived from the original on March 1, 2017. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ May, Ashley (February 15, 2018). "What is open and closed on Presidents Day?". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 15, 2018. Retrieved February 17, 2018. ^ "2017–2018 Holidays and Key Dates". New York City Department of Education. Archived from the original on October 9, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018. ^ Miller, T. Christian (September 8, 2010). "A History of the Purple Heart". National Public Radio. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018. ^ "Parade". George Washington Birthday Celebration. Archived from the original on September 5, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018. ^ "Celebrating 113 Years of GeorgeFest". Lake County News. Archived from the original on March 18, 2015. Retrieved February 28, 2015. ^ "The Charter". Presidents Day Society. Archived from the original on July 13, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2014. ^ "George Washington Birthplace Birthday Celebration". Find Your Chesapeake. Archived from the original on February 18, 2018. Retrieved February 18, 2018. ^ "Washington's Birthday Celebration". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Archived from the original on July 9, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018. ^ "Washington's Farewell Address". United States Senate. Archived from the original on December 6, 2017. Retrieved February 18, 2018. ^ "Punctuation matters". The Week. February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 21, 2023. ^ Nelson, Pam (March 23, 2006). "Kids Day or Kids' Day". Grammar Guide. The News & Observer. Raleigh, NC. Archived from the original on March 19, 2009. ^ "What’s in a Name: The Truth About Presidents Day" Archived October 1, 2015, at the Wayback Machine, Dialynn Dwyer, February 13, 2015, Boston.com ^ Office of the Press Secretary (February 19, 2007). "President Bush Visits Mount Vernon, Honors President Washington's 275th Birthday on President's Day" (Press release). The White House. Archived from the original on May 7, 2013. Retrieved January 21, 2014. External links Media related to Washington's Birthday at Wikimedia Commons vteGeorge Washington 1st President of the United States (1789–1797) Senior Officer of the Army (1798–1799) Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army (1775–1783) Delegate to the Second Continental Congress (1775) Delegate to the First Continental Congress (1774) Military careerRevolutionary War Military career French and Indian War Jumonville Glen Battle of Fort Necessity Battle of the Monongahela Forbes Expedition Washington in the American Revolution Commander-in-chief, Continental Army Aides-de-camp Washington's headquarters office and sleeping tent Boston campaign Siege of Boston New York and New Jersey campaign Delaware River crossing Battle of Trenton Battle of the Assunpink Creek Battle of Princeton Philadelphia campaign Battle of Brandywine Battle of Germantown Battle of White Marsh Valley Forge Battle of Monmouth Battles of Saratoga Sullivan Expedition Yorktown campaign Siege of Yorktown Culper Spy Ring Newburgh Conspiracy Newburgh letter Asgill Affair Evacuation Day Resignation as commander-in-chief Badge of Military Merit Purple Heart Washington Before Boston Medal Horses Nelson Blueskin Other U.S.founding events Initiated, co-wrote, 1769 Virginia Association Initiated, 1774 Fairfax Resolves Continental Association Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture 1785 Mount Vernon Conference Chairman, 1787 Constitutional Convention George Washington's political evolution Presidency(timeline) 1788–89 United States presidential election First inauguration inaugural bible 1792 presidential election Second inauguration Reception at Trenton Title of "Mr. President" Cabinet of the United States Secretary of State Attorney General Secretary of the Treasury Secretary of War Judiciary Act of 1789 Oath Administration Act Nonintercourse Act Whiskey Rebellion Militia Acts of 1792 Coinage Act of 1792 United States Mint Presidential Succession Act of 1792 United States Capitol cornerstone laying Proclamation of Neutrality Neutrality Act of 1794 Jay Treaty Pinckney's Treaty Slave Trade Act of 1794 Residence Act Thanksgiving Proclamation Farewell Address State of the Union Address 1790 1791 1792 1793 1796 Cabinet Federal judicial appointments John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations Views andpublic image Presidential library The Washington Papers Religious views Washington and slavery Town Destroyer Legacy Life and homes Early life Birthplace Ferry Farm boyhood home Mount Vernon Fishery Gristmill Whiskey distillery Woodlawn Plantation Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site Hasbrouck House First Presidential Mansion Second Presidential Mansion President's House, Philadelphia Germantown White House Custis estate Washington's relations with the Iroquois Confederacy Potomac Company James River and Kanawha Canal Mountain Road Lottery Congressional Gold Medal Thanks of Congress President General of the Society of the Cincinnati Washington College Washington and Lee University Electoral history of George Washington Post-presidency of George Washington Memorialsand depictions Washington, D.C. 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Washington (brother) Charles Washington (brother) Lawrence Washington (grandfather) John Washington (great-grandfather) George Reade (2nd great-grandfather) Bushrod Washington (nephew) John Adams → Category vteFederal holidays in the United StatesCurrent New Year's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr. Washington's Birthday Memorial Day Juneteenth Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Proposed VE Day (1945) Victory Day (1950) Flag Day (1950) Election Day/Democracy Day (1993, 2005, 2014) Malcolm X Day (1993–1994) Cesar Chavez Day (2008) Susan B. 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Ron Hubbard's Birthday (religious) Lailat al-Mi'raj (religious) Liberation and Freedom Day (Charlottesville, VA, cultural) Mardi Gras (AL (in two counties), LA) Maryland Day (MD) Medal of Honor Day National Poison Prevention Week (week) Nowruz (cultural, religious) Ostara (religious) Pi Day Prince Jonah Kūhiō Kalanianaʻole Day (HI) Promised Messiah Day (religious) Saint Joseph's Day (religious) Seward's Day (AK) Texas Independence Day (TX) Town Meeting Day (VT) Transfer Day (VI) Trans Day of Visibility (cultural)March–April Easter (religious) Good Friday (CT, NC, PR, NJ, VI, religious) Hanuman Jayanti (religious) Holy Thursday (PR, VI, religious) Holy Week (PR, religious, week) Lazarus Saturday (religious) Mahavir Janma Kalyanak (religious) Mesha Sankranti / Hindu New Year (religious) Palm Sunday (PR, religious) Passover (religious, week) Easter Monday / Bright Monday (VI, religious) Ramnavami (religious) Chandramana Uugadi / Souramana Uugadi (religious)AprilArab American Heritage MonthConfederate History Month 420 April Fools' Day Arbor Day Birthday of José de Diego (PR) Confederate Memorial Day (AL, MS) Days of Remembrance of the Victims of the Holocaust (week) Earth Day Emancipation Day (cultural) Thomas Jefferson's Birthday (AL) Lag B’Omer (religious) Last Friday of Great Lent (religious) Pascua Florida (FL) Patriots' Day (MA, ME) Ridván (religious) San Jacinto Day (TX) Siblings Day Walpurgis Night (religious) Yom Ha'atzmaut (cultural, religious) MayAsian American andPacific Islander Heritage MonthJewish American Heritage MonthMilitary Appreciation Month Memorial Day (federal) Mother's Day (36) Cinco de Mayo Ascension of Baháʼu'lláh (religious) Ascension of Our Lord (religious) Caliphate Day (religious) Declaration of the Bab (religious) Harvey Milk Day (CA) International Workers' Day / May Day (CA, unofficial, proposed state) Law Day (36) Loyalty Day (36) Malcolm X Day (CA, IL, proposed federal) Military Spouse Day National Day of Prayer (36) National Day of Reason National Defense Transportation Day (36) National Maritime Day (36) Peace Officers Memorial Day (36) Pentecost (religious) Shavuot (religious) Truman Day (MO) Vesak / Buddha's Birthday (religious)JuneLesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Pride Month Juneteenth (federal, cultural) Father's Day (36) Bunker Hill Day (Suffolk County, MA) Carolina Day (SC) Don Young Day (AK) Fast of the Holy Apostles (religious) Flag Day (36, proposed federal) Helen Keller Day (PA) Honor America Days (3 weeks) Jefferson Davis Day (AL, FL) Kamehameha Day (HI) Litha (religious) Martyrdom of Guru Arjan Dev Sahib (religious) Odunde Festival (Philadelphia, PA, cultural) Senior Week (week) Saint John's Day (PR, religious) West Virginia Day (WV)July Independence Day (federal) Asalha Puja Day (religious) Birthday of Don Luis Muñoz Rivera (PR) Birthday of Dr. José Celso Barbosa (PR) Emancipation Day in the U.S. Virgin Islands (VI, cultural) Guru Purnima (religious) Khordad Sal (religious) Lā Hoʻihoʻi Ea (HI, unofficial, cultural) Martyrdom of the Báb (religious) Parents' Day (36) Pioneer Day (UT) Puerto Rico Constitution Day (PR)July–August Summer vacation Tisha B'Av (religious)August American Family Day (AZ) Barack Obama Day in Illinois (IL) Bennington Battle Day (VT) Dormition of the Theotokos (religious) Eid-e-Ghadeer (religious) Fast in Honor of the Holy Mother of Lord Jesus (religious) Feast of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary (religious) Hawaii Admission Day / Statehood Day (HI) Krishna Janmashtami (religious) Lammas (religious) Lyndon Baines Johnson Day (TX) Naga Panchami (religious) National Aviation Day (36) Paryushana (religious) Raksha Bandhan (religious) Transfiguration of the Lord (religious) Victory Day (RI) Women's Equality Day (36) SeptemberProstate Cancer Awareness MonthChildhood Cancer Awareness Month Labor Day (federal) Brazilian Day (NY, cultural) California Admission Day (CA) Carl Garner Federal Lands Cleanup Day (36) Constitution Day (36) Constitution Week Defenders Day (MD) Elevation of the Holy Cross (religious) Feast of San Gennaro (NY, cultural, religious) Ganesh Chaturthi (religious) Gold Star Mother's Day (36) His Holiness Sakya Trizin's Birthday (religious) Mabon (religious) National Grandparents Day (36) National Payroll Week (week) Nativity of Mary / Nativity of the Theotokos (religious) Native American Day (proposed federal) Patriot Day (36) Von Steuben DaySeptember–OctoberHispanic Heritage Month Chehlum Imam Hussain (religious) Oktoberfest Pitri Paksha (religious) Rosh Hashanah / Feast of Trumpets (TX, NY, religious) Shemini Atzeret (religious) Simchat Torah (religious) Vijaya Dashami (religious) Yom Kippur / Day of Atonement (TX, NY, religious) OctoberBreast Cancer Awareness MonthDisability Employment Awareness Month Italian-American Heritage and Culture Month Filipino American History MonthLGBT History Month Columbus Day (federal) Halloween Alaska Day (AK) Child Health Day (36) General Pulaski Memorial Day German-American Day Indigenous Peoples' Day International Day of Non-Violence Leif Erikson Day (36) Missouri Day (MO) Nanomonestotse (cultural) National School Lunch Week (week) Native American Day in South Dakota (SD) Nevada Day (NV) Spirit Day (cultural) Sweetest Day Sukkot / Feast of Tabernacles (religious, week) Virgin Islands–Puerto Rico Friendship Day (PR, VI) White Cane Safety Day (36)October–November Birth of the Báb (religious) Birth of Baháʼu'lláh (religious) Day of the Dead (VI) Diwali (NY, religious) Mawlid al-Nabi (religious) November Native American Indian Heritage Month Veterans Day (federal) Thanksgiving (federal) Ascension of ‘Abdu’l Baha (religious) All Saints' Day (religious) Beginning of the Nativity Fast (religious) Beltane / Samhain (religious) Barack Obama Day in Alabama (Perry County, AL) D. Hamilton Jackson Day (VI) Day after Thanksgiving (24) Day of the Covenant (religious) Discovery of Puerto Rico Day (PR) Election Day (CA, DE, HI, KY, MT, NJ, NY, OH, PR, VA, WV, proposed federal) Family Day (NV) Guru Nanak Gurpurab (religious) Hanukkah (religious) Lā Kūʻokoʻa (HI, unofficial, cultural) Martyrdom of Guru Tegh Bahadur (religious) Native American Heritage Day (MD, WA, cultural) Presentation of the Theotokos to the Temple (religious) Trans Day of Remembrance (cultural) Unthanksgiving Day (cultural)December Christmas (religious, federal) New Year's Eve Advent Sunday (religious) Alabama Day (AL) Birthday of Guru Gobind Singh Sahib (religious) Bodhi Day (religious) Chalica (religious) Christmas Eve (KY, NC, SC, PR, VI) Day after Christmas (KY, NC, SC, TX, VI) Festivus HumanLight Hanukkah (religious, week) Immaculate Conception (religious) Indiana Day (IN) Kwanzaa (cultural, week) Milad Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin (religious) National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day (36) Nativity of Jesus (religious) Old Year's Night (VI) Pan American Aviation Day (36) Pancha Ganapati (religious, week) Rosa Parks Day (OH, OR) Solemnity of Mary, Mother of God (religious) Wright Brothers Day (36) Yule (religious) Zartosht No-Diso (religious)Varies (year round) Eid al-Adha (NY, religious) Eid al-Fitr (NY, religious) Islamic New Year (religious) Yawm al-Arafa (religious) Hajj (religious) Laylat al-Qadr (religious) Navaratri (religious, four times a year) Obon (religious) Onam (religious) Ramadan (religious, month) Ghost Festival (religious) Yawm Aashura (religious) Legend: (federal) = federal holidays, (abbreviation) = state/territorial holidays, (religious) = religious holidays, (cultural) = holiday related to a specific racial/ethnic group or sexual minority, (week) = week-long holidays, (month) = month-long holidays, (36) = Title 36 Observances and Ceremonies See also: Lists of holidays, Hallmark holidays, Public holidays in the United States, Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands.Portals: United States HistoryvteAmerican Revolutionary WarOrigins of the American RevolutionPhilosophy American Enlightenment John Locke Colonial history Liberalism Republicanism Freedom of religion Rights of Englishmen No taxation without representation Common Sense Spirit of '76 "All men are created equal" "Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness" "Consent of the governed" Expansionism Settler colonialism Royalists Pitt–Newcastle ministry Bute ministry Grenville ministry First Rockingham ministry Chatham ministry Grafton ministry North ministry Second Rockingham ministry Shelburne ministry Fox–North coalition Loyalists Black Loyalist Related BritishActs of Parliament Navigation Iron Molasses Royal Proclamation of 1763 Sugar Currency Quartering Stamp up i.p.o Declaratory Townshend Tea Quebec Intolerable Conciliatory Resolution Restraining Proclamation of Rebellion Prohibitory Colonials Loyal Nine Stamp Act Congress Declaration of Rights and Grievances Virginia Association Daughters of Liberty Sons of Liberty Patriots Black Patriots Committees of correspondence Committees of safety Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania Massachusetts Circular Letter Suffolk Resolves First Continental Congress Continental Association Minutemen Provincial Congress Second Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms Committee of Secret Correspondence Halifax Resolves Lee Resolution Declaration of Independence Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union Confederation Congress Events French and Indian War Treaty of Paris (1763) Boston Massacre British credit crisis of 1772-1773 Gaspee affair Hutchinson letters affair Boston Tea Party Philadelphia Tea Party Powder Alarm Combatants Campaigns Theaters Battles Events Colonies CombatantsUnited Colonies/Thirteen Colonies Continental Congress Army Navy Marines Kingdom of Great Britain Parliament British Army Royal Navy European allies of King George III Colonial allies France Franco-American Treaty Army Navy Hortalez et Cie German supporters of Congress Campaigns andtheaters Boston Quebec Nova Scotia New York and New Jersey Saratoga Philadelphia Northern Northern after Saratoga Southern Western Yorktown Naval battles Major battles Lexington and Concord Boston Capture of Fort Ticonderoga Bunker Hill Quebec Valcour Island Long Island Harlem Heights Fort Washington Trenton Assunpink Creek Princeton Siege of Fort Ticonderoga Bennington Saratoga Brandywine Germantown Monmouth St. Lucia Grenada Stony Point Sullivan Expedition Savannah Gibraltar Cape St. Vincent Charleston Connecticut Farms Springfield Camden Kings Mountain Cowpens Pensacola Guilford Court House Lochry's Defeat Chesapeake Yorktown The Saintes Other events Staten Island Peace Conference "First Salute" Washington's crossing of the Delaware River Conway Cabal Valley Forge Entry of France into war Carlisle Peace Commission Gordon Riots Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781 Sint Eustatius Newburgh Conspiracy Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783 Related conflicts Cherokee–American wars Fourth Anglo-Dutch War Second Anglo-Mysore War Involvement (by colony or location)Rebel colonies Connecticut Delaware Georgia Maryland Massachusetts New Hampshire New Jersey New York North Carolina Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina Virginia Loyal colonies East Florida Nova Scotia Quebec West Florida LeadersBritishMilitary Arbuthnot Brant Burgoyne Campbell Carleton Clinton Cornwallis Fraser Gage Graves Richard Howe William Howe Knyphausen Rodney Civilian King George III Amherst Barrington Germain North Rockingham Sandwich Shelburne ColonialMilitary Washington Alexander Allen Arnold Barry Claghorn Clark Duportail Gates Greene Hamilton Hopkins Jones de Kalb Knox Lafayette Charles Lee Lincoln Mercer Montgomery Nicholson Putnam Rodney St. Clair Schuyler von Steuben Sullivan Ward Wayne Civilian John Adams Samuel Adams Carroll Dickinson Franklin Hancock Hanson Henry Huntington Jay Jefferson Laurens Richard Henry Lee McKean Morris Revere Rush Witherspoon Colonial alliesFrench Louis XVI Beaumarchais d'Estaing de Grasse de Guichen Luzerne de Rochambeau Suffren Vergennes Aftermath Society of the Cincinnati Treaty of Paris (1783) Evacuation Day (1783) Ratification Day (1784) Constitutional Convention The Federalist Papers Constitution Bill of Rights Shays' Rebellion Jay Treaty Related topics Military Prisoners The Turtle Political Founding Fathers Diplomacy Liberty Tree Yankee Doodle Other topics Timeline of the American Revolution African Americans in the Revolutionary War Dogs in the American Revolutionary War Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War Women in the American Revolution Financial costs of the war Continental currency banknotes Continental Currency dollar coin Libertas Americana Commemoration film television theater Independence Day Patriots' Day Pulaski Memorial Day Washington's Birthday Jefferson's Birthday Von Steuben Day Minor holidays Centennial Sesquicentennial Bicentennial Semiquincentennial Children of the American Revolution Daughters of the American Revolution Sons of the American Revolution Sons of the Revolution Charters of Freedom Rotunda Museum of the American Revolution Authority control databases: National Israel United States
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Presidents' Day (Botswana)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents%27_Day_(Botswana)"},{"link_name":"Presidents Day (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_Day_(disambiguation)"},{"link_name":"presidents of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"federal holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_holidays_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Founding Father","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"Continental Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continental_Army"},{"link_name":"American Revolutionary War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War"},{"link_name":"Constitutional Convention","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"U.S. president","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"state holiday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_holiday"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPostFeb14-2"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Thomas Jefferson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPostFeb14-2"},{"link_name":"N.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Uniform Monday Holiday Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2manyCh1efs-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WaPostFeb14-2"},{"link_name":"American Civil War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Civil_War"},{"link_name":"Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)"},{"link_name":"abolished","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"slavery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"federal government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"U.S. economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._economy"}],"text":"For the holiday in Botswana, see Presidents' Day (Botswana). For other uses, see Presidents Day (disambiguation).Presidents' Day, officially Washington's Birthday at the federal governmental level, is a holiday in the United States celebrated on the third Monday of February. It is often celebrated to honor all those who served as presidents of the United States and, since 1879, has been the federal holiday honoring Founding Father George Washington, who led the Continental Army to victory in the American Revolutionary War, presided at the Constitutional Convention of 1787, and was the first U.S. president.[1]The day is an official state holiday in most states under various names.[2] Depending upon the specific law, the state holiday may officially celebrate Washington alone, Washington and Abraham Lincoln, or some other combination of U.S. presidents (such as Washington and Thomas Jefferson, who was born in April).[2]George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 (N.S.). Washington's Birthday was celebrated on this date from 1879 until 1970. To give federal employees a three-day weekend, in 1968 the Uniform Monday Holiday Act moved it to the third Monday in February, which can occur from February 15 to the 21st.[3] The day soon became known as Presidents(') Day[4] (the presence and placement of the apostrophe varies) and provides an occasion to remember all the U.S. presidents, to honor Abraham Lincoln's and Washington's birthdays together, or any single president of choice.[2]As many states and cities followed suit, some states that had been celebrating Lincoln's birthday on February 12 combined the two into Presidents Day. Lincoln led the nation through the American Civil War, preserved the Union, abolished slavery, bolstered the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy.","title":"Presidents' Day"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln"},{"link_name":"Alexander Gardner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Gardner_(photographer)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:No_Business_Transacted_poster_-_3g12934u.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:American_Flag_display_in_Toronto_on_Washington%27s_Birthday_2007.jpg"},{"link_name":"bunting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunting_(textile)"},{"link_name":"Toronto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto"},{"link_name":"Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"historical rankings of presidents of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"territories of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-VermontLaws-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-nlrodgers-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Daisy Bates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(civil_rights_activist)"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Delaware","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Delaware"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"John F. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_F._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"John Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams"},{"link_name":"John Quincy Adams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams"},{"link_name":"Calvin Coolidge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"Connecticut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Connecticut"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illinois"},{"link_name":"Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michigan"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"New Jersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Jersey"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-20"},{"link_name":"Lincoln's Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"Missouri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missouri"},{"link_name":"Abraham Lincoln's birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln%27s_Birthday"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Friday following","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Friday_(shopping)"},{"link_name":"Thanksgiving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Christmas Eve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmas_Eve"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Abraham Lincoln by Alexander Gardner (1863)Washington's Birthday sign, c. 1890–1899Flag and bunting mark Washington's Birthday in Toronto, OntarioLincoln's Birthday, February 12, was never a federal holiday, but nearly half the state governments have officially renamed their observances \"Presidents' Day\", \"Washington and Lincoln Day\", or other such designations. (In historical rankings of presidents of the United States, Lincoln and Washington are often the top two.)In the following states and territories of the United States, this same day is an official state holiday and known as[5]—Using \"President\" in the official title:\"Presidents' Day\" in Hawaii,[6] New Mexico, North Dakota,[7] Oklahoma, Pennsylvania,[8] Puerto Rico, South Dakota, Texas, Vermont,[9] and Washington[10]\n\"President's Day\" in Alaska, Idaho, Maryland, Nebraska, New Hampshire, Tennessee, West Virginia, and Wyoming\n\"Presidents Day\" in Nevada and Oregon\n\"Washington's Birthday/President's Day\" in Maine\n\"Lincoln/Washington Presidents' Day\" in Arizona[11]Using \"Washington\" alone:\"George Washington Day\" in Virginia[12]\n\"Washington's Birthday\" in Connecticut,[13] Florida,[14] Illinois,[15] Iowa,[16] Louisiana, Massachusetts,[17] Michigan,[18] North Carolina,[19] New Jersey,[20] and New York[21]Using both \"Washington\" and \"Lincoln\":\"Lincoln's and Washington's Birthday\" in Montana\n\"Washington–Lincoln Day\" in Colorado,[22] Ohio[23]\n\"Washington and Lincoln Day\" in Utah[24]\n\"Washington's and Lincoln's Birthday\" in Minnesota[25]Using \"Washington\" and another person:\"George Washington/Thomas Jefferson Birthday\" in Alabama[26]\n\"George Washington's Birthday and Daisy Bates Day\" in ArkansasUsing something else:\"The third Monday in February\" generic term used in California[27]Not a holiday:Some states do not officially observe the holiday on this day and do not have a day celebrating Washington or presidents in general. Delaware does not observe the Washington's Birthday federal holiday.[28]Several states honor presidents with official state holidays that do not fall on the third Monday of February. In Massachusetts, the state officially celebrates \"Washington's Birthday\" on the same day as the federal holiday. State law also directs the governor to issue an annual \"Presidents Day\" proclamation on May 29 (John F. Kennedy's birthday), honoring the presidents with Massachusetts roots: Kennedy, John Adams, John Quincy Adams, and Calvin Coolidge.[29] In California,[30] Connecticut, Florida,[14] Illinois, Michigan,[31] and New Jersey,[20] Lincoln's Birthday is a separate state holiday celebrated on February 12. In Missouri, Washington's Birthday is a federal holiday, observed on the third Monday in February, and Abraham Lincoln's birthday is observed on the Monday closest to February 12 (always the Monday preceding Washington's Birthday).In New Mexico, Presidents' Day, at least as a state-government paid holiday, is observed on the Friday following Thanksgiving,[32][33] although the legal public holiday remains the third Monday in February.[34] In Georgia, Washington's Birthday is not a state-government paid holiday, although until 2018 it was officially observed on Christmas Eve.[35] Similarly, in Indiana, Washington's Birthday is observed on Christmas Eve, or the day preceding the weekend if Christmas falls on Saturday or Sunday, while Lincoln's Birthday is the day after Thanksgiving.[36]","title":"Official state holidays"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Centennial_celebration_of_Washington%27s_birth_day,_Philadelphia,_February_1832.png"},{"link_name":"George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington"},{"link_name":"O.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"Westmoreland County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"George Washington Birthplace National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Julian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_calendar"},{"link_name":"Catholic Church","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Church"},{"link_name":"Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gregorian_calendar"},{"link_name":"leap year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leap_year"},{"link_name":"civil year","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_year"},{"link_name":"Dual dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual_dating"},{"link_name":"The British Empire switched to the Gregorian calendar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendar_(New_Style)_Act_1750"},{"link_name":"\"New Style\" dates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"Act of Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Act_of_Congress"},{"link_name":"Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington,_D.C."},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"277","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-20-277"},{"link_name":"Stat.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large"},{"link_name":"516","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//legislink.org/us/stat-23-516"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Uniform Monday Holiday Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-unifmonday-40"},{"link_name":"Commonwealth realms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_realms"},{"link_name":"reigning monarch's official birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queen%27s_Official_Birthday"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Harold Stonebridge Fischer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harold_Stonebridge_Fischer&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Compton, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compton,_California"},{"link_name":"Senate Judiciary Committee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spectator-41"},{"link_name":"Uniform Monday Holiday Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniform_Monday_Holiday_Act"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spectator-41"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Arbelbide-43"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"}],"text":"Procession of events for the centennial celebration of Washington's birthday, Philadelphia, February 1832George Washington was born on February 11, 1731 (O.S.), at his parents' Pope's Creek Estate near Colonial Beach in Westmoreland County, Virginia, now the George Washington Birthplace National Monument. At the time, the entire British Empire, including its North American possessions, was on the Julian calendar; the Empire, not being bound to the Catholic Church, had not yet adopted the modern Gregorian calendar that Catholic countries had adopted in 1582. Consequently, by the 1730s, the Julian calendar used by Britain and the Colonies was eleven days behind the Gregorian, because of leap year differences. Furthermore, the British civil year began on March 25 rather than January 1, so that dates in February (such as this one) 'belonged' to the preceding year. (See Dual dating). In 1752, The British Empire switched to the Gregorian calendar; since then, Americans born prior to 1752, including Washington, have typically had their birthdays recognized according to the Gregorian calendar (\"New Style\" dates).[37] Since February 11, 1731, on the Julian calendar was February 22, 1732, on the Gregorian, and he was alive at the time the change was made, Washington changed his birth date to February 22, 1732, to match the new calendar.[38]The federal holiday honoring Washington was originally implemented by an Act of Congress in 1879 for government offices in Washington (20 Stat. 277) and expanded in 1885 to include all federal offices (23 Stat. 516). As the first federal holiday to honor an American president, the holiday was celebrated on Washington's birthday under the Gregorian calendar, February 22.[39] On January 1, 1971, the federal holiday was shifted to the third Monday in February by the Uniform Monday Holiday Act.[40] This places it between February 15 and 21, which makes \"Washington's Birthday\" something of a misnomer, since it never occurs on Washington's actual birthday, February 22. (A rough analogue of this phenomenon can be seen in Commonwealth realms, where the reigning monarch's official birthday is celebrated without regard to the monarch's actual date of birth.)[citation needed]The first attempt to create a Presidents Day occurred in 1951 when the \"President's Day National Committee\" was formed by Harold Stonebridge Fischer of Compton, California, who became its National Executive Director for the next two decades. The purpose was not to honor any particular president but to honor the office of the presidency. It was first thought that March 4, the original inauguration day, should be deemed Presidents Day, but the bill recognizing March 4 stalled in the Senate Judiciary Committee (which had authority over federal holidays). The committee felt that, given its proximity to Lincoln's and Washington's Birthdays, three holidays so close together would be unduly burdensome. But meanwhile the governors of a majority of the states issued proclamations declaring March 4 Presidents' Day in their respective jurisdictions.[41]An early draft of the Uniform Monday Holiday Act would have renamed the holiday \"Presidents' Day\" to honor the birthdays of both Washington and Lincoln, which would explain why the chosen date falls between the two, but this proposal failed in committee, and the bill was voted on and signed into law on June 28, 1968, keeping the name \"Washington's Birthday\".[41][42]By the mid-1980s, with a push from advertisers, the term \"Presidents' Day\" began its public appearance.[43]In Washington's adopted hometown of Alexandria, Virginia, celebrations are held throughout February.[44]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Los_Angeles_Consolidated_Electric_at_Pico_Heights._Decorated_for_Washington%27s_Birthday.jpg"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Pacific_Railroad"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Childe_Hassam_-_Washington%27s_Birthday--Fifth_Avenue_at_23rd_Street_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"},{"link_name":"Childe Hassam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Childe_Hassam"},{"link_name":"cherry pie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherry_pie"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Memorial Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorial_Day"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"U.S. Postal Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"Purple Heart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purple_Heart"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"a monthlong tribute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington%27s_Birthday_Celebration"},{"link_name":"Alexandria, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Eustis, Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eustis,_Florida"},{"link_name":"GeorgeFest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GeorgeFest"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Denver, Colorado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denver"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"George Washington Birthplace National Monument","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington_Birthplace_National_Monument"},{"link_name":"Westmoreland County, Virginia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westmoreland_County,_Virginia"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Mount Vernon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Vernon"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"United States Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Senate"},{"link_name":"George Washington's Farewell Address","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Washington%27s_Farewell_Address"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"}],"text":"Los Angeles streetcar decorated for Washington's Birthday, c. 1892Washington's Birthday—Fifth Avenue at 23rd Street, etching by Childe Hassam, 1916A food traditionally associated with the holiday is cherry pie, based on the legend of Washington in his youth chopping down a cherry tree.[45]Until the late 1980s, corporate businesses generally closed on this day, similar to present corporate practices on Memorial Day or Christmas Day.[46] However, after having been moved to the third Monday, most businesses remain open with many offering sales and other promotions. Federal and state government services close (U.S. Postal Service, state Departments of Motor Vehicles, federal and state courts).[47] Class schedules at universities and colleges vary depending on the school. Public elementary and secondary schools are generally closed, but some school districts, such as New York City, may close for an entire week as a \"mid-winter recess\".[48]The holiday is also a tribute to the general who created the first military badge of merit for the common soldier. Revived on Washington's 200th birthday in 1932, the Purple Heart medal (which bears Washington's image) is awarded to soldiers who are injured in battle.[49]Community celebrations often display a lengthy heritage. Laredo, Texas, hosts a monthlong tribute, as does Washington's hometown of Alexandria, Virginia, which includes what is claimed to be the nation's longest-running and largest George Washington Birthday parade.[50] Eustis, Florida, holds an annual \"GeorgeFest\" celebration that began in 1902,[51] and in Denver, Colorado, there is a society dedicated to observing the day.[52] At the George Washington Birthplace National Monument in Westmoreland County, Virginia, visitors are treated to birthday celebrations on the holiday,[53] while at Mount Vernon they last throughout the holiday weekend and through February 22.[54]Since 1862 there has been a tradition in the United States Senate that George Washington's Farewell Address be read on his birthday. Citizens asked that this be done in light of the ongoing Civil War.[55]","title":"Observance and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Basketball Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Basketball_Association"},{"link_name":"All-Star festivities","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NBA_All-Star_weekend"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Daytona 500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daytona_500"},{"link_name":"NASCAR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NASCAR"},{"link_name":"2024 edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2024_Daytona_500"}],"sub_title":"Sports","text":"Since the mid-2000s, the National Basketball Association has held their annual All-Star festivities during the holiday weekend. As a result, no games are played on the holiday itself, and the season resumes the following Thursday.[citation needed]The day before Presidents Day is the traditional running of the Daytona 500 NASCAR race; there have been occasions when the race was cut short, or either finished on or postponed entirely to the holiday due to inclement weather, the most recent of which was the 2024 edition.","title":"Observance and traditions"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2manyCh1efs-3"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"attributive nouns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noun_adjunct"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"Associated Press Stylebook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associated_Press_Stylebook"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"possessive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_possessive"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"}],"text":"Because \"Presidents' Day\" is not the official name of the federal holiday, there is variation in how it is rendered, both colloquially and in the name of official state holidays.[3]When used with the intention of celebrating more than one individual, the form \"Presidents' Day\" was usual in the past. This is celebrating President Washington Day, President Fillmore Day, up to President Biden Day, individually.[56] In recent years, as the use of attributive nouns (nouns acting as modifiers) has become more widespread, the form \"Presidents Day\" has become more common (It would mean celebrating Presidents Washington through Biden Day collectively);[57] the Associated Press Stylebook, most newspapers and some magazines use this form.[58]\"President's Day\" as an alternate rendering of any one particular president, or for the purpose of commemorating the presidency as an institution, is a proper use of a possessive and is the legal rendering in eight states.[59]","title":"Punctuation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Dates"}]
[{"image_text":"Abraham Lincoln by Alexander Gardner (1863)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg/220px-Abraham_Lincoln_O-77_matte_collodion_print.jpg"},{"image_text":"Washington's Birthday sign, c. 1890–1899","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/No_Business_Transacted_poster_-_3g12934u.jpg/220px-No_Business_Transacted_poster_-_3g12934u.jpg"},{"image_text":"Flag and bunting mark Washington's Birthday in Toronto, Ontario","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/American_Flag_display_in_Toronto_on_Washington%27s_Birthday_2007.jpg/220px-American_Flag_display_in_Toronto_on_Washington%27s_Birthday_2007.jpg"},{"image_text":"Procession of events for the centennial celebration of Washington's birthday, Philadelphia, February 1832","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Centennial_celebration_of_Washington%27s_birth_day%2C_Philadelphia%2C_February_1832.png/220px-Centennial_celebration_of_Washington%27s_birth_day%2C_Philadelphia%2C_February_1832.png"},{"image_text":"Los Angeles streetcar decorated for Washington's Birthday, c. 1892","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Los_Angeles_Consolidated_Electric_at_Pico_Heights._Decorated_for_Washington%27s_Birthday.jpg/220px-Los_Angeles_Consolidated_Electric_at_Pico_Heights._Decorated_for_Washington%27s_Birthday.jpg"},{"image_text":"Washington's Birthday—Fifth Avenue at 23rd Street, etching by Childe Hassam, 1916","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Childe_Hassam_-_Washington%27s_Birthday--Fifth_Avenue_at_23rd_Street_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Childe_Hassam_-_Washington%27s_Birthday--Fifth_Avenue_at_23rd_Street_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg"}]
[{"title":"List of memorials to George Washington","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_George_Washington"},{"title":"Jefferson's Birthday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday"},{"title":"Family Day (Canada)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_Day_(Canada)"},{"title":"Historical rankings of presidents of the United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States"}]
[{"reference":"\"George Washington's Life\". George Washington's Mount Vernon. Retrieved February 12, 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mountvernon.org/george-washington/biography/","url_text":"\"George Washington's Life\""}]},{"reference":"Strauss, Valerie (February 16, 2014). \"Why Presidents' Day Is slightly strange\". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 18, 2014. Retrieved February 17, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2014/02/16/why-presidents-day-is-slightly-strange/","url_text":"\"Why Presidents' Day Is slightly strange\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Washington_Post","url_text":"The Washington Post"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140218163220/http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2014/02/16/why-presidents-day-is-slightly-strange/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Hertzberg, Hendrik (February 19, 2007). \"Too Many Chiefs\". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on April 4, 2014. Retrieved February 22, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2007/02/19/070219taco_talk_hertzberg","url_text":"\"Too Many Chiefs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker","url_text":"The New Yorker"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140404152437/http://www.newyorker.com/talk/comment/2007/02/19/070219taco_talk_hertzberg","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Presidents' Day\". govinfo.gov. February 12, 2021. Retrieved July 6, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/features/presidents-day","url_text":"\"Presidents' Day\""}]},{"reference":"\"Years 2016 and 2017 Holidays to be observed by the Hawaii State Government\" (PDF). Hawaii. August 11, 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 25, 2017. Retrieved February 19, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170125111850/https://dhrd.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/State-Holidays-2016-2017.pdf","url_text":"\"Years 2016 and 2017 Holidays to be observed by the Hawaii State Government\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaii","url_text":"Hawaii"},{"url":"http://dhrd.hawaii.gov/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/State-Holidays-2016-2017.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Holidays\". Office of Management and Budget. North Dakota. Archived from the original on February 21, 2017. Retrieved February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nd.gov/omb/agency/state-government-human-resource-management/state-hr-laws-rules-and-policies/holidays","url_text":"\"Holidays\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dakota","url_text":"North Dakota"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170221105657/https://www.nd.gov/omb/agency/state-government-human-resource-management/state-hr-laws-rules-and-policies/holidays","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Act 138 of 1893\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legis.state.pa.us/cfdocs/legis/li/uconsCheck.cfm?txtType=HTM&yr=1893&sessInd=0&act=0138.&chpt=000.&subchpt=000.&sctn=001.&subsctn=000.","url_text":"\"Act 138 of 1893\""}]},{"reference":"\"Vermont Laws\". legislature.vermont.gov. Retrieved January 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://legislature.vermont.gov/statutes/section/01/007/00371","url_text":"\"Vermont Laws\""}]},{"reference":"\"RCW 1.16.050\". Revised Code of Washington. Archived from the original on February 3, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=1.16.050","url_text":"\"RCW 1.16.050\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150203183442/http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/default.aspx?cite=1.16.050","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"State of Arizona (February 19, 2023). \"A.R.S. § 1-301. Holidays enumerated\". Arizona State Legislature, Revised Statutes. Retrieved February 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azleg.gov/ars/1/00301.htm","url_text":"\"A.R.S. § 1-301. Holidays enumerated\""}]},{"reference":"\"Va. Code § 2.2-3300. Legal holidays\". Code of Virginia. Retrieved February 13, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://law.lis.virginia.gov/vacode/title2.2/chapter33/section2.2-3300/","url_text":"\"Va. Code § 2.2-3300. Legal holidays\""}]},{"reference":"State of Connecticut (February 19, 2023). \"C.G.S. § 1-4. Days designated as legal holidays\". Connecticut General Assembly, General Statutes, Chapter 2. Retrieved February 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.cga.ct.gov/current/pub/chap_002.htm","url_text":"\"C.G.S. § 1-4. Days designated as legal holidays\""}]},{"reference":"State of Florida (February 19, 2023). \"Fla. Code § 683.01 Legal holidays\". 2020 Florida Statutes. Florida Senate. Retrieved February 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.flsenate.gov/laws/statutes/2020/683.01","url_text":"\"Fla. Code § 683.01 Legal holidays\""}]},{"reference":"Office of the Secretary of the State. \"State Holidays\". Illinois Secretary of State. Retrieved February 20, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ilsos.gov/departments/personnel/holidays.html","url_text":"\"State Holidays\""}]},{"reference":"\"Public Holidays and Recognition Days, §1C,2\" (PDF). Iowa Legislature. December 13, 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on December 22, 2016. Retrieved February 20, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/1c.pdf","url_text":"\"Public Holidays and Recognition Days, §1C,2\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa","url_text":"Iowa Legislature"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20161222150708/https://www.legis.iowa.gov/docs/code/1c.pdf","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Massachusetts Legal Holidays\". www.sec.state.ma.us. Retrieved February 16, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sec.state.ma.us/cis/cishol/holidx.htm","url_text":"\"Massachusetts Legal Holidays\""}]},{"reference":"\"Legal Holidays (Excerpt)\". Archived from the original on August 28, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(eo5aotjlszou4wwiefnnhl1g))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectName=mcl-435-101","url_text":"\"Legal Holidays (Excerpt)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170828125531/http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(qnxbujadh5mtmjim031wjdcf))/mileg.aspx?page=getObject&objectname=mcl-435-101","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"State of North Carolina (February 19, 2023). \"N.C.G.S. § 103-4. Dates of public holidays\". North Carolina General Assembly, Enacted Legislation, Statutes. Retrieved February 19, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://ncleg.gov/EnactedLegislation/Statutes/HTML/BySection/Chapter_103/GS_103-4.html","url_text":"\"N.C.G.S. § 103-4. Dates of public holidays\""}]},{"reference":"\"N.J.S.A. § 36:1-1 (2022) Legal holidays\". 2022 New Jersey Revised Statutes, Title 36 - Legal Holidays. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chesme
Battle of Chesma
["1 Prelude","2 Battle","3 Significance","3.1 Other depictions","4 See also","5 Notes","6 Refs","7 Bibliography","8 Further reading","9 External links"]
Coordinates: 38°19′48″N 26°17′24″E / 38.33000°N 26.29000°E / 38.33000; 26.290001770 naval battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Battle of Chesma (Çeşme)Part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774The destruction of the Ottoman fleet on 7 JulyJacob Philipp HackertDate5–7 July 1770LocationÇeşme Bay (off Çeşme) & Chios Strait, Ottoman Empire38°19′48″N 26°17′24″E / 38.33000°N 26.29000°E / 38.33000; 26.29000Result Russian victoryBelligerents  Russian Empire Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders Alexey Orlov Grigory Spiridov Samuel Greig John Elphinstone Hüsameddin Pasha Gazi Hasan Pasha Cafer Bey Strength 9 ships of the line,3 frigates,1 bomb vessels,4 fireships,4 supply ships 16 ships of the line,6 frigates,6 xebecs,13 galleys,32 small craft,1,300 gunsCasualties and losses 1 ship of the line4 fire ships534–661 killed40 wounded 16 ships of the line6 frigates and escort vessels13 galleys32 smaller vesselsat least 11,000 men killedclass=notpageimage| Location of the battle site in the Aegean SeavteRusso-Turkish War(1768–1774) Aspindza Nauplia Orlov revolt Chesma Larga Cahul Akkerman Beirut Patras Turtucaia Kaynarca  Hirsovo Chkheri Kozludzha Kerch The naval Battle of Cheshme (also the Battle of Chesma or Chesme) took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) near and in Çeşme (Cheshme, Chesma, or Chesme) Bay, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. It was a part of the Orlov Revolt of 1770, a precursor to the later Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), and the first of a number of disastrous fleet battles for the Ottomans against Russia. Today it is commemorated as a Day of Military Honour in Russia. Prelude The Russo-Turkish War had begun in 1768, and Russia sent several squadrons from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to draw Ottoman attention away from their Black Sea fleet, then only six ships of the line strong. Two Russian squadrons, commanded by Admiral Grigory Spiridov and Rear Admiral John Elphinstone, a British captain who had risen to the rank of rear admiral in Russia, combined under the overall command of General-in-Chief Count Alexei Orlov, supreme commander of the Russian Fleet, and went to look for the Ottoman fleet. Orlov's naval adviser was Captain-Commander Greig. On 5 July 1770, they came across it, anchored in line just north of Çeşme Bay, western Anatolia. The Ottoman fleet contained about 14 ships of the line, perhaps 6 frigates, 6 xebecs, 13 galleys and 32 small craft, with about 1,300 guns in total. About 10 of the ships of the line, of 70–100 guns, were in the Ottoman main line with a further 6 or so in the second, arranged so that they could fire through the gaps in the first line. Behind that were the frigates, xebecs, etc. The fleet was commanded by Kapudan Pasha Mandalzade Hüsameddin, in the fourth ship from the front (north end) of the line, with Hasan Pasha in the first ship, Real Mustafa, and Cafer Bey in the seventh. Two further ships of the line, probably small, had left this fleet for Mytilene the previous evening. After settling on a plan of attack, the Russian battle line (see Table 1) sailed towards the south end of the Ottoman line and then turned north, coming alongside the Ottomans, with the tail end coming into action last (Elphinstone had wanted to approach the northern end first, then follow the wind along the Ottoman line, attacking their ships one by one – the method used by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile in 1798). Battle The Ottomans opened fire at about 11:45 a.m., followed by the Russians slightly later. Three of the Russian ships of the line had trouble staying in position; Evropa turned around and came back behind Rostislav, Tri Svyatitelya circled the second Ottoman vessel before coming back into the Russian line, being attacked in error by Tri Ierarcha as she did so, and Sviatoi Ianuarii turned around before coming back into the line. Based on the plan proposed by G. A. Spiridov, the Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman van from a short distance (50–70 metres). Spiridov, in Sviatoi Evstafii, had a close-range battle with Hasan Pasha in Real Mustafa, before the latter was suddenly seen to be on fire. Her mainmast came down and landed on Sviatoi Evstafii's deck, causing the Russian ship to blow up immediately. Shortly thereafter, Real Mustafa blew up as well — after a 2-hour battle. According to Elphinstone, who claimed the Russians were almost useless, Spiridov and Count Feodor Orlov (brother of the commander), had left Sviatoi Evstafii before the fighting became close-range. Spiridov ended up on Tri Svyatitelya. Sviatoi Evstafii's captain, Kruse, survived too. At about 2:00 p.m. the fighting ended, as the Ottomans cut their cables and moved south into the bay, forming themselves into a defensive line of eight ships of the line, a second line, and the rest beyond. Vladimir Kosov. Chesma battle of 1770 On 6 July, the Russians bombarded the Ottoman ships and land positions. At about 12:30 a.m. on the morning of 7 July, Orlov, acting on Spiridov's plan, sent Samuel Greig (who transferred to Rostislav) to attack with Evropa, Rostislav and Ne Tron Menya forming a south–north line facing the Ottomans, and with Saratov in reserve, Nadezhda attacking the batteries at the eastern side of the bay entrance, Afrika attacking the batteries on the western side, and Grom near Afrika. At about 1:30 a.m. or earlier (times were about 90 minutes earlier, according to Elphinstone), fire from Grom and/or Ne tron menya caused an Ottoman ship of the line to blow up after her main topsail caught fire, and the fire quickly spread to other ships of the line. By 2:00 a.m., two Ottoman ships of the line had blown up and more were on fire, and Greig sent in three fireships (the fourth, seeing the danger, stayed out), which contributed in a small way to the burning of almost the entire Ottoman fleet: fireship commanded by Lieutenant D. S. Ilyin  set fire to another ship of the line and consequently the fire continued to spread among various vessels. At about 4:00 a.m., boats were sent in to save two ships of the line which were not burning, but one of these caught fire while it was being towed. The other, Semend-i Bahri 60, survived and was captured along with five galleys. Fighting ended at about 8:00 a.m. Russian casualties on 5 July were 14 killed, plus 636 killed in Sviatoi Evstafii, and about 30 wounded, and on 7 July 11 killed. Ottoman casualties were much higher. Hüsameddin, Hasan Pasha and Cafer Bey survived. Hüsameddin was removed from his position, which was given to Cafer Bey. This was the only significant fleet battle during the Russo-Turkish War. Battle line Guns Type Evropa (a) 66 Battleship (ship of the line) Sviatoi Evstafii (b) 68 Battleship; blew up Tri Svyatitelya 66 Battleship Sviatoi Ianuarii 66 Battleship Tri Ierarcha (c) 66 Battleship Rostislav 68 Battleship Ne Tron Menya 66 Battleship Svyatoslav (d) 84 Battleship Saratov 66 Battleship Other ships Guns Type Grom 12 Bomb ship Sv. Nikolai 26/38? Frigate Afrika 32 Frigate Nadezhda 32 Frigate Sv. Pavel (e) 8 Pink (store ship) Potchtalyon (e) 14 Despatch vessel Graf Tchernyshev (f) 22 Armed merchantman Graf Panin (f) 18 Armed merchantman Graf Orlov (f) 18 Armed merchantman ? (captain Dugdale) Fireship; sunk ? (captain Mackenzie) Fireship; expended ? (captain Ilyin) Fireship; expended ? (captain Gagarin) Fireship Table 1: Russian ships. Battleships (ships of the line) are listed in the order they came into action. Orlov's squadron in pink, Spiridov's in blue and Elphinstone's in yellow. Notes: (a) captain Klokatchev; (b) Spiridov's flagship, captain Kruse; (c) Orlov's flagship, captain Greig; (d) Elphinstone's flagship; (e) One or both of these were present; (f) Hired English ships that were supporting the fleet Significance Chesma Column The Battle of Cheshme was fought on the same day as the land Battle of Larga. It was the greatest naval defeat suffered by Ottomans since the Battle of Lepanto (1571). This battle inspired great confidence in the Russian fleet and allowed the Russians to control the Aegean Sea for some time. The defeat of the Ottoman fleet also speeded up rebellions by minority groups in the Ottoman Empire, especially the Orthodox Christian nations in the Balkan peninsula, who helped the Russian army in defeating the Ottoman Empire. After this naval victory, the Russian fleet stayed in the Aegean for the following five years. It returned to Çeşme twice more during this time to bombard it. Historians still debate the rationale for the Russian military focus on this small fort town while there were many other more strategic targets along the Aegean coast. Due to the Ottoman defeat, fanatical Muslim groups proceeded to massacre c. 1,500 local Greeks in nearby Smyrna. Catherine the Great commissioned four monuments to commemorate the victory: Chesma Palace and Church of Saint John at Chesme Palace in St Petersburg (1774–77), Chesma Obelisk in Gatchina (1775), and Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo (1778). Other depictions Combat in the Chios Strait by Ivan Aivazovsky Battle of Chesma at Night by Ivan Aivazovsky Dutch watercolor of the second half of the XVIII century Battle plan for July 5 (in the Chios Strait) Battle plan for July 7 (in the Çeşme Bay) Russian silver coin300th anniversary of the Russian NavyG. A. SpiridovBattle of Chesma1770 See also Timeline of Ottoman history Action of 27 May 1770 Action of 6 November 1772 Action of 4 July 1773 Action of 3 September 1773 Action of 20 June 1774 Notes ^ He became commander-in-chief after Elphinstone's quarrel with Spiridov and ensured coordination between all commanders. ^ He was, among other things, Alexey Orlov's adviser on naval operations, in which Orlov had little knowledge. ^ In 1768 he entered the Russian service and was sent with a small squadron from Kronstadt to help Admiral Spiridov. Refs ^ "Граф Орлов – История.РФ" . 100.histrf.ru. Russian Military Historical Society. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023. ^ a b Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1904. ^ a b Velichko et al. 1912, pp. 464–465. ^ "The history of Russian Navy". neva.ru. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Article: "Chesma and Patras". neva.ru. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020. ^ Anderson, R. C. (2006). Naval wars in the Levant, 1559–1853. Martino. pp. 288–291. ISBN 978-1-57898-538-8. ^ Dowling, T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014. p. 193 ISBN 978-1-59884-947-9 ^ "Battle of Çeşme | Turkish history | Britannica". britannica.com. Retrieved 31 May 2023. ^ "John Elphinston, Papers Relating to the Russo-Turkish War". Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2008-12-12. ^ Polovtsov 1912. ^ a b c Tashlykov 2017. ^ H. M. Scott. The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775. Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 199 ISBN 978-0521792691 ^ "Russo–Ottoman War of 1768–1774". Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. 2008. p. 492 ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1 ^ Michael T. Florinsky. Russia: A History and Interpretation. New York, 1965. p. 521 ^ Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans. Cambridge University Press, 1983. Page 69. ^ Samatopoulou-Vasilakou, Chrysothemis (1 January 2008). "The Greek Communities in the Balkans and Asia Minor and Their Theatrical Activity 1800-1922". Études Helléniques. 16 (1–2). Centre de recherche helléniques = Centre of Hellenic Research: 53. Retrieved 4 March 2017. This was the second biggest slaughter of the Greek population of Smyrna since 1770, when after the Cesme sea battle, fanatic Muslims massacred 1, 500 Greeks. Bibliography Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422. İsipek, Ali Rıza ve Oğuz Aydemir (2006) 1770 Çeşme Deniz Savaşı: 1768–1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları, Istanbul:Denizler Kitabevi, ISBN 975-00051-4-7 (in Turkish) Isipek Ali Rıza and Aydemir Oguz (2010) Battle of Çesme 1770. 1768–1774 Ottoman–Russian Wars, Istanbul, Denizler Kitabevi, ISBN 978-9944-264-27-3 Velichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912). Военная энциклопедия Сытина (in Russian). Vol. VIII: Гимры – Двигатели судовые. Moscow: Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. Retrieved 30 September 2023. Arsenyev, Konstantin; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1904). Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. 80. Электровозбудительная сила—Эрготин. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (Leipzig), Ilya A. Yefron (St. Petersburg). p. 690. Polovtsov, Alexander (1912). Russian Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 24: Щапов—Юшневский. St. Petersburg: Типография Главного Управления Уделов. pp. 225–226. Tashlykov, S. L. (2017). "ЧЕСМЕНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1770". Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version. Retrieved 14 October 2023. Further reading Baş, Ersan: Çeşme, Navarin, Sinop Baskınları ve Sonuçları . Türk Deniz Harp Tarihinde İz Bırakan Gemiler, Olaylar ve Şahıslar. Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, Sayı: 8. İstanbul 2007, Deniz Basımevi, ISBN 975-409-452-7 External links Istanbul Naval Museum official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Chesma. vteBattles involving the Ottoman Empire by eraRise(1299–1453)Land battles Kulaca Hisar Bapheus Dimbos Nicaea Pelekanon Demotika Gallipoli Ihtiman Adrianople Sırp Sındığı Samokov Maritsa Philadelphia Dubravnica Savra Pločnik Bileća Kosovo Kırkdilim Karanovasa Rovine Ohrid Nicopolis Ankara Çamurlu Thessalonica Golubac Novo Brdo Hermannstadt 1st Niš Zlatitsa Kunovica Torvioll Varna 1st Mokra Otonetë 1st Oranik 2nd Kosovo Polog Constantinople Naval battles Gallipoli Classical Age(1453–1550)Land battles Leskovac Krusevac 2nd Oranik 1st Belgrade Albulena Târgoviște 2nd Mokra Ohrid Vaikal Meçad Otlukbeli Vaslui Valea Albă Shkodra Breadfield Una Adana Cătlăbuga Vrpile Krbava Dubica Çaldıran Turnadag Algiers Koçhisar Mercidabık Han Yunus Ridanieh Jajce Tlemcen 1st Mohács Peñón of Algiers Leobersdorf Gorjani Baghdad Algiers Pest Esztergom Karagak Sokhoista Naval battles Zonchio Modon Balearic Diu 1st Jeddah Formentera Tunis Preveza Girolata Alborán Ponza Strait of Hormuz Gulf of Oman Djerba Transformation(1550–1700)Land battles Tlemcen Temesvár Palast Fez Tadla Tlemcen Mostaganem Krupa Szigeth Fez Gvozdansko Çıldır Torches Alcácer Quibir 1st Brest Bihać Sisak Banat Călugăreni Giurgiu 2nd Brest Keresztes Nagykanizsa Sufiyan Tashiskari Cecora 1st Khotyn Candia Köbölkút Jurjeve Stijene 1st Zrínyiújvár 2nd Zrínyiújvár Novi Zrin Jijel Saint Gotthard Ładyżyn Krasnobród Niemirów Komarno 2nd Khotyn Lwów Trembowla 2nd Vienna Párkány Buda Vác Eperjes Kassa Vrtijeljka 2nd Mohács Crimea Negroponte Batočina 2nd Niš Zernest Egri Palanka Slankamen Hodów Ustechko Moulouya Lugos Ulaş Azov Zenta Naval battles Cyprus Lepanto Tunis Cape Corvo Cape Celidonia Focchies 1st Dardanelles 2nd Dardanelles 3rd Dardanelles 4th Dardanelles Algiers Algiers Algiers Mytilene Oinousses Andros Samothrace Old Regime(1700–1789)Land battles Chelif Oran Pruth Petrovaradin 2nd Belgrade Kurijan Samarra Kirkuk Yeghevārd Ganja Banja Luka Grocka Perekop 1st Ochakov Stavunchany 1st Kars Khresili Aspindza Larga Kagul Kozludzha Kinburn 2nd Ochakov Mehadia Karánsebes Naval battles Imbros Matapan Çeşme Patras 1st Kerch Strait 2nd Ochakov Fidonisi Modernization(1789–1908)Land battles Focșani Rymnik Giurgiu Izmail Măcin Shubra Khit Pyramids 1st Acre Mount Tabor Abukir Heliopolis Derna Arpachai Batin Slobozia Al-Safra Jeddah Čegar Alamana Gravia Erzurum Valtetsi Doliana Lalas Drăgășani Sculeni Vasilika Peta Dervenakia Karpenisi Arachova Kamatero Phaleron Petra 2nd Kars Varna Akhaltsikhe Kulevicha Algiers 2nd Acre Hims Konya Nezib Akhaltsikhe Başgedikler Kurekdere Oltenița Eupatoria Chernaya 3rd Kars Al-Hasa Kızıl Tepe Shipka Pass Plevna Aladzha 4th Kars Philippopolis Taşkesen Novšiće Ulcinj Mouzaki Al Wajbah Velestino Domokos Naval battles Andros 2nd Kerch Strait Tendra Kaliakra 5th Dardanelles 6th Dardanelles Athos Algiers Nauplia Samos Gerontas Navarino Sinop For 20th-century battles before 1914 see List of Ottoman battles in the 20th century For the battles during World War I see List of Ottoman battles in World War I Ottoman victories are in italics. Authority control databases: National Israel United States
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Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Alexey Orlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Grigoryevich_Orlov"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Grigory Spiridov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Spiridov"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"Samuel Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Greig"},{"link_name":"[b]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain"},{"link_name":"John Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elphinstone"},{"link_name":"Hüsameddin Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandalzade_H%C3%BCsameddin"},{"link_name":"Gazi Hasan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayirli_Gazi_Hasan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-neva-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Anderson-7"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dowling-8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Greece_relief_location_map.jpg"},{"link_name":"Aegean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aegean_Sea"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War(1768–1774)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)"},{"link_name":"Aspindza","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Aspindza"},{"link_name":"Nauplia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Nauplia_(1770)"},{"link_name":"Orlov revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlov_revolt"},{"link_name":"Chesma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Larga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Larga"},{"link_name":"Cahul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kagul"},{"link_name":"Akkerman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Akkerman"},{"link_name":"Beirut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_occupations_of_Beirut"},{"link_name":"Patras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Patras_(1772)"},{"link_name":"Turtucaia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stormings_of_Turtucaia"},{"link_name":"Kaynarca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8"},{"link_name":"Hirsovo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storming_of_Hirsovo"},{"link_name":"Chkheri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Chkheri"},{"link_name":"Kozludzha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kozludzha"},{"link_name":"Kerch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kerch_Strait_(1774)"},{"link_name":"naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naval_battle"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1768%E2%80%931774)"},{"link_name":"Çeşme","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87e%C5%9Fme"},{"link_name":"Anatolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatolia"},{"link_name":"Chios","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Republic of Venice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Venice"},{"link_name":"Orlov Revolt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orlov_Revolt"},{"link_name":"Greek War of Independence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence"},{"link_name":"Ottomans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Day of Military Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Days_of_Military_Honour"}],"text":"1770 naval battle of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774)Battle of Chesma (Çeşme)Part of the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774The destruction of the Ottoman fleet on 7 JulyJacob Philipp HackertDate5–7 July 1770LocationÇeşme Bay (off Çeşme) & Chios Strait, Ottoman Empire38°19′48″N 26°17′24″E / 38.33000°N 26.29000°E / 38.33000; 26.29000Result\nRussian victoryBelligerents\n Russian Empire\n Ottoman EmpireCommanders and leaders\n\n Alexey Orlov[a]\n Grigory Spiridov\n Samuel Greig[b]\n John Elphinstone\n\n\n Hüsameddin Pasha\n Gazi Hasan Pasha\n Cafer Bey\nStrength\n9 ships of the line,3 frigates,1 bomb vessels,4 fireships,4 supply ships\n16 ships of the line,6 frigates,6 xebecs,13 galleys,32 small craft,1,300 gunsCasualties and losses\n1 ship of the line4 fire ships534[4]–661[5] killed40 wounded\n16 ships of the line6 frigates and escort vessels13 galleys32 smaller vesselsat least 11,000 men killed[6]class=notpageimage| Location of the battle site in the Aegean SeavteRusso-Turkish War(1768–1774)\nAspindza\nNauplia\nOrlov revolt\nChesma\nLarga\nCahul\nAkkerman\nBeirut\nPatras\nTurtucaia\nKaynarca [ru]\nHirsovo\nChkheri\nKozludzha\nKerchThe naval Battle of Cheshme[7] (also the Battle of Chesma or Chesme) took place on 5–7 July 1770 during the Russo-Turkish War (1768–1774) near and in Çeşme (Cheshme, Chesma, or Chesme) Bay, in the area between the western tip of Anatolia and the island of Chios, which was the site of a number of past naval battles between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. It was a part of the Orlov Revolt of 1770, a precursor to the later Greek War of Independence (1821–1829), and the first of a number of disastrous fleet battles for the Ottomans against Russia. Today it is commemorated as a Day of Military Honour in Russia.","title":"Battle of Chesma"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russo-Turkish War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1768-1774"},{"link_name":"Baltic Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltic_Sea"},{"link_name":"Mediterranean Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea"},{"link_name":"Ottoman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"Black Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Sea"},{"link_name":"Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Admiral"},{"link_name":"Grigory Spiridov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Spiridov"},{"link_name":"Rear Admiral","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rear_Admiral"},{"link_name":"John Elphinstone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Elphinstone"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"captain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captain_(naval)"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPolovtsov1912-11"},{"link_name":"[c]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"General-in-Chief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General-in-Chief"},{"link_name":"Count","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Count"},{"link_name":"Alexei Orlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexei_Grigoryevich_Orlov"},{"link_name":"naval","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy"},{"link_name":"Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Greig"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelichkoNovitskySchwartzApushkin1912464%E2%80%93465-4"},{"link_name":"frigates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"xebecs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xebec"},{"link_name":"galleys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galley"},{"link_name":"Kapudan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Hasan Pasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cezayirli_Gazi_Hasan_Pasha"},{"link_name":"Mytilene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mytilene"},{"link_name":"Nelson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horatio_Nelson,_1st_Viscount_Nelson"},{"link_name":"Battle of the Nile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile"}],"text":"The Russo-Turkish War had begun in 1768, and Russia sent several squadrons from the Baltic Sea to the Mediterranean Sea to draw Ottoman attention away from their Black Sea fleet, then only six ships of the line strong. Two Russian squadrons, commanded by Admiral Grigory Spiridov and Rear Admiral John Elphinstone,[8] a British captain who had risen to the rank of rear admiral in Russia,[9][c] combined under the overall command of General-in-Chief Count Alexei Orlov, supreme commander of the Russian Fleet, and went to look for the Ottoman fleet. Orlov's naval adviser was Captain-Commander Greig.[3]On 5 July 1770, they came across it, anchored in line just north of Çeşme Bay, western Anatolia. The Ottoman fleet contained about 14 ships of the line, perhaps 6 frigates, 6 xebecs, 13 galleys and 32 small craft, with about 1,300 guns in total. About 10 of the ships of the line, of 70–100 guns, were in the Ottoman main line with a further 6 or so in the second, arranged so that they could fire through the gaps in the first line. Behind that were the frigates, xebecs, etc. The fleet was commanded by Kapudan Pasha Mandalzade Hüsameddin, in the fourth ship from the front (north end) of the line, with Hasan Pasha in the first ship, Real Mustafa, and Cafer Bey in the seventh. Two further ships of the line, probably small, had left this fleet for Mytilene the previous evening.After settling on a plan of attack, the Russian battle line (see Table 1) sailed towards the south end of the Ottoman line and then turned north, coming alongside the Ottomans, with the tail end coming into action last (Elphinstone had wanted to approach the northern end first, then follow the wind along the Ottoman line, attacking their ships one by one – the method used by Nelson at the Battle of the Nile in 1798).","title":"Prelude"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETashlykov2017-13"},{"link_name":"G. A. Spiridov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory_Spiridov"},{"link_name":"van","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanguard"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETashlykov2017-13"},{"link_name":"Feodor Orlov","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodor_Orlov"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vladimir_Kosov._Chesme_battle_of_1770.jpg"},{"link_name":"Samuel Greig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Greig"},{"link_name":"topsail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topsail"},{"link_name":"D. S. Ilyin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dmitry_Sergeevich_Ilyin&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETashlykov2017-13"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The Ottomans opened fire at about 11:45 a.m., followed by the Russians slightly later. Three of the Russian ships of the line had trouble staying in position; Evropa turned around and came back behind Rostislav, Tri Svyatitelya circled the second Ottoman vessel before coming back into the Russian line, being attacked in error by Tri Ierarcha as she did so, and Sviatoi Ianuarii turned around before coming back into the line.[10]Based on the plan proposed by G. A. Spiridov, the Russian fleet attacked the Ottoman van from a short distance (50–70 metres). Spiridov, in Sviatoi Evstafii, had a close-range battle with Hasan Pasha in Real Mustafa, before the latter was suddenly seen to be on fire. Her mainmast came down and landed on Sviatoi Evstafii's deck, causing the Russian ship to blow up immediately. Shortly thereafter, Real Mustafa blew up as well — after a 2-hour battle.[10]According to Elphinstone, who claimed the Russians were almost useless, Spiridov and Count Feodor Orlov (brother of the commander), had left Sviatoi Evstafii before the fighting became close-range. Spiridov ended up on Tri Svyatitelya. Sviatoi Evstafii's captain, Kruse, survived too. At about 2:00 p.m. the fighting ended, as the Ottomans cut their cables and moved south into the bay, forming themselves into a defensive line of eight ships of the line, a second line, and the rest beyond.[citation needed]Vladimir Kosov. Chesma battle of 1770On 6 July, the Russians bombarded the Ottoman ships and land positions. At about 12:30 a.m. on the morning of 7 July, Orlov, acting on Spiridov's plan, sent Samuel Greig (who transferred to Rostislav) to attack with Evropa, Rostislav and Ne Tron Menya forming a south–north line facing the Ottomans, and with Saratov in reserve, Nadezhda attacking the batteries at the eastern side of the bay entrance, Afrika attacking the batteries on the western side, and Grom near Afrika. At about 1:30 a.m. or earlier (times were about 90 minutes earlier, according to Elphinstone), fire from Grom and/or Ne tron menya caused an Ottoman ship of the line to blow up after her main topsail caught fire, and the fire quickly spread to other ships of the line. By 2:00 a.m., two Ottoman ships of the line had blown up and more were on fire, and Greig sent in three fireships (the fourth, seeing the danger, stayed out), which contributed in a small way to the burning of almost the entire Ottoman fleet: fireship commanded by Lieutenant D. S. Ilyin [ru][10] set fire to another ship of the line and consequently the fire continued to spread among various vessels. At about 4:00 a.m., boats were sent in to save two ships of the line which were not burning, but one of these caught fire while it was being towed. The other, Semend-i Bahri 60, survived and was captured along with five galleys. Fighting ended at about 8:00 a.m. Russian casualties on 5 July were 14 killed, plus 636 killed in Sviatoi Evstafii, and about 30 wounded, and on 7 July 11 killed. Ottoman casualties were much higher. Hüsameddin, Hasan Pasha and Cafer Bey survived. Hüsameddin was removed from his position, which was given to Cafer Bey. This was the only significant fleet battle during the Russo-Turkish War.[11][12][13]","title":"Battle"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RUS-2016-Pushkin-Catherine_Park-Chesme_Column.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chesma Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesma_Column"},{"link_name":"Battle of Larga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Larga"},{"link_name":"Battle of Lepanto (1571)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Lepanto_(1571)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Catherine the Great","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catherine_the_Great"},{"link_name":"Church of Saint John at Chesme Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_of_Saint_John_at_Chesme_Palace"},{"link_name":"St Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St_Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Gatchina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatchina"},{"link_name":"Chesma Column","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesma_Column"},{"link_name":"Tsarskoe Selo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsarskoe_Selo"}],"text":"Chesma ColumnThe Battle of Cheshme was fought on the same day as the land Battle of Larga. It was the greatest naval defeat suffered by Ottomans since the Battle of Lepanto (1571). This battle inspired great confidence in the Russian fleet and allowed the Russians to control the Aegean Sea for some time. The defeat of the Ottoman fleet also speeded up rebellions by minority groups in the Ottoman Empire, especially the Orthodox Christian nations in the Balkan peninsula, who helped the Russian army in defeating the Ottoman Empire.[14]After this naval victory, the Russian fleet stayed in the Aegean for the following five years. It returned to Çeşme twice more during this time to bombard it. Historians still debate the rationale for the Russian military focus on this small fort town while there were many other more strategic targets along the Aegean coast.Due to the Ottoman defeat, fanatical Muslim groups proceeded to massacre c. 1,500 local Greeks in nearby Smyrna.[15]Catherine the Great commissioned four monuments to commemorate the victory: Chesma Palace and Church of Saint John at Chesme Palace in St Petersburg (1774–77), Chesma Obelisk in Gatchina (1775), and Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo (1778).","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Battle_of_Chios_(1770),_by_Ivan_Aivazovsky_(1848).jpg"},{"link_name":"Ivan Aivazovsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Chesmabattle.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gezicht_op_het_afbranden_van_Turkse_schepen_in_de_haven_van_Cesme_op_7_jui_1770_Vu%C3%AB_de_la_ruine,_et_de_l%27embrasement_des_flottes_Turques_dans_le_port_de_Cismin_le_7._juillet_1770_(titel_op_object),_RP-P-1932-281.jpg"},{"link_name":"Dutch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_Republic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_(%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5)_%D0%98%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F_24_1770_42_30.jpg"},{"link_name":"Chios Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chios_Strait"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA_%D0%B2_%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D1%82%D0%B5_%D0%B2_1770%D0%B3._18%D0%B2._rusneb2_e1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Çeşme Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%87e%C5%9Fme_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RR5115-0011R_300-%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%84%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0.gif"}],"sub_title":"Other depictions","text":"Combat in the Chios Strait by Ivan Aivazovsky\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBattle of Chesma at Night by Ivan Aivazovsky\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tDutch watercolor of the second half of the XVIII century\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBattle plan for July 5 (in the Chios Strait)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tBattle plan for July 7 (in the Çeşme Bay)\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRussian silver coin300th anniversary of the Russian NavyG. A. SpiridovBattle of Chesma1770","title":"Significance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArsenyevPetrushevsky1904-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVelichkoNovitskySchwartzApushkin1912464%E2%80%93465-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Kronstadt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kronstadt"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArsenyevPetrushevsky1904-2"}],"text":"^ He became commander-in-chief after Elphinstone's quarrel with Spiridov and ensured coordination between all commanders.[1][2]\n\n^ He was, among other things, Alexey Orlov's adviser on naval operations, in which Orlov had little knowledge.[3]\n\n^ In 1768 he entered the Russian service and was sent with a small squadron from Kronstadt to help Admiral Spiridov.[2]","title":"Notes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"Граф Орлов – История.РФ\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20230325050740/http://100.histrf.ru/commanders/graf-orlov-aleksey-grigorevich/"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//100.histrf.ru/commanders/graf-orlov-aleksey-grigorevich/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArsenyevPetrushevsky1904_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArsenyevPetrushevsky1904_2-1"},{"link_name":"Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1904","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFArsenyevPetrushevsky1904"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelichkoNovitskySchwartzApushkin1912464%E2%80%93465_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVelichkoNovitskySchwartzApushkin1912464%E2%80%93465_4-1"},{"link_name":"Velichko et al. 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVelichkoNovitskySchwartzApushkin1912"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-neva_6-0"},{"link_name":"\"The history of Russian Navy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200901200345/http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/book-cont.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/book-cont.html"},{"link_name":"\"Chesma and Patras\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20200909154451/http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap3-4.html"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap3-4.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Anderson_7-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-57898-538-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57898-538-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Dowling_8-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-59884-947-9","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-947-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"\"Battle of Çeşme | Turkish history | Britannica\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cesme"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"John Elphinston, Papers Relating to the Russo-Turkish War\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/f4752g748"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20220113095705/http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/f4752g748"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPolovtsov1912_11-0"},{"link_name":"Polovtsov 1912","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPolovtsov1912"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETashlykov2017_13-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETashlykov2017_13-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETashlykov2017_13-2"},{"link_name":"Tashlykov 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTashlykov2017"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0521792691","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521792691"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8160-6259-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6259-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"},{"link_name":"ISBN missing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-18"},{"link_name":"\"The Greek Communities in the Balkans and Asia Minor and Their Theatrical Activity 1800-1922\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=kDoMAQAAMAAJ"}],"text":"^ \"Граф Орлов – История.РФ\" [Count Orlov]. 100.histrf.ru. Russian Military Historical Society. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.\n\n^ a b Arsenyev & Petrushevsky 1904.\n\n^ a b Velichko et al. 1912, pp. 464–465.\n\n^ \"The history of Russian Navy\". neva.ru. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020. Article: \"Chesma and Patras\". neva.ru. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020.\n\n^ Anderson, R. C. (2006). Naval wars in the Levant, 1559–1853. Martino. pp. 288–291. ISBN 978-1-57898-538-8.\n\n^ Dowling, T. C. Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond. ABC-CLIO. 2014. p. 193 ISBN 978-1-59884-947-9\n\n^ \"Battle of Çeşme | Turkish history | Britannica\". britannica.com. Retrieved 31 May 2023.\n\n^ \"John Elphinston, Papers Relating to the Russo-Turkish War\". Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2008-12-12.\n\n^ Polovtsov 1912.\n\n^ a b c Tashlykov 2017.\n\n^ H. M. Scott. The Emergence of the Eastern Powers, 1756–1775. Cambridge University Press, 2001. p. 199 ISBN 978-0521792691\n\n^ \"Russo–Ottoman War of 1768–1774\". Gábor Ágoston; Bruce Alan Masters. Encyclopedia of the Ottoman Empire. Facts on File. 2008. p. 492 ISBN 978-0-8160-6259-1\n\n^ Michael T. Florinsky. Russia: A History and Interpretation. New York, 1965. p. 521 [ISBN missing]\n\n^ Jelavich, Barbara. History of the Balkans. Cambridge University Press, 1983. Page 69.\n\n^ Samatopoulou-Vasilakou, Chrysothemis (1 January 2008). \"The Greek Communities in the Balkans and Asia Minor and Their Theatrical Activity 1800-1922\". Études Helléniques. 16 (1–2). Centre de recherche helléniques = Centre of Hellenic Research: 53. Retrieved 4 March 2017. This was the second biggest slaughter of the Greek population of Smyrna since 1770, when after the Cesme sea battle, fanatic Muslims massacred 1, 500 Greeks.","title":"Refs"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anderson, R. C.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Anderson"},{"link_name":"Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005292860"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"1015099422","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015099422"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-00051-4-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-00051-4-7"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-9944-264-27-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9944-264-27-3"},{"link_name":"Novitsky, Vasily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Fedorovich_Novitsky"},{"link_name":"Военная энциклопедия Сытина","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/bmk-brz-8/page/464/mode/2up"},{"link_name":"Arsenyev, Konstantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Arsenyev"},{"link_name":"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"Leipzig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig"},{"link_name":"St. Petersburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg"},{"link_name":"Polovtsov, Alexander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Polovtsov"},{"link_name":"Russian Biographical Dictionary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Biographical_Dictionary"},{"link_name":"\"ЧЕСМЕНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1770\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//old.bigenc.ru/military_science/text/4684075"},{"link_name":"Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia#Electronic_version"}],"text":"Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422.\nİsipek, Ali Rıza ve Oğuz Aydemir (2006) 1770 Çeşme Deniz Savaşı: 1768–1774 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşları, Istanbul:Denizler Kitabevi, ISBN 975-00051-4-7 (in Turkish)\nIsipek Ali Rıza and Aydemir Oguz (2010) Battle of Çesme 1770. 1768–1774 Ottoman–Russian Wars, Istanbul, Denizler Kitabevi, ISBN 978-9944-264-27-3\nVelichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912). Военная энциклопедия Сытина [Sytin Military Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. VIII: Гимры – Двигатели судовые. Moscow: Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. Retrieved 30 September 2023.\nArsenyev, Konstantin; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1904). Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. 80. Электровозбудительная сила—Эрготин. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (Leipzig), Ilya A. Yefron (St. Petersburg). p. 690.\nPolovtsov, Alexander (1912). Russian Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 24: Щапов—Юшневский. St. Petersburg: Типография Главного Управления Уделов. pp. 225–226.\nTashlykov, S. L. (2017). \"ЧЕСМЕНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1770\". Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version. Retrieved 14 October 2023.","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"975-409-452-7","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-409-452-7"}],"text":"Baş, Ersan: Çeşme, Navarin, Sinop Baskınları ve Sonuçları [Çeşme, Navarino, Sinop Raids and the Results]. Türk Deniz Harp Tarihinde İz Bırakan Gemiler, Olaylar ve Şahıslar. Piri Reis Araştırma Merkezi Yayını, Sayı: 8. İstanbul 2007, Deniz Basımevi, ISBN 975-409-452-7","title":"Further reading"}]
[{"image_text":"Vladimir Kosov. Chesma battle of 1770","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Vladimir_Kosov._Chesme_battle_of_1770.jpg/300px-Vladimir_Kosov._Chesme_battle_of_1770.jpg"},{"image_text":"Chesma Column","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/RUS-2016-Pushkin-Catherine_Park-Chesme_Column.jpg/119px-RUS-2016-Pushkin-Catherine_Park-Chesme_Column.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Timeline of Ottoman history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire"},{"title":"Action of 27 May 1770","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_27_May_1770"},{"title":"Action of 6 November 1772","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_6_November_1772"},{"title":"Action of 4 July 1773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_4_July_1773"},{"title":"Action of 3 September 1773","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_3_September_1773"},{"title":"Action of 20 June 1774","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Action_of_20_June_1774"}]
[{"reference":"\"Граф Орлов – История.РФ\" [Count Orlov]. 100.histrf.ru. Russian Military Historical Society. Archived from the original on 25 March 2023. Retrieved 18 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230325050740/http://100.histrf.ru/commanders/graf-orlov-aleksey-grigorevich/","url_text":"\"Граф Орлов – История.РФ\""},{"url":"http://100.histrf.ru/commanders/graf-orlov-aleksey-grigorevich/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The history of Russian Navy\". neva.ru. Archived from the original on 1 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200901200345/http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/book-cont.html","url_text":"\"The history of Russian Navy\""},{"url":"http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/book-cont.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Chesma and Patras\". neva.ru. Archived from the original on 9 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200909154451/http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap3-4.html","url_text":"\"Chesma and Patras\""},{"url":"http://www.neva.ru/EXPO96/book/chap3-4.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Anderson, R. C. (2006). Naval wars in the Levant, 1559–1853. Martino. pp. 288–291. ISBN 978-1-57898-538-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57898-538-8","url_text":"978-1-57898-538-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Battle of Çeşme | Turkish history | Britannica\". britannica.com. Retrieved 31 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.britannica.com/event/Battle-of-Cesme","url_text":"\"Battle of Çeşme | Turkish history | Britannica\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Elphinston, Papers Relating to the Russo-Turkish War\". Archived from the original on 2022-01-13. Retrieved 2008-12-12.","urls":[{"url":"http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/f4752g748","url_text":"\"John Elphinston, Papers Relating to the Russo-Turkish War\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220113095705/http://arks.princeton.edu/ark:/88435/f4752g748","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Samatopoulou-Vasilakou, Chrysothemis (1 January 2008). \"The Greek Communities in the Balkans and Asia Minor and Their Theatrical Activity 1800-1922\". Études Helléniques. 16 (1–2). Centre de recherche helléniques = Centre of Hellenic Research: 53. Retrieved 4 March 2017. This was the second biggest slaughter of the Greek population of Smyrna since 1770, when after the Cesme sea battle, fanatic Muslims massacred 1, 500 Greeks.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kDoMAQAAMAAJ","url_text":"\"The Greek Communities in the Balkans and Asia Minor and Their Theatrical Activity 1800-1922\""}]},{"reference":"Anderson, R. C. (1952). Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853. Princeton: Princeton University Press. OCLC 1015099422.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R._C._Anderson","url_text":"Anderson, R. C."},{"url":"https://hdl.handle.net/2027/mdp.39015005292860","url_text":"Naval Wars in the Levant 1559–1853"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1015099422","url_text":"1015099422"}]},{"reference":"Velichko, Konstantin; Novitsky, Vasily; Schwartz, Alexey von; Apushkin, Vladimir; Schoultz, Gustav von (1912). Военная энциклопедия Сытина [Sytin Military Encyclopedia] (in Russian). Vol. VIII: Гимры – Двигатели судовые. Moscow: Типография Т-ва И. Д. Сытина. Retrieved 30 September 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vasily_Fedorovich_Novitsky","url_text":"Novitsky, Vasily"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/bmk-brz-8/page/464/mode/2up","url_text":"Военная энциклопедия Сытина"}]},{"reference":"Arsenyev, Konstantin; Petrushevsky, Fyodor (1904). Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary (in Russian). Vol. 80. Электровозбудительная сила—Эрготин. Friedrich A. Brockhaus (Leipzig), Ilya A. Yefron (St. Petersburg). p. 690.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstantin_Arsenyev","url_text":"Arsenyev, Konstantin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brockhaus_and_Efron_Encyclopedic_Dictionary","url_text":"Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leipzig","url_text":"Leipzig"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Petersburg","url_text":"St. Petersburg"}]},{"reference":"Polovtsov, Alexander (1912). Russian Biographical Dictionary. Vol. 24: Щапов—Юшневский. St. Petersburg: Типография Главного Управления Уделов. pp. 225–226.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Polovtsov","url_text":"Polovtsov, Alexander"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Biographical_Dictionary","url_text":"Russian Biographical Dictionary"}]},{"reference":"Tashlykov, S. L. (2017). \"ЧЕСМЕНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1770\". Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version. Retrieved 14 October 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://old.bigenc.ru/military_science/text/4684075","url_text":"\"ЧЕСМЕНСКОЕ СРАЖЕНИЕ 1770\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Russian_Encyclopedia#Electronic_version","url_text":"Great Russian Encyclopedia. Electronic version"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dum_Dum
South Dum Dum
["1 Etymology","2 History","3 Geography","3.1 Location","3.2 Police station","3.3 Post Offices","4 Demographics","4.1 Population","4.2 Religion","4.3 Kolkata Urban Agglomeration","5 Economy","6 Education","7 Healthcare","8 Market and entertainment","9 Transport","9.1 Travel within South Dum Dum and Dum Dum","9.2 Travel within South Dum Dum and North Dum Dum","10 See also","11 References","12 External links"]
Coordinates: 22°37′N 88°24′E / 22.61°N 88.40°E / 22.61; 88.40 City in West Bengal, IndiaSouth Dum DumCitySouth Dum Dum MunicipalitySouth Dum DumLocation in Kolkata, West Bengal, IndiaShow map of West BengalSouth Dum DumSouth Dum Dum (India)Show map of IndiaCoordinates: 22°37′N 88°24′E / 22.61°N 88.40°E / 22.61; 88.40Country IndiaStateWest BengalDistrictNorth 24 ParganasRegionKolkata MetropolitanMetro StationDum Dum and Dum Dum Cantonment(under construction)Railway StationDum Dum Junction and Dum Dum CantonmentGovernment • TypeMunicipality • BodySouth Dum Dum Municipality • ChairmanKasturi Chowdhury • Vice-ChairmanNetai DuttaArea • Total13.54 km2 (5.23 sq mi)Population (2011) • Total403,316 • Density30,000/km2 (77,000/sq mi)Languages • OfficialBengali, EnglishTime zoneUTC+5:30 (IST)PIN700028, 700030, 700048, 700055, 700065, 700074, 700077, 700089Telephone code+91 33Vehicle registrationWBLok Sabha constituencyDum DumVidhan Sabha constituencyDum Dum, Bidhannagar, Rajarhat GopalpurWebsitesddm.ind.in South Dum Dum is a city and a municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) and a vital locality in Kolkata Metropolitan Area. It is a city on the northern part of Kolkata with a municipality called South Dum Dum municipality. It is well connected to the developed part of the city through railways and roads. It is very near to Kolkata Airport, Shyambazar (epicenter of North Kolkata), Rajarhat New Town (the IT hub of Kolkata), Esplanade, Kolkata (the employment hub of Kolkata and central business district). It is well connected to Alipore, Ballygunge and Jadavpur by suburban railways. Etymology Further information: Dum Dum § Etymology During the 19th century Dum Dum area was home to the Dum Dum Arsenal, a British Royal Artillery facility. History Clive House, Ramgarh, Nagerbazar South Dum Dum Municipality was established in 1870. With the partition of Bengal in 1947, "millions of refugees poured in from erstwhile East Pakistan." In the initial stages, the bulk of these refugees were non-agriculturists. A few of them made their own arrangements, but "it was squatters who made the East Bengali refugees famous or infamous." Squatting (jabardakhal in Bengali) ranged from the forcible occupation of barracks to the collective take-over of private, government, and wasteland. By 1949, there were a total of 65 refugee colonies in the Dum Dum and Panihati zones. The squatters were in a way "self-settlers" in the absence of adequate official arrangements for rehabilitation. Within a very short time, the refugees (quite often with government/administrative support) not only found a place to stay but developed a society that included markets, schools, temples and sometimes even colleges, hospitals and recreational centres. Clive House on Rastraguru Avenue in Nagerbazar is mired in controversy. It is thought of as the first pucca brick and cement building in North Kolkata area and was possibly built by the Portuguese. Some say that it was the hunting lodge of an Indian prince or nobleman. What is known is that it was used by British soldiers when they first entered the country. Later, Robert Clive took the area over, renovated it, added a floor to the single-story building, and made it his country house around 1757-60. The house is located on raised ground in otherwise flat surroundings. When Clive House was excavated, a variety of artefacts were recovered, including coins, terracotta figures, sculptures, pottery and intelligence on a Portuguese fort. The articles found could be of the Sen period, or may alternatively have links with the ancient civilization unearthed earlier at Chandraketugarh. Clive House has been in the domain of the Archaeological Survey of India since 2004, but squatters inside and outside the structure have hindered restoration work. Geography 5km3miles River Hooghly NilganjN Karna MadhabpurN NimtaN South DumdumM North DumdumM Dum DumMV BaranagarM BelghariaN KamarhatiM New BarrackporeM AgarparaN SodepurN TeghoriCT ChandpurCT TalbandhaCT MuragachhaCT BilkandaCT GholaN PanihatiM KhardahaM TitagarhM BandipurCT PatuliaCT RuiyaCT Chak KanthaliaCT BarrackporeCantonment BarrackporeM   Cities and towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas districtM: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood/ administrative locationOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly Location Shyamasundari Temple, Purba Sinthee Alcove Gloria (Apartment Complex), Lake Town South Dum Dum is located at 22°37′N 88°24′E / 22.61°N 88.40°E / 22.61; 88.40. South Dum Dum is bounded by North Dumdum (Municipality) and Dum Dum (Municipality) on the north, Baguiati and adjacent areas of VIP Road on the east, Salt Lake on the south and Belgachia and Sinthee in Kolkata district and Baranagar (Municipality) on the west. South Dum Dum consists of localities such as Nagerbazar, Amarpally, Motijheel, Subhas Nagar, Bediapara, Jheelbagan, Jawpore, Ghughudanga, Purba Sinthee, Seth Bagan, Kalindi, Lake Town, Bangur Avenue, Shyamnagar, Satgachhi, Patipukur, Dakshindari, Dum Dum Park etc. 96% of the population of Barrackpore subdivision (partly presented in the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map) lives in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2. The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns. For most of the cities/towns, information regarding the density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire municipal area and thereafter ward-wise. Police station Dum Dum police station under Barrackpore Police Commissionerate has jurisdiction over Dum Dum and parts of South Dum Dum Municipal areas. Lake Town police station under Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate also has jurisdiction over parts of South Dum Dum. Post Offices South Dum Dum is a vast locality with many Postal Index Numbers: Motijheel has a delivery sub post office, with PIN 700074 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Dum Dum Road and Jawpore. Sethbagan has a non-delivery sub post office, with PIN 700030 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Purba Sinthee and Ghughudanga. Subhas Nagar has a non-delivery sub post office, with PIN 700065 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post office with the same PIN is Health Institute. Bediapara has a delivery sub post office, with PIN 700077 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Nagerbazar has a non-delivery sub-post office, with PIN 700028 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Another post office with the same PIN is Jugipara Satgachhi. Bangur Avenue has a delivery sub-post office, with PIN 700055 in the Kolkata East Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Dum Dum Park and Shyamnagar. Lake Town has a delivery sub-post office, with PIN 700089 in the Kolkata East Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Another post office with the same PIN is Kalindi Housing Estate. Patipukur has a non-delivery sub-post office, with PIN 700048 in the Kolkata East Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Sreebhumi and Sadhana Ausudhalaya Road (Dakshindari). Demographics Population of South Dum DumYearPop.±%190110,904—    191112,874+18.1%192114,030+9.0%193118,471+31.7%194125,838+39.9%195161,391+137.6%1961111,284+81.3%1971174,342+56.7%1981230,266+32.1%1991232,811+1.1%2001392,444+68.6%2011403,316+2.8%Source: Population As per the 2011 Census of India, South Dum Dum had a total population of 403,316, of which 202,214 (50%) were males and 201,102 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 28,703. The total number of literates in South Dum Dum was 344,971 (92.09% of the population over 6 years). As of 2001 India census, South Dumdum had a population of 392,150. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. South Dum Dum has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 80%. In South Dum Dum, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age. Religion Kolkata Urban Agglomeration The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: Kanchrapara (M), Jetia (CT), Halisahar (M), Balibhara (CT), Naihati (M), Bhatpara (M), Kaugachhi (CT), Garshyamnagar (CT), Garulia (M), Ichhapur Defence Estate (CT), North Barrackpur (M), Barrackpur Cantonment (CB), Barrackpore (M), Jafarpur (CT), Ruiya (CT), Titagarh (M), Khardaha (M), Bandipur (CT), Panihati (M), Muragachha (CT) New Barrackpore (M), Chandpur (CT), Talbandha (CT), Patulia (CT), Kamarhati (M), Baranagar (M), South Dum Dum (M), North Dumdum (M), Dum Dum (M), Noapara (CT), Babanpur (CT), Teghari (CT), Nanna (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and Panpur (OG). Economy Saltee Plaza (Commercial Complex), Nagerbazar South Dum Dum municipality is included in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area for which the KMDA is the statutory planning and development authority. Education See also: North Dumdum § Education, and Dum Dum § EducationThe following institutions are located in South Dum Dum: Dum Dum Motijheel College was established in Dum Dum in 1950. The college runs in two shifts. The women's section has classes in the morning and the coeducational section has classes during the day. Both the sections offer various subjects. The college has a post graduate unit in M.Sc. mathematics and M.A. English. It offers a vocational course in instrumentation. Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya was established at Dum Dum in 1968.It was started as an evening college in commerce, became a day college in commerce in 1974 and finally a general day college, with arts, science, and commerce courses, in 2004. It offers B.Com (Hons) in marketing, geography honours in B.Sc. and Journalism honours in B.A. East Calcutta Girl's College, Lake Town, was established in 1992. It is a women's college in Kolkata and offers undergraduate courses in commerce, arts and sciences. It is affiliated to West Bengal State University. Until 2008, the college was affiliated to Calcutta University. Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhavan was established by Ramakrishna Sarada Mission at Dum Dum in 1961. It is a partly residential college for women. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, education, history, philosophy, political science, sociology, journalism & mass communication, economics and geography. Indian College of Arts and Draftsmanship, was established at Dum Dum in 1893. It offers courses in painting, applied arts, sculpture and graphics. It is affiliated with Rabindra Bharati University. Dum Dum Krishna Kumar Hindu Academy, at Motijheel Avenue, Amarpalli, is a boys only Bengali-medium higher secondary school. It has arrangements for teaching from Classes VI – XII. It was established in 1933. Dum Dum Kishore Bharati High School, Motijheel Avenue, in Ward No. 9, South Dum Dum Municipality, is a boys only Bengali-medium higher secondary school. It has arrangements for teaching from Classes VI – XII. It was established in 1965.> Dum Dum Motijheel Girls' High School, at Dum Dum Road, is a girls’ only high school, under WB board, providing higher secondary education. Dum Dum Prachya Banimandir for Boys and Dum Dum Prachya Banimandir for Girls at Seth Bagan. Schools are different for both genders and is a higher secondary school. Dum Dum Sri Aurabinda Vidyamandir in Khudiram Colony is a co-educational higher secondary school. Krishnapur Adarsha Vidyamandir, at Dum Dum Park, in Ward No. 28, is a boys only Bengali-medium higher secondary school. It has facilities for teaching in Classes VI to XII. It was established in 1954. About 3000 students studies in this school and popular as one of the best school in the State. The school is fully controlled under cctv surveillance. Sahid Rameswar Vidyamandir, Jessore Road, Amarpalli, is a co-educational, higher secondary school. Seth Bagan Adarsha Vidyamandir is a co-educational, higher secondary school. Christchurch Girls' High School, Jessore Road, is a Bengali-medium, girls only school preparing students for madhyamik and higher secondary examination of the West Bengal boards. Established in 1882, it has arrangements for teaching from Infant to Class XII. Admission for Primary section starts around December. It has hostel facilities. St. Mary's Orphanage & Day School, Kolkata, was initially set up by Christian Brothers from Ireland at Murgighata in Calcutta in 1848 and shifted to Dum Dum Road in 1947. It is a boys only institution and prepares students for the ICSE and ISC examinations. Healthcare South Dum Dum Maternity Home functions with 15 beds. ILS Hospital, near Nagerbazar Flyover, is a 120-bed multi-speciality hospital. It offers 14 surgical facilities and 2 speciality clinics – bariatric (weight-loss) and diabetic. A new municipality hospital is under construction, located on Jessore Road, near Shyamnagar Bus stop. Though the work is halted for many years due to some issues. Market and entertainment Major markets in South Dum Dum: Diamond Plaza Mall, Shyamnagar-Satgachhi Nagerbazar market Dumdum station market Dumdum Road market Patipukur Fish market Kalindi, Laketown market Gorabazar market Dumdum Park market Diamond Plaza mall Entertainment areas: Diamond Plaza mall Indira Maidan Rabindra Bhawan Amal Duta Krirangan Transport NH 12 (previously NH 34), running from Dalkhola to Bakkhali, locally popular as Jessore Road, passes through South Dum Dum. In 2012, a flyover was opened from Amarpally to Nagerbazar Sarojini Naidu Women College to decongest the heavy traffic on Jessore Road towards Dumdum/Kolkata Airport. Several buses ply on Jessore Road, Dum Dum Road and Lake Town Road. Dum Dum Junction railway station, on the Sealdah-Ranaghat line, is 7 km from Sealdah railway station. It is part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway system. Two lines branch out after Dum Dum Junction railway station – the Calcutta Chord line linking Dum Dum Junction railway station with Dankuni Junction railway station and the Sealdah-Bangaon line. Kolkata Metro, the first underground metro in India, was initially constructed from Dum Dum to Tollygunge. It was progressively commissioned, the full length of 16.45 km being commissioned in 1995. Dum Dum metro station is located adjacent to Dum Dum Junction railway station. Travel within South Dum Dum and Dum Dum There are a plenty of private buses, mini-buses and taxis, as well as a few WBTC buses in South Dum Dum. Autos are plentiful and can be used for short stretches. Nagerbazar is the hub of autos where there are 4 routes originates viz: 1) Nagerbazar - Dum Dum Junction, 2) Nagerbazar - Dum Dum Cantonment, 3) Nagerbazar - Airport 1 no. gate, 4) Nagerbazar - Lake Town. In addition, there are taxis: Nagerbazar has a large taxi stand. The other popular means of travel over short distances is the rickshaw, newly battery operated rickshaws (locally called Totos) can also be seen. Travel within South Dum Dum and North Dum Dum This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (May 2020) See also Dum Dum North Dumdum Barrackpore subdivision References ^ "South Dum Dum Municipality". ^ "First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Dum-Dum Bullet". www.firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 7 May 2020. ^ "South Dum Dum Municipality". Barrackpore administration. Retrieved 28 July 2018. ^ Chatterjee, Monideep, "Town Planning in Calcutta: Past, Present and Future", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Page 142, First published 1990, 2005 edition, ISBN 0-19-563697-X ^ Chatterjee, Nilanjana, "The East Bengal Refugees: A Lesson in Survival", in "Calcutta, The Living City" Vol II, Edited by Sukanta Chaudhuri, Pages 72-75, First published 1990, 2005 edition, ISBN 0-19-563697-X ^ Sen, Uditi (2014). "The Myths Refugees Live By Memory and History of the Making of Bengali Refugee Identity". Modern Asian Studies. 48: 37–76. doi:10.1017/S0026749X12000613. S2CID 144297665. Retrieved 5 March 2018. ^ "Ordnance Factory Dum Dum". Dum Dum Story. Indian Ordnance Factories. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Heritage of Kolkata – Clive House – under dilapidation". Asim Kumar 2011. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Places of religious importance, Page 123. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Old house on the hill". The Telegraph, 23 May 2003. Archived from the original on 7 July 2003. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "The two faces of Clive House in Dum Dum – Squatters inside or outside building still impeding Archaeulogical Survey's restoration project". The Telegraph, 24 January 2006. Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Dum Dum mound may rewrite Kolkata history". The Times of India. The Times of India, 23 November 2014. 23 November 2014. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Clive of India's House at Dum Dum, Calcutta". Vivat Heritage, 2012. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Yahoo maps of South Dum Dum". Yahoo maps. Retrieved 29 November 2008. ^ "District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Map of Barrackpore II CD Block on Page 379. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ a b c Google maps ^ "District Statistical Handbook". North 24 Parganas 2013, Tables 2.1, 2.2, 2.4b. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 2 May 2018. ^ "District Statistical Handbook". North 24 Parganas 2013, Table 2.1. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ "Barrackpore Police Commissionerate". List of Police Stations with telephone numbers. West Bengal Police. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ "Welcome to Bidhannagar City Police". bidhannagarcitypolice.gov.in. Retrieved 24 November 2019. ^ "Motijheel PIN Code". pincodezip.in. Retrieved 22 July 2018. ^ "Sethbagan PIN Code". pincodezip.in. Retrieved 22 July 2018. ^ "Bediapara PIN Code". pincodezip.in. ^ "Nagerbazar PIN Code". pincodezip.in. ^ "Bangur Avenue PIN Code". pincodezip.in. ^ "Lake Town PIN Code". pincodezip.in. ^ "Patipukur PIN Code". pincodezip.in. ^ "District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Section II Town Directory, Pages 781-783 Statement I: Growth History, Pages 799-803. Directorate of Census Operations V, West Bengal. Retrieved 11 June 2018. ^ "2011 Census – Primary Census Abstract Data Tables". West Bengal – District-wise. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)". Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 16 June 2004. Retrieved 1 November 2008. ^ "Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011" (PDF). Constituents of Urban Agglomeration Having Population Above 1 Lakh. Census of India 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Annual Report 2010-11". 1/1 Kolkata Metropolitan Area Map. KMDA. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority, Annual Report 2010-11". 1 / 2 Role of KMDA. KMDA. Retrieved 7 June 2018. ^ "Dum Dum Motijheel College". DDMC. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ "Dum Dum Motijheel College". College Admission. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ "Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya". DDMRM. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ "Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahaviyalaya". College Admission. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ "Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhaban". RSMVV. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ "Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhaban". collegesdmission.in. Retrieved 8 May 2018. ^ "Dum Dum K.K. Hindu Academy Govt Sponsored". DDKKHA. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Dum Dum Kishore Bharati High School". School Connects. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Dum Dum Motijheel Girls' High School". Grotal. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Dum Dum Motijheel Girls' High School". DDMHS. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education". Exam Venue. WBCHSE. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education". Exam Venue. WBCHSE. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Krishnapur Adarsha Vidyamandir". Target Study. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Sahid Rameswar Vidyamandir". WBCHSE. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "West Bengal Council of Higher Secondary Education". WBCHSE. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Christ Church Girls High School". Schools of Kolkata. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Christ Church Girls High School". Sulekha.com. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Dum Dum St. Mary's Ex-Students' Association". DDSSA. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Health & Family Welfare Department". Health Statistics. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 25 July 2018. ^ "Your health, our happiness". ILS Hospitals. Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ "ILS Hospitals now opens in Dum Dum". The Telegraph, 31 May 2013. Archived from the original on 10 June 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ "Rationalisation of Numbering Systems of National Highways" (PDF). New Delhi: Department of Road Transport and Highways. Retrieved 16 September 2016. ^ "CM inaugurates Nagerbazar flyover". Indian Express. 25 March 2012. Retrieved 16 March 2013. ^ "31311 Sealdah-Kalyani Simanta Local". Time Table. indiarailinfo. Retrieved 12 June 2018. ^ "32211 Sealdah-Dankuni local". Time Table. Inidia Rail Info. Retrieved 23 July 2018. ^ "33811 Seldah Bangaon Local". Time Table. indiarailinfo. Retrieved 26 May 2018. ^ "Welocme to Metro Railway". Metro Railway, Kolkata. Archived from the original on 20 August 2007. Retrieved 29 July 2018. ^ "Road Ahead… Projects Sanctioned". Dakshineswar-Dum Dum-Barrackpore Metro Extension. Metro Railway, Kolkata. Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ "Dakshineswar Metro by 2019 Pujas: says Chairman, Railway Board". Rail News 6 March 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ "Land cloud over Dakshineswar Metro set to lift". The Telegraph, 13 October 2017. Archived from the original on 25 July 2018. Retrieved 24 July 2018. ^ "Dakshineswar won't feature in Metro map by December 2019". The Times of India, 14 October 2017. Retrieved 24 July 2018. External links South Dum Dum Municipality website vteCities, towns, locations and neighbourhoods in North 24 Parganas district, Presidency divisionCities, towns and locations in Nadia district Cities, towns and locations in Hooghly district Neighbouhoods in Kolkata Metropolitan Area Cities, towns and locations in South 24 Parganas district Satkhira District (Bangladesh) Jessore District (Bangladesh)Municipal cities/ towns and census townsBarasat Sadar subdivision Anarbaria Ashoknagar Kalyangarh Bamangachhi Bara Bamonia Barasat Betpuli Bira Chak Barbaria Chandrapur Chatta Baria Deara Deulia Dhania Digha Duttapukur Gangapur Gobardanga Guma Habra Joypul Khorddabamonia Kokapur Koyra Kulberia Madhyamgram Maslandapur Nokpul Purbba Narayanpur Sadpur Shibalaya Barrackpore subdivision Babanpur Balibhara Bandipur Baranagar Barrackpore Barrackpur Cantonment Bhatpara Bilkanda Chak Kanthalia Chandpur Dogachhia Dum Dum Garshyamnagar Garulia Halisahar Ichhapur Defence Estate Jafarpur Jetia Kamarhati Kanchrapara Kaugachhi Khardaha Mohanpur Muragachha Nagdaha Naihati New Barrackpore Noapara, India North Barrackpur North Dumdum Palashi Palladaha Paltapara Panihati Patulia Ruiya Sodepur South Dumdum Talbandha Teghari Telenipara Titagarh Bangaon subdivision Bangaon Bara Chandpara Chhekati Chikanpara Dhakuria Shimulpur Sonatikiri Thakurnagar Basirhat subdivision Baduria Balihati Bankra Basirhat Dandirhat Dakshin Chatra Deora Dhanyakuria Hingalganj Itinda Minakhan Mathurapur Raghunathpur Sadigachhi Taki Uttar Bagundi Bidhannagar subdivision Basina Bhatenda Bidhannagar Bishnupur Chandpur Champagachhi Ghuni Jatragachhi Raigachhi Rekjuani Sulanggari Divisions of West BengalLocationsother than cities and townsBarasat Sadar subdivision Amdanaga Barbaria Berachampa Berunanpukuria Chandraketugarh Chhota Jagulia Deganga Hridaypur Krishnapur Madanpur Sabdalpur Shasan Barrackpore subdivision Bankipur Ichapore Karna Madhabpur Nilganj Bangaon subdivision Bagdah Gaighata Gopalnagar Kharua Rajapur Helencha Manikhira Nahata Naldugari Palla Petrapole Pipli Tengra Basirhat subdivision Bamanpukuria Chaita Champapukur Garakupi Ghojadanga Ghoshpur Haroa Hasnabad Hatgachha Hemnagar Iswarigachha Jhuruli Kalinagar Kholapota Khulna Malancha Matia Murarisha Nazat Sandelerbil Sandeshkhali Sarapul Swarupnagar Neighbourhoodsof other cities and towns in the district Agarpara Belgharia Bijpur Birati Dakshineswar Dunlop Durganagar Ghola Ichapore Jagatdal Nagerbazar Nanna Nawabganj Nimta Noapara Panpur Palta Rahara Rajarhat Shyamnagar Sodepur Sukchar Related topics North 24 Parganas topics People from North 24 Parganas district Villages in North 24 Parganas district Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary Chandraketugarh Sundarbans Reserve Forest Sundarban National Park Kolkata neighbourhoods India portal vteNorth 24 Parganas district topicsGeneral Bibhutibhushan Wildlife Sanctuary Dakshineswar Kali Temple Gangaridai Air Force Station Kanchrapara Marichjhanpi Sundarbans Reserve Forest Sundarban National Park Kripamayee Kali Temple Baranagar Math Alambazar Math Baranagore Ramakrishna Mission Ashrama High School Chandraketugarh North 24 Parganas: minority concentrated district Subdivisions Bangaon Barrackpore Barasat Sadar Basirhat Bidhannagar Municipalities Ashoknagar Kalyangarh Baduria Baranagar Barasat Barrackpore Basirhat Bhatpara Bidhannagar Garulia Gobardanga Habra Halisahar Kamarhati Kanchrapara Khardaha Madhyamgram Naihati North Barrackpur North Dum Dum Panihati Rajarhat South Dum Dum Taki Titagarh Community development blocksBarasat Sadar subdivision Amdanga Deganga Barasat I Barasat II Habra I Habra II Rajarhat Basirhat subdivision Baduria Basirhat I Basirhat II Haroa Hasnabad Hingalganj Minakhan Sandeshkhali I Sandeshkhali II Swarupnagar Bangaon subdivision Bagdah Bangaon Gaighata Barrackpore subdivision Barrackpore I Barrackpore II Rivers Bidyadhari Hariabhanga Hooghly Ichhamati Kalindi Raimangal Jamuna Transport NH 12 NH 112 Belghoria Expressway Kalyani Expressway Barrackpore Trunk Road Jubilee Bridge Vivekananda Setu Nivedita Setu Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Airport Barasat–Basirhat light railway Eastern Railway Kolkata Suburban Railway Sealdah–Ranaghat line Sealdah–Hasnabad–Bangaon–Ranaghat line Lalgola and Gede branch lines Railway stations Bangaon Junction Barasat Junction Barrackpore Dum Dum Junction Hasnabad Kankinara Madhyamgram Naihati Junction Baranagar RoadInstitutes of higher learning Adamas University Amity University Brainware University Narula Institute of Technology Camellia Institute of Technology Guru Nanak Institute of Technology Harichand Guruchand University JIS University Indian Statistical Institute Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology Techno India University University of Engineering & Management (UEM), Kolkata Vivekananda Centenary College, Rahara West Bengal State University West Bengal University of Health Sciences West Bengal National University of Juridical SciencesLok Sabha constituencies Bangaon Barrackpore Barasat Basirhat Dum Dum Vidhan Sabha constituencies Bagdah Bangaon Uttar Bangaon Dakshin Gaighata Swarupnagar Baduria Habra Ashoknagar Amdanga Bijpur Naihati Bhatpara Jagatdal Noapara Barrackpur Khardaha Dum Dum Uttar Panihati Kamarhati Baranagar Dum Dum Rajarhat New Town Bidhannagar Rajarhat Gopalpur Madhyamgram Barasat Deganga Haroa Minakhan Sandeshkhali Basirhat Dakshin Basirhat Uttar Hingalganj Former Vidhan Sabha constituencies Titagarh Hasnabad See also Cities, towns and locations in North 24 Parganas district People from North 24 Parganas district vteNeighbourhoods in Kolkata Metropolitan AreaKolkata Municipal Corporation Alipore Anandapur B.B.D. Bagh Badartala Bagbazar Baghajatin Baishnabghata Patuli Township Ballygunge Bansdroni Bantala Barisha Bartala Behala Belgachia Beliaghata Beniapukur Bhowanipore Bowbazar Bow Barracks Brahmapur Burrabazar Burtolla Chak Garia New Market Chetla Chitpur Chowringhee Cossipore Dhakuria Dhapa Dharmatala Ekbalpur Entally Esplanade Garden Reach Garfa Garia Gariahat Golf Green Haltu Haridevpur Hastings Hatibagan Jadavpur Janbazar Jodhpur Park Joka Jorabagan Jorasanko Kalighat Kankurgachi Kasba Kidderpore Kudghat Kumortuli Lake Gardens Lalbazar Maniktala Mukundapur Naktala Narkeldanga Nandi Bagan Netaji Nagar New Alipore New Garia Panchasayar Park Circus Parnasree Pally Pathuriaghata Phoolbagan Picnic Garden Posta Rajabagan Rajabazar Ranikuthi Rashbehari Regent Park Santoshpur Sarsuna Sealdah Shyambazar Shyampukur Shobhabazar Sinthee Sonagachi Survey Park Tala Taltala Tangra Taratala Thakurpukur Tiljala Tiretta Bazaar Tollygunge Topsia Ultadanga Watgunge KolkataUrban AgglomerationOutside KMC Babanpur Baguiati Baidyabati Bally Bandipur Bansberia Baranagar Barrackpore Barrackpur Cantonment Barasat Baruipur Batanagar Belur Bhadreswar Bhatpara (Jagatdal, Shyamnagar) Budge Budge Chandannagar Chandpur Dankuni Dum Dum (Durganagar East) Garulia Halisahar Harinavi Howrah Hugli-Chuchura Ichhapur Defence Estate Jaynagar Majilpur Kalyani Kamalgazi Kamarhati (Belgharia, Dakshineswar) Kanchrapara (Bijpur) Kestopur Khardaha (Rahara) Konnagar Liluah Madhyamgram Maheshtala Mallikpur Muragachha Naihati Narendrapur New Barrackpore Noapara, India Noapara, West Bengal North Barrackpur (Ichapore, Nawabganj, Palta) North Dumdum (Birati, Durganagar West, Nimta) Nungi Panihati (Agarpara, Ghola, Sodepur, Sukchar) Pujali Rajarhat (New Tow arpur Rishra Salt Lake/Bidhannagar Serampore South Dumdum (Bangur Avenue, Dum Dum Park, Lake Town, Nagerbazar) Subhashgram Teghari Talbandha Titagarh Uluberia Uttarpara Kolkata topics Template:Kolkata Municipal Corporation wards India portal vteMunicipalities and CD blocks of West BengalMunicipalcorporations Asansol Bidhannagar Chandannagar Durgapur Howrah Kolkata Siliguri Municipalities Alipurduar Arambagh Ashoknagar Kalyangarh Baduria Baidyabati Balurghat Bangaon Bankura Bansberia Baranagar Barasat Bardhaman Barrackpore Baruipur Basirhat Beldanga Berhampore Bhadreswar Bhatpara Birnagar Bishnupur Bolpur Budge Budge Buniadpur Chakdaha Champdani Chandrakona Contai Cooch Behar Dainhat Dalkhola Darjeeling Dhuliyan Dhupguri Diamond Harbour Dinhata Dubrajpur Dum Dum Egra English Bazar Gangarampur Garulia Gayespur Ghatal Gobardanga Guskara Habra Haldia Haldibari Halisahar Haringhata Hugli-Chuchura Islampur Jalpaiguri Jangipur Jaynagar Majilpur Jhalda Jhargram Jiaganj Azimganj Kaliaganj Kalimpong Kalna Kalyani Kamarhati Kanchrapara Kandi Katwa Kharagpur Kharar Khardaha Khirpai Konnagar Krishnanagar Kurseong Madhyamgram Maheshtala Mainaguri Malbazar Mathabhanga Mekhliganj Memari Murshidabad Nabadwip Naihati Nalhati New Barrackpore North Barrackpur North Dum Dum Old Malda Panihati Panskura Pujali Purulia Raghunathpur Raiganj Rajarhat Rajpur Sonarpur Ramjibanpur Rampurhat Ranaghat Rishra Sainthia Shantipur Sonamukhi South Dum Dum Suri Taki Tamluk Tarakeswar Titagarh Tufanganj Uluberia Uttarpara Community developmentblocks1 A Alipurduar I Alipurduar II Amdanga Amta I Amta II Andal Arambagh Arsha Ausgram I Ausgram II B Baduria Bagdah Baghmundi Bagnan I Bagnan II Balagarh Balarampur Balurghat Bally Jagachha Bamangola Bandwan Bangaon Bankura I Bankura II Barjora Bansihari Barabani Barabazar Barrackpore I Barrackpore II Barasat I Barasat II Baruipur Basanti Basirhat I Basirhat II Beldanga I Beldanga II Berhampore Bhagawangola I Bhagawangola II Bhagabanpur I Bhagabanpur II Bhangar I Bhangar II Bharatpur I Bharatpur II Bhatar Binpur I Binpur II Bishnupur, Bankura Bishnupur I, South 24 Parganas Bishnupur II, South 24 Parganas Bolpur Sriniketan Budge Budge I Budge Budge II Burdwan I Burdwan II Burwan C Canning I Canning II Chakdaha Chanchal I Chanchal II Chandipur Chanditala I Chanditala II Chapra Chandrakona I Chandrakona II Chhatna Chinsurah Mogra Chopra Contai I Contai II Contai III Cooch Behar I Cooch Behar II D Darjeeling Pulbazar Dantan I Dantan II Daspur I Daspur II Debra Deganga Diamond Harbour I Diamond Harbour II Deshapran Dhaniakhali Dhupguri Dinhata I Dinhata II Domjur Domkal Dubrajpur E Egra I Egra II English Bazar F Falakata Falta Farakka Faridpur Durgapur G Gaighata Galsi I Galsi II Gangajalghati Gangarampur Garhbeta I Garhbeta II Garhbeta III Gazole Ghatal Goalpokhar I Goalpokhar II Goghat I Goghat II Gopiballavpur I Gopiballavpur II Gorubathan Gosaba H Habibpur Habra I Habra II Haldia Haldibari Hanskhali Hariharpara Haringhata Haripal Harirampur Harishchandrapur I Harishchandrapur II Haroa Hasnabad Hemtabad Hili Hingalganj Hirbandh Hura I Ilambazar Indas Indpur Islampur Itahar J Jagatballavpur Jalangi Jalpaiguri Jamalpur Jamboni Jamuria Jangipara Jaynagar I Jaynagar II Jhalda I Jhalda II Jhargram Jorebunglow Sukhiapokhri Joypur, Bankura Joypur, Purulia K Kakdwip Kalchini Kaliachak I Kaliachak II Kaliachak III Kaliaganj Kaliganj Kalimpong I Kalimpong II Kalna I Kalna II Kandi Kanksa Karandighi Karimpur I Karimpur II Kashipur Katwa I Katwa II Keshiari Keshpur Ketugram I Ketugram II Khanakul I Khanakul II Khandaghosh Kharagpur I Kharagpur II Khargram Kharibari Khatra Khejuri I Khejuri II Khoyrasole Kolaghat Kotulpur Krishnaganj Krishnanagar I Krishnanagar II Kulpi Kultali Kumarganj Kumargram Kurseong Kushmandi L Labpur Lalgola M Madarihat-Birpara Magrahat I Magrahat II Mahisadal Mal Manbazar I Manbazar II Mandirbazar Manikchak Manteswar Mathabhanga I Mathabhanga II Mathurapur I Mathurapur II Matiali Matigara Maynaguri Mayureswar I Mayureswar II Mejia Mekhliganj Memari I Memari II Midnapore Sadar Minakhan Mirik Mohammad Bazar Mohanpur Mongalkote Moyna Murarai I Murarai II Murshidabad-Jiaganj N Nabadwip Nabagram Nagrakata Nakashipara Nalhati I Nalhati II Namkhana Nandakumar Nandigram I Nandigram II Nanoor Naoda Narayangarh Naxalbari Nayagram Neturia O Old Malda Onda P Panchla Pandabeswar Pandua Panskura Para Patashpur I Patashpur II Patharpratima Patrasayer Phansidewa Pingla Polba Dadpur Puncha Purbasthali I Purbasthali II Pursurah Purulia I Purulia II R Raghunathganj I Raghunathganj II Raghunathpur I Raghunathpur II Raiganj Raina I Raina II Raipur Rajarhat Rajganj Rajnagar Ramnagar I Ramnagar II Rampurhat I Rampurhat II Ranaghat I Ranaghat II Rangli Rangliot Ranibandh Raniganj Raninagar I Raninagar II Ratua I Ratua II S Sabang Sagar Sagardighi Sahid Matangini Sainthia Salanpur Salboni Saltora Samserganj Sandeshkhali I Sandeshkhali II Sankrail, Howrah Sankrail, Jhargram Santipur Santuri Sarenga Shyampur I Shyampur II Simlapal Singur Sitai Sitalkuchi Sonamukhi Sonarpur Sreerampur Uttarpara Suri I Suri II Sutahata Suti I Suti II Swarupnagar T Taldangra Tamluk Tapan Tarakeswar Tehatta I Tehatta II Thakurpukur Maheshtala Tufanganj I Tufanganj II U Udaynarayanpur Uluberia I Uluberia II See also List of cities in West Bengal by population Similar to tehsils in many states of India
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North 24 Parganas district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district"},{"link_name":"Indian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_and_territories_of_India"},{"link_name":"West Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Bengal"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Metropolitan Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Airport"},{"link_name":"Shyambazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shyambazar"},{"link_name":"Rajarhat New Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajarhat_New_Town"},{"link_name":"Esplanade, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplanade,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Alipore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alipore"},{"link_name":"Ballygunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ballygunge"},{"link_name":"Jadavpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jadavpur"}],"text":"City in West Bengal, IndiaSouth Dum Dum is a city and a municipality of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal. It is a part of the area covered by Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) and a vital locality in Kolkata Metropolitan Area.It is a city on the northern part of Kolkata with a municipality called South Dum Dum municipality. It is well connected to the developed part of the city through railways and roads. It is very near to Kolkata Airport, Shyambazar (epicenter of North Kolkata), Rajarhat New Town (the IT hub of Kolkata), Esplanade, Kolkata (the employment hub of Kolkata and central business district). It is well connected to Alipore, Ballygunge and Jadavpur by suburban railways.","title":"South Dum Dum"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dum Dum § Etymology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum#Etymology"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Arsenal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Arsenal"},{"link_name":"Royal Artillery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Artillery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Further information: Dum Dum § EtymologyDuring the 19th century Dum Dum area was home to the Dum Dum Arsenal, a British Royal Artillery facility.[2]","title":"Etymology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Clive_House1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Nagerbazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagerbazar"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"partition of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partition_of_Bengal_(1947)"},{"link_name":"East Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"East Bengali refugees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Bengali_refugees"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Nagerbazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagerbazar"},{"link_name":"Robert Clive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Clive"},{"link_name":"Sen period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sena_dynasty"},{"link_name":"Chandraketugarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandraketugarh"},{"link_name":"Archaeological Survey of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeological_Survey_of_India"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-censushandbook-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"Clive House, Ramgarh, NagerbazarSouth Dum Dum Municipality was established in 1870.[3]With the partition of Bengal in 1947, \"millions of refugees poured in from erstwhile East Pakistan.\"[4] In the initial stages, the bulk of these refugees were non-agriculturists. A few of them made their own arrangements, but \"it was squatters who made the East Bengali refugees famous or infamous.\" Squatting (jabardakhal in Bengali) ranged from the forcible occupation of barracks to the collective take-over of private, government, and wasteland. By 1949, there were a total of 65 refugee colonies in the Dum Dum and Panihati zones. The squatters were in a way \"self-settlers\" in the absence of adequate official arrangements for rehabilitation. Within a very short time, the refugees (quite often with government/administrative support) not only found a place to stay but developed a society that included markets, schools, temples and sometimes even colleges, hospitals and recreational centres.[5][6]Clive House on Rastraguru Avenue in Nagerbazar is mired in controversy. It is thought of as the first pucca brick and cement building in North Kolkata area and was possibly built by the Portuguese. Some say that it was the hunting lodge of an Indian prince or nobleman. What is known is that it was used by British soldiers when they first entered the country. Later, Robert Clive took the area over, renovated it, added a floor to the single-story building, and made it his country house around 1757-60. The house is located on raised ground in otherwise flat surroundings. When Clive House was excavated, a variety of artefacts were recovered, including coins, terracotta figures, sculptures, pottery and intelligence on a Portuguese fort. The articles found could be of the Sen period, or may alternatively have links with the ancient civilization unearthed earlier at Chandraketugarh. Clive House has been in the domain of the Archaeological Survey of India since 2004, but squatters inside and outside the structure have hindered restoration work.[7][8][9][10][11][12][13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/11/22.69639/88.40889/en"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.openstreetmap.org/copyright"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilganj"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karna_Madhabpur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimta"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Dumdum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dumdum"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranagar"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgharia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarhati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Barrackpore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agarpara"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodepur"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teghori"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandpur,_Ghola"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbandha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muragachha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilkanda"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ghola,_North_24_Parganas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panihati"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khardaha"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titagarh"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipur,_North_24_Parganas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruiya"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chak_Kanthalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrackpur_Cantonment"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrackpore"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:India_West_Bengal_adm_location_map.svg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Map/12/22.69639/88.40889/en"}],"text":"5km3miles\nRiver\nHooghly\nNilganjN\nKarna MadhabpurN\nNimtaN\nSouth DumdumM\nNorth DumdumM\nDum DumMV\nBaranagarM\nBelghariaN\nKamarhatiM\nNew BarrackporeM\nAgarparaN\nSodepurN\nTeghoriCT\nChandpurCT\nTalbandhaCT\nMuragachhaCT\nBilkandaCT\nGholaN\nPanihatiM\nKhardahaM\nTitagarhM\nBandipurCT\nPatuliaCT\nRuiyaCT\nChak KanthaliaCT\n\nBarrackporeCantonment\n\nBarrackporeM\n  Cities and towns in the southern portion of Barrackpore subdivision in North 24 Parganas districtM: municipal city/ town, CT: census town, N: neighbourhood/ administrative locationOwing to space constraints in the small map, the actual locations in a larger map may vary slightly","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:East_Sinthee_Shyamasundari_Temple_-_Dum_Dum_-_Kolkata_2012-03-10_01037.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Alcove_Gloria_-_Apartment_Complex_-_VIP_Road_-_Kolkata_2017-05-10_7576.JPG"},{"link_name":"Lake Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"22°37′N 88°24′E / 22.61°N 88.40°E / 22.61; 88.40","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Dum_Dum&params=22.61_N_88.40_E_"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"North Dumdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dumdum"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum"},{"link_name":"Baguiati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baguiati"},{"link_name":"VIP Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIP_Road"},{"link_name":"Salt Lake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salt_Lake_City,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Belgachia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgachia"},{"link_name":"Sinthee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinthee"},{"link_name":"Kolkata district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_district"},{"link_name":"Baranagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranagar"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-16"},{"link_name":"Nagerbazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagerbazar"},{"link_name":"Lake Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Bangur Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangur_Avenue"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Park"},{"link_name":"Barrackpore subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrackpore_subdivision"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-handbook2013-17"}],"sub_title":"Location","text":"Shyamasundari Temple, Purba SintheeAlcove Gloria (Apartment Complex), Lake TownSouth Dum Dum is located at 22°37′N 88°24′E / 22.61°N 88.40°E / 22.61; 88.40.[14]South Dum Dum is bounded by North Dumdum (Municipality) and Dum Dum (Municipality) on the north, Baguiati and adjacent areas of VIP Road on the east, Salt Lake on the south and Belgachia and Sinthee in Kolkata district and Baranagar (Municipality) on the west.[15][16]South Dum Dum consists of localities such as Nagerbazar, Amarpally, Motijheel, Subhas Nagar, Bediapara, Jheelbagan, Jawpore, Ghughudanga, Purba Sinthee, Seth Bagan, Kalindi, Lake Town, Bangur Avenue, Shyamnagar, Satgachhi, Patipukur, Dakshindari, Dum Dum Park etc.96% of the population of Barrackpore subdivision (partly presented in the map alongside, all places marked on the map are linked in the full screen map) lives in urban areas. In 2011, it had a density of population of 10,967 per km2. The subdivision has 16 municipalities and 24 census towns.[17] For most of the cities/towns, information regarding the density of population is available in the Infobox. Population data is not available for neighbourhoods. It is available for the entire municipal area and thereafter ward-wise.","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dum Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum#Police_station"},{"link_name":"Barrackpore Police Commissionerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrackpore_Police_Commissionerate"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Lake Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Town,_Kolkata#Police_station"},{"link_name":"Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bidhannagar_Police_Commissionerate"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Police station","text":"Dum Dum police station under Barrackpore Police Commissionerate has jurisdiction over Dum Dum and parts of South Dum Dum Municipal areas.[18][19] Lake Town police station under Bidhannagar Police Commissionerate also has jurisdiction over parts of South Dum Dum.[20]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Postal Index Numbers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Nagerbazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagerbazar"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Bangur Avenue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangur_Avenue"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lake Town","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Town,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"PIN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postal_Index_Number"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"}],"sub_title":"Post Offices","text":"South Dum Dum is a vast locality with many Postal Index Numbers:Motijheel has a delivery sub post office, with PIN 700074 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Dum Dum Road and Jawpore.[21]Sethbagan has a non-delivery sub post office, with PIN 700030 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Purba Sinthee and Ghughudanga.[22]Subhas Nagar has a non-delivery sub post office, with PIN 700065 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Other post office with the same PIN is Health Institute. Bediapara has a delivery sub post office, with PIN 700077 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region.[23]Nagerbazar has a non-delivery sub-post office, with PIN 700028 in the Kolkata North Division of Kolkata district in Calcutta region. Another post office with the same PIN is Jugipara Satgachhi.[24]Bangur Avenue has a delivery sub-post office, with PIN 700055 in the Kolkata East Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Dum Dum Park and Shyamnagar.[25]Lake Town has a delivery sub-post office, with PIN 700089 in the Kolkata East Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Another post office with the same PIN is Kalindi Housing Estate.[26]Patipukur has a non-delivery sub-post office, with PIN 700048 in the Kolkata East Division of North 24 Parganas district in Calcutta region. Other post offices with the same PIN are Sreebhumi and Sadhana Ausudhalaya Road (Dakshindari).[27]","title":"Geography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2011 Census of India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2011_Census_of_India"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-census3-2011-29"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Dum_Dum&action=edit"},{"link_name":"census","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Census"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"}],"sub_title":"Population","text":"As per the 2011 Census of India, South Dum Dum had a total population of 403,316, of which 202,214 (50%) were males and 201,102 (50%) were females. Population below 6 years was 28,703. The total number of literates in South Dum Dum was 344,971 (92.09% of the population over 6 years).[29]As of 2001[update] India census,[30] South Dumdum had a population of 392,150. Males constitute 51% of the population and females 49%. South Dum Dum has an average literacy rate of 83%, higher than the national average of 59.5%: male literacy is 87%, and female literacy is 80%. In South Dum Dum, 8% of the population is under 6 years of age.","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Religion","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kanchrapara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanchrapara"},{"link_name":"Jetia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jetia"},{"link_name":"Halisahar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halisahar"},{"link_name":"Balibhara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balibhara"},{"link_name":"Naihati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naihati"},{"link_name":"Bhatpara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhatpara"},{"link_name":"Kaugachhi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaugachhi"},{"link_name":"Garshyamnagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garshyamnagar"},{"link_name":"Garulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garulia"},{"link_name":"Ichhapur Defence Estate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ichhapur_Defence_Estate"},{"link_name":"North Barrackpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Barrackpur"},{"link_name":"Barrackpur Cantonment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrackpur_Cantonment"},{"link_name":"Barrackpore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrackpore"},{"link_name":"Jafarpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jafarpur"},{"link_name":"Ruiya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruiya"},{"link_name":"Titagarh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titagarh"},{"link_name":"Khardaha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khardaha"},{"link_name":"Bandipur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandipur,_North_24_Parganas"},{"link_name":"Panihati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panihati"},{"link_name":"Muragachha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muragachha"},{"link_name":"New Barrackpore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Barrackpore"},{"link_name":"Chandpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandpur,_Ghola"},{"link_name":"Talbandha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talbandha"},{"link_name":"Patulia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patulia"},{"link_name":"Kamarhati","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamarhati"},{"link_name":"Baranagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baranagar"},{"link_name":"North Dumdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dumdum"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum"},{"link_name":"Noapara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noapara,_India"},{"link_name":"Babanpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babanpur"},{"link_name":"Teghari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teghari"},{"link_name":"Nanna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanna,_North_24_Parganas"},{"link_name":"Panpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panpur"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"}],"sub_title":"Kolkata Urban Agglomeration","text":"The following Municipalities, Census Towns and other locations in Barrackpore subdivision were part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration in the 2011 census: Kanchrapara (M), Jetia (CT), Halisahar (M), Balibhara (CT), Naihati (M), Bhatpara (M), Kaugachhi (CT), Garshyamnagar (CT), Garulia (M), Ichhapur Defence Estate (CT), North Barrackpur (M), Barrackpur Cantonment (CB), Barrackpore (M), Jafarpur (CT), Ruiya (CT), Titagarh (M), Khardaha (M), Bandipur (CT), Panihati (M), Muragachha (CT) New Barrackpore (M), Chandpur (CT), Talbandha (CT), Patulia (CT), Kamarhati (M), Baranagar (M), South Dum Dum (M), North Dumdum (M), Dum Dum (M), Noapara (CT), Babanpur (CT), Teghari (CT), Nanna (OG), Chakla (OG), Srotribati (OG) and Panpur (OG).[31]","title":"Demographics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saltee_Plaza_-_Jessore_Road_-_Dum_Dum_-_Kolkata_2017-08-08_4000.JPG"},{"link_name":"Nagerbazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagerbazar"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Metropolitan Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Area"},{"link_name":"KMDA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metropolitan_Development_Authority"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"}],"text":"Saltee Plaza (Commercial Complex), NagerbazarSouth Dum Dum municipality is included in the Kolkata Metropolitan Area for which the KMDA is the statutory planning and development authority.[32][33]","title":"Economy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"North Dumdum § Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dumdum#Education"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum § Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum#Education"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Motijheel College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Motijheel_College"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Motijheel_Rabindra_Mahavidyalaya"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"East Calcutta Girl's College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Calcutta_Girl%27s_College"},{"link_name":"Ramakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhavan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramakrishna_Sarada_Mission_Vivekananda_Vidyabhavan"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"Rabindra Bharati University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabindra_Bharati_University"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Kishore Bharati High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Kishore_Bharati_High_School"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Motijheel Girls' High School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Motijheel_Girls%27_High_School"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WBCHSE-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"St. Mary's Orphanage & Day School, Kolkata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Orphanage_%26_Day_School,_Kolkata"},{"link_name":"Christian Brothers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"}],"text":"See also: North Dumdum § Education, and Dum Dum § EducationThe following institutions are located in South Dum Dum:Dum Dum Motijheel College was established in Dum Dum in 1950. The college runs in two shifts. The women's section has classes in the morning and the coeducational section has classes during the day. Both the sections offer various subjects. The college has a post graduate unit in M.Sc. mathematics and M.A. English. It offers a vocational course in instrumentation.[34][35]\nDum Dum Motijheel Rabindra Mahavidyalaya was established at Dum Dum in 1968.It was started as an evening college in commerce, became a day college in commerce in 1974 and finally a general day college, with arts, science, and commerce courses, in 2004. It offers B.Com (Hons) in marketing, geography honours in B.Sc. and Journalism honours in B.A.[36][37]\nEast Calcutta Girl's College, Lake Town, was established in 1992. It is a women's college in Kolkata and offers undergraduate courses in commerce, arts and sciences. It is affiliated to West Bengal State University. Until 2008, the college was affiliated to Calcutta University.\nRamakrishna Sarada Mission Vivekananda Vidyabhavan was established by Ramakrishna Sarada Mission at Dum Dum in 1961. It is a partly residential college for women. It offers honours courses in Bengali, English, Sanskrit, education, history, philosophy, political science, sociology, journalism & mass communication, economics and geography.[38][39]\nIndian College of Arts and Draftsmanship, was established at Dum Dum in 1893. It offers courses in painting, applied arts, sculpture and graphics. It is affiliated with Rabindra Bharati University.\nDum Dum Krishna Kumar Hindu Academy, at Motijheel Avenue, Amarpalli, is a boys only Bengali-medium higher secondary school. It has arrangements for teaching from Classes VI – XII. It was established in 1933.[40]\nDum Dum Kishore Bharati High School, Motijheel Avenue, in Ward No. 9, South Dum Dum Municipality, is a boys only Bengali-medium higher secondary school. It has arrangements for teaching from Classes VI – XII. It was established in 1965.>[41]\nDum Dum Motijheel Girls' High School, at Dum Dum Road, is a girls’ only high school, under WB board, providing higher secondary education.[42][43]\nDum Dum Prachya Banimandir for Boys and Dum Dum Prachya Banimandir for Girls at Seth Bagan. Schools are different for both genders and is a higher secondary school.[44]\nDum Dum Sri Aurabinda Vidyamandir in Khudiram Colony is a co-educational higher secondary school.[45]\nKrishnapur Adarsha Vidyamandir, at Dum Dum Park, in Ward No. 28, is a boys only Bengali-medium higher secondary school. It has facilities for teaching in Classes VI to XII. It was established in 1954.[46] About 3000 students studies in this school and popular as one of the best school in the State. The school is fully controlled under cctv surveillance.\nSahid Rameswar Vidyamandir, Jessore Road, Amarpalli, is a co-educational, higher secondary school.[47]\nSeth Bagan Adarsha Vidyamandir is a co-educational, higher secondary school.[48]\nChristchurch Girls' High School, Jessore Road, is a Bengali-medium, girls only school preparing students for madhyamik and higher secondary examination of the West Bengal boards. Established in 1882, it has arrangements for teaching from Infant to Class XII. Admission for Primary section starts around December. It has hostel facilities.[49][50]\nSt. Mary's Orphanage & Day School, Kolkata, was initially set up by Christian Brothers from Ireland at Murgighata in Calcutta in 1848 and shifted to Dum Dum Road in 1947. It is a boys only institution and prepares students for the ICSE and ISC examinations.[51]","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-medical-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"}],"text":"South Dum Dum Maternity Home functions with 15 beds.[52]ILS Hospital, near Nagerbazar Flyover, is a 120-bed multi-speciality hospital. It offers 14 surgical facilities and 2 speciality clinics – bariatric (weight-loss) and diabetic.[53][54]A new municipality hospital is under construction, located on Jessore Road, near Shyamnagar Bus stop. Though the work is halted for many years due to some issues.","title":"Healthcare"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diamond_plaza.jpg"}],"text":"Major markets in South Dum Dum:Diamond Plaza Mall, Shyamnagar-SatgachhiNagerbazar market\nDumdum station market\nDumdum Road market\nPatipukur Fish market\nKalindi, Laketown market\nGorabazar market\nDumdum Park market\nDiamond Plaza mallEntertainment areas:Diamond Plaza mall\nIndira Maidan\nRabindra Bhawan\nAmal Duta Krirangan","title":"Market and entertainment"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NH 12","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Highway_12_(India)"},{"link_name":"Dalkhola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dalkhola"},{"link_name":"Bakkhali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakkhali"},{"link_name":"Jessore Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_Road"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-renumber-55"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-16"},{"link_name":"Nagerbazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagerbazar"},{"link_name":"Jessore Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_Road"},{"link_name":"Dumdum/Kolkata Airport","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Airport"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Jessore Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jessore_Road"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Junction railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Sealdah-Ranaghat line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah-Ranaghat_line"},{"link_name":"Sealdah railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-google-16"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Suburban Railway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Suburban_Railway"},{"link_name":"Calcutta Chord line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah-Ranaghat_line"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Junction railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"Dankuni Junction railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dankuni_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Sealdah-Bangaon line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sealdah-Hasnabad-Bangaon-Ranaghat_line"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"Kolkata Metro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolkata_Metro"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Tollygunge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahanayak_Uttam_Kumar_metro_station"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_metro_station"},{"link_name":"Dum Dum Junction railway station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum_Junction_railway_station"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"}],"text":"NH 12 (previously NH 34), running from Dalkhola to Bakkhali, locally popular as Jessore Road, passes through South Dum Dum.[55][16] In 2012, a flyover was opened from Amarpally to Nagerbazar Sarojini Naidu Women College to decongest the heavy traffic on Jessore Road towards Dumdum/Kolkata Airport.[56]Several buses ply on Jessore Road, Dum Dum Road and Lake Town Road.Dum Dum Junction railway station, on the Sealdah-Ranaghat line, is 7 km from Sealdah railway station.[57][16] It is part of the Kolkata Suburban Railway system. Two lines branch out after Dum Dum Junction railway station – the Calcutta Chord line linking Dum Dum Junction railway station with Dankuni Junction railway station[58] and the Sealdah-Bangaon line.[59]Kolkata Metro, the first underground metro in India, was initially constructed from Dum Dum to Tollygunge. It was progressively commissioned, the full length of 16.45 km being commissioned in 1995.[60] Dum Dum metro station is located adjacent to Dum Dum Junction railway station.[61][62][63][64]","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nagerbazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagerbazar"},{"link_name":"Nagerbazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagerbazar"}],"sub_title":"Travel within South Dum Dum and Dum Dum","text":"There are a plenty of private buses, mini-buses and taxis, as well as a few WBTC buses in South Dum Dum. Autos are plentiful and can be used for short stretches.Nagerbazar is the hub of autos where there are 4 routes originates viz:1) Nagerbazar - Dum Dum Junction,2) Nagerbazar - Dum Dum Cantonment,3) Nagerbazar - Airport 1 no. gate,4) Nagerbazar - Lake Town.In addition, there are taxis: Nagerbazar has a large taxi stand. The other popular means of travel over short distances is the rickshaw, newly battery operated rickshaws (locally called Totos) can also be seen.","title":"Transport"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Travel within South Dum Dum and North Dum Dum","title":"Transport"}]
[{"image_text":"Clive House, Ramgarh, Nagerbazar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Clive_House1.jpg/220px-Clive_House1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Shyamasundari Temple, Purba Sinthee","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/East_Sinthee_Shyamasundari_Temple_-_Dum_Dum_-_Kolkata_2012-03-10_01037.jpg/220px-East_Sinthee_Shyamasundari_Temple_-_Dum_Dum_-_Kolkata_2012-03-10_01037.jpg"},{"image_text":"Alcove Gloria (Apartment Complex), Lake Town","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Alcove_Gloria_-_Apartment_Complex_-_VIP_Road_-_Kolkata_2017-05-10_7576.JPG/220px-Alcove_Gloria_-_Apartment_Complex_-_VIP_Road_-_Kolkata_2017-05-10_7576.JPG"},{"image_text":"Saltee Plaza (Commercial Complex), Nagerbazar","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Saltee_Plaza_-_Jessore_Road_-_Dum_Dum_-_Kolkata_2017-08-08_4000.JPG/220px-Saltee_Plaza_-_Jessore_Road_-_Dum_Dum_-_Kolkata_2017-08-08_4000.JPG"},{"image_text":"Diamond Plaza Mall, Shyamnagar-Satgachhi","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Diamond_plaza.jpg/220px-Diamond_plaza.jpg"},{"image_text":"Divisions of West Bengal","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg/199px-Division_Of_West_Bangal_Map.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Baranagar_Road_railway_station.jpg/50px-Baranagar_Road_railway_station.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Narula_Institute_of_Technology_%28NiT%29.jpg/50px-Narula_Institute_of_Technology_%28NiT%29.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Dum Dum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dum_Dum"},{"title":"North Dumdum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Dumdum"},{"title":"Barrackpore subdivision","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrackpore_subdivision"}]
[{"reference":"\"South Dum Dum Municipality\".","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_South%20dum%20dum%20Municipality.htm","url_text":"\"South Dum Dum Municipality\""}]},{"reference":"\"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Dum-Dum Bullet\". www.firstworldwar.com. Retrieved 7 May 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.firstworldwar.com/atoz/dumdum.htm","url_text":"\"First World War.com - Encyclopedia - Dum-Dum Bullet\""}]},{"reference":"\"South Dum Dum Municipality\". Barrackpore administration. Retrieved 28 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.barrackpore.gov.in/HTM/sdobkp_South%20dum%20dum%20Municipality.htm","url_text":"\"South Dum Dum Municipality\""}]},{"reference":"Sen, Uditi (2014). \"The Myths Refugees Live By Memory and History of the Making of Bengali Refugee Identity\". Modern Asian Studies. 48: 37–76. doi:10.1017/S0026749X12000613. S2CID 144297665. Retrieved 5 March 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271664458","url_text":"\"The Myths Refugees Live By Memory and History of the Making of Bengali Refugee Identity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X12000613","url_text":"10.1017/S0026749X12000613"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144297665","url_text":"144297665"}]},{"reference":"\"Ordnance Factory Dum Dum\". Dum Dum Story. Indian Ordnance Factories. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ordnancedumdum.gov.in/history/history.php","url_text":"\"Ordnance Factory Dum Dum\""}]},{"reference":"\"Heritage of Kolkata – Clive House – under dilapidation\". Asim Kumar 2011. 26 November 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://calcutta-kolkata-asim.blogspot.com/2011/11/heritage-of-kolkata-clive-house-under.html","url_text":"\"Heritage of Kolkata – Clive House – under dilapidation\""}]},{"reference":"\"District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\" (PDF). Places of religious importance, Page 123. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf","url_text":"\"District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A\""}]},{"reference":"\"Old house on the hill\". The Telegraph, 23 May 2003. Archived from the original on 7 July 2003. Retrieved 29 July 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20030707124044/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1030523/asp/calcutta/story_1991198.asp","url_text":"\"Old house on the hill\""},{"url":"https://www.telegraphindia.com/1030523/asp/calcutta/story_1991198.asp","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The two faces of Clive House in Dum Dum – Squatters inside or outside building still impeding Archaeulogical Survey's restoration project\". The Telegraph, 24 January 2006. Archived from the original on 8 May 2006. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_Al-Haqq
Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq
["1 References"]
Marinid ruler from 1240 to 1244 Muhammad ibn Abd Al-HaqqSultan of the MarinidsReign1240 – 1244PredecessorUthman ISuccessorAbu Yahya ibn Abd al-HaqqBorn1202Died12 November 1244DynastyMarinidFatherAbd al-Haqq IReligionIslam Muhammad ibn Abd Al-Haqq (Arabic: محمد بن عَبد الحَقّ; died 1244) was a Marinid ruler. He was the son of Abd al-Haqq I and the brother of Uthman I. He continued to fight the Almohads especially around the city of Meknes. Muhammad ibn Abd al-Haqq died during a battle against the Almohads on 12 November 1244 by hand of European mercenary captain Juan Gaitan. References ^ France, John; DeVries, Kelly; Rogers, Clifford J. (20 October 2016). Journal of Medieval Military History. Boydell & Brewer. p. 112. ISBN 978-1-78327-130-6. Retrieved 10 May 2024. "Marinids." The Encyclopedia of Islam, Volume 6, Fascicules 107-108. pg. 571 Preceded byUthman I Marinid Dynasty 1240–1244 Succeeded byAbu Yahya ibn Abd al-Haqq This Moroccan biographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This biography of a member of an African royal house is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NavIC
Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System
["1 Background","2 Development","2.1 Description","3 Time-frame","4 System description","4.1 Space segment","4.2 Ground segment","4.3 Signal","4.4 Accuracy","5 Clock failure","5.1 Indian Atomic clock","6 Future developments","6.1 Global Indian Navigation System","7 List of satellites","7.1 IRNSS series satellites","7.2 NVS series satellite","8 See also","9 References","9.1 Footnotes","10 External links"]
Satellite navigation system Navigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS)Country/ies of origin IndiaOperator(s)ISROTypeMilitary, CommercialStatusOperationalCoverageRegional (up to 1,500 km or 930 mi from borders)Accuracy3 m or 9.8 ft (public)2 m or 6 ft 7 in (encrypted)Constellation sizeNominal satellites5Current usable satellites List IRNSS-1B/1C/1D/1F/1I (Operational) 1A/1E/1G (Clock failure, short-message services only)NVS-01 (Operational) First launch1 July 2013; 10 years ago (1 July 2013)Last launch29 May 2023Total launches10Orbital characteristicsRegime(s)geostationary orbit (GEO), inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO)Orbital height35,786 km (22,236 mi)Other detailsCost₹2,246 crore (US$269 million) as of March 2017 Geodesy Fundamentals Geodesy Geodynamics Geomatics History Concepts Geographical distance Geoid Figure of the Earth (radius and circumference) Geodetic coordinates Geodetic datum Geodesic Horizontal position representation Latitude / Longitude Map projection Reference ellipsoid Satellite geodesy Spatial reference system Spatial relations Vertical positions Technologies Global Nav. Sat. Systems (GNSSs) Global Pos. System (GPS) GLONASS (Russia) BeiDou (BDS) (China) Galileo (Europe) NAVIC (India) Quasi-Zenith Sat. Sys. (QZSS) (Japan) Discrete Global Grid and Geocoding Standards (history) NGVD 29 Sea Level Datum 1929 OSGB36 Ordnance Survey Great Britain 1936 SK-42 Systema Koordinat 1942 goda ED50 European Datum 1950 SAD69 South American Datum 1969 GRS 80 Geodetic Reference System 1980 ISO 6709 Geographic point coord. 1983 NAD 83 North American Datum 1983 WGS 84 World Geodetic System 1984 NAVD 88 N. American Vertical Datum 1988 ETRS89 European Terrestrial Ref. Sys. 1989 GCJ-02 Chinese obfuscated datum 2002 Geo URI Internet link to a point 2010 International Terrestrial Reference System Spatial Reference System Identifier (SRID) Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) vte The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), with an operational name of NavIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian Constellation; also, nāvik 'sailor' or 'navigator' in Indian languages), is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services. It covers India and a region extending 1,500 km (930 mi) around it, with plans for further extension up to 3,000 km (1,900 mi). An extended service area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the 30th parallel south to the 50th parallel north and the 30th meridian east to the 130th meridian east, 1,500–6,000 km (930–3,730 mi) beyond borders where some of the NavIC satellites are visible but the position is not always computable with assured accuracy. The system currently consists of a constellation of eight satellites, with two additional satellites on ground as stand-by. The constellation is in orbit as of 2018. NavIC will provide two levels of service, the "standard positioning service", which will be open for civilian use, and a "restricted service" (an encrypted one) for authorised users (including the military). NavIC-based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehicles in India and some consumer mobile phones with support for it have been available since the first half of 2020. There are plans to expand the NavIC system by increasing its constellation size from 7 to 11. Background The system was developed partly because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied an Indian request for Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the Kargil region, which would have provided vital information. The Indian government approved the project in May 2006. Development Description NavIC coverage As part of the project, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) opened a new satellite navigation centre within the campus of ISRO Deep Space Network (DSN) at Byalalu, in Karnataka on 28 May 2013. A network of 21 ranging stations located across the country will provide data for the orbital determination of the satellites and monitoring of the navigation signal. A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. Its location in low latitudes facilitates coverage with low-inclination satellites. Three satellites will be in geostationary orbit over the Indian Ocean. Missile targeting could be an important military application for the constellation. The total cost of the project was expected to be ₹14.2 billion (US$170 million), with the cost of the ground segment being ₹3 billion (US$36 million), each satellite costing ₹1.5 billion (US$18 million) and the PSLV-XL version rocket costing around ₹1.3 billion (US$16 million). The planned seven rockets would have involved an outlay of around ₹9.1 billion (US$109 million). The necessity for two replacement satellites, and PSLV-XL launches, has altered the original budget, with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India reporting costs (as of March 2017) of ₹22.46 billion (US$269 million). The NavIC Signal in Space ICD was released for evaluation in September 2014. From 1 April 2019, use of AIS 140 compliant NavIC-based vehicle tracking systems were made compulsory for all commercial vehicles in India. In 2020, Qualcomm launched four Snapdragon 4G chipsets and one 5G chipset with support for NavIC. NavIC is planned to be available for civilian use in mobile devices, after Qualcomm and ISRO signed an agreement. To increase compatibility with existing hardware, ISRO will add L1 band support. For strategic application, Long Code support is also coming. As per National Defense Authorization Act 2020, United States Secretary of Defense in consultation with Director of National Intelligence designated NavIC, Galileo and QZSS as allied navigational satellite systems. Time-frame In April 2010, it was reported that India plans to start launching satellites by the end of 2011, at a rate of one satellite every six months. This would have made NavIC functional by 2015. But the program was delayed, and India also launched 3 new satellites to supplement this. Seven satellites with the prefix "IRNSS-1" will constitute the space segment of the IRNSS. IRNSS-1A, the first of the seven satellites, was launched on 1 July 2013. IRNSS-1B was launched on 4 April 2014 on-board PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in geosynchronous orbit. IRNSS-1C was launched on 16 October 2014, IRNSS-1D on 28 March 2015, IRNSS-1E on 20 January 2016, IRNSS-1F on 10 March 2016 and IRNSS-1G was launched on 28 April 2016. The eighth satellite, IRNSS-1H, which was meant to replace IRNSS-1A, failed to deploy on 31 August 2017 as the heat shields failed to separate from the 4th stage of the rocket. IRNSS-1I was launched on 12 April 2018 to replace it. System description The IRNSS system comprises a space segment and a support ground segment. Space segment The constellation consists of 7 satellites. Three of the seven satellites are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) at longitudes 32.5° E, 83° E, and 131.5° E, approximately 36,000 km (22,000 mi) above Earth's surface. The remaining four satellites are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO). Two of them cross the equator at 55° E and two at 111.75° E. Ground segment The ground segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. The ground segment comprises: IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facility (IRSCF) ISRO Navigation Centre (INC) IRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (IRIMS) IRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT) IRNSS CDMA Ranging Stations (IRCDR) Laser Ranging Stations IRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN) Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite The IRSCF is operational at Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan and Bhopal. The MCF uplinks navigation data and is used for tracking, telemetry and command functions. Seven 7.2-metre (24 ft) FCA and two 11-metre (36 ft) FMA of IRSCF are currently operational for LEOP and on-orbit phases of IRNSS satellites. The INC established at Byalalu performs remote operations and data collection with all the ground stations. The ISRO Navigation Centers (INC) are operational at Byalalu, Bengaluru and Lucknow. INC1 (Byalalu) and INC2 (Lucknow) together provide seamless operations with redundancy. 16 IRIMS are currently operational and are supporting IRNSS operations few more are planned in Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France and Japan. CDMA ranging is being carried out by the four IRCDR stations on regular basis for all the IRNSS satellites. The IRNWT has been established and is providing IRNSS system time with an accuracy of 2 ns (2.0×10−9 s) (2 sigma) with respect to UTC. Laser ranging is being carried out with the support of ILRS stations around the world. Navigation software is operational at INC since 1 Aug 2013. All the navigation parameters, such as satellite ephemeris, clock corrections, integrity parameters, and secondary parameters, such as iono-delay corrections, time offsets with respect to UTC and other GNSSes, almanac, text message, and earth orientation parameters, are generated and uploaded to the spacecraft automatically. The IRDCN has established terrestrial and VSAT links between the ground stations. As of March 2021, ISRO and JAXA are performing calibration and validation experiments for NavIC ground reference station in Japan. ISRO is also under discussion with CNES for a NavIC ground reference station in France. ISRO is planning a NavIC ground station at Cocos (Keeling) Islands and is in talks with the Australian Space Agency. Signal NavIC signals will consist of a Standard Positioning Service and a Restricted Service. Both will be carried on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.028 MHz). The SPS signal will be modulated by a 1 MHz BPSK signal. The Restricted Service will use BOC(5,2). The navigation signals themselves would be transmitted in the L5 (1176.45 MHz) & S band (2492.028 MHz) frequencies and broadcast through a phased array antenna to maintain required coverage and signal strength. The satellites would weigh approximately 1,330 kg (2,930 lb) and their solar panels generate 1,400 W. A messaging interface is embedded in the NavIC system. This feature allows the command center to send warnings to a specific geographic area. For example, fishermen using the system can be warned about a cyclone. Accuracy The Standard Positioning Service system is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of about 5 to 10 metres throughout the Indian landmass and an accuracy of about 20 metres (66 ft) in the Indian Ocean as well as a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around India. GPS, for comparison, has a position accuracy of 5 m under ideal conditions. However, unlike GPS, which is dependent only on L-band, NavIC has dual frequencies (S and L bands). When a low-frequency signal travels through atmosphere, its velocity changes due to atmospheric disturbances. GPS depends on an atmospheric model to assess frequency error, and it has to update this model from time to time to assess the exact error. In NavIC, the actual delay is assessed by measuring the difference in delay of the two frequencies (S and L bands). Therefore, NavIC is not dependent on any model to find the frequency error and can be more accurate than GPS. Clock failure In 2017, it was announced that all three SpectraTime supplied rubidium atomic clocks on board IRNSS-1A had failed, mirroring similar failures in the European Union's Galileo constellation. The first failure occurred in July 2016, followed soon after by the two other clocks on IRNSS-1A. This rendered the satellite non-functional and required replacement. ISRO reported it had replaced the atomic clocks in the two standby satellites, IRNSS-1H and IRNSS-1I in June 2017. The subsequent launch of IRNSS-1H, as a replacement for IRNSS-1A, was unsuccessful when PSLV-C39 mission failed on 31 August 2017. The second standby satellite, IRNSS-1I, was successfully placed into orbit on 12 April 2018. In July 2017, it was reported that two more clocks in the navigational system had also started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five, in May 2018 a failure of a further 4 clocks was reported, taking the count to 9 of the 24 in orbit. As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining satellites. As of May 2023 only four satellites are capable of providing navigation services which is the minimum number required for service to remain operational. Indian Atomic clock In order to reduce the dependency on imported frequency standards ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad had been working on domestically designed and developed Rubidium based atomic clocks. To overcome the clock failures on first generation navigation satellites and its subsequent impact on NavIC's position, navigation, and timing services, these new clocks would supplement the imported atomic clocks in next generation of navigation satellites. On 5 July 2017, ISRO and Israel Space Agency (ISA) signed an Memorandum of Understanding to collaborate on space qualifying a Rubidium Standard based on AccuBeat model AR133A and to test it on an ISRO satellite. Future developments India's Department of Space in their 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) (2012–17) stated increasing the number of satellites in the constellation from 7 to 11 to extend coverage. These additional four satellites will be made during 12th FYP and will be launched in the beginning of 13th FYP in geosynchronous orbit of 42° inclination. Also, the development of space-qualified Indian made atomic clocks was initiated, along with a study and development initiative for an all optical atomic clock (ultra stable for IRNSS and deep space communication). ISRO will be launching five next generation satellite featuring new payloads and extended lifespan of 12 years. Five new satellites viz. NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 will supplement and augment the current constellation of satellites. The new satellites will feature the L5 and S band and introduces a new interoperable civil signal in the L1 band in the navigation payload and will use Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (iRAFS.) This introduction of the new L1 band will help facilitate NavIC proliferation in wearable smart and IoT devices featuring a low power navigation system. NVS-01 is a replacement for IRNSS-1G satellite and was launched on GSLV in 2023. Global Indian Navigation System Study and analysis for the Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) was initiated as part of the technology and policy initiatives in the 12th FYP (2012–17). The system is supposed to have a constellation of 24 satellites, positioned 24,000 km (14,913 mi) above Earth. As of 2013, the statutory filing for frequency spectrum of GINS satellite orbits in international space, has been completed. As per new 2021 draft policy, ISRO and Department of Space (DoS) is working on expanding the coverage of NavIC from regional to global that will be independent of other such system currently operational namely GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo while remain interoperable and free for global public use. ISRO has proposed to Government of India to expand the constellation for global coverage by initially placing twelve satellites in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO). List of satellites The constellation consists of 7 active satellites. Three of the seven satellites in constellation are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) and four are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO). All satellites launched or proposed for the system are as follows: IRNSS series satellites IRNSS-1 series satellites Satellite SVN PRN Int. Sat. ID NORAD ID Launch Date Launch Vehicle Orbit Status Remarks IRNSS-1A I001 I01 2013-034A 39199 1 July 2013 PSLV-XL-C22 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Partial Failure Atomic clocks failed.The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service. IRNSS-1B I002 I02 2014-017A 39635 4 April 2014 PSLV-XL-C24 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Operational IRNSS-1C I003 I03 2014-061A 40269 16 October 2014 PSLV-XL-C26 Geostationary (GEO) / 83°E, 5° inclined orbit Operational IRNSS-1D I004 I04 2015-018A 40547 28 March 2015 PSLV-XL-C27 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 31° inclined orbit Operational IRNSS-1E I005 I05 2016-003A 41241 20 January 2016 PSLV-XL-C31 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 111.75°E, 29° inclined orbit Partial Failure The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service. IRNSS-1F I006 I06 2016-015A 41384 10 March 2016 PSLV-XL-C32 Geostationary (GEO) / 32.5°E, 5° inclined orbit Operational IRNSS-1G I007 I07 2016-027A 41469 28 April 2016 PSLV-XL-C33 Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit Partial Failure The satellite is being used for NavIC's short message broadcast service. IRNSS-1H I008 I08 31 August 2017 PSLV-XL-C39 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Launch Failed The payload fairing failed to separate and satellite could not reach the desired orbit. It was meant to replace defunct IRNSS-1A. IRNSS-1I I009 I09 2018-035A 43286 12 April 2018 PSLV-XL-C41 Geosynchronous (IGSO) / 55°E, 29° inclined orbit Operational Animation of IRNSSAround the EarthAround the Earth - Polar viewEarth fixed frame - Equatorial view, frontEarth fixed frame - Equatorial view, sideEarth fixed frame - Polar view   Earth ·   IRNSS-1B  ·   IRNSS-1C  ·   IRNSS-1E  ·   IRNSS-1F  ·   IRNSS-1G  ·   IRNSS-1I NVS series satellite NVS series satellites Satellite SVN PRN Int. Sat. ID NORAD ID Launch Date Launch Vehicle Orbit Status Remarks NVS-01 I010 I10 2023-076A 56759 29 May 2023 GSLV Mk II - F12 Geostationary (GEO) / 129.5°E, 5.1° inclined orbit Operational Planned replacement of IRNSS-1G. Features extended lifespan, indigenous clock and new civilian band L1 for low power devices. NVS-02 2024-2025 GSLV Mk II Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit Planned NVS-03 TBD GSLV Mk II Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit Planned NVS-04 TBD GSLV Mk II Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit Planned NVS-05 TBD GSLV Mk II Geosynchronous (IGSO), 32.5°E or 129.5°E, 29° inclined orbit Planned See also Bhuvan Indian Space Research Organisation GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation (GAGAN) Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) References ^ a b Datta, Anusuya (14 March 2018). "CAG pulls up ISRO on NavIC delays, cost overruns". Geospatial World. ^ "IRNSS-1G exemplifies 'Make in India', says PM". The Statesman. 28 April 2016. Archived from the original on 23 September 2016. Retrieved 28 April 2016. ^ a b "Satellites are in the sky, but long way to go before average Indians get Desi GPS | India News - Times of India". 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The Times of India. ^ "ISRO puts seventh and final IRNSS navigation satellite into orbit". The Times of India. ^ "IRNSS-1I up in space, completes first phase of Indian regional navigation constellation". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 October 2021. ^ a b "Government of India, Ministry of Space, Lok Sabha - Unstarred Question number: 483 on Progress of IRNSS". 20 November 2019. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020. ^ a b "Government of India, Ministry of Space, Lok Sabha, Unstarred Question No: 675 on Indigenous GPS". 26 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 February 2020. Retrieved 17 February 2020. ^ a b "After Isro-Qualcomm pact, NavIC-compatible mobiles, navigation devices to hit market next year". The Times of India. 16 October 2019. Retrieved 16 October 2019. ^ "NavIC: List of Supported Phones and Difference between NavIC and GPS". Get Droid Tips. 3 March 2020. 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Zeenews.com. 28 May 2013. Retrieved 30 June 2013. ^ "India Making Strides in Satellite Technology". Defence News. Archived from the original on 6 June 2013. Retrieved 26 July 2012. ^ "India's first ever dedicated navigation satellite launched". DNA India. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013. ^ "India's first dedicated navigation satellite placed in orbit". NDTV. 2 July 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013. ^ "IRNSS Signal in Space ICD Released". GPS World. 25 September 2014. Retrieved 7 September 2016. ^ Sarkar, Debashis (21 January 2020). "Qualcomm launches three chipsets with Isro's Navic GPS for Android smartphones". The Times of India. ^ "Launch of mobile chipset compatible to NavIC - ISRO". Department of Space, Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 4 August 2022. Retrieved 22 January 2020. ^ "NavIC support in upcoming Mobile, Automotive and IoT Platforms is poised to deliver superior Location-Based services to India's Industries and Technology Ecosystem Through Qualcomm". Indian Space Research Organisation. 14 October 2019. Archived from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 19 October 2019. ^ a b Koshy, Jacob (26 October 2022). "ISRO to boost NavIC, widen user base of location system". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ Bordoloi, Pritam (3 October 2022). "India's Indigenous Navigation System Can Make Your Phones Expensive". Analytics India Magazine. Retrieved 28 October 2022. ^ "US Congress consents to designate India's NavIC as allied system". The Economic Times. 11 December 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2020. ^ S. Anandan (10 April 2010). "Launch of first satellite for Indian Regional Navigation Satellite system next year". The Hindu. Retrieved 30 December 2010. ^ H. Pathak. "3 Satellites To Be Launched By ISRO". Archived from the original on 17 April 2011. ^ "ISRO's Future programme". ISRO. Retrieved 18 May 2013. ^ "Countdown begins for PSLV-C22 launch". Business Line. 29 June 2013. Retrieved 29 June 2013. ^ "Isro successfully launches navigation satellite IRNSS-1B". The Times of India. 4 April 2014. Retrieved 4 April 2014. ^ "ISRO puts India's Navigation satellite IRNSS 1B into orbit". news.biharprabha.com. Indo-Asian News Service. Retrieved 4 April 2014. ^ "India successfully launches IRNSS-1D, fourth of seven navigation satellites". The Times of India. 28 March 2015. Retrieved 7 September 2016. ^ "India launches 5th navigation satellite IRNSS-1E powered by PSLV rocket". Hindustan Times. 20 January 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2016. ^ Narasimhan, T. E. (29 April 2016). "India gets its own GPS with successful launch of 7th navigation satellite". Business Standard. Retrieved 7 September 2016. ^ a b "ISRO says launch of navigation satellite IRNSS-1H unsuccessful". The Economic Times. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017. ^ "IRNSS-1I". isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organisation. Archived from the original on 11 April 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2019. ^ "PSLV-C41/IRNSS-1I". isro.gov.in. Indian Space Research Organisation. 12 April 2018. Archived from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 19 October 2019. ^ a b c d e "IRNSS". isac.gov.in. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ^ "First IRNSS satellite by December". Magazine article. Asian Surveying and Mapping. 5 May 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009. ^ "How Kargil spurred India to design own GPS". The Times of India. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2016. ^ a b c d e f g h "ANNUAL REPORT 2020-2021" (PDF). ISRO. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 April 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2021. ^ K. Radhakrishnan (29 December 2013). "Mars and more, final frontier". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 28 April 2016. ^ a b "Annual Report 2019-20". Department of Space. Archived from the original on 6 April 2020. Retrieved 5 March 2020. ^ "75 Major Activities of ISRO" (PDF). 3 February 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 February 2022. ISTRAC has established a network of stations to support IRNSS satellites consisting of four IRCDR stations (Hassan, Bhopal, Jodhpur and Shillong), 16 IRIMS stations (Bengaluru, Hassan, Bhopal, Jodhpur, Shillong, Dehradun, Port Blair, Mahendragiri, Lucknow, Kolkata, Udaipur, Shadnagar, Pune and Mauritius). ISTRAC has also established ISRO Navigation Centre-1, including an IRNWT facility at Bengaluru and ISRO Navigation Centre-2, including an IRNWT facility at Lucknow. ^ Kunhikrishnan, P (20 June 2019). "Update on ISRO's International Cooperation" (PDF). p. 5. Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France, Japan (IRIMS) ^ "Quad push: ISRO taking space ties with US, Japan and Australia to a higher orbit". The Economic Times. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021. ^ "India, France Working On 3rd Joint Space Mission, Says ISRO Chairman". NDTV. 20 March 2021. Retrieved 21 March 2021. ^ "Gaganyaan, India's human space mission, will use 'green propulsion': ISRO". Hindustan Times. 26 March 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021. ^ "Navigation Indian Constellation (NAVIC)". ESA. Retrieved 1 December 2022. ^ "Indian 'GPS' for public use by year-end". The Times of India. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ^ "Indian 'GPS' for public use by year-end". The Times of India. 5 March 2017. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ A. Bhaskaranarayana Director SCP/FMO & Scientific Secretary Indian Space Research Organisation – Indian IRNSS and GAGAN Archived 5 December 2010 at the Wayback Machine ^ "GPS.gov: GPS Accuracy". www.gps.gov. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ "Get ready! India's own GPS set to hit the market early next year - Times of India". The Times of India. 28 May 2017. ^ "SpectraTime to Supply Atomic Clocks to IRNSS | Inside GNSS". www.insidegnss.com. Archived from the original on 26 June 2017. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ "Spectratime Awarded Contract To Supply Rubidium Space Clocks To IRNSS". spacedaily.com. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ D.S., Madhumathi. "Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag". The Hindu. Retrieved 31 January 2017. ^ Vasudevan Mukund (2 September 2017). "India's 'GPS' Remains Unfinished". The Wire. Wayback Machine. Archived from the original on 26 January 2018. Retrieved 26 January 2018. ^ a b "India completes NavIC constellation with 7th satellite - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 11 April 2018. ^ D.S., Madhumathi (5 May 2018). "ISRO's clock to prop up India's own GPS". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 21 December 2019. ^ "New NavIC satellite launching today: why a regional navigation system matters to India". The Indian Express. 29 May 2023. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023. Currently, only four IRNSS satellites are able to provide location services, according to ISRO officials. The other satellites can only be used for messaging services such as providing disaster warnings or potential fishing zone messages for fishermen. ^ "FAQ Navigation". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 1 June 2023. For determining position and time, a minimum of four satellites are required. ^ a b c "Report of Working Group (WG-14)" (PDF). Department of Space, Government of India. October 2011. Retrieved 4 August 2021. ^ a b "ISRO to test space robustness of indigenous atomic clocks this December". The Indian Express. 16 May 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ a b c "Five Year Plan" (PDF). Department of Space. 12th FYP: 96. October 2011. ^ Bandi, Thejesh N.; Kaintura, Jaydeep; Saiyed, Azhar R.; Ghosal, Bikash; Jain, Pratik; Sharma, Richa; Priya, Priyanka; Shukla, Keya; Mandal, Sarathi; Reddy, Niranjan; Soni, Ashish; Somani, Sandip; Patel, Arvind; Attri, Deepak; Mishra, Deepak (March 2019). "Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) Development for Satellite Navigation". 2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC). p. 1. doi:10.23919/URSIAP-RASC.2019.8738208. ISBN 978-908-25987-5-9. S2CID 195225382. ^ "India developing atomic clocks for use on satellites". The Hindu. 20 May 2015. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ "A desi atomic clock". India Today. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ a b "Five new advanced navigation satellites for strategic needs – The New Indian Express". www.newindianexpress.com. Retrieved 30 December 2022. ^ "The Interoperable Global Navigation Satellite Systems Space Service Volume" (PDF). pp. 62, 95. Archived (PDF) from the original on 26 November 2018. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ "12th Five Year Plan report, Department of Space, DST" (PDF). dst.gov.in. Retrieved 21 June 2017. ^ "Indigenous Atomic Clock and Monitoring Unit for NavIC" (PDF). 10 December 2019. ^ a b "Isro aims for 7 more launches from India in 2021". Times of India. 12 March 2021. ^ Bandi, Thejesh N.; Kaintura, Jaydeep; Saiyed, Azhar R.; Ghosal, Bikash; Jain, Pratik; Sharma, Richa; Priya, Priyanka; Shukla, Keya; Mandal, Sarathi; Reddy, Niranjan; Soni, Ashish (2019). "Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) Development for Satellite Navigation". 2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC). p. 1. doi:10.23919/URSIAP-RASC.2019.8738208. ISBN 978-908-25987-5-9. S2CID 195225382. ^ "Annual Report of Department of Space 2018-19" (PDF). 28 May 2019. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019. ^ "NVS-01 placed into orbit". The Tribune. 29 May 2023. ^ "Global Indian Navigation system on cards". Business Line. 14 May 2010. Retrieved 22 June 2017. ^ "Indian Satellite Navigation Policy-2021 (SATNAV Policy-2021)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2021. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ Dutt, Anonna (3 August 2021). "ISRO to expand reach of navigation system globally: New draft policy". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 3 August 2021. ^ a b "IGS MGEX NavIC". mgex.igs.org. Retrieved 4 August 2023. ^ a b Mukunth, Vasudevan. "3 Atomic Clocks Fail Onboard India's 'Regional GPS' Constellation". thewire.in. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ^ D.S., Madhumathi. "Atomic clocks on indigenous navigation satellite develop snag". The Hindu. Retrieved 8 June 2017. ^ "NavIC and GAGAN System Updates" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2023. NavIC is offering short messaging service for users in Indian region through IRNSS-1A and 1E satellites. ^ "NavIC (IRNSS) Standard Positioning Service Performance Report Oct-Dec 2021" (PDF). Retrieved 1 June 2023. IRNSS 1E is not available for performance evaluation since August 04, 2021. ^ "IRNSS-1H launch unsuccessful, says ISRO". The Indian Express. 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017. ^ "Isro to launch navigation satellite NVS-01 on May 29". Hindustan Times. 14 May 2023. Retrieved 16 May 2023. ^ "Isro to launch new navigation satellite on May 29". The Times of India. 16 May 2023. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 16 May 2023. ^ "Monthly Summary of Department of Space for February 2023" (PDF). 10 March 2023. ^ "2nd-gen ISRO navigation satellite launches today". The New Indian Express. Archived from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 1 June 2023. ^ a b c d "Overview of New NavIC L1 SPS Signal Structure & SBOC Modulation and Modified-CEMIC Multiplexing Scheme" (PDF). 29 September 2021. ^ a b c d "NavIC and GAGAN System Update" (PDF). 28 September 2021. Footnotes ^ SATNAV Industry Meet 2006. ISRO Space India Newsletter. April – September 2006 Issue. External links IRNNS programme Archived 2 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Official Website IRNSS Programme at ISRO vteNavigation with Indian Constellation (NavIC)Satellites IRNSS-1A (Jul 2013) IRNSS-1B (Apr 2014) IRNSS-1C (Oct 2014) IRNSS-1D (Mar 2015) IRNSS-1E (Jan 2016) IRNSS-1F (Mar 2016) IRNSS-1G (Apr 2016) IRNSS-1H (Aug 2017, launch failure) IRNSS-1I (Apr 2018) NVS-01 (2021-21) NVS-02 (Planned) NVS-03 (Planned) NVS-04 (Planned) NVS-05 (Planned) Related articles Indian Space Research Organisation Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle vte Indian space programme Department of Space (DoS) Organisations Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) Antrix Corporation Indian Institute of Space Science and Technology (IIST) Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS) National Atmospheric Research Laboratory (NARL) NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) Physical Research Laboratory (PRL) Development and Educational Communication Unit (DECU) Integrated Space Cell 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Astronomical Astrosat Aditya-L1 XPoSat AstroSat-2 (planned) Lunar programme Chandrayaan-1 Moon Impact Probe Chandrayaan-2 Vikram Pragyan Chandrayaan-3 Vikram Pragyan Lunar Polar Exploration Mission Chandrayaan-4 Chandrayaan-5 Chandrayaan-6 Interplanetary Mars Orbiter Mission Mars Orbiter Mission 2 (planned) Venus Orbiter Mission (planned) Humanspaceflight Indian Human Spaceflight Programme SRE-1 SRE-II SRE-III Gaganyaan CARE Bharatiya Antariksha Station Future spacecraft in italics. vteSatellite navigation systemsOperational BeiDou DORIS Galileo GLONASS GPS / NavStar IRNSS / NAVIC Historical BDS / BeiDou-1 Transit Timation Tsiklon GNSS augmentation EGNOS GAGAN GPS·C (retired) JPALS LAAS MSAS NTRIP QZSS / Michibiki SouthPAN StarFire WAAS SDCM Related topics GNSS reflectometry Kalman filter United Kingdom Global Navigation Satellite System Wavelet vteSatellite constellationsNavigation BeiDou Galileo GLONASS GPS IRNSS QZSS CommunicationOperational BGAN DSCS Globalstar Iridium O3b Orbcomm 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"satellite navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-3"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"30th parallel south","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_parallel_south"},{"link_name":"50th parallel north","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/50th_parallel_north"},{"link_name":"30th meridian east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/30th_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"130th meridian east","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/130th_meridian_east"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isroweb-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twostand-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"encrypted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encryption"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-15"},{"link_name":"mobile phones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_phone"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-operational-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"}],"text":"The Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS), with an operational name of NavIC (acronym for Navigation with Indian Constellation; also, nāvik 'sailor' or 'navigator' in Indian languages),[2] is an autonomous regional satellite navigation system that provides accurate real-time positioning and timing services.[3] It covers India and a region extending 1,500 km (930 mi) around it, with plans for further extension up to 3,000 km (1,900 mi).[4] An extended service area lies between the primary service area and a rectangle area enclosed by the 30th parallel south to the 50th parallel north and the 30th meridian east to the 130th meridian east, 1,500–6,000 km (930–3,730 mi) beyond borders where some of the NavIC satellites are visible but the position is not always computable with assured accuracy.[5] The system currently consists of a constellation of eight [6] satellites,[7][8] with two additional satellites on ground as stand-by.[9]The constellation is in orbit as of 2018.[10][11][12][13] NavIC will provide two levels of service, the \"standard positioning service\", which will be open for civilian use, and a \"restricted service\" (an encrypted one) for authorised users (including the military).NavIC-based trackers are compulsory on commercial vehicles in India[14][15] and some consumer mobile phones with support for it have been available since the first half of 2020.[16][17][18][19][20]There are plans to expand the NavIC system by increasing its constellation size from 7 to 11.[21]","title":"Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"global navigation satellite systems","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_navigation_satellite_system"},{"link_name":"Global Positioning System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_Positioning_System"},{"link_name":"Kargil region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kargil_War"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"The system was developed partly because access to foreign government-controlled global navigation satellite systems is not guaranteed in hostile situations, as happened to the Indian military in 1999 when the United States denied an Indian request for Global Positioning System (GPS) data for the Kargil region, which would have provided vital information.[22] The Indian government approved the project in May 2006.[23]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:NavIC_coverage_polygon.jpg"},{"link_name":"Indian Space Research Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation"},{"link_name":"Deep Space Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network"},{"link_name":"Byalalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byalalu"},{"link_name":"Karnataka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karnataka"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"orbital determination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit_determination"},{"link_name":"ground segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_segment"},{"link_name":"latitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latitude"},{"link_name":"inclination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_inclination"},{"link_name":"geostationary orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit"},{"link_name":"Indian Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DN239-25"},{"link_name":"₹","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_rupee"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-twostand-9"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dnai2j13-26"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ndtv2j13-27"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cag-1"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"AIS 140","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_Industry_Standard_140"},{"link_name":"commercial vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_vehicle"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:10-15"},{"link_name":"Qualcomm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qualcomm"},{"link_name":"4G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G"},{"link_name":"5G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5G"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-operational-16"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"National Defense Authorization Act 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Defense_Authorization_Act_for_Fiscal_Year_2020"},{"link_name":"United States Secretary of Defense","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense"},{"link_name":"Director of National Intelligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Director_of_National_Intelligence"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)"},{"link_name":"QZSS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"}],"sub_title":"Description","text":"NavIC coverageAs part of the project, the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) opened a new satellite navigation centre within the campus of ISRO Deep Space Network (DSN) at Byalalu, in Karnataka on 28 May 2013.[24] A network of 21 ranging stations located across the country will provide data for the orbital determination of the satellites and monitoring of the navigation signal.A goal of complete Indian control has been stated, with the space segment, ground segment and user receivers all being built in India. Its location in low latitudes facilitates coverage with low-inclination satellites. Three satellites will be in geostationary orbit over the Indian Ocean. Missile targeting could be an important military application for the constellation.[25]The total cost of the project was expected to be ₹14.2 billion (US$170 million), with the cost of the ground segment being ₹3 billion (US$36 million), each satellite costing ₹1.5 billion (US$18 million) and the PSLV-XL version rocket costing around ₹1.3 billion (US$16 million). The planned seven rockets would have involved an outlay of around ₹9.1 billion (US$109 million).[9][26][27]The necessity for two replacement satellites, and PSLV-XL launches, has altered the original budget, with the Comptroller and Auditor General of India reporting costs (as of March 2017) of ₹22.46 billion (US$269 million).[1]The NavIC Signal in Space ICD was released for evaluation in September 2014.[28]From 1 April 2019, use of AIS 140 compliant NavIC-based vehicle tracking systems were made compulsory for all commercial vehicles in India.[14][15]In 2020, Qualcomm launched four Snapdragon 4G chipsets and one 5G chipset with support for NavIC.[29][30] NavIC is planned to be available for civilian use in mobile devices, after Qualcomm and ISRO signed an agreement.[16][31] To increase compatibility with existing hardware, ISRO will add L1 band support. For strategic application, Long Code support is also coming.[32][33]As per National Defense Authorization Act 2020, United States Secretary of Defense in consultation with Director of National Intelligence designated NavIC, Galileo and QZSS as allied navigational satellite systems.[34]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1A"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-isro-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-businessline1-38"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1B"},{"link_name":"geosynchronous orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TOI-39"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1C","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1C"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1D","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1D"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1E","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1E"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1F","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1F"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1G"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1H","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1H"},{"link_name":"heat shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Payload_fairing"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-44"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1I"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-IRNSS-1I-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-irnss-1i-46"}],"text":"In April 2010, it was reported that India plans to start launching satellites by the end of 2011, at a rate of one satellite every six months. This would have made NavIC functional by 2015. But the program was delayed,[35] and India also launched 3 new satellites to supplement this.[36]Seven satellites with the prefix \"IRNSS-1\" will constitute the space segment of the IRNSS. IRNSS-1A, the first of the seven satellites, was launched on 1 July 2013.[37][38] IRNSS-1B was launched on 4 April 2014 on-board PSLV-C24 rocket. The satellite has been placed in geosynchronous orbit.[39] IRNSS-1C was launched on 16 October 2014,[40] IRNSS-1D on 28 March 2015,[41] IRNSS-1E on 20 January 2016,[42] IRNSS-1F on 10 March 2016 and IRNSS-1G was launched on 28 April 2016.[43]The eighth satellite, IRNSS-1H, which was meant to replace IRNSS-1A, failed to deploy on 31 August 2017 as the heat shields failed to separate from the 4th stage of the rocket.[44] IRNSS-1I was launched on 12 April 2018 to replace it.[45][46]","title":"Time-frame"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ground segment","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_segment"}],"text":"The IRNSS system comprises a space segment and a support ground segment.","title":"System description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geostationary orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit"},{"link_name":"longitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Longitude"},{"link_name":"geosynchronous orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit"},{"link_name":"equator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equator"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-47"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ASM-48"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"}],"sub_title":"Space segment","text":"The constellation consists of 7 satellites. Three of the seven satellites are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) at longitudes 32.5° E, 83° E, and 131.5° E, approximately 36,000 km (22,000 mi) above Earth's surface. The remaining four satellites are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (GSO). Two of them cross the equator at 55° E and two at 111.75° E.[47][48][49]","title":"System description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-47"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:IRNSS_Series_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ar-2021-50"},{"link_name":"LEOP","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Launch_and_Early_Orbit_phase"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-47"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"Byalalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byalalu"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:11-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"CDMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access"},{"link_name":"ns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanosecond"},{"link_name":"s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second"},{"link_name":"UTC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time"},{"link_name":"ILRS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_laser_ranging"},{"link_name":"ephemeris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ephemeris"},{"link_name":"GNSSes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNSS"},{"link_name":"almanac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_Almanac"},{"link_name":"VSAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Very-small-aperture_terminal"},{"link_name":"JAXA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAXA"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"CNES","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNES"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Cocos (Keeling) Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands"},{"link_name":"Australian Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Ground segment","text":"The ground segment is responsible for the maintenance and operation of the IRNSS constellation. The ground segment comprises:[47]IRNSS Spacecraft Control Facility (IRSCF)\nISRO Navigation Centre (INC)\nIRNSS Range and Integrity Monitoring Stations (IRIMS)\nIRNSS Network Timing Centre (IRNWT)\nIRNSS CDMA Ranging Stations (IRCDR)\nLaser Ranging Stations\nIRNSS Data Communication Network (IRDCN)Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satelliteThe IRSCF is operational at Master Control Facility (MCF), Hassan and Bhopal. The MCF uplinks navigation data and is used for tracking, telemetry and command functions.[50] Seven 7.2-metre (24 ft) FCA and two 11-metre (36 ft) FMA of IRSCF are currently operational for LEOP and on-orbit phases of IRNSS satellites.[47][51]The INC established at Byalalu performs remote operations and data collection with all the ground stations. The ISRO Navigation Centers (INC) are operational at Byalalu, Bengaluru and Lucknow. INC1 (Byalalu) and INC2 (Lucknow) together provide seamless operations with redundancy.[52]16 IRIMS are currently operational and are supporting IRNSS operations[53] few more are planned in Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France and Japan.[54] CDMA ranging is being carried out by the four IRCDR stations on regular basis for all the IRNSS satellites. The IRNWT has been established and is providing IRNSS system time with an accuracy of 2 ns (2.0×10−9 s) (2 sigma) with respect to UTC. Laser ranging is being carried out with the support of ILRS stations around the world. Navigation software is operational at INC since 1 Aug 2013. All the navigation parameters, such as satellite ephemeris, clock corrections, integrity parameters, and secondary parameters, such as iono-delay corrections, time offsets with respect to UTC and other GNSSes, almanac, text message, and earth orientation parameters, are generated and uploaded to the spacecraft automatically. The IRDCN has established terrestrial and VSAT links between the ground stations. As of March 2021, ISRO and JAXA are performing calibration and validation experiments for NavIC ground reference station in Japan.[55] ISRO is also under discussion with CNES for a NavIC ground reference station in France.[56] ISRO is planning a NavIC ground station at Cocos (Keeling) Islands and is in talks with the Australian Space Agency.[57]","title":"System description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"BPSK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPSK"},{"link_name":"BOC(5,2)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary_offset_carrier"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-59"}],"sub_title":"Signal","text":"NavIC signals will consist of a Standard Positioning Service and a Restricted Service. Both will be carried on L5 (1176.45 MHz) and S band (2492.028 MHz).[58] The SPS signal will be modulated by a 1 MHz BPSK signal. The Restricted Service will use BOC(5,2). The navigation signals themselves would be transmitted in the L5 (1176.45 MHz) & S band (2492.028 MHz) frequencies and broadcast through a phased array antenna to maintain required coverage and signal strength. The satellites would weigh approximately 1,330 kg (2,930 lb) and their solar panels generate 1,400 W.A messaging interface is embedded in the NavIC system. This feature allows the command center to send warnings to a specific geographic area. For example, fishermen using the system can be warned about a cyclone.[59]","title":"System description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian landmass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_India"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"}],"sub_title":"Accuracy","text":"The Standard Positioning Service system is intended to provide an absolute position accuracy of about 5 to 10 metres throughout the Indian landmass and an accuracy of about 20 metres (66 ft) in the Indian Ocean as well as a region extending approximately 1,500 km (930 mi) around India.[60][61] GPS, for comparison, has a position accuracy of 5 m under ideal conditions.[62] However, unlike GPS, which is dependent only on L-band, NavIC has dual frequencies (S and L bands). When a low-frequency signal travels through atmosphere, its velocity changes due to atmospheric disturbances. GPS depends on an atmospheric model to assess frequency error, and it has to update this model from time to time to assess the exact error. In NavIC, the actual delay is assessed by measuring the difference in delay of the two frequencies (S and L bands). Therefore, NavIC is not dependent on any model to find the frequency error and can be more accurate than GPS.[63]","title":"System description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"rubidium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium"},{"link_name":"atomic clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_clock"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1A"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Degraded-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-68"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-21"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit"},{"link_name":"navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_navigation"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"}],"text":"In 2017, it was announced that all three SpectraTime supplied rubidium atomic clocks on board IRNSS-1A had failed, mirroring similar failures in the European Union's Galileo constellation.[64][65] The first failure occurred in July 2016, followed soon after by the two other clocks on IRNSS-1A. This rendered the satellite non-functional and required replacement.[66] ISRO reported it had replaced the atomic clocks in the two standby satellites, IRNSS-1H and IRNSS-1I in June 2017.[21] The subsequent launch of IRNSS-1H, as a replacement for IRNSS-1A, was unsuccessful when PSLV-C39 mission failed on 31 August 2017.[21][67] The second standby satellite, IRNSS-1I, was successfully placed into orbit on 12 April 2018.[68]In July 2017, it was reported that two more clocks in the navigational system had also started showing signs of abnormality, thereby taking the total number of failed clocks to five,[21] in May 2018 a failure of a further 4 clocks was reported, taking the count to 9 of the 24 in orbit.[69]As a precaution to extend the operational life of navigation satellite, ISRO is running only one rubidium atomic clock instead of two in the remaining satellites.[21]As of May 2023[update] only four satellites are capable of providing navigation services[70] which is the minimum number required for service to remain operational.[71]","title":"Clock failure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Space Applications Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nilesh_M_Desai"},{"link_name":"Rubidium based atomic clocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium_standard"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:17-3"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dst.gov.in-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-73"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-74"},{"link_name":"position, navigation, and timing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Position,_navigation,_and_timing"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-78"},{"link_name":"Israel Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Memorandum of Understanding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding"},{"link_name":"Rubidium Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium_standard"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:19-6"}],"sub_title":"Indian Atomic clock","text":"In order to reduce the dependency on imported frequency standards ISRO's Space Applications Centre (SAC), Ahmedabad had been working on domestically designed and developed Rubidium based atomic clocks.[3][72][73][74] To overcome the clock failures on first generation navigation satellites and its subsequent impact on NavIC's position, navigation, and timing services, these new clocks would supplement the imported atomic clocks in next generation of navigation satellites.[75][76][77][78]On 5 July 2017, ISRO and Israel Space Agency (ISA) signed an Memorandum of Understanding to collaborate on space qualifying a Rubidium Standard based on AccuBeat model AR133A and to test it on an ISRO satellite.[6]","title":"Clock failure"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Department of Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Space"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-74"},{"link_name":"geosynchronous orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:18-73"},{"link_name":"optical atomic clock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_clock"},{"link_name":"deep space communication","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Deep_Space_Network"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dst.gov.in-72"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-74"},{"link_name":"L1 band","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS_signals#L1C"},{"link_name":"Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rubidium_standard"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:16-78"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"[82]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:12-82"},{"link_name":"[83]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-83"},{"link_name":"wearable smart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wearable_technology"},{"link_name":"IoT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_of_things"},{"link_name":"NVS-01","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NVS-01"},{"link_name":"IRNSS-1G","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRNSS-1G"},{"link_name":"GSLV","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_Satellite_Launch_Vehicle"},{"link_name":"[84]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-84"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ar-2021-50"},{"link_name":"[85]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TR-290523-85"}],"text":"India's Department of Space in their 12th Five Year Plan (FYP) (2012–17) stated increasing the number of satellites in the constellation from 7 to 11 to extend coverage.[74] These additional four satellites will be made during 12th FYP and will be launched in the beginning of 13th FYP in geosynchronous orbit of 42° inclination.[79][80] Also, the development of space-qualified Indian made atomic clocks was initiated,[73] along with a study and development initiative for an all optical atomic clock (ultra stable for IRNSS and deep space communication).[72][74]ISRO will be launching five next generation satellite featuring new payloads and extended lifespan of 12 years. Five new satellites viz. NVS-01, NVS-02, NVS-03, NVS-04 and NVS-05 will supplement and augment the current constellation of satellites. The new satellites will feature the L5 and S band and introduces a new interoperable civil signal in the L1 band in the navigation payload and will use Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (iRAFS.)[78][81][82][83] This introduction of the new L1 band will help facilitate NavIC proliferation in wearable smart and IoT devices featuring a low power navigation system. NVS-01 is a replacement for IRNSS-1G satellite and was launched on GSLV in 2023.[84][50][85]","title":"Future developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dst.gov.in-72"},{"link_name":"[update]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indian_Regional_Navigation_Satellite_System&action=edit"},{"link_name":"statutory filing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statutory"},{"link_name":"frequency spectrum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency_spectrum"},{"link_name":"[86]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-86"},{"link_name":"[87]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-87"},{"link_name":"Department of Space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_Space"},{"link_name":"GPS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS"},{"link_name":"GLONASS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GLONASS"},{"link_name":"BeiDou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BeiDou"},{"link_name":"Galileo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galileo_(satellite_navigation)"},{"link_name":"[88]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-88"},{"link_name":"Medium Earth Orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medium_Earth_orbit"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:15-32"}],"sub_title":"Global Indian Navigation System","text":"Study and analysis for the Global Indian Navigation System (GINS) was initiated as part of the technology and policy initiatives in the 12th FYP (2012–17).[72] The system is supposed to have a constellation of 24 satellites, positioned 24,000 km (14,913 mi) above Earth. As of 2013[update], the statutory filing for frequency spectrum of GINS satellite orbits in international space, has been completed.[86] As per new 2021 draft policy,[87] ISRO and Department of Space (DoS) is working on expanding the coverage of NavIC from regional to global that will be independent of other such system currently operational namely GPS, GLONASS, BeiDou and Galileo while remain interoperable and free for global public use.[88] ISRO has proposed to Government of India to expand the constellation for global coverage by initially placing twelve satellites in Medium Earth Orbit (MEO).[32]","title":"Future developments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"geostationary orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit"},{"link_name":"geosynchronous orbit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geosynchronous_orbit"}],"text":"The constellation consists of 7 active satellites. Three of the seven satellites in constellation are located in geostationary orbit (GEO) and four are in inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO). All satellites launched or proposed for the system are as follows:","title":"List of satellites"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_around_Earth_-_Polar_view.gif"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_front_view.gif"},{"link_name":"Earth fixed frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECEF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_side_view.gif"},{"link_name":"Earth fixed frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECEF"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Animation_of_IRNSS_orbit_-_Earth_fixed_-_polar_view.gif"},{"link_name":"Earth fixed frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECEF"}],"sub_title":"IRNSS series satellites","text":"Animation of IRNSSAround the EarthAround the Earth - Polar viewEarth fixed frame - Equatorial view, frontEarth fixed frame - Equatorial view, sideEarth fixed frame - Polar view   Earth ·   IRNSS-1B  ·   IRNSS-1C  ·   IRNSS-1E  ·   IRNSS-1F  ·   IRNSS-1G  ·   IRNSS-1I","title":"List of satellites"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"NVS series satellite","title":"List of satellites"}]
[{"image_text":"NavIC coverage","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/NavIC_coverage_polygon.jpg/220px-NavIC_coverage_polygon.jpg"},{"image_text":"Rendering of an IRNSS Series 1 satellite","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/IRNSS_Series_1.jpg/220px-IRNSS_Series_1.jpg"}]
[{"title":"Bhuvan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhuvan"},{"title":"Indian Space Research Organisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation"},{"title":"GPS-aided GEO augmented navigation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GPS-aided_GEO_augmented_navigation"},{"title":"Quasi-Zenith Satellite System","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quasi-Zenith_Satellite_System"}]
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ISTRAC has also established ISRO Navigation Centre-1, including an IRNWT facility at Bengaluru and ISRO Navigation Centre-2, including an IRNWT facility at Lucknow.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220218074246/https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav/75-major-events-of-isro-coffee-table-book/coffee_table_book_-_05-02-22_-_fv.pdf","url_text":"\"75 Major Activities of ISRO\""},{"url":"https://www.isro.gov.in/sites/default/files/article-files/azadi-ka-amrit-mahotsav/75-major-events-of-isro-coffee-table-book/coffee_table_book_-_05-02-22_-_fv.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Kunhikrishnan, P (20 June 2019). \"Update on ISRO's International Cooperation\" (PDF). p. 5. Brunei, Indonesia, Australia, Russia, France, Japan (IRIMS)","urls":[{"url":"https://www.unoosa.org/documents/pdf/copuos/2019/copuos2019tech44E.pdf","url_text":"\"Update on ISRO's International Cooperation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Quad push: ISRO taking space ties with US, Japan and Australia to a higher orbit\". The Economic Times. 16 March 2021. Retrieved 17 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/defence/quad-push-isro-taking-space-ties-with-us-japan-and-australia-to-a-higher-orbit/articleshow/81530295.cms","url_text":"\"Quad push: ISRO taking space ties with US, Japan and Australia to a higher orbit\""}]},{"reference":"\"India, France Working On 3rd Joint Space Mission, Says ISRO Chairman\". NDTV. 20 March 2021. 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The other satellites can only be used for messaging services such as providing disaster warnings or potential fishing zone messages for fishermen.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20230529024145/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-navic-satellite-launching-today-why-a-regional-navigation-system-matters-to-india-8633947/","url_text":"\"New NavIC satellite launching today: why a regional navigation system matters to India\""},{"url":"https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-sci-tech/new-navic-satellite-launching-today-why-a-regional-navigation-system-matters-to-india-8633947/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ Navigation\". www.isro.gov.in. Retrieved 1 June 2023. For determining position and time, a minimum of four satellites are required.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.isro.gov.in/FAQ_Navigation.html","url_text":"\"FAQ Navigation\""}]},{"reference":"\"Report of Working Group (WG-14)\" (PDF). 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October 2011.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dst.gov.in/sites/default/files/14-wg_dos2905-report.pdf","url_text":"\"Five Year Plan\""}]},{"reference":"Bandi, Thejesh N.; Kaintura, Jaydeep; Saiyed, Azhar R.; Ghosal, Bikash; Jain, Pratik; Sharma, Richa; Priya, Priyanka; Shukla, Keya; Mandal, Sarathi; Reddy, Niranjan; Soni, Ashish; Somani, Sandip; Patel, Arvind; Attri, Deepak; Mishra, Deepak (March 2019). \"Indian Rubidium Atomic Frequency Standard (IRAFS) Development for Satellite Navigation\". 2019 URSI Asia-Pacific Radio Science Conference (AP-RASC). p. 1. doi:10.23919/URSIAP-RASC.2019.8738208. ISBN 978-908-25987-5-9. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lynn_Neary
Lynn Neary
["1 Early years and education","2 Career","3 Awards","4 References"]
Lynn NearyBornNew York CityEducationFordham UniversityOccupationjournalistNotable credit(s)Morning Edition, Weekend Edition and Talk of the Nation Lynn Neary is a former American radio journalist. She was a correspondent on National Public Radio and on National Desk's Arts and Information Unit, covering books and publishing. Early years and education Neary was born and raised in Crestwood, Westchester County, NY. She earned a B.A. in English from Fordham University. Career Neary began her career in public radio as a news anchor and reporter, covering education and county government at NPR member station WOSU in Columbus, Ohio. She later moved to WRMT in Rocky Mount, North Carolina. In 1982, she became a newscaster on Morning Edition, before taking over as weekend host of All Things Considered in 1984, a post she held until 1992. Neary was a regular guest host on NPR newsmagazines and its weekday talk show, Talk of the Nation. Neary joined NPR's Cultural Desk in 1993. She developed NPR's first religious affairs newsbeat. After 37 years at NPR, Neary retired in December 2019. Awards Along with producer Dan Morris, Neary received a 1988 Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for 625 K Street, a report on the Arthur Kapper Housing Project, dubbed "the worst public housing in the District of Columbia". The piece centred on drug-related murders. Neary reported for an American Public Radio documentary, A Primer on Breast Cancer, which won a 1992 Corporation for Public Broadcasting Gold Award, an Ohio State Award, and an International Association of Women in Radio and Television Award. For her reporting on welfare reform, Neary shared NPR's 1994-95 Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Silver Baton Award. She also won a 1999 Gabriel Award for her report on a program for prisoners in New York's Sing Sing prison. References ^ a b c "Bio: Lynn Neary", NPR website ^ https://www.npr.org/sections/npr-extra/2019/12/06/785535428/farewell-to-nprs-lynn-neary vteNPR National Association of Educational Broadcasters (1925–1981) National Educational Radio Network (1961–1970) Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Corporation for Public Broadcasting (1967–) Association of Public Radio Stations (1973–1977) Productions All Songs Considered All Things Considered Alt.Latino Code Switch Consider This Here and Now How I Built This Invisibilia Morning Edition No Compromise Planet Money Rough Translation TED Radio Hour The Thistle & Shamrock Throughline Tiny Desk Concerts Up First Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me! Weekend Edition Distributions 1A Bullseye with Jesse Thorn Car Talk (reruns only since 2012) Fresh Air From the Top Latino USA Mountain Stage Piano Jazz StoryCorps World Cafe Currentpersonalities Noah Adams Eleanor Beardsley Ailsa Chang Scott Detrow Leila Fadel David Folkenflik Tom Gjelten Don Gonyea Terry Gross Jon Hamilton Maria Hinojosa Linda Holmes Steve Inskeep Mary Louise Kelly Anthony Kuhn Bill Kurtis Mara Liasson Michel Martin A Martínez Kelly McEvers Bob Mondello Renée Montagne Michele Norris Ofeibea Quist-Arcton Ayesha Rascoe Arun Rath Guy Raz Fiona Ritchie Peter Sagal Ari Shapiro Scott Simon Lakshmi Singh Alix Spiegel Susan Stamberg Juana Summers Nina Totenberg Shankar Vedantam Linda Wertheimer Jenn White Robin Young Formerpersonalities Margot Adler Tom Ashbrook Nancy Barnes Geoff Bennett Melissa Block Bob Boilen Madeleine Brand Dee Dee Bridgewater Paul Brown Alex Chadwick Meghna Chakrabarti Farai Chideya Neal Conan Audie Cornish Adam Davidson Bob Edwards Ira Flatow Corey Flintoff Lulu Garcia-Navarro Bob Garfield Anne Garrels Rob Gifford Brooke Gladstone Wade Goodwyn David Greene Liane Hansen John Hockenberry Jeremy Hobson Joshua Johnson Jacki Lyden Carl Kasell Noel King Ted Koppel Robert Krulwich Ketzel Levine Tom and Ray Magliozzi Marian McPartland Lulu Miller Sylvia Poggioli Diane Rehm Cokie Roberts Ken Rudin Daniel Schorr Andrea Seabrook Robert Siegel Vertamae Smart-Grosvenor Alison Stewart Ray Suarez Sanford J. Ungar Juan Williams Nancy Wilson Craig Windham Formerproductions Ask Me Another Bryant Park Project Day to Day The Diane Rehm Show Earplay Jazz Profiles News & Notes NPR Playhouse Only a Game Radio Expeditions Talk of the Nation Tell Me More State of the Re:Union See also American Public Media NPR stations NPR Music NPR controversies NPR One Public Radio Satellite System Pacifica Foundation Public Radio Exchange Public Radio International, 1983–2019
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Public_Radio"}],"text":"Lynn Neary is a former American radio journalist. She was a correspondent on National Public Radio and on National Desk's Arts and Information Unit, covering books and publishing.","title":"Lynn Neary"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Crestwood, Westchester County, NY","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crestwood,_Westchester_County,_NY&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"B.A.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts"},{"link_name":"Fordham University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fordham_University"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-1"}],"text":"Neary was born and raised in Crestwood, Westchester County, NY. She earned a B.A. in English from Fordham University.[1]","title":"Early years and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"public radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_radio"},{"link_name":"news anchor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News_anchor"},{"link_name":"member station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_NPR_stations"},{"link_name":"WOSU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WOSU-FM"},{"link_name":"Columbus, Ohio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio"},{"link_name":"WRMT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WRMT"},{"link_name":"Rocky Mount, North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Morning Edition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morning_Edition"},{"link_name":"All Things Considered","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/All_Things_Considered"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-1"},{"link_name":"Talk of the Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk_of_the_Nation"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Neary began her career in public radio as a news anchor and reporter, covering education and county government at NPR member station WOSU in Columbus, Ohio. She later moved to WRMT in Rocky Mount, North Carolina.In 1982, she became a newscaster on Morning Edition, before taking over as weekend host of All Things Considered in 1984, a post she held until 1992.[1] Neary was a regular guest host on NPR newsmagazines and its weekday talk show, Talk of the Nation.Neary joined NPR's Cultural Desk in 1993. She developed NPR's first religious affairs newsbeat.After 37 years at NPR, Neary retired in December 2019.[2]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Journalism_Award"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NPR-1"},{"link_name":"American Public Radio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Public_Radio"},{"link_name":"Corporation for Public Broadcasting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corporation_for_Public_Broadcasting"},{"link_name":"International Association of Women in Radio and Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Association_of_Women_in_Radio_and_Television"},{"link_name":"welfare reform","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welfare_reform"},{"link_name":"Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Silver Baton Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_I._duPont-Columbia_University_Award"},{"link_name":"Gabriel Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Award"},{"link_name":"Sing Sing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sing_Sing"}],"text":"Along with producer Dan Morris, Neary received a 1988 Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award for 625 K Street, a report on the Arthur Kapper Housing Project, dubbed \"the worst public housing in the District of Columbia\".[1] The piece centred on drug-related murders.Neary reported for an American Public Radio documentary, A Primer on Breast Cancer, which won a 1992 Corporation for Public Broadcasting Gold Award, an Ohio State Award, and an International Association of Women in Radio and Television Award.For her reporting on welfare reform, Neary shared NPR's 1994-95 Alfred I. duPont-Columbia University Silver Baton Award. She also won a 1999 Gabriel Award for her report on a program for prisoners in New York's Sing Sing prison.","title":"Awards"}]
[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Grand_Prix_Hassan_II_%E2%80%93_Doubles
2009 Grand Prix Hassan II – Doubles
["1 Seeds","2 Draw","2.1 Key","2.2 Finals","3 External links"]
Doubles2009 Grand Prix Hassan IIFinalChampions Łukasz Kubot Oliver MarachRunners-up Simon Aspelin Paul HanleyScore7–6(7–4), 3–6, Events Singles Doubles ← 2008 · Grand Prix Hassan II · 2010 → 2009 tennis event results Main article: 2009 Grand Prix Hassan II Albert Montañés and Santiago Ventura were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Łukasz Kubot and Oliver Marach. Seeds Łukasz Kubot / Oliver Marach (champions) Simon Aspelin / Paul Hanley (final) Christopher Kas / Rogier Wassen (semifinals) Johan Brunström / Jean-Julien Rojer (quarterfinals) Draw Key Q = Qualifier WC = Wild card LL = Lucky loser Alt = Alternate SE = Special exempt PR = Protected ranking ITF = ITF entry JE = Junior exempt w/o = Walkover r = Retired d = Defaulted SR = Special ranking Finals First round Quarterfinals Semifinals Final 1 Ł Kubot O Marach 7 6     N Devilder C Rochus 5 4   1 Ł Kubot O Marach 6 4 WC M Saber M Ziadi 4 3     A Montañés S Ventura 4 6   A Montañés S Ventura 6 6   1 Ł Kubot O Marach 6 4 4 J Brunström J-J Rojer 6 77     L Friedl D Škoch 2 6 ALT F Cipolla P Starace 4 62   4 J Brunström J-J Rojer 4 3   WC R Chaki R El Amrani 78 3   L Friedl D Škoch 6 6     L Friedl D Škoch 66 6 1 Ł Kubot O Marach 77 3   F Gil H Tecău 5 6 2 S Aspelin P Hanley 64 6   M Gicquel F Serra 7 4   F Gil H Tecău 6 2     Y Allegro A Clément 69 3   3 C Kas R Wassen 7 6   3 C Kas R Wassen 711 6   3 C Kas R Wassen 5 2     R Bopanna L Zovko 64 3   2 S Aspelin P Hanley 7 6     T Bellucci E Butorac 77 6     T Bellucci E Butorac 3 3     Óscar Hernández A Martín 3 77 2 S Aspelin P Hanley 6 6   2 S Aspelin P Hanley 6 65 External links Draw vte2009 ATP World Tour « 2008 2010 » Grand Slam events Australian Open (S, D, X) French Open (S, D, X) Wimbledon (S, D, X) US Open (S, D, X) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells (S, D) Miami (S, D) Monte Carlo (S, D) Rome (S, D) Madrid (S, D) Montreal (S, D) Cincinnati (S, D) Shanghai (S, D) Paris (S, D) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam (S, D) Memphis (S, D) Dubai (S, D) Acapulco (S, D) Barcelona (S, D) Hamburg (S, D) Washington (S, D) Beijing (S, D) Tokyo (S, D) Valencia (S, D) Basel (S, D) ATP World Tour 250 series Brisbane (S, D) Chennai (S, D) Doha (S, D) Sydney (S, D) Auckland (S, D) Johannesburg (S, D) Zagreb (S, D) Viña del Mar (S, D) San Jose (S, D) Costa do Sauípe (S, D) Buenos Aires (S, D) Marseille (S, D) Delray Beach (S, D) Casablanca (S, D) Houston (S, D) Munich (S, D) Belgrade (S, D) Estoril (S, D) Kitzbühel (S, D) Düsseldorf London (S, D) Halle (S, D) 's-Hertogenbosch (S, D) Eastbourne (S, D) Newport (S, D) Båstad (S, D) Stuttgart (S, D) Indianapolis (S, D) Gstaad (S, D) Los Angeles (S, D) Umag (S, D) New Haven (S, D) Bucharest (S, D) Metz (S, D) Bangkok (S, D) Kuala Lumpur (S, D) Stockholm (S, D) Moscow (S, D) St. Petersburg (S, D) Vienna (S, D) Lyon (S, D) Team events Davis Cup World Group + play-offs Americas Asia/Oceania Europe/Africa World Team Cup ATP World Tour Finals, London (S, D)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Albert Montañés","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Monta%C3%B1%C3%A9s"},{"link_name":"Santiago Ventura","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_Ventura_Bertomeu"},{"link_name":"Łukasz Kubot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kubot"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marach"}],"text":"2009 tennis event resultsAlbert Montañés and Santiago Ventura were the defending champions, but lost in the quarterfinals to Łukasz Kubot and Oliver Marach.","title":"2009 Grand Prix Hassan II – Doubles"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Łukasz Kubot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasz_Kubot"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria"},{"link_name":"Oliver Marach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Marach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Simon Aspelin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Aspelin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"Paul Hanley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Hanley_(tennis)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Christopher Kas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Kas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Rogier Wassen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rogier_Wassen"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Johan Brunström","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johan_Brunstr%C3%B6m"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netherlands_Antilles"},{"link_name":"Jean-Julien Rojer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Julien_Rojer"}],"text":"Łukasz Kubot / Oliver Marach (champions)\n Simon Aspelin / Paul Hanley (final)\n Christopher Kas / Rogier Wassen (semifinals)\n Johan Brunström / Jean-Julien Rojer (quarterfinals)","title":"Seeds"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Qualifier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Qualifier"},{"link_name":"Wild card","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Wild_Card"},{"link_name":"Lucky loser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Lucky_Loser"},{"link_name":"Alternate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Alternate"},{"link_name":"Special exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Special_Exempt"},{"link_name":"Protected ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Protected_Ranking"},{"link_name":"ITF entry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#ITF"},{"link_name":"Junior exempt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Junior_exempt"},{"link_name":"Walkover","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Walkover"},{"link_name":"Retired","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Retirement"},{"link_name":"Defaulted","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Default"},{"link_name":"Special ranking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_tennis_terms#Special_ranking"}],"sub_title":"Key","text":"Q = Qualifier\nWC = Wild card\nLL = Lucky loser\nAlt = Alternate\nSE = Special exempt\nPR = Protected ranking\nITF = ITF entry\nJE = Junior exempt\nw/o = Walkover\nr = Retired\nd = Defaulted\nSR = Special ranking","title":"Draw"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Finals","title":"Draw"}]
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[{"Link":"http://www.atpworldtour.com/tennis/en/common/TrackIt.asp?file=/1/posting/2009/360/mdd.pdf","external_links_name":"Draw"}]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oh_Dae-gyu
Oh Dae-gyu
["1 Filmography","1.1 Television series","1.2 Film","2 Musical theatre","3 Awards and nominations","4 References","5 External links"]
South Korean actor In this Korean name, the family name is Oh. Oh Dae-gyuBorn (1968-02-16) February 16, 1968 (age 56)South KoreaEducationChung-Ang University – theater and film Korea University Graduate School – master's degree in journalismOccupationActorYears active1988–presentKorean nameHangul오대규Hanja吳大奎Revised RomanizationO Dae-gyuMcCune–ReischauerO Tae-kyu Oh Dae-gyu (born February 16, 1968) is a South Korean actor. He appears in television dramas, notably First Wives' Club (2007), Three Brothers (2009), and War of the Roses (2011). He has been called the "South Korean Mark Ruffalo". Filmography Television series Year Title Role 1988 Sandcastle Kim Dong-hyun 1989 The Region of Calm Lee Kang-seok 1991 Door of Solitude Joon-soo 1992 Rose Garden Love Without Fear Nam Ki-woo 1993 Theme Series "Father, 어느날 갑자기" The Faraway Ssongba River Corporal Gu 1994 Scent of Love Min-gu The Woman in the Matchbox Hee-joon 1995 Confession Kim Chang-soo Their Own Santa Inside the Mysterious Mirror Lee Hyun-seok Do You Remember Love? Min-jae 1996 Wealthy Yu-chun Jung Ji-seok Thief Jang Hyung-jo Splendid Holiday Detective Jo Yong-hyun 1997 Into the Storm Choi Gi-chul Woman Next Door Lee Eung-sik Beautiful Crime Byeong-gyu 1998 The Eldest 1999 Queen Who Are You? Dong Jae-gyu 2000 Medical Center Resident Jang Se-jin 2001 Cool Park Hyun-jae Third Coincidence Woo Seung-jae Lovers SBS TV 문학상 당선작 "Summer Story" Teacher 2002 Man of the Sun, Lee Je-ma Jang Sang-wook Sunrise House Kang Joon-tae 2003 HDTV Literature "The Fragrant Well" Seo Kyung-hoon 2004 Sunlight Pours Down Oh Dal-jae Little Women Oh Geon-tae 2005 Love Needs a Miracle Jin Jung-soo 2006 I'll Go with You Jung-wan Love and Hate Park Jae-hyuk 2007 First Wives' Club Lee Ki-jeok 2009 Temptation of an Angel Fake Shin Hyun-woo (cameo, episode 15) Three Brothers Kim Hyun-chal 2011 War of the Roses Park Dae-sung Living in Style Shin Ki-han 2012 Five Fingers Hong Soo-pyo 2013 Princess Aurora Oh Soo-sung Passionate Love Yoo Min-soo 2015 Make a Woman Cry Kang Jin-myung Film Year Title Role 2005 Daddy-Long-Legs Doctor (cameo) Musical theatre Year Title Role 1990 I'll Go and Come Back Safely Awards and nominations Year Award Category Nominated work Result 1993 SBS Drama Awards Best New Actor The Faraway Ssongba River Won 2007 SBS Drama Awards Best Supporting Actor in a Serial Drama Love and Hate, First Wives' Club Won 2011 SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Weekend/Daily Drama War of the Roses Nominated 2018 SBS Drama Awards Top Excellence Award, Actor in a Daily and Weekend Drama Happy Sisters Nominated References ^ Park, Se-yeon (10 July 2008). 오대규 "이기적의 바람녀들, 조강지처에게 돌아가라더라"(인터뷰). Newsen (in Korean). Retrieved 2014-11-06. ^ Ha, Eun-jung (9 December 2009). 로맨티스트 오대규 '수상한' 인터뷰. Woman Sense (in Korean). Retrieved 2014-11-06. ^ Oh, Jean (16 October 2009). "Another weekend hit for KBS?". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2014-11-06. ^ Hong, Lucia (7 June 2010). "Three Brothers commands TV charts for 16th week". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-11-06. ^ Kim, Sun-young (16 June 2010). "REVIEW: TV series Three Brothers - Final episode". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-11-06. ^ Sunwoo, Carla (2 January 2012). "Actor Oh Dae-gyu to start project to stop bullying among students". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-11-06. External links Oh Dae-gyu at HanCinema Oh Dae-gyu at the Korean Movie Database Oh Dae-gyu at IMDb vteSBS Drama Awards for Best New Actor1990s Oh Dae-gyu (1993) Lee Jin-woo (1994) Lee Jung-jae and Jung Woo-sung (1995) Jung Heung-chae (1996) Kim Suk-hoon and Ryu Jin (1998) Jung Woong-in and Cha Tae-hyun (1999) 2000s Jang Hyuk and So Ji-sub (2000) Go Soo, Ji Sung, Zo In-sung, Park Jung-chul and Ryoo Seung-bum (2001) Kim Jaewon, Kwon Sang-woo and Ryu Soo-young (2002) Gong Yoo, Kim Nam-jin, Lee Dong-wook and Jo Hyun-jae (2003) Kim Sung-soo and Lee Wan (2004) Lee Kyu-han, Lee Jae-hwang, Lee Tae-gon, Cho Yeon-woo and Chun Jung-myung (2005) Lee Jin-wook, Yoon Sang-hyun and Kang Ji-sub (2006) Ryu Tae-joon, Park Si-hoo, Song Jong-ho and Shin Dong-wook (2007) Ji Hyun-woo, Ha Seok-jin, Bae Soo-bin, Lee Sang-woo, Lee Jun-hyuk (2008) Kim Bum, Lee Yong-woo, Lee Hong-gi, Jung Yong-hwa, Jung Gyu-woon and Jin Tae-hyun (2009) 2010s Kim Soo-hyun, No Min-woo, Joo Sang-wook and Choi Si-won (2010) Kim Jae-joong, Sung Hoon, Ji Chang-wook and Lee Jae-yoon (2011) Choi Min-ho, Lee Jong-hyun, Lee Hyun-woo and Jung Eun-woo (2012) Kang Min-hyuk, Seo In-guk, Lim Ju-hwan and Choi Jin-hyuk (2013) Ahn Jae-hyun, Seo Ha-joon, Kang Ha-neul, Kim Young-kwang and Park Seo-joon (2014) Yoon Kyun-sang, Byun Yo-han, Park Hyung-sik, Yook Sung-jae and Son Ho-jun (2015) Kwak Si-yang, Jung Hae-in, Go Kyung-pyo, Kim Min-jae, Kim Min-seok and Baekhyun (2016) Yang Se-jong (2017) Ahn Hyo-seop (2018) Eum Moon-suk (2019) 2020s Jo Byeong-kyu (2020) Kim Young-dae, Choi Hyun-wook and Son Sang-yeon (2021) Kim Hyun-jin, Bae In-hyuk and Ryeoun (2022) Kim Do-hoon, Kang Yoo-seok, Lee Shin-young,Lee Hong-nae (2023) From 2001 to 2016, it was the New Star Award. This article about a Korean actor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
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[{"reference":"Park, Se-yeon (10 July 2008). 오대규 \"이기적의 바람녀들, 조강지처에게 돌아가라더라\"(인터뷰). Newsen (in Korean). Retrieved 2014-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newsen.com/news_view.php?uid=200807091443551001","url_text":"오대규 \"이기적의 바람녀들, 조강지처에게 돌아가라더라\"(인터뷰)"}]},{"reference":"Ha, Eun-jung (9 December 2009). 로맨티스트 오대규 '수상한' 인터뷰. Woman Sense (in Korean). Retrieved 2014-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://mt.mlounge.co.kr/woman/starstory_read.html?seq=69","url_text":"로맨티스트 오대규 '수상한' 인터뷰"}]},{"reference":"Oh, Jean (16 October 2009). \"Another weekend hit for KBS?\". The Korea Herald. Retrieved 2014-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20091016000075","url_text":"\"Another weekend hit for KBS?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Korea_Herald","url_text":"The Korea Herald"}]},{"reference":"Hong, Lucia (7 June 2010). \"Three Brothers commands TV charts for 16th week\". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010060710090800543","url_text":"\"Three Brothers commands TV charts for 16th week\""}]},{"reference":"Kim, Sun-young (16 June 2010). \"REVIEW: TV series Three Brothers - Final episode\". 10Asia. Retrieved 2014-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.asiae.co.kr/news/view.htm?idxno=2010061616032409272","url_text":"\"REVIEW: TV series Three Brothers - Final episode\""}]},{"reference":"Sunwoo, Carla (2 January 2012). \"Actor Oh Dae-gyu to start project to stop bullying among students\". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved 2014-11-06.","urls":[{"url":"http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/Article.aspx?aid=2946476","url_text":"\"Actor Oh Dae-gyu to start project to stop bullying among students\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_JoongAng_Daily","url_text":"Korea JoongAng Daily"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sujata_(milkmaid)
Sujata (milkmaid)
["1 Gallery","2 References"]
For other uses, see Sujata (disambiguation). You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Italian. (October 2018) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Italian article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Italian Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|it|Sujātā}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. SujataSujata offers Milk-Rice to the Buddha (art of Ayutthaya).PersonalReligionBuddhismKnown forOffering kheer, thus breaking the seven year-long fast of Gautama Buddha, opening the way to his enlightenment. The fasting Buddha, receiving the gift of Sujata in the bottom relief (Gandhara, 2nd century CE). Sujata, also Sujātā, was a farmer's wife, who is said to have fed Gautama Buddha a bowl of kheer, a milk-rice pudding, ending his six years of asceticism. Such was his emaciated appearance that she wrongly believed him to be a tree-spirit that had granted her wish of having a child. The gift provided him enough strength to cultivate the Middle Way, develop jhana, and attain Bodhi, thereafter becoming known as the Buddha. The village of Bakraur near Bodh Gaya is believed to be her home. The Sujata Stupa was dedicated to her there in the 2nd century BCE. Gallery Sujata and the Buddha in Ajanta (Cave 11). Sujata in Lalitavistara, Borobudur. Sujata and the Buddha (Thailand). Sujata in Wat Pho. Sujata offers Milk-Rice (Thailand) Sujata offers Milk-Rice (Kedah, Malaysia). Sujata offering kiribath to Gautama Buddha depicted on fresco at Kelaniya Raja Maha Vihara. Sujata in a Bhutanese temple. References ^ Prasoon, Shrikant (2007). Knowing Buddha : . : Hindoology Books. ISBN 9788122309638. ^ Planet, Lonely; Blasi, Abigail (2017). Lonely Planet India. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781787011991. ^ Dwivedi, Sunita; Lama, Dalai (foreword) (2006). Buddhist heritage sites of India. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN 8129107384. ^ Geary, David; Sayers, Matthew R.; Amar, Abhishek Singh (2012). Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on a Contested Buddhist Site: Bodh Gaya Jataka. Routledge. pp. 35–36. ISBN 9781136320675. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sujata (milkmaid). India portalReligion portal This Buddhist biography-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[{"reference":"Prasoon, Shrikant (2007). Knowing Buddha : [life and teachings]. [Delhi]: Hindoology Books. ISBN 9788122309638.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=Us9wbjmvXfgC&pg=PT32","url_text":"Knowing Buddha : [life and teachings]"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788122309638","url_text":"9788122309638"}]},{"reference":"Planet, Lonely; Blasi, Abigail (2017). Lonely Planet India. Lonely Planet. ISBN 9781787011991.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=yLU7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1251","url_text":"Lonely Planet India"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787011991","url_text":"9781787011991"}]},{"reference":"Dwivedi, Sunita; Lama, Dalai (foreword) (2006). Buddhist heritage sites of India. New Delhi: Rupa & Co. ISBN 8129107384.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama","url_text":"Lama, Dalai (foreword)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8129107384","url_text":"8129107384"}]},{"reference":"Geary, David; Sayers, Matthew R.; Amar, Abhishek Singh (2012). Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on a Contested Buddhist Site: Bodh Gaya Jataka. Routledge. pp. 35–36. ISBN 9781136320675.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=f56437oiblUC&pg=PA35","url_text":"Cross-disciplinary Perspectives on a Contested Buddhist Site: Bodh Gaya Jataka"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136320675","url_text":"9781136320675"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universit%C3%A9_Nantes_Angers_Le_Mans
Université Nantes Angers Le Mans
["1 History","2 Founding members","3 Associate members","4 References"]
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (September 2012) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,453 articles in the main category, and specifying|topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Université Nantes Angers Le Mans}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Université Nantes Angers Le Mans" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans (L'UNAM)Established31 december 2008PresidentJacques GirardeauAcademic staff4200Students76000Doctoral students2300LocationNantes Angers Le Mans, Pays de la Loire, FranceWebsitewww.lunam.fr/en L'Université Nantes Angers Le Mans is a consortium of universities, graduate schools, as well as teaching hospitals and research institutes from the Pays de la Loire region in France. History April 18, 2006: the law on research programs encourages "cooperation between research players. December 31, 2008: official creation of the University of Nantes-Angers-Le Mans (UNAM) in the form of a research and higher education cluster (Pres) and the status of a public scientific cooperation establishment (EPCS). June 29, 2009: official launch of the Pres. Daniel Martina, President of the University of Angers, is elected President of the Pres. Founding members University of Nantes University of Angers University of Maine Ecole Centrale de Nantes Ecole des Mines de Nantes Agrocampus Ouest Oniris Nantes University Hospital Angers University Hospital ESA group Audencia Nantes Associate members CNAM Arts et Métiers - Angers ENSA Nantes Ecole de design Nantes Atlantique ESBA Nantes Métropole ESBA TALM ENSM ESSCA ESEO group ESB group ICAM Ismans Integrated Center for Oncology Ifremer Ifsttar Inserm Université Catholique de l'Ouest References ^ Maëlle Flot, « Université Nantes Angers Le Mans : l’identité des PRES en débat », Educ Pro, 3 juillet 2009, consulté sur www.educpros.fr le 21 juillet 2010 ^ « Daniel Martina président du PRES « Université Nantes Angers Le Mans » », Educ Pro, 3 juillet 2009, consulté sur www.educpros.fr le 21 juillet 2010 Authority control databases ISNI
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[]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liu_Xiao_Ling_Tong
Liu Xiao Ling Tong
["1 Early life and family","2 Career","3 Filmography","3.1 Film","3.2 Television","4 Personal life","4.1 Views","5 Two ID cards","6 Awards","7 References","8 External links"]
Chinese actor This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Liu Xiao Ling Tong" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2012) (Learn how and when to remove this message) This article's lead section may be too short to adequately summarize the key points. Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In this Chinese name, the family name is Zhang. Liu Xiao Ling Tong六小龄童Liu Xiao Ling Tong on Star Reunion in 2014.BornZhang Jinlai (章金莱) (1959-04-12) 12 April 1959 (age 65)Shanghai, ChinaAlma materArt School of Zhejiang Kunju Opera TroupeOccupationActorYears active1965–presentSpouse Yu Hong ​(m. 1988)​Children1Parent(s)Zhang Zongyi (father)Yan Chagu (mother)AwardsGolden Eagle Award for Best Actor (1988)Chinese nameTraditional Chinese六小齡童Simplified Chinese六小龄童TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinLiù Xiǎo Líng TóngZhang JinlaiTraditional Chinese章金萊Simplified Chinese章金莱TranscriptionsStandard MandarinHanyu PinyinZhāng Jīnlái Zhang Jinlai (Chinese: 章金莱; born 12 April 1959), better known by his stage name Liu Xiao Ling Tong (六小龄童; 'Little Six Year Old Child'), is a Chinese actor, best known for his role as the Monkey King (Sun Wukong) in the 1986 television series Journey to the West (Chinese: 西游记; pinyin: Xī Yóu Jì) adapted from the classic Chinese novel of the same name. Zhang adopted his father Zhang Zongyi's stage name, Liu Ling Tong, and amended it to Liu Xiao Ling Tong. His compelling performance in Journey to the West was greatly praised by critics and helped him win the Best Actor award at the sixth Golden Eagle Awards in 1988. On Sept 27, 2006, he was conferred the Certificate of Mouthpiece of the 3rd International Forum of the China Cultural Industry. In March 1991, he starred in the drama film "New Year's Day" (过年). In the autumn of 1993, he played the role of his father, Liu Lingtong, in the TV series “Monkey Child (猴娃), for which he won the 12th Golden Eagle Award for the best supporting actor in China. In 2000, he starred in the ancient mythological drama "Journey to the West II", for which he won the National Top Ten Outstanding Actor Award from CCTV. In 2003, he played the role of Hua Tie Gan in the ancient martial arts drama ”Lian Cheng Jue“ (连城诀), which was his first time playing a villainous role. In June 2007, he played both the roles of Wu Chengen and Sun Wukong in the costume drama "Wu Cheng'en and the Journey to the West" (吴承恩与西游记). In 2009, he acted in the historical drama "War and Peace in the North" (北平战与和).2015, acted in the ancient mythological drama "Shi Dang Dang Zhi Xiong Ceng Tian Dong“ (石敢当之雄峙天东)。 In 2017, he was awarded as a national actor；In the same year he played the role of Master Xuanzang in the documentary "One Belt, One Road - Retracing the Road of Xuanzang" (一带一路·重走玄奘路) and was the chief producer and director of the documentary, which won the Best Documentary Award at the Vancouver International Chinese Film Festival; In recent years, Zhang has made great efforts promoting Sun Wukong in popular culture, which contributed to increasing the popularity of both the classic novel and the character around the world. Liu Xiao Ling Tong is the only Chinese citizen who was issued with two identity cards, one using his real name Zhang Jinlai, one using his stage name Liu Xiao Ling Tong, due to the huge popularity of his stage name which makes many people wrongly believe it is his real name. Early life and family Zhang was born on April 12, 1959, in Shanghai, in a family of performing artists. His family members, who are Peking opera actors, specialized in playing the role of the Monkey King (Sun Wukong), the protagonist of the classical novel Journey to the West. Zhang's great-grandfather, Zhang Tingchun (章廷椿), was even considered "better than a living Monkey King". Zhang Tingchun mostly performed in the countryside of Zhejiang under the stage name "Huo Hou Zhang" (活猴章). Zhang's grandfather, Zhang Yisheng (章益生), had the stage name "Sai Huo Hou" (赛活猴; 賽活猴; Sài Huó Hóu; 'Better than a living monkey'). Zhang Yisheng moved from Peking to Shanghai and trained his two sons. Zhang's father, Zhang Zongyi, whose stage name was "Liu Ling Tong" (六龄童; 六齡童; Liù Líng Tóng; 'Six Year Old Child'), was famously known as "Nan Hou Wang" (南猴王; Nán Hóu Wáng; 'Southern Monkey King'). Zhang Zongyi's stage name indicated his age when he started performing. His performance was acclaimed by Chinese leaders, including Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. His specialty was Sun Wukong, gaining him the nickname "Monkey King of the South"; another actor, Li Wanchun, was better known in northern China. Zhang's uncle, who specialized in playing Zhu Bajie, had the stage name "Qi Ling Tong" (七龄童; 七齡童; Qī Líng Tóng; 'Seven Year Old Child'). Zhang's elder brother used the stage name "Xiao Liu Ling Tong" (小六龄童; 小六齡童; Xiǎo Liù Líng Tóng), which means "Little Six Year Old Child", or "Six Year Old Child, Junior". The role of Sun Wukong was originally offered to Zhang's elder brother, but because his brother died of leukemia in 1966, Zhang inherited his father's legacy instead. He changed his stage name slightly, to "Liu Xiao Ling Tong", which still means "Little Six Year Old Child". As a dedication to the memory of his elder brother, Zhang put great effort into playing the role of Sun Wukong well. He also helped people affected by leukemia. In 1992, China Central Television produced an eight-episode television series titled Hou Wa (猴娃; 'monkey child') about Zhang's life. Career Zhang gained international fame for his starring role as the Monkey King (Sun Wukong) in the 1986 television series Journey to the West, adapted from the classic Chinese novel of the same title. Zhang's compelling performance, which was greatly praised by critics, helped him win the Best Actor award at the 6th Golden Eagle Awards in 1988. After that, he also appeared in other films and television series, such as New Year's Day (《过年》). On September 27, 2006, he was conferred the Certificate of Mouthpiece of the 3rd International Forum of the China Cultural Industry. Zhang reprised his role as Sun Wukong in Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West, a 2010 television series about Wu Cheng'en—the author of Journey to the West—and his inspiration for writing the novel. Zhang also simultaneously portrayed Wu Cheng'en. Filmography Film Year English Title Chinese Title Role Notes Ref. 1981 The True Story of Ah Q 阿Q正传 The revolutionist 1991 At Love-Corner in Weekend 周末恋爱角 Du Dachuan 1991 New Year's Day 过年 Cheng Zhi 1991 The Extra 喜剧明星 The journalist 1992 Good Luck 祝你好运 Director Zhang 1994 青春的忏悔 The doctor 2017 Buddies in India 大闹天竺 Wu Shen TBA 一带一路·重走玄奘路 XuanzangHimself Also director TBA Miser 财迷 Mr. Hao TBA Journey to the West 3D 敢问路在何方 Sun Wukong Television Year English Title Chinese title Role Notes 1986 Journey to the West 西游记 Sun Wukong 1993 Monkey Child 猴娃 Liu Lingtong 1994 大上海屋檐下 Yan Shipeng 1997 双筒望远镜 Father 2000 追踪309 Luo Dapeng 1939·恩来回故里 Zhou Enlai Journey to the West 西游记续集 Sun Wukong 2001 The Pearl King 义海风云 Li Zhengping 2002 某年某月某一天 The doctor 2004 The Story Of Three loves 啼笑姻缘 Guan Shoufeng 2005 Lian Cheng Jue (A Deadly Secret) 连城诀 Hua Tiegan The Delighted Seven Fairies 欢天喜地七仙女 Taishang Laojun 2006 Xun Huisheng 荀慧生 Wang Yaoqing 2007 Legend of He Long 贺龙传奇 Zhou Enlai 2009 War and Peace over Peking 北平战与和 Hu Shih 2010 Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West 吴承恩与西游记 Wu Cheng'en 2013 Chivalous Robber Lee-San 新燕子李三 Li Xian 2015 Dare Stone Male Tiandong 石敢当之雄峙天东 Jade Emperor Personal life On June 12, 1988, Zhang married Yu Hong (于虹), a staff of China Central Television, in Beijing. Their daughter, Zhang Tongtong (章同童), was born in November 1990. Views Zhang's activities mainly focus on promoting Sun Wukong in popular culture. Zhang expressed his concern over more contemporary Sun Wukong portrayals. While Zhang stated that he was happy to see Journey to the West, as well as other Chinese classical novels, receiving increased attention from foreign directors, he emphasized that "such adaptation has to be based on adequate knowledge of Chinese culture" and that "the Monkey King is not King Kong". Zhang believes that Goku from Dragon Ball does not portray the Chinese style of Sun Wukong. Two ID cards Liu Xiao Ling Tong is the only Chinese citizen who was issued with two identity card, one using his real name Zhang Jinlai, one using his stage name Liu Xiao Ling Tong, due to the huge popularity of his stage name which makes many people wrongly believe it is his real name. Awards Year Nominated work Award Result Notes 1988 Journey to the West 6th Golden Eagle Television Awards: Best Actor Won 1994 Monkey Child 12th Golden Eagle Television Awards: Best Supporting Actor Won References ^ a b c "Liu Xiao Ling Tong Introduction". Retrieved August 9, 2016. ^ "《连城诀》借武侠说现实事 六小龄童首次演反派" (in Chinese). 2004-06-24. ^ Fangchun, LIU. "《吴承恩与西游记》主创六小龄童等到访(图)" (in Chinese). ^ a b Lục Tiểu Linh Đồng và đặc quyền mà Trung Quốc chỉ dành cho một công dân ^ a b c Liu Xiao Ling Tong-- the "Monkey King". Dandan. crienglish.com. Retrieved on May 22, 2008. ^ a b 六小龄童是电视剧里演得最好的猴子 (in Chinese). The Paper. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016. ^ "Liu Xiao Ling Tong's father, Liu Ling Tong, has passed away". February 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014. ^ "Good bye, Xiao Liu Ling Tong(Liu Xiao Ling Tong's elder brother)". 11 October 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018. ^ Liu Xiao Ling Tong (actor of Monkey King): Mouthpiece of the 3rd International Forum on China Cultural Industry. cciif.com. Retrieved on May 22, 2008. ^ "Liu Xiao Ling Tong responded to his portraits in Wu Cheng En's former House". Retrieved December 3, 2018. ^ 六小龄童惊喜现身《大闹天竺》. Mtime (in Chinese). January 29, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2019. ^ 《一带一路·重走玄奘路》获第六届温哥华国际华语电影节最佳纪录片奖. sohu.com (in Chinese). July 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2019. ^ a b 57岁六小龄童全家近照，妻子于虹竟是个“妖精”，女儿很像爸爸. Sohu (in Chinese). 19 June 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2021. ^ 六小龄童：弘扬中华优秀传统文化的“行者”. gmw.com (in Chinese). 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2019-01-31. ^ Foreign versions of "Journey to the West" tell a different story. Chinanews.cn. Retrieved on May 22, 2008 ^ 东京奥运形象大使不只是孙悟空，“二次元”从边缘走向核心. The Paper (in Chinese). 3 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2019. 对此，86版《西游记》孙悟空扮演者六小龄童在接受《环球时报》的采访时也谈及自己对此事的看法。在他看来，《七龙珠》的"孙悟空"并不是中国的孙悟空。 ^ 专访六小龄童：《七龙珠》不是我们民族东西. www.JiaoDong.net (in Chinese). 6 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2019. 我要推崇这样的一种精神，让我们的国人和外国观众，真正知道什么是中国的动画片，我们不要一味跟着某一些国家后面去追他们的那种风格，把孙悟空都弄得髭毛乍鬼的那样的，叫什么《七龙珠》，这个不是我们民族的东西。 External links Wikiquote has quotations related to Liu Xiao Ling Tong. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Liu Xiao Ling Tong. Liu Xiao Ling Tong at IMDb Liu Xiao Ling Tong's official website (in both English and Chinese) (in Chinese) Liu Xiao Ling Tong's blog on Sina.com (in Chinese) Liu Xiao Ling Tong's blog on Sohu.com (in Chinese) Collection of articles about Liu Xiao Ling Tong on yule.sohu.com (in Chinese) Liu Xiao Ling Tong's profile on data.ent.qq.com vteGolden Eagle Award (China) for Best Actor in a Television Series1983–1999 Chen Baoguo / Zhu Yanping /Guo Xuxin (1983) Da Shichang / Zhou Lijing (1984) Li Zhiyu (1985) You Benchang (1986) Shi Zhaoqi (1987) Liu Xiao Ling Tong (1988) Chen Daoming (1989) Yan Xiang (1990) Li Xuejian (1991) Ge You (1992) Liu Wei (1993) Jiang Wen (1994) Bao Guo'an (1995) Li Baotian (1996) Zhang Fengyi (1997) Zhang Guoli (1998) Tang Guoqiang (1999) 2000–present Lu Yi/Li Baotian/Wang Zhiwen (2000) Pu Cunxin/Li Baotian/Ren Chengwei/Li Youbin/Huang Hong (2001) Sun Haiying/Tang Guoqiang/Zhang Guoli (2002) Li Baotian/Wei Zi/Gao Ming/Chen Baoguo/Tang Guoqiang (2003) Hou Yong / Hu Jun /Chen Jianbin/Liu Jin/Tong Dawei (2004) Li Youbin /Chen Jianbin/Li Xuejian/Wu Jingan (2006) Li Youbin/Lin Yongjian/Wang Baoqiang/Wang Wufu (2008) Sun Honglei/Huang Haibo/Fan Wei/Wang Yi (2010) Wu Xiubo/Wen Zhang/Lin Yongjian/Mickey He (2012) Wang Luoyong / Zhang Jiayi/Lin Yongjian/Chen Yiheng (2014) Li Xuejian / Hu Ge (2016) Zhang Yi / Li Yifeng (2018) Simon Yam (2020) Lei Jiayin (2022) vteGolden Eagle Award (China) for Best Supporting Actor in a Television Series N/A (1983) Tong Ruimin (1984) Lü Yi (1985) Xu Yajun (1986) Wang Qun (1987) Shen Junyi (1988) Chen Yude (1989) Qi Mengshi (1990) Sun Song (1991) Xie Yuan (1992) Wang Zhiwen (1993) Liu Xiao Ling Tong (1994) Chen Qiang (1995) Wang Gang (1996) Qi Mengshi (1997) Li Sheng (1998) Jiao Huang (1999) Guo Donglin/Wang Zhifei/Li Youbin (2000) Ma Shaohua (2022) Portal: Biography Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany United States Czech Republic Australia
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Zhang adopted his father Zhang Zongyi's stage name, Liu Ling Tong, and amended it to Liu Xiao Ling Tong.[1]His compelling performance in Journey to the West was greatly praised by critics and helped him win the Best Actor award at the sixth Golden Eagle Awards in 1988. On Sept 27, 2006, he was conferred the Certificate of Mouthpiece of the 3rd International Forum of the China Cultural Industry.[1]In March 1991, he starred in the drama film \"New Year's Day\" (过年). In the autumn of 1993, he played the role of his father, Liu Lingtong, in the TV series “Monkey Child (猴娃), for which he won the 12th Golden Eagle Award for the best supporting actor in China. In 2000, he starred in the ancient mythological drama \"Journey to the West II\", for which he won the National Top Ten Outstanding Actor Award from CCTV.In 2003, he played the role of Hua Tie Gan in the ancient martial arts drama ”Lian Cheng Jue“ (连城诀), which was his first time playing a villainous role.[2] In June 2007, he played both the roles of Wu Chengen and Sun Wukong in the costume drama \"Wu Cheng'en and the Journey to the West\" (吴承恩与西游记).[3] In 2009, he acted in the historical drama \"War and Peace in the North\" (北平战与和).2015, acted in the ancient mythological drama \"Shi Dang Dang Zhi Xiong Ceng Tian Dong“ (石敢当之雄峙天东)。In 2017, he was awarded as a national actor；In the same year he played the role of Master Xuanzang in the documentary \"One Belt, One Road - Retracing the Road of Xuanzang\" (一带一路·重走玄奘路) and was the chief producer and director of the documentary, which won the Best Documentary Award at the Vancouver International Chinese Film Festival;In recent years, Zhang has made great efforts promoting Sun Wukong in popular culture, which contributed to increasing the popularity of both the classic novel and the character around the world.[1]Liu Xiao Ling Tong is the only Chinese citizen who was issued with two identity cards, one using his real name Zhang Jinlai, one using his stage name Liu Xiao Ling Tong, due to the huge popularity of his stage name which makes many people wrongly believe it is his real name.[4]","title":"Liu Xiao Ling Tong"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Peking opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peking_opera"},{"link_name":"Sun Wukong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Wukong"},{"link_name":"Journey to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cri-5"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepaper-6"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thepaper-6"},{"link_name":"Peking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"Shanghai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai"},{"link_name":"Zhang Zongyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhang_Zongyi"},{"link_name":"Mao Zedong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mao_Zedong"},{"link_name":"Zhou Enlai","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Enlai"},{"link_name":"Sun Wukong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Wukong"},{"link_name":"Zhu Bajie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhu_Bajie"},{"link_name":"leukemia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukemia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"China Central Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Zhang was born on April 12, 1959, in Shanghai, in a family of performing artists. His family members, who are Peking opera actors, specialized in playing the role of the Monkey King (Sun Wukong), the protagonist of the classical novel Journey to the West. Zhang's great-grandfather, Zhang Tingchun (章廷椿), was even considered \"better than a living Monkey King\".[5] Zhang Tingchun mostly performed in the countryside of Zhejiang under the stage name \"Huo Hou Zhang\" (活猴章).[6]Zhang's grandfather, Zhang Yisheng (章益生), had the stage name \"Sai Huo Hou\" (赛活猴; 賽活猴; Sài Huó Hóu; 'Better than a living monkey').[6] Zhang Yisheng moved from Peking to Shanghai and trained his two sons. Zhang's father, Zhang Zongyi, whose stage name was \"Liu Ling Tong\" (六龄童; 六齡童; Liù Líng Tóng; 'Six Year Old Child'), was famously known as \"Nan Hou Wang\" (南猴王; Nán Hóu Wáng; 'Southern Monkey King'). Zhang Zongyi's stage name indicated his age when he started performing. His performance was acclaimed by Chinese leaders, including Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai. His specialty was Sun Wukong, gaining him the nickname \"Monkey King of the South\"; another actor, Li Wanchun, was better known in northern China.Zhang's uncle, who specialized in playing Zhu Bajie, had the stage name \"Qi Ling Tong\" (七龄童; 七齡童; Qī Líng Tóng; 'Seven Year Old Child'). Zhang's elder brother used the stage name \"Xiao Liu Ling Tong\" (小六龄童; 小六齡童; Xiǎo Liù Líng Tóng), which means \"Little Six Year Old Child\", or \"Six Year Old Child, Junior\". The role of Sun Wukong was originally offered to Zhang's elder brother, but because his brother died of leukemia in 1966, Zhang inherited his father's legacy instead.[7] He changed his stage name slightly, to \"Liu Xiao Ling Tong\", which still means \"Little Six Year Old Child\".As a dedication to the memory of his elder brother, Zhang put great effort into playing the role of Sun Wukong well. He also helped people affected by leukemia. In 1992, China Central Television produced an eight-episode television series titled Hou Wa (猴娃; 'monkey child') about Zhang's life.[8]","title":"Early life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Sun Wukong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sun_Wukong"},{"link_name":"Journey to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West_(1986_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"classic Chinese novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Chinese_Novels"},{"link_name":"same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"Golden Eagle Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Eagle_Award_(China)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cri-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en_and_Journey_to_the_West"},{"link_name":"Wu Cheng'en","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu_Cheng%27en"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Zhang gained international fame for his starring role as the Monkey King (Sun Wukong) in the 1986 television series Journey to the West, adapted from the classic Chinese novel of the same title. Zhang's compelling performance, which was greatly praised by critics, helped him win the Best Actor award at the 6th Golden Eagle Awards in 1988.[5] After that, he also appeared in other films and television series, such as New Year's Day (《过年》). On September 27, 2006, he was conferred the Certificate of Mouthpiece of the 3rd International Forum of the China Cultural Industry.[9]Zhang reprised his role as Sun Wukong in Wu Cheng'en and Journey to the West, a 2010 television series about Wu Cheng'en—the author of Journey to the West—and his inspiration for writing the novel. Zhang also simultaneously portrayed Wu Cheng'en.[10]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"China Central Television","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China_Central_Television"},{"link_name":"Beijing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beijing"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gu2021-13"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-gu2021-13"}],"text":"On June 12, 1988, Zhang married Yu Hong (于虹), a staff of China Central Television, in Beijing.[13] Their daughter, Zhang Tongtong (章同童), was born in November 1990.[13]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"popular culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_culture"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cri-5"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"King Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Kong"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"Goku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goku"},{"link_name":"Dragon Ball","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragon_Ball"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"sub_title":"Views","text":"Zhang's activities mainly focus on promoting Sun Wukong in popular culture.[5][14] Zhang expressed his concern over more contemporary Sun Wukong portrayals. While Zhang stated that he was happy to see Journey to the West, as well as other Chinese classical novels, receiving increased attention from foreign directors, he emphasized that \"such adaptation has to be based on adequate knowledge of Chinese culture\" and that \"the Monkey King is not King Kong\".[15] Zhang believes that Goku from Dragon Ball does not portray the Chinese style of Sun Wukong.[16][17]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vtc.vn-4"}],"text":"Liu Xiao Ling Tong is the only Chinese citizen who was issued with two identity card, one using his real name Zhang Jinlai, one using his stage name Liu Xiao Ling Tong, due to the huge popularity of his stage name which makes many people wrongly believe it is his real name.[4]","title":"Two ID cards"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Awards"}]
[]
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[{"reference":"\"Liu Xiao Ling Tong Introduction\". Retrieved August 9, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ezhejiang.gov.cn/2016-08/09/c_55446.htm","url_text":"\"Liu Xiao Ling Tong Introduction\""}]},{"reference":"\"《连城诀》借武侠说现实事 六小龄童首次演反派\" (in Chinese). 2004-06-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://ent.sina.com.cn/2004-06-24/0227425952.html","url_text":"\"《连城诀》借武侠说现实事 六小龄童首次演反派\""}]},{"reference":"Fangchun, LIU. \"《吴承恩与西游记》主创六小龄童等到访(图)\" (in Chinese).","urls":[{"url":"http://yule.sohu.com/20090609/n264423135.shtml","url_text":"\"《吴承恩与西游记》主创六小龄童等到访(图)\""}]},{"reference":"六小龄童是电视剧里演得最好的猴子 (in Chinese). The Paper. 28 January 2016. Archived from the original on 29 January 2016. Retrieved 28 January 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160129065122/http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1426447","url_text":"六小龄童是电视剧里演得最好的猴子"},{"url":"http://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1426447","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Liu Xiao Ling Tong's father, Liu Ling Tong, has passed away\". February 2014. Retrieved February 1, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"http://ent.163.com/14/0201/00/9JV728K500031H2L.html","url_text":"\"Liu Xiao Ling Tong's father, Liu Ling Tong, has passed away\""}]},{"reference":"\"Good bye, Xiao Liu Ling Tong(Liu Xiao Ling Tong's elder brother)\". 11 October 2018. Retrieved October 11, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://k.sina.com.cn/article_6515378722_18458ca2200100avka.html","url_text":"\"Good bye, Xiao Liu Ling Tong(Liu Xiao Ling Tong's elder brother)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Liu Xiao Ling Tong responded to his portraits in Wu Cheng En's former House\". Retrieved December 3, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.ifeng.com/a/20181203/60181869_0.shtml","url_text":"\"Liu Xiao Ling Tong responded to his portraits in Wu Cheng En's former House\""}]},{"reference":"六小龄童惊喜现身《大闹天竺》. Mtime (in Chinese). January 29, 2017. Retrieved January 31, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.mtime.com/2017/01/29/1565937.html","url_text":"六小龄童惊喜现身《大闹天竺》"}]},{"reference":"《一带一路·重走玄奘路》获第六届温哥华国际华语电影节最佳纪录片奖. sohu.com (in Chinese). July 24, 2018. Retrieved January 24, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sohu.com/a/242636912_100095436","url_text":"《一带一路·重走玄奘路》获第六届温哥华国际华语电影节最佳纪录片奖"}]},{"reference":"57岁六小龄童全家近照，妻子于虹竟是个“妖精”，女儿很像爸爸. Sohu (in Chinese). 19 June 2018. Retrieved 10 January 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sohu.com/a/236499463_100165876","url_text":"57岁六小龄童全家近照，妻子于虹竟是个“妖精”，女儿很像爸爸"}]},{"reference":"六小龄童：弘扬中华优秀传统文化的“行者”. gmw.com (in Chinese). 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2019-01-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://interview.gmw.cn/2015-12/08/content_18003998.htm","url_text":"六小龄童：弘扬中华优秀传统文化的“行者”"}]},{"reference":"东京奥运形象大使不只是孙悟空，“二次元”从边缘走向核心. The Paper (in Chinese). 3 February 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2019. 对此，86版《西游记》孙悟空扮演者六小龄童在接受《环球时报》的采访时也谈及自己对此事的看法。在他看来，《七龙珠》的\"孙悟空\"并不是中国的孙悟空。","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_1610955","url_text":"东京奥运形象大使不只是孙悟空，“二次元”从边缘走向核心"}]},{"reference":"专访六小龄童：《七龙珠》不是我们民族东西. www.JiaoDong.net (in Chinese). 6 February 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2019. 我要推崇这样的一种精神，让我们的国人和外国观众，真正知道什么是中国的动画片，我们不要一味跟着某一些国家后面去追他们的那种风格，把孙悟空都弄得髭毛乍鬼的那样的，叫什么《七龙珠》，这个不是我们民族的东西。","urls":[{"url":"http://www.jiaodong.net/ent/system/2016/02/06/013076028.shtml","url_text":"专访六小龄童：《七龙珠》不是我们民族东西"}]}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Anderson_(soccer_executive)
George Anderson (soccer executive)
["1 Footnotes","2 External links"]
George Anderson (June 23, 1890 – May 30, 1985) was a Canadian soccer organizer and manager. Born in Strichen, Aberdeenshire, Scotland, Anderson moved to Canada when he was 19, first living in Souris, Manitoba and then in Winnipeg, Manitoba. He served in the Canadian army during the First World War. Following the Second World War, Anderson organized the relaunch of the Dominion Football Association/Canadian Football Association. He served on the executive from 1950 to 1968 and played a major role in organizing Canada's first FIFA World Cup entry in 1957 (the team did not qualify for the 1958 FIFA World Cup). Anderson has been inducted into Canada's Sports Hall of Fame, the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame, and the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame. Footnotes ^ "George Anderson". Mantioba Sports Hall of Fame - Honoured members database. Sport Manitoba. Retrieved 11 November 2021. External links Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame profile vteCanada Soccer Hall of FameBased in Ottawa, OntarioHall of FamePlayers (144)ModernPlayers (Men'sNationalTeam) Bernier Brennan Bridge Bunbury Catliff Corazzin Dasovic De Rosario deVos Dolan Forrest Gray Hastings Hooper Limniatis McKenna Miller Mitchell Mobilio Moore Onstad Peschisolido Radzinski Ragan Samuel Segota Stalteri Sweeney Valentine Watson Yallop ModernPlayers(Women'sNationalTeam) S. Brand Burtini Cant Caron Chapman Chin Baker David Donnelly Franko Gayle Helland Hermus Hooper Kelly Lang LeBlanc Lemieux McEachern Mongrain Morneau Moscato Muir Neil Ring Ross Serwetnyk Simon Stoumbos Timko Baxter Walsh Wilkinson PastPlayers (PostWW2) Ambler Arends Ayre Bak Blundell Bolitho J. Brand Cairns M. Castonguay P. Castonguay R. Castonguay Chursky Cowan Crossan Douglas Ellett Gill Greig Harvey Hughes Iarusci Ion Johnson Kodelja R. Lenarduzzi S. Lenarduzzi Lettieri Marcantonio Matheson McGrane N. McLeod W. McLeod D. McMahon Newbold Parsons Pears B. Philley P. Philley Phillips Robinson Schepers B. Smith Spencer A. Stevens G. Stevens Stewart Stojanović Stothard Vazzoler Whent Whittaker B. Wilson Nicholl (NIR) PastPlayers (PreWW2) G. Anderson (1900) Bowman Campbell Clulow Coulter Derby Dierden Edmunds Findler Fitzpatrick Graham Halliwell Harley Lavery MacLaine Manson Matthews Moir Nelson A. Smith Stobbart Thombs W. Thomson Turner Wakelyn Woutersz Chedgzoy (ENG) Kennaway (SCO) McDonald (NIR) Builders (45) G. Anderson (1890) Arnold Avey Barrett Capozzi Cross Davidson Donaghey Etchegarry Fenton Fleming Forsyth Fried Fryatt Gilhespy Gittens Gross Hoyle Hubay Hylan Jose Kerr King Leggat J. McMahon Moro Muldoon O'Connor Peto P. Quinn T. Quinn Sanford Sayer Schwartz Simpson Sokalski Southard Stambrook Stavro Stirling Richardson Robertson Russell L. Wilson Wisdom Managers & Coaches (13) Adam Bearpark Beliveau Bennett Brown Buchanan Goldberger Howard Petrie Slade Wi. Thomson Twamley Waiters Officials (10) Arrowsmith Denoncourt Evangelista Kulai Lyons Morgan Satwell Soupliotis Vergara Winsemann Organizations of Distinction (21) Calgary Callies CNSC Windsor Croatia Darlington SC Edmonton Angels Edmonton Ital Canadians SC Edmonton Scottish Feildians AA Holy Cross FC Lakeshore SC Montréal Carsteel North Shore United FC Robbie International Youth Tournament St. Lawrence Laurentians Toronto Scottish FC Toronto Ulster United FC Vancouver Columbus Vancouver Firefighters Vancouver St. Andrews FC Victoria West West Indies United Toronto Winnipeg United Weston FC Teams of Distinction (18) 1888 Canada men 1904 Galt 1907 Calgary Callies 1924 Canada men 1928 Westminster Royals 1933 Toronto Scottish 1976 Toronto Metros-Croatia 1979 Vancouver Whitecaps 1984 Canada Olympic men 1986 Canada World Cup men 1989 Canada Francophone Games men 1995 Canada World Cup women 1998 CONCACAF Women's Championship women 2000 Canada CONCACAF Gold Cup men 2010 Canada Concacaf women 2012 Canada Olympic Bronze Medal 2016 Canada Olympic Bronze Medal 2021 Canada Olympic Gold Medal Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany This biographical article relating to Canadian soccer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte
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[]
null
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_Vehicle_Grand_Prix
Electric Vehicle Grand Prix
["1 History","2 Race","3 Education","4 Winners","5 EV vs. Gas Challenge","6 Interesting History","6.1 2023","6.2 2018","6.3 2017","6.4 2015","6.5 2013","6.6 2012","6.7 2011","6.8 2010","7 See also","8 References","9 External links"]
Electric go-kart race This article is written like a story. Please help rewrite this article to introduce an encyclopedic style and a neutral point of view. (May 2022) The Electric Vehicle Grand Prix (stylized as evGrand Prix) is an electric go-kart race held at Purdue University and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway. History Purdue University, in conjunction with University of Notre Dame, University of Indianapolis, Ivy Tech Community College, Purdue University Calumet, and Indiana University Northwest, was awarded a $6.1 million grant by the United States Department of Energy. This grant was awarded to create The Indiana Advanced Electric Vehicle Training and Education Consortium (I-AEVtec). The goal of this consortium is to educate and train the workforce needed to design, manufacture, and maintain advanced electric vehicles and the associated infrastructure. This goal includes creating online courses related to batteries, fuel cells, motors, controls, electric vehicles, and environmental impact. As part of this grant, Purdue created an event called the Electric Vehicle Grand Prix. The grant was part of the grants announced by President Obama at a speech in Elkhart, Indiana in August 2009. Race The Electric Vehicle Grand Prix is an event at Purdue University that allows students to get real experience with electric vehicles. The first Electric Vehicle Grand Prix was held on April 18, 2010. Students join a team either through a build class or a student-organized team. Each team builds a battery-powered electric go-kart and races it in the event. The 2010 race was an endurance race consisting of 80 laps and a battery change. In 2011, a second event took place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway where teams would compete in the International evGrand Prix. For the 2013 International evGrand Prix, the event was split up into two races. The first race featured electric karts with standard motors and batteries while the second race featured karts with upgraded motors and batteries. 2013 ended up being the last race at the Purdue Grand Prix track and so that the event could make more money, all further races were moved to Indianapolis, despite the majority of teams coming from Purdue and most teams stating that they still desired an event at Purdue. In 2015 for the first time the race was sanctioned by USAC. In 2016, the evGrand Prix became part of the Student Karting World Finals, along with the High School evGrand Prix and the new National Gas Grand Prix, all of which were sanctioned by USAC. However, the National Gas Grand Prix was canceled after only two teams purchased karts for the race. After the 2015 event the race organizers split with USAC, with the race going forward being sanctioned by the World Karting Association and being run by the staff of the US distributor of Italian kart manufacturer Topkart. The 2017 event introduced the new high school division to the evGrand Prix, inviting high schools from around Indiana to purchase Topkart chassis and Alltrax/Motenergy powertrains to race before the collegiate event. The 2018 event brought in a new third division, the autonomous evGrand Prix. Only two teams were entered into the inaugural event, one, LHP Engineering Solutions, contracted by the event organizers and the other composed of students from the Electric Vehicle Club (EVC) at Purdue University. In the first year of the division, both teams elected to design the karts to be controlled via remote control. The student-built kart ultimately lapped the track in less than half of the time of the LHP-built kart. Education At Purdue there were four classes offered that relate directly to electric vehicles across multiple disciplines, including "Communication and Emerging Technologies" and "Electric Vehicle Systems". However these classes were all cancelled by 2015. Many high school teams have classes involving the electric kart that then enter a kart into the race. Winners Purdue University Event Winners Year Driver Team University 2010 Brett Hensler Delta Sigma Phi Purdue University 2011 Justin Cleaver Team Theablig Purdue University 2012 Jimmy Simpson Electric Vehicle Club Purdue University 2013 Jimmy Simpson Electric Vehicle Club Purdue University 2023 Jacob Peddycord Electric Vehicle Club Purdue University Indianapolis Motor Speedway Event Winners Year Driver Team University notes 2011 Chris Weyer IUPUI Electric Jaguars Indiana University – Purdue University Indianapolis 2012 Jimmy Simpson Electric Vehicle Club Purdue University 2013 Rob Havel Delta Sigma Phi Purdue University race 1 2013 Jimmy Simpsonr Electric Vehicle Club Purdue University race 2 2014 Chip Challis Electric Vehicle Club Purdue University 2015 Weigang Wang Ivy Tech Team Green Ivy Tech Community College of Indiana 2016 Gabriel Capo Kennesaw State Electric Vehicle Team Kennesaw State University 2017 Henry Davis Motorsports at Purdue Purdue University 2018 Kevin Liu Electric Vehicle Club Purdue University 2019 Alex Aungenstein Electric Vehicle Club Purdue University EV vs. Gas Challenge On October 25, 2014, five EV and five gas karts competed on the same track for the first time in Purdue history. The race was scheduled for October 18, but was delayed due to rain. Cary Racing swept the front row with a gas kart on pole, and an EV starting second. The gas karts dominated the race, as eventual winner Eli Salamie leading all 40 laps for Cary Racing. Christian Jones in the #34 PEF kart was the highest finishing EV kart in 4th. Interesting History 2023 First race since the Covid-19 pandemic, and first race returning back to campus since 2013. With a total of 15 karts entering the race, 9 were from Purdue University and 9 were able to complete the race. 2018 First year for the high school event to have two races. The first race was red flagged so that one of the race organizers could scold the inexperienced drivers on their poor driving after a series of crashes. 21 karts entered in collegiate race, 10 coming from Purdue University. 2017 The first race sanction by WKA and first high school race. Low for collegiate race entries with only 16 karts entered. First time race ran under WKA standards rather than Purdue Grand Prix standards, including full kart bodywork, no roll cages, and no seat belts or headrests. 2015 The first of two races sanctioned by USAC before leaving in 2016, citing poor race organization by Purdue 2013 Last event at Purdue University 2012 EVC sets a lap record time of 25.9 s 2011 The Indiana-only race was on April 30 at Purdue University. A week later, on May 7, there will be a race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for any school wishing to participate. 2010 The attendance was over 2000 people. 18 karts were signed up for the race, only 17 raced in the event. See also Purdue Grand Prix References ^ "President Obama Announces $2.4 Billion in Grants to Accelerate the Manufacturing and Deployment of the Next Generation of U.S. Batteries and Electric Vehicles". Press release from whitehouse.gov, August 5, 2009. ^ "2011 Event A Kart Specifications" Archived 2011-07-26 at the Wayback Machine. evGrandPrix. November 29, 2010. ^ "usackarting". usackarting. ^ "Autonomous". 19 June 2018. ^ "EVC Kart Wins Third Annual Electric Vehicle Grand Prix! | Electric Vehicle Club". www.electricvehicleclub.org. Archived from the original on 14 April 2013. Retrieved 27 January 2022. ^ "evGrand Prix". evGrand Prix. External links Official website vtePurdue UniversityLocated in: West Lafayette, IndianaSystem West Lafayette Fort Wayne IPFW, dissolved 2018 Northwest IUPUI, to be dissolved in 2024 IUPUC, transferring to the IU system in 2024 Global (Law School) Academics College of Agriculture College of Education College of Engineering College of Health and Human Sciences College of Liberal Arts Krannert School of Management College of Pharmacy Polytechnic Institute College of Science College of Veterinary Medicine AthleticsTeams Purdue Boilermakers Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Football Men's golf Softball Women's volleyball Indiana rivalry Men's basketball Governor's Cup (Multi-sport) Old Oaken Bucket (Football) Barn Burner Trophy (Women's basketball) Monon Spike (Women's volleyball) Golden Boot (Women's soccer) Other rivalries Illinois (Purdue Cannon) Notre Dame (Shillelagh Trophy) Chicago Facilities Ross–Ade Stadium Mackey Arena Alexander Field Lambert Field Lambert Fieldhouse Other All-American Marching Band Big Bass Drum Big Ten Conference Glee Club Hail Purdue! Boilermaker Special Purdue Pete Campus Purdue Aeronautics Corporation Purdue Airlines Purdue Airport Purdue Bell Tower The Boilermaker Discovery Park Elliott Hall of Music Engineering Fountain Horticulture Gardens Nuclear reactor Purdue Memorial Union Purdue Research Park Rawls Hall Slayter Center West Lafayette Student life The Exponent WBAA Purdue Grand Prix Electric Vehicle Grand Prix Purdue OWL Rube Goldberg Machine Contest Purdue Reamer Club People Alumni Faculty Presidents John Purdue Founded: 1869 Students: 49,639 (2021) Endowment: US $2.59 billion (2020)
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"go-kart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Go-kart"},{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"Indianapolis Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway"}],"text":"The Electric Vehicle Grand Prix (stylized as evGrand Prix) is an electric go-kart race held at Purdue University and the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.","title":"Electric Vehicle Grand Prix"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Purdue University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University"},{"link_name":"University of Notre Dame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame"},{"link_name":"University of Indianapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Indianapolis"},{"link_name":"Ivy Tech Community College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_Tech_Community_College_of_Indiana"},{"link_name":"Purdue University Calumet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_University_Calumet"},{"link_name":"Indiana University Northwest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indiana_University_Northwest"},{"link_name":"United States Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"electric vehicles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electric_vehicle"},{"link_name":"President Obama","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barack_Obama"},{"link_name":"Elkhart, Indiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elkhart,_Indiana"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Purdue University, in conjunction with University of Notre Dame, University of Indianapolis, Ivy Tech Community College, Purdue University Calumet, and Indiana University Northwest, was awarded a $6.1 million grant by the United States Department of Energy. This grant was awarded to create The Indiana Advanced Electric Vehicle Training and Education Consortium (I-AEVtec). The goal of this consortium is to educate and train the workforce needed to design, manufacture, and maintain advanced electric vehicles and the associated infrastructure. This goal includes creating online courses related to batteries, fuel cells, motors, controls, electric vehicles, and environmental impact. As part of this grant, Purdue created an event called the Electric Vehicle Grand Prix. The grant was part of the grants announced by President Obama at a speech in Elkhart, Indiana in August 2009.[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"battery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automotive_battery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Purdue Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Grand_Prix"},{"link_name":"USAC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Auto_Club"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-usackarting.com-3"},{"link_name":"World Karting Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Karting_Association"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"remote control","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_control"}],"text":"The Electric Vehicle Grand Prix is an event at Purdue University that allows students to get real experience with electric vehicles. The first Electric Vehicle Grand Prix was held on April 18, 2010. Students join a team either through a build class or a student-organized team. Each team builds a battery-powered electric go-kart and races it in the event. The 2010 race was an endurance race consisting of 80 laps and a battery change.[2] In 2011, a second event took place at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway where teams would compete in the International evGrand Prix. For the 2013 International evGrand Prix, the event was split up into two races. The first race featured electric karts with standard motors and batteries while the second race featured karts with upgraded motors and batteries.\n2013 ended up being the last race at the Purdue Grand Prix track and so that the event could make more money, all further races were moved to Indianapolis, despite the majority of teams coming from Purdue and most teams stating that they still desired an event at Purdue. In 2015 for the first time the race was sanctioned by USAC. In 2016, the evGrand Prix became part of the Student Karting World Finals, along with the High School evGrand Prix and the new National Gas Grand Prix, all of which were sanctioned by USAC.[3] However, the National Gas Grand Prix was canceled after only two teams purchased karts for the race. After the 2015 event the race organizers split with USAC, with the race going forward being sanctioned by the World Karting Association and being run by the staff of the US distributor of Italian kart manufacturer Topkart.The 2017 event introduced the new high school division to the evGrand Prix, inviting high schools from around Indiana to purchase Topkart chassis and Alltrax/Motenergy powertrains to race before the collegiate event. The 2018 event brought in a new third division, the autonomous evGrand Prix.[4] Only two teams were entered into the inaugural event, one, LHP Engineering Solutions, contracted by the event organizers and the other composed of students from the Electric Vehicle Club (EVC) at Purdue University. In the first year of the division, both teams elected to design the karts to be controlled via remote control. The student-built kart ultimately lapped the track in less than half of the time of the LHP-built kart.","title":"Race"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"At Purdue there were four classes offered that relate directly to electric vehicles across multiple disciplines, including \"Communication and Emerging Technologies\" and \"Electric Vehicle Systems\". However these classes were all cancelled by 2015. Many high school teams have classes involving the electric kart that then enter a kart into the race.","title":"Education"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Winners"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"On October 25, 2014, five EV and five gas karts competed on the same track for the first time in Purdue history. The race was scheduled for October 18, but was delayed due to rain. Cary Racing swept the front row with a gas kart on pole, and an EV starting second. The gas karts dominated the race, as eventual winner Eli Salamie leading all 40 laps for Cary Racing. Christian Jones in the #34 PEF kart was the highest finishing EV kart in 4th.","title":"EV vs. Gas Challenge"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Interesting History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2023","text":"First race since the Covid-19 pandemic, and first race returning back to campus since 2013. With a total of 15 karts entering the race, 9 were from Purdue University and 9 were able to complete the race.","title":"Interesting History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2018","text":"First year for the high school event to have two races. The first race was red flagged so that one of the race organizers could scold the inexperienced drivers on their poor driving after a series of crashes.21 karts entered in collegiate race, 10 coming from Purdue University.","title":"Interesting History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2017","text":"The first race sanction by WKA and first high school race.Low for collegiate race entries with only 16 karts entered.First time race ran under WKA standards rather than Purdue Grand Prix standards, including full kart bodywork, no roll cages, and no seat belts or headrests.","title":"Interesting History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2015","text":"The first of two races sanctioned by USAC before leaving in 2016, citing poor race organization by Purdue","title":"Interesting History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2013","text":"Last event at Purdue University","title":"Interesting History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"2012","text":"EVC sets a lap record time of 25.9 s [5]","title":"Interesting History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indianapolis Motor Speedway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"sub_title":"2011","text":"The Indiana-only race was on April 30 at Purdue University.\nA week later, on May 7, there will be a race at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway for any school wishing to participate.[6]","title":"Interesting History"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"2010","text":"The attendance was over 2000 people.\n18 karts were signed up for the race, only 17 raced in the event.","title":"Interesting History"}]
[]
[{"title":"Purdue Grand Prix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purdue_Grand_Prix"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_AC-119_Stinger
Fairchild AC-119
["1 Design and development","2 Operational history","3 Operators","4 Surviving example","5 Specifications (AC-119G)","6 Gallery","7 See also","8 References","8.1 Notes","8.2 Bibliography","9 External links"]
American aerial gunships AC-119G Shadow AC-119K Stinger An AC-119G gunship over Tan Son Nhut Air Base Role Ground-attack aircraft and close air support gunshipType of aircraft Manufacturer Fairchild Aircraft Introduction November 1968 Retired USAF: 1971Republic of Vietnam Air Force: 1975 Primary users United States Air ForceRepublic of Vietnam Air Force Number built 52 Developed from Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar The Fairchild AC-119G Shadow and AC-119K Stinger were twin-engine piston-powered gunships developed by the United States during the Vietnam War. They replaced the Douglas AC-47 Spooky and operated alongside the early versions of the AC-130 Spectre gunship. Design and development By late 1967, the idea of the fixed-wing gunship had been proven so successful, the United States Air Force was having a difficult time keeping up with demand. The newer AC-130s that had been created under Project Gunship II were effective, but were being mostly used for armed reconnaissance and interdiction of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Furthermore, the C-130 airframe was in active service as a transport, vital to the war effort in Southeast Asia. The Air Force desperately needed a new gunship to replace the vulnerable and underpowered AC-47 in the close air support role, as well as supplementing the AC-130 in attacking targets on the Ho Chi Minh Trail. The Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar presented an obvious choice, having been phased out of front-line service in favor of the C-123 and C-130, and with the stock of available airframes in U.S. Air Force Reserve being sufficient. In February 1968, under the USAF program Project Gunship III, 26 C-119Gs were converted to AC-119G standard, initially taking on the name "Creep", but later assigned the callsign "Shadow". In addition, Fairchild-Hiller, which was contracted for all the conversions, converted another 26 C-119Gs into AC-119Ks, primarily for the "truck hunter" role over the Ho Chi Minh Trail. These aircraft were called "Stingers" primarily in reference to the two M61 Vulcan 20-mm cannons they carried in addition to the AC-119G's four GAU-2/A miniguns. The AC-119K could be visually distinguished by the addition of two General Electric J85 turbojet engines in underwing pods. The conversions were completed at Fairchild-Hiller's facility in St. Augustine, Florida. Project Gunship III, being a follow-on to the success of the AC-130 series, meant that the AC-119 was a more advanced aircraft in both its iterations than the AC-47. Even the TIC AC-119G featured some of the most up-to-date electronic countermeasures and radar equipment, as well as more basic technology, including an AVQ-8 xenon light, a night observation sight, and an LAU-74/A flare launcher. The AC-119K, designed to hit trucks on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, was more advanced. Included in the conversion was the AN/APN-147 Doppler navigation radar, AN/AAD-4 forward looking infrared, AN/APQ-133 side-looking beacon tracking radar and AN/APQ-136 search radar. The armament scheme for both aircraft was simpler than that of the AC-130. The AC-119G had a total of four GAU-2A/A miniguns in SUU-11A/A pods, all on mounts similar to those used on early AC-47s. Like late-model AC-47s, these were soon changed to the purpose-built MXU-470/A minigun modules. The AC-119K, needing a more powerful and longer range "punch" to take out vehicles, featured two M61 20-mm cannons in addition to the four miniguns of the AC-119G. Operational history One of the J85 turbojet engines added to later models of the AC-119 is visible below the wing on the right in this photo By November 1968, the aircraft had deployed to Vietnam and joined the 14th Special Operations Wing at Nha Trang Air Base. The AC-119Gs were placed in the 71st Special Operations Squadron which was formed from the activated 71st Troop Carrier Squadron, of the Air Force Reserve located at Bakalar Air Force Base in Columbus, Indiana. When the 71 SOS returned to continental USA in 1969, the gunships were taken over by the newly formed 17 SOS. Earlier on November 8th, the 4413th Combat Crew Training Squadron received its first AC-119K. U.S. Air Force Fairchild AC-119K Stinger of the 18th Special Operations Squadron fires one of its 7.62mm miniguns, circa in 1970. The AC-119 were used to attack the North Vietnamese trucks on Ho Chi Minh trail. The AC-119Ks were placed in the 18th Special Operations Squadron. With the addition of the two types, the 14 SOW for a time in 1968 was flying eight different aircraft from ten different bases in South Vietnam. The 14 SOW was inactivated in 1971. Limited numbers continued to be operated out of Thailand as late as the fall of 1972, but the AC-119 was phased out shortly after from the US Air Force. The AC-119G and 119K continued to serve with the Republic of Vietnam Air Force until the Fall of Saigon in 1975. During the Vietnam War, only five AC-119 Gunship IIIs were lost to all causes. Operators A Republic of Vietnam Air Force AC-119K, in April 1975.  South Vietnam Republic of Vietnam Air Force  United States United States Air Force 14th Special Operations Wing – Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam 17th Special Operations Squadron 1969–1971 18th Special Operations Squadron 1969–1971 71st Special Operations Squadron 1968–1969 (Detachments at Tan San Nhut, Phan Rang and Phu Cat AB) 56th Special Operations Wing – Nakhon Phanom Air Base, Thailand 18th Special Operations Squadron 1971–1972 Surviving example AC-119G Shadow, AF Ser. No. 53-3144, is on display at the Air Commando Heritage Park at Hurlburt Field, Florida. Specifications (AC-119G) Data from General characteristics Crew: 6 (day), 8 (night) Length: 86 ft 5.75 in (26.3589 m) Wingspan: 109 ft 3.25 in (33.3058 m) Height: 26 ft 7.75 in (8.1217 m) Wing area: 1,400 sq ft (130 m2) Airfoil: root: NACA 2418; tip: NACA 4409 Empty weight: 40,125 lb (18,200 kg) Max takeoff weight: 62,000 lb (28,123 kg) Powerplant: 2 × Wright R-3350-85 Duplex-Cyclone 18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) each for take-off Propellers: 4-bladed constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellers Performance Maximum speed: 180 kn (210 mph, 330 km/h) Cruise speed: 130 kn (150 mph, 240 km/h) Range: 1,680 nmi (1,930 mi, 3,110 km) Service ceiling: 23,300 ft (7,100 m) Armament 4× GAU-2/A 7.62 mm (0.30 in) miniguns, 1,500 rounds/gun 2× M61 Vulcan 20 mm (0.787 in) 6-barreled Gatling cannon (AC-119K variant only) 60× Mk 24 flares in a LAU-74/A flare launcher Gallery Armament layout of AC-119G Shadow. MXU-470 installed on a AC-47. Armament layout of AC-119K Stinger. SUU-11A/A components. See also Wikimedia Commons has media related to Fairchild AC-119 Stinger. Related development Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era Alenia AC-27J Douglas AC-47 Spooky Lockheed AC-130 References Notes ^ "Fairchild AC-119 Gunship 'Shadow'." strategic-air-command. Retrieved: 8 May 2012. ^ a b "AC-119 Shadow". Hurlburt Field. Retrieved 2024-04-26. ^ Hobson 2001 ^ "Hurlburt Field: AC-119 Shadow". Archived 2011-09-29 at the Wayback Machine. United States Air Force, 7 July 2008. Retrieved: 8 May 2012. ^ Lednicer, David. "The Incomplete Guide to Airfoil Usage". m-selig.ae.illinois.edu. Retrieved 16 April 2019. Bibliography Hobson, Chris. Vietnam Air Losses, USAF/USN/USMC, Fixed-Wing Aircraft Losses in Southeast Asia, 1961–1973. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press, 2001. ISBN 1-85780-115-6. Petrie, Bill. "AC-119G Shadow (USAF AC-119 Gunships)". AC-119 Gunship Association, updated: 12 January 2006.Retrieved: 11 April 2007. Petrie, Bill. "AC-119K Stinger' (USAF AC-119 Gunships)". AC-119 Gunship Association, updated: 27 February 2006. Retrieved: 11 April 2007. Project CHECO. Contemporary Historical Evaluation of Combat Operations: Fixed Wing Gunships in Southeast Asia, Retrieved: 22 November 2012. External links AC-119 Gunship Association web site Fairchild AC-119K – National Museum of the United States Air Force C-119 on display at Former Atterbury AAF/Bakalar AFB/Columbus Municipal Airport, Columbus Indiana www.IndianaMilitary.org vteFairchild aircraftManufacturer designations FB-3 FC-1 FC-2 KR-21 KR-31 KR-34 KR-125 KR-135 21 22 24 41 42 45 46 51 61 62 71 77 78/78 79 80 81 82 91 100 105 107 110 150 164 203 205 224 473 484 538 By roleExperimental VZ-5 XC-120 Packplane XBQ-3 XH-26 Jet Jeep Passenger transports FC-1 FC-2 21 22 24 41 42 45 46 51 71 81 82 91 92 100 Pilgrim 150 228 (Pilatus) PC-6 Military trainers AT-21 Gunner PT-19 PT-23 PT-26 XNQ Military transports AU-23 Peacemaker C-26 Metroliner C-82 Packet C-119 Flying Boxcar C-123 Provider Drones and missiles AQM-41 KAQ SD-5 Osprey SM-73 Goose Fairchild (Canada) 81, 82, 34-42 Niska 45-80 Sekani 51/71 (Bristol) Bolingbroke F-11 Husky (Handley Page) Hampden SBF Helldiver Super 71 Fairchild-Dornier 228 328 328JET Fairchild Hiller F-27/FH-227 FH-1100 Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt T-46 Fairchild Swearingen Merlin Metroliner American Helicopter XA-8 See also Ranger/Fairchild aeroengines Fairchild Industries vteUnited States attack aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsArmy/Air Force sequence(1925–1962) A-11 A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 A-7 A-8 A-9 A-10 A-11 A-12 A-13 A-14 A-15 A-16 A-17 A-18 A-19 A-20 A-21 A-22 A-23 A-24 A-25 A-26 A-27 A-28 A-29 A-30 A-31 A-32 A-33 A-34 A-35 A-36 A-372 A-38 A-39 A-40 A-41 A-42 A-43 A-44 A-45 Tri-service sequence(1962–present)Main sequence A-13 A-1 OA-1K A-2 A-3 A-4 A-5 A-6 EA-6B A-7 A-7F A-7P A-82 A-9 A-10 A-111 A-12 A-131 A-14 Non-sequential A-16 F/A-16 F/A-18 F/A-18E/F EA-18G F/A-22 A-26 A-29 A-373 A-37 EA-37 Related designations AC-47 AC-119 AC-130 AT-6 AU-23 AU-24 AV-8 AV-8B AV-162 1 Not assigned  • 2 Unofficial designation  • 3 Assigned to multiple typesNot to be confused with the Aerial target or Amphibious aircraft sequences. vteUnited States military transport aircraft designations, Army/Air Force and Tri-Service systemsArmy/Air Force sequence(1925-1962) C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-7 C-8 C-9 C-10 C-11 C-12 C-131 C-14 C-15 C-16 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-20 C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-28 C-29 C-30 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-34 C-35 C-36 C-37 C-38 C-39 C-40 C-41 C-41A C-42 C-43 C-44 C-45 C-46 C-47 C-47F C-47T AC-47 C-48 C-49 C-50 C-51 C-52 C-53 C-54 C-55 C-56 C-57 C-58 C-59 C-60 C-61 C-62 C-63 C-64 C-65 C-66 C-67 C-68 C-69 C-70 C-70B C-71 C-72 C-73 C-74 C-75 C-76 C-77 C-77B–D C-78 C-79 C-80 C-81 C-82 C-83 C-83A C-83B C-84 C-85 C-86 C-87 C-88 C-89 C-90 C-91 C-92 C-93 C-94 C-95 C-96 C-97 KC-97 C-98 C-99 C-100 C-101 C-102 C-103 C-104 C-105 C-106 C-107 C-108 C-109 C-110 C-111 C-112 C-113 C-114 C-115 C-116 C-117 C-117D C-118 C-119 AC-119 C-120 C-121 C-121F EC-121 C-122 C-123 C-123A C-124 C-125 C-126 C-1272 C-127 (I) C-127 (II) C-128 C-129 C-130 C-130J AC-130 DC-130 EC-130/H HC-130 KC-130 LC-130 MC-130 WC-130 C-131 NC-131H C-132 C-133 C-134 C-135 KC-135 C-136 C-1372 YC-137 (I) YC-137 (II) C-137 C-1381 C-1391 C-140 C-141 C-142 Tri-service sequence(1962-present) C-1 C-2 C-3 C-4 C-5 C-6 C-72 C-7 RC-7 C-8 C-9 C-102 C-10 KC-10 C-11 C-12 RC-12 C-131 C-14 C-15 C-161 C-17 C-18 C-19 C-202 C-20A–D C-20F–J C-21 C-22 C-23 C-24 C-25 C-26 C-27 C-27J C-28 C-29 C-301 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-341 C-35 C-363 C-37 C-37B C-38 C-391 C-40 C-41 C-421 C-431 C-441 C-45 C-46 Revived original sequence(2005-present) C-143 C-144 C-145 C-146 C-147 Non-sequential designations C-767 C-767B C-880 Related designations CT-39 CT-43 CV-2 CV-7 1 Not assigned  • 2 Assigned to multiple types  • 3 Unconfirmed Authority control databases National Israel United States Other NARA
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They replaced the Douglas AC-47 Spooky and operated alongside the early versions of the AC-130 Spectre gunship.","title":"Fairchild AC-119"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AC-130s","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-130_gunship"},{"link_name":"interdiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interdiction"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh Trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_Trail"},{"link_name":"C-130","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules"},{"link_name":"AC-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC-47_Spooky"},{"link_name":"Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-119_Flying_Boxcar"},{"link_name":"C-123","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_C-123_Provider"},{"link_name":"U.S. Air Force Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force_Reserve"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Fairchild-Hiller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairchild_(aircraft_manufacturer)"},{"link_name":"M61 Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M61_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"GAU-2/A miniguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigun"},{"link_name":"General Electric J85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_J85"},{"link_name":"AC-47","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Douglas_AC-47_Spooky"},{"link_name":"electronic countermeasures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electronic_countermeasures"},{"link_name":"SUU-11A/A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigun#Gun_Pods_and_Mounts"}],"text":"By late 1967, the idea of the fixed-wing gunship had been proven so successful, the United States Air Force was having a difficult time keeping up with demand. The newer AC-130s that had been created under Project Gunship II were effective, but were being mostly used for armed reconnaissance and interdiction of the Ho Chi Minh Trail. Furthermore, the C-130 airframe was in active service as a transport, vital to the war effort in Southeast Asia. The Air Force desperately needed a new gunship to replace the vulnerable and underpowered AC-47 in the close air support role, as well as supplementing the AC-130 in attacking targets on the Ho Chi Minh Trail.The Fairchild C-119 Flying Boxcar presented an obvious choice, having been phased out of front-line service in favor of the C-123 and C-130, and with the stock of available airframes in U.S. Air Force Reserve being sufficient. In February 1968, under the USAF program Project Gunship III, 26 C-119Gs were converted to AC-119G standard, initially taking on the name \"Creep\", but later assigned the callsign \"Shadow\".[1]In addition, Fairchild-Hiller, which was contracted for all the conversions, converted another 26 C-119Gs into AC-119Ks, primarily for the \"truck hunter\" role over the Ho Chi Minh Trail. These aircraft were called \"Stingers\" primarily in reference to the two M61 Vulcan 20-mm cannons they carried in addition to the AC-119G's four GAU-2/A miniguns. The AC-119K could be visually distinguished by the addition of two General Electric J85 turbojet engines in underwing pods. The conversions were completed at Fairchild-Hiller's facility in St. Augustine, Florida.Project Gunship III, being a follow-on to the success of the AC-130 series, meant that the AC-119 was a more advanced aircraft in both its iterations than the AC-47. Even the TIC AC-119G featured some of the most up-to-date electronic countermeasures and radar equipment, as well as more basic technology, including an AVQ-8 xenon light, a night observation sight, and an LAU-74/A flare launcher.The AC-119K, designed to hit trucks on the Ho Chi Minh Trail, was more advanced. Included in the conversion was the AN/APN-147 Doppler navigation radar, AN/AAD-4 forward looking infrared, AN/APQ-133 side-looking beacon tracking radar and AN/APQ-136 search radar.The armament scheme for both aircraft was simpler than that of the AC-130. The AC-119G had a total of four GAU-2A/A miniguns in SUU-11A/A pods, all on mounts similar to those used on early AC-47s. Like late-model AC-47s, these were soon changed to the purpose-built MXU-470/A minigun modules. The AC-119K, needing a more powerful and longer range \"punch\" to take out vehicles, featured two M61 20-mm cannons in addition to the four miniguns of the AC-119G.","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AC-119_Stinger.png"},{"link_name":"J85","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Electric_J85"},{"link_name":"14th Special Operations Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Special_Operations_Wing"},{"link_name":"Nha Trang Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nha_Trang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"71st Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Air Force Reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_Force_Reserve"},{"link_name":"Bakalar Air Force Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakalar_Air_Force_Base"},{"link_name":"17 SOS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairchild_AC-119K_Stinger_of_the_18th_SOS_fires_minigun,_circa_in_1970.jpg"},{"link_name":"North Vietnamese","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Vietnamese"},{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-2"},{"link_name":"18th Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"Fall of Saigon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_Saigon"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"One of the J85 turbojet engines added to later models of the AC-119 is visible below the wing on the right in this photoBy November 1968, the aircraft had deployed to Vietnam and joined the 14th Special Operations Wing at Nha Trang Air Base. The AC-119Gs were placed in the 71st Special Operations Squadron which was formed from the activated 71st Troop Carrier Squadron, of the Air Force Reserve located at Bakalar Air Force Base in Columbus, Indiana. When the 71 SOS returned to continental USA in 1969, the gunships were taken over by the newly formed 17 SOS.Earlier on November 8th, the 4413th Combat Crew Training Squadron received its first AC-119K.[2]U.S. Air Force Fairchild AC-119K Stinger of the 18th Special Operations Squadron fires one of its 7.62mm miniguns, circa in 1970. The AC-119 were used to attack the North Vietnamese trucks on Ho Chi Minh trail.[2]The AC-119Ks were placed in the 18th Special Operations Squadron. With the addition of the two types, the 14 SOW for a time in 1968 was flying eight different aircraft from ten different bases in South Vietnam. The 14 SOW was inactivated in 1971. Limited numbers continued to be operated out of Thailand as late as the fall of 1972, but the AC-119 was phased out shortly after from the US Air Force. The AC-119G and 119K continued to serve with the Republic of Vietnam Air Force until the Fall of Saigon in 1975. During the Vietnam War, only five AC-119 Gunship IIIs were lost to all causes.[3]","title":"Operational history"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vietnamese_Air_Force_Fairchild_AC-119K_Stinger,_in_April_1975.jpg"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"Republic of Vietnam Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Vietnam_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"United States Air Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Air_Force"},{"link_name":"14th Special Operations Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/14th_Special_Operations_Wing"},{"link_name":"Nha Trang Air Base","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nha_Trang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"South Vietnam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Vietnam"},{"link_name":"17th Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/17th_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"18th Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/18th_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"71st Special Operations Squadron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/71st_Special_Operations_Squadron"},{"link_name":"Tan San Nhut","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tan_Son_Nhut_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Phan Rang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phan_Rang_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"Phu Cat AB","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B9_C%C3%A1t_Air_Base"},{"link_name":"56th Special Operations Wing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/56th_Special_Operations_Wing"},{"link_name":"Thailand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand"}],"text":"A Republic of Vietnam Air Force AC-119K, in April 1975.South VietnamRepublic of Vietnam Air ForceUnited StatesUnited States Air Force14th Special Operations Wing – Nha Trang Air Base, South Vietnam17th Special Operations Squadron 1969–1971\n18th Special Operations Squadron 1969–1971\n71st Special Operations Squadron 1968–1969\n(Detachments at Tan San Nhut, Phan Rang and Phu Cat AB)56th Special Operations Wing – Nakhon Phanom Air Base, Thailand18th Special Operations Squadron 1971–1972","title":"Operators"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hurlburt Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hurlburt_Field"},{"link_name":"Florida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"AC-119G Shadow, AF Ser. No. 53-3144, is on display at the Air Commando Heritage Park at Hurlburt Field, Florida.[4]","title":"Surviving example"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Airfoil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 2418","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"NACA 4409","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NACA_airfoil"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Selig-5"},{"link_name":"Wright R-3350-85 Duplex-Cyclone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_R-3350-85_Duplex-Cyclone"},{"link_name":"miniguns","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minigun"},{"link_name":"M61 Vulcan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M61_Vulcan"},{"link_name":"20 mm (0.787 in)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/20_mm_caliber"},{"link_name":"6-barreled Gatling cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatling_gun#M61_Vulcan,_Minigun,_and_other_designs"}],"text":"Data from [citation needed]General characteristicsCrew: 6 (day), 8 (night)\nLength: 86 ft 5.75 in (26.3589 m)\nWingspan: 109 ft 3.25 in (33.3058 m)\nHeight: 26 ft 7.75 in (8.1217 m)\nWing area: 1,400 sq ft (130 m2)\nAirfoil: root: NACA 2418; tip: NACA 4409[5]\nEmpty weight: 40,125 lb (18,200 kg)\nMax takeoff weight: 62,000 lb (28,123 kg)\nPowerplant: 2 × Wright R-3350-85 Duplex-Cyclone 18-cylinder air-cooled radial piston engines, 2,500 hp (1,900 kW) each for take-off\nPropellers: 4-bladed constant-speed fully-feathering reversible-pitch propellersPerformanceMaximum speed: 180 kn (210 mph, 330 km/h)\nCruise speed: 130 kn (150 mph, 240 km/h)\nRange: 1,680 nmi (1,930 mi, 3,110 km)\nService ceiling: 23,300 ft (7,100 m)Armament4× GAU-2/A 7.62 mm (0.30 in) miniguns, 1,500 rounds/gun\n2× M61 Vulcan 20 mm (0.787 in) 6-barreled Gatling cannon (AC-119K variant only)\n60× Mk 24 flares in a LAU-74/A flare launcher","title":"Specifications (AC-119G)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairchild_AC-119G_Shadow_drawing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:MXU-470.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fairchild_AC-119K_Stinger_drawing.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:M18_Components.jpg"}],"text":"Armament layout of AC-119G Shadow.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tMXU-470 installed on a AC-47.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tArmament layout of AC-119K Stinger.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSUU-11A/A components.","title":"Gallery"}]
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoff_Page
Geoff Page
["1 Life","2 Career","3 Style","4 Awards and nominations","5 Bibliography","5.1 Poetry","5.2 Criticism and anthologies","5.3 Book reviews","5.4 Memoirs and nonfiction","5.5 Works in progress","6 References"]
Australian poet Geoffrey Donald Page OAM (born 7 July 1940) is an Australian poet, translator, teacher and jazz enthusiast. He has published 22 collections of poetry, as well as prose and verse novels. Poetry and jazz are his driving interests, and he has also written a biography of the jazz musician Bernie McGann. He organises poetry readings and jazz events in Canberra. Life Geoff Page was born in Grafton, New South Wales, and studied at the University of New England. Sir Earle Page, who was briefly Prime Minister of Australia, was his grandfather. Career Page has held residencies at numerous academic, military and political institutions, including Edith Cowan University, Curtin University, the Australian Defence Force Academy, and the University of Wollongong. From 1974 to 2001 Page was head of the English department at Narrabundah College, a secondary college in Canberra. He retired from teaching in 2001. He has travelled widely, talking on Australian poetry in Switzerland, Britain, Italy, Singapore, China, the United States and New Zealand. His poetic style ranges from lyrical to satirical, from serious to humorous – and often addresses his concerns about contemporary society and politics. Judith Beveridge writes that "Page is a humanely satirical poet. He lets us view our condition with a fusion of the comic and the tragic." Page is the poetry reviewer for ABC Radio's The Book Show and, for a decade before that, its Books and Writing program. Page curates the Poetry at the Gods and Jazz at the Gods series at the Gods Cafe in Canberra. He was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2023 Australia Day Honours. Style Australian poet John Tranter in his 1983 review of The Younger Australian Poets (edited by Robert Gray and Geoffrey Lehmann) wrote of Page: He is not a self-promoter, and his modest output has been inadequately represented in recent anthologies, as the editors of this one quite properly point out. His poetry has been influenced loosely by the American William Carlos Williams. In general, the spare precision of Williams' short lines is a good preventive against galloping garrulity, and in Page's hands it delivers a dry and particularly Australian accent and a thoughtful movement from phrase to phrase. The short line, as a model, can be overdone: 'of 3 a.m.' is an example that does little for me. Page's technique is low-key – his French and American influences are invisible in the texture of his localised speech – yet it enables him to range widely among language and experience. Awards and nominations Queensland Premier's Literary Awards for Poetry 2001: Patrick White Award 2001: Grace Leven Prize for Poetry, for Darker and Lighter 2004: ACT Writing and Publishing Awards for poetry for The Indigo Book of Modern Australian Sonnets (editor) 2006: Christopher Brennan Award 2017: ACU Poetry Prize for the poem "Charles S. Ryan to Alice E. Sumner" 2020: ACU Poetry Prize for the poem "Jericho" Bibliography This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (August 2015) I look up Wikipedia and find instead the world, the way it tends to ramify, its openness to doubt, the "more work needed" here and there, "citations to be added", an absence of the absolute, the comfort of the useful while everything is slipping sideways and yet it mainly works. Even those two testaments were written by successive hands imagining dictation. The world, it's plain, is inexact – and so with Wikipedia. In love with the provisional it's planning to embrace the earth and tweak it into sense. Geoff Page in The Weekend Australian, 31 May/1 June 2014, Review, p. 20 Poetry Collections Page, Geoff (1971). "The question". In Page, Geoff; Roberts, Philip (eds.). Two poets. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press. — (1975). Smalltown memorials. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press. — (1978). Collecting the weather. . Brisbane: Makar Press. — (1980). Cassandra Paddocks. — (1983). Clairvoyant in autumn. Collected Lives (1986) Smiling in English, Smoking in French (1987) Footwork (1988) Selected Poems (1991) Gravel Corners (1992) Human Interest (1994) Mrs Schnell arrives in heaven, and other light verse (1995) Page, Geoff (1996). The secret. Kew, Vic.: William Heinemann Australia. The Great Forgetting (Geoff Page and Bevan Hayward Pooaraar) (1997) Bernie McGann: A Life in Jazz (1997) The Scarring (1999, verse novel) Collateral Damage (1999) Darker and Lighter (2001) My Mother's God (2002) Drumming on Water (2003, verse novel) Cartes Postales (2004) Freehold (2005, verse novel) Agnostic Skies (2006) Bahn dance (2007) Seriatim (2007) Coda for Shirley (2011) A Sudden Sentence in the Air: Jazz Poems (2011) Cloudy Nouns (2012) Shifting Windows (2012) 1953 (2013) New and Selected Poems (2013) Improving the News (2013) Gods and Uncles (2015) Cara Carissima, a verse drama (2015) Elegy for Emily: A verse biography of Emily Remler (1957–1990) (2018 Plevna: A Biography in Verse: Sir Charles 'Plevna' Ryan (1853–1926) UWA Publishing (2016) List of poems Title Year First published Reprinted/collected Jimmy James 1996 Page, Geoff (January–February 1996). "Jimmy James". Quadrant. 40 (1–2 ): 71. The horizontals 1996 Page, Geoff (March 1996). "The horizontals". Quadrant. 40 (3): 32. The second law 1996 Page, Geoff (March 1996). "The second law". Quadrant. 40 (3): 32. Secular rites 1996 Page, Geoff (1996). The secret. Kew, Vic.: William Heinemann Australia. "Secular rites". Australian Poetry Library. The shovel 1996 Page, Geoff (July–August 1996). "The shovel". Quadrant. 40 (7–8): 20. Criticism and anthologies A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Australian Poetry (1995) The Indigo Book of Modern Australian Sonnets (as editor) (2003), winner of the 2004 ACT Writing and Publishing Awards for poetry 60 Classic Australian Poems (2009, and a companion to his 80 Great Poems from Chaucer to Now) Book reviews Date Review article Work(s) reviewed 2013 Page, Geoff (April 2013). "". Australian Book Review. 350: 40. Emery, Brook (2012). Collusion. St Kilda, Vic.: John Leonard Press. 2013 Page, Geoff (April 2013). "Lords of nothing". Australian Book Review. 350: 65. Rieth, Homer (2013). 150 motets. North Fitzroy, Vic.: Black Pepper. 2014 Page, Geoff (September 2014). "". Australian Book Review. 364: 42. Turner, Todd (2014). Woodsmoke. North Fitzroy, Vic.: Black Pepper. Memoirs and nonfiction Invisible Histories (1989) Bernie McGann: A life in jazz (1997) Canberra Then and Now (2013) Aficionado: A Jazz Memoir (2014) Works in progress Shadows from Wire (Poems and photographs in the Great War, as editor) Benton's Conviction (A Novel) Century of Clouds (Selected Poems of Guillaume Apollinaire, translations with Wendy Coutts) References ^ Poetry Foundation: Geoff Page ^ Back page blurb, Agnostic Skies, Melbourne, Five Islands Press, 2006 ^ Geoff Page's Seriatum ^ The Gods Cafe Special Events Archived 21 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 30 December 2011 ^ "Mr Geoffrey Donald PAGE". It's an Honour. Retrieved 25 January 2023. ^ "John Tranter: Reviewer". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008. ^ "Page wins 2017 ACU Poetry Prize". Books+Publishing. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2020. ^ "Page wins 2020 ACU Prize for Poetry". Books+Publishing. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Other SNAC IdRef
[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"OAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"translator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translator"},{"link_name":"jazz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jazz"},{"link_name":"Bernie McGann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_McGann"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"}],"text":"Geoffrey Donald Page OAM (born 7 July 1940) is an Australian poet, translator, teacher and jazz enthusiast.He has published 22 collections of poetry, as well as prose and verse novels. Poetry and jazz are his driving interests, and he has also written a biography of the jazz musician Bernie McGann. He organises poetry readings and jazz events in Canberra.","title":"Geoff Page"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grafton, New South Wales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafton,_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"University of New England","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_New_England_(Australia)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Earle Page","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earle_Page"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia"}],"text":"Geoff Page was born in Grafton, New South Wales, and studied at the University of New England.[1] Sir Earle Page, who was briefly Prime Minister of Australia, was his grandfather.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edith Cowan University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edith_Cowan_University"},{"link_name":"Curtin University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtin_University"},{"link_name":"Australian Defence Force Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force_Academy"},{"link_name":"University of Wollongong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Wollongong"},{"link_name":"Narrabundah College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrabundah_College"},{"link_name":"Canberra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canberra"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Medal of the Order of Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medal_of_the_Order_of_Australia"},{"link_name":"2023 Australia Day Honours","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Australia_Day_Honours"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Page has held residencies at numerous academic, military and political institutions, including Edith Cowan University, Curtin University, the Australian Defence Force Academy, and the University of Wollongong. From 1974 to 2001 Page was head of the English department at Narrabundah College, a secondary college in Canberra. He retired from teaching in 2001.He has travelled widely, talking on Australian poetry in Switzerland, Britain, Italy, Singapore, China, the United States and New Zealand. His poetic style ranges from lyrical to satirical, from serious to humorous – and often addresses his concerns about contemporary society and politics. Judith Beveridge writes that \"Page is a humanely satirical poet. He lets us view our condition with a fusion of the comic and the tragic.\"[2]Page is the poetry reviewer for ABC Radio's The Book Show and, for a decade before that, its Books and Writing program.[3]Page curates the Poetry at the Gods and Jazz at the Gods series at the Gods Cafe in Canberra.[4]He was awarded the Medal of the Order of Australia in the 2023 Australia Day Honours.[5]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Tranter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Tranter"},{"link_name":"William Carlos Williams","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carlos_Williams"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Australian poet John Tranter in his 1983 review of The Younger Australian Poets (edited by Robert Gray and Geoffrey Lehmann)\nwrote of Page:He is not a self-promoter, and his modest output has been inadequately represented in recent anthologies, as the editors of this one quite properly point out. His poetry has been influenced loosely by the American William Carlos Williams. In general, the spare precision of Williams' short lines is a good preventive against galloping garrulity, and in Page's hands it delivers a dry and particularly Australian accent and a thoughtful movement from phrase to phrase. The short line, as a model, can be overdone: 'of 3 a.m.' is an example that does little for me. Page's technique is low-key – his French and American influences are invisible in the texture of his localised speech – yet it enables him to range widely among language and experience.[6]","title":"Style"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Queensland Premier's Literary Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queensland_Premier%27s_Literary_Awards"},{"link_name":"Patrick White Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_White_Award"},{"link_name":"Grace Leven Prize for Poetry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Leven_Prize_for_Poetry"},{"link_name":"ACT Writing and Publishing Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_Writing_and_Publishing_Awards"},{"link_name":"Christopher Brennan Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Brennan_Award"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Queensland Premier's Literary Awards for Poetry\n2001: Patrick White Award\n2001: Grace Leven Prize for Poetry, for Darker and Lighter\n2004: ACT Writing and Publishing Awards for poetry for The Indigo Book of Modern Australian Sonnets (editor)\n2006: Christopher Brennan Award\n2017: ACU Poetry Prize for the poem \"Charles S. Ryan to Alice E. Sumner\"[7]\n2020: ACU Poetry Prize for the poem \"Jericho\"[8]","title":"Awards and nominations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ramify","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ramify"}],"text":"I look up Wikipedia\nand find instead the world,\nthe way it tends to ramify,\nits openness to doubt,\nthe \"more work needed\" here and there,\n\"citations to be added\",\nan absence of the absolute,\nthe comfort of the useful\nwhile everything is slipping sideways\nand yet it mainly works.\nEven those two testaments\nwere written by successive hands\nimagining dictation.\nThe world, it's plain, is inexact –\nand so with Wikipedia.\nIn love with the provisional\nit's planning to embrace the earth\nand tweak it into sense.\n\n\n\nGeoff Page in The Weekend Australian, 31 May/1 June 2014, Review, p. 20","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"CollectionsPage, Geoff (1971). \"The question\". In Page, Geoff; Roberts, Philip (eds.). Two poets. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press.\n— (1975). Smalltown memorials. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press.\n— (1978). Collecting the weather. [Gargoyle Poets; 32]. Brisbane: Makar Press.\n— (1980). Cassandra Paddocks.\n— (1983). Clairvoyant in autumn.\nCollected Lives (1986)\nSmiling in English, Smoking in French (1987)\nFootwork (1988)\nSelected Poems (1991)\nGravel Corners (1992)\nHuman Interest (1994)\nMrs Schnell arrives in heaven, and other light verse (1995)\nPage, Geoff (1996). The secret. Kew, Vic.: William Heinemann Australia.\nThe Great Forgetting (Geoff Page and Bevan Hayward Pooaraar) (1997)\nBernie McGann: A Life in Jazz (1997)\nThe Scarring (1999, verse novel)\nCollateral Damage (1999)\nDarker and Lighter (2001)\nMy Mother's God (2002)\nDrumming on Water (2003, verse novel)\nCartes Postales (2004)\nFreehold (2005, verse novel)\nAgnostic Skies (2006)\nBahn dance (2007)\nSeriatim (2007)\nCoda for Shirley (2011)\nA Sudden Sentence in the Air: Jazz Poems (2011)\nCloudy Nouns (2012)\nShifting Windows (2012)\n1953 (2013)\nNew and Selected Poems (2013)\nImproving the News (2013)\nGods and Uncles (2015)\nCara Carissima, a verse drama (2015)\nElegy for Emily: A verse biography of Emily Remler (1957–1990) (2018\nPlevna: A Biography in Verse: Sir Charles 'Plevna' Ryan (1853–1926) UWA Publishing (2016)List of poems","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ACT Writing and Publishing Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ACT_Writing_and_Publishing_Awards"}],"sub_title":"Criticism and anthologies","text":"A Reader's Guide to Contemporary Australian Poetry (1995)\nThe Indigo Book of Modern Australian Sonnets (as editor) (2003), winner of the 2004 ACT Writing and Publishing Awards for poetry\n60 Classic Australian Poems (2009, and a companion to his 80 Great Poems from Chaucer to Now)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Book reviews","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Memoirs and nonfiction","text":"Invisible Histories (1989)\nBernie McGann: A life in jazz (1997)\nCanberra Then and Now (2013)\nAficionado: A Jazz Memoir (2014)","title":"Bibliography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Works in progress","text":"Shadows from Wire (Poems and photographs in the Great War, as editor)\nBenton's Conviction (A Novel)\nCentury of Clouds (Selected Poems of Guillaume Apollinaire, translations with Wendy Coutts)","title":"Bibliography"}]
[]
null
[{"reference":"Page, Geoff (1971). \"The question\". In Page, Geoff; Roberts, Philip (eds.). Two poets. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"— (1975). Smalltown memorials. St Lucia, Qld.: University of Queensland Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"— (1978). Collecting the weather. [Gargoyle Poets; 32]. Brisbane: Makar Press.","urls":[]},{"reference":"— (1980). Cassandra Paddocks.","urls":[]},{"reference":"— (1983). Clairvoyant in autumn.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Page, Geoff (1996). The secret. Kew, Vic.: William Heinemann Australia.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Mr Geoffrey Donald PAGE\". It's an Honour. Retrieved 25 January 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://honours.pmc.gov.au/honours/awards/2012053","url_text":"\"Mr Geoffrey Donald PAGE\""}]},{"reference":"\"John Tranter: Reviewer\". Archived from the original on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 16 February 2008.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080513155440/http://johntranter.com/reviewer/1983-gray-lehm.shtml","url_text":"\"John Tranter: Reviewer\""},{"url":"http://johntranter.com/reviewer/1983-gray-lehm.shtml","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Page wins 2017 ACU Poetry Prize\". Books+Publishing. 1 September 2017. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2017/09/01/95183/page-wins-2017-acu-poetry-prize/","url_text":"\"Page wins 2017 ACU Poetry Prize\""}]},{"reference":"\"Page wins 2020 ACU Prize for Poetry\". Books+Publishing. 22 September 2020. Retrieved 26 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.booksandpublishing.com.au/articles/2020/09/22/156923/page-wins-2020-acu-prize-for-poetry/","url_text":"\"Page wins 2020 ACU Prize for Poetry\""}]}]
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